A BREVIARY OF Roman History. From the Building of ROME, To the Year 1119. Of that Famous Empire, under its Kings, Consuls, and Emperors. Writ in Latin by EUTROPIUS. Translated into English by several Young Gentlemen, Privately Educated in HATTON-GARDEN.  Populus Romanus, ita late per orbem terrarum arma circumtulit, ut qui res ejus legunt, non unius populi, sed generis humani facta discant. Florus. 
LONDON: Printed for Jo. Hindmarsh, Bookseller to his Royal Highness, at the Black Bull in Cornhill, 1684.   

To his most Honoured Friend Sir John Lowther, Baronet.  
SIR,  
YOU have certainly the best Right to this small Present, which gives me an opportunity to declare the great Esteem, and Value I have for you, since your two Sons are amongst the Translators: and all that know you must own that your Latitude in the knowledge of Men, Affairs, and Books is very great; by the scrutiny of which, the conduct of your Life is so exact and eminent. To these from my particular observation, I must add, that your Friendship is excellent, your Worth unspotted, and your Honour unbiass'd: yet lest I should seem to lay the common Varnish of Dedicators, I shall rather contract myself, and at present unite all these Rays, that illustrate you, into one Point of an incomparable Father, whereby you transmit, and kindle these Virtues in your Posterity, and labour to gratify the present and future time. The Hopes and Advantages of your Sons, besides my management, are much to be ascribed to your private Care. If your true Tenderness towards them, your search for the best methods, and your Zeal in the performance was more followed, as 'tis exemplary, the sleepy Genius of our Nation would rouse itself, and we should not only read Stories of Noble Predecessors heretofore, but view them living. Then Horace's words might not be ominous.  
Aetes' parentum pejor avis tulit  
Nos nequiores, mox daturos  
Progeniem vitiosiorem.  
Your nice assistance in Education well imitated, might adorn our Country within itself, and save many the trouble of drynursing their Youth abroad. Providence has ordained us all things at home necessary for our Body, and why not for our Mind? May not the Muses as well delight themselves in our Rivers of Cam, Isis, and Thames; as the Sein, the Loire, and the Tiber? To the gaining of this greatpoint, in my experience, I never found any motive more charming to a Youth to prosecute his Studies in any Language than History, which insensibly draws on the Student to gain the Tongue, and insinuating an Appetite from the beginning, continueth it to the end. All our Learning terminates in it; and in allusion to History, I might say with the Platonist, That Science was only reminiscence of things past. But laying aside their opinion, I am sure, the Wisdom of the greatest Scholar, after all the Labours of his Mind extends no farther than to know the Actions of former Ages, when, where, and how they were performed; that is, History raised up with the two Wings of Chronology, and Geography: hence from Observations, and Inferences he gains the name of Prudent to regulate his present Affairs, and wisely to foretell others by consequences; what may follow. Why does the young Gentleman visit Foreign Countries, but to learn History by the eye, and to observe Actions and Places? History cultivates the Memory, and improves the Judgement; without which, Conversation is either dry or vain. Well might the Roman Orator say, That not to know what has been done before us, is always to be a Child. Wherefore he styles History, Testem temporum, lucem veritatis, vitam memoriae, & nunciam vetustatis.  
The remembrance of Alexander's Actions warmed Caesar no less than the sight of Miltiades Trophies excited Themistocles; and it as much deters Vice, as it inspires Virtue. Livy tells us, that, Ind tibi tuaeque reipublicae quod imiteris capias, inde foedum inceptu, foedum exitu, quod vites. And Dionysius Halicarnassaeus excellently described its nature, when he said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that History is Philosophy teaching by examples. I am sure Homer's Wise man under the Character of Ulysses undergoes incredible dangers to gain his experience in many places, whilst the Historian in his Study without trouble enjoying what others have smarted for, may repeat these Verses of Lucretius.  
Suave mari magno turbantibus aequora ventis,  
E terrâ magnum alterius spectare laborem:  
Non quia vexari quemquam est jucunda voluptas,  
Sed, quibus ipse malis careas, quia cernere suave est.  
Wherefore for these reasons, since 'tis the humour of the Age, and to promote private diligence with mutual emulation, I thought it highly advantageous to have this Historian Translated by a select number among us. The usefulness of Translation I know you much approve of, who are so good a Judge of Letters: it procures two Languages, and discovers their proprieties the easiest and quickest way. I am sure the reputation of the thing made them study hard, which was a pleasant satisfaction to me, and perhaps may push them on all their life to a true love of Books, since they have already found the conquest of an Author not difficult; and Eutropius so easy by their former Conversation with Florus: The Translation may very honestly be called their own, with the Geographical Index, which they composed, sufficiently known to some Friends. Then be pleased to excuse the Style, if the Sense, and Grammar be true, as we hope, 'tis as much as should be expected. Let this Edition rather be natural, and the second more artful.  
Sir, 'Tis high time to free you from this trouble, and to beg pardon for it; yet concluding with my sincerest Wishes for your constant Happiness in all your concerns, especially with me, which I shall always be most ready to advance; being by Inclination and Gratitude,  
SIR, Your most Faithful, and most Humble Servant, L. Maidwell.   

To the Ingenious TRANSLATORS.  
AVspicious Youths, our Ages Hope, and Pride,  
Exalted minds, and worthy such a Guide:  
To whose rich Skill this wondrous Growth you owe;  
Most happy, if your happiness you know.  
Who close entrenched Eutropius could o'ercome,  
And plunder the Records of ancient Rome.  
Unlike my Fate, by Pedants led astray,  
Who at my setting out mistook the way.  
With Terms confounded (such their methods were)  
Those rules my Cloud, that should have been my Star:  
Yet groping forwards through the Classicks went,  
Nor wholly of my Labours may repent:  
Strong holds, and hard to take, but in the set,  
No Volume so obscure, no Author met  
So difficult, as William Lily yet.  
Without Geography led blindfold on,  
And ignorant when each exploit was done;  
Of wondrous Men, and wondrous Actions read,  
But all the while with Fairy Banquet's fed.  
All huddled without knowing when, or where,  
Utopian Fields, and Battles in the Air.  
But you, where e'er your Author's Scene is laid,  
Beyond your knowledge never are conveyed.  
Great your Advantage, therefore use it well,  
You fail, if you but mod'rately excel;  
Who for your doubts have such an Oracle.  
Consult your Guide, whose Judgement more refined,  
Vnties those Knots, Dutch Comments leave behind:  
By which your Authors more obscure become;  
The Fogs of Holland cloud the Wit of Rome.  
While these the vehicle of words essay,  
The subtle Spirit flies unseen away.  
He'll show you where their secret Treasures lie;  
Sublime their sense, and fix their Mercury.  
Let this success, brave Youths, your minds inflame,  
Eutropius conquered, calls for nobler Game:  
Launch boldly next on Tully's flowing Seas,  
And grasp the thunder of Demosthenes.  
To noblest Sciences devote your time,  
And rarely, very rarely, sport with Rhyme.  
See how your Teacher does the practice fly,  
His Genius, and the waiting world deny,  
Whilst every Muse in vain stands sighing by.  
Even my poor strains some small Applause have found,  
Yet were I with the foremost Laurels crowned,  
With Wit and Verse I'd hold eternal War,  
To be a thriving Blockhead of the Bar.  
Once more all Hail to thee Industrious Friend,  
Behold what wonders on thy Toil attend!  
What pains thy methods cost, that thus excel,  
Thy midnight Lamp, and Thou can only tell;  
Yet for some longer space thy Tillage ply,  
Thy own repose, and pressing Friends deny.  
Till like Lycurgus' Laws, thy Rules succeed,  
And for long Ages leave a noble Breed.  
N. Tate.   

Juventuti Historicae. S. P. D.  
IMperio premeret dominas cum 
* Valens.  Flavius urbes,  
Victrices Aquilas & bello parta trophaea  
Extendens latè; tantos periisse labores  
Credidit indignum, positisque inglorius armis,  
Arripuit calamum Eutropius; Dux marte tremendus,  
Ingenio pollens; scripsitque, & praelia gessit  
Una eademque manus; famamque & fata Parentum  
Donavit luce, & longum aeternavit in aevum.  
Scilicet infantis c●cinit cunabula Romae,  
Regesque, Grandaevosque Patres, fascesque verendos,  
Et parvis magnum de maenibus incrementum.  
Sed neque res Italas memorans, gentemque Togatam,  
Praeteriit Domini 
* Julian.  crudelia bella perempti:  
Juvit enim Socias, florentesque aere cohortes,  
Et, quorum pars magna fuit, cantare labores.  
O mundo par opus nec mundi Regibus impar!  
Quis dignus transferre tuas Dux inclyte chartas,  
Romanosque sonos maternâ reddere linguâ?  
Cedit onus pueris, humerisque virilibus aequa  
Incumbit moles, nec lassat magna ferentes.  
Fortunata tuo laetare Britannia dono:  
Et vos O matres Castrae, innuptaeque puellae,  
Ponite jam fusos, operosae pensa diei,  
Ponite, & hunc melius versetis pollice librum.  
Hîc annosa ducum series, hîc Caesaris arma,  
Qui primus toto divisos orbe Britannos  
Vidit, & in nostro fixit tentoria Coelo:  
Nec, quoties placidè delectant scripta legentes,  
Definite authores toties celebrare tenellos.  
Felices pueri, tali sub Praeside docti,  
Queis angusta fovens distendit pectora Pallas;  
Crescite, foecundosque simul diffundite ramos  
Per totam latè gentem; quantumque virorum  
Coetibus hic praestat, tantum & praestate Juventae.  
Haec ego, ut exhibeam gratae munuscula mentis,  
Qui monitus Maidvelle tuos, praeceptaque dia,  
Felix ante alios jucundis auribus hausi.  
Volventemque globum mundi, Titaniaque astra  
Vidimus, & vivum veluti mirabar Aratum.  
E. Trin. Coll. Cant.   

The LIFE of EUTROPIUS.  
EVtropius was an Italian, by Suidas called the Sophist; he writ many other things which are lost by the injury of time; yet skilled in Arms as well as Arts; for he was in that Expedition, when Julian was killed by the Persians, which happened An. Chr. 365. or with others 363. He drew up this Breviary of Roman History by the order of Flavius Valens the Emperor, brother to Valentinian, from the building of the City to his time, to whom he dedicates it: the stile good, and considering the time, correct: the disposition of the matter is very methodical, and in the application of Chronology to every great action surpasses Florus, who wants it: he has been well entertained by the Ancients, being translated twice into Greek by Capito an Historian of Lycia, and Paeanius; some have honoured him with the Title of Consul; but 'tis a mistake; for Eutropius mentioned by the Fasti Consulares, Colleague to Valentinian the second was not our Author, but Eutropius the Eunuch, against whom Claudian the Poet writ, and who was afterwards slain in his second Consulship. Some also would (through ignorance in time, confound him with Eutropius the Presbyter and Historian, Scholar to S. Austin, whilst our Author cannot be a Christian; for he praises Julian too much, though he says he persecuted them; and is angry with Jovian for not falsifying his Oath, and breaking the Peace with the Persians, which cannot be the advice of a Professor of Christianity; and makes no mention of the ten Persecutions, nor that of Dioclesian, carried on with so much rage; but in the time of his Father, without doubt he was a Trimmer, halting between Pagan and Christian: as many than were puzzled and groping in a twilight, rather modish in their Religion, and imitating the Emperor. Nothing else is observable concerning him.   

Evtropivs' Epistle To the EMPEROR Flavius Valens.  
To the most Great, and ever August Emperor Valens, Conqueror of the GOTHS.  
ACcording to your Serene Pleasure; I have drawn up, in a short Narrative, successively from the Buildiag of the City to your time, the Roman Transactions, which have been remarkable, both Military and Civil; and have added in short all passages eminent in the Lives of our Princes; that your Divine Mind may please itself in this to have imitated the Actions of these Illustrious Persons, in the Administration of your Empire, before they were known by reading.   

The First Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
Containing the seven Kings Reigns, with the change of the Commonwealth, the Hetrurian War with King Porsena, the Wars with the Latins, Vejentes, Falisci, Fidenates, and the Gauls, and other circumstances remarkable;  
From the building of the City to A. V. C. 365.  By Mr. John Williams. 
THE Roman Empire, than which none was less in its beginning, yet Story mentions none upon its increase greater in the whole World, was founded by Romulus, who was the Son of a Vestal Virgin, and as 'tis thought, of the God Mars, born a twin with his Brother Remus, He having lived like a Robber amongst the Shepherds being eighteen years old built a little City upon the Palatine-hill on the eleventh of the Kalends of May in the third year of the sixth Olympiad, as they say who speak most probably, in the three hundred and ninety fourth year after the sacking of Troy.  
Having built this City, which he called Rome from his own Name he performed these things, He made a great many of his Neighbours free of his City, choosing a hundred out of the old Men, whom he called Senators from their age, by whose Counsel he would manage his Affairs. Then when Romulus and his people wanted Wives, he invited the neighbouring Nations to public Sports and took away their young Women by force. He overcame the Caeninenses, the Antemnates the Crustumii, the Sabins, the Fidenates and the Vejentes in the War raised against him for the injury offered to their Women. All these Cities lay about Rome. And when upon a sudden Tempest at an Assembly he was never seen after, in the thirty seventh year of his Reign he is consecrated, being believed to have gone to the Gods. Then the Government of Rome was in the power of Senators for the space of five days by turns, which Authority lasted one year.  
Afterwards Numa Pompilius was made King, who waged no War, yet he was no less serviceable to Rome than Romulus, for he founded the Laws and Customs of the Romans, who were now thought half Barbarians and Robbers from their continual Wars. He divided the year into ten Months, which before was confused without any account, he constituted very many holy Rites, and built many Temples at Rome, and died in the forty third year of his Reign.  
Tullus Hostilius succeeded him, he renewed the War and overcame the Albani who dwelled twelve miles from Rome. He subdued the Vejentes and the Fidenates, some of these were six miles from Rome, others eighteen. He enlarged the City having added the Hill Caelius. When he had reigned thirty two years he was killed by Thunder, and his House burnt up with Lightning.  
Ancus Marcius Reigned after him, he was the Grandchild of Numa by his Daughter, he warred against the Latins, and joined the Aventine Hill and the Hill Janiculus to the City, built Ostia a Sea-Town sixteen miles from Rome. He died a natural death in the twenty fourth year of his Reign.  
Then Priscus Tarqvinius was made King. He doubled the number of the Senators and built the Circus Maximus at Rome. He first instituted the Roman Sports, which are continued to our time. He also overcame the Sabins: and having conquered much of their Country joined it to the Roman Territory, and first of all entered the City in Triumph; he built the Walls and the Common Sewers, he began the Capitol; and was killed by the Sons of Ancus, whom he succeeded, in the thirty eighth year of his Reign.  
Servius Tullius succeeded him, born of a Noble Woman being a Captive and a Handmaid. He also overcame the Sabins, and added the three Hills Quirinalis, Viminalis and Esquilinus to Rome. He digged Ditches about the City. And first of all numbered and taxed the people, which thing was unknown throughout the whole World. Upon the Assessment there were found eighty four thousand Roman Citizens with those who lived in the Country. He was murdered in the forty fifth year of his Reign by the treachery of his Son-in-law Tarqvinius the Son of Priscus his Predecessor, and his Daughter Tullia, whom Tarqvinius had married.  
Lucius Tarqvinius Superbus was the Seventh, and last of the Roman Kings. He overcame the Volsci, which people dwelled not far from Rome as we go to Campania; he took the City Gabii and Suessa Pometia, and made peace with the Thusci, and built the Temple of Jupiter in the Capitol. Afterwards besieging Ardea, a City situated eighteen miles from Rome, he lost his Kingdom. For when his Son Tarqvinius the younger ravished Lucretia a Woman of great quality, and the most chaste Wife of Collatinus, and she complaining of the injury to her Husband, her Father and her Friends, killed herself in the sight of them all. For which reason Brutus, her Father, and her Husband Tarqvinius Collatinus stirred up the people, and deposed Tarqvinius: Soon after the Army, which besieged Ardea with Tarqvinius, deserted him, and he returning to Rome, was shut out. When he had reigned five and twenty years, he fled away with his Wife and Children.  
Thus Rome was governed by seven Kings for the space of two hundred forty three years, the Romans hitherto scarcely possessing fifteen miles about their City.  
For this reason two Consuls were chosen for one King, that if one had ill Designs, the other having equal Power might restrain him. And 'twas enacted by the Roman people that they should rule no longer than one year, lest they should grow proud by a long continuance of their Power; but be always courteous, knowing they were to be private Men within one year. Therefore Lucius Junius Brutus, who had been very industrious in expelling King Tarquin, and Tarqvinius Collatinus the Husband of Lucretia were Consuls the first year. But the Consulship was taken away soon from Tarqvinius Collatinus, for the Romans were not willing that any should remain in the City who was called Tarqvinius; therefore having gathered together his Estate he departed from Room: Valerius Publicola was made Consul in his stead. But King Tarqvinius Superbus who was driven out waged War against Rome, and by the assistance of several people fought with them that he might be restored to his Kingdom, Brutus the Consul and Aruns the Son of Tarqvinius killed one another in the first Battle, yet the Romans came off Conquerors. The Roman Matrons mourned one year for Brutus, as the Defender of their Chastity and their common Father; Valerius Publicola took Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus for his Colleague, who was the Father of Lucretia, upon whose Death he took Horatius Pulvillus into his place, so that there were five Consuls in this first year: Tarqvinius Collatinus went out of the City by reason of his name, Brutus was killed in the Battle, Sp. Lucretius died a natural Death. Tarqvinius again made War against Rome the second year that he might be restored, Porsena the King of Thuscia assisting him, and almost took it, but was overcome at last. In the third year after the banishing of th● King, Tarqvinius, when he could 〈◊〉 be received into his Kingdom, nor would Porsena who had made peace with the Romans aid him, retired to Tusculum, which City is not far from Rome: and there lived a private life with his Wife fourteen years. In the fourth year after the Kings were driven from Rome, the Sabins waging War against the Romans were overcome, upon which there was a Triumph. In the fifth year Lucius Valerius the Colleague of Brutus and now the fourth time Consul died; he was so poor, that he was buried at the expense of the public, for whom the Matrons mourned one year as for Brutus.  
In the ninth year after the banishing of the Tarquins, when the Son-in-law of King Tarqvinius had gathered together a great Army to revenge the injuries done to his Father-in-law, the Romans created a new Authority, which was called the Dictatorship being greater than the Consulship. In the same year also the General of the Horse, who was subordinate to the Dictator was made. Nor doth Roman Story relate any thing more like the present Government of the Empire, which Your Majesty now enjoys, than the ancient Dictatorship, chiefly when Caius Caesar, and after him Augustus otherwise called Octavianus reigned with the name and honour of Dictactor; of whom I shall speak hereafter. But Largius was the first Roman Dictator, and Spurius Cassius the first General of the Horse.  
The first Sedition of the Roman People was in the sixteenth year after the expulsion, under pretence that the Commons were oppressed by the Senate and the Consuls. Then the Tribunes of the people were made as their proper Judges and Defenders, by whom the people might be defended from the Senate and Consuls.  
The next year the Volsci renewed the War against the Romans and were overcome, losing their chief City Corioli.  
In the eighteenth year Quintius Marcius a Roman General, who took the City Corioli from the Volsci, was banished; being angry, he goes to the same Volsci, and having an Army committed to him against the Romans, evercame them in many Battles: until he came within five miles of Rome, designing to ruin his Native Country, having sent back those Ambassadors, who desired peace, had not his Mother Veturia and Wife Volumnia come to him from Rome. But he being overcome by their Tears and Entreaties, he drew off his Army: And was the second who led an Army against his own Country, after King Tarquin.  
Coeso Fabius and Titus Virginius being Consuls, three hundred Noble Men who were of the Fabian Family, undertook the War against the Vejentes without aid, promising the Senate and the People, that they would by themselves maintain it. Accordingly all of them marched out of Rome, and every one of them was slain, each of them deserving to have been a General. One only survived of this great Family, who being too young was left at home. Soon after a new Register is made at Rome, and the number of the Roman Citizens was found to be a hundred and nineteen thousand.  
The year following when the Roman Army was blocked up in the Mount Algidus, almost twelve miles from Rome, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus was made Dictator, who managing a Farm of four Acres, tilled it with his own hands. He, when he was found Ploughing, having wiped off the sweat from his Face put on his Robe and relieved the Army, having overthrown his Enemies.  
Three hundred and one year from the building of the City, the Consular Power which was Supreme ended, and ten Men were elected instead of two Consuls, called the Decemviri: but when they had passed over the first year well, in the second year Appius Claudius one of the Decemviri would have deflowered a certain young Maid the Daughter of one Virginius, who at that time was in service against the Latins: whom her Father killed, lest she should be dishonoured by him, and returning to the Army raised a Mutiny. The Power of the Decemviri was taken away, and they condemned.  
In the three hundred and fifteenth year from the building of the City the Fidenates rebelled against the Romans: the Vejentes with their King Tolumnius aided them, both of which Cities were so near Rome, that Fidena was but seven, and Veii eighteen miles off: and also the Volsci joined themselves to these. But they were conquered by Aemilius the Dictator and Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus General of the Horse; King Tolumnius being slain, the City Fidena was taken and razed. Twenty years after the Vejentes revolted and Furius Camillus the Dictator was sent against them, whom he overcame first of all in a pitched Battle, and took Veii one of the most ancient and the wealthiest Cities of Italy after a long Siege. Then he took the noble City of the Falisci. But he was maliciously accused, as if he had not rightly divided the prey, for which reason he was condemned and banished. Not long after the Galli Senones came to Rome (in pursuit of the Romans, overcome at the River Allia twelve miles from Rome) and took it, nor could the Romans defend any thing but the Capitol, which when the Gauls had besieged a long while, and the Romans very much wanting provision, Camillus, who passed his banishment in a neighbouring City came upon them on a sudden and overthrew them. Afterwards they departed having received a Sum of Gold to raise their Siege before the Capitol: But Camillus chase them, so overcame them, that he recovered the Gold which was given them, and all the Military Ensigns which they had taken. So the third time he entered Rome in triumph and was styled the Second Romulus, as if he also had been the founder of his Country.   

