NAVIGATION AND Commerce, THEIR ORIGINAL AND PROGRESS. Containing A succinct Account of Traffic in General; its Benefits and Improvements: Of Discoveries, Wars and Conflicts at Sea, from the Original of Navigation to this Day; with special Regard to the ENGLISH Nation; Their several Voyages and Expeditions, to the Beginning of our late Differences with HOLLAND; In which His Majesty's Title to the DOMINION of the SEA is Asserted, against the Novel, and later Pretenders. By I. EVELYN Esq S. R. S.  Ciceroad Attic. L. 10. Ep. 7. Qui MARE tenet, eum necesse est RERUM Potiri. 
LONDON, Printed by T. R. for Benj. took, at the Sign of the Ship. in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1674.   

TO The King.  
SIR,  
THAT I take the Boldness to Inscribe Your Majesty's Name on the Front of this little History, is to pay a Tribute, the most due, and the most becoming my Relation to your Majesty's Service of any that I could devise; since Your Majesty has been pleased among so many Noble and Illustrious Persons, to name me of the Council of Your Commerce, and Plantations: And if it may afford Your Majesty some diversion, to behold, as in a Table, the Course, and Importance of what Your Majesty is the most Absolute Arbiter of any Potentate on Earth, and Excite in Your Loyal Subjects a Courage, and an Industry becoming the Advantages which God and Nature have put into their Hands, I shall have reached my humble Ambition, and Your Majesty will not Reprove these Expressions of it in  
SIR, Your Majestie's Most Dutiful, Most Obedient, and ever Loyal Subject and Servant, J. EVELYN.   

NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE THEIR Original and Progress.  
1. WHosoever shall with serious Attention Contemplate the divine Fabric of this Inferior Orb, the various, and admirable Furniture which fills, and Adorns it; the Constitution of the Elements about it, and, above all, the Nature of Man (for whom they were Created) he must needs acknowledge, that there is nothing more agreeable to Reason, than that they were All of them Ordained for mutual Use and Communication.  
2. The Earth, and every Prospect of her Superficies, presents us with a thousand Objects of Utility and Delight, in which consists the Perfection of all Sublunary things: And, though, through her rugged and dissevered Parts, Rocks, Seas and remoter Islands, she seem at first, to check our Addresses; Yet, when we again behold in what ample ●aies, Creeks, trending-shores', inviting Harbours and Stations, she appears spreading her Arms upon the Bordures of the Ocean; whiles the Rivers, who re-pay their Tributes to it, glide not in direct, and praecipitate Courses from their Concealed, and distant Heads, but in various flexures and Meanders (as well to temper the rapidity of their Streams, as to Water and refresh the fruitful Plains) methinks she seems, from the very Beginning, to have been disposed for Traffic and Commerce, and even Courts us to visit her most soli●ary Recesses.  
3. This Meditation sometimes affecting my Thought, did exceedingly confirm, and not a little surprise me; when reflecting on the Situation of the Mediterranean Sea (so aptly contrived for Intercourse to so vast a part of the World) I concluded; That if the Hollanders themselves (who of all the Inhabitants in it, are the best skilled in making Canales and Trenches, and to derive Waters) had joined in Consultation, how the scattered parts of the Earth might be rendered most Accessible, and easy for Commerce; They could not have contrived, where to have made the Inlet with so much advantage, as GOD and Nature have done it for Us; Since by means of this Sea, we have admission to no less than Three Parts of the habitable World, and there seems nothing left (in this regard) to humane Industry, which could render it more consummate; 
R●ederi●o de Toledo, lib. 1. c. 6.  So Impious was the saying of Alphonsus (not worthy the name of Prince) That had he been of Counsel with the Creator when he made the Universe, he could have f●am'd it better.  
4. If we cast our Eyes on the Plains and the Mountains; behold them naturally furnished with goodly Trees; of which some there are, which grow as it were, spontaneously into Vessels and Canoes, wanting nothing but the Launching, to render them useful: But, when the Art of Man, or of God rather (for it was he, who first instructed him to Build) conspires, and that he but sets his divine Genius on work, the same Earth furnishes Materials, to equip, and perfect the most Beautiful, Useful, and stupendious Creature (so let us be permitted to call h●r) the whole World has to show: And if the Winds, and Elements prove Auspicious (which was the Third Instance of our Contemplation) this enormous Machine (as if inspired with Life too) is ready for every Motion, and to brave all encounters and adventures, undertakes to fathom the World itself; to visit strange, and distant Lands; to People, Cultivate, and Civilize un-inhabited, and Barbarous Regions, and to proclaim to the Universe, the Wonders of the Architect, the Skill of the Pilot, and, above all, the Benefits of Commerce.  
5. So great, and unspeakable were the Blessings which Mankind received by his yet infant Adventures; that it is no wonder, to see how every Nation contended, who should surpass each other in the Art of Navigation, and apply the means of Commerce to promote and derive it to themselves; God-Almighty (as we have showed) in the Constitution of the World, prompting us to awaken our Industry for the supply of our Necessities: For Man on●y being obliged to live Politicly, and in Society, for mutual assistance, found it would not be accomplished without Labour and Industry; Nature, which ordains all things necessary for other Creatures, in the place where she produces them, did not so for Man; but ennobling him with a superior Faculty, supplied him with all things his needs could require. Wheresoever therefore Men are born (unless wanting to themselves) they have it in their power, to exalt themselves, even in these regards, above the other Creature; and the Lilies which spin not, and are yet so splendidly clad, are not in this respect, so happy as an Industrious and prudent Man; because they have neither knowledge, or sense of their Being and Perfections: And, though few things indeed are necessary for the Animal life; yet, has it no prerogative by that alone, above the more Rational, which Man only enjoys, and for whom the World was made; seeing the variety of Blessings that were ordained to serve him, proclaims his Dominion, and the vastness of his Nature; Nor, had the great Creator himself been so Glorified, without an Intellectual Being, that could Contemplate, and make use of them. We are therefore rather to admire that stupendious mixture of Plenty and Want, which we find disseminated throughout the Creation; What St. Paul affirms of the Members of the Little World, being so applicable to those of the Greater, and no one Place, or Country able to say, I have no need of another, Considered not only as to consummate Perfections, but even divers things, if not absolutely necessary, at least, Convenient.  
6. To Demonstrate this in a most conspicuous Instance, we need look no farther than HOLLAND, of which fertile (shall we say) or Enchanted Spot, 'tis hard to decide, whether its Wants, or Abundance are really greater, than any other Countries under Heaven; Since, by the Quality, and other Circumstances of Situation (though otherwise productive enough) it affords neither Grain, Wine, Oil, Timber, Metal, Stone, Wool, Hemp, Pitch, no●, almost, any other Commodity of Use; and yet we find, there is hardly a Nation in the World, which enjoys all these things in greater affluence: and all this, from Commerce alone, and the effects of Industry, to which not only the Neighbouring parts of Europe contribute, but the Indies, and Antipodes: So as the whole World (as vast as it appears to others) seems but a Farm, scarce another Province to them; and indeed it is That alone, which has Buil●, and Peopled goodly Cities, where nothing but Rushes grew; Cultivated an heavy Genius with all the politer Arts; Enlarged, and secured their Boundaries, and made them a Name in the World, who, within less than an Age, were hardly considered in it.  
7. What Fame and Riches the Venetians acquired, whilst they were ●rue to their Spouse, the SEA (and in acknowledgement whereof, they still repeat and celebrate the Nuptials) Histories are loud of: But, This, no longer continued than whilst they ●ad regard to their Fleets, and their Traffic, the proper business, and the most genuine to their Situation. From hence, they Founded a glorious City, ●ixt upon a few muddy, and scattered Islands; and Thence, distributed over Europe, the product of the Eastern World, till changing this Industry into Ambition, and applying it to the Enlarging of their Territories in Italy, they lost their Interests, and Acquists in the Mediterranean, which were infinitely more considerable. Nor in this Recension of the advantages of Commerce, is her Neighbour Genoa to be forgotten; whose narrow Dominions (not exceeding some private Lordships in England) have grown to a considerable state; and from a barren Rock, to a proud City, emulous for Wealth and Magnificence, with the stateliest Emporiums of the World.  
