Magnum IN PARVO.   

THE English Guide TO THE LATIN TONGUE: OR A Brief System OF ALL The most necessary RULES FOR THE Initiating of YOUTH IN THE Rudiments of Grammar.  
LONDON, Printed for R. Royston, at the Angel in Amen-Corner, Bookseller to His Most Sacred Majesty, 1675.   

A Few Words TO THE READERS.  
THe Author is no professed Grammarian, nor indeed so much as a Pretender to any extraordinary skill in the learned Languages; but being sensible that his mean abilities can never encourage him to hope for any such Preferment in the Church wherein he is an unworthy Minister, as may enable him to give his Children Education abroad, he resolves they shall not want the best he can afford them at home; and that he may not rob himself of too much of that time which he is bound to improve another way, to the best advantage of the Congregation wherewith he is entrusted, he hath composed this short Grammar, for the greater ease (as to him seemeth) both of Teacher and Learner: His only design of printing it being to save himself the labour of transcribing it so often as Children will be apt to sully and blur it before they can perfectly learn it.  
If any man else shall think it useful to him for the like service, it may not be amiss to tell him, that Examples of the Rules of Syntax are not therefore omitted because they are thought useless; but partly to lessen the charge of printing, yet chief, because in teaching, the Author useth to give his Scholar an English Sentence, explaining the Rule by it, and giving him Latin Words, shows him how to turn it into Latin by his Rule, and here he always makes choice of the English of such Words as are expressed in the Rules concerning Nouns and Verbs, omitting no one Word necessary to be observed, but bringing it into one or other of those Examples. By this course the Learner hath in a short time a Paper of Latin Sentences, which he often reads instead of Lessons usually taught, and reaps this considerable advantage by it, that whereas in reading an Author, he shall often have occasion of exemplifying and repeating the same Rule many times in a Lesson, and other as necessary Rules not once in a quarter of a year; by going over his Paper of Examples he shall have occasion to repeat and call to mind every Rule in his Grammar once a Week for some time; and afterwards, when he reads Authors, this will be a more profitable Exercise for the first Morning Part, as 'tis called, then (as the Custom is) to repeat so much of his Grammar by Heart.  
If any dislike this way, he may follow his own; and may, if he please to be at no farther trouble, furnish himself with store of Examples to every Rule from the most approved Authors out of Mr. Farnaby's Systema Grammaticum, and the little Grammar of Ger. Jo. Vossius, to which too I acknowledge myself indebted for a great part of what is here done.   

THE English Guide TO THE LATIN TONGUE.  
A Sentence is made of Words, a Word of Syllables a Syllable of Letters.  
There be Nineteen Latin Letters, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, x.  
K, y, z, are Greek Letters, and h is no Letter, but a Note of Aspiration.  
Letters are either great or small,  
The great are called Capital.  
Proper Names, Sentences, and Verses all  
Begin with Letters Capital.  
There be five Latin Vowels, a, e, i, o, u. Y is a Greek Vowel.  
There be fourteen Consonants, b, c, d, f, g, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, x,  
I and V in the beginning of a Syllable before a Vowel are Consonants.  
There be four Liquids, l, m, n, r, and eight Mutes, b, c. d, f, g, p, q, t.  
Three are called double Consonants, x, z, and j, when set between two Vowels.  
Of Vowels are made Dipthongs; there be four proper Dipthongs, ae oe, au eu, and four improper Dipthongs, ai, ei, oi, vi.  
A Syllable is either but one Vowel, as a, e, i, o, or a Vowel with one or more Consonants sounded together, as ab, abs.  
C before e or i, sounds like s. G before e or i, sounds like j Consonant. Ti before a Vowel sounds like si, except after s, or when it gins a word.  
A Word is either one or more Syllables.  
A Consonant between two Vowels in a word gins the following Syllable, as ge╌ne╌ra╌tio. If two like Consonants come together, the later gins the following Syllable, as an╌nus. Two unlike Consonants which can begin the first Syllable, may also begin any other Syllable in a Word, otherwise the latter gins the following Syllable. If a Word be compounded or made of two Words, each Part shall have its proper Consonants.  
A Line must always end with a whole Syllable.  
A Word is either Primitive, or Derivative, which comes from the Primitive: Again, a Word is either Simple or Compound, made of two or more simple Words.  
There be eight kinds of Latin Words, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection.  
Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, and Participles vary the ending, or are declined; the rest do not.  

Nouns.  
A Noun is the name of a thing. Some Nouns be Substantives, and some be Adjectives.  
A Noun Substantive may have a, a, or the before it, and cannot have the Word thing immediately after it; as a man.  
A Noun Adjective may have the Word thing immediately after it, and cannot have a, a, or the before it, except a Substantive follow, as good, white.  
A Noun Substantive is Proper or Common.  
A Noun Substantive Proper is the Proper Name of some one thing, whereby it is commonly known from others of the same kind, as John, London.  
A Noun Substantive Common or Appellative, is a Common Name, whereby we call all things of the same kind, as Man, City.   

Numbers.  
There be two Numbers, the Singular noting but one, as a man; and the Plural noting more than one, as men.   

Persons.  
There be three Persons. The first Person, I, we. The second Person, Thou, ye, and every Vocative Case. The third Person, He, they, and all Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs and Participles, not implying. I, we, thou or ye.   

Cases.  
There be six Cases. The Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative and Ablative. The Nominative is called Casus rectus, the rest are called Casus obliqui.   

Declension.  
An English Noun is thus declined.  
Sing Num. No. a or the man. Goe of a man or a man's. Da. to or for a man. Acc. a or the man. Voc. O man. Ab. in, with, from or by a man.  
Plur. Num. No. Men or the men. Goe of men. Da. to or for men. Acc. men or the men. Voc. O men. Ab. in, with, from or by men.  
There be five Declensions of Latin Nouns; distinguished by the ending of the Gen. Case: thus, The first ae. The second i The third is. The fourth ûs. The fifth ei.  
In each Declension, the Nom. and Voc. Plur. end alike: the Dat. an● Abl. Plur. end alike. And in Words of the Neu●● Gender the Nom. Acc. and Voc. end alike in each Number, and in the Plural Number they end all in a.  

The first Declension.  
Nouns of the first Declension end in a, as, es, or e; thus declined.  
Musa. Sing. N. V Ab. a. G. D. ae. Acc. am. Plur. N.U. ae. G. arum. D. Ab. is. Acc. as.  
Aenaeas. S.N. as. G.D. ae. Acc. am or an. V.A. a. In the Plural like Nouns in a.  
Anchises. S. N. es. G.D. ae. Acc. en V. Ab. e. In the Plural like Nouns in a.  
Epitome. S. N. D. V Ab. e. G. es. Acc. en. In the Plural like Nouns in a.  
Filia, nata, dea, equa, make the D. and Abl. Plur. abus, sometimes is.  
Serva, socia, anima, asina, make is, sometimes abus.  
Liberta, mula, duae, ambae, make abus only.  
The Ancients used the Gen. in as, whence we still read Paterfamilias, Materfamilias', &c. and sometimes in aï, as Aulaï.   

The second Declension.  
Nouns of the second Declension end in oer, it, us, 'em, eus, os or on: thus declined.  
Puer. Vir. S. N. V r. G. i. D. Ab. o. Acc. 'em. Pl. N. V i. G. orum. D. Ab. is. Acc. os.  
Dominus. S. N. us. G. i D. Ab. o. Acc. 'em. V c. Pl. N. V i. G. orum. D. Ab. is. Acc. os  
Templum. S. N. Acc. V. 'em. G. i D. Ab. o. Pl. N Acc. V a. G. orum. D. Ab is.  
Orpheus. S. N. eus. G. ei. D. eo. Acc. eum or ea. V eu. Ab. eo.  
Os like us, and on like 'em.  
When the Nom. ends in us, the Voc. shall end in c. Except Voc. Deus.  
Filius, genius, and Proper Names in ius, aius, eius, have the Voc. in i, ai, ei. Except Delius, Cynthius, and such like Personal Adjectives, with some Greek Words which have c. in the Voc.  
Deus in the Nom. Pl makes dii, in the Dat and Ab. diis.  
The Genitives arum and orum, are often contracted into ûm.   

The third Declension.  
Nouns of the third Declension end in a, e, o, c, d, l, n, r, t, x, and are thus declined.  
S. N. V a, e, etc. G. is. D. i Acc. 'em or in. Ab. e or i. Pl. N. Acc. V es, the Neuters a. G. 'em. D. Ab. ibus.  
Names of Rivers in is; and these, 

Vis, ravis, sitis, tussis: make Acc. in.  
Charybdis, magudaris, amussis: make Acc. in.  
Cannabis, praesepis, pelvis, buris: make Acc. in.  
Mephitis, sinapis and securis: make Acc. in.    
Febris, clavis, aqualis, navis; make 'em usually, sometimes in.  
Pulvis, turris, restis, commonly in, sometimes 'em.  
Bipennis, sementis, strigilis, cutis, 'em or in.  
Some Greek Words have Acc. 'em or a, as aërem or aëra, Chlamydem or da.  
Nom. Pan, Acc. Pana. Some in or in, as Genesim or sin, Halym or lyn.  
Greek Feminines in o, have Acc. o; as Calypso, Sapph, Dido.  
Comparatives, Adjective Verbals in trix, Nouns having Acc. 'em and in, the Compounds of Par, most Adjectives of one Termination (except the Compounds of pes, and senex, pauper, sospes, dives, hospes) as also, Affinis, ignis, amnis, anguis, unguis, avis, civis, supellex, imber, make Abl. e or i.  
Names of Months, Adjectives in is or er with e Neuter, Nouns not increasing in the Gen. making Acc. in: Memor, immemor, canalis; strigilis, mugilis, sodalis; triremis, quadriremis, rivalis; Bipennis, adilis, annalis; with Neuters in e, all, are, (except Sal, far, nectar, hepar, jubar) make Abl. i.  
Proper Substantives made of Adjectives, and Participles in the Abl. absolute, have c only.  
Nouns having Abl. i, or e and i; have the Nom. Pl. Neuter jam: But Vetus, Comparatives and Compounds of Corpus, have ra: plus and aplustre, ra and ria.  
Nouns having Abl. i, or e and i: Substantives ending in two Consonants, Nouns in er, es or is, not increasing in the Gen. Sing. most Words wanting the Sing. Polysyllables in as, the Parts of a pound; caro, linter, uter, venture, as, mass, vas vadis, lis, eos, crux, lar, os ossis, dis, glos, glis, mus, nix, nex, fex and faux, make Gen. Pl. ium.  
Comparatives; and these, 

Memor, immemor, inops, uber,  
Compos, impoes, impuber, puber,  
Degener, congener, dives, bicorpor,  
Strigilis, mugilis, vetus, tricorpor,  
Senex, judex, celebs, consors, canis,  
Cliens, hiems, juvenis, adeps, panis,  
Supplex, complex, celer, phalanx, Sphinx,  
Gryps, opes, apes, Chalybs, lynx,    
Vates, volucris, Cyclops, Lemures, primores, Athiops, proceres and civitas, make Gen. 'em. Plus, plurium. Parens, apis, ium and 'em. Bos, b●um. Alites, caelites, litta●●.  
Neuter Names of Feasts, with some others have ium and orum.  
Greek Neuters in ma, have D. and Abl. Pl. is and ibus. Bos, bobus and bubus.  
Greek Words in the Acc. Pl. for es have as: and some Latin Words eyes.   

The fourth Declension.  
Nouns of the fourth Declension end in us or u.  
Manus. S. N. G. V us. D. vi. Acc. 'em. Ab. u. Pl. N. Acc. V us. G. vum. D. Ab. ibus.  
Nouns in u, are not declined in the Singular.  
Specus, lacus, artus; tribus, arcus, partus, have D. and Abl. Pl. ubus.  
Portus, veris, genu, have ubus and ibus.  
Jesus. N. us. G. D. V Ab. u Acc. 'em.   

The fifth Declension.  
Nouns of the fifth Declension end in es.  
Res. S. N. V es. G. D. ei. Acc. 'em. Ab. e. Pl. N. Acc. V es. G. erum. D. Ab ebus.  
Nouns compounded of two Nom. Cases, are declined in both Words, as N. Respublica. G. Reipublicae, etc. Nouns compounded of a Nom. and Obliqne Case, are declined only in the Word of the Nom. as N. Paterfamilias. G. patrisfamilias, etc. N. Jurisconsultus. G. jurisconsulti, etc.    