The Second Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The Wars with the Latins, Sabins, Samnites, the Tarentine War with King Pyrrhus, and the first War with the Carthaginians, with other contemporary Actions of the Romans.  
From V. C. 365. to 512.  By Mr. Christopher Lowther. 
IN the three hundred sixty fifth year after the building of the City, and the first after it was taken by the Gauls, they changed their Officers, and instead of two Consuls set up Military Tribunes with a Consular Power. From this time the Roman Empire began to enlarge its Dominions: for Camillus in the same year took the City of the Volsci, which had waged War against the Romans for Seventy years, and the City of the Aequi, and the Sutrini, and having slain their Armies, seized all their Cities, for which actions he triumphed thrice. Also Titus Quintius Cincinnatus pursuing the Praenestini, who had come armed even unto the Gates of Rome, defeated them at the River Allia; and added their Cities to the Roman Empire, and having besieged the City Praeneste, made it surrender: he performed all these actions in twenty days, for which they decreed him a Triumph.  
The Authority of the Military Tribunes lasted not long, being soon dissolved. For four years they were the Supreme Officers in Rome; then the Military Tribunes resumed again their Dignity with a Consular Power, and kept it for three years; but afterwards the Consuls were restored. In the Consulship of Lucius Genucius, and Quintus Servilius, Camillus died, whom the Romans honoured above all their famous men, next to Romulus.  
Titus Quintius the Dictator was sent against the Gauls, who had lately invaded Italy. They had pitched their Camps four miles from the City Rome on the other side of the River Anio. Titus Manlius a most noble Senator fight with a Gaul, who challenged him, slew him in single Combat, and having taken off the golden Chain that was about his neck, put it upon his own, which procured a perpetual honour to his Family, that they should be called Torquati: the Gauls were put to flight; and a little while after, Caius Sulpicius the Dictator routed them. Not long after Caius Marcius overcame the Tusci, and seven thousand of them were led in Triumph.  
The second time the People were taxed and mustered, and when the Latins, whom the Romans had subdued, would not send them Soldiers: they from themselves listed their young Soldiers, and made ten Legions, which amounts to sixty thousand armed Men or more. Yet in these small Affairs the Romans discovered great valour in their Wars: for when they marched against the Gauls under their General Lucius Furius Camillus, one of the Gauls challenged the valiantest Man of the Romans to fight with him. Then Marcus Valerius a Tribune proffered himself, and when he marched out armed, a Crow sat upon his right Arm, and a little while after when they were fight, the same Crow struck at the eyes of the Gaul with his Wings and Claws that he could not see before him: wherefore the Gaul being slain, Valerius the Tribune gained not only the Victory, but also a Name. For afterwards he was called Corvinus for this Deed, and made Consul in the three and twentieth year of his Age.  
The Latins, who would not send the Romans Soldiers, began to exact this of them, that one of the Consuls should be chosen out of their People, and the other from the Romans, which being denied, they took up Arms against them; but being overcome with a great slaughter, the Romans triumphed, and for this brave Action the Statues of the Consuls were placed upon the Pulpit, from whence they spoke their Orations.  
Now the Romans begun to grow powerful: for they made War with the Samnites, living about a hundred and thirty miles from the City, who were situate between Picenum, Campania and Apulia. (L.) Papirius Cursor commanded in this War with the honour of Dictator. Who going to Rome, charged Q. Fabius Maximus General of the Horse, to whom he committed the care of the Army, not to fight in his absence. But he having found an opportunity, fought very successfully, and routed the Samnites. For which thing the Dictator commanded him to be beheaded, because he had fought against his Command, yet he was freed by the great favour of the Soldiers and the People: and there arose so great a mutiny against Papirius, that he had like to have been killed amongst them.  
Afterwards in the Consulship of Titus Veturius, and Spurius Posthumius, the Romans very dishonourably were overcome by the Samnites and made Slaves by them. But the Senate and the People broke the Peace, which had been made through mere necessity. Afterwards L. Papirius the Consul overcame the Samnites, and making seven thousand of them Slaves, triumphed for the Victory obtained against them. At the same time Appius Claudius' Censor brought into the City Rome the Water called from his name Claudia, and paved the Appian way. The Samnites having renewed the War, overcame Q. Fabius Maximus, and slew three thousand of his Men. Afterwards having his Father Fabius Maximus for his Lieutenant, he subdued the Samnites and took most of their Towns. Then P. Cornelius Rufinus, and Manius Curius Dentatus being Consuls were both sent against the Samnites, and overcame them in several great Battles. Then they finished the War, which the Romans had waged with the Samnites for nine and forty years. Neither was there now any Enemy in Italy, who would make trial of Roman Valour. A few years after, some Forces of the Gauls joined themselves with the Tusci and the Samnites: but as they marched to Rome, Cn. Cornelius Dolabella defeated them.  
At the same time the Romans proclaimed War against the Tarentini, who lived in the farthermost part of Italy, because they had affronted their Ambassadors: they desired Pyrrhus the King of Epirus, who was descended from Achilles, to help them against the Romans, who came soon after into Italy. This was the first time the Romans fought with a foreign Enemy. P. Valerius Laevinus the Consul was sent to fight them, who having taken Pyrrhus' Spies, commands them to be led about his Camp to view his Army, and then be sent back to tell Pyrrhus how the Romans managed their Actions. Upon the joining of the Battle Pyrrhus fled; yet he overcame the Romans by the help of his Elephants, which they feared, having never seen them before. But the Night putting an end to the fight Laevinus fled. Pyrrhus took eighteen hundred Romans, whom he used very honourably, and also buried their dead, whom when he saw lying upon the ground, with their wounds in their Breast and Face, and with a stern countenance, he is reported to have held up his hands to Heaven uttering these words, That he might have conquered the whole World, if it had been his fortune to have had such valiant Soldiers.  
Afterwards Pyrrhus having joined the Samnites, the Lucani, and the Brutii to his Army marched to Rome, wasting all places with fire and sword: he destroyed Campania, and came to the City Praeneste eighteen miles from Rome. A little while after he retreated into Campania, being afraid of the Army, which followed him under the command of a Consul. The Romans sent Ambassadors to Pyrrhus, to desire him to restore them their Captives, whom he received very honourably, and sent back their Captives without ransom. He very much admired one of the Roman Ambassadors, Fabricius by name, and when he knew him to be poor, he would have enticed him to leave the Romans, and come over to him, promising the fourth part of his Kingdom; Fabricius despised it. Wherefore Pyrrhus esteeming the Romans at a high rate; sent an Ambassador a great Man by name Cineas to make Peace with them on equal terms, which were, that he might reserve that part of Italy which he had Conquered. The Romans liked not the Propositions. Therefore the Senate sent word to Pyrrhus, that he could have no peace with the Romans, if he stayed in Italy. Then the Romans commanded all those Captives, which Pyrrhus had restored, to be esteemed infamous, who should have defended themselves with their Arms, neither should they regain their former credit, till they had brought back the spoils of their Enemies. Pyrrhus' his Ambassador returned with this answer; whom when Pyrrhus asked, what sort of place he found Rome? he replied, That he had seen a Country of Kings, that they were all as brave Men there, as he was counted in Epirus, and Greece. P. Sulpicius, and Decius Must the Consuls are sent Generals against him. Upon the joining of the Battle Pyrrhus was wounded, and his Elephants slain, he lost in the Fight twenty thousand: the Romans only five thousand. Pyrrhus' fled to Tarentum the second year after Fabricius was sent to fight him, whom before he could not bribe, being one of the Ambassadors, having promised him the fourth part of his Kingdom. Then his Camp and the King's being nigh one another, Pyrrhus his Physician came to him by Night, promising to poison the King, if he would reward him for it: whom he commanded to be carried bound to Pyrrhus, and to be told that he had undertaken to kill him. The King admiring at him, is reported to have said, This is that Fabricius, whom 'tis harder to disuade from honesty, than to alter the Sun's course, Then the King went into Sicily, Fabricius having defeated the Samnites, and the Lucani, triumphed. Then Manius Curius Dentatus, and Cornelius Lentulus were sent against Pyrrhus; Curius fought him, and cut off his Army, and having driven him to Tarentum, took his Camp in the same day with the loss of three and twenty thousand of the Enemy. Curius Dentatus triumphed in his Consulship; he was the first Man that brought Elephants to Rome, being four in number. A little while after Pyrrhus departed from Tarentum, and was slain at Argos a City of Greece. In the Consulship of Caius Fabricius Luscinus, and C. Claudius Cinna, and in the four hundred sixty first year of the City, Ptolemy sent Ambassadors from Alexandria to Rome, to make a friendship with the Romans, which they obtained.  
Quintius Gulo and C. Fabius Pictor being Consuls, the Picentes raised a War, and the next Consuls Pub. Sempronius, and Appius Claudius overcame them, for which Conquest they triumphed. At this time the Romans built these Cities, Ariminum in Gaul, and Beneventum in Samnium.  
In the Consulship of Marcus Attilius Regulus, and Lucius Junius Libo, the Roman people proclaimed War against the Salentini, a people living in Apulia, and vanquished the Brundusini with their City, for which there was another Triumph.  
In the four hundred seventy seventh year of the City, the Roman Name was famous to all the World; yet they had not waged War out of Italy. Wherefore they made a Muster to know their Forces: there were found two hundred ninty two thousand, and three hundred thirty four, although they had always been fight ever since the building of the City. The first foreign War they made, was against the Africans, in the Consulship of Appius Claudins, and Quintus Fulvius. They fought them in Sicily, and Appius Claudius triumphed over the Africans and Hiero the King of Sicily. The next year Valerius Marcus, and Octacilius being Consuls, the Romans performed great Actions in Sicily; they received into their protection the Taurominitanis, the Catanenses, with fifty Cities. The third year they designed to make War with Hiero the King of Sicily; But he with all the Nobility of Syracuse desired to make Peace with the Romans, and gave them two hundred Talents; the Romans overcame the Africans in Sicily, for which they triumphed the second time. In the fifth year of the Punic War, which was carried on against the Africans, in the Consulship of Caius Duillius, and Cnaeus Cornelius Asina, the Romans fought first by Sea, having prepared Ships headed with Iron, which they call Liburnae. Cornelius the Consul was killed by stratagem; Duillius having joined Battle defeated the Carthaginian Admiral, and having took one and thirty of his Ships, sunk fourteen, he took seven thousand Prisoners, and slew three. There was no Victory more acceptable to the Romans than this, because being a people invincible at Land, they appeared now very powerful by Sea. In the Consulship of Caius Aquilius Florus, and Lucius Scipio, Scipio took the Island Corsica, and Sardinia, and having brought captive from thence several thousand, obtained a Triumph. L. Manlius Volso and M. Attilius Regulus being Consuls, the Romans carried the War over into Africa, and fight by Sea against Hamilcar the Carthaginian General, defeated him; for he having lost sixty four Ships, made homewards, the Romans lost two and twenty; but being come into Africa, they first made the City Clypea surrender itself. The Consuls went unto Carthage, and having wasted many of their Towns, Manlius after his Conquest returned to Rome, bringing with him seven and twenty thousand Captives; Attilius Regulus tarried in Africa; He drew up his Army, and fight against three Carthaginian Captains, overcame them, and having slain eighteen thousand of their men, and taken five thousand with eight Elephants, received seventy Cities into the Roman protection. Now the Carthaginians being routed desired to make peace with the Romans, which Regulus denying but upon very hard terms, they desired the Lacedæmonians to help them, and Xantippus the General, which they had sent, defeated Regulus the Roman General with a total overthrow, for of all his Army there escaped only two thousand; fifteen thousand men were taken with their General, thirty thousand slain, and Regulus cast into Prison.  
Marcus Aemilius Paulus, and Servius Fulvius Nobilior being Consuls, sailing to Africa with a Fleet of three hundred Ships, overcame the Africans first in a Sea-fight. Aemilius the Consul having sunk one hundred and four of their Ships, took thirty with the men in them, and having slain or taken fifteen thousand of the Enemy, enriched his Soldiers with costly Spoils. Now the Romans had subdued all Africa, if the scarcity of provisions had not been such, that their Army could not subsist there any longer. The Consuls, as they sailed homewards were Shipwrecked about Sicily: and the Tempest so great, that out of four hundred and sixty four Ships, they could scarce save eighty: neither was so great a storm ever heard of. But the Romans soon set out another Fleet of two hundred Sail; nor was there any one daunted with their former misfortune.  
Cnaeus Servilius Cepio and C. Sempronius Blaesns the Consuls sailing to Africa with two hundred and sixty Ships, took some Cities, and returning home with rich Spoil were also Shipwracked. Wherefore the Romans being afflicted with these continual calamities, the Senate Decreed they should abstain from Sea-fights, and only keep a Fleet of sixty Ships to guard Italy.  
In the Consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus, and Caius Furius Pacilus, Metellus the Consul in Sicily overcame a General of the Africans, marching with thirty Elephants, and great Forces, and having slain twenty thousand of his men, took six and twenty Elephants, and gathered together divers others straggling up and down in the Country by the assistance of the Numidians, who helped him in that War, and brought them to Rome in great Pomp, filling all the Roads with an hundred and thirty Elephants. After these misfortunes the Carthaginians sent Regulus the Roman General, whom they had taken Prisoner, to desire the Romans to make peace, and exchange their Captives: he being come to Rome, and brought into the Senate, acted nothing as a Roman, saying, he was no Roman from that Day he had been taken by the Africans, hindering even his Wife from embracing him, he persuaded the Romans not to make peace with the Carthaginians: for they being weakened with so many misfortunes were now hopeless; he was not of so great value that they should restore so many Captives for him being an old Man, and for a few Romans who had been taken. Therefore he obtained his request: For no body granted Peace to the Africans desiring it. Upon his return to Carthage, the Romans would have had him to have stayed at Rome, but he answered, he could not live there with the same honour as before, having been a Slave to the Carthaginians. Wherefore when he returned to Africa, they put him to a very cruel Death. P. Claudius Pulcher, and C. Junius being Consuls, Claudius fight with ill Omens against the Carthaginians, was defeated: for of two hundred and twenty Ships he fled with thirty, the Enemy having taken ninety and sunk the rest, twenty thousand being made captive. Also the other Consul's Fleet was shipwracked, but he saved his Army, having landed it on the coast hard by. Caius Luctatius Catulus and Aulus Posthumius Albinus being Consuls in the twenty third year of the Punic War, having the management of the War, sailed into Sicily with three hundred Ships, the Africans had a Fleet of four hundred against him. Luctatius Catulus went sick a Shipboard, for he had been wounded in the former Battle. The Romans fought very valiantly over against Lilybaeum a City of Sicily, they took seventy three Carthaginian Ships, and sunk an hundred and twenty five; they took thirty two thousand Prisoners, having slain thirteen thousand: with a great quantity of Gold and Silver. Of the Roman Fleet there were but twelve Ships sunk. This fight was on the sixth of the Ides of March. The Carthaginians soon after desired to make Peace with the Romans, which they granted them. They restored the Romans their Captives; and the Carthaginians having desired their own Captives might be ransomed, the Senate commanded those who were in public Prisons to be sent to them gratis, expecting a Ransom only for them in the possession of private men, and upon their return to Carthage, it should rather be paid out of the Treasury, than by the Carthaginians.  
Quintus Luctatius, and Aulus Manlius being Consuls, made War with the Falisci, whose City heretofore abounded with Riches, which War they finished within six days, having slain fifteen thousand of the Enemy, and granted Peace to the rest, taking away half of their Land.   