8. The Easterlings, and Anseatick Towns (famous for early Traffic) had perhaps never been heard of, but for Courting thi● Mistress; no more than those vaster Tracts of Sweden, Norway, Muscovy, etc. which the late Industry of our own People, has rendered considerable. The Danes, 'tis confessed, had 〈◊〉 signalised themselves by their importunate Descents on this Island, and universal Piracies; whilst negligent of our Advantages at Sea, we often became Obnoxious to them; But, when once we setup our moving Fortresses, and grew numerous in Shipping, we lived in profound Tranquillity, grew opulent, and formidable to our Enemies.  
9 It was Commerce, and Navigation (the Daughter of Peace, and good Intelligence) that gave Reputation to the most noble of our Native-staples, WOOL, exceedingly Improved by Foreigners; especially, since the Reigns of Edward the Second, and Third; and has been the principal occasion, of Instituting, and Establishing our Merchant-Adventurers, and other worthy Fraternities; to men●ion only the esteem of our Horses, Corn, Tin, Led, Iron, Saffron, Fullers-Earth, Hides, Wax, Fish, and other Natural, and Artificial Commodities, most of which are Indigene, and Domestic, others Imported, and brought from foreign Countries. Thus, Asia Refreshes us with Spices, Recreates us with Perfumes, Cures us with Drougs, and adorns us with Jewels: Africa sends us Ivory and Gold; America, Silver, Sugar and Cotton: France, Spain and Italy, give us Wine, Oil and Silk: Russia, Warms us in Furs; Swethen, supplies us with Copper; Denmark, and the Northern Tracts, with Masts, and Materials for Shipping, without which, all this were nothing. It is Commerce, and Navigation that Breeds, and Accomplishes that most honourable and useful Race of Men (the Pillars of all Magnificence) to skill in the Exportation of Superfluities, 
See Mr. Coock.  Importation of Necessaries; to settle Staples, with regard to the Public Stock: What 'tis fit to keep at Home, and what to send Abroad: To be Vigilant over the Course of Exchange; to employ Hands for Regulated Salaries; and, by their dexterity, to moderate all this, by a true, and solid Interest of State, which, without this Mystery, cannot long subsist, as not always admitting permanent, and immutable Rules: In a word, the SEA (which covers half the Patrimony of Man, renders the whole World a stranger to itself, and the Inhabitants, for whom 'twas made, as rude as Cannibals) becomes but one Family, by the Miracles of Commerce, and yet we have said nothing of the most Illustrious product of it; That it has taught ●s Religion, Instructed us in Polity, Cultivated our Manners, and Furnished us with all the delicacies of Virtuous and happy Living.  
10. Whether the First Author of Traffic were the Tyrians, Trojans, Lydians; those of Carthage; or (as josephus will) the Mercurial Spirits soon after the Flood, to repair, 
Antiq. l. 1.  and supply the Ruins of that universal Overthrow, we are not solicitous: That it entered with the Earliest, and best days of the restored-world, we shall prove hereafter, by the timely applications of Industrious Men, to enlarge, and improve their Condition. The Romans indeed, were not of a good while, favourable to Merchandizing; For, the Patricians, Senators and Great-Men might not be Owners in particular, of any considerable Vessel, besides small Barks, and Pleasure-Boats, and the most illustrious Nations have esteemed the gain by Traffic and Commerce incompatible with Nobless: Not, for being Enemies to Trade; but, because they esteemed it an Ignoble way of Gain, Quaestus Omnis indecorus Patribus, says Livy, 
Lib. 1. Dec. 3.  and were all for Conquest and the Sword; for, otherwise, they so encouraged this Industry, that the Latins (whom for a long time, 
L●tini multis modi● consequuntur Civitatem Romanam; Vt, si Navem ●d●ficaverint duorum Millium M●di●rum capacem, etc. Ulpian, Instit. Tit. Latinis, N. 6.  they held under such servitude, that they might not devise their Estates when they died) if any one of them came to be able to build an handsome Ship, fit for Burden and Traffic, he was Libertate donatus, and obtained his Freedom, with power to make his Testament, and capable of bearing Office: And one would wonder that Traffic being so profitable, Lycurgus (that great Lawgiver amongst the Lacedæmonians) should prohibit it; some believe it was for its being so obnoxious to Corruption, and the Luxury introduced amongst the People by Commerce with Strangers; the Lying and Deceit, Perjury and Theft, in buying, selling, and making bargains; for which reason Plato designed the Towns of his Commonwealth to be built far distant from the Sea; and our Saviour scourged the Money-changers out of the Temple; so difficult a thing it is for those who Deal much, to preserve their hands clean: But, 'tis said, Pl●to changed his mind; and we all know, that as the Romans themselves grew Wiser, so they dignified it, and took-off that illunderstood Reproach, as the Orator has himself told us, when (condemning the Pedlary, and sordid 
* 〈◊〉. l. 1. Mercatura, si tenuis est, sordida putanda est.— Nihil enim proficient, nisi admodum mentiantur.  Vices of Retailers) he acknowledges, That where Staple, and Useful Commodities can be brought in to supply the Needs of whole Countries, 'tis a commendable Service, Videtúrque jure optimo, posse laudari; nay, showed by their own Example, that for the Greatest Men to turn Merchants, did less taint their Blood, than their Sloth and Effeminacy; and upon this account, the Wisest of the Heathens (for such were Thales, Solon, Hypocrates, and even Plato himself) have honoured Merchandise; and, of later times, many Kings and Princes; and then indeed, does Traffic rise to its Ascendent, when 'tis dignified by their Example, and defended by their Power: This, the Dukes of Florence, and other Potentates have long since understood; and, now at last, the French King: witness the Repair of his Ports, Building of Ships, Cutting new Channels, Instituting Companies, Planting of Colonies, and Universal encouragement of Manufactures by cherishing, and ennobling of Sedulous and Industrious persons: But, more yet than all this, or rather all this in more Perfection; His Majesty (our glorious Monarch) by whose Influences alone (after all the Combinations of his late powerful Enemies) such a Trade has been Revived, and Carried on, and such a Fleet, and Strength at Sea to protect it, as never this Nation had a greater, nor any other of the past Ages has approached; Witness, You Three mighty Neighbours, at Once, taught to submit to him! For the Blessings of Navigation, and visiting distant Climes, does not stop at Traffic only; but (since 'tis no less perfection to keep, than obtain a Good) it enables us likewise with means to defend, what our honest Industry has gotten; and, if necessity, and Justice require; with Enlarging our Dominions too: Vindicating our Rights, Repelling Injuries, Protecting the Oppressed, and with all the Offices of Humanity, and good Nature; In a word, Justice, and the Right of Nations, are the Objects of Commerce: It maintains Society, disposes to Action, and Communicates the Graces, and Riches which God has Variously imparted: From all which Considerations, 'tis evident; That a Spirit of Commerce, and strength at Sea to protect it, are the most certain marks of the Greatness of Empire, deduced from an undeniable Sorites; That whoever Commands the Ocean, Commands the Trade of the World, and whoever Commands the Trade of the World, Commands the Riches of the World, and whoever is Master of That, Commands the World itself; so as had the Spaniard triple his Wealth, he could neither be Rich, nor Safe with his prodigious Sloth; since, whilst he has been sitting-still; We, and other Nations have driven the Trade of the East-Indies, with his Treasure of the West, and, uniting, as it were, Extremes, made the Poles to kiss: They are not therefore small Matters, you see, which Men so much contend about, when they strive to Improve Commerce, and, by degrees, promote the Art of Navigation, and set their Empire in the Deep, from whence they have found to flow such notable Advantages. Instances of this we might add in abundance; and that it is not the vastness of Territory, but the Convenience of Situation; nor the Multitude of men, but their Address and Industry which improve a Nation. Cosmo di Medici's would often say; That the Prince who had not the Sea to friend, was but half a Prince: And, this, Charles the Fifth had well considered, when he gave it for a Maxim to his Son Philip, That if ever he would sit quiet at home, and advance his Affairs abroad, he should be sure to keepup his Reputation on the Waters. The truth is, this great Emperor had neglected his Interest at Sea, and it laid the foundation of the Rebellion of his Low-Country Subjects, against his Successor: To pretend to Universal Monarchy without Fleets, was long since looked on, as a Politic Chimaera, and was wittily insinuated to Antigonus b● Patroclus, 
Athenaeus Deipnosoph. l. 8.  when (being a Commander under Ptolemy Lagus' Son) he sent him a Present of Fish and gr●en Figgs, intimating, that unless he had the Sea in his power, he had as good sit at home, and tri●le: it was but labour in vain▪ And this was the sense of another as great a Captain, when reckoning up the infinite prerogatives which the Sea afforded; 
In Repub. 〈◊〉.  Xenophon seems to despise the Advantages of the Land in Comparison: Truly the Romans themselves, were longer in struggling for a little Earth in Italy only, than in subduing the whole World, after once their Eagles had taken ●light towards the Sea, and urged their fortune on the deep. When once they had subdued Agrigentum, 
Polibyu●.  Carthage was no longer impregnable; and after they had passed Gad●s and the Herculean Streight, nothing was too hard for them, they went whither they would, and cruized as far as Thule.  