Genders.  
There be three Genders; Masculine, Feminine and Neuter.  

Nouns of the Masculine Gender.  
1. All Hees or Males, Months, Winds, most Rivers, As, a pound, and all the parts or compounds of a pound, not ending in a, are Masculine; so are Cities in o, as, and us from the Greek ous, or in i Plur. only; and spinus with trees in aster.  
2. As, es, and Nouns in a made of Greek Nouns in as or es, Verbals in a, and Adria, a Bay of the Sea, of the first Decl. are Masculine.  
3. It, oer, us, eus, of the second Decl. are Masculine.  
4. Il, ol, ul, an, in, on, oer, or, os, o, of the third Decl. are Masculine.  
5. Us, of the fourth Decl. is Masculine.  
6. Only Meridies of the fifth Decl. is Masculine.  
7. These Nouns of the third Decl. are Masculine.  

Vas vadis, adamas, clephas and ren:  
Palms, paries, limbs, stipes, splen.  
Foams, terms, trames, gurges, pes:  
Cespes, poples, magnes, lebes, praes.  
Tapes, acinaces, calais, colis, collis:  
Glis, panis, penis, ignis, caulis, follis.  
Mugilis and amnis, funis and aqualis:  
Cucumis and vermis, vomis and natalis.  
Pecten, lain, lichen, attagen and crinis:  
Solar, furfur, turtur, vulture, hymen, cinis.  
Must, lepus, polypus, tripus, fur and fascis  
Cenchris, sentis, pulvis, orbis, also cassis.  
Piscis, sanguis, unguis, prostuens and ensis.  
Vectis, fustis, postis, lapis, axis, mensis.  
Seps, torris, torrens, confluens and mons:  
Oriens and occidens, chalybs, grex and pons,  
Gryps, merops, hydrops; nefrens, rudens, fons,  
Murex, ramex, rumex, dens and bibens:  
Apex, frutex, vertex, latex, tridens.  
Pollex, calix, fornix, phoenix, codex:  
Spadix, volvox, tradux, oryx, pudex.  
Caudex, coccyx, bombyx, culex:  
Mystax, dropax, abax, pulex.  
Eryx and thorax, nycticorax and storax, add Harpago.    

Nouns of the Feminine Gender.  
1. All she's or Females, Countries, Cities, Villages and Trees are Feminine.  
2. A and e of the first Decl. are Feminine.  
3. Alvus, domus, ficus a Fig, colus, bumus, vannus, with many Greek Words of the second Decl. are Feminine.  
4. As, aus, es, is or is, x and s after a Consonant, Verbals in io, and Words of more than two Syllables in do and go, of the third Decl. are Feminine.  
5. Manus, porticus, tribus, acus a Needle, of the fourth Decl. are Feminine.  
6. All Nouns of the fifth Decl. are Feminine; except Dies and Meridies.  
7. These Nouns of the third Decl. are also Feminine.  

Caro, grando, Argo, regio:  
Echo, portio, concio, legio.  
Optio, talio, religio, ditio:  
Communio, syndon, halcyon, seditio.  
Icon, arbour, arctos, eos and rebellio s  
Aedon, diametros, cos, does, perduellio.  
Incus, subs●us, virtus, servitus and salus:  
Senectus, tellus, juventus, pecus, palus.    

Nouns of the Neuter Gender.  
1. Umh and on of the second Decl. pelagus, virus, and all Substantives undeclined, Argos and Cities in ma, l, it, ur, i or y Sing. or a Plur. with those in e short, and the River Jader, are Neuters.  
2. A, e, c, t, all, cl, en, are, ur, us, of the third Decl. are Neuter.  
3. These also of the third Decl. are Neuter.  

Aes, ver, iter, spinther, verber, uber:  
Os, cor, aequor, marmor, ador, tuber.  
Vas vasis, piper, gingiber, cadaver:  
Cicer, acer, lacer, atriplex, papaver.   
And many Greek Words in as, es, os.  
Substantives which in the same Discourse may have an Adjective either Masculine or Feminine are of the Doubtful Gender. Such are Adeps, unguis, canalis, clunis, finis, torquis, corbis, penus, specus, serpens, barbitus, grossus, phaselus, scrobs, limax, imbrex, perdex, rubus, stirps a Plant.  
Margo, arrabo, bubo, palumbes, vepres, smaragdus, pampinus, varix, cortex, obex, pumex, silex, calx a Heel, are rather Masculine. Linter, linx, sandyx, onyx, sardonyx, forceps, grus; ales, talpa, dama, rather Feminine.  
Nouns Common to both Sexes, when used for Males, are Masc. when for Females Fem. Such are, Infans, parens, author, vates; conjux, haeres, patruelis, affinis, vindex, judex, augur, sacerdos, civis, custos, comes, sus, bos, canis, testis. But Adolescens, conviva, miles, hostis, antistes, dux, nemo, municeps, have rarely an Adjective Feminine.  
Dies is Doubtful Singular, and only Masculine Plural, Vulgus, Anxur are Neuter, sometimes Masculine. The River Nar is Masculine and Neuter. Halec is Neuter, sometimes Feminine. Sal is Masculine, sometimes Neuter. Animans is of all Genders, but seldom Masculine.  
Nouns signifying both Sexes under one Gender, are called Epicoene; as Passer, a Sparrow, Aquila, an Eagle. The Sex is distinguished by adding Master or Faemina.   

Anomalous or Irregular Nouns.  
1 Aclita or Aptotes are Nouns undeclined, as nil, nihil, fas, nefas, instar, caepe, pondo, volupe, gausape, etc. Cities in i or y Singular, all Numbers after Three to an Hundred, Tota, quot, and their Compounds, Names of Letters, Words used Materially, Hebrew Words in am or in, Verbs, Adverbs, Sentences used as Nouns, the Adjective Mille, and barbarous Words, as frit, etc. are undeclined. Neuters in u, and the Substantive Mille are not declined in the Singular.  
2. Monoptotes have one Obliqne Case only, as G. Dicis, nauci, hujusmodi. D. Ostentui. Acc. Inficias, incitas. Ab. ingratiis, natu, jussu, promptu, permissu, etc.  
3. Diptotes have two Cases only, as N. dica, Acc. am; so suppetiae, as G. Tubi, bo, G. Spontis, verberis, jugeris, Abl. e. G. Repetundarum, dis.  
4. Triptotes have three Cases; as G. sordis, primoris, opis, Acc. 'em, Abl. c, D. preci, Acc. 'em, Abl. e.  
Mel, mulsum, defrutum, hordeum, far, forum, rus, and Nouns of the fifth Decl. have only the N. Acc. and V Plur. Except res, species, fancies, acies and dies. Plus wants D. and V Sing. Nemo wants G. and V Sing. and all the Plur. Frugis, ditionis, proceris, dapis, vicis, want N. and V Vis wants D. Sing. Vices, the G. Pl. Interrogatives, Negatives, Partitives, and all Pronouns want the Voc. Except Tu, meus, noster and nostras.  
Some Nouns having but one Termination in the Nom. are yet of divers Declensions, as these of the second and fourth.  
S. N. Domus. G. mi or muss. D. more or mui. Acc. 'em. V us Abl. o.  
P. N. V us. G. orum or vum. D. Abl. ibus. Acc. os, or us.  
N. Laurus. G. ri or rus. Abl. ro or ru. Pl. Acc ros or rus.  
N. Colus. G. li or lus. Abl lo or lu. In all other Cases they follow the form of the second Declension.  
N. Quercus. G. ei or cousin. Pl. G. corum or cuum In other Cases following the fourth Declension. So Pinus, cornus, have u Sing. and us Pl.  
Some Nouns have one Gender Sing. another Plural; as Sing. Tartarus, Avernus, Dindymus, Ismarus, Manalus, Massicus, Pangaeus, Taenarus, Taygetus, Sibilus, Masc. Plur. a, Neut.  
S. Locus, jocus, eventus, Masc. Pl. i Masc. or a Neut.  
S. Carbasus, Pergamus, Fem. Pl. à, Neut. So Supellex, Fem. Supellectilia, Neut.  
S. Froenum, rastrum, capistrum, Neut. Pl. i, Masc. and a, Neut.  
S. Epulum, delicium, Neut. Pl. ae, Fem. So Balncum. Pl. ae, Fem. a, Neut.  
S. Coelum, Neut. Pl. i, Masc.  
Some Nouns are of one Decl. Sing. another Plur. as S. jugerum, of the second. Pl. jugera, of the third. S. vas, vasis, of the third. Pl. vasa, orum, of the second.   

Some Masculines want the Plural; as  
Mundus, pontus, sanguis, cestus, nemo, pudor, carcer, limus,  
Penus, pulvis, supper, viscus, res, meridies and simus, With aether, aër, vesper, etc.   

These Feminines want the Plural.  

Fama, fuga, gaza, pituita, gloria,  
Lues, pestis, humus, prosapia and cholera  
Lux, pubes, sitis, paupertas, salus:  
Plebs, bilis, and contagio, also tellus,  
Indol●s and soboles, proles, fames, labes:  
Tussis, culpa, talio, nex and tabes.    

These Neuters want the Plural.  

Fel, aevum, nihilum, lethum, salum, coenum:  
Ver, vulgus, senium, barathrum and penum.  
Virus, solum, pelagus, solium, justitium:  
Jubar, album, viscum, gelu and delicium.  
Lutum, callum, halec, ebur, vitrum:  
Foenum and macellum, fascinum and nitrum.   
No Proper Names used in the Plural are,  
But only such as want the Singular.  

Many which signify such things as these, want the Plural.  
Things sold by weight, Age, or Disease, want the Plural.  
Arts, Trades or Sciences, Virtues or Vices, want the Plural.  
Herbs, Liquors, Metals, Grain or Spices want the Plural.    

These Masculines want the Singular.  

Liberi, cancelli, cani, penates, sales:  
Artus, sasti, superi, inferi, annals.  
Ants, manes, Lemures, coelites, natales.  
Carceres, primores, geminy, fasces, Lares:  
Loci, fori, proceres, casses, pugillares.  
Triplices, and vepres, with Gabii, Locri, and many such Names of Places.    

These Feminines want the Singular.  

Alps, ambages, aedes, antiae, argutiae:  
Grossi, opes, sores, copiae, minutiae.  
Crates, dirae, genae, insidiae, offuciae  
Sordes, inimicitiae, exuviae, induciae,  
Furiae, exequiae, scopae and manubiae:  
Fauces, valvae, minae, gerrae and excubiae.  
Tricae and Apinae, scalae and blanditiae:  
Vigiliae, praestigiae, plagae and divitiae.  
Grates, idus, nonae, calendae and vinditiae:  
Cunae, salae, compedes, primitiae.  
Nundinae, inferiae, ceremoniae, illecebrae:  
Nuptiae, lactes, decimae, oreae and tenebrae.  
Stativae, nugae, salebrae, clitellae and facetiae:  
Antiae, parcae, quisquiliae, salinae and suppetiae.  
Phalerae, relliquiae, vigiliae and bigae:  
Paleae and Thermae, trigae and quadrigae.  
With Athenae, Thebae, and other Names of Places.    

These Neuters want the Singular.  

Ilia, rostra, arma, pascua, bellaria:  
Munia, justa, exta, flabra, adversaria.  
Compita, vinacea, praecordia, cibaria:  
Tesqua, verenda, lustra, acta, genitalia.  
Scruta and crepundia, cunabula, mapalia.  
Oblivia, stativa, sponsalia, multicia:  
Cete, Tempe, mele, magalia, nutricia.  
Praebia, castra, astiva, hiberna, parentalia  
Natalitia and Feasts as Bachanalia.     

Adjectives.  
Adjectives which have three end in the Nom. are thus declined.  
Bonus. us,  
Pulcher. S. oer, a, 'em. G. i, ae, i. D. o, ae, o. Acc.  
Satur. ur.  
e,  
'em, am, 'em. V er, a 'em. Abl. o, a, o.  
ur,  
P. N. V. i, ae, a. G. orum, arum, orum. D. Abl. is. Acc. os, as, a.  
Vnus; ullus, nullus, neuter, totus, solus, alius, uter, and alter, make G. ius. D. i.  
Ambo and Duo are only Plural, and are thus declined,  
N. V. o, ae, o. G. orum, arum, orum. D. Abl. obus, abus, obus. Acc. os, as, o.  