The Third Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The War with the Ligurians, Sardinians, Illyrians, and the Cisalpine Gauls; the second War with the Carthaginians, with other passages.  
From V. C. 512. to 551.  By Mr. William Williams. 
THE first Punic War being ended, which continued for twenty two years, the Romans being grown famous, sent Ambassadors to Ptolemy the Egyptian King, promising him aid, because Antiochus the King of Syria had made War upon him. He returned thanks to the Romans, but accepted not their help, for now the Battle was over. At the same time Hiero the most powerful King of Sicily came to Rome to behold the Plays, and gave two hundred thousand bushels of Wheat as a gift to the People.  
In the Consulship of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus and Fulvius Flaccus, at which time Hiero came to Rome, the War also was carried on against the Ligurians in Italy, and in conquering them the Romans triumphed. The Carthaginians attempted now to renew the War, inciting the Sardinians to rebel, who ought to have been subject to the Romans according to their former Articles. Yet Ambassadors from the Carthaginians coming to Rome, obtained Peace.  
In the Consulship of Titus Manlius Torquatus, and Caius Attilius Balbus, the Roman people triumphed over the Sardinians: there being no Wars in any place, the Romans enjoyed peace, which only happened when Numa Pompilius reigned, from the building of Rome.  
Lucius Posthumius Albinus, and Cnaeus Fulvius Centumalus being Consuls waged War against the Illyrians, and having taken many Cities, the Kings of that Country submitted themselves; and then the Romans triumphed first over the Illyrians.  
In the Consulship of Lucius Aemilius great Armies of the Gauls passed over the Alps: but all Italy assisted the Romans; and 'tis written by Fabius the Historian who was then a Soldier, that eight hundred thousand Men were in readiness for that War: but Affairs were managed so prosperously by the Consuls, that forty thousand of the Enemies were slain, and a Triumph Decreed for Aemilius.  
Not many years after the Romans fought against the Gauls in Italy: the War was ended in the Consulship of M. Claudius Marcellus and Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio. Then Marcellus fight with a small body of Horse, slew with his own hand the King of the Gauls, who was called Viridomarus. After that with his Colleague he destroyed the great Forces of the Gauls and took Mediolanum and brought great Spoil to Rome: and Marcellus triumphing, carried the spoils of a certain Gaul on a Truncheon upon his shoulder.  
In the Consulship of M. Minutius, and P. Cornelius' War was made with the Istri: because they had robbed the Roman Ships which carried provision, and they were all overcome. The same year the Carthaginians began the second Punic War by Hannibal their General: who besieged Saguntum a City of Spain in League with the Romans, being in the twentieth year of his age, his Army consisting of a hundred and fifty thousand Foot and twenty thousand Horse. The Romans sent to Hannibal to keep the peace: but he would not see the Ambassadors. Then sending also to Carthage, that they should command Hannibal not to wage War against the Allies of the Roman people, they received no civil answer. In the mean while the Saguntines were overcome through Famine; and being taken by Hannibal were put cruelly to the Sword. Then Publius Cornelius Scipio having marched with an Army into Spain, and Tiberius Sempronius into Sicily: War was proclaimed against the Carthaginians, Hannibal having left his Brother Asdrubal in Spain, passed over the Pyrenaean Mountains: and made his way through the Alps hitherto unpassable in that part. Hannibal is reported to have brought along with him eighty thousand Foot, and twenty thousand Horse, and seven and thirty Elephants. In the mean while many Ligurians and Gauls listed themselves under Hannibal: Sempronius Gracchus having notice of Hannibal's coming, shipped his Army out of Sicily to Ariminum. Publius Cornelius Scipio first fought Hannibal: the Battle being joined, his Soldiers fled, and Scipio returned wounded into his Camp. Sempronius Gracchus, and Hannibal fought at the River Trebia. He also was overcome. Many in Ital submitted themselves to Hannibal, he coming from thence into Tuscia, fought Flaminius and slew him with five and twenty thousand Romans, the rest being put to flight. After that Quintus Fabius Maximus was sent against him; He by not fight stopped the career of the Conqueror: and after having found an opportunity, overcame him.  
In the five hundred and fortieth year from the building of the City, Lucius Aemilius and P. Terentius Varro, are sent against Hannibal, succeeding Fabius in that War; who admonished both the Consuls that they could overcome the eager and impatient Hannibal no otherwise than by deferring the Battle. But through the rashness of Varro, the other Consul contradicting him, they fought at a Village in Apulia, called Cannae, both the Consuls were overcome by Hannibal. In that Battle three thousand Africans were slain; and a great part of Hannibal's Army wounded: the Romans never suffered more in any Punic War; for in this Fight Aemilius Paulus the Consul was slain, and twenty, that had been Consuls or Praetors: thirty Senators were taken or killed: three hundred Noble Men: forty thousand Soldiers; three thousand and five hundred Horse. In which misfortunes the Romans disdained to mention Peace. They listed their Servants, having made them free, a thing never done before. After that Battle many Italian Cities which obeyed the Romans, yielded themselves to Hannibal. Who, proffering the Romans to redeem their Captives: it was answered by the Senate, that they wanted no such Citizens, who when they were armed, could not defend themselves. After that he put them all to death with divers Torments; and sent three bushels of golden Rings to Carthage; which he pulled from the Fingers of the Roman Knights, Senators and Soldiers. In the mean while Asdrubal Hannibal's Brother remaining with a great Army in Spain, that he might bring that Nation under the power of the Africans, was overcome by the two Scipio's, and lost in that Battle thirty five thousand Men, ten thousand of these being taken, and twenty-five thousand slain; but twelve thousand Foot, four thousand Horse, with twenty Elephants were sent to him from Carthage to repair his Forces. The fourth year after Hannibal came into Italy, Marcus Claudius Marcellus the Consul fought successfully against him at Nola a City of Campania. Hannibal took many of the Roman Cities in Apulia, Calabria, and amongst the Brutii: at which time also Philip the Macedonian King sent Ambassadors to Hannibal promising him aid against the Romans; upon this condition, that having destroyed them, Hannibal would help him against the Greeks. Therefore the Ambassadors of King Philip being intercepted and their Embassy known; the Romans commanded Marcus Valerius Laevinus to go into Macedonia, and Titus Manlius Torquatus the Proconsul into Sardinia: for that Province also being underhand stirred up by Hannibal, had deserted the Roman interest. So at one time the Romans fought in four several Countries; in Italy, against Hannibal; in Spain, against Asdrubal; in Macedonia, against King Philip; in Sardinia, against another Asdrubal, a Carthaginian: this Asdrubal was taken by Titus Manlius the Proconsul, who had been sent into Sardinia; twelve thousand of his Soldiers were slain in that Battle, a thousand five hundred taken; and Sardinia being subdued by the Romans, Manlius the Conqueror brought the Captives and Asdrubal to Rome. In the mean while King Philip was overcome by Laevinus in Macedonia, and Asdrubal and Mago the third Brother of Hannibal, in Spain by the two Scipio's.  
The tenth year after Hannibal came into Italy in the Consulship of P. Sulpicius, and Cnaeus Fulvius, He came within four miles of Rome, his Horse came up to the Gates: Not long after, for fear of the Consuls coming with an Army, Hannibal withdrew into Campania; both the Scipios were slain by Asdrubal his Brother in Spain, who had been Conquerors for many years: yet the Army remained entire: for they were overcome more by accident than by Asdrubal's valour. At which time also a great part of Sicily was taken by Marcellus the Consul, which the Africans had seized: and great plunder was carried to Rome from the famous City Syracuse. Laevinus made a League in Macedonia with King Philip and many people of Greece, and with Attalus King of Asia: and passing into Sicily he took Hanno an African Captain at the City Agrigentum, together with the Town, and sent him to Rome with the principal Captives; forty Cities having submitted, he took twenty six. Thus having subdued all Sicily and Macedonia he returned to Rome with great glory. Hannibal having set upon Cnaeus Fulvius the Consul unawares, slew him with eight thousand Soldiers. In the mean time both the Scipio's being slain, and no Roman General in Spain, Publius Cornelius Scipio, was sent, being four and twenty years old; the Son of Publius Scipio, who had been General there, a Man far surpassing almost all the Romans of his time and those that came after him. He took Carthage in Spain; in which the Africans kept all their Gold, Silver, and provisions for War: also the best Hostages which Hannibal had received from the Spaniards: he took Mago Hannibal's Brother in that City; whom he sent with others to Rome. There was great joy at Rome for this news: Scipio restored the Spanish Hostages to their Parents: for which kindness almost all the Spaniards unanimously surrendered themselves to him. After which things he put to flight Asdrubal Hannibal's Brother, and took very great Spoil.  
In the mean while Q. Fabius Maximus retook Tarentum in Italy, where Hannibal had great Forces: he slew there Carthalon one of Hannibal's Captains, and sold twenty five thousand Captives: and having distributed the plunder among his Soldiers, sent the price of those that were sold to the Treasury. Then many Cities of the Romans which sided with Hannibal, yielded themselves to Fabius Maximus. The year following Scipio performed famous actions in Spain, and recovered several Towns by himself and his Brother Lucius Scipio. Yet they fought unsuccessfully in Italy; for Claudius Marcellus the Consul was slain by Hannibal.  
The third year after Scipio came into Spain, he continued his noble Deeds: he receiving into protection the King of Spain overcome in a great Battle, and was the first that asked no Hostage of the Conquered.  
Hannibal despairing that Spain could be kept against Scipio any longer, sent for his Brother Asdrubal to Italy with all his Forces; who coming the same way his Brother Hannibal had come, fell into the Ambush laid by Appius Claudius Nero, and Marcus Livius Salinator at Sena a City in Picenum: yet he was slain fight valiantly; his great Forces were either taken or killed, and a great Sum of Gold and Silver sent to Rome.  
After this Hannibal began to doubt of the event of the War, and the Romans being mightily encouraged, sent for Publius Cornelius Scipio out of Spain, who came to Rome with great glory.  
In the Consulship of Quintus Caecilius, and Lucius Valerius, all the Cities which were under the Power of Hannibal among the Brutii, delivered themselves up to the Romans.  
In the fourteenth year after Hannibal came into Italy, Scipio who had acted in Spain successfully, was made Consul and sent to Africa: something Divine was thought to have been in that Man; insomuch that he was believed to have conference with the Gods. He fought in Africa against Hanno the Carthaginian General, and routed his Army. In the second Battle he took his Camp with four thousand and five hundred Soldiers, with the slaughter of eleven thousand. He took Syphax King of Numidia, who had assisted the Africans, and seized his Camp, who was sent by Scipio to Rome with the most considerable Numidians, and infinite Spoils; which thing being known almost all Italy deserted Hannibal, who was commanded by the Carthaginians to return into Africa, now laid waste by Scipio. Thus the seventeenth year Italy was freed from Hannibal, who was reported to have left it with tears.  
Ambassadors from Carthage desiring Peace of Scipio, were sent by him to the Roman Senate: a Truce for forty five days was granted them, till they could return from Rome, where they made a Present of thirty thousand pound in Silver. The Senate commanded a Peace should be made with the Carthaginians according to the will of Scipio, who granted it upon these Conditions: That they should keep a Fleet but of thirty Ships, that they should pay five hundred thousand pound in Silver, and restore the Captives and Fugitives. In the mean time Hannibal arriving in Africa, the Peace was broken, and many Hostilities committed by the Africans; yet their Ambassadors coming out of the City, and seized by the Romans, were dismissed by Scipio's command. Hannibal being overcome by Scipio in many Battles, also desired Peace. When it came to a Treaty, Peace was granted upon the same Conditions as before: Scipio having added to the old Sum of five hundred thousand pound a thousand pound more for their late Rupture. The Propositions displeased the Carthaginians, and they commanded Hannibal to fight; The War was carried on against Carthage by Scipio and Masinissa, another King of the Numidians, who had made a League with Scipio. Hannibal sent three Scouts to the Roman Camp: whom being taken, Scipio commanded to be led through the Camp, that the whole Army should be viewed by them, that a Dinner should be given them presently, and after that to be dismissed that they might tell Hannibal what they had seen in the Roman Camp. In the mean time the Armies are drawn up in Battalions by both these Captains, the like never was seen in the memory of Man: the Armies being drawn up by the most skilful of all Generals. Scipio was Conqueror, Hannibal himself being almost taken: who first escaped with many Horse, then with twenty, last of all with four. Twenty thousand pound in Silver was found in his Camp, and eight hundred in Gold with other rich furniture. After that Battle Peace was made with the Carthaginians. Scipio returning to Rome triumphed with great honour, and hence was styled Africanus. Thus ended this second Punic War, after it had lasted nineteen years.   

The Fourth Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The three Macedonian Wars, the third Carthaginian, the Syrian with King Antiochus, with those in Achaia, Asia, Spain, Transalpine Gaul, and in Africa against Jugurtha, with other co-incident Actions:  
From V. C. 551. to 648.  By Mr. Brune Clench. 
THE second Punic War being ended, the Macedonian followed against King Philip.  
In the five hundred fifty first year from the building of the City, Titus Quintius Flaminius was sent against King Philip, fought with good success: Peace was granted to him upon these Conditions, That he should not make War upon the Grecian Cities which the Roman protected against him; that he restore the Captives and Deserters, and keep but a Fleet of fifty Ships, paying yearly four thousand pound in Silver for ten years, with his Son Demetrius for a Hostage; also Titus Quintius making War with the Lacedæmonians; overcame Nabides their General, who submitted himself upon the Consul's conditions, who upon his return led Demetrius the Son of Philip, and Armenes the Son of Nabides, two noble Hostages before his triumphal Chariot in great glory.  
After the Macedonian War the Syrian begun against King Antiochus, in the Consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio, and Marcus Acilius Glabrio. Hannibal took part with this King, having left Carthage his native Country for fear they should deliver him up to the Romans. Marcus Acilius Glabrio fought fortunately in Achaia, and having taken King Antiochus' Camp in a Battle by Night, put him to flight and restored Demetrius to his Father Philip, because he helped the Romans against Antiochus.  
In the Consulship of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Caius Laelius, Scipio Africanus went Lieutenant General under his Brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio the Consul against Antiochus, Hannibal who was his Admiral was overcome in a Sea-fight. Afterwards Antiochus himself was overthrown in a great Battle at Sipylum and Magnesia Cities of Asia by Lucius Cornelius Scipio the Consul. Eumenes the Brother of King Attalus who built Eumenia in Phrygia, assisted by the Romans in that fight, fifty thousand Foot and four thousand Horse of the King's side being slain; then Antiochus sought Peace, which was granted to him though overcome, by the Senate, upon the same Conditions as before; that he should depart out of Europe and Asia, that he should bond himself with the Mountain Taurus, pay ten thousand Talents, give twenty Hostages, with Hannibal the cause of the War. All the Cities of Asia, which Antiochus lost in this War, were given to King Eumenes by the Senate; likewise many Cities were given to the Rhodians who assisted the Romans against him. Scipio returned to Rome, and triumphed with great honour, taking the name of Asiaticus by imitation from conquering Asia, as his Brother was called Africanus from overcoming Africa.  
In the Consulship of Spurius Posthumius Albinus, and Quintus Marcius Philippus, Marcus Fulvius triumphed for his Victory over the Aetolians. Hannibal after the Victory over Antiochus, lest he should be delivered to the Romans, fled to Prusias the King of Bythinia; being also demanded of him, by Titus Quintius Flaminius, when he was to have been given up to the Romans, he drank Poison and was buried at Libyssa in the borders of Nicomedia.  
Philip the King of Macedonia being dead, who had both fought with the Romans, and afterwards helped them against King Antiochus, his Son Perseus rebelled in Macedonia, having raised a great Army to carry on the War; Cotys the King of Thrace, and the King of Illyricum called Gentius aided him; Eumenes the King of Asia, Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, Antiochus King of Syria, Ptolemaeus King of Egypt, with Masinissa the King of Numidia helped the Romans, but Prusias King of Numidia, although he married Perseus' Sister, stood neuter being civil to both Parties. Publius Licinius the Consul and General of the Romans, was beaten by the King in a fierce Battle, neither would the Romans grant Peace to the King desiring it, though they were overcome, but upon these Conditions, That he should surrender up himself and his Cavalry to the Senate and Roman people. A little after Lucius Aemilius Paulus the Consul was sent against him, and Caius Anicius the Praetor into Illyricum, against Gentius, but he being easily overcome in one Battle, soon after yielded up himself, as his Mother also did, with his Wife, two Sons and Brother, to the Romans; Thus the War was ended in thirty days, the overthrow of Gentius being sooner known, than that the War was begun.  
But Aemilius Paulus the Consul fought the third of the Nones of September with Perseus, and overcame him with the slaughter of twenty thousand of his Foot, all the Horse being fled with the King; the Romans only with the loss of an hundred, gained this Victory, with the surrendry of all the Cities in Macedonia, which the King possessed. He being forsaken of his Friends, submitted himself to Paulus, but Aemilius did not esteem him as a conquered Man, for he would not suffer him though he desired it, to lie at his feet, but placed him next to him: these Conditions were granted to the Macedonians and Illyrians; that they should live free, paying but half the Tribute they paid to their Kings: that it might appear, the Roman People fought more for Justice than for Riches. Paulus delivered these things in a very great Assembly of the People, and treated the Ambassadors that came from many parts at a most costly Banquet, saying, that it became the same General to overcome in War, and to appear great in his Entertainment. A little after having taken seventy Cities of Epirus, which had rebelled against him; he distributed the Spoils to the Soldiers, and returned to Rome, with great pomp in Perseus' Ship, reported to have been of an unusual bigness, with sixteen ranks of Oars, and triumphed most magnificiently in his golden Chariot with his two Sons standing on each side of him, and Perseus in the forty fifth year of his age with his two Sons going before him. Caius Anicius also triumphed over the Illyrians, and Gentius is led before his Chariot with his Brother and Children: The Kings of many Nations came to Rome to this great Sight; Amongst the rest Attalus and Eumenes Kings in Asia, with Prusias King of Bythinia were entertained with much honour, and, they laid up the Presents which they brought in the Capitol, with the consent of the Senate. Also Prusias recommended his Son Nicomedes to them.  
The following year Lucius Memmius fought successfully in Spain, and afterwards Marcellus the Consul fortunately managed his Affairs there.  
Then the third Carthaginian War begun, in the six hundredth year from the building of the City, in the Consulship of Lucius Manlius Censorinus, and Marcus Manilius, fifty one years after the second Punic War. These carried the War to Carthage, against whom Asdrubal fought as General, and Famea commanded the Horse; then Scipio the Nephew of Scipio Africanus was a Tribune of the Soldiers, him all the Romans feared and respected, for he was esteemed very serviceable both in their Battles and at their Councils, therefore many things were managed fortunately through him by these Consuls; neither did Asdrubal or Famea shun any thing more, than to fight against that Squadron of the Romans, where Scipio fought. About the same time Masinissa, the King of Numidia, who for sixty years was in League with the Romans, in the ninety seventh year of his age, died, leaving fortry four Sons behind him, and ordered Scipio to divide his Empire amongst them.  
Now Scipio being grown famous though but a young Man, was made Consul, and sent against Carthage; he took it, and sacked it; and finding there the Spoils, which Carthage had gathered together from the destruction of many Cities, he restored back upon proof to several Cities of Sicily, Italy and Africa, their Ornaments. Thus Carthage was destroyed, about seven hundred years after it was built, and Scipio by his merit obtained the Name, which his Grandfather had, being styled for his Valour AFRICANUS the YOVNGER.  
In the mean time one called Pseudophilippus, took up Arms in Macedonia and utterly defeated Publius Juvencius the Roman Praetor, sent against him. After him Quintus Caecilius Metellus was sent thither by the Romans, and twenty thousand of the Enemy being slain, he recovered Macedonia and reduced Pseudophilippus under his Power.  
War was also proclaimed against the Corinthians the Inhabitants of a most famous City in Greece, for an affront done to the Roman Ambassadors. This City Mummius the Consul took and destroyed; then there were three noble Triumphs at Rome at the same time of Africanus out of Africa, before whose Chariot Asdrubal was led, of Metellus from Macedonia, before whom Andriscus went, otherwise called Pseudophilippus, of Mummius from Corinth, before him were carried brazen Statues, Pictures, and other Ornaments of that famous City.  
One Pseudoperseus also rebelled in Macedonia, having gathered together several Slaves, pretending himself to be Perseus' Son, but was overcome with seventeen thousand of his Men by Tremellius the Quaestor. At this time an Hermaphrodite being seen at Rome, was drowned in the Sea by the appointment of the Soothsayers.  
At the same time Metellus performed noble Acts in Celtiberia amongst the Spaniards. Quintus Pompeius succeeded him, a little after Quintus Caepio was sent Commander to the same War; which indeed Viriatus waged against the Romans in Lusitania, upon which through fear Viriatus was slain by his Soldiers, after having made the Spaniards rebel against the Romans for fourteen years. He was a Shepherd at first, afterwards chief amongst the Thiefs, at last he stirred up so many people to this War, that he was thought the assertor of the Spaniards liberty against the Romans, and, when his Murderers sought their rewards from Caepio the Consul; he answered, 'twas never acceptable to the Romans, to have a General murdered by his own Men.  
Then Quintius Pompeius the Consul being overcome by the people of Numantia, a rich City of Spain, made a dishonourable Peace. After him Caius Hostilius Mancinus made another League with the Numantians, which the Senate and People commanded to be broken; and Mancinus the Author of it, to be given up to his Enemies: that they might revenge the injury of this Rupture upon the cause of it; wherefore after so great an ignominy, the Roman Army being twice overcome by the Numantians, Publius Scipio Africanus was made Consul the second time, and sent to Numantia, he first corrected the vicious Soldiers without any cruelty, more by labour than punishment. Then he took many Cities in Spain, partly by force and partly by surrendry; after a long Siege he took the City Numantia by Famine and razed it; taking the rest of the Province into his protection.  
About that time Attalus a King in Asia the less, the Brother of Eumenes died, and by making the Roman people his Heir, added Asia to their Empire by his Will.  
A little after Decimus Junius Brutus triumphed with great glory for his Victory over the Callaeci, and the Lusitan, and Publius Scipio Africanus triumphed the second time over the Numantians the fourteenth year after his first Triumph in Africa.  
In the mean time War was raised in Asia by Aristonicus, the Son of Eumenes, whom he had by an Harlot; this Eumenes was the Brother of King Attalus, Publius Licinius Crassus was sent against him with the assistance of many Kings. For Nicomedes King of Bythinia helped the Romans, and Mithridates King of Pontus, with whom afterwards the Romans had a severe War, and Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, Pylaemenes King of Paphlagonia, yet Crassus was overcome and slain in Battle; his head brought to Aristonicus, and his body buried at Smyrna. Afterwards Perpenna the Roman Consul, who succeeded Crassus, hearing of the event of the War hastened into Asia, and having overcome Aristonicus in Battle, compelled him through want of Provision to a surrendry at the City Stratonice whither he had fled; Aristonicus was strangled in Prison at Rome, by the command of the Senate; but Perpenna could not enjoy his triumph, dying in his return home at Pergamum.  
In the Consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus, and Titus Quintius Flaminius, Carthage in Africa by the command of the Senate was rebuilt; as it is in my time, two and twenty years after Scipio destroyed it, the Romans planting a Colony there.  
In the six hundred twenty seventh year from the building of the City, Caius Cassius Longinus, and Sextus Domitius Calvinus being Consuls, waged War with the Gauls on the other side of the Alps, and the Arverni, with Bituitus their King, killing a great multitude of them at the River Rhodanus, the spoil was great, from the very Chains taken from them, Bituitus surrendered himself to Domitius, and was led captive by him to Rome, where both the Consuls triumphed with great Glory.  
In the Consulship of Marcus Porcius Cato, and Quintus Marcius Rex, in the six hundred thirty third year from the building of the City, the Colony of Narbona was planted in Gaul, afterwards the Consuls Lucius Metellus, and Quintus Mucius Scaevola, triumphed for their conquest in Dalmatia.  
In the six hundred thirty fifth year from the building of the City, Caius Cato the Consul fought dishonourably with the Scordisci.  
In the Consulship of Caius Caecilius Metellus, and Cnaeus Carbo, the two Brothers of Metellus, triumphed the same day, one for Thrace, and the other for Sardinia; and 'twas then reported at Rome that the Cimbri were come out of Gaul into Italy.  
In the Consulship of P. Scipio Nasica, and L. Calpurnius Bestia, the War began against Jugurtha King of Numidia, for killing the two Kings Adherbal, and Hiempsal, Sons of Micipsa, his Brothers and Confederates with the Romans. Calpurnius Bestia the Consul is sent against him, but being bribed with the King's Money, he made a disgraceful Peace with him, which was disliked by the Senate; Spurius Posthumius Albinus went the next year to fight Jugurtha. He fought by his Brother's ill conduct ingloriously against the Numidians. Quintus Caecilius Metellus the Consul was the third that was sent, he reduced his Army to Roman Discipline with great severity and order, though without capital punishment; he overcame Jugurtha in many Battles, either taking or hilling his Elephants, and when he was making an end of the War, Caius Marius succeeded him; he overcame both Jugurtha and Bocchus the King of Mauritania who assisted Jugurtha against the Romans, having taken some Cities in Numidia, he finished the War, Jugurtha being taken by that great Man Cornelius Sylla his Quaestor, whom Bocchus had delivered up, though before he had fought for him.  
The Cimbri were overcome in Gaul by Marcus Junius Silanus the Colleague of Quintus Metellus, the Scordisci and Triballi in Macedonia, by Minucius Rufus, and the Lusitani in Spain by Servilius Caepio. There were two triumphs for Jugurtha; first Metellus, than Marius; before Marius' Chariot Jugurtha was led in chains with his two Sons, and not long after strangled in Prison by the command of the Consul.   