11. We shall not adventure to divine, 
Illirobur & aes triplex circ● pectus— Hor. digitis à morte remotus quatuor—  who the hardy Person was who first resolved to trust himself to a Plank within an inch of Death, to compel the Woods to descend into the Waters, and to back the most impetuous, and unconstant Element; though probably, and for many Reasons, somebody long before the Deluge; Isti sunt potentes: 6. Gen. 4. Grotius on the place will have the Navigationis repertores, piratae, such as in succeeding Ages were jupiter, Cretensis, Minos, etc. Since it is not imaginable, the World, that must needs be so Populous, and was so Curious, should have continued so many Ages without Adventures by Sea: But, the ●irst Vessel which we read of, was made by divine Instinct and direction, and whilst the Prototype lasted (which Histories tell us was many hundred years) doubtless they built many strong, and goodly Ships: But, as all things are in continual flux and Vicissitude; so the Art in time impaired, and Men began anew to Contrive for their Safety or Necessity in Rafts, and hollow-Trees; nay, Paper, Reeds, Twigs and Leather (for of such were the rude beginnings of the finished Pieces we now admire) till advancing the Art, by making use of more durable Materials, they then began to Build like Ship-Wrights, when Pyrrhon the Lydian invented the bending of Planks by Fire, and made Boats of several Contignations; nor contented with the same Model, the Platenses, Mysians, Trojans and other Nations, contended for the various Shapes. Thus to Sesostris is ascribed the Long-Ship ●itted for Expedition: Hippus the Tyrian devised Carricks and Onerary Vessels of prodigious bulk, for Traffic or Offence: Athenaeus speaks of some that for their enormous structure had been taken for Mountains, and floating-Islands; such was that of Hiero described by the Deipnosophist, 
Oneraria Cerealis Sirac●sia, & ●.  a moving Palace adorned with Gardens of the Choicest Fruit, and Trees for shade: Hippagines is said to have transported the fir●t Horses in larger Boats; Others ascribe it to Darius, when he retired into Thrace; though we think them rather of ancienter date; for what else means, the Ferrying over King David ●s Goods and Carriages, mentioned in the Second of Samuel? 
2 Sam. 19  Thus far the Keel; for to the divers parts of Vessels, for better Speed, and Government, several were the Pretenders. The Thasii added Decks; Pisaeus the Rostrum or Beak-head; Tiphys the Rudder; Epalamius completed the Anchor, which was at first but of one Flock: But, before all these, was the Use of Oars, which from the Bireme, invented by the Erythraei, 
●iremis ●istrix, Vallata Turrita, etc.  came at last to no less than forty Ordines, or Banks (for so many had Ptolemy Philopater's Galley) which, 
Plutarch. in D●met. Athenaeus, lib. c. 9  how to reconcile with possible (though that famous Vessel were built for Pomp, and Ostentation only, and therefore with a double Prow) together with those monstrous Ships of War set forth by Demetrius, which had in them 4000 Rowers, let the Curious consult the most learned Palmerius, in his Diatriba upon a fragment of Memnon: 
* ●ho●. 717.  and f●r portentous and Costly Vessels, The late Vendosme built by Lewis the XIII th'. of France; the Swedish Magaleza, the Venetian Bucentoro; not to omit those Carricks which the Spaniard emploies yearly to his Indies. But, neither did all these helps suffice, till they added Wings too: They attribute indeed the Invention of Masts, and Cross-Yards to those of Crete; but to Theseus, Icarus, and Dedalus the application of Sails, which 'tis said, Proteus first skilled to manage, and shift with that dexterity, as he was feigned to turn himself into all shapes; and it was doubtless, no little wonder, to see that a piece of Cloth (or, as Pliny, wittily, a despicable Seed, for so he calls that of Hemp, of which Sails were made) should be contrived to stir such a Bulk, and carry it with that incredible celerity, from One extreme of the Earth to the Other: Of that esteem was this ingenious Invention, that, besides Prometheus, and the rest we named, whole Countries challenged it, and the Rhodians, Iönians, Corinthians, those of Ty●us, Egypt Aegineta, ●oetia with innumerable other, vaunt themselves Masters of the Science, nor is there any end of their Names. It were a thing impossible, to investigate by whom the several Riggings of Vessels, and complete Equipment were brought into Use: The Skill of Pilotage has aids from the Mathematics, and Astronomy; 
Vegetus, Pollux, Laz. B●ji●ius, Cr●sentius, Fournier, etc.  and that of governing Ships in Fight is another, and a different talon. These, and many more, were the Daughters of Time, Necessity, and Accident; so as even to our Days, there is ever something adding, or still wanting to the Compliment of this incomparable Art. Of the Magnet we shall speak hereafter, nor are we to despair in the perfecting of Longitudes, Dies, Diem docet, and whilst many pass, Science shall be sti●l improved: We shall only observe, concerning Men of War, Fleets, and Armadas for Battle, that Minos was reported to be the Author, which shows that manner of desperate Combat on the Waters, to be near as ancient as Men themselves, since the Deluge: Indeed, to this Prince do some attribute the first knowledge of Navigation, 
Dio● 〈◊〉, l. 6. S●r●bo. l. 10.  and that he disputed the Empire of the Seas with Neptune himself, who, for his Power on the Watery Element, was esteemed a God: But, however these particulars may be uncertain, we are able to make proof, That the first Frigates were built by the English, and generally, the best, and most Commodious Vessels for all sort of Uses in the World; and, as the Ships, so Those who Man them, acknowledged for the most Expert, and Courageous in it. But,  
12. From the Building of Ships, we pass to the most Celebrious Expeditions tha● have been made in them. The Gentiles (who doubtless took Saturn for Noah, and his Sons, for other of the Deities) magnify sundry of their Adventures by Sea: And, if from the immediate Offspring of that ancient Patriarch, Sem, and japhet, the Asiatick-Iles, and those at remoter distance in the Mediterranean and European Seas, were peopled (whilst the Continent, and less dissevered afric, was left to Cham) we have a certain Epoch, for the earliest Expeditions, and, shall less need to insist on those of the Mythical, and Heroic Age; the Exploits of Osiris, Hercules, Cadmus; the Wander of Ulysses, and the Leaders that expugned Troy. To touch but a few of these; Bacchus, whose Dominion lay about the Gulf of Persia, made of the first Adventures, when from him (after the Rape of Ariadne) the Tyrian Pirates learned the Art of Navigation, or rather to become more skilful Rovers; If at least, they were not of the first for Antiquity in this Art; Since the Phoenicians (whether expelled by joshua, or transported by their Curiosity) having spread their name in the Mediterranean, were admired as Gods for their boldness on the Waters, and esteemed among the first that Navigated, according to that of the Poet, Prima ratem ventis credere docta Tyrus. 