Adjectives of two Terminations in the Nominative are thus declined.  
Tristis. S. N V is, c. G. is. D. Abl. i. Acc 'em, e. Pl. N Acc. V es, jam. G. ium. D. Abl. i'll us.  
Comparatives in or, have the Neut. us, as Tristior, triscius.  

Celer, celeber; sylvester, May be thus declined. N. er, Masc. is, Fem. e, Neut. or N. is, M. and F. e, N.  
Saluber, volucer, equester, May be thus declined. N. er, Masc. is, Fem. e, Neut. or N. is, M. and F. e, N.  
Paluster and Campester, May be thus declined. N. er, Masc. is, Fem. e, Neut. or N. is, M. and F. e, N.    

Adjectives of one ending in the Nominative, are thus declined.  
Felix. S. N. V x. etc. G. is. D. i. Acc 'em, x. Abl. e or i. Pl. N. Acc. V es, jam. G. ium. D Abl. ibus.  
Where an Adjective hath but one ending in any Case it is of all three Genders, where it hath two end, the first is Masc. and Fem. and the second Neut. Where it hath three end, the first is Masc. the second Fem. the third Neut.   

Comparison of Adjectives.  
Adjectives which may have more or most before them, may be compared. There be three degrees of Comparison, Positive, Comparative and Superlative; as Hard, more hard, most hard, or hard, harder, hardest.  
The Latin Comparative is made of the first Case of the Positive ending in i, by adding or for the Masc. and Fem. and us for the Neut. as of duri, hard; is made the Comparative, durior and durius.  
The Latin Superlative turns i into issimus; as Duri, durissimus; or ere into errimus; as pulcher, pulcherrimus.  
Facilis, humilis, similis, make the Superlative illimus.  
Adjectives compounded of Dico, loquor, volo, facio, make entior, entissimus. Only Mirisicus hath cissimus.  
Adjectives having a Vowel before us, are not compared, but instead of a Comparative and Superlative ●ake before them magis and maximè: yet pius hath both piissimus and pientissimus.   

Irregular Comparison.  
Bonus, melior, optimus, Good, better, best. Malus, ponor, pessimus, Bad, worse, worst. Parvus, minor, minimus, Little, less, least. Magnus, major, maximus, Great, greater, greatest. So Multus, pluvimus; multa, plurima; multum, plus, plurimum. V●tus, terior, terrimus. Matur, turior, turissimus and turrimus. Exterus, terior, Iremus and timus. Superus, perior, supremus and summus. Inferus, serior, insimus and mius. Posterus, terior, posiremus and poscumuse Nequam, nequi●r, nequissimus.   

These want the Positive.  
Ocior, potior, penitior, issimus: Prior, primus: Deterior, terrimus: Interior, ulterior, timus: Propior, proximus.   

These want the Comparative  
belus, apricus, meritus, consultus, falsus, diversus, fulus, sacer, inclytus, persuasus, novus, mutus, sacrilegus, invitus, invisus, invictus.   

These want the Superlative  
Declivis, longinquus, salutaris, supinus, adolescens, ingens, insinitus, taciturnus, opi●us. Dexter, simster, tertor. Juvenis, junior. Senex, senior.   

These are only Comparative.  
Anterior, licentior, sati●r, sequior.    

Derivatives.  
Of Derivatives, some are 1. Possessives, as Pegius, herilis. 2. Gentiles, as Anglus, Macedo, Cres. 3. Diminutives, as Regulus. 4. Imitatives, as Poetaster. 5. Verbals, as Lectio. 6. Adverbials, as Crastinus. 7. Participials, as Sapiens. 8. Patronymicks, as Aeacides, Anchisiades, Masc. Thescias, Nereis, Adrastine, Fem. 9 Numerals of divers sorts; as 1. Cardinals, as duo, tres. 2. Ordinals, as primus, secundus. 3. Distributives, as bini, terni. 4. Multiplicatives, as duplex, triplex. 5. Proportionals, as duplum, triplum. 6. Temporals, as Bimus, biennis. 7. Ponderals, as binarius, ternarius.   

Pronouns.  
A Pronoun is a Word much like a Noun implying a Person, and cannot have a, a or the before it; as I, thou, he, she, it, this, that, who, which, what, his, her, our, your, my, mine, thy, thine, whose, etc.  
There be eighteen Latin Pronouns: Three Pronoun Substantives, Ego, tu, sui, and fifteen Adjectives, Ille, isle, ipse, is, hic, qui, quis, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras and cujas.  

The Declension of Pronoun Substantives.  
Ego. S. N. Ego, I. G. mei, of me. D. mihi, to me. Acc. Abl. me, me or by me.  
P. N. Acc. Nos, we or us. O. nostrum or tri, of us. D. Abl. nobis, to or by us.  
Tu. S. N. V Tu, thou. G. tui. D. tibi. Ac. Abl. te. P. N. Acc. V. Vos. G. vestrûm, or tri. D. Ab. vobis.  
Sui S. and Pl. G. Sui. D sibi. Acc. Abl. se.   

The first Declension of Pronoun Adjectives.  
Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are declined like Adjectives of three end. Only meus makes V. na, mea, meum.  
Ille, ipse, iste, are declined in like manner, only making the G. ius, and the D. i; and ille, iste, make the N. and Acc. Neut. ud.  
Is. S. N. is, ea, id. G. ejus. D. ei. Acc. eum, eam, id. Abl. co, ea, eo.  
P. N. two, eae, ea. G. corum, earum, eorum. D. Abl. iis or cis. Acc. cos, cas, ea.  
Qui. S. N. qui, que, quod. G. cujus. D. cui. Acc. quem, quam, quod. Abl. quo, qua, quo.  
P. N. qui, quae, quae. G. quorum, quarum, quorum. D. Abl. quibus or queis. Acc. quos, quas, quae. So quis, making the Neuter quid.  
Hic. S. N. hic, haec, hoc. G. hujus. D. huic. Acc. hunc, hanc, hoc. Abl. hoc, hac, hoc.  
P. N. high, ha', haec. G. horum, harum, horum. D. Abl. his. Acc. hos, has, haec.   

The second Declension of Pronoun Adjectives.  
Nostas, vestras, cujas.  
S. N. V as. G. atis. D. ati. Acc. atem and te. Abl. te or ti. Pl. N. Acc. V ates and atia. G. atium. D. Abl. atibus.   

Compound Pronouns.  
Aliquis, nequis, nunquis, siquis, ecquis; like quis, only making qua for quae.  
Quivis, quilibet, quisnam, quisque, quicunque, quidam, quistiam; like qui and quis.  
Idem, like is. Vnusquisque, like unus and quis in all Cases.  
Istic, like hic, making the Neut. N. and Acc. oc or uc.  
N. Acc. Quisquis, quicquid. Abl. quoquo, quaqua, quoquo.  
Abl. Mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum. Meapte, tuapte, suapte, nostrapte, vestrapte. Sometimes oped. Acc. Eccum, ellum.  
Hic, admits the ending cine, in all Cases ending with c. So we read hicce, hujusce, huncce, hosce, ejusce, cujusce. Ego may take the ending met, so may 〈◊〉 and sui. So are read tutemet, tute, tete.   

Species or Kind's of Pronouns.  
Ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, qui. quis, are Primitives, the rest Derivatives.  
Quis, cujas, when a Question is asked, are Interrogatives; otherwise, Indefinites.  
Ego, tu, hic, ille, ipse, iste, and sometimes is, are Demonstratives.  
Qui, is a Relative. Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are Possessives. Sui and suus are called Reciprocals. Nostras, vestras, cujas are called Gentiles.    

Verbs.  
A Verb is a Word which signifies, to do, to be, or to be done.  
A Verb Personal is form in all three Persons; a Verb Impersonal in the third Person only.  
There be four kinds of Verbs, Active, Passive, Neuter and Deponent.  
A Verb Active or Transitive signifies to do something towards another, and in Latin ends in o, as amo, I love; by adding r, it is made a Passive, as amor.  
A Verb Passive signifies to be done to by another, and in Latin ends in or, as amor, I am loved; and by losing r is made an Active, as amo.  
A Verb Neuter signifies an absolute doing, being or suffering, and in Latin ends in o or m; as Sio, I stand, frigeo, I am cold. Sum, I am; it cannot take r to make it a Passive. Sum, forem, existo, are Neuter-Substantives. Vapulo, veneo, sio, liceo, are called Neuter-Passives.  
A Verb Deponent in Latin ends in or, and signifies either Actively, as Sequor, I follow; or Absolutely, as Morior, I die; or both Actively and Passively, as Osculor, I kiss, or am kissed.  

Moods and Tenses.  
Verbs have four Moods. 1. The Indicative Mood, declaring or showing. 2. The Imperative Mood, bidding or commanding. 3. The Potential Mood, implying some possibility. 4. The Infinitive, without Number or Person.  
Verbs have five Tenses. 1. The Present, noting the time which now is. 2. The Praeterimperfect, noting the time passing not quite past 3. The Preterperfect, noting the time quite past. 4. The Praeter pluperfect, noting a time before another time past. 5. The Future, noting the time to come.   

An English Verb form through all Moods and Tenses, with their proper Signs, in the Active Voice.  

Indicative Mood.  
Tenses  
Present. S. 1. Pers. I love, or do love. 2. Pers. thou lovest or dost love. 3. Pers. he loveth or doth love. Pl. 1. We, 2. ye, 3. they love or do love.  
Praeterimperf S. I loved or did, thou lovedst or didst, he loved or did love. Pl. We, ye, they loved or did love.  
Praeterperf. S. I have, thou hast, he hath. Pl. We, ye, they have loved.  
Praeterplup. S. I had, thou hadst, he had. Pl. We, ye, they had loved.  
Fut. S. I shall or will, thou shalt or wilt, he shall or will love. Pl. We, etc.   

Imperative Mood.  
The Imperative wants the first Person Singular, and hath only the Present Tense.  
S. 2. Pers. Love thou, or do thou love.  
3. Pers. Let him love.  
Pl. Let us love. Love ye. Let them love.   

Potential Mood.  
The Potential Mood in English is like the Indicative, only it hath these Signs. Praes. May or can, mayst or canst. Praeterimp. Might, would, should, ought or could. Praeterp. Might have, etc. Praeterpl. Might had, etc. Future, May or can hereafter.  
When this Mood hath the Conjunctions, If, that, when, etc. joined with it, 'tis called the Subjunctive. When it hath an Adverb of wishing, it is called the Optative.   

The Infinitive.  
Present and Praeterimp. To love. Praeterper. and Praeterpl. To have or had loved. Future, To love hereafter.    

The Verb Substantive Am form.  

Indicative Mood.  
Praes. S. I am, thou art, he is. Pl. We, ye, they are.  
Imp. S. I was, thou wast, he was. Pl. We, ye, they were.  
Perf. S. I have been, thou hast been, he hath been. Pl. We, ye, they have been.  
Plup. S. I had, thou hadst, he had been. Pl. We, ye, they had been.  
Fut. S. I shall or will, thou shalt or wilt, he shall or will be. Pl. We, etc.   

Imperative.  
S. Be thou. Let him be. Pl. Let us be. Be ye. Let them be.   

Potential.  
Praes. I may be, etc. Imp. I might be, etc. Perf. I might have been, etc. Plup. I might had been, etc. Fut. I may be hereafter.   

Infinitive.  
Praes. and Imp. To be. Perf. and Plup. To have or had been. Fut. To be hereafter.   

A Verb Passive.  
Add the English of the Preterperfect Tense Active to all the Tenses of Am, and you form the Verb Passive; as I am loved, I was loved, etc.  
Do, dost, doth, did, didst, have, haste, hath, had, will, may, can, might, would, should, etc. am, art, is, be, were, etc. when set alone, are Verbs: but if they come before the English of a Verb, they are Signs of Moods and Tenses.    

Conjugations of Latin Verbs.  
There be four Conjugations of Latin Verbs.  
Verbs of the first Conjugation make the second Person Present as, the first Person Praeter avi, the Infinitive āre, with ā long, the Supines, atum, atu; as amo, as, avi, āre, atum. Thus form in the Active.  