The Fifth Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The War with the Cimbri, etc. with Mithridates' King of Pontus, the Civil War between Marius and Sylla, with other interfering Actions.  
From V. C. 648, to 675.  By Mr. James Lowther. 
WHILST War was made in Numidia against Jugurtha, the Roman Consuls Marcus Manilius and Quintus Caepio, were overcome at the River Rhodanus by the Cimbri, Teutones, Tigurini, and Ambrones, Nations of Germany and Gaul, and the Romans were almost all slain, having lost their Tents with a great part of their Army. The fear at Rome was scarce so great in Hannibal's time in the Carthaginian Wars, lest the Gauls should come again to Rome. Wherefore Marius after the Jugurthine Victory the second time was made Consul, and the management of the War was Deceed him against the Cimbri, and Teutones. Also the third and fourth Consulship was conferred upon him: because the Cimbrian War continued; in his fourth Consulship he had Quintus Luctatius Catulus for his Colleague. Then fight with the Cimbri, he slew two hundred thousand in two Battles, and took eighty thousand, and their General Teutobodus, for which good service in his absence he was created Consul.  
In the mean time the Cimbri, and Teutones, whose Forces were yet very great, passed over into Italy, Caius Marius, and Quintus Catulus again fought with them: but Catulus the more successfully. For in that Battle which both of them fought one hundred and forty thousand were slain either in the fight or in the pursuit; sixty thousand taken, and but three hundred Roman Soldiers lost in both Armies; three and thirty Ensigns were taken from the Cimbri, of which Marius his Army got two, Catulus his Army thirty one. Thus the War was ended, and a Triumph Decreed for each of them.  
Sextus Julius Caesar, and Lucius Marcius Philippus being Consuls in the six hundred and fifty ninth year from the building of the City, when almost all other Wars were now ended, the Picentes, Marsi, and Peligni made a grievous War in Italy, who when they had obeyed the Roman people for many years, than began to assert their Liberty. This War was very dangerous, P. Rutilius the Consul was slain in it, Caepio a Noble Young Man, and Portius Cato the other Consul. But the Picentes, and the Marsi had these Captains against the Romans, Titus Vietius, Hierus Asinius, Titus Herennius, and Aulus Cluentius; the Romans fought fortunately against them under Caius Marius, now the sixth time a Consul, and Cnaeus Pompeius; yet under Lucius Cornelius Sylla most successfully, who amongst other extraordinary actions so overcame Cluentius Captain of the Enemies with great Forces, without losing one of his Men. This War was prolonged for the space of four years, yet with great misfortune in the fifth year, at last Lucius Cornelius Sylla being Consul ended it, when before as Praetor he had valiantly performed many things in that War.  
In the year of the City six hundred sixty two the first civil War began at Rome, with the Mithridatick War. C. Marius who had been six times Consul, was the cause of it; for when Sylla the Consul was sent to make War against Mithridates, who had seized upon Asia and Achaia: being forced for some time to keep his Army in Campania, that he might make an end of the War in Italy with the Confederates (which we have mentioned) Marius desired that he might be sent against Mithridates. Whereupon Sylla in great anger came with his Army to Rome, where he fought against Marius, and Sulpicius, and upon his first entrance slew Sulpicius and put Marius to flight, Cnaeus Octavius, and Lucius Cornelius Cinna being appointed Consuls for the year to come, he marched into Asia. For Mithridates' King of Pontus and of Armenia the less, with the Pontic Sea all about the Thracian Bosphorus, at first would have driven Nicomedes the Ally of the Roman people out of Bythinia, informing the Senate, that he was bringing War upon him for the injuries which he had suffered; the Senate sent word to Mithridates, if he did so, he should suffer a War from the Romans. Wherefore in a rage he forthwith took Cappadocia, expelling King Ariobarzenes a friend of the Romans: and presently invaded Bythinia, and Paphlagonia, having driven out the Kings Pylaemenes and Nicomedes, Confederates of the Roman People. Then he marched unto Ephesus, and sent Letters through all Asia, that wheresoever the Roman Citizens were found, they should be killed in one Day. In the mean time Athens a City of Achaia was delivered to Mithridates by Aristones an Athenian. For Mithridates had sent Archelaus his Captain into Achaia, with one hundred and twenty thousand Horse and Foot: by whom he won the rest of Greece; Sylla besieged Archelaus at Piraeeus not far from Athens, and took the City: afterwards a Battle being fought with Archelaus, he so overthrew him, that out of his hundred and twenty thousand there scarce remained ten, and of Sylla's Army only fourteen were slain. Mithridates upon the news of this Battle recruited Archelaus with eighty thousand chosen Men out of Asia, with whom Sylla fought again. In the first Battle twenty thousand of the Enemy were slain with Diogenes the Son of Archelaus: In the second, all the Forces of Mithridates were cut off, Archelaus himself three days lying hid in the Marshes. Mithridates upon hearing of this began to treat with Sylla.  
At that time also Sylla overcame the greatest part of the Dardani, Scordisci, Dalmatians and Moesians, and received the rest into his protection. When Ambassadors came from King Mithridates, desiring a Peace, Sylla answered that he would not grant it, unless the King deserting those places which he was possessed of, returned into his own Kingdom. Yet afterwards in a personal Treaty, Peace was made between them; That Sylla hasting to the civil War might be in no danger in his absence. For whilst Sylla overcame Mithridates in Achaia and Asia, Marius, who was fled, and Cornelius Cinna, one of the Consuls, renewed the War in Italy, and having entered the City Rome, slew the most Noble and consular Men of the Senate, and proscribed many, having pulled down the House of Sylla, they compelled his Sons and Wife to secure themselves by flight; every one of the Senate that remained, flying out of the City came to Sylla in Greece, entreating him that he would succour his native Country. He passed over into Italy to fight against Norbanus, and Scipio the Consuls; he fought the first Battle against Norbanus not far from Capua; where he slew seven thousand of the Enemy, and took six thousand, with the loss of one hundred twenty four of his own, Then he marched against Scipio, but before the Battle, Scipio surrendered his Army without bloodshed. But upon the new Election of Consuls at Rome, Marius the Son of Marius, and Papirius Carbo being chose, Sylla fought Marius the younger, and fifteen thousand of the Enemy being slain, lost four hundred Men. Afterwards entering the City, and pursuing Marius the younger to Praeneste, he besieged him there, and forced him to kill himself. Then he had a fierce Battle with Lamponius, and Carinates Captains of Marius' Party at the Gate Collina. Eighty thousand Men were reported to have been in the Army against Sylla, twelve thousand yielded themselves, the rest were either slain in Battle, in the Camp, or in flight, so unsatiable was the revenge of the Conquerors. Cnaeus Carbo the other Consul fled from Ariminum into Sicily and there was slain by Cnaeus Pompeius, whom but a young Man twenty one years of age, Sylla upon the observation of his industry, had made Commander of his Armies, with the esteem of being next to himself. Upon the death of Carbo Pompey recovered Sicily, and passing into Africa, slew Domitius one of Marius' Faction, and Hiarbas King of Mauritania, who aided Domitius. After these things Sylla triumphed for conquering Mithridates with great Glory. And Cnaeus Pompeius in the twenty fourth year of his age (which never had been granted to any of the Romans) triumphed for his Victory in Africa. Thus these two cruel Wars ended, the Italian which is called the Social, and the Civil War, both which carried on for the space of ten years, destroyed above a hundred and fifty thousand, twenty four Consular Men, eight Praetors, sixty Aediles, and almost three hundred Senators.   

The Sixth Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The Wars with Sertorius, with the Gladiators, and the Pirates; the end of the Mithridatic; The conquest of Crete and of Tigranes' King of Armenia; The Catilinarian Conspiracy, the death of Crassus in Parthia; the Wars in Gaul by Julius Caesar, with the civil War between him and Pompey:  
From V. C. 675 to 710.  By Mr. Leonard Powel. 
IN the Consulship of Marcus Aemilius, and Quintus Catulus, when Sylla had settled the Commonwealth, new Wars arose, one in Spain, another in Pamphylia and Cilicia, the third in Macedonia, the fourth in Dalmatia. For Sertorius who was of Marius' Party against Sylla, fearing the fate of those who were slain, stirred up the Spaniards to the War, Quintus Caecilius Metellus (his Son who overcame King Jugurtha) and Lucius Domitius the Praetor, were sent Generals against him; Domitius was slain by Hirtulejus one of Sertorius' Captains. But Metellus fought Sertorius with various success. Afterwards when he was thought unfit by himself to manage the War, Cnaeus Pompeius was sent into Spain. Sertorius fought with variety of fortune against these two Generals, till at last killed in the eighth year of the War by his own Soldiers. Thus the War was ended by Cnaeus Pompeius a young Man, and Quintus Metellus Pius, and almost all Spain subdued by the Romans. Appius Claudius after his Consulship being sent into Macedonia, Skirmished with several people of the Province Rhodopa, and there falling sick, died. Cnaeus Scribonius after the expiration of his Consulship was sent to succeed him, he overcoming the Dardani, marched a Conqueror even to the Danube, and obtained a Triumph, having ended the War in three years.  
Publius' Servilius a valiant Man was sent Proconsul into Cilicia and Pamphylia. After the Conquest of Cilicia he besieged and took the best Cities of Lycia; amongst these he took Phaselis, Olympus with Corycus of Cilicia, then going against the Isauris, and they submitting, he ended the War in three years. The first of all the Romans that marched to the Mountain Taurus returning home, he received a Triumph according to his merits and had the name of Isauricus.  
Cnaeus Cosconius being Proconsul was sent into Illyricum, he subdued the greatest part of Dalmatia, took Salonae, and ending the War, returned to Rome in three year.  
At the same time Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Catulus' fellow Consul, would have raised a civil War, but his insurrection was suppressed in one Summer. Then many received their triumphs together; Metellus and Pompey from Spain, Curio from Macedonia, and Servilius from Isauria.  
In the year of the City six hundred seventy six, in the Consulship of L. Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, Nicomedes King of Bythinia died, and made the Romans his Heir. Mithridates' having broken the Peace, would have again invaded Asia and Bythinia. Both the Consuls sent against him, had various success; for Cotta was overcome by Mithridates in a Battle at Chalcedon, and being driven into the City was besieged there. But when Mithridates marched from thence to Cyzicus, that taking it he might invade all Asia: Lucullus the other Consul encountered him, and whilst Mithridates was busy in the Siege of Cyzicus, he blocked him up in the Rear, and overcame him in many Battles. At last driving him to Byzantium (now called Constantinople) Lucullus also overcame his Captains in a Sea-fight. Thus in one Summer and Winter Lucullus destroyed almost an hundred thousand of Mithridates' Soldiers.  
In the year of the City six hundred seventy eight, M. Licinius Lucullus governed the Province of Macedonia, the Cousin of that Lucullus who managed the War against Mithridates. In Italy on a sudden arose a new War; for seventy four Gladiators under the command of Spartacus, Chrysus, and Oenomaus, having broken out of their fencing School at Capua, fled away: and wandering through Italy, commenced as great a War as Hannibal did; for overcoming many of the Roman Captains, and two of their Consuls, they gathered together an Army of almost sixty thousand Men; at last they were conquered by M. Licinius Crassus the Proconsul in Apulia, and after many calamities in Italy, the War was ended the third year by him.  
In the year of the City six hundred and eighty, in the Consulship of P. Cornelius Lentulus, and Cnaeus Aufidius Orestes; only the Mithridatick and Macedonian Wars disturbed the Roman Empire. Lucius Lucullus and M. Lucullus managed them. For L. Lucullus after his Victory over Mithridates at Cyzicus, and his Captains in a Sea fight, pursued him, and having recovered Paphlagonia and Bythinia, he marched into his Kingdom, and took Sinope and Amisus two famous Cities in Pontus. The second Battle was fought at the City Cabira, where Mithridates had gathered together great Forces from all his Countries thereabouts, when five thousand Romans putting to flight Mithridates with thirty thousand of his best Soldiers, plundered his Camp. Lucullus also subdued Armenia the less, which Mithridates governed. But he was received after his flight by Tigranes' King of the greater Armenia, who then reigned with great Fame, and oftentimes beating the Persians, had seized upon Mesopotamia, Syria, and part of Phoenicia; but Lucullus demanding Mithridates that fled, entered Armenia, Tigranes his Kingdom, took there the famous City Tigranocerta, and with eighteen thousand so overthrew Tigranes coming against him with six hundred thousand Cuirassiers, one hundred thousand Archers, and armed Men, that he cut off a great part of his Armenians. From thence he marched to the City Nisibis, which he took, with the King's Brother. But those whom Lucullus had left in Pontus with part of the Army to defend the Romans with their conquest in the adjacent Countries, behaving themselves carelessly and covetously, gave an opportunity to Mithridates of breaking into Pontus, and so the War was renewed, and one sent to succeed Lucullus, having taken Nisibis, and preparing the War against the Persians: the other Lucullus who governed Macedonia, was the first of all the Romans that waged War against the Bessi, and overcame them in a great Battle on the Mountain Aemus, and having taken the City Vscudama which the Bessi inhabited, in one Day, and Cibyle, he marched Conqueror even to the Danube. From thence he went against many Cities bordering on Pontus, where he sacked Apollonia, and took Cala●●s, Parthenopolis, Tomi, Histrum, and all Buzia. After the War was ended he returned to Rome, and both of them triumphed; but Lucullus who managed the War against Mithridates, triumphed with greater glory, being Conqueror of so considerable Kingdoms.  
The Macedonian War being ended, and by reason of Lucullus his return to Rome, the Mithridatic War continuing, which Mithridates with new Forces prosecuted, there arose a War in Crete. Caecilius Metellus was sent thither, and in three year having subdued all the Provinces, and being styled Creticus, he triumphed from the conquest of that Island. About the same time Libya was added to the Roman Empire by a grant in King Apion's will, in which Province there were these famous Cities, Berenice, Ptolemais, and Cyrene.  
Whilst these things were performed, the Pirates so infested the Seas, that the Romans though the Conquerors of all the World, could not safely sail. Wherefore this War was Decreed to be managed by Cnaeus Pompeius, who with great fortune and celerity ended it in few months, Afterwards the War against Mithridates and Tigranes was committed to him, which having undertaken, he overcame Mithridates in Armenia the less in a Battle by Night, and plundered his Camp, cutting off forty thousand of the Enemy with the loss only of twenty of his Soldiers and two Centurions. Mithridates' fled with his Wife and two Attendants. Afterwards when he tyrannised over his people, in a mutiny of his Soldiers raised by his own Son Pharnaces, he was forced to poison himself. Thus Mithridates died at Bosphorus, a Man of great industry and conduct, he lived seventy, reigned sixty, and made War with the Romans forty years.  
Then Pompey made War against Tigranes, who surrendered himself, and coming to him in his Camp, sixteen miles from Artaxata, fell at his feet, and delivered up his Crown, which Pompey restored again, and received him honourably, but took away Syria, Phoenicia, Sophone; besides fining him in six thousand Talents of Silver, to be paid to the Romans for raising War against them without a cause.  
Afterwards Pompey brought War on the Albani, and thrice overcame Orodes their King, who at last obtained a Peace by his Letters and Presents to Pompey. He also overcame in a Battle Anthaces the King of Iberia, who submitted to him. He gave Armenia the less to Dejotarus the King of Galatia for assisting him in the Mithridatic War. And restoring Paphlagonia to Attalus and Pylemenes; he made Aristarchus the King of the Colchi. Then he subdued the Ituraei and the Arabians, and coming into Syria made Seleucia near Antioch a free City, because it had not aided King Tigranes. He restored the people of Antioch their Hostages, and added some grounds to the Daphnenses to enlarge their Groves, being delighted with the pleasantness of the place, and its many Springs. From thence he marched into Judaea, and in the third month took Jerusalem the chief City, and having slain twelve thousand Jews he received the rest into his protection. Having performed these things, he returned into Asia, and so ended this long War.  
In the Consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero (the Orator) and C. Antonius, in the year of the City six hundred eighty nine, Lucius Sergius Catilina, a Man of high birth, but of a very vicious Disposition, plotted with some audacious Noble Men against his Country; but he was driven out of the City by Cicero, and his Associates upon apprehension strangled in Prison; Catiline also overcome in a Battle, was slain by Antonius the other Consul.  
In the year of the City six hundred and ninety, in the Consulship of D. Junius Silanus, and L. Murena. Metellus triumphed for conquering Crete, and Pompey for the Piratic and Mithridatic Wars: no pomp of a Triumph was ever like to Pompey's; for Mithridates his, and Tigranes' Sons, also Aristobulus the King of the Jews, with a great Sum of Money were carried before his Chariot. At that time there was no considerable War in all the World with the Romans.  
In the year of the City six hundred ninety three, Caius Julius Caesar (who was afterwards Emperor) and L. Bibulus were made Consuls: Caesar having obtained by Order of Senate the Government of Gaul and Illyricum with ten Legions, first overcame the Helvetii (who are now called the Sequani.) Then after his Victories in very great Battles, he marched a Conqueror even to the British Ocean. He was almost nine years in subduing all Gaul, which lies between the Alps the River Rhone, the Rhine and the Ocean, in compass three thousand and two hundred miles. Then he brought War upon the Britan's, who never before heard of the Roman Name, and having overcome them, he took their Hostages and made them tributary to the Roman Empire, and ordered Gaul to pay an annual tribute of above three hundred thousand pounds. And then passing the Rhine overcame the Germans in very great Battles: he was so fortunate, that he fought but thrice unsuccessfully: once in Person against the Arverni, twice in his absence in Germany, where his two Lieutenants Titurius and Arunculeius were slain in an Ambush.  
About the same time in the year of the City six hundred ninety seven, Marcus Licinius Crassus Pompey's Colleague, made the second time Consul, was sent against the Parthians, and when he fought at Carrae both contrary to the Omens, and Predictions of the Soothsayers, he was overcome by Surena one of Orodes his Captains, and at last was slain, with his Son a famous and valiant young Man. The residue of his Army was saved by Cnaeus Cassius his Quaestor, who with great resolution and courage so repaired the calamity, that repassing the Euphrates he overcame the Persians in many Battles.  
Now that lamentable and horrible civil War came on, which, besides the calamities that happened in Battle changed the condition of the Roman Name. For Caesar returning Conqueror from Gaul, required another Consulship, and it being without dispute carried on his side, he was opposed by Marcellus the Consul, Bibulus, Pompey, and Cato, and commanded, having dismissed his Army to return to Rome; for which Affront, from Ariminum, where he mustered his Soldiers, he marched against his native Country. The Consul with Pompey, the whole Senate, and all the Nobility fled out of the City into Greece. Pompey being General raised War against Caesar in Epirus, Macedonia, and Achaia.  
Caesar having entered the City forsaken, made himself Dictator. Thence marching into Spain he routed Pompey's brave and stout Armies, under the three Generals, L. Afranius, M. Petreius, and M. Varro. Then returning he marched into Greece; where fight against Pompey, he was in the first Battle overthrown, and put to flight; but the Night drawing on, he escaped, and upon Pompey's not pursuing him, he said, Pompey knew not how to conquer, he being only that Day in his Power to have been overcome. Afterwards they fought in Thessaly at Palaeopharsalus with great Armies on both sides. Pompey's Army consisted of forty thousand Foot and seven thousand Horse in the left Wing, with five hundred in the right, besides the Auxiliary Forces of all the East, all the Nobility, with a great number of Senators, Praetors, and such as had been Consuls, and the Conquerors of ny Nations. Caesar's Army amounted to thirty thousand Foot, with a thousand Horse.  
The Roman Forces were never greater at one time, nor never commanded by more valiant Generals, they might have overcome the whole World, if they had fought against their Enemies. But after a sharp fight, Pompey being overcome, and his Camp plundered, fled to Alexandria, that he might receive aids from the King of Egypt, whose Guardian he had been by order of Senate in his minority; but he following Pompey's fortune more than true friendship slew him, and sent his Head and Ring to Caesar; which he looking on, is reported to have wept, beholding the Head of so worthy a Man, and once his Son-in-law.  
Afterwards Caesar coming to Alexandria, Ptolemy had Designs upon his life, for which reason Caesar made War with him, and he being overcome, was drowned in the Nile, but his body was afterwards found covered with a Gold Coat of Mail. Caesar having won Alexandria, gave that Kingdom to Cleopatra Ptolemy's Sister, with whom he had been dishonourably acquainted. Caesar returning from thence overcame in a Battle Pharnaces great Mithridates' Son, who aided Pompey in Thessaly, and also rebelling in Pontus, had seized upon many of the Roman Cities, upon which misfortune he killed himself. Then Caesar upon his return to Rome, made himself the third time Consul, with M. Aemilius Lepidus, who was the year before in his Dictatorship General of the Horse. From thence he went into Africa, to the War, which very many of the Nobility, with Juba King of Mauritania had raised against him. The Roman Generals were P. Cornelius Scipio (of the ancient Family of Scipio Africanus, he was Father-in-law to Pompey the Great) M. Petreius, Q. Varius, and M. Porcius Cato, L. Cornelius Faustus (the Son of Sylla the Dictator and Pompey's Son-in-law.) Caesar in a pitched Battle, after many Skirmishes overcame them. Cato, Scipio, Petreius, and Juba slew themselves; but Faustus was put to death.  
After a year Caesar coming back to Rome made himself Consul the fourth time, but soon went into Spain, where Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey's Sons had levied a great War, they fought many Battles, the last was at the City Munda, in which Caesar was so near overcome, that seeing his Soldiers sly, he would have slain himself, lest after so great Military Glory, and fifty six years old, he should fall into the power of these young Men; at last, having rallied his Forces, he overcame them, and slew Pompey's eldest Son, and put to flight the younger. Now Caesar having ended the Civil Wars through all the World, returned to Rome, and began to govern too insolently, and against the customs of the Roman Liberties. He would bestow Honours at his own pleasure, which were before given by the people: neither would he rise up to the Senate coming to salute him; he performed other things after a regal tyrannic manner. Whereupon above sixty Senators and Roman Knights conspired against him. The chief of the Conspirators were the two Bruti (of Brutus' Family who was the first that was made a Roman Consul, and had expelled the Kings) with Cnaeus Cassius and Servilius Casca, who stabbed Caesar on a certain day with twenty three Wounds when he came to the Senate.   