Tibullus.  That Cadmus sailed into Greece, Peopled those Isles in the Aegaean, taught them Letters, and Sciences, as he had learned them from the Hebrews, we have undoubted testimony: Some affirm that the Phoenicians circled the World long since, the Herodotus has something to that purpose, where in his Melpomene, he speaks of those whom King Necus caused to Embark from the Red Sea, and that ten years after returned home by the Columns of Hercules through the straits: However, that they penetrated far beyond the Western Ocean, and the Shores of afric, the Expedition of Hanno in a Navy of LX. Ships makes out by Grave Writers; so their coming as far as our Britain, the Pillars which they fixed at Gades, 
〈◊〉.  and Tingis, to which some report they were crept in early days: And as towards the West, so Eastward, taking Colonies from Elana and the Persian-gulf. As to what they might be for Merchants, illustrious is the proof out of Esay, where Tyrus is called the Crowning City, whose Merchants are Princes, and whose Trafickers the honourable of the Earth; when under the pretence of Transporting Commodities into Greece, they carried away Iô, Daughter of Inachus, which the Cretans requited, when shortly after, their amorous God, sailed away with the fair Europa in the White-Bull; for so was the Vessel called, which gave Occasion to the Fable, and serves to prove, how ancient the giving Names, and 
* Vide Valeria, Flaccum Ag●n●ut. l. 8. Herodot. H●●●chinum, Suidam, Sen●●am, Lucianum, S●rabonem. Amongst the Poets, V●●gil. P●●s. S●atius, etc.  Badges is. Indeed so expert were those of Cr●te in Sea-Affairs, and so numerous in Shipping, as by the suffrage of ancient times, there were none durst contend with them for Sovereignty: let us hear the Tragedian, 
O maria vasti Creta Dominatrix freti, 
Sen. Trag. in Hippolyto.   
Cujus per omne littus innumere, Rates  
Tenuere Pontum: quicquid Assyria tenus  
Tellure Nereus pervium Rostris secat.   
13. The Colchick Exploit in the famous Argo (so called from her nimble Sailing) was performed by above 50 Gallants, of which Nine were Chief under jason, and Glaucus his Experienced Pilot: But, whether they went to those Countries about the Euxine Shores in hopes of Golden Mines (shadowed by the Fleece) or in expectation of the Philosopher's Stone (said to be in possession of King Aeta) we leave to the Romancers: There is in Homer a List of Hero's, and Ships under their command, mentioned to be set out by the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or States-General of those Provinces, reported to have been no less than a Thousand; Non anni domuêre decem, non mille Carinae. 
Iliad. 2.  And that this Number is not fictitious; not only the wondrous exactness of the Poet in describing the Commanders by Name, but the Number of Ships under each Flag, as the Learned Mr. Stanley makes it good beyond exception in his excellent Notes upon Aeschylus, and we propose the Instance, because it is so very remarkable for its Antiquity.  
14. But, to quit these dark, and less certain Memorials, and mingle that of Commerce with Martial Undertake: The First for whom we have Divine, and Infallible Record, is of the Greatest, and the Wisest Prince, that ever swayed a Sceptre: For, though it appear, the Phoenicians had used the Sea before, and, perhaps, were the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Dionys. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  first Merchants in the World since the Deluge: Yet, it was Solomon doubtless, who opened the Passages to the South, when animated by his directions, and now leaving-off their Rafts, and Improving their Adventures in Ships, and Stouter Vessels, they assayed to penetrate the farthest Indies, and visit an Unknown Hemisphere: or if haply, they prevented him; yet, were now glad to join with this glorious Monarch; because of those advantageous Ports his Father had taken from the Idumeans, which might otherwise interrupt their Expeditions. What a Mass of Gold, and other precious things (the peculiar Treasure of Princes) this Fleet of his brought home, the succeeding story relates; 
2 Chro. 9 21.  and there is farther notice of Mariners, whose Trading was for Spices and Curiosities; and the Voyage to Tarshish (which by some is interpreted the Ocean, as indeed it signifies in the Chaldaean Language, but doubtless, means Tartessus in Spain) is again repeated. jehoshaphat, after Solomon, neglected not these prosperous beginnings, though, not with equal Success; for the Ships were broken at Esion-Geber: We shall only remark, upon the Account of Commerce, that Solomon had no less than two Fleets destined for Traffic, of which, One went to Ophir (perhaps Sophra, Taproban, or Ceilon) in the East-Indies, 
Cant. 5. 11. Dan. 10. 5.  and the Other to Tarsis, that is (Tartessus) Cales; which being Then, and long after esteemed for the utmost Confine of the World, had its name from the Phoenicians, as well as divers other places, and Ports of Europe (even as far as Italy, France, and Britain itself) which both They, and We reserve to this day in no obscure footsteps: And that Spain abounded in plenty of Gold too (whatever some superficial Searchers think) we learn from Strabo, Diodorus, Mela, 
See Bochartus Phaleg. l. 3. c. 7. Canaan, l. 1. c. 34.  Pliny, and several Grave Authors, whose attestation may be of good weight; the Tyrians, and Phoenicians frequently Sailing into those Parts. But, though we had yet no print of this from the Sacred Volumes, it is not to be devised, how the Isles of the Gentiles, and other Places of inaccessible distance could be planted and furnished, without those early Intercourses by Sea, which, by degrees (as in part is showed) accomplished the Dominions of Warlike-Men, and States, and encouraged some to stupendious Attempts.  
15. To proceed to Instances of unquestionable Credit, we have those of the Persians, and Greeks both before, and since the Peloponnesiack War: And, indeed the Greeks were the first of the Heathens that joined Learning with Arms, that did both Do and Writ what was worthy to be remembered; and that small parcel of Ground, whose greatness was then only valued by the virtue of the Inhabitants, planted Trapizond in the East, and divers other Cities in Asia the Less, the protection of whose Liberties was the first Cause of War between them and the Persians: As to Exploits, the Athenians, and smaller Islands of the Aegean, exceedingly amplified their Bounds with their Naval-Power; so as Thucydides enumerates their Annual descents upon Peloponnesus, during that Quarrel: But, the Exploits of Alcibiades, both when so ungratefully Exiled from his Country, and after he was again restored to it, were celebrated in story, 
justin. l. 5.  as well as those of Conon, under whom, we first hear of a Treasurer of the Navy, for the better Paying of the Seamen, even in those early days: But, these Conflicts did many of them concern the Persian by Tissaphernes under Darius, Artaxerxes, and others: The Differences also with the Megarenses, where Pisistratus obtained the Victory, and the Exploits of Themistocles; but, especially that decretory Battle in which Xerxes' Fleet of 1500 Men of War, was vanquished by less than 400, which gave the absolute Dominion of the Sea to one City, and so enriched it, that the Lacedæmonians (envious at her prosperity) maintained a War against it, to the almost ruin of both, see the effects of Avarice! But this was indeed before the Peloponnesian War, between the LXXX and LXXXIV Olympiad, and first commenced against Strangers, and then the Lacedæmonians, Corcyreans, and other their Neighbours for the space of Seven years' continuance, till by the Courage, and good Conduct of Lysander, a Peace was at last concluded, with the destruction of Athens, as it usually happens to the First who give the Occasion, and are the Aggressors. She was yet setup once again, by that gallant Exile whom we named, under the Banner of Artaxerxes; but so to the desolation of poor Greece (weakened by her many Conflicts) that King Philip, and his Son Alexander, soon took their Advantage, to make themselves, first Masters at Sea, and then of the World; for they are infallible Consequents. And here we might speak something of Corinth, a City (if ever any) emulous of the highest praises for Traffic, and Exploits at Sea; but we involve her amongst th● Grecians, and pass over to the opposite shore; where▪ upon division of the Macedonian Empire, we find the Carthaginians (a People originally from Tyrus) of the earliest fame for Commerce, and so well appointed for the Sea, as gave terror to Rome herself: Nor do we forget the Syracusans, renowned for their many glorious Actions at Sea, which continued to the very Punic War, the most obstinate that History has recorded.  