Indicative Mood. Active.  
Amo.  
Praes. S. o, as, at. Pl. amus, atis, ant. Imperf. abam, bas, bat. Pl. abamus, batis, bant.  
Praet. S. avi, avisti, avit. Pl. avimus, averunt vel auêre.  
Plup. S. averam, ras, at Pl. ramus, ratis, rant, Fut. abo, bis, bit. Pl. abimus, abitis, abunt.   

Imperative Mood.  
S. a or ato. et or ato. Pl. emus. eaten or atote. ent or anto.   

Potential Mood.  
Praes. S. 'em, es, et. Pl. emus, etis, enter. Imperf arem, res, ret. Pl. remus, retis, rent.  
Praet. S. averim, ris, rit. Pl. rĭmus rĭtis, rint. Plup. avissem, ses, set. Pl. semus, setis scent.  
Fut. S. avero, ris, rit. Pl. rīmus, rītis, rint.   

Infinitive Mood.  
Praes. and Imp. āre. Praet. and Plup. avisse. Fut. aturum esse.  
Gerunds, andi, ando, andum. Supines, atum, atu.  
From the Praeter come all Tenses in ram, rim, ro, sem, se, with the Supines; all other Tenses come from the Present.  
Do, and his Compounds have ă short in the Infinitive.   

Rules for the Praeter and Supines.  
Do, satisdo, pessundo, circundo, venundo, make dedi, datum. Sto, steti, statum. Its Compounds stiti, stitum; only circumsto, steti. Praesto, eonsto, resto, exto, have the Participle staturus.  
Cubo, domo, tono, veto, crepo, sono, and increpo, vi, itum. Discrepo, hath also avi, atum.  
Seco, secui, sectum, and secaturus. Eneco, enecui, enectum, and cavi cautum.  
Frico, fricui, frictum. Adjuvo, adjuvi, adjurum, sometimes juvatum.  
Lavo, lavi, lotum, lautum and lavatum. Dimico, micui and micavi, catum.  
Poto, potavi, potum and potatum.  
Multiplico, supplico, replico, duplico, triplico, cavi, catum.  
Applico, explico, implico, complico, vi, itum, and avi, atum.  
Nexo, labo, want both Prater and Supines. Juvo, juvi: Mico, emico, micui, want Supines.  
Damno, sacro, lacto, patro, tracto, compounded turn a into e: yet we find ablacto, retracto, pertracto. Of Juro, come the Compounds, dejero, pejero; and of manned, commendo.  
Calco, salto compounded turn a into u, as inculco, infulio.    

The second Conjugation.  
Verbs of the second Conjugation end in eo, and make the second Person Present es, the first Person Praeter vi, the Infinitive ēre, with e long, the Supines itum, itu; as Habeo, es, vi, ēre, itum, itu.  

Indicative Mood.  
Habeo.  
Praes. S. co, es, et. Pl. emus, etis, enter. Imperf. eh●●, bas, bat. Pl. bamus, etc.  
Praet. S vi, visci, vit. Pl. vimus, vistis, verunt or uêre. Pluper. veram, ras, etc.  
Fut. S. ebo, bis, bit. Pl. ebimus, etc.   

Imperative.  
S. e or eto. eat or eto. Pl. eamus, eto or etote, eant or ento.   

Potential Mood:  
Praes. S. eam, eas, eat, etc. Imper. erem, res, etc. Praet. u●rim, ris, etc.  
Pluper. S. vissem, ses, etc. Fut. voro, ris, rit, etc.   

Infinitive Mood.  
Praes. and Imper. ē●e. Praet. & Plup. visse. Fut. iturum esse. Gerunds, endi, endo, endum. Supines, itum, itu.   

Irregular Praeters and Supines.  
Mulceo, tergeo, rideo, ardeo, suadeo, hareo, si, sum. Video, prandeo, di, sum. Jubeo, jussi, jussum. Sorbeo, bui, sorptum. Absorbeo, resorbeo, exsorbeo, have also sorpsi. Doceo, docui, doctum. Misceo, miscui, mixtum and mistum. Sedeo, obsideo, sedi, sessum. Frendeo, di, fressum. Spondeo, spospendi, sponsum. Tondeo, totondi, tonsum. Mordeo, momordi, morsum. Indulgeo, dulsi, dultum. Mulgeo, si, ctum. Augeo, lugeo, xi, ctum. Delco, fleo, neo, vieo, and the Compounds of pleo, evi, etum. Tenco, abstineo, contineo, detineo, retineo, nui, tentum. Maneo and its Compounds mansi, mansum. Torqueo, torsi, tortum. Torreo, torrui, tostum. Censeo, censui, censum. Moveo, foveo, voveo, ovi, otum. Caveo, faveo, avi, autum. Cico, civi, citum.  
Aveo, flaveo, polieo, renideo, glabreo, denseo, liveo, clueo, medeor, liquet, poenitet, want both Praet. and Supines.  
Emineo, immineo, promineo, attineo, pertineo, arceo, egeo, indigeo, pateo, timeo, suboleo, redoleo, oboleo, deliteo, displiceo, vi: Turgeo, urgeo, algeo, fulgeo, si: Luceo, frigeo, xi: Pendeo, pependi; Strideo, di; Conniveo, nivi and nixi; Langueo, gui; Liqueo, cui; paveo, vi; ferveo, bui and vi: and Neuters which make the Praeter vi, want the Supines: Except  
Noceo, uleo, valeo, pareo, placeo: Lateo, doleo, caleo, ca●eo, taceo.  
Audeo, ausus sum,; gaudeo, gavisus sum; soleo, solitus sum; moereo, moestus sum.  
Reor, ratus sum; Tueor, tuitus sum; misercor, misertus sum; fateor, fassus sum; its Compounds, fiteor, fessus.  
Libet, licet, pudet, piget, vit and itum est: Miseret, misertum est: Pertaedet, taeduit, taesum est.  
Arceo, compounded turns a into e, as exerceo, coerceo, cui, citum. Maneo, egeo, lateo, teneo, habeo, taceo, fateor, compounded turn the first Vowel into i, as also placeo in displiceo. Except Posthabeo, permaneo.  
Sedeo compounded turns e into i, in the Present, but not the Praeter Tense: Except Supersedeo.    

The third Conjugation.  
Verb of the third Conjugation make the second Person Praes. is, the first Person Praet. i, the Infinitive ĕre with e short: the Supines as hereafter. Lego, gis, gi', gĕre, ctum, ctu.  

Indicative Mood.  
Lego.  
Praes. S. o, is, it. Pl. ĭmus, ĭtis, unt. Imperf. cham, etc. Praet. i, isti, it, etc.  
Plup. S. ĕram, ras, etc. Fut. am, es, et. Pl. emus, etis, enter.   

Imperative.  
S. e or ĭto. at or ĭto. Pl. amus, ĭte or itote, ant or unto.   

Potential Mood.  
Praes. S. am, as, at, etc. Imperf. ĕ. 'em, etc. Praet. ĕrim, etc. Plup. issem, etc. Pur. ero, etc.   

Infinitive.  
Praes. and Imp. ĕre. Praet. and Plup. isse. Fut. cturum esse. Gerunds, endi, endo, endum. Supines, ectum, tu.  
Volo, nolo, malo, edo, fero, are irregular in certain Tenses; as,   

Indicative.  
Praes. Volo, vis, vult. Pl. volumus, vultis, volunt. Nolo, non vis, non vuit. Pl. nolumus, non vultis, nolunt. So Malo, mavis, mavult. Pl. malumus, mavultis, malunt. I●do, edis or es, edit or est. Pl. edimus, editis or estis, edunt. Fero, fers, fert. Pl. ferimus, fertis, ferunt.  
They make the Praeter, Volui, nolui, malui, edi; and tuli, whose Supines are latum, tu.   

Imperative.  
Volo, malo want the Imperative. S. Noli or lito, nolito. Pl. nolimus, lite or litote, lint ●●de, e●ito, or es, esto: esto: Pl. edamus, edite, editote or este, estote, edant, edunto. Ter. ferto,: serat, serto. Pl. feramus, ferte or tote, ferant, ferunto. Dico, duco, facio, have Imperative, dic, duc, sac.   

Potential.  
Praes. Velim, nolim, malim. Imperf. Vollem, nollem, mallem, ferrem, ederem or essem. Infinitive, Volley, noll., malle, edere or esse.  
Verbs of the third Conjugation turn o into i and itum: Except these; Scribo, nubo, psi, ptum; also nupta sum. The Compounds of the old Verb, Cumbo, cubui, cubitum.  
Dico, duco, xi, ctum Ico, ici, ictum. Vinco, vici, victum. Parco, peperci, and parci, percitum and parsum. Cresco, quiesco, suesco, evi, etum. Scisco, ivi, itum. Nosco, ignosco, ovi, otum. Agnosco, cognosco, ovi, itum. Pasco, pavi, pastum. Compesco, dispesco, poscui, pescitum.  
Mando, scando, cudo, prehendo, accendo, incendo, offendo, defendo, and edo, with its Compounds di, sum. Comedo; esum and estum. Rado, rodo, lado, ludo, claudo, plaudo, divido, trudo, and vado, Comp. si, sum. ●indo, scindo, idi, issum. Fundo, udi, usum. Cedo, cessi, cessum. Tundo, tutudi, tunsum and tusian. Pando, di, pansum and passum. Pedo, pepedi, peditum. Pendo, pependi, pensum. Tendo, tetendi, tensum and tentum. Cado, cecidi casum. Cado, caec●di, caesum, its Compounds cisum. The Compounds of Do, didi, ditum. Abscondo, di and didi, sum and ditum.  
Rego, tego, plango, cingo, sugo, ungo, tingo, lingo, pollingo, stingo, extinguo, distinguo, ungo, mungo, ●ungo, compungo, dispungo, and Compounds of fiigo, and Verbs in tio, turn the last Syllable into xi, ctum. Su●go, pergo, rexi, rectum. ●ingo, pingo, stringo, inxi, ictum. Lego, eligo, legi, lectum. Intelligo, diligo, negligo, lexi, lectum. Ago, egi, actum. Cogo, coegi, coactum. Frango, fregi, fractum. Spargo, tergo, mergo, si, sum Tango, tetigi, tactum. Figo, frigo, xi, xum; also frictum. Pungo, repungo, pupugi and punxi, punctum. Pango of the old Verb pago, pepigi, pactum Pango to joyn, panxi, pactum.  
Colo, occulo, consulo, lui, ultum. Molo, alo, lui, litum: also altum. Excello, praecello, lui, celsum. Percello, culi, culsum. Sallo, li. salsum. Fallo, fefelli, falsum. Pello, pepuli, pulsum. Tollo, sustuli, sublatum. Extollo, extuli, elatum. Vello, velli and vulsi, vulsum.  
Gemo, fremo, vomo, vi, itum. Emo, emi, emtum. Demo, demi, demtum. Premo, pressi, pressum. Sumo, como, promo, msi, mtum. Contemno, contemsi, temtum. Lino, levi, litum, Sterno, stravi, stratum. Sino, sivi, situm. Gigno, genui, genitum. Pono, posui positum. Cano, cecini, cantum. Occino, succino, cinui, centum. Sperno, strevi, spretum. The Compounds of Cerno, crevi, cretum.  
Carpo, serpo, repo, scalpo, sculpo, psi, ptum. Rumpo, rupi, ruptum. Strepo, strepui, strepitum.  
Coquo, cuxi, coctum. Linquo, liqui, lictum  
Gero, gessi, gestum. Fero, tuli, latum: Affero, attuli, allatum. Ʋerro, verri. versum. Vro, ussi, ustum. Tero, trivi, tritum. Sero to plant, sevi, satum. Consero, insero: sevi, situm. Insero to insert, assero, dissero, desero, exero, serui, sertum. Quaro, sivi, situm. Curr●, decurro, excurro, procurro, praecurro, cucurri, cursum: other Compounds of curro, curry, cursum.  
Arcesso, lacesso, facesso, capesso, sivi, situm: also facessi, capessi. Pinso, sui, pinsitum, pinsum and pistum Depso, sui, situm. Viso, si, sum.  
N●cto, pecto, plecto, exi, and exui, exum. Flecto, exi, exum. Verto, ti, sum. Peto, tivi and tii, titum. ●i●t●, mis●, mssum. Meto, messui, messum. Sisto, stit●, statum.  
Vivo, vixi, victum. Solvo, volvo, vi, olutum. Texo, texui, textum.  
Facio, jacio, eci, actum. Aspicio, allicio, exi, ectum. Elicio, licui, licitum. Fodio, di, fossum. Fugi●, gi, gitum. Cupio, cupivi, cupitum. Capio, cepi, captum. Pario, peperi, partum. Rapio, rapui, raptum. Quatio, quassum, its Compounds, cussi, cussum. Meio, minxi, mictum.  
Verbs in uo, vi, utum Luo, ruo, vi, vitum, the Compounds of ruo, rutum. Fluo, vi, uxum. Struo, uxi, uctum.  
Labor, lapsus. Adipiscor, adeptus. Expergiscor, experrectus Vlciscor, ultus. Comminiscor, commentus. Proficiscor, profectus. Nitor, nisus and nixus. Fungor, functus. Nanciscor, nactus. Amplector, complector, plexus. Paciscor, pactus. Patior, passus. Vtor, usus. Irascor, iratus Orior, ortus. Morior, mortuus. Nascor, natus. Obliviscor, oblitus. Fruor, fruitus. Loquor, locutus. Queror, questus. Tuor, tuitus. Sequor, secutus. Revertor, reversus. Fido, confido, fisus. Gradior, gressus.  
Lambo, scabo, bi. Strido rudo, di. Prodigo, dego, satago, egi. Ango, ningo, clango, xi. Compesco, dispesco, tremo, sterto, volo, nolo, malo, renuo, annuo, congruo, respuo, metuo, antecello, vi. Disco, didici. Posco, poposci. Sapio, vi and ivi. Incesso, si. Psallo, refello, li, want the Supines.  
Attollo, vergo, sido, furo, glisco, vescor, liquor, ringor, fatisco, dĭvertor, praevertor, reminiscor, hisco, ambigo, cerno, labasco, want the Praeter. Inceptives or Inchoatives in Sco, coming of Nouns want the Praeter, but those which come of Verbs borrow the Praeter of their Primitive.  
Fallo, carpo, parco, cando, gradior, satiscor, scando and pario compounded, turn a into ●. So of patior, perpetior: So the Compounds of pasco, making Praet. pescui.  
Cano, cado▪ caedo, statuo, rapio, tango, quaro, laedo, sapio, compounded turn the first Vowel into i  
Ago, emo, frango, lego, facio, capio, premo, tango, rego, sacio, with the old Verbs Specio, Lucio, compounded turn the first Vowel into i in the Present only: So of pango, impingo, compingo, egi, actum.  
These are excepted, Circumago, perago, satago, perlego, translego, relego, praelego, coemo, depango, circumpango, oppango, repangu.  
Claudo, quatio, lavo,, in the Compounds are turned into cludo, cutio, tuo, and plaudo into plodo.  
The Syllables doubled in the Praeter, are not doubled in the Supines, neither in the Compounds, except of Do, disco, s●o, pasco; and these of curro, ●raecurro and excurro; also in repungo.    