The Seventh Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The Reign of Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian:  
From A. V. 710. to V. C. 850.  By Mr. Thomas Cornwallis. 
CAESAR being killed about the seven hundred and ninth year of the City, the Civil Wars were renewed. The Senate favouring the murderers of Caesar, Antony the Consul, one of Caesar's party, endeavoured to overthrow them in a Civil War. Having therefore disturbed the Commonwealth, and done many ill things, he was judged an enemy by the Senate. The two Consuls, Pansa and Hirtius were sent to pursue him, with Octavianus, Caesar's Nephew, a young man, eighteen years old, whom he made his Heir, and commanded to bear his name. This is he who afterwards was called Augustus, and obtained the Empire. Wherefore these three Generals marching against Antony, overcame him: but it happened out that these two Consuls being Conquerors were slain; upon which the three Armies obeyed Caesar. Antony being put to slight, having lost his Army, went for succour to Lepidus, who was General to Caesar's Horse, and then commanded great Forces, by whom he was received; and soon after Lepidus endeavouring it, Caesar made peace with Antony; and as if he would vindicate the death of his Father, by whom he was adopted in his Will, he marched to Rome with his Army, and by force procured the Consulship in the twentieth year of his age. Having proscribed the Senate, he began with Antony and Lepidus, to govern the Commonwealth by an Army. Cicero the Orator was killed by them, with many other Noblemen.  
In the mean while Brutus and Cassius the murderers of Caesar raised a great War, for there were many Armies in Macedonia and the East, which they seized upon: wherefore Caesar Octavianus Augustus, and Mark Antony went against them, (Lepidus stayed behind to defend Italy) they fought against 'em at Philippi, a City of Macedonia: Caesar and Antony were overcome in the first Battle, but the most noble Cassius was slain. In the second Brutus and very many Noblemen of his side were slain, and then the Commonwealth was thus divided amongst them, That Augustus should govern Spain, France, and Italy: Antony, Asia, Pontus, and the East, But Lucius Antonius the Consul raised a Civil War in Italy, his Brother who had fought with Caesar against Brutus and Cassius, he was overcome and taken at Perusium a City of Tuscia, but his life spared.  
In the mean time Sextus Pompeius, the Son of Cn. Pompeius made a War in Sicily, those of Brutus and Cassius' party who remained joining with him; yet after a War brought upon him by Caesar Augustus, and M. Antony, at last a Peace was ratified.  
At that time M. Agrippa acted prosperously in Aquitania, and L. Ventidius Bassus overcame the Persians, making incursions into Syria, in three Battles. He killed Pacorus the Son of King Orodes, the same day that heretofore Orodes King of the Persians had killed Crassus by Surena his General. He first triumphed truly over the Persians [at Rome.]  
In the mean time Pompey broke the Peace: and being beat in a Sea-fight, fled to Asia, and was there slain. Antony, who governed Asia and the East, being divorced from Augustus' Sister, married Cleopatra the Queen of Egypt. He also in person fought against the Persians, and overcame them in the first Battle; but in his return he suffered much by Famine and Pestilence, and the Parthians falling upon him in his flight, he lost his Victory. He also raised a great Civil War by the instigation of his Wife Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt, whilst she through a woman's ambition longed to rule at Rome. He was overcome by Augustus in a famous Sea-fight, at Actium in Epirus, from whence he fled to Egypt; and in despair, when all his Soldiers had revolted to Augustus, he killed himself. Cleopatra died with the poison of Asps, which she had put to her Breasts. Octavianus Augustus added Egypt to the Roman Empire, and Cn. Cornelius Gallus was the first that governed it. Thus having finished all his Wars every where, Augustus in the twelfth year after he had been made Consul returned to Rome. From that time he governed the Commonwealth alone for four and forty years, having ruled it twelve years before with Lepidus and Antony; and so from the beginning to the end his Reign lasted six and fifty years. He died a natural death in the seventy sixth year of his age, in Atella, a City of Campania. He was buried in the Campus Martius at Rome; a man not undeservedly for the most part, reckoned a God. Nor was any one more happy than him in his Wars, or more moderate in Peace. He lived with the greatest civility all the four and forty years he ruled alone, being most liberal towards all men, and very faithful to his friends, who he had advanced to so great honours, that they were almost equal to himself. The Roman affairs never flourished more (before his time) for besides the Civil Wars in which he was always conqueror, he added Egypt to the Roman Empire, with Cantabria, and Dalmatia, oftentimes overcome before, but entirely subdued by him: also Pannonia, Aquitania, Illyricum, Rhaetia, the Vindelici, and the Salassi, living upon the Alps; with all the Maritime Cities of Pontus: and amongst these the famous Cities Bosphorus and Panticapaeon. He overcame the Daci in several Battles. He cut off the great Forces of the Germans, and drove them beyond the River Allis, which is up the Country far from the Rhine: but this War was managed by his Son-in-law Drusus, as the Pannonian War was by his other Son-in-law Tiberius; in which War he brought four hundred thousand Captives out of Germany, and planted 'em upon the Banks of the Rhine in Gaul. He retook Armenia from the Parthians, and the Persians gave Hostages to him, (which they never did before to any other.) Also they restored the Roman Ensigns, which were taken away from Crassus, when he was beaten. The Scythians, and the Indians sent presents and Ambassadors to him, who before had never heard of the Roman name. Galatia in his time was made a Province, being before a Kingdom; and M. Lollius the Propraetor was the first that governed it. The barbarous Nations so loved him, that Kings who were Allies of the Roman People, built Cities to his honour which they would call Caesarea; as that built by King Juba in Mauritania, and that in Palestine, which now is a very famous City. Many Kings left their Kingdoms, to do him service, and being dressed in a Roman Habit, ran by him in his Chariot, or on Horseback, and dying he was styled a God: He left the Commonwealth to Tiberius in a most flourishing condition; who being his Wife's Son, was afterwards his Son-in-law by the marriage of his Daughter, and at last his Son by adoption.  
Tiberius' governed very lazily with great cruelty, wicked avarice, and filthy lust. He never fought in person, but carried on his Wars by his Lieutenants. Some Kings whom he had enticed to him by his flatteries, he never let return to their own Country; amongst whom Archelaus King of Cappadocia, whose Kingdom also he made a Province, and commanded the chief City to be called after his name, which now is called Caesarea, and before Mazaca. He reigned three and twenty years, and died in Campania in the eighty third year of his age, to the great joy of all men.  
After him ruled Caius Caesar, surnamed Caligula, Drusus the Son-in-law of Augustus was his Grandfather, and Tiberius his great Uncle: he was very wicked and horrible, one who might excuse the Vices of Tiberius. He undertook a War against the Germans; and entering into Suevia, performed no valiant action. He committed Incest with his Sisters, and had a Daughter by one of 'em, when he had been outrageous towards all men in Cruelty, Avarice, and Lust, he was killed in his Palace in the nine and thirtieth year of his age, and of his Reign the third year, tenth month, and eighth day.  
After him Reigned Claudius, Caligula's Uncle, the Son of Drusus, who has a Monument at Moguntiacum; whose Nephew Caligula was: He governed indifferently well, managing many things calmly and moderately, some cruelly and foolishly. He brought War upon Brittany, where none of the Romans durst arrive since Julius Caesar: and after the Conquest of it by the two renowned Captains Cn. Sentius and Aulus Plautius. He made a famous triumph: He added also to the Roman Empire some Islands situated beyond Brittany, in the Ocean called Orcades: He styled his Son Britannicus, and appeared so civil to some of his Friends, that he accompanied Plautius a Nobleman, who in the British expedition performed many brave actions, in his triumph going to the Capitol, and walked on his left hand: He lived sixty four years; and reigned fourteen: He was Consecrated after his death, and styled a God.  
After him came Nero, very like to his Uncle Caligula: who both disgraced and diminished the Roman Empire; one of unusual luxury and expense: he followed the example of Caius Caligula, and washed himself in hot and cold Ointments: he fished with golden Nets and purple strings: he killed a great many of the Senate, and was an enemy to all good men: at last he prostituted himself so basely, that he danced and sung upon a Stage in a Fiddler's habit: he committed many parricides in the murder of his Brother's Wife and Mother: he burned Rome, that it might represent to him, how heretofore Troy was taken and burnt: he performed no warlike action, and almost lost Britanny; for there in his time two noble Cities were took and destroyed. The Parthians took away Armenia, and made slaves of the Roman Legions. Yet two Provinces were gained in his time, Pontus, called Polemoniacus, from the gift of King Polemon; the Alps, called Cotiae, from the death of King Cocius. Hence he became detestable to Rome, deserted by all men, and adjudged an enemy by the Senate; When he was searched for to be punished, which was thus, that he should be lead along in public naked, with a Fork upon his neck, and beaten with Rods to death, should be flung headlong from off the Carpeian Rock; he fled out of the Palace; near the City in a Farm of one of his Freemen, killed himself, between the Salarian and Numentane way, four miles from Rome: he built the hot Baths called Neronianae, and now Alexandrinae: he died in the one and thirtieth year of his age, and the fourteenth year of his Reign. With him all Augustus' Family was extinct.  
After him came Ser. Galba, a Senator of a very ancient Family, being seventy three years, he was chose Emperor by the Spaniards and Gauls, and soon after was willingly received by all the Armies: when he lived a private life, he was eminent in Military and Civil Affairs, often Consul, often Proconsul, and General in the greatest Wars: in his short Reign he began well, but at last seemed more inclined to severity: he was killed by the treachery of Otho in the seventh month of his Reign, and had his throat cut in the Forum at Rome, and buried in his Gardens, in the Aurelian way, not far from the City.  
Otho having killed Galba, got the Empire; of a more noble race by his Mother, than by his Father; but neither was mean: he was effeminate in his private life, and could not show any experiment of himself in his Reign; for at that time when Otho killed Galba, Vitellius was made Emperor by the Germane Armies, and raised War against him, when he was beat in a Skirmish at Bebriacum in Italy, though he had great forces remaining: He killed himself of his own accord, and answered his Soldiers, desiring him not so soon to despair of the success of the war, that he was not of so great value, to be the occasion of a Civil War: he died a voluntary death, in the 38th. year of his age, and the 95th. day of his reign.  
Then Vitellius obtained the Empire, of a Family more advanced by preferment, than noble: his Father was not very honourably born, yet bore three regular Consulships; he ruled very scandalously, notorious for great cruelty, especially for Gluttony; oftentimes keeping a Feast every 4th. or 5th. day: one Supper was very remarkable, which his Brother Vitellius gave him; in which entertainment, besides other expenses, there were laid upon the Table two thousand Fish, and seven thousand Birds: he affected to be like Nero, and so far pretended it, that he honoured him with Funeral Rites who had been so meanly buried: he was killed by the Generals of Vespasian, having first slain Sabinus the Emperor, Vespatian's Brother, whom he burned with the Capitol: he was drawn naked publicly and ignominiously through Rome, having a Sword under his chin, and Dung flung at his face and body by all that met him; at last with his throat cut, he was flung into the Tiber, and wanted common Burial: he died in the 57th. year of his age, and in the eighth month, and first day of his Reign.  
After him reigned Vespasian, made Emperor at Palestine, a Prince of obscure Parentage, but to be compared with the best; so illustrious before he was Emperor, that being sent into Germany by Claudius, and then into Britanny: he encountered two and thirty times with the Enemy. He conquered two valiant Nations, took twenty Towns, and added the Island Vecta, lying just by Britanny to the Roman Empire. He carried himself at Rome very moderate in his Reign, though somewhat too covetous of money; yet he took it from none wrongfully, and gave with great care that especially to the Poor which he had gathered with all frugality. Scarce any Prince before him was more liberal ot just: he was of so good a nature, that he hardly punished any one guilty of Treason otherwise than by Banishment. In his time he added Judaea to the Roman Empire, with Hierosoluma, the most eminent City of Palestine, and made Provinces of Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, Samos, which enjoyed their freedom before his time; also Thrace, Cilicia, Trachea, Commagene governed by Confederate Kings; he remembered neither offences nor quarrels, and patiently bore the reproaches that Lawyers and Philosophers spoke against him; yet a diligent exactor of Military Discipline: he triumphed for the conquest of Jerusalem with his Son Titus. For these things when he was beloved and dear to the Senate, the People, and to all, he died of the Flux in one of his own Manors near the Country of the Sabines, in the sixty ninth year of his age, the ninth year, and seventh day of his Reign, and was numbered amongst the Gods: He knew the Nativities of his Sons so well, that when many Plots were made against him, which being discovered, he despised with dissimulation, saying to the Senate, that his Sons should succced him or none.  
After him came Titus, who was also called Vespasian; a Man adorned with all sorts of Virtue, styled the love and the delight of mankind, very eloquent, warlike, and temperate: he pleaded Causes in Latin, and made Greek Poems and Tragedies: At the Siege of Jerusalem fight under his Father, he killed twelve men upon the Walls, with twelve strokes of his Darts: he was so civil in his government at Rome, that none ever was punished: he pardoned those to that degree convicted of Conspiracies against him, that he treated them with the same freedom as before: he was one of so great easiness and liberality, that he could deny nothing to any man; and when he was reprehended by his friends, he answered, that no man ought to depart with a sad countenance from the Emperor: wherefore once at Supper remembering he had given nothing that day to any one, he said, O my friends, I have lost this day: he built the Amphitheatre at Rome, and killed five thonsand Wild Beasts at its dedication. Hence being beloved with unusual kindness, he died in the same house his Father did, after he had reigned two years, eight months, and twenty days, in the one and fortieth year of his age. When he was dead the public mourning was so great, that all grieved as if they had been fatherless. The Senate having heard of his death in the evening, assembled with all haste in the Senate-House the same night, and rendered him being dead so many thanks and praises, as never to any Emperor in his presence, or in his life time, consecrating him amongst the Gods.  
Then Domitian reigned, his younger Brother, more like Nero, Caligula, or Tiberius than his Father, or Brother; yet he governed soberly for his first years: soon after falling into the great vices of Lust, Anger, Cruelty, and Covetousness, he made himself so hated, that he abolished the merits of his Father, and Brother: he killed the noblest of the Senate, and commanded himself to be styled Lord and God: he would suffer no Statue to be erected in the Capitol for him, but of Silver and Gold: he killed his Kinsmen, and his pride was execrable: he made four Expeditions, one in Sarmatia, another against the Cattis, and two against the Daci: he triumphed twice over the Daci, and the Cattis, and wore a Laurel for the Sarmatians: he suffered many losses in these Wars, for his Legions were killed in Sarmatia, with their General, and the Daci cut off Appius Sabinus a Consular man, and C. Fuscus Captain of the Guards with their great Armies: he built many places at Rome, as the Capitol, the Forum, called Transitorium, the Music Room, the Porticoes of Isis and Serapis, and the Stadium: but when he began to be hated by all for his wickedness, he was slain in the Palace, by a conspiracy of his Servants, in the five and fortieth year of his age, and fifteenth of his Reign. His Corpse were carried out by the Bearers with great disgrace, and buried scandalously.   