16. It was 492 years from the Foundation of the City, before they had Achieved any thing considerable on the Waters; when ●inding the wont Progress of their Victories obstructed by those of Carthage (than Lords at Sea) they fell in earnest to the Building of Ships of War, and devising Engines of Offence, which before they hardly thought of. Their first Expedition by Sea, was under Appius Cl●udius, against the Sicilians, which made those of Africa look about them, and gave rise to the Punic War under Cajus Duillius, and his Colleague, with an hundred Rostrated Vessels, and 75 Galleys: But, the most memorable for number, was, when the two Admirals Regulus, and L. Manlius, with above an hundred thousand Men (in Ships that had every one 300 at the Oar) were encountered with a yet more prodigious force, in the Battle at Heraclea, unfortunate to the Carthaginians: But, neither did it so determine: For, when Hannibal (returning out of Spain) invaded Italy; The Romans found no better expedient to divert him, than by dispatching Scipio, with a Fleet into Africa. The third, and last Contest (after a little repose) determined not till the utter ruin, and subversion of that emulous Neighbour. These several Conflicts with this hostile City (which lasted near Twenty years) are admirably described by Polybius; especially that of M. Regulus, who, with that unequal Power, fought three Battles in one day; and, in another, Aemilius (with about the same number of Ships) took, and sunk above an hundred more, and ●lew near 40000 of the Enemy, though by the terrible and unfortunate Wrack, which afterwards surprised him, such another Victory had undone them. They made War, after this, with the Achaians, Balea●ians, Cilicians, Sertorians, and those of Crete; indeed, wheresoever they found Resistance, diffident yet at first, of this unaccustomed manner of Combat, and which for sometime, caused them to lay it by; but, they quickly resumed it, and overcoming all difficulties, then Only might be said to speed Conquerors of the World, when they had Conquered the Sea, and subdued the Waters.  
17. The Piratick-War of Pompey we find celebrated by Tully, pro Lege Manilia: He invaded the Cycladeses; won Corcyra, got Athens, Pontus, 
Florus, Plutarch.  and Bythinia, and cleared the Seas with that wonderful diligence, that in forty day's time, he left not a Rover in all the Mediterranean, though grown to that power, and number, as to give terror to the Commonwealth. We forbear to speak of Sextus his unfortunate Son, vanquished by the Treachery of his Libertus 
† Called 〈◊〉 Menas by ●●race Epo●.  Menodorus, and pass to the great Augustus, who in many Sea-Conflicts signalised his Courage; especially, in that Decretory Battle at Actium, where the Contest was the summa Rerum, and the World by Sea, first subdued to the Empire of a single Person. What discoveries this mighty Prince made, did as far exceed his Praedecessours, as the frozen North, and horrid Coasts of Cimbria, the milder Clime of our Britain, which was yet in those days esteemed another World, and her boundaries, as much unknown, as those of Virginia to us: 'Twas called Altar Orbis; and Grave 
* Especially Clem. Romanus. See also Claudius, Servius, josephus, Dio, Eutropius, Scaliger, etc.  Authors, who speak of the unpassableness of the Ocean, mention the Worlds that lay beyond it: Morinorum gentem ultimam esse Mortalium, says Ptolemy; and the ●rince of Poets▪ — Extremique hominum Morini. For it appears no late fancy, that all was not discovered long before Columbus; though those who took the Heavens for a kind of hollow-Arch, covering only what was then detected, little dreamed of Antipodes: 'Tis ●amous yet what the Prophetic Tragedian has offered at, 
S●n. in Med.  and a thing beyond dispute, that the Ancients had the same notions of our Country, as we of America: But to leave th●se Inquiries at present (till we come more particularly to speak of our Country in the following Series) we shall only, as to the Romans, give the Curious a taste, what Care these Wise People had of their Naval Preparations, when once (as we have showed) they found the Importance of it, and after how prudent a Method they disposed it.  
18. Augustus had in his Military Establishment one Squadron of Men of War at Ravenna, as a constant Guard of the Adriatic; and another riding at Misenum, 
Suet●●. in Aug. c. 49.  to scour the Tyrrhen-Sea, together with a Brigade of Foot-soldiers at either Port, to clap on Board upon any sudden occasion. The Misenian-F●eet lay conveniently for France, Spain, Morocco, afric, 
V●getius.  Egypt, Sardinia, and Sicily; That at Ravenna, for Epirus, Macedon, Achaia, Propontis, Pontus; The Levantine parts, Crete, Rhodes, and Cyprus, 
Notitia Imperi●.  etc. So as by the Number of their Vessels, and Arms, they made a Bridge (as it were) to all their Provinces, and vast Dominions at what distance soever; 
MIL. CL. P. R AR. Miles ●lassis Fraeto●iae Ravennatis.  And many of these particulars we could farther Illustrate by M●da●s, and noble Inscriptions, to be gathered out of good Records, 
PRAETOR. MAR. E● CL. M. R. Mili●iae 〈…〉  did we need the Ostentation of any farther Researches: We shall only observe, that they had their Praet●rio Praefectus, who Inspected all this. Marine Laws and Customs they also had: Whence was it else that the Corn-fleet was still from Alexandria to make Puteoli, as it were by Coquet bound? So the Ships of that Port: See Acts 28. 11, 12, 13. Whence else was it that only the same Corn-fleet, as being of so absolute necessity for the sustenance of the Imperial City, had the Privilege to come into Harbour with Top and Top-Gallant; unless the rest did Supparum dimere, or strike Sa●l to the Ports of the Empire? So early was the claim to the Flag, and the Ceremonies of Naval-Honour stated. Yet higher; Their Rostrate-Crowns; 
See Tully de S●n●ct.  and that pretty Insolence by Act of Senate allowed to C. Duillius after having won the Romans their first Victory at Sea, that he should, all his life after, be brought to the public Entertainments in the Town-Hall with a Pipe playing before him; and ●lambeaux on each side; 
Gunter's Inscriptions.  that Column too, whose Fragments yet preserved, exhibit with the memory of that Illustrious Action, perhaps the Ancientest piece of Latin now extant, at least in the Originals. All these allegations do abundantly testify with what transports of joy that aspiring people received the Accession of Power by Sea. They also had their Decuriae Fabrorum Rhavennatium, Master Ship-Wrights of the Dock at Rhavenna; and, we ●ind Fireships mentioned in 
* Front. Stratagem, l. 4 c. 7.  Frontinus; Stinkpots, nay Snake-Pots, and False-Colours; for such, we read, were used by Cassius, Scipio, Annibal, M. Portius, Iphicrates, Pisistratus, and others: And, if the Trajan Port at Ostia were now extant, we might see such a pattern of a Mole, Lantern, Magazine for Ships, and Accommodation for Merchants Goods, as was never before in the World, and would put to shame all modern Industry of that Nature; to show the care they had, and the prodigious Expenses they made, for this so important, and necessary a Work: But these things happening in her early and best days, the fervour quickly abated; for from the Death of Augustus, and some few of the succeeding Emperors (as in that 
† Vide P●ocopiu●, l 3. Paulu● 〈◊〉, l. 14.  decline, by the Conduct of Belizarius, Artabanes, and some of the later Captains) the Romans, as powerful by Land as they were, performed no● much at Sea: ●hose glorious Actions were the Consequents of a frugal and vigilant People; But, when Softness, and Prodigality took off their Minds from the great, and noble Erterprises of their Ancestors, and the Defence of their Country was discomposed by Factions among themselves, the Goths, Vandals, Lombard's, and Saracens broke in upon them, to the utter ruin, and subversion of that renowned Empire.  