The fourth Conjugation.  
Verbs of the forth Conjugation end in io, and make the second Person Praes. u, the first Pers. Praet. ivi, the Infinitive ire with i long, the Supines, itum, 〈◊〉; as Audio, is, ivi, ●re, itum.  

Indicative Mood.  
Audio.  
Praes. S. i●, is, it Pl. ïmus, ïtis, junt. Imperf. i●ham, etc. Praet. ivi, ivisci, etc. Plup. i●er●●, etc. Fut. iam, ies, i●t, etc.   

Imperative.  
S. i or ito. iat or ito. Pl. iamus. ite or itote. iant, iunto.   

Potential.  
Praes. iam, as, etc. Imperf. irem, etc. Praet. iverim. Plup ivissem. Fut. ivero.   

Infinitive.  
Praes. and Imperf. ïre. Praet. and Plup. ivisse. Fut. iturum esse. Gerunds, iendi, do, dumb. Supines, itum, itu.  
Eo and queo make in the Praes. cunt, queunt. In the Imperf. tham, quibam. In the Fut. ibo, quibo. In the Gerunds, cundi, queundi.  
Vincio, sancio, xi●ct●m: also sancivi, citum. Farcio, sarcio, sulcio, si, tum. Raucio, sensio, si, sum. Sepio, sepsi, septum. Salio, lii and lui, saltum. Singultio, tivi, gultum. Sepelio, livi, pultum. Haurio, si, haustum. Amicio, micui and mixi, mictum. Ap●●io, operio, pervi: comperio, r●perto, peri. pertum. Venio, ni, ventum.  
Profilio, absilio, ges●io, want the Supines.  
Ferio, and Meditativ● want the Praeter, except parturio and ●surio.  
Punio, nii and nitus sum. Experior, opperior, pertus. Assentior, sensus. Ordior, orsus. Ʋio, factus. Metior, mensus  
Fio in the Imperative Sing. second Person hath fito only: In the Infinitive fieri: In the Potential fierem.  
Some Verbs have a double Praeter, as Nubo, nupsi and nupta sum. Juro, titubo, coeno, avi and atus sum. Poto, avi and potus sum. Prandeo, di and pransus. Suesco, evi and etus Mereor, rui and meritus Careo, rui and caritus or cassus. Veneo, nivi and venditus, and for a Passive Supine venum.    

The Verb Substantive Sum, with its Compounds.  
Sum, es, fui, esse.  

Indicative Mood.  
Praes. S. Sum, es, est. Pl. sumus, estis, sunt. Possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt. Prosum, does, dost, prosumus, prodestis, prosunt.  
Imper. S. Eram, ras, rat. Pl. cramus, ratis, rant: So Poteram, Proderam.  
Perf. S. Fui, isti, it. Pl. suimus, istis, erunt or êre: So Potui, Prosui.  
Plup. S. Fucram, ras, etc. So Potueram, Profueram.  
Fut. S. Ero, ris, rit, etc. So Potero, Prodero.   

Imperative.  
S. Sis, es, esto: sit, esto. Pl. simus: sitis, este, estate: sint, sunto. Possum wants the Imperative.   

Potential.  
Praes. S. Sim, sis, etc. So Possim. Imperf. Essem, ses, etc. So Possem, Prodessem and Forem.  
Praes. S. Fuerim, etc. So Potuerim, Profuerim. Plup. Fuissem, etc. So Potuissem, Profuissem.  
Fut. S. Fuero, etc. So Potuero, Profuero.   

Infinitive.  
Praes. and Imp. Esse: So Posse, Prodesse. Praet. and Plup. Fuisse: So Potuisse, Profuisse.  
Fut. Fore or futurum esse.    

A Verb Passive in all four Conjugations.  

Indicative.  
Praes. S. 1. or, aris or are, atur. Pl amur, amini, antur.  
2. cor, ēris or ēre, etur. Pl. emur, emini, entur.  
3. or, ĕris or ĕre, itur. Pl. imur, imini, untur.  
4. ior, iris or ire, itur Pl. imur, imini, untur.  
Imperf. 1. abar: 2. ĕbar: 3. ĕbar: 4. iebar: baris or bare, batur, etc.    

The Preterperfect & Preterpluperfect Tense Passive are made of the Participle of the Preter Tense, and the Verb Sum; as,  
Praet. S. tus, sum vel sui, es vel fuisti, est vel fuit. Pl. ti sumus vel suimus, estis vel suistis, sunt fuerunt vel fuere.  
Plup. S. tus cram vel fueram, etc. Pl. ti cramus vel fueramus, etc.  
Fut. S. 1. abor, aberis or abere, abitur. Pl abimur, abimini, abuntur  
2. ebor, eberis or cheer, etc.  
3. are, eris or ere, etur. Pl. emur, emini, entur.  
4. jar, icris or iere, &c  

Imperative.  
S 1. are or ator: etur or ator. Pl. emur, amini, entur or antor.  
2. ēre or etor: eatur or etor. Pl. eamur, emini, eantur or entor.  
3. ĕre or itor, atur or ĭtur. Pl. amur, imini, antur or untor.  
4. īre or itor, iator or itor. Pl. iamur, imini, iantur or iuntor.   

Potential.  
Praes. 1. er, eris or ere, etur. Pl. emur, emini, entur.  
2. ear, aris or are, eatur. Pl. eamur, eamini, eantur.  
3. are, aris or are, atur. Pl. amur, amini, antur.  
4. jar, aris or are, atur. Pl. iamur, amini, antur.  
Imperf. 1. arer, reris or rear, etc. 2. ĕrer. 3. ĕrer. 4. irer, etc.  
Praet. tus sim vel fuerim, etc. Plup. tus essem vel fuissem, etc.  
Fut. tus ero vel fuero, etc.   

Infinitive.  
Praes. and Imp. 1. ari. 2. eri. 3. i. 4. iri. Praet. and Plup. tum esse vel fuisse. Fut. tum iri, vel ndum esse.  
Feror hath the Praeter latus sum vel fui.  
When the Active wants the Supines, the Passive wants the Praeter.    

Verbs Defective.  
Aio. Praes. aio, ais, ait, aiunt. Imperf. aicham, bas, &c, Imperative Mood ai. Potential, aias, at, atis, ant, Participle, aiens.  
Apage, apagete, cedo are only Imperatives.  
Inquam. Praes. quam, quis, quit, quimus, quiunt. Imperf. quicbat, bant. Praet. inquisti. Fut. inquies, et. Imperative, inque, quito.  
Ave, salve, vale. Indic. Fut. ebis. Imperative, e, eto, eat, etote. Infinitive, ere.  
Forem. Potential, rem, res, ret, rent. Infin. fore.  
Quaeso. Indic. Praes'. quaeso, quaesumus. Indic. Ovat. Partic. ovans. Potential Praet. and Fut. Faxim or xo, ausim, is, it, in't.  
Odi, coepi, memini, have only the Tenses in ram, rim, ro, sem, se: only Imperative memento, tote. Odi, coepi, memini, novi, are used for the Present Tense.  
These first Persons, Dor, for, der, fer, are not in use.  
Infit is used for coepit. Defit for dcest.   

Impersonals.  
It or there before a Verb having no Nominative Case to agree with, are Signs of a Verb Impersonal, as it becometh.  
A Verb Impersonal is form only in the third Person Singular; as Decet, decebat, decuit, etc. So Miseret, piget, poenitet, taedet, oportet, pudet, libet, lubet, licet, liquet.  
Fulgurat, fulminat, grandinat, tonat, pluit, gelat, ningit, lucessit, vesperascit, etc. are used as Impersonals, and are called verba exemptae significationis.  
An Impersonal Passive is used for any Person of the Verb Active, with an Obliqne Case of the Person after it, as Legitur à me for lego: à te for legis; ab ilio for legit.   

Species or Kind's of Verbs.  
Verbs derìvative are 1. Inchoatives or Inceptives in sco. 2. Frequentatives in to, xo, so, co, tor; as dictito, pulso, vexo, veliico, sector. 3. Meditatives or Desideratives in urio, as lecturio. 4. Diminutives in illo, isso; as Sorbillo, pitisso. 5. Imitatives in isso, or; as Patrisso, Graecor.   

Participles.  
A Participle is a Word made of a Verb, and declined like a Noun.  
There be four Participles, two Active, and two Passive.  

Active Participles.  
1. A Participle of the Praes. Tense Active, hath its English in ing, as loving, and in Latin it ends in ans or ens, as amans, docens, declined like Adjectives of one ending.  
jens of eo hath Gen. cuntis: So its Compounds except ambientis.  
The English of the Participle in ing, with a or the before it, is a Noun Substantive; with a Preposition before it, commonly a Gerund.  
2. A Participle of the Fut. Active, hath the English Sign ready or about to, as ready or about to love; and in Latin ends in rus, as amaturus, docturus, Declined like Adjectives of three end.   