The Eighth Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The Reign of Nerva, Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, Antoninus Philosophus, Commodus, Pertinax, Julianus, Severus, Caracalla, Madrinus, Heliogabalus, and Alexander Severus, with the most considerable passages.  
From V. C. 850, to 987.  By Mr. Robert Ingram. 
IN the eight hundred and fiftieth year from the building of Rome in the Consul ship of Vetus and Valens the Commonwealth was re-stated in a most prosperous condition, by being happily committed to the government of good Emperors. Nerva succeeded Domitian, that cruel Tyrant; a Man moderate in his private life, valiant, and of the middle rank of Nobility, who, when he was very old by the help of Petronius Secundus the Captain of the Guards: and Parthenius, who slew Domitian, being made Emperor, carried himself most justly and civility: and consulted the good of the Commonwealth with a Divine foresight, in adopting Trajan. He died at Rome, having reigned sixteen months and eight days, in the seventy first year of his age, and was consecrated a God. After him came Vlpius Trajanus Crinitus, born at Italica a City of Spain, of a Family more ancient than noble: for his Father was the first Consul. Trajan being made Emperor at Agrippina, a City of Gaul, governed the Commonwealth so well that he was deservedly proffered before all other Princes; he was of extraordinary civility and valour, and extended the bounds of the Roman Empire both far and wide, which after the time of Augustus was rather defended than honourably increased: he repaired many Cities in Germany on the other side of the Rhine, and having overcome Decibalus conquered Dacia, making that part a Province beyond the Danube, which now belongs to the Taiphali, Victophali, and the Thervingi, about one thousand miles in compass: he also retook Armenia,, which the Parthians had seized, having killed Pharnaces the Syrian, who governed it. He gave a King to the Albani, and took under his protection the Kings of the Iberi, the Sauromatae, the Bosphorani, the Arabians, the Osroeni, and the Colchi, and seized upon the Adiabeni, and Marchomedi, with a great Country of Persia, called Anthemisius; he took the City Seleucia, Ctesiphon, Babylon and Edessa, and conquered even unto India; at last he came up to the Red Sea, and there made three Provinces, Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia, with the Nations bordering upon Macedena, reducing Arabia to the same form of government; he settled a Fleet in the Red Sea to waste the coasts of India. Yet he surpassed his Military Fame with civility and moderation, equalizing himself to all at Rome and through the Provinces. He oftentimes went to visit his Friends, either when they were sick or upon festival Days; and without any distinction kept mutual Feasts among them, going abroad with them in their Litters: he never injured any of the Senators, nor did any unjust thing to increase his Exchequer; he was liberal to all Men, and both publicly and privately enriched with Money and Honours, even them, with whom he was but indifferently acquainted: he built many places all over the World, and granted great privileges to Cities: he acted all things so peaceably and quietly, that all the time he reigned, but one Senator was condemned, and he by an Order of the Senate, unknown to Trajan. For this reason most resembling a God both alive and dead, he deserved to be worshipped all over the World. Among other sayings of his, this is much esteemed, when his friends blamed him, that he was too kind to all Men; he answered, he did to them, as he should wish Emperors to do to him, if he himself was a Subject. After he had obtained great honour both at home and abroad, as he was returning from Persia he died of the Flux at Seleucia, a City of Isauria, in the sixty second year, ninth month, and fourth day of his age, and of his Reign, the nineteenth year, sixth month and fifteenth day: he was made a God, and of all other Emperors was buried within the City, his bones were put in a golden Urn, and placed under a Pillar in the Forum, which he himself had made, which Pillar was one hundred forty four feet high. So great respect is paid to this Prince's memory, that even unto my time the Senators with no other phrase honoured their Emperors, than be thou happier than Augustus, and better than Trajan. So much hath the glory of goodness obtained from him, that it gives an occasion of a great Example either to Flatterers, or true Praisers.  
After the decease of Trajan, Aelius Adrianus was made Emperor, indeed not with Trajan's Will, but by the help of his Wife Plotina, for he, as long as he lived, although he was his kinsman, would not adopt him; he was born at Italica in Spain, who envying the glory of his Predecessor, presently forsook those three Provinces which Trajan had added to the Roman Empire; and recalled his Forces out of Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Armenia, and made Euphrates the Eastern bound of the Empire; his Friends deterred him endeavouring to do the same thing in Dacia, lest many of the Roman Citizens should be exposed to the Barbarians: for when Trajan had conquered that Country, he brought a great Colony out of the whole Roman Empire to plant and build Cities there, Dacia being depopulated in the long War with Decibalus: Aelius Adrianus enjoyed peace all the time of his Reign, having made only one War, and that by the Governor of the Province, he travelled all over the Roman Empire and built in many places. He was a very good Scholar both in Latin and Greek; not esteemed very merciful, yet he took great care of his Revenue, and the Discipline of his Soldiers. He died in Campania, above sixty years old, and in the twenty first year, tenth month, and twenty ninth day of his Reign. The Senate would not have made him a God, only Titus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus, that succeeded him, by long entreaty, when all the Senators resisted him openly, at length obtained it.  
Then Titus Antoninus Fulvius Bojonius was made Emperor after Adrianus, he was also called Pius, his Family was Noble, but not very ancient▪ yet he himself was so famous a Man, that he might as deservedly be compared to Numa Pompilius, as Trajan to Romulus. When he was a private Man he was very honest, but when Emperor, much more. He was rough to none, but kind to all: indifferently honoured for his Military Actions, affecting more to defend the Provinces, than to increase them, he made it his business to seek for men that were able to govern the Commonwealth, always conferring great honour upon good Men, and detesting the bad without severity; he was no less venerable to his Confederate Kings than awful; insomuch that many Nations of the Barbarians laid down their Arms, and submitted themselves to his Opinion in their Controversies and Quarrels: he was very rich before he was Emperor, but wasted it in his Soldiers pay, and gifts bestowed upon his Friends; yet he left a rich Treasury behind him. He was called Pius for his clemency, and died at Lorium, his Country Palace about twelve miles from Rome, in the seventy third year of his age, and twenty third of his Reign, and was deservedly made a God.  
After him reigned M. Antoninus Verus, who was without doubt a most noble Prince: for his Father descended from Numa Pompilius, and his Mother from King Salentinus; with him reigned L. Annius Antoninus Verus, for then the Roman Commonwealth first submitted to the equal authority of two Princes, being governed before but by one Emperor. These were allied by Kindred and Marriage: for Verus Annius Antoninus married the Daughter of M. Antoninus, but M. Antoninus was Son-in-law to Antoninus Pius, by his Wife Galeria Faustina the younger, who was his Cousin-german. They made War with the Parthians, who after the Victory of Trajan, then made their first Rebellion. V. Antoninus marched to this War, and living at Antioch near Armenia, did great actions by the conduct of his Captains; he took Seleucia a very famous City in Assyria with five hundred thousand Men: and conquering the Parthians, made a Triumph with his Brother and Father-in-law. He died in Venetia of the Disease, which the Grecians call the Apoplexy, being killed by a sudden eruption of blood in his brain, in his Litter with his Brother, as he was coming from Concordia to Altinum. He was a rough Man, yet never did any ill thing in reverence to his Brother; he died in the eleventh year of his Reign, and was made a God.  
After him only M. Antoninus governed the Commonwealth; a man more to be admired than praised: he was very peaceable from the beginning of his life; insomuch that neither joy nor grief could alter his countenance; he mightily loved the Stoic Philosophy, and was Master of it as well by Learning, as by the morality of his life. Even when he was a youth he merited so great admiration, that Adrianus designed to make him his Caesar, but having adopted Antoninus Pius, he made him therefore his Son-in-law, that he might come that way to the Government; he learned Philosophy of Apollonius, the Chalcedonian, and Greek of Sextus Chaeronensis, Plutarch's Nephew, and Fronto that most excellent Orator taught him Latin; he carried himself very justly to all the Romans, and was no way puffed up according to the haughtiness of Emperors: he was very liberal, and governed the Provinces with great moderation. Affairs while he reigned were carried on successfully against the Germans, in his own Person, he made one War with the Marcomanni, as considerable as any in Story, even to be compared with the Carthaginian Wars, and from the loss of whole Armies to be esteemed worse. In his time there happened so great a Pestilence, that after his Victory over the Persians, a great number of Men and almost all his Soldiers died through Italy and the Provinces. Wherefore after he had persevered with great labour and patience full three years at Carnuntum, he ended that War with the Marcomanni, which had been carried on by the confederacy of the Quadi, the Vandali, the Sarmatae, the Suevi and all the neighbouring Barbarians; he slew a great many thousand of them, and having freed the Pannonii from their servitude, he made another Triumph at Rome with his Son Com. Antoninus, whom he had made his Caesar. When his Exchequer was all exhausted in this War, and he had no assistance by Presents, being unwilling to lay any thing upon the Provinces or the Senate, he made an Inventory of the furniture of his Palace, and in Trajan's Forum for two months exposed to sale his golden Vessels, his Crystal and Amber Cups, his Wives and his own Wardrobe, and a great many Jewels, from which he raised a good Sum of God, and after the Victory bought his Householdstuff again of them that were willing to sell, being offended with none that refused it. He also granted that Noblemen might make Feasts with the same Grandeur and Retinue as himself. After this Victory he was so noble in his Sports and public Shows, that he is reported to have exposed in the Amphitheatre an hundred Lions at once. Thus after he had restored the Commonwealth to a prosperous condition, he died in the sixty first year of his age, having Reigned about eighteen years, and was made a God according to the earnest desires of all Men.  
Lucius Antoninus Commodus succeeded him, a Man not at all like his Father, yet considerable for a War, he managed successfully against the Germans; he endeavoured to have the month September called Commodus from his own name; being depraved by his luxury and lusts, he oftentimes fought as a Gladiator in their Fencing Schools, and in the Amphitheatre with such sort of Men. He died suddenly, and 'twas thought he was strangled or poisoned, when he had Reigned twelve years and eight months from the death of his Father, so detested by every body, that he was reflected upon as an Enemy to mankind, even after he was dead.  
Pertinax succeeded him, an old Man, who being above seventy years old, and Governor of Rome, was made Emperor by an Order of the Senate; he was slain in the eightieth day of his Reign, by a mutiny of the Praetorian Soldiers, and the treachery of Julian.  
After him Salvius Julianus took the government, he was a noble Man and skilful in the Laws, Nephew to Salvius Julianus, who in the time of Adrianus drew up the perpetual Statute. He was conquered by Severus at the Milvian Bridg, and was slain in the Palace, having reigned seven months.  
Septimius Severus succeeded him, he was born in Africa, at Leptis, a Town of the Province of Tripoli. He was the first and last Emperor in the memory of Man that ever came out of Africa, he was first an Advocate in the Treasury, afterwards a Tribune of the Soldiers, and so by various employments he came to the government of the Commonwealth. He called himself Pertinax in honour of that Pertinax slain by Julian; he was very parsimonious, and by nature cruel. He fought many Wars, and came off successfully: he slew Pescennius Niger at the City Cyzicus, who had made a Rebellion in Egypt and Syria: he overcame the Parthians and the Arabians to such a degree, that if he pleased he might have made their Country a Province; wherefore he was called Parthicus and Arabicus: he built many Cities all over the Roman Empire. In his Reign Clodius Albinus, that conspired with Julian to kill Pertinax, made himself Caesar in Gaul, but was overcome and slain at Lugdunum. Severus, besides the honour he obtained in Military Actions, was much renowned for Politics, being a very good Scholar, and an excellent Philosopher: his last War was in Britanny, where he fortified the Provinces, he had recovered, with a great wall two & thirty miles long, from the Germane Ocean to the Irish Sea: he died at Eboracum when he was a very old man, in the eighteenth year, and fourth month of his Reign, and was consecrated a God: he left his two Sons Bassianus and Geta to succeed him, and by order of Senate would have Bassianus, called Antoninus; wherefore he assumed the name of M. Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, and succeeded his Father; for his Brother Geta being looked upon as a public enemy, was forthwith slain. M. Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, called also Caracalla, was much of his Father's disposition, yet somewhat more rough and ill natured: he made a famous Bath at Rome, called Antoninianae; the only remarkable thing of his life: he was one so ungovernable in his Lust, that he married his Mother-in-law Julia: he ended his days at Osroenes, a City not far from Edessa, in his design against the Parthians, in the sixth year of his Reign, and second month, scarce three and forty years old, and was buried at the public cost of the people.  
Then Opilius Macrinus the Captain of the Guards was made Emperor with his Son Diadumenus, they did nothing worth memory, for they reigned but fourteen months, and were both slain by a tumult of the Soldiers. After these two Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was made Emperor; he was thought to be the Son of Antoninus Caracalla, but indeed he was a Priest of the Temple of Heliogabalus: he, when he came to Rome, with the great expectation both of Soldiers and Senators, disgraced himself with all sorts of Scandal, and lived most shamefully and lewdly; so after two years and eight months his Soldiers slew him and his Mother Semia, the Syrian.  
Next to him reigned Aurelius Alexander, he was styled by his Army Caesar, and by the Senate Augustus; he was a very young Man, and making War with the Persians, most gloriously overcame Xerxes their King. He strictly kept up the Discipline of his Soldiers, and disbanded some whole Legions, that were tumultuous. Ulpian the famous Civilian was the Master of his Rolls. He was very favourable to Rome, but slain in Gaul, in an uproar of the Soldiers, having reigned thirteen years and eight days, extremely dutiful to his Mother Mammaea.   

The Ninth Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
The Reign of Maximinus, Gordianus, Philippus, Decius, Valerianus, Gallienus, Claudius, Aurelianus, Tacitus, Probus, Carus, Numerianus, Carinus, Diocletianus; with other Remarks:  
From V. C. 987. to 1056.  By Mr. Martin Bowes. 
AFTER Aurelius Alexander, Maximinus was the first of any in the Army, that obtained the government of the Empire, chose only by the Soldiers, without the Authority of the Senate, himself being no Senator, having managed the War successfully against the Germans: when he war saluted Imperator by his Soldiers: upon their revolt, Pupienus killed him and his young Son at Aquileia, with whom he had reigned three years and a few days.  
Afterwards there were three Emperors at once, Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordianus: the two first were of a very mean Family; Gordianus was a Nobleman: for his Father being Proconsul of Africa, was chosen Emperor by the consent of the Soldiers, when Maximinus reigned; but when they came to Rome, Balbinus and Pupienus were killed in the Palace, and Gordianus was Emperor alone; who being but a young man, having married Tranquillina at Rome, set open the Temple of double-faced Janus: and marching to the East, made War with the Parthians, who now endeavoured to invade the Empire; which War he managed very well, and beat the Persians in great Battles. Returning home, he was killed by the treachery of Philip, who succeeded him. His Soldiers built for him a Monument near the River Euphrates, twenty miles from Circessus a Castle of the Romans, and carrying his Body to Rome, styled him a God.  
The two Philips, the Father, and the Son, when Gordianus was dead, got the Empire; and having brought back the Army safe, they marched from Syria to Italy. When they governed, in the thousandth year of the City, there was a great Festival celebrated with all manner of sports. They afterwards were both killed by their Soldiers, the eldest at Verona, the younger at Rome; having reigned five years. Nevertheless they were numbered amongst the Gods.  
After these, Decius' who came from the lower Pannonia, born at Bubalia, took upon him the Empire: he ended the Civil War that was in Gaul, and made his Son his Caesar: he built a Bath at Rome. When he and his Son had ruled two years, they were slain fight far from Rome with the Barbarians, and consecrated amongst the Roman Gods.  
Then Gallus Hostilianus, and Volusianus his Son were made Emperors; under their Government Aemilianus endeavoured an Insurrection in Maesia: to suppress whom, in their march, they were killed at Interamna before two years' end: they did no great action all their Reign, it being only remarkable for the Plague, and other diseases.  
Aemilianus born of very obscure Parents, governed more obscurely, and died in the third month of his Reign.  
Then Licinius Valerianus being General in Rhaetia and Noricum, was saluted first Imperator by his Army, afterwards Augustus. Gallienus likewise was made Emperor by the Senate: Their Government was pernicious, and almost destructive to the Roman name, either by the ill fortune, or idleness of these Princes. The Germans came up to Ravenna. Valerianus waging War in Mesopotamia, was overcome by Sapores King of the Persians; and being made captive, lingered out a dishonourable old age in slavery amongst the Parthians.  
Gallienus when he was a young man, was made Emperor; at first he managed the Empire happily, then indifferently, at last very ill; for in his youth he acted valiantly in Gaul, and Illyricum, having killed Ingenuus at Mursia who usurped the Empire, and Trebellianus: a long while he was quiet and peaceable; afterward falling into all vice: he neglected the Commonwealth, through idleness and despair; the Almans having wasted all Gaul, broke into Italy: he lost Dacia, which lying beyond the Danube, was brought under subjection by Trajan: Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, and Asia were overrun by the Goths: Pannonia was spoiled by the Sarmatians, and the Quadi: the Germans came even to Spain, and besieged the noble City Tarraco: the Parthians having overcome Mesopotamia, began to claim a title to Syria. Now things being in despair, and the Roman Empire almost overthrown, Posthumus born of a very mean Race, made himself Emperor in Gaul, and managed his affairs so for ten years' space, that he almost won all the Provinces that were lost) with great valour and moderation: he was killed in a tumult of his Soldiers, because he would not deliver up the City Moguntiacum, which had rebelled against him in an Insurrection of Lollianus, to be plundered by his Soldiers. After him Marius a most useful man made himself Emperor, and was killed the second day of his Reign. Victorinus a very valiant man took upon him the Government of Gaul, but being very lascivious, and a defiler of other men's Beds, he was killed at Agrippina, by the Plot of one Acturius in the second year of his Reign. Tetricus a Senator succeeded him, who was Governor of Aquitania, and was chosen Emperor by his Soldiers in his absence; he took upon him the Government at Burdegala, and patiently bore many Mutinies in the Army. But whilst these things were done in Gaul, in the East the Persians were overcome by Odenatus, who descending Syria, and regaining Mesopotamia, went as far as Ctesiphon. Thus Gallienus not minding the Commonwealth, the Roman Empire was kept up in the West by Posthumus, in the East by Odenatus; in the mean time Gallienus, and his Brother Valerianus were killed at Mediolanum in the ninth year of their Reign: and Claudius succeeded him, chosen by his Soldiers, and declared Emperor by the Senate. In a great Battle he overcame the Goths spoiling and depopulating Illyricum, and Macedonia: he was a frugal modest man, a lover of Justice, and fit to govern the Commonwealth; who nevertheless died of a natural death, before he had reigned two years, and was styled a God. The Senate honoured him mightily, that he should have a Golden Shield set up for him in the Senate-house, with a Golden Statue in the Capitol.  
After him Quintilius the Brother of Claudius was chosen Emperor by the consent of his Soldiers; a man from his extraordinary moderation, and civility either to be equalled or preferred before his Brother: the Senate agreed that he should be called Augustus. He was killed when he had been Emperor sixteen days.  
After him Aurelian took upon him the Empire, born in Dacia Ripensis; he was a man powerful in War, but of an unruly nature, and prone to cruelty: he very valiantly beat the Goths, and restored the Roman Empire by various successes of War to its ancient bounds: he overcame Tetricus in Gaul amongst the Catalauni: Tetricus delivering up his Army whose continual Seditions he could not bear; for by secret Letters he so pressed Aurelian, that among other arguments he used this Verse of Virgil, Eripe me his invicte malis, that is, Deliver me thou great Conqueror, from these misfortunes. He also in a very great Battle took Zenobia, not far from Antioch, when her Husband Odenatus who commanded those parts of the East was killed, and entering Rome, he triumphed very nobly, as if he had been Conqueror of the East, and West; Tetricus and Zenobia going before his Chariot. Tetricus afterward was Governor of Lucania, but Zenobia left her posterity at Rome, which remain there to these days. In his Reign those that belonged to the Mint having coined false money, and killed Felicissimus, the Master of the Mint, made a Rebellion in Rome, whom he subdued and quelled with extreme cruelty: he put to death many Noblemen, being severe and bloody, and in some things rather necessary than to be beloved: he was harsh all his life time, and killed his Sister's Son; yet a great keeper up of Military Discipline, and a strict corrector of his Soldiers dissolute manners: he repaired and fortified the Walls about Rome, and erected a Temple to the Sun, enriching it with much Gold and Jewels: he deserted the Province of Dacia, which Trajan had extended beyond the Danube: he wasted all Illyricum and [Maesia; despairing that it could be kept, having drawn the Romans out of the Cities of the Country of Dacia:] he placed them in the middle of Maesia, lying on the right side of the Danube, as it flows into the Euxine Sea, when before it was on the left side. He was killed by the treachery of a Servant, who brought some names remarked upon to some Soldiers, his Friends, forging the Emperor's Hand as if he had intended to kill them; so that he might be prevented, he was killed upon a Journey in the middle of the old way, between Constantinople and Heraclea: the place is called Caenophrurium; but his death was revenged, and he was made a God, having reigned five years and six months.  
Then Tacitus took upon him the Empire; a man well bred and fit to govern the Commonwealth; but he could not do any famous action, dying before he had been Emperor six months. Florianus, who succeeded Tacitus reigned but two months, and twenty days; neither did he any act worth memory.  
After him Probus, a man famous in Military affairs, got the Rule of the Commonwealth; he restored Gaul with great success, which the Barbarians possessed: he happily suppressed some endeavouring to usurp the Empire, viz. Saturninus in the East, Proculus, and Bonosus at Agrippina: he suffered the Gauls, and Pannonians to have Vineyards; and his Soldiers having planted Vines on the Mountain Almus near Sirmium, and on the Mountain Aureus in the upper Maesia, he charged the Inhabitants to look after them; he, when he had waged a great many Wars having obtained peace, said, that within a little time there would be no need of Soldiers: he was a valiant and just man, equalling Aurelian in Military glory, but excelling him in civility: and was killed in the Iron Tower at Sirmium, in a Mutiny of his Soldiers, having reigned six months and four days.  
After him Carus being Emperor, born at Narbona in Gaul, made Carinus and Numerianus his Sons, his Caesar's; with whom he ruled two years; but whilst he waged War with the Sarmatians, having heard of the Insurrection in Persia, marching to the East he performed noble actions against them, and overthrew them in a Battle: he took Seleucia and Ctesiphon very eminent Cities, and when he had pitched his Camp by the Tigris, was killed by a Thunderbolt. Numerianus his Son, whom he had brought along with him into Persia, a young man of very great hopes, being carried by reason of a pain in his eyes in his Litter, was treacherously killed through the incitement of Aper his Father-in-law, and when he had cunningly hid him [till he could get the Empire for himself] his murder was found out by the stench of his body; the Soldiers of his Guard being disturbed with the smell, having taken off the clothes of the Bed, after a few days discovered his death. In the mean time Carinus, whom Carus, when he made his expedition against the Parthians, had left in Illyricum, Gaul, and Italy, defiled himself in all manner of Vice: he put many to death with the accusation of forged crimes: he abused many Noblewomen, and was also mischievous to his fellow Students, who had been somewhat smart upon him in their Schools; for which being hated by all men, he a little after was punished. The Army returning home after the conquest of Persia, when Carus and Numerianus their Emperors were killed, one by a Thunderbolt, the other by treachery, made Dioclesian Emperor born in Dalmatia of obscure Parents, being generally reported to be the Son of a Scrivener, but by some the Son of a Freeman to Anulinus a Senator: he in the first Assembly of the Soldiers swore that he had no hand in kill Numerianus, and when Aper who murdered Numerianus, stood next to him, he run him through with his own hand in the sight of all the Army: afterward he overcame Carinus in a great Battle at Murgum, who lived hated and detested of all men: he was delivered up by his own Army, being stronger than the Enemy, and deserted between the Mountain Viminatius and Aureus. Thus Dioclesian obtained the Roman Empire, and the Country people in Gaul making an Insurrection, and calling their Rebellion by the name of the Bagaude, under their Captains Amandus, and Aelianus: he sent Maximianus Herculius his Caesar to suppress them, who in small Skirmishes overcame them, and settled that part of Gaul. Then also Carausius, who born of a very mean Family, had got great honour by his good service in the War; when at Dononia all along the Coast of Belgic Gaul, and Armorica, he had undertaken to secure the Seas which the Franks, and the Saxons infested; having often taken many Barbarians, and not restoring the entire spoil, neither to the Inhabitants of the Province, nor presenting it to the Emperors; when there began to be a suspicion, that he had let in the Barbarians on purpose, that he might meet them in their passage, and so enrich himself with the spoils: being commanded by Maximianus to be killed, made himself Emperor, and seized upon on Britanny. So when all over the world things were in confusion, Carausius rebelled in Britanny, Achilleus in Egypt, the Quinquegentiani molested Africa, Narseus made War in the East, Diocletian advanced Maximianus Herculius from Caesar to Augustus, and made Constantius, and Maximianus Caesar's; of whom Constantius was Claudius' Grandson by his Daughter, Maximianus Galerius was born in Dacia, not far from Sardica, and that he might also alley them by affinity, Constantius married Theodora, the Daughter-in-law of Herculius, of whom he had six Children, the Brothers of Constantine. Galerius married Valeria the Daughter of Dioclesian, both of them being forced to divorce their former Wives. At last he made peace with Carausius, when he had endeavoured a War in vain against him, being very skilful in Military Discipline. alectus his Colleague killed him seven years after, and kept Britanny three years after his death, who also was killed by Asclepiodotus Captain of the Guards, so Britanny in the tenth year was reduced to the the Roman Power. About the same time a Battle was fought by Constantius in Gaul near the Lingones; in one day he had experience of good and bad fortune; for on a sudden the Barbarians rushing upon him, he was forced to retreat into the City, they were in such disorder, that having shut up the Gates, they drew him up the Walls by Ropes. Within less than five hours after, a fresh Army coming up, he destroyed almost sixty thousand Almans; also Maximianus the Emperor finished the War in Africa, having overcome the Quinquegentiani, and forced them to make a Peace. Dioclesian within the space of eight months overcame Achilleus besieged in Alexandria, and killed him; he exercised his Victory with cruelty, and defiled all Egypt with severe proscriptions, and slaughters; but on that occasion he managed and did many things wisely, which remain to this time. Galerius Maximianus fought between Callinicum and Carrae at first unhappily, but at last successfully; yet rather through indiscretion than cowardice, joining Battle with a very few men against a very powerful Enemy; wherefore being beat, he went to Dioclesian, who meeting him in the way, was reported to have received him with such great pride, that Galerius ran by his Litter some miles together; afterwards having raised Forces in Illyricum, and Maesia, he fought again very successfully with equal conduct, and valour, in Armenia the Great, against Narseus the Grandfather of Ormisda, and Sapores; having been himself a Scout, with one or two Horsemen. Narseus' being overthrown, he plundered his Camp, took his Wives, Sisters, and Children, a great many Persian Noblemen, with a very rich Treasure, and forced him to fly to the farthermost recesses of the Kingdom. Wherefore upon his return this Conqueror was received with great honour by Dioclesian, staying in Mesopotamia with a reserve. Then they waged War sometimes together, sometimes separate, having overcome the Carpi, the Basternae, and the Sarmatians. They placed a great many Captives of these Nations upon the Roman Frontiers. Dioclesian was cunning, witty, and subtle, so managing himself in his severity, that other men might bear the hatred. Nevertheless he was a very careful and prudent Prince, and was the first that rather observed the form of Regal Customs than of Roman Liberty: and when before his time Emperors were only saluted, he commanded the people to worship him as a God: he wore Jewels upon his clothes and Shoes; whereas before the Badge of Royalty consisted in a Purple Coat, the other dress was in common: but Herculius in outward appearance fierce, and of a rude disposition, discovered his roughness in the horror of his countenance; but smoothing his own nature, he obeyed Dioclesian in his more severe designs. Dioclesian, when he grew old, finding himself unfit to govern the Empire, moved Herculius to live a private life, and give up the Commonwealth to brisker and younger men; to which his Colleague unwillingly consented; yet both of them upon a certain day changed the Royal Robe for a Private Habit; Dioclesian at Nicomedia, Herculius at Mediolanum, after they had gloriously triumphed at Rome over a great many Nations, with a magnificent show of Pageants, in which the Wives, Sisters, and Children of Narseus went before their Chariot; one of them retired to Salonae, the other to Lucania. Dioclesian as a private man spun out an honourable old age at a place near Salonae, exercising himself in Virtue unusual to him before. He was the only man after the foundation of the Roman Empire, that of his own accord descended from so high a pitch to a private condition; for which reason this happened to him which never did to any other, that tho dying a private man, he should be consecrated a God..   