19 But the Business of Navigation, and Commerce (which could not long be Eclipsed, so soon as a Magnanimous Prince appeared) was again Revived un●●er Charles the Great; about whose time, it we●e not hard to find out the Original of almost all the Naval-Offices, and Thalassarchia or Admiralty, to this Day continuing; as appears in both the Notitiae Imperii Occidentalis & Orientalis, wherein there occur divers notable Particulars concerning them, even till the loss of Constantinople, and the Imperial S●at itself: But, to trace this great Article from its source, and show the Progress it has made in the Ages past, we have but to look over the Catalogue which Eusebi●s has given us, 
〈◊〉  adjusted to the epoch in which they had successive Dominion of the Sea: namely, the Lydians whom (as appearing the most Conspicuous) he sets in the Van: Then the Pelasgi, Thrace's, Rhodians, Phrygians, Phaenicians, the Egyptians, Milesians, those of Caria, Lesbian, the Phocenses, Naxii, Eretrienses, Aeginetae and others too long to recite: Let us look back to the Egyptians, who we read, were so addicted to Traffic, as they essayed to join the Mediterranean with the Red-Sea, and thereby open a passage to the Commerce of Arabia, Aethiopia, and the Shores of India: Which attempt (unsuccessful as it proved) did not yet impeach the Alexandrian Staple, from whence Rome of Old, the Genoezes, Venetians, and others of later date, have enriched themselves: For the Eastern Scale being in Caesar's time at Coptos, and afterwards, removed to Alexandria; when the Arabs and Goths overran the World (and the Indian Trade interrupted) was conveyed to ●rebezond upon the Euxine, and from thence by Caravan to Aleppo, thence again recovered to the Red-Sea, and Alexandria by the Sultan, who then possessed Cairo, where it was long Monopolised by the Venetians, of whom we give a more particular Account. What immense Treasure the Romans received out of Asia, and Syria; out of Africa from Egypt, and by the Nile; the Persian Gulf, and from India, we are told out of Strabo 
† Lib. 17. . This Merchandise was first conveyed over-Land from Berenice, by Philadelphus (to avoid the perils of Navigating the Red-Sea) to P●pta on the Nilus; and thence (with the Stream) to Alexandria, though many Ships adventured to pass from M●ris (or the Berenice abovementioned) even to the very Indies; by which means there came Yearly to Rome, no les● then 1000 Tuns of Gold, besides other precious Commodities. But, when the Empire fell to decay, the Venetians (as we noted) took their advantage, till then a few scattered Cottages of poor Fishermen, and others, Fugitives from the Gotic Inundation, and settling by degrees upon a Cluster of divers muddy, and almost, inaccessible Islands: See what Commerce can effect! But, these Industrious People assayed another way, namely, from Ganges through Bactria, and the River Oxus, and so the Caspian Lake, As●racan and the Volga; thence to Tanaïs' by the Euxine, and so to Venice; truly an immense Circle, and which soon wearied them out, when even of later times, the Negoce of India was supplied from Tripoli, and Alexandretta (Cities of Syria) and from Aleppo by Caravan, to which Scale Merchants came from Armenia, Arabia, Egypt, Persia, and generally, f●om all the Oriental Countries. From Aleppo again they returned to by'r near the Euphrates; thence to Badaget, or Ophram in Media; Balsara, and the Gulf all down the Stream: To this Balsara is yet brought all sorts of Indian Commodities, as far as Aethiopia, and the Islands of that Ocean; where being charged on smaller Vessels, they are tow'd-up against the Euphrates to Bagdet▪ in which Passage, being now and then interrupted by the Thievish Arabs (especially at the Frontiers) Intelligence is familiarly conveyed by the Internunce of Pigeons trained up for the purpose, that is, carried in open Cages from the Dove-houses, and freed, with their Let●ers of Advice (contrived in narrow scrowls about their bodies, and under the wing) which they bring with wonderful Expedition: as they likewise practise it from Scanderoon to Aleppo upon the coming-in of Ships, and other Occasions, These were the later Intercourses from Venice to, and from the Oriental Parts, till in the Year 1497, 
1497.  that the famous Vasco de Gama (that fortunate Portugueze, and whom we may truly call ●he Restorer of Navigation) found out a nearer Way, by going farther about: For Henry, 
1410.  the Third Son of john the First of Portugal, hearing that Bethencourt, a Norman, had detected certain Islands in the Atlantic Ocean some years before; sent two Ships in search of the Africa Shores Southwards: Ten Years after this, 
1344.  Consalvo, and Tristan Vaz made discovery of 
* Detected bef●●e by one M●cha a● Englishman.  Madera, and certain Genoëzes had sailed as far as the Sierra Lione, within eight Degrees of the Aequator; after which, there was little advance till the Reign of Alphonsus the Second, in whose time, the Portuguezes Coasted as far as the promontory of St. Katherine under the second Degree of Southern Latitude: But, john the Second sending men by the old Way of Alexandria, and the Midland-Sea to Goa, Peter Covilan, an Active Spirit amongst them, hearing of a famous Cape, which extending itself far into the Sea and that being doubled, did open a passage into the East, brought News of it to King Emanuel (then Reigning) who thereupon, employed the two Brothers Vasques (whom we named) and Paulo, with four Vessels, and 160 Men, with that Success, as to discover a passage to the Indies by Long-Sea, to the almost utter ruin of Venice; and, in a short time after, to the total Interruption of that tedious Circle by Land, Rivers, and Lakes, which we have been describing; nor are we to forget Petrus Alvarez, Almeïda, and others: And in this manner, for divers Years (at least till the Reign of john the Third) did the Portugals and Spaniards carry the Trade of the World, from the rest of the World, till the HOLLANDERS (being prohibited all Intercourse with the Ports belonging to the Catholick-Rings) attempted the same Discovery, and in short time, so outdid the former; that, by the Year 1595, 
1595.  they had Established a Company for the East-Indies, and within a while after, another for the West, which has subdued the best part of Brazile, and in the Year 1628., 
1624. 1628.  fought, and took the Spanish Plate-Fleet, to their immense Inrichment: But, in what manner they have settled themselves and Factories in those Parts, and by what Arts maintained it, will require a fuller discovery.  
20. We not long-since mentioned the Goths and Vandals, and who almost has taken Notice of the Ancient Port of Wisbuy, formerly a Receptacle of Ships, and famous Emporium in those Parts? when even the Laws, and Ordinances of Wisbuy, took place like those of Oleron, from Muscovy, to the straits of Gibraltar; and though both Olaus Magnus, Herbestan, and Others have exceedingly celebrated this City, and Haven; Yet we cannot learn, how it came to be deserted, unless by the Luxury, and Dissensions of the Inhabitants; by none (that we can find) recorded: But, that it was once in so flourishing a state, testify the yet remaining Heaps, the Columns of Marble, jasper, and Porphyry: the Gates of Brass and Iron, tightly wrought, and other footsteps of August foundations. Albertus' the Swedish King, endeavoured by great Privileges, to have (it seems) established again, and restored it to its ancient splendour, but it did not succeed: Nevertheless, the Laws we mentioned (written in the Old Theutonick Language, and without date) obtained amongst the Germans, Danes, Flemings, and almost all the Northern People: We mention the Instance to show, that as some Places have set● up, and thriven by their Industry; so Others, have lost what they once possessed; and that this Vicissitude is unavoidable, Tyrus, and Carthage, and Corinth, and Syracuse (that in their turns contended with all the World for Navigation and Commerce) are pregnant Examples. The famous Brundisium (whence the Great Pompey ●led from the fortune of Caesar) is now quite choak'd-up: joppa is no more, and Tingis, which of old derived its Name from Commerce, and was a renowned Emporium near three hundred Years before Carth●ge was a City, was lately the Desolate Tanger; though now again, by the Influence of our glorious Monarch, raising its aged head with fresh vigour: But, what's become of hundreds we might Name; 
S●rabo, Dion●s. 〈◊〉. See Isa●a●, c. 23.  Spina near Ravenna, Luna in ●truria, Lesbus, and even Athens herself? When nearer home, and at our own doors, Stavernen in Friezland, anciently a famous Port, now desolate, Antwerp (lately the Staple for the Spice and Riches of the East, and that Sold more in one Month, than Venice did in four and twenty) lies abandoned: The stately Genoa (which once employed twice-twenty thousand hands in the Silken Manufacture) is now, with her Elder●Sister Venice, ebbing apace; Venice, I say, the Beloved of the Sea, s●ems now forlorn, compared to what she was, and from how a small a principle she had spread!  