Passive Participles.  
1. A Participle of the Praes. and Praet. Passive hath its English in d, t or n, with the Word being expressed or understood before it, as being loved, taught, slain; and in Latin it ends in tus, sus or xus; as amatus, visus, nexus: Declined as Adjectives of three end.  
2. A Participle of the Fut. Passive hath its English in d, t or n, with the Sign to be before it, as to be loved, and in Latin it ends in dus, as amandus: Declined like Adjectives of three end.  
The English of a Participle Fut. Passive after a Noun or Verb Adjective is the Infinitive Mood or later Supine.  
Verbs Neuter have ordinarily only the Particles of the Praes. and Fut. in rus. Deponents have usually three Participles, Praes. Praet. and Future in rus. Where the Praeter hath the English having, as secutus, having followed.  
The Praes. Participle is made of the Imperf. by turning bam into us: The Participle of the Future Active is made of the Supine by turning 'em into urus. The Praet. Participle is made of the same by turning 'em into us The Participle in dus is made of the Present Participle by turning s into dus.  
Mortuus, moriturus, oriturus, nasciturus, pariturus, sonaturus, arguiturus, cruiturus, are irregular.  
A Participle compared, or used Substantively is turned into a Noun.     

Adverbs.  
Ad Adverb is a Word undeclined, commonly joined with Verbs to explain their signification. Adverbs are of many sorts; as of Place, as Where, here, there, etc. Of Time, as now, hereafter, to day, long ago, etc. Of Number, as often, seldom, once, twice, etc. Of Order, as first, secondly, moreover, etc. Of Ask, as why? etc. Of Affirming or explaining, as yea, truly, to wit, etc. Of Denying, as no, not, &c Of Demonstrating, as lo, behold, etc. Of Exhorting or encouraging, as well done, go to, etc. Of Wishing, as O that, etc. Of Swearing, as in good sooth, etc. Of Doubting, as perhaps, etc. Of Gathering or separating, as together, asunder: Of Excluding, as only: Of Choosing, as rather, etc. Of Diversity, as otherwise, etc. Of Likeness, as as, even as, etc. Of Quantity, as much, little, etc. Of Quality, as well, ill, etc. Of Comparing, as as well as, better, etc.  
And many more, especially ending in , made of Nouns.   

Conjunctions.  
A Conjunction is a Word undeclined, joining Words and Sentences together. There be divers sorts of Conjunctions: as  
Copulatives, and, also, etc. Disjunctives, either, or, nor, etc. Concessives, although, albeit, etc. Adversatives, but, notwithstanding, etc. Caus●ls, for, because, etc. Conditionals, if, unless, etc. Illatives, therefore, wherefore, etc. Electives, rather, than, etc. Exceptives, except, besides, etc. Dubitatives, whether or no, etc. Diminutives, at least, etc. Expletives, used only for greater Grace of Speech.  
Ac, at, is't, nam, quare, si, nec, quin, nisi, sin, seu, sed, verum, are Praepositives, used in the beginning of Sentences.  
Enim, autem, quoque, vero, quidem, are Postsitives set after other Words.  
Que, ne, ve are Encliticks set at the end of another Word.   

Prepositions.  
A Preposition is a Word undeclined commonly set before other Words, either in Apposition or Composition.  
A Separable Preposition stands before a Word, and governs a Case commonly either Accusative or Ablative, as to, unto, in, into, towards, against, before, after, for, beside, with, by, beyond, under, etc.  
Inseparable Praepositions are only used in Composition, as am, di, dis, re, se, ve, con.   

Interjections.  
An Interjection is a Word undeclined, expressing some Affection or Passion of Mind; as Joy, Evax, io. Exclaiming, O. Flattering, eja. Wondering, papae. Threatening, vae. Lamenting, hei, heu, eheu, ah. Fear, atat. Disdain, him, prob, hui, vah. Calling, heus, eho. Silence, au, st. Loathing, phy. Laughing, ha' ha', he, etc.  
Adjectives in the Neuter Gender are sometimes used Adverbially.  
Adverbs may be compared, which come of Adjectives which admit of Comparison.   

Figures belonging to Words.  
Prothesis, adds to the beginning, as Gnavus for navus.  
Epenthesis, adds in the middle, as Alituum for alitum.  
Paragoge, adds to the end, as Possit for dici.  
Aphaeresis, takes from the beginning, as conia for ciconia.  
Syncope, takes from the middle, as Dixti for dixisti.  
Apocope, takes from the end, as Dic for dice.  
Draeresis, divides one Syllable into two, as Aulaï for aulai or lae.  
Crasts or Synaeresis, joins or contracts two Syllables into one, as Thesci for Thesei: Ingení for ingenii.  
Metathesis, is a misplacing of Letters or Syllables, as pistris for priests.  
Antithesis or Antistaechon, puts one Letter for another, as faciundum for faciendum.  
Enallage or Antimeria, puts one kind of Word, Gender, Number, Mood, or Tense for another.  
Archaismus, is an old worn out way of speaking.  
Apostrophes, is a a Note, signifying the want of some Letter thus, Egon ' for egone.  
Hyphen, notes two Words to be joined as if it were one compounded Word, thus ante-malorum. We use the same Note in the end of a Line, when part of a Word ends the Line, and the other part gins the next Line.  

Accents.  
There be three Accents belonging to Words; Acute, Grave and Circumflex, but these are seldom expressed in Latin.  
An Acute Accent is thus marked, dóminus: a Grave thus, doctè: a Circumflex thus, mòs.  
Monosyllables short, or long by Position, have an Acute Accent.  
In Dissyllables the former hath an Acute, when the later is short, and the former long by Position; or when both are short.  
Polysyllables having the last short, have an Acute in the last but two, or antepenultima, as dóminus: if the two last be long, the penultima, or last but one hath an Acute, as Sacérdos.  
In Dissyllables the later hath a Grave Accent; so have all Syllables which have neither Acute nor Circumflex.  
Monosyllables long by Nature, have a Circumflex, The former in Dissyllables hath a Circumflex, if it be long by Nature and the later short: So hath the Penultima in Polysyllables if it be long by Nature and the last short.  
The Compounds of facio and sio, keep the Accent of the simple Verb, as calesácit, calesít.  
The ●ncliticks, que, ne, ve, cast the Accent on the foregoing Syllable, as laurísque, except que in constant Composition, as úndique.  
Ablatives in a, Genitives in us, and ergo for causá have a Circumflex, for distinction's sake.  
Contracted Syllables are circumflexed, and Adverbs are accented to distinguish them from Adjectives of the same ending.    

Sentences or Syntax of Words.  
Of Words joined according to Rule is made a Sentence.  

Concordance or Agreement of Words.  
1. A Verb Personal must be of the same Number and Person, with the Nom. Case answering to the Question who or what, made with the English Verb.  
2. An Adjective must be of the same Case, Gender and Number with the Substantive answering to the Question who or what, made with the English Adjective.  
3. The Relative qui must be of the same Cender, Number and Person, with the foregoing Substantive, that may be repeated again after which. Quis, qualis, quantus, quot, quotus, uter, follow the same Rule.  
4. More Substantives together noting the same thing, must be the same Case, and the Verb, Adjective or Relative following must agree with the later; except the former be a living thing and the later not, or the former an Appellative, and the later a Proper Name of some Game.  
Note, any Word or whole Sentence answering to what, may stand for a Substantive of the Neuter Gender and third Person.  
5. If no Nom. Case come between the Relative and the Verb, the Verb must agree with the Relative.  
6. Look what Case the Substantive that may be repeated after the Relative, aught to be were it so expressly repeated, the same Case must the Relative be.  
7. A Collective, or Distributive Singular may have a Verb Plural.  
8. Two or more Substantives Singular noting divers things will have a Verb Plural, agreeing with the first rather than the second, and the second rather than the third Person: likewise an Adjective or Relative Plural agreeing with the Masc. rather than Fem. and Fem. rather than Neuter Gender; but if they signify things without life, keep the Neuter Gender.  
9 I, we, thou, ye, he, they and men, are seldom expressed in Latin.  
10. The Word thing is seldom expressed, but implied in an Adjective of the Neuter Gender.  
11. Business, Work, Duty, Part, Property, Office, after the Verb it is, are implied in the possessive my, thy, etc. of the Neuter Gender, or in the Genitive Case of a Substantive after est.  
12. The Relative often agreeth with a Pronoun Primitive implied in a foregoing Possessive; as meâ refert, qui, etc. So the Genitive of a Participle Present, and unius, solius, between a Pronoun Possessive and its Substantive may agree with the like implied Primitive; as meâ unius operâ. Nostros vidisti flentis ocollos.  
13. When my, thy, our, your, &c, may have own added; they are made by Possessives. If they cannot have own, or may be explained by of, for or towards me, thou, etc. they are made by the Genitive of Primitives or Demonstratives.  
14. If him, her, them may have self or selves added, they are made by the reciprocal sui, if they may not admit self or selves, they are made by Demonstratives.   

The Nominative governed.  
15. A Noun or Pronoun without a Sign of an Obliqne Case, after a Verb Substantive, or a Verb Neuter of Gesture, after most Passives, (except rogor, exoror, poscor, doceor) after O of rejoicing, commending or deriding, and Heu of bewailing, is the Nom. Case: After en or occe, the Nom. or Accusative.   

The Genitive governed.  
16. A Substantive answering to the Quaestion whose or whereof after another Substantive, or to the Question what after no or none made by nil or nihil, or an Adjective put Substantively in the Neuter Gender, as this, that, much, little, etc. is the Gen. C●se.  
If this Gen. signify the Owner or Possessor, it may be turned into an Adjective Possessive.  
17. Of, before an Adjective and Substantive speaking to the praise or dispraise of a thing, after a Noun or Verb Substantive, notes a Genitive or Ablative.  
18. Of, after Verbals in axe, Participials in ns or us, Adjectives of Desire, Knowledge, Remem●rance, Care, Fear, or their contraries, also after Partitives, Interrogatives, Distributives, Indefinites, Comparatives, Superlatives and ●r●●n●l●▪ or after Compos, im●●●, ●nops, consors, exhorts, particeps; or after the Impersonals, pudet, piget, poenitet, taedet, miseret, notes a Genitive Case.  
Pertaesus may have an Accusative.  
19 A Noun or Pronoun after Satago, misereor, miscresco, interest, refert, is the Genitive: after miseror an Accusative. But me, thou, him, her, us, you, whom, after refert and interest, are made by these Ablatives Fem. Meà, tuà, suà, nostrà, vestrâ cujâ.  
20. Much, little, less, greatly, etc. before Interest or refert, are made by the Genitives, tanti, quanti, magni, parvi, pluris, etc. or by Adverbs.  
21. Of, after Adjectives of guilt, or Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, notes a Gen. of the Crime, and sometimes of the Punishment.  
Note. The general Words of Crime, as crimen, scelus, peccatum, may be the Ablative; The special Names of Crime, as furtum, stuprum, etc. may also be the Abl. with the. Uter, ullus, alius, alter, ambo, neuter, uterque, and the Superlative Degree, are used after such Words in the Ablative only.  
22. A Noun or Pronoun after Verbs of Remembering or forgetting, if it signify a Person, is the Gen. or Accusative.  
Memini to mention hath an Abl. with de.  
23. Much, little, less, so much, how much, greatly, not a rush, etc. after Verbs of esteeming, are made by the Genitives, Tanti, quanti, magni, maximi, parvi, minoris, minimi, pluris, plurimi, nihili, stocci, nauci, assis, hujus, teruncii, etc. So we say, A●qui, bom consulo, or facio.  
A●s●imo, admits the Ablatives, magno, permagno, parvo, nihilo.  
We say also, Pro nihilo habeo, duco, puto.  
24. In or at with a Proper Name of a City, Town, or less Place of the first or second Decl. and Sing. Number, is the Genitive. So at home, domi; at my, thy, his, our or your house: So we use Humi, belli, militiae.  
25. Adverbs of plenty or want, Partim for pars, Ergo for causa, Adverbs made of Adjectives governing a Genitive, Vbi and its Compounds, unde, nusquam, eo, quo, huc, huccine, nunc, tunc, interea, pridic, postridie, may have a Genitive after them.  
26. The Preposition ●enus up to, is set after a Genitive Plural.  
In these Expressions, Minimè gentium. Quoad ejus fieri potest, The Genitive is redundant.   