The Tenth Book OF EUTROPIUS:  
Constantius, Galerius, Licinius, Constantinus, with his three Sons, and Successors; also Julianus, Jovianus, with other Roman Synchronisms.  
From A. C. 1056. to 1119.  By Mr. John Shadwell. 
THerefore Dioclesian and Herculius retiring, Constantius and Galerius were created Emperors to govern the Commonwealth, and the Roman Empire was divided between them: Constantius had Gaul, Italy and Africa, Galerius possessed himself of Illyricum, Asia, and the Eastern parts having chosen two Caesars. But Constantius satisfied with the honour of being Emperor refused the trouble of governing Italy and Africa, he was an excellent Man, and of most extraordinary civility, extremely gracious to his Allies and private Persons, he cared not for the fullness of his Exchequer, and was better pleased to have the public wealth in the hands of private Men, than shut up in one fund. He affected Pomp so little▪ that on festival Days, if he were to feast with many of his Friends, he borrowed furniture and Plate from private persons to entertain them. The gaul's not only loved this Man, but even reverenced him, chiefly because under his power they had escaped the suspected policy of Dioclesian and the bloody rashness of Maximianus, he died in Britanny at York in the thirteenth year of his Reign, and was consecrated amongst the God.  
Galerius was a Man well bred and famous in warlike matters, when he found that the government of Italy fell under his Command by the consent of Constantius, he ordained two Caesars. But Constantius being dead, Constantine his Son by a Wife of mean quality was made Emperor in Britain, and as one most desirable succeeded his Father. In the mean while the Praetorian Band at Rome having raised a mutiny, proclaimed Maxentius the Son of Herculius Emperor, who lived publicly not far from Rome, at which news Maximianus Herculius hoping to reassume the power, he had unwillingly forsaken, came soon to Rome from Lucania, where as a private man he had chosen to dwell, growing old in that most pleasant Country. He persuaded Dioclesian also by Letters (but in vain) to re-take the Power he had laid down. But Severus Caesar being sent to Rome by Galerius against the insurrection of the Praetorian Soldiers, arrived there with his Army, but besieging the City his Soldiers basely deserted him: thus Maxentius his power was increased, and the Empire confirmed to him. Severus in his flight was slain at Ravenna: but Herculius Maximianus after these things endeavouring to depose his Son Maxentius in an Assembly of the Army, made the Soldiers mutiny and revile him. Upon this he went to Gaul with a treacherous Design, to associate himself with his Son-in-law Constantine, as if his own Son had expelled him, but endeavouring whenever he had an opportunity to kill Constantine, who reigned in Gaul much beloved both by his Soldiers and the Natives, having beaten the Franci and the Alamanni, he exposed their Captive Kings to wild Beasts at his public and noble Show. Wherefore his treachery being detected by his Daughter Fausta, who discovered the Villainy to her Husband, Herculius fled to Massilia, and there slain (intending to sail from thence to his Son) was punished with a just Death. He was a Man prone to all kind of roughness and cruelty, unfaithful, injurious, and very barbarous.  
Now Galerius made Licinius Emperor being a Dacian, having been formerly acquainted with him, and acceptable to him for his great endeavours and services in the War he made against Narseus: Galerius soon after died: then the Commonwealth was governed by these four Emperors, Constantine and Maxentius Sons of Emperors, Licinius and Maximinus being Upstarts. But Constantine in the fifth year of his Reign raised a Civil War against Maxentius, and routed his Forces in a great many Battles, at last at the Milvian Bridg he conquered him (who had raged with all kind of cruelty against the Nobility at Rome) and so gained Italy. Not long after Maximinus attempting an insurrection in the East against Licinius, his own accidental death at Tarsus, prevented his intended destruction. But Constantine was a great Man, and endeavouring to perform all that he had designed in his mind; also affecting the Government of all the World; he brought War upon Licinius, although he was familiarly acquainted with him and nearly related to him, his Sister Constantia being married to Licinius: on a sudden he set upon him first in Pannonia, and then as he was gathering together great Forces at the City Cibalae, and having gained all Dardania, Moesia and Macedonia, he possessed himself of a great many Provinces. Afterwards there arose several Wars between them, and the Peace which was made, broken in the end, Licinius conquered in a Sea-fight, and at Land at Nicomedia, yielded up himself, and was killed a private Man at the City Thessalonica contrary to the sincerity of a solemn Oath. Then the Roman Empire was under one Emperor and three Caesars (never so before) Constantine's Sons governing Gaul, the Eastern parts and Italy: but this wonderful success somewhat altered Constantine from his tractable and gentle temper. So that first persecuting his nearest Friends, he killed his Sister's Son an excellent young Man, and of a very good disposition; and after the slaughter of very many of his Friends he put his Wife to death: He was a Man in the beginning of his Reign to be compared with the best of Princes, but at last to be ranked with the indifferent, adorned with a great many Virtues both of Mind and Body, very ambitious of Military honour, Fortune was successful to him in War, but his industry was as great as his Fortune. For after the Civil War he often beat the Goths: and at last having granted them peace, he left even amongst those Barbarians a great remembrance of his favour. He was addicted to civil Arts and generous Exercises, an affector of true Friendship, which he altogether sought to procure by his liberality and easiness; as he was severe to some of his Friends, so he was extraordinary kind to the rest, letting no opportunity slip to make them rich and eminent. He made a great many Laws, some good and just, very many superfluous, and some severe. He first attempted to advance the City Constantinople called after his own name to so great a pitch as to make it equal with Rome: in his Design to make War against the Parthians, who had harassed Mesopotamia, he died in a public Vill of the City Nicomedia, in the one and thirtieth year of his Reign, and the sixty sixth of his age. His Death was foretold by a blazing Star, (called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) which of an unusual bigness appeared for some time; and he was deservedly made a God.  
He left three of his own Sons and one of his Brothers to succeed him: but Dalmatius Caesar a most hopeful Man not unlike his Uncle was slain a while after by a Military Faction with the consent rather than by the command of his Cousin Constantius. Moreover Constans his Captains slew Constantine making War against his Brother and unadvisedly fight at the City Aquileia. Thus the Commonwealth was reduced to two Emperors. Constans his Reign for some time was great and just, afterwards through sickness and the persuasions of some of his worst Friends, being grown vicious and intolerable to the Subjects of the Provinces, and unacceptable to his Soldiers, he was slain by the Faction of Maxentius, not far from Spain in a Castle called Helena in the eighteenth year of his Reign, and the thirteenth of his age. He performed a great many valiant actions in War, and was terrible to his Army all his life-time without much cruelty. Constantius his fortune was various, for he suffered very many injuries from the Persians, who had oftentimes sacked his Towns, besieged his Cities, and beaten his Armies: never had he any success in Battle against King Sapores unless at Singara, where the eagerness of his Soldiers, lost in probability a certain Victory, who tumultuously and foolishly against the reason of War demanded to fight, the day being far spent. After the death of Constans Magnentius having got Italy, Africa and Gaul, there arose an insurrection in Illyricum. Veteranio being made Emperor by the consent of the Soldiers, and now a very old Man and beloved by all by reason of his long continuance and success in War, was chosen Prince and Governor of Illyricum. He was a virtuous Man observing the ancient Roman manners and of obliging civility, but ignorant of all liberal Sciences; so that he did not learn even the rudiments of Learning, till he was old and made Emperor; but Constantius, who to revenge his Brother's Death had raised a Civil War, put an end to the Reign of Veteranio, who after a new and unusual manner by the agreement of the Soldiers was forced to lay down the Imperial Power. There arose also a mutiny at Rome by the means of Nepotianus Constantine's Sister's Son, who seizing upon the Empire with a party of Gladiators, met with a Death worthy of his cruel beginnings, being slain on the eight and twentieth day by Magnentius his Captains, and his head carried all about the City upon a Javelin. There were great Proscriptions and much slaughter of the Nobility at that time.  
Not long after Magnentius was put to flight, and very near taken in the Battle at Mursa: the great strength of the Romans in that fight was much weakened, even Soldiers that were fit to manage any foreign Wars, and might have procured security and many Triumphs to the Commonwealth. Soon after Constantius sent Gallus his Uncle's Son as Caesar to the East: and Magnentius beaten in several Battles in the third year and the seventh month of his Reign, killed himself at Lugdunum: as his Brother Decentius, whom he had sent with an Imperial Authority to govern Gaul, did also among the Senones.  
At this time Constantius also having committed a great many outrages, killed Gallus Caesar, a man fierce by nature, and prone to tyranny if he had been absolute. Sylvanus also attempting an Insurrection in Gaul, died before the thirtieth day: (then Constantius was the only Prince and Augustus of the Roman Empire.) Soon after he sent Julian Caesar to Gaul, who was his Cousin, and the Brother of Gallus, having given him his Sister in marriage. At that time the Barbarians sacked a great many Towns, besieged others, and had horribly wasted all places. The Roman Empire by these misfortunes was in a tottering condition, by whom with indifferent Forces the great Army of the Alamanni was suppressed at Argentoratum, a City of Gaul, their most considerable King was taken, and Gaul was regained to the Empire. This Julian afterwards performed a great many valiant actions against the Barbarians, and drove the Germans beyond the River Rhine, and restored the Roman Empire to its former Confines. Not long after when the Germane Army was removed from their Garrison in Gaul, Julian was chosen Emperor by the Soldiers, and after a years space he marched to gain Illyricum, whilst Constantius was busy in managing the Parthian Wars, who died in his march between Cilicia and Cappadocia, in the eight and thirtieth year of his Reign, and the five and fortieth of his age, and deserved to be numbered amongst the Gods: he was a man of an exceeding calm temper, easy, and giving too much credit to his friends and familiars: he was also too uxorious, but in the first years of his Reign he behaved himself with great modesty: he also enriched his friends, nor did let any of them want honour, whose industrious services he had made use of: yet inclinable to seseverity, if he grew jealous of any design upon his Empire, but otherwise mild, whose success was greater in the Civil, than in Foreign Wars.  
After this Julian gained the Empire, and with great preparation made War with the Parthiuns, in which Expedition I myself was present: he made some Towns and Castles of the Persians to surrender, or else took them by force; and having depopulated Assyria, he encamped for some time at the Town Ctesiphon, and returning Conqueror was slain by the Enemy, whilst he too rashly pressed on in the Battle, on the sixth of the Kalends of July, in the seventh year of his Reign, and the one and thirtieth of his age, and was translated amongst the Gods; an extraordinary man, designing admirarably to govern the Commonwealth, if he had lived: he was very skilful in Liberal Sciences, and much more learned in Greek than in Latin: he was very eloquent, and had a memory most ready and tenacious, and in some things more resembling a Philosopher: he was liberal towards his friends, but not so careful as it became so great a Prince; for there were some who would wound his honour: he was very just to the Natives of the Provinces, and eased them from Taxes as much as could be: he was courteous to all men, but took little care of his Exchequer, very ambitious of glory, which oftentimes transported his mind: he was too great a Persecutor of the Christians; yet so as he abstained from putting any to death: he was not unlike M. Antoninus, whom he endeavoured to imitate. After Julian, Jovian, who at that time was one of the Guard, was elected Emperor by the Soldiers, more eminent by his Father's commendation than by his own; who through the disorder of his affairs, and the want of provision in the Army, when he was overcome in several Battles by the Persians, made a necessary, though an ignoble peace with King Sapores, being forced to diminish the Confines, and to part with some of the Roman Empire, which in eleven hundred and eighteen years from the building of Rome, never happened till his time. I confess our Legions were made slaves at the Town Caudium by Pontius Telesinus, in Spain also at Numantia and in Numidia; yet no part of the Empire was surrendered. This condition of Peace ought not altogether to have been blamed, if Jovian would have broke the necessity of his League, when it was fresh and in force, as the Romans have done in all these Wars, that I have given an account of; for War was forthwith brought upon the Samnites, the Numantians, and the Numidians; neither was there any Peace ratified. But he staying in the East, and fearing one that would rival him in his Empire, little consulted his own honour: wherefore in his march to Illyricum he suddenly died in the Confines of Galatia: he was a man neither unactive nor imprudent. Many snppose he died of a Surfeit, for he loved to indulge Feasting at Supper, others of the small of his Bedchamber, which coming from the fresh plastering of the Wall, was dangerous to such that lie there: some think he died by the fume of too many coals, which he commanded to be burnt, it being very cold. He died in the seventh month of his Reign, on the fourteenth of the Kalends of March; and as they who speak most probably in the three and thirtieth year of his age, and by the kindness of his Successors was deified; for he was inclined to civility, and very liberal in his nature. This was the state of the Roman Empire, when this Jovian and Varronianus were Consuls in the eleven hundred and 19th. year, after the building of Rome. But since I am come to famous and venerable Princes, I will put an end to my work; for I must speak of what remains in a more lofty stile, which I do not at this time so much omit, as reserve to be written more accurately.   

A Geograpical INDEX To explain the names of the People, Countries, Cities, Rivers, and Hills mentioned by Eutropius.  

A.  
A Chaia, largely taken is helas, or Greece, but strictly part of the Peloponnesus, about Corinth.  
Actium, a City of Epirus, on the Sea Shore, and called Nicopolis in memory of Augustus' Victory over Mark Anthony and Cleopatra.  
Adiabeni, the people of Adiabene, a Country of Assyria.  
Egypt, a Country in Africa anciently divided by Mela into two parts; the lower Delta, the upper Thebais; Famous for the invention of Arts and Physic, Astronomy, Husbandry, etc. It is bounded on the East with the Red-Sea, on the West with Cyrene▪ on the North with the Mediterranean-Sea, on the South with Aethiopia.  
Aemus, or Haemus, the greatest Hill of Thrace, called now Balkan.  
Aequi, a People of Latium in Italy, now called Campagna di Roma.  
Aetoli, a People of Greece, between Acarnania, and Phocis.  
Africa, one of the four parts of the World; it is a Peninsula, joined to Asia by an Isthmus of sixty miles long.  
Agrigentum, the Town Gergento, on the Hill Agragas in Sicily.  
Agrippina, now called Cologne a famous City of the Lower Germany upon the Rhine, so called from Agrippina the Empress and Wife of Claudius.  
Albani, the People of Albania, between Iberia and the Caspian-Sea.  
Albis, a River, it runs through the midst of Germany, called the Elb, and falls into the Sea near Hamborough, it has its name from Halb, that is, half.  
Alexandria, the name of many Cities, but here in Egypt now called Scanderia, built by Alexander the Great.  
Alexandrini, the People of Alexandria.  
Algidus, a Hill 12 miles from Rome, with the Town Algidum built upon it.  
Allia, a River of the Sabins in Italy flowing into the Tiber, supposed now to be Rio de Mosso, famous for the Slaughter of the 300. Fabiuses.  
Almans, a People of Germany near to Rhaetia, heretofore inhabiting in Suevia: now all the Germans are called Almans.  
Altinum, a Town of the Lower Pannonia now Hungary, called Tolna.  
Ambrones, a People of France, where Ambrun is now, though Cluverius makes them some of the Helvetii.  
The Alps, high Mountains which part Italy from Germany and France.  
Anio, a River of the Sabin's flowing into the Tiber, three miles from Rome, now called Teverone.  
Antemnates, the People of the City Antemnae in Italy.  
Anthemisius, a Country of Persia.  
Antiochia, Antioch, a great City of Syria, this is the City where men were first named Christians.  
Apollonia, a name of many Cities. 1. in Macedonia, 2. in Asia, 3. in Thrace.  
Apulia, a Country in Italy, it is now called Puglia, it is divided into two parts, the one is called Puglia Piana or Daunia, the other Peucetia or Terra di Barri.  
Aquileia, a City of Italy not far from Venice.  
Aquitania, the third part of France, now called Guienne, one side bordering on the Ocean-Sea, on the West it hath Spain, on the North the Province of Lions, and on the South Narbone.  
Arabia, a Country of Asia so called, between Judea and Egypt. It is divided into three parts, Arabia the Stony, Arabia the Desert, and Arabia the Happy.  
Ardea, once a City of Italy twenty miles from Rome.  
Argentoratum, a City of Alsatia, it is now called Strasburg.  
Argos, a Country and a City in the Peloponnese.  
Ariminum, a City of Italy, by the River Rubico, cow called Rimini.  
Armenia, now called Turcomania, a Country of Asia divided into two parts, the greater, and the less, the greater hath on the West Cappadocia, on the East, part of the Hyrcane-Sea, on the South Mesopotamia; the Less hath on the North, and West a part of Cappadocia, on the East Euphrates, on the South Taurus.  
Armorica, Bretagne in France, so called by Caesar.  
Arverni, a People of France by the River Loire, this Province is called Auvergne.  
Asia, the third part of the World divided into two parts, the Greater and the Lesser, the Greater is parted from Europe by Tanais, and from Africa by Nilus. The Lesser is now under the power of the Turks and called Anatolia.  
Assyria, a Country in Asia, on the East it hath Media, on the West Mesopotamia, on the North Armenia the Less, and on the South Susiana.  
Atella, a Town of Campania,  
Athenians, the People of the City of Athens now called Setines, famous for an University, built on the Sea-Coast in Attica, first by Cecrops, and called Cecropia.  
Aventinus, one of th' seven Hills of Rome. Now M. di S. Sabina.   

B.  
BAbylon, a noble City in Chaldea, anciently famous for its Brick-Walls built by Semiramis, in height 300 foot, in breadth 75. the River Euphrates passed through the midst of it. It is now called Bagdet.  
Basternae, a People of Sarmatia in Europe, in the Kingdom of Poland near the Euxine Sea.  
Barbaria, a Country in Africa, it is divided into four Kingdoms, Tunis, Algiers, Fess, and Morocco, and it lies all along the Africa Shore from the straits of Gibraltar to Egypt.  
Bebriacum, a Village in Italy between Cremona, and Verona, where Vitellius worsted Otho, it is now called by the Italians, la Bina.  
Belgica, the Low-country, or netherlands, it containeth seventeen Provinces.  
Beneventum, a Town of the Hirpini, now in the Kingdom of Naples built by Diomedes, it was called Maleventum, until a Colony of Romans was brought there, and for good luck's sake it was called Beneventum.  
Berenice, a Maritime City of Cyrene, another in Egypt, both built by Ptolemy in honour of his Wife.  
Bessi, People of Thrace by the River Strymon, famous for Theft and Robbery.  
Bythinia, a Country of Asia the Less, next to Troas, by Solinus it was called Bebrycia, afterwards Mygdonia, now 'tis called Bursia, and Becsanguil, by the Turks Manili.  
Bononia, Bulloign, a City of France in Picardy.  
Bosphorani, a People of Sarmatia nigh the Bosphorus Cimmerius.  
Britannia, the Isle of Britanny, containing England, Scotland, and Wales, it is 800. Miles long, the whole Compass 1836 miles. It hath on the East the Germane Sea, on the West the Irish, on the North the Scottish, on the South it is divided by a narrow Sea from Gallia Belgica.  
Brundusini the People of Brundisium now called Brindisi, it is a City of Calabria by the Adriatic Sea, which hath been a very commodious Haven, whence was their usual Passage into Greece.  
Brutij, a People in the farthest part of Italy beyond the Lucani over against Sicily, whose Kingdom is now called Calabria.  
Burdegala, Bordeaux in Guienne in France, an Arch-Bishops Seat.  
Byzantium, a City of Thrace built by Pausanias a Spartan Captain, it was called Ligos, afterwards Nova Roma in the time of Severus, and being enlarged and made the head of the Oriental Empire in the time of Constantine, it was called Constantinople, it is now under the power of the Turks being won by Mahomet the Second, and it is called Stambol, here is the Seat of the Grand-Seignior.   