21. The Bretons and Normans (especially against the Saracens) those of Province, Marselles, ●arbon, etc. had long since been famous at Sea, we say, long since; for the ancient Gauls had great Commerce with those of Carthage (as appears out of Polibyus and Livy) but the French in general, have of later days, and since the Reign of Charles the Eighth, 
●●il. C●min●s.  performed little considerable: Francis the First (that Magnificent Prince, who had made the famous Andrea d'Oria his Admiral) built indeed no less than ●ifty Galleys for the Italick-War, and had some Conflicts with our King his Neighbour; But Henry the Fourth, seemed wholly negligent of Sea-affairs, as relying upon the Generosity of Queen Elizabeth, in whose days, neither He, nor any other Potentate about her, durst pretend to Shipping, or such Fleets as might give jealousy to their Allies; which, had this incomparable Princess, or, rather, her peaceful Successor, as well observed with the Hollanders in point of Commerce and Trade too; the Ages to come, as well as present, had been doubly obliged to their memory: But the Scene is now changed, as well with them as with France; since Cardinal de Richlieu, in the Reign of Lewis the Thirteenth, Instituting a College, and Fraternity of Merchants about thirty Years since; and by Opening, Enlarging, and Improving their Ports and Magazines, has put the present Monarch into such a Condition, as has exceedingly advanced his Commerce, and given Principle to no inconsiderable Navy; and if 
* D● R●●ub. Galliae, l. 2.  Claudius Sesellius the Bishop of Marselles' Prophecies succeed (who writ about the time of Lewis the Twelfth) the Northern World is like to have an importunate Neighbour within few Years to come, from his growing Power, even upon the Ocean.  
22. The Danes, and more Northern People were formidable (especially to this Island) under the Conduct of their brave Canute, Ubbon the Frizian, and other Captains; making frequent descents upon Us in mighty Fleets, encountered by the Saxons: But, all these living more by Brigandize, and Piracy, than by Tra●●ick, gave place to the Spaniard, and Portugals, whose successful Expeditions, and Discoveries, have rendered them deservedly more Worthy for these last six, or seven hundred Years, than any we have hitherto mentioned, for their shedding of Blood, and Invasions. Nor with less Glory, and timely application of themselves to Sea● Affairs, did the formerly-mentioned Genoëzes, and others of the Ligurian Coast, signalise their Courage, as well as their dexterity in Traffic; especially, against the Saracens; since which, they did exceedingly flourish; till the Dukes of Tuscany, by better Policy, and the direction of Count Dudley (pretended Duke of Northumberland) raising its Neighbour Ligorn from a despicable, and neglected Place, to a Free and well-defended Port, did well nigh 〈◊〉 it; for, by this means, the greatest Merchants ●or repute in the World (namely those of Genoa) are become the greatest, and sordidst Usurers in it; as having otherwise little means to employ the Riches, which they formerly got, by a more honest, and natural way of Trade: But, as the Opening of Marselles may in time endanger that of Ligorn, whilst the French King is courting all the World with Naturalisation, and other popular Immunities; other Princes are instructed how to render themselves Considerable, who are blest wi●h any advantageous Post upon the bord●res of the Ocean; and, of This, Gotenberg (not to mention Villa-Franca, and some other Ports) is now a worthy Instance, which, till of late, was hardly known bevond its Wooden Suburbs, though it must be acknowledged, that both the Danes and Sweeds had performed notable Exploits; the former from Herald the● Third, by the Conduct of Ubbon the Frisian (not to insist on their heavy Impositions on this Island) and the latter from Gustavus the first, who served himself of Galleys even upon the Northern Seas, built for him by the Venetians, and set out that enormous Ship, we mentioned, which carried 1300 Men: What Conquests the late Great Adolphus made, who went into Prusia with an Armada of 200 Ships, is known to the amazement of Europe.  
23. We have more than once showed, from how humble a rise Venice had exalted her head, and spread the fame of her Conquests, as well as Navigation, over Asia, Egypt, Syria, Pontus, Greece and other Countries, bordering upon the Ocean: she Warred against the Istrians, vanquished the Saracens. In the Holy● land; they won Smyrna, devasted all the Phoenician Shores, especially under Dominico Michaele, who with 200 Vessels, having raised the Siege of joppa, took chaus, Samos, Lesbos; to omit their Successes against the Genoëzes emulous of their growth, but never to forget the former, and of late, strenuous resistance against the Turk; especially in that signal Battle of Lepanto, and what their famous General Capello did at Tunis, and Algiers of later time, and the Building, Furniture, and Oeconomy of their Arsenal, and Magazines Celebrated throughout the World; when (before the lucky Portuguezes had doubled the Cape of BonI●speranza) the sweet of the Levantine Commerce (transferred from this Port only) invited men to build not Ships alone, but Houses, and Palaces in the very bosom of Neptune, with a stupendious Expense, and almost miraculous: The Government of their Maritime-Affairs, care of their Forests, Victualling, Courage and Industry of their Greatest Noblemen, who are frequently made Captains of si●gle Galleys, and sometimes arriving to be Chief Admirals, come near a Dictatorship; are things worthy of praise; and of the Name they have obtained. Genoa (whom we mentioned) had signalised itself against the Saracens, the Republic of Pisa, and even Venice itself, especially under Paganus Doria in the Year 1352, near the Bosphorus Straight; and with the Island of Tenidos had been hired by the Young Andronicus to come into his assistance: From the time of Cosino di Medici's, and Silvius Piccol●mini their Admiral, the Florentines gave proof of their Valour in Africa, and of their Care for Sea Affairs, the Arsenal at Pis● gives a commendable Instance.  
24. The Rhodans (to whom some attribute even the Invention of Navigation, and whose Constitutions were universally received) obtained a mighty repu●e at Sea; and the Courageous Exploits of the Maltezes, and other Military Orders against the Common Enemy, the T●rk, are renowned over the World; wi●ness, ten thousand which they ●lew, and half as many that they took in the Year 1308, with hundred thousands of those Miscreants destroyed by them since their removal to Malta; especially when joined with the ●allies of Venice and Genoa, in the Years 1601, 1625, 1638, and other slaugh●ers innumerable. We name the T●rk, and they give us Cause to remember them, by what the Christian Pale has too of●en felt, when more by their Numbers, than their Courage, they took from it Cyprus, Rhodes, and the never to be forgotten Candi●; besides, their Conquests and Incursions, on the rest of Europe and Asia: They are not, 'tis Confessed, of any Name for much Commerce, but for the Disturbance of it, which calls aloud ●pon the Christian World to put a ●●mely period to their Insolence, before it be incorrigible, and to pursue the bold, and brave Exploits of our Blakes Lawsons', and Sprags against t●e Moores and Barbares, and by Example of our Heroic Prince, to restore that Security to Trade, which can only make it Re-●lourish.  