The Dative governed.  
27. A Noun or Pronoun answering to the Question To or for whom or what, after words signifying to be, do, be done, gotten or procured, profit or hurt; Pleasure or grief; Help, favour or hindrance, Likeness, unlikeness, equality, inequality; Fitness, unfitness; Nearness, easiness, difficulty; Trust, distrust; Obedience, resistance, giving, restoring, owing, promising, paying, thanking, threatening, flattering, being angry, commanding, telling, showing or pardoning, is the Dative Case.  
28. Vaco, vacat, nu●o, misceo, haereo, voveo, devoveo, initior, insidior, invideo, suadeo, persuadeo, expedit, convenit, consert, constat, competit, accidit, contingit, and most Verbs compounded with Satis, bene, male, vale, ad, con, contra, in, inter, ob, post, prae, sub, super; also sum, with its Compounds (except possum) and the Interjections Hei and vae have a Dative Case.  
29. From, after Words of taking away, dissenting, differing, notes a Dative following, or an Abl. with a P eposition.  
Juvo, adjuvo, lado, offendo, obeo, adeo, assicio, admiror, jubeo, praeeo, praecedo, pracurro, praeveni●, praesto so excello, praeverto, praverto, antedo, antecedo, antes●o ant●verto, have an Accusative. Doleo an Accu●●ive of the thing.  
A●●●, ●ssentior, assentor, adversor, palpo, impono, incessit illudo, insulto, invado, attendo, occumbo, fu●eo, su●●●cio, may have an Accusative.  
●●mminis, proprius, superstes, similis, par, aequalis, aen●us, affinis, ●●lissimus, have sometimes a Genitive. Altenus hath a Gen. Dat. or Abl. with a or ab.  
Adjectives of sitness, and utilis, inutilis, par, aequalis, have also an Accus. with ad.  
Propior and proximus with their Adverbs may have an Accusative.  
30. To or with after Verbs of Comparing, note a Dat. or Accus. with ad, or Abl. with cum.  
31. Of or by after a Passive Participle or Verbal in bilis note a Dat. of the Person.  
32. Have, the English of hall co may be made by est or suppetit, turning the Nom. into the Dative, and the Accusative into the Nominative.  
33. Two Words noting Person and thing, after Sum, do, duco, verto, puto, imputo, habeo, and some others, may be both Datives.  
The Datives, Mihi, tibi, sibi, are often redundant.   

The Accusative.  
34. A Noun or Pronoun answering to the Question whom or what, after a Verb Active or of a Transitive signification, or after En, ecce of upbraiding, and O of exclaiming, is the Accusative Case.  
A Verb Absolute may have an Accus. sometimes an Abl. of like signification with its own; as I live a life.  
35. The Person and thing after celo, and Verbs of teaching or ask are both Accusative, one of which may also be the Abl. with a Preposition.  
Admonco, commoneo, commonefacio, have an Accusative of the Person, with these Accusatives of the thing, Hoc, iliud, istud, id, idem, quod, quid, aliquid, nihil, nonnihil, multa, pauca, unum, duo, etc. So we say, Cons●lo te hanc rem, or the hàc re.  
The Passives, doccor, rogor, moneor, poscor, have an Accus. of the thing.  
36. The measure, distance or space, and also length of time answering to the Question how long? are the Accus. sometimes Ablative; and the measure sometimes Genitive.  
37. To, into, unto, before ru● the Country, or a Proper Name of a City or Town after a Verb of Motion, note an Accusative: So we use Domum, home; but Appellatives of Place, and the Proper Names of Kingdoms or Countries are the Accus with a Preposition.  
38. To, unto after attinge, pertinet, spectat, and Verbs of calling, provoking, inviting, inclining, note an Accusative with ad.  
39 These Prepositions have an Accusative. Ad, to, at, until, etc. Apud, at, with. Ante, before. Adversus or sum, against, toward. Cis, on this side. Citra, on that side, without. Circum, circa, circiter, about. Contra, against. Erga, towards. Extra, without, besides. In, into, upon, for, on, over, against, towards. Inter, between, among. Intra, within. Infra, beneath. Juxta beside, hard by. Ob, for, before. Penes, in, with. Per, by or through. Pone, behind. Post, after, behind. Praeter, beside, except, beyond. Propter, for, near by. Secundum, according, next to, on the side of. Secus, by Sub, towards, about. Super, upon, beyond. Supra, above, beyond. Trans, over, on the other side. Vltra, beyond. Versus, toward, which is always set after the Case. Subter, under, hath both Accus. and Ablative.  
Many Verbs have an Accusative by virtue of the Preposition wherewith they are compounded, as adeo, praetereo. E or ex in composition, for extra, and prae for praetor, have an Accusative.   

The Vocative.  
40. The Vocative is used in calling or speaking to, either with O, heus, him, or without.   

The Ablative.  
41. A Noun signifying the Cause why; the Instrument wherewith, the Manner how, the Price whereat, the Part wherein, the Disease whereof, or Quality wherewith, the Time when or wherein, the Measure or Degree of Excess whereby, the Game whereat, and these, by Birth, Kindred, Parentage, Descent, Nation, Name, Nature, Degree or Quality; by or at command, entreaty, request, persuasion, advice, counsel; at first sight, etc. are the Ablat. Case.  
Note, the Cause, manner or part may admit a Preposition. The Part affected is sometimes a Genitive, and in Poets an Accusative.  
Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris noting price, are used only in the Gen. Valet hath an Accus. of price.  
42. Then after a Comparative if it be not made by quàm, notes an Ablative.  
Comparatives may have before them these Ablatives, or rather Adverbs, tanto, quanto, aliquando, hoc, eo, quo, multo, paulo, minimo.  
43. In or at with a Proper Name of a City, Town or private place, of the Plural Number only, or third Decl. or Rus the Country; From, by, through, with any Proper Name of City, Town or private place, Home or Rus the Country, note an Ablative. Appellatives of place, and Proper Names of Kingdoms or Countries with these Signs, are used with a Preposition serving to the Ablative.  
44. Vtor, fungor, fruor, gaudeo, vescor, victito, nitor, satus, ortus, editus, dignus, indignus, praeditus, captus, contentus, fretus, have an Ablative.  
Vescor may have an Accus. Potior, an Abl. Gen. or Accus. Dignus, indignus, sometimes a Gen. Opus and usus have an Abl. sometimes a Genitive.  
45. Of or with after Words noting, Plenty, abundance, want, emptiness, loading, unloading, shilling, easing, note an Ablative; but benignus, sertilis, liberalis, prosper, laetus, largus, prodigus, profusus, sterilis, pauper, indigus, egonus, expers, purus, will rather have a Genitive.  
46. L●ber, immunis, vacuus, purus, nudus, inops, orbus, extorr●, exul, have an Abl. with a or ab.  
47. The matter of which a thing is made or consists is the Abl. with ex or de.  
The Person of, by, or from whom we hear, inquire, learn, understand, buy, hire, conjecture, remove, dissent, are discant, is an Ablative with a, ab, abs, e or ex.  
48. The Person or thing of which after mereor with e'en ma●e, etc. is the Abl. with de.  
〈…〉 or doer of or by which, after a Pa●●● or Neuter-Passive, is an Ablative with a, ab, or ●●s  
5● A Noun o● P onoun joined with a Participle as Casat ●●g●●●, or two Substantives with being between them, as A●●sius being Emperor; not agreeing with or governed of any other Word, are both Ablative, called the A●●●tive absolute.  
51. These Prepositions have an Ablative. A, ab, abs, of, by or from. Absque, without. Coram, before, or in presence of. Cum, with. De, of, concerning. E●●ex, of, out of. Pra, before, in comparison of. Pro, for before. Since, without. In, in or among. Sub, under. Super, of, concerning.  
Tenus, up to, is set after an Abl Singular. Clam, hath an Abl. or Accus. Palam, an Ablative.  
Many Verbs have an Abl. by virtue of the Preposition they are compounded withal, which Preposition is also sometimes repeated.  
Before a Vowel, j Consonant, l or r, we use ab or ex. ● fore t, q. we use abs. Before any other Consonant, we use a or e.   

Moods.  
52. A Verb immediately following a Verb, Adjective or an Accusative after a Verb, is the Infinitive Mood.  
53. The Conjunction that with a Nom. Case between two Verbs, being cast away, turns the N●● into the Accus. and the following Verb into the Infinitive Mood. That is a Conjunction when it cannot be turned into which.  
54. The Infinitive of Verbs which may have a Nom. after them, will have the same Case after it which it hath before it. But Esse and Fieri having before them a Dative after datur, licet, expedit, and such like, may have either Dative or Accusative after them.  
55. Participles, Gerunds and Supines govern the same Cases as the Verbs they come of.  
56. Of, with the English of the Participle in ing, or the English of the Infinitive Active after Adjectives governing a Genttive Case, is the ●creind in di.  
57 The English of the Participle in ing, with the sign of an Ablative Case, is a Gerund in do, with or without a Preposition.  
58. The English of the Participle in ing with to or for, after Words requiring an Accus. with ad, or after the Actor, Matter or Inf●rnment of Action, is the ●●●●nd in dum with ad. The Gerund in dum is also used with ob, propter, ante, inter, circa.  
59 Mus. or ou●●● between a Nom Case and its Verb, turns the N●●. into the Dat. and the Verb into a Gerund in dumb with est.  
60. A Gerund with an Accus. following may be turned into a Participle in dus; and put both Words into the Genitive, if it be a Gerund in di; into the Dat or Abl. if a Gerund in do; and into the Accus. if a Gerund in dum. The Accus. Pl. after di, may be turned into the Gen. Pl.  
61. The English of the Infinitive Active, or Participle in ing, after Verbs of moving to a place, is the former Supine. The English of the same Participle after Verbs of moving from a place, is the later Supine.  
62. The English of the Infinitive Passive after fas, nefas, opus, indignus, dignus, foedus, turpis, facilis, and such like, is the later Supine.  
63. Words used indefinitely, that is, neither in question, nor pointing out some certain particular thing; after Verbs of doubting, enquiring, knowing, or being ignorant, hearing, seeing, observing, etc. cause the Verb following to be the Potential or Subjunctive Mood.  
 that, the Causal, or of Concession, or for utpote, or ne non, hath a Subjunctive.  
After Verbs of fearing, ne is as much as that; ut as much as that not.  
●tsi, tametsi, etiamsi, quanquam, ubi, cúm, pri●squam, antequam, postquam, simul ut, simul ac, simul atque, have a Subjunctive.  
Ne, forbidding, hath an Imperative or Subjunctive.    

The use of Quòd and ut.  
That, as much as, quia, because that, or speaking of something past or done, is made by quòd. That as much as, to the end that, or speaking of something to come, is made by, ut.  
, is commonly used after Nouns and Pronouns, or Verbs of commanding, entreating, fearing, willing, desiring, endeavouring, wishing, warning, advising, obtaining, permitting, effecting, and such as note the event, as fit, evenit, etc. and the Particles, adeo, ideo, sic, ita, tam, tantum abest; or when may, might, etc. follow.  
That, after I think, know, believe, judge, guess, say, complain, etc. is made by quòd. That not, is made by nè.   

Words which keeping the same signification govern divers Cases.  
Dono, militi phaleras, or militem phaleris. Medeor, vitiis or vitia. Moderor affectui or affectum. Palp●r, adulor tibi or te. Comitor tibi or te. Dominor victis or victos. Loquor tibi or ad te. Cratulor tibi felicitatem or de felicitate. Medicor viro or morbum. Praestolor tibi or te. Acquiesco huic rei or in hac re. Adspersit mihi labem, or me labe. Conducit huic rei or ad hanc rem Antceo, antecedo, antesco, attendo tibi or te. Consentio tibi or tecum. Dissentio, dissideo tibi, a te, tecum, Illudo, insulto tibi, te, in te. Induo, exuo tibi vestem or te veste. Instravit equo penulam, or equum penula. Obtrecto laudibus or laudes. Interdico tibi hanc rem or hac re. Occum●it morti or morte. Percontor tibi or te de hac re. Praesto, Praecurro, praecello, praverto tibi or te. Prohibeo tibi domum or te domo. Subeo tecto or tectum. Plurima salute impertit Parmenonem: Huic rei aliquid temporis impertit. Mitto tibi or ad te. Latet sensui or sensum. Olet nardum or nardo. Pluit lapides or lapidibus.   