C.  
CAbira, a City of Asia the Less in Paphligonia.  
Callaeci, a People of Lusitania, or now rather Gallicia.  
Campania, a Champion Country of Italy in the Realm of Naples, now called Terra di Lavoro.  
Cannae, a pitiful Village in Apulia, famous for a great Overthrow which Hannibal gave the Romans there, where were slain 40000. and among them such a number of Gentry, that he sent three bushels full of Rings to Carthage.  
Capitolium, the Capitol, a strong Castle of Rome built on one of the seven Hills of Rome of that Name.  
Cappadocia, a Country in Asia the Less, it is otherwise called Leucosyria, Almasia or Geneck and anciently Moga.  
Capua, a famous City of Campania, not far from Naples.  
Carnuntum, a City of the Upper Pannonia now St. Petronel.  
Carpi, a People of Salmatia Europoea.  
Carrae, a City in Mesopotamia, by the Hebrews Charan, now Herens. Here Abraham dwelled, and it was here that Crassus the Roman with his whole Army was Routed so miserably by the Parthians.  
Carthago, a famous City of Africa, built by Dido after the Temple of Solomon 135 years, and before the building of Rome 133. in the year of the destruction of Troy 300. now called Tunis.  
Catalauni, the People of a Country in Spain belonging to the Kingdom of Arragon.  
Catanenses, the People of Catana, now Catania lying between Messina, and Syracuse.  
Cattis, People of Germany now under the Langrave of Hessen.  
Celtiberia, a Country in Spain lying near the River Iberus in the Country of Biscay.  
Chalcedon, a City in Bythinia where the fourth General Council was held before Christ 453. to refute the Heresy of Nestorius, it is otherwise called Computa, and of late time Calcitiu, and Caulina.  
Cilicia, a Country in the Lesser Asia, where St. Paul was born, it is now called Caramania and Fenichia.  
Cimbri, a People of Denmark and Holstein.  
Circessunt, a Castle of the Romans not far from Euphrates.  
Clypea, a Maritime City of Africa.  
Coelius, one of the Seven Hills of Rome, now M. di S. Giovanni Laterano.  
Caeninenses, the People of the Town Caenina in Italy.  
Colchis, a Country by the Euxine Sea in Asia near Pontus, having on the North the Hill Corax, being a part of Taurus, on the East Iberia, on the South Phasis, it is now Mengrelia and Laxia.  
Colchi, the People of Colehis.  
Concordia, a City of the Carni by Aquileia, also a City in Germany called Kochersberg.  
Constantinople, a City in Thrace called the Port, by the Turks Stambol, it is the Seat of the Grand Signior.  
Corinth, a famous and rich City of Achaia placed in the Isthmus going into Morea.  
Corsica, an Isle in the Ligustick Sea about six miles from Sardinia, 'tis in compass 300 miles, it is now under the City of Genoa.  
Creta, the Isle called Candia, situated in the mouth of the Aegean Sea, between Rhodes and Peloponnesus, the breadth of it is fifty miles, the length 279.  
Crustumii, a People of Thuscia nigh the Veii in Italy.  
Ctesiphon, a Town of Assyria called Calamio, or Calaneth.  
Cyrene, a Province of Libya between Mareotis, and Zeugitana.  
Cyzicus, a large City of Mysia in the Lesser Asia by the Propontis.   

D.  
DAcia, a Country beyond Hungary and the Danow, 'tis now divided into Transylvania, which was called Dacia, Mediterranea and Valachia, called the Hilly Dacia, and Moldavia.  
Daci, the People of Dacia.  
Dalmatae, People of Dalmatia.  
Dalmatia, part of Illyricum, now called Sclavonia, lying between Croatia, Bosnia, Servia and the Adriatic Sea.  
Danubius, the Danow, the greatest River in Europe, as it passes by Illyricum, it changes its name, and is called Ister, it receives into it sixty more Rivers, and arises in the lowest side of Germany out of the Hill Arnoba, and runs into the Euxine Sea.  
Dardania, the City of Troy in Phrygia, in Asia the Less, built by King Dardanus.  
Dodonae, a City of Chaonia, or Molossia, now called Larta or Janna, and by the Turks, under whose Government it is, Arbanos.   

E.  
EBoracum, a City in the Kingdom of England, called York.  
Edessa, a City of Syria.  
Edessi, the People of Edessa.  
Ephesus, a City in jonia, built by the Amazons, as Justin says, and called by Lysimachus, who removed it to where it now stands after his Wife's name Arsinoe, but now Figena or Efeso, famous for the Temple of Diana, one of the seven Wonders of the World, which was burned by Erostratus the same night that Alexander was born.  
Epirus, a Country in Greece, 'twas called by the Ancients Chaonia and Molossia, now Larta and Chimaera, 'tis under the Turks, and by some called Albania inferior.  
Esquilinus, one of the seven Hills of Rome.  
Eumenia, a City of Phrygia, built by Eumenes, from whom it took its name.  
Euphrates, a River of Mesopotamia rising out of Niphatis a Hill of Armenia, one of the Rivers that come out of Paradise, it passes through Babylon, and now called Aferat or Frat.  
Europa, Europe, one of the four parts of the World, and most considerable for Arts and Arms, so called from Europa the Daughter of Agenor King of Tyre.   

F.  
FAlisci, a People of Tuscany, in Italy, subdued by Camillus the Consul.  
Fidenae, a City of Latium, a Province of Italy, now called St. Peter's Patrimony.   

G.  
GAbii, a City of the Volscians twelve miles from Rome in the way to Praeneste, now called Campo Gabio.  
Galatia, or Gallograecia, a Country in Asia the Less, lying between Paphlagonia, Pontus, and Cappadocia, whereof Dejotarus, for whom Tully did make an Oration, was King, 'tis now called Chiangare; and by the Turks Gelas.  
Gallia, now called France, it is bounded with the English, Aquitane and Mediterranean Seas, the Pyrenean Hills and the Alps.  
Galli, the People of Gallia, now called the French.  
Germania, Germany, a most large Country in Europe, having on the West the River Rhine, on the North the Baltic Ocean, on the South-West the Danow, 'tis divided into ten Circles, and Governed by the Emperor, and seven Electoral Princes, with other Dukes and Petty Princes.  
Germani, Germans, the People of Germany.  
Gothi, a people of the Lower Scythia, in the Northern part of Europe, they did Waste and Depopulate a great part of Europe.  
Graecia, a famous Eastern Province of Europe, the Nurse of Valour and Learning.   

H.  
HElvetii, the People of Helvetia, now called Swissers.  
Heraclea, a City in Thrace betwixt Stanbol and Galliopolis, once called Perinthus.  
Hierosolyma, Jerusalem, called also Salem, and by the Poets Solyma, the chief City of the Holy Land, indeed once of the whole World, 'twas also called Aelia, from Aelius Adrianus. The Turks who have it now in possession, call it Chutz or Gets.  
Hispania, the Country of Spain by the Ancients called Iberia, 'tis environed with the Mediterranean, the Ocean, and Cantabrian Seas, except towards France, from which 'tis severed by the Pyrenean Hills.   

I.  
Janiculum, a Castle upon the Hill Janiculus, one of the four Hills of Rome, called from the God Janus; now Montorio.  
Iberi, a People of Spain, which was called Iberia, either from King Iberus, or from the River Iberus.  
Illyricum, the Country called Sclavonia, or Wedenland, having on the North Pannonia, on the West Istria, on the East Mysia Superior, and on the South the Adriatic Sea.  
India, a large Country of Asia, called by the Natives Indostan, 'tis bounded on the East with China, on the North with Tartary, on the West with Persia, and on the South with the Indian Sea.  
Interamna and Italian City in Vmbria, called Terani.  
Isauria, a Southern Country of Galatia, joining to Pisidia, with a City called Isauria, which was afterwards called Claudiopolis.  
Istri, the People of Istria, a Country now in Italy, by the Dutch called Histerech, so called from the River Ister, under the Dominion of Venice.  
Italica, a City of Spain, built by Scipio Africanus.  
Ituraei, the People of Iturea a Region of Palestine bordering upon Arabia.  
Judaei, Jews, People of Judaea, or Palestine, now dispersed over all the World.   

L.  
LAcedaemonia, a large Country of Peloponnesus, now called Tzaconia, the chief City whereof was Lacedaemon, called also Sparta.  
Lacedaemonii, the People of Lacedaemon.  
Latini, the People of Latium, a Province in Italy, now called Compagna di Roma.  
Leptis, a City of Africa, between the two Syrteses belonging to Tripoli, and now called Lebeda, or Lepeda.  
Libyssa, a Town of Bythynia, called now Polmen, where Hannibal died, between Nicomedia and Chalcedon.  
Ligures, the People of Liguria in Italy, reaching from the Hill Apenninus to the Tuscan Sea, of which Genoa is the chief City, 'tis now called La Riviera di Genova.  
Lilybaeum, a Promontory and City of Sicily, now called Capo coco.  
Lingones, People of France, dwelling about Longres.  
Lorium, a Village 12 miles from Rome.  
Lucania, a Country of Italy in the Kingdom of Naples.  
Lugdunum, the City Lions in France, called for difference-sake Lugdunum Celtarum, from Lugdunum Batavorum.  
Lusitania, the third part of Spain, now called Protugal, 'tis parted on the North from Tarracon, by the River Ducro.  
Lycia, a Country in Asia the Less, now called Bricquia, by others Aldinelli, situated between Caria and Pamphylia.   

M.  
MAcedonia, a large Country of Greece, containing several Provinces, 'tis now all under the Turks.  
Maesi, People of Maesia, a Country in Europe, adjoining to Pannonia, and running out at length along the Danube to the Pontus, anciently the higher, and the lower now Bulgaria Servia.  
Magnesia, a Country of Macedonia joining to Thessaly, containing Pieria and Pelasgia.  
Marcomanni, People near Austria, whose Country is called Mark; or as others, Bohemians.  
Mare Rubrum, the Red Sea, called by the Greeks Erythraeum, and 'tis also called Sinus Arabicus, it parts Asia from Africa.  
Mariana, a City in Corsica, now called Matino or Zagorolo.  
Marsi, a People of Latium in Italy.  
Massilia, a City in Provence in France, called Marsiles.  
Mazaca, the City Caesaria in Cappadocia, by the Hill Argaeus.  
Mauritania, a Country in Africa, called Morisco, lying towards the Gaditan Straits, and the West Ocean, 'tis divided into Tingitana (which contains in it the Kingdom of Fess and Morocco) and Caesariensis called the Kingdom of Algiers, and is now with other Countries contained under the general name of Barbary.  
Mediolanum, the City of Milan in Italy, where St. Ambrose was Bishop, remarkable for four things: for multitude of People, a stately Church, a strong Castle, and a Library well furnished.  
Mesopotamia, a Country of Asia, between Tigris and Euphrates.  
Milvius Pons, a Bridge two miles from Rome, where Milvius Ager lies.  
Moguntiacum, the City Mentz in Germany, the Seat of one of the Spiritual Electors of the Emperor, here was Printing first invented.  
Munda, a Town in Hispania Boetica, where the last and most bloody Battle that ever Caesar undertook, was fought between him and the Sons of Pompey.  
Mursa, a Town in Pannonia.   

N.  
NArbona, a City in France, an Arch-Bishops See.  
Nicomedia, a City of Bythinia by the Propontis.  
Nicomedienses, a People of Bythinia.  
Nisibis, otherwise Antiochia, of this name are many Cities, one of Syria, called Epiphane.  
Nola, a City of Campania, fourteen miles from Naples, where Augustus Caesar died, though our Author mentions Atella.  
Noricum, a great tract of Ground containing several Countries, as great part of Austria, Stiria, Carinthia, etc.  
Numantia, a City of Spain, now called Soria or Garray.  
Numentana, via, a Road, that went from Rome to Nomentum.  
Numidia, a part of Africa, now called Biledulgerid, bounded with Mauritania, Carthage, and Aethiopia.  
Numidae, the People of Numidiae.   

O.  
Olympus', 'tis the name of three Cities, the first in Pamphylia, the second in Lycia, the third in Cilicia; also the name of a Promontory of Cyprus, and of twelve Hills, especially one very high in Thessaly, and 'tis also a Promontory in Crete, now called Cambrasia, or Cambrussia.  
Osdroene, a Country in Syria, on the confines of Mesopotamia.  
Osdroeni, the People of Osdroene.   

P.  
PAlatinus, one of the seven Hills of Rome, called so from Palatia Evanders' Daughter, now Palazzo Maggiore.  
Palaestina, a Country of Asia called by the Ancients Canaan and the Land of Promise, by Ptolemy Palestine, or the Country of the Philistines, and now by Christians the Holy Land, it containeth the Countries of Idumaea, Samaria, Judaea and Galilee, the chief City was Jerusalem.  
Pamphylia, a Southern Country in Asia the Less, between Cilicia and Lycia, now Subject to the Turk, and lying on the West part of Caramania.  
Panticapaeon, a great City of Taurica now Tartary the Less, near the Cimmerian Bosphorus, called Pantico.  
Pannonia, a large Country of Europe, now called Hungary, divided into the Upper and the Lower.  
Pannonii, the People of Pannonia.  
Paphlagonia, a Country in Asia the Less, lying between Galatia and the Euxine Sea, now called Bolli.  
Parthi, the People of Parthia, a Country in Asia, lying between Media, Carmania, and the Hyrcane Sea; by Mercator 'tis called Aroch, by others Corasan.  
Parthenopolis, a City of Macedonia, and of Mysia in Asia the Less.  
Peligni, a People of Italy about the City Sulmo.  
Pergamus, a City of Troas in Asia the Less now called Pergamo, or Bargamo, where Galen was born.  
Persia, a large Country of Asia, lying between the Caspian Sea and the Country of the Moguls, 'tis Ruled by a Sophy, and the Inhabitants call it Farsi.  
Perusium, a City of Tuscany in the midway betwixt Rome and Florence.  
Praeneste, a City of Latium in Italy now called Palestrina, twenty four miles from Rome.  
Phaselis, a City of Pamphylia, built in the year of the World 3257. it was a long time held by Pirates.  
Philippi, a City of Thessaly, built by Philip King of Macedonia, who called it after his name.  
Phrygia, a Country in Asia, bounded with Caria, Lydia, Mysia, and Bythinia, it is divided into the greater and the less, now called Troas.  
Picentes, the People of Picenum, a Country in Italy, now called lafoy Marca de Ancona.  
Piraeeus, the Port-Town of Athens, now called Porto di Setine.  
Ponticum mare called Pontus Euxinus, and now the Black Sea.  
Pontus, a Country of Asia the Less, lying between Bythinia and Paphlagonia and the Euxine Sea.  
Ptolemais, a Town by the Red-Sea, there are also four Cities of this name.  
Pyrenaei Montes, the Mountains that part Spian from France, running from East to West, eighty five Leagues in length cross the Land.   

Q.  
QVadi, a People in Germany, in Moravia.  
Quinquegentiani, a People of Africa.  
Quirinalis, one of the seven Hills of Rome, called so from Romulus', name Quirinus, now Monte Cavalle.   

R.  
RAvenna, a City of Italy upon the Coast of the Adriatic Sea.  
Rhaetia, the Country of the Grisons on the Alps.  
Rhenus, a River which parts France from Germany, and after it has run 300. miles, it falls into the River Mosa, and the Germane Sea by two mouths, whence Virgil calls it Rhenus bicornis.  
Rhodanus, the River Rhone in France.  
Rhodii, the People of Rhodes, an Isle near Caria, in compass an 110 miles.  
Rhodopa, a Province of Thrace.  
Rome the chief City of Italy, seated on the River Tybur, now in the power of the Pope.   

S.  
SAbini, People of Italy not far from Rome.  
Saguntum, a City in Spain now called Morvedre, famous for its Ruin by Hannibal.  
Saguntini, the People of Saguntum.  
Salassi, People of Piedmont, whose Country in Dutch is called Austhalles from Augusta Praetoria the chief Town.  
Salentini, a People of Italy inhabiting that corner of Italy called Terra de Otranto, formerly Messapia.  
Salonae, Cic. Salona Pl. a City once of Dalmatia, out of whose Ruins Spalleto came.  
Samos, an Isle of the Icarian Sea, lying over against Ephesus, the compass of it 87 miles.  
Samnites, a People of Italy whose Country was called Samnium, or Samnis, now adays Labruzzo.  
Sardica, in this Author is a City in Dacia upon the Ister, and also 'tis a City anciently in Thrace, now the head of Bulgaria, called by the Turks and Greeks Sophia.  
Sardinia, an Island of Italy under the Spaniard, it is 170 miles in length, 80 in breadth, 450 in compass, the chief City is Cagliare.  
Sardi, the People of Sardinia.  
Sarmatae, the People of Sarmatia.  
Sarmatia, a large Country Northward, part in Europe, part in Asia, containing Poland, Russia, Muscovy, and most part of Tartary.  
Sauromatae, the Scythians and Tartars, a wild People that drink horses blood.  
saxons, the People of Saxony, once Masters of great part of Germany, some of them came over into England, the Duke of it is one of the seven Electors of the Empire.  
Scordisci, a People of Pannonia.  
Scythae, People of Scythia, Scythians or Tartarians in the North parts of Asia and in some part of Europe, also Eastward.  
Seleucia, the name of several Cities, one in Syria, in Mesopotamia, in Cilicia, in Pisidia.  
Sena, the City Sienna in Tuscany, 100 miles from Rome.  
Sicilia, the Island of Sicily, lying at the toe of Italy, and parted with a narrow dangerous Sea, 600 miles in compass.  
Siculi, the People of Sicily.  
Sipylum, the name of a Town and Mountain in Lydia, called formerly Tantalis.  
Sirmium, the City Sirmisch in the Lower Hungary.  
Smirna, a City of jonia called the old Naulochus, now Smyrna or Ismyr.  
Stratonice, a Town of Macedonia called so from Stratonice the Daughter of Ariarathes, and afterwards built by Adrianus, and now called Castro Franco.  
Sutrium, the People are called Sutrini, a little City of Hetruria now called Tuscany in the Province of St. Peter's Patrimony.  
Suevi, a People of Germany lying about the Danaw, the Country now called Schwaben.  
Suessa Pometia, once a City of the Volsci, in Latium St. Peter's Patrimony.  
Syria, a Country in Asia, bounded with Asia the Less, Euphrates and the Mediterranean Sea, divided into Phoenicia and Palestine.  
Syracusani, the People of Syracuse a City of Sicily called Saragossa.   

T.  
TAiphali and Thervingi People of Dacia.  
Tarentini, the People of Tarentum, called now Taranto.  
Tarentum, a noble City, in the farthest part of Magna Graecia now called Tarento.  
Tarraco, the chief City of Hispania Tarraconensis, which is one of the three parts of Spain, and larger than both twice, it doth now contain the Kingdom of Castille, Gallicia, Navarre and Arragon.  
Taurominitanis, the People of the City of Taurominium in Sicily now called Taormina.  
Taurus, a continual Mountain in Asia, beginning at the Indian Sea, and stretching its Arms Northward and Southward, it also reacheth Westward to the Aegean Sea.  
Teutones, the People of Germany in General called Almains.  
Thracia, a large Country of Europe commonly called Romania, bounded with the Euxine and Aegean Sea, Macedonia and the Mountain Hoemus.  
Thessalonica, a City of Macedonia, built by Philip of Macedon in Memory of Conquering Thessaly, now called Salonichi.  
Thessalia, a Country of Greece between Boetia, Macedonia, the River Peneus and Thermopylae.  
Thusci, a People now called Tuscans.  
Tigris, a famous River of Asia, it riseth in Mount Araret, in Armenia, parts Mesopotamia and Assyria, it continues its course after it's joined with the River Euphrates into the Persian Gulf.  
Tigurini, the People of Tigurum a City of the Helvetians now called Zurich.  
Tygranocerta, the Town Sultania in Armenia the Greater.  
Tomos, a City of Pontus whereunto Ovid was Banished.  
Transalpini, the People of Gaul beyond the Alps from Rome, now called the Realm of France.  
Trebia, a River of Italy called lafoy Trebia near Placentia running into the Po  
Triballi, a People of Mysia, between Danubius and Aemus, now the Bulgarians.  
Tripoli, a City of Syria, by which name several other Cities are called.  
Troy, a City of Phrygia a Country of Asia the Less.  
Tuscia, a large Country of Italy called Tuscany, divided into two parts, the one under the great Duke, and the other under the Pope, called the Church's Patrimony.  
Tusci, a very ancient People of Italy, also called Hetrusci now Florentines, their Country was called Hetruria now lafoy Toscana.  
Tusculum, a City of Latium in Italy, now Frascati, 12 miles from Rome.   

U.  
VAndali, a People of Germany about Mecklenburg; after settling in Spain Andaluzia was called from them.  
Vectis, the Isle of Wight, about sixty miles in compass, twenty in Length and twelve in breadth. Newport is the chief Town.  
Vejentes, the People of Veii, a Town of Hetruria in Italy.  
Venetia, the Country of Venice.  
Verona, a City of Italy in the Territory of the Venetians.  
Victophali, a People of Dacia.  
Viminalis, one of the seven Hills of Rome, called so from the Osiers that grew there.  
Vindelici, People of Vindilicia a Country of Germany where now Bavaria is.  
Volsci, a People of Latium in Italy, now called Campagna di Roma.   
FINIS.