Words which in a different sense govern devers Cases.  
Auseulto for obedio, tibi; for audio, te. Consulo for consilium do, or prospicio, tibi; for Consilium à te peto, te. Laboro for agroto, febri; for anxius sum, de salute publica. Imp●●● to pi●, finem operi; impono for decipio, tibi. Cat●● for provideo, tibi; for declino periculum, à te; for ad cautionem statuo, de, etc. So Metuo, timeo, sormido tibi or de te, te, à te. Accedo to assent, tibi; to go unto, te or ad te. A●mulor to envy, tibi; to imitate ●e. Contingit it befalls mihi; it touches, me. Cu●to to favour, tibi; to desire, te. Deficit it is wanting, mihi; it fails, me; he revolts, à me. Faeneror to lend on use, tibi: Fan●ro, to borrow on use, abye te. Incun●●● to le●n on, baculo; to fall on, gladio or in gladium: to ply, study or endeavour, in or ad aliquid. i●●● i●io saluti I provide for: Prospicio periculum, I foresee or am ware of: Peto mihi ●●●rum, I ask: Tet● te gladio I thrust at: Peto d●m●●, I am going: Recipio tibi, I promise: Recipio te, I receive: Reci●●●, I take upon me: Recipio me d●●●m, I betake. P●●● tibi, I relate, ad te, I refer. ●●nuncio ●unc●●, I refuse: R nun●●●●n sulem, I declare. S●lvo tibi, I pay: Solvo te, I acquit. Stud● 〈◊〉 i● uni, in h●c 〈◊〉, in anum h●c, I labour for. Studeo h●c unum, I desire. Temp●●o 〈◊〉, I mix: Mero, I abstain or stine: So●i●s, I apprease: Soctis, I refrain from. Vaco Philosophiae, I study: Ad ineptias, I am at leisure. Culpa I am free: Vacat locus, is void. Conducit tuae laudi, ad ventris victum, in rem tuam, it avails or conduceth: Conducit equum, he hires Convenit illa tibi, she suits with: Sacis inter se convenit ursis, they agree together. De hoc parum inter authores convenit, 'tis not agreed upon: Convenit mihi tecum, we agree. Do tibi literas, i. e. to send to another: Do add to literas, i. e. to read.   

The most usual Figures in Construction.  
Zeugma, when a Verb or Adjective expressly agreeing with the nearest Substantive, is reduced to others in the same S●●●ence.  
Syllepsis, when a Word relating to many Substantives, agrees expressly with the more worthy Person or Gender.  
Synthesis, when Words agree only in Sense, as Centaurus magna.  
Prolepsis, when after the General expressed, the Particulars follow in a differing Number or Gender; as Duae aquilae volaverunt, una ab ortu, altera ab occasu.  
Polysyndeton, when many Conjunctions are in one Sentence.  
Asyndeton, when the Conjunctions are wanting.  
Anastrophe, when a Preposition is set after its Case.  
Synchysis, when the order or place of Words is confused  
Pleonasmus, when some Word is superfluous or redundant.  
Elleipsis, when some principal Word is wanting or only understood.  
Synecdoche, when an Accus. of the part is used for an Ablative.  
Hypallage, when Words change Cases, as darc classibus austros.  
Tmesis, when the Parts of a Compound Word are separated.   

Points or stops.  
1. Comma thus, 2. Colon thus: 3. Semicolon thus; 4. Periodus thus. 5. Interrogatio thus? 6. Admiratio thus!  
Parenthesis this Enclosure () Parathesis thus []   

The Quantity of Syllables.  
A Syllable is either long, as a●dax; or short, as bĕnĕ; or common.   

General Rules.  
A Vowel before two Consonants or a double Consonant ending one Word, and another beginning the next, is long by Position.  
A short Vowel, when a Mute with a Liquid begin the next Syllable, is Common.  
2. All Dipthongs (except prae before a Vowel in composition) and all contracted Syllables, are long.  
3. A Vowel before a Vowel in the same Word (though h come between) is short. Except e between i and i in the fifth Declension a in Genitives in aï, a and e in such Vocatives, as Caiazzo, Pompeï, i in fio when ere follows not, e in eheu, all which are long. Genitives in ius have i common, but in alïus 'tis long, in alterius short, in Solius, neutrius, alterurrius, seldom short. O in oh is common In Greek Words one Vowel before another is often long.   

Rules for some first and middle Syllables.  
Derivatives and Compounds usually keep the Quantity of the Primitives and Simples. Except Vōcis, lēgis, rēgis, rēgula, sēdes, suspīcio, mācero, hūmor, hūmanus, sēcius, dēnus, jūgerum, jūnior, lāterna, lītera, nōnus, pēnuria, tēgula, uōmer, jūcundus, long: Dŭcis, dĭcax, sŏpor, săgax, dĭtio, fĭdes, lŭcerna, ŏdium, nŏta, mŏlestus, ărena, năto, uăricosus, fărina, cŭrulis, ŏfella, mămilia, tĭgillum, sĭgillum, frăgor, frăgilis, păgella, pŏsui, innŭba, pronŭba, desĕro, pesĕro, cognĭtum, agnĭtum praestĭturus, restĭturus, caussidĭcus, sĭquidem, ●ŏdie, semisŏpitus, short.  
The Particles by, tri, tre, du, in composition are short.  
E in the end of the former of two Verbs compounded is short.  
I and O are long in ubīque, ubīlibet, ibīdem, quandōquc, quandōcunque. O is short in quandŏquidem. I in idem Masculine is long, in idem Neuter, short.  
Ab, ad, ante, circum, in, ob, per, sub, super, re, are short, but re in refert for interest is long.  
A, e, de, pro, di, se, contra, supra, infra, and troth for trans are long. Di in dĭrimo, disertus is short Pro is short in Prŏcella, prŏfugus, prŏtervus, prŏ●epos, prŏneptis, prŏfanus, prŏfiteor, prŏfandus, prŏficiscor, Prŏsuri, prŏpero, prŏfugio, prŏfecto, prŏfectus. Pro is Common in p● cumbo, procuro, profundo, propello, propulso, p●●pago.  
Praeters and Supines of two Syllables have the former long, except ●ĭbi, dĕdi, fĭdi, s●ĕti, tŭli, scĭdi, ră●●● dă●um, cătum, ĭtum, rŭtum, lĭtum, sĭtum, quĭtum and c●tum of cico. The first Syllable doubled in d●●●●ter is short.  
The Characteristical Letters, a, e, i of the first, second and fourth Conjugations are long, except in do, and its Compounds, e of the third is short.  
By Analogy of Conjugation or Declension the Quantity is thus known. The Vowel before bam, b●, vi, si, runt vel re, is long: e before ram, rim, ro, is short; a, o, e, before rum in the Genitive Plural, and bus in the Dative and Ablative are long; i and ai before bus are short.  
Rimus, ritis, in the Praet. Subjunct. have ri short in the Future long.  
V in Desideratives in urio is long, except parturio, usŭ●io.  
Diminutives in olus, ulus; Verbals in ilis, Ad verbs in itus, have the Penultima short.  
Adjectives in anus, inus, arus, orus, osus, Adverbs in atim, itim, have the Penultima long, except Ad verbials and materials in muss, and assatim, prafëum, satim.  
Most Words in do, go, li, l●s, (except Verbals) nus, na, rus, ani●, atus, e●a, etus, eta, etum, itis, utu● udus unis, have the Penultima long. Adjectives in accus have the Ant●penultima long.   

Rules for last Syllables.  
1. A, i, u, as, es, os, c, n, in the end are commonly long; Except these, Puta, ita, quia, eja, and Nom. Acc. Voc. Cases in a are short, but Greek Masculines in as have Voc a long. Numerals in ginta have a sometimes short.  
Nisi, quasi, sicubi, and Greek Datives which have Gen. in os short, have i short. Mihi, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi, have i Common.  
Nec and donec have c short. Hic the Pronoun and hoc if no Abl. have c Common.  
In, a, forsan, forsitan, tamen, attamen, n' apocopated, on of the second Decl. en, ĭnis of the third and Greek Accus. in in, yn, have n short.  
Greek Nominatives in as making Gen. adoes, and Greek Accusatives of the third Decl. and anas, anatis have as short.  
The Prepostion penes, the Verb eo with its Compounds, Greek Neuters Sing. in es, and Greek Nominatives Plural in es, and Latin Nouns of the third Declension increasing short in the Genitive have es short.  
C●mpos, impoes, os, ossis, and Greek Words in os with short o, have os short.  
2. E, y, b, d, t, l, r, is, us and is in the end are commonly short; Except the Ablative fame, and Ablatives of the fifth Declension, and Adverbs made of the same, quare, Imperatives Sing. of the second Conjugation, and Greek Words in c long, valde, ferme, fere, Adverbs made of Adjectives of the second Declension; Except benĕ, malĕ magĕ, and Monosyllables, except the Encliticks que, ne, ve, and ce, te, pte, have e long.  
Sal, sol, and Hebrew Names, have l long.  
Monosyllables in r, the Compounds of par, and Greek Words in er with e long (except patĕr, matĕr) have r long.  
Monosyllables in is (except is, quis, bis) Datives and Ablatives Plural; the second Person Singular of the Indic. Praes. in the fourth Conjugation, vis the Verb, and sis, possis, volis, nolis, malis, the Adverbs foris, gratis, Nouns of the third Declension increasing long in the Genitive, Greek Words in ●is, have is long.  
Monosyllables in us, Cases in us except Nom. and Voc. Sing. of the fourth Declension, Nouns of the the third Declension increasing with u long in the Genitive, and Nouns made of Greeks in ous, have us long.  
O in the end is common. But Datives and Ablatives, and Adverbs of Adjectives, ergô for causâ, and Greek Words in o long, are long. Sedulò, mutuò, erebrò, have o common. Citò, cedò, modò, have o short. Serò, ambo, duo, ego, homo, scio, nescio, imo, illico, are usually short. Eo, ideo, adeo, usually long. Monosyllables are long.  
The last Syllable in a Verse is Common.   

The more usual Feet in Verses.  
1. Spondaeus, aüdāx. 2. jambus, amāns. 3. Trochaeus, omnĭs. 4. Dactylus, mīttĕrĕ. 5. Anapaestus, pĭĕtas 6. Tribrachus, dŏmĭnüs.   

The more usual sorts of Verses.  
1. Hexameter or Heroicus: of six Feet, the four first Dactyls or Spondees, the fifth a Dactyl, the sixth a Spondee; as  
In nŏuă-fērt ănĭ-mūs mū-tātās-dicĕrĕ-fôrmās.  
2. Pentameter or Elegiacus, of two Penthemimers, the former of two Feet either Dactyl or Spondee, and a long Syllable ending a Word, the later of two Dactyls and a long Syllable; as  
Rēs' ēst-solĭcĭtī-plēnă tĭ-mōrĭs ămōr.  
3. Adonius, of two Feet, a Dactyl and Spondee; as  
Gaūdĭă-pēllē.  
4. Archilochius, of two Dactyls and a Syllable; as  
Dūlcĭbŭs-āllŏqŭi-īs.  
5. Asclepiadaeus of a Spondee, a Dactyl, a long Syllable, and two Dactyls; as  
Maecē-nās ătă-uīs-ēdĭtĕ-rēgĭbŭs.  
6. Phalaecius, of a Spondee, a Dactyl, and three Trochees; as  
Vītām-quae, făcĭ ūnt bĕ-ātĭ ōrĕm.  
7. Sapphicus, of a Trochee, a Spondee, a Dactyl, and two Trochees; as  
Intĕ╌gēr uī tae scĕlĕ-rīsquĕ pūrŭs.  
At the end of three Sapphicks is commonly added an Adonick.  
8. jambicus. Either pure of all jambi; as  
Sŭīs-ĕt īp-sâ Römă uī-rĭbūs-rŭīt.  
Or it may be mixed, with a Spondee in the first, third or fifth Places.   

Figures belonging to Verses.  
1. Synalapha, whereby the Vowel in the end is cut off because of a Vowel beginning the next Word; as  
Sera nimis vit' to est crastina, viv' hodie.  
Heu, O, ah, hei, io, cui, admit not this Figure.  
2. Eclipse, whereby m with its Vowel in the end is cut off because or a Vowel following; as  
Monstr' horrend' inform' ingens cui lumem ademptum.  
A Verse runs best, when the Feet are made of several Words; as  
Sȳluē-strēm tĕnŭ-ī mū-sām mĕdĭ-tārĭs ă-uēnā.  
An Hexameter gins well with a Penthemimer, and closeth best with a Dissyllable or Trissyllable.  
A Pentameter should close with a Dissyllable, or two Monosyllables.  
Avoid many Monosyllables, and use Synalaepha and Eclipse as little as may be.   
FINIS.