25. The Aethiopians, Persians, Indians and Chinezes (for those of Tartary, present, or ancient Scyths, come hardly into this Account) may be reckoned among the Nations of Traffic; Especially, the last named, as who are by some thought to have had knowledge of the Magnet before the Europeans▪ nay, so addicted were they to Sailing, that they invented Veliferous Chariots, and to Sail upon the Land: It was long since that they had intercourse with those of Madagascar, and came sometimes as far as the Red-Sea with their Wares; and for Vessels, have to this day about Nankin, jonks of such prodigious size, as seem like Cities, rather than Ships, bui●t full of Ho●ses, and replenished with whole Families: In sh●rt, There is hardly a Nation so ●ude, but, who is some degree, Cultivate Navigation, and are Charmed with the Advantages of Commerce: But, it would cost an immense Volume, to discourse at large of these things in particular, and to mention only, the brave Men, who have in all Ages signalised themselves at Sea for their Arms, or, more peaceful Arts; to Count the Names of the famous Captains, and Adventures of later times, whose Expeditions have been Warlike, and for Invasion, and many for Discoveries and Commerce. Here, than we Contract our Sails, and shall direct our Course nearer home, from whence we have been so long diverted.  
26. The First, that presents itself to our second Consideration, are the Spaniards, and Castilians, who (upon the Success of their Neighbours the Portugals) making use of that fortunate Stranger Columbus, prompted by a magnanimous Genius, and a little Philosophy, discovered to us a New World: This Great Man, being ●urnish'd-out by Ferdinand, and Isabella of Castille, in four Voyages, which he made from the Year 1492, 
1492.  to An. 1502, detected the Antillias', Cuba, jamaica, etc. with some of the Terra firma; though to let pass Zeno (a Noble Venetian, reported to have discovered the North-East part of America above an hundred Years before) there be, 
1390.  who tell us, that a certain obscure Mariner (Alphonso Zanches de Huelva by name) had the first sight of this goodly prospect, eight years before this glorious Gen●ëz● (for Columbus was of that City) or any the pretenders: This poor Seaman, hurried upon those unknown Coasts by Tempests (which continued for almost a ●ull Month) was carried as far as St. Domingo in Hispaniola: How he returned is not said; but, that from the Observations of this Adventure, Christopher received the first notices of what he afterwards improved, being at that time in the Maderas, where Zanches arriving, died not long after, and bequeathed him all his Charts and Papers. There are likewise who affirm, that some mean Bisayers (losing themselves in pursuit of Whale-Fishing) had fallen upon some of the American Islands, above an hundred years, before either of the former; but, since of this we have no Authentic proofs; Certain it is, that Columbus, taking his Conjectures from the Spiring of certain Winds from the Western Points, by strong Impulse, concluded, that there must needs be some Continent towards those Quarters: Upon this Confidence, he offers first, his Service to john King of Portugal, and then, to our Henry the Seventh of England, by both which Princes rejected for a Romantic Dream, he repairs to the Court of Spain, where, partly by his Importunity, and much by the favour of Isabel, he was with great difficulty set-out at last, when to equip him, the Royal Lady was fain to pawn some of her jewels: But it was well Repaid, when for the value of 17000 Crowns, he not long after, returned her almost as many Tuns of Treasure, and, within eight or nine Years, to the King's sole Use, above 1500000 of Silver, and 360 Tuns of Gold: See the Reward of Faith, and of things not seen! 
1497.  These fortunate beginnings were pursued by Americus Vesputius (a Florentine, and a Stranger too) who being sent by Emanuel of Portugal to the Molucca Islands (five Years after) happening to be driven upon the same Coast, carried away the Name, though not the Honour from all the former, though there be, who upon good proof affirm, that john Chab●t a Venetian, and his son Sebastian (born with us at Bristol) had discovered Florida, and the Shores of Virginia, with that whole Tract as far as Newfoundland, before the bold Genoëze; nay, that Thorn, and Eliot (both Countrymen of ours) detected this New-World before Columbus ever set foot upon it; for we will say nothing of the famous Owen Gwynedd, whose Adventures are of yet greater Antiquity, and might serve to give Reputation to that noble Enterprise, if we had a mind to be contentious ●or it, But,  
27. That indeed the most shining Exploits of this Age of Discoveries, were chief due to the several Hero's of this Island, we have but to call-over the Names of Drake, Hawkins, Cavendish, Furbisher, Davis, Hudson, Raleigh, and others of no less merit: For impossible it was, that the English should not share in Dangers with the most Renowned, in so glorious an Enterprise; Our Drake being the First of any Mortal, to whom God vouchsafed the stupendious Atchieument of Encompassing, not this New-World alone, but New and Old together: Both of them Twice embraced by this Demi-God; for Magellan being slain at the Manillias', was interrupted in his intended Course, 
1528.  and left the Exploit to Sebastian Camus his Colleague.  
28. This Voyage of Drake was first to Nombre de Dios; where coming to a sight of the South-Seas, with tears of Joy in his eyes, his mind was never in repose, till he had gotten into it, as in five years after he accomplished it, when passing through the Magellan Straight towards the other Indies, and doubling the famous Promontory, he Circum-navigated the whole Earth, and taking from the Spaniard St. jago, Domingo, Cartagena, and other signal Places, Crowned in the Name of his Mistress the Queen, at Nova Albion, he returned to his Country, and to a Crown of Immortal Honour. This gallant Man was Leader to Cavendish, another Countryman of Ours, of no less Resolution; for these brave Persons scorning any longer to creep by Shores, and be obliged to uncertain Constellations; plow'd-up unfathomable Abysses, without ken of Earth or Heaven, and really accomplished Actions, beyond all that the Poets of Old, or any former Record (fruitful in Wonders) could Invent or Relate.  
29. And now Every Nation, stimulated by these Adventures, daily added New-things to the Accomplishment of the Art: Things, I say, unknown to former Ages: And herein were the Portugals very prosperous, One of whose Princes brought first into Use the Astrolabe, and Tables of Declination, with other Arithmetical, and Astronomical Rules, applicable to Navigation; besides, what several others had from time to time Invented: But, neither were these to be compared to the Nautic Box, and feats of the Magnet; before which the Science was so imperfect, and Mariners so terrified at Long Voyages; that there were Laws to prohibit Sailing even upon the Mediterranean, during the Winter Season; and, however great things have been reported of Plato's Atlantic, the Discoveries of Hanno, Eudoxius, and others of Old time, from the Persian Gulf, as far as Cales; it was still with sneaking by the Shoar, in continual sight of Land; or by Chance, which indeed has been a fruitful Mother in these, and most other Discoveries; that Men might learn Humility and not Sacrifice to their own uncertain Reasonings. 
1305.  In that memorable Expedition of the French to Invade our Country, there was hardly a Pilot to be found, who durst adventure Twenty Leag●es into the Main; and those who had been the most assured, did hardly reach within many degrees of the Aequinoctial. The Azores were first stumbl'd-upon by a roaming Pirate, surprised by Storm: All the Asiatic Indian Seas, and some of Africa, lay almost as much in the dark, as the Hyperborcans, and horrid North. 
1465.  And though this de●ect was encountered more than two Ages past, by that ever to be renowned Italian ●lavio of Amalphi (for we pass what is reported of the Ancient Arabs, Pa●lus Venetus, and Others) yet, was it near fourscore Years after, ere it came so far North as these Countries of Ours, to which his Needles continually pointed. But, it was now when the Fullness of Time was come, that by this means, the Western Indieses should be no longer a Secret, and what have been the incomparable Advantages, which this despicable Stone has produced (the property whereof is ever to have its Poles, converted to the Poles of the World, and it's Axed directed Parallel to the Axes of the World) is Argument of Admiration: But, that by virtue of this dull Pibble, such a Continent of Land, such Myriads of People, such inexhaustible Treasures, and so many Wonders should be brought to light, plainly Astonishes, and may Instruct the proudest of us all, not to contemn small-things; since so it oftentimes pleases the Almighty to humble the Loftiness of Men, and to Choose the Base things of the World, to Confound the Things that are Mighty. And less than This we could not say, concerning that inestimable jewel, by whose Aid and Direction, the Commerce, and Traffic of the World has received such Advantages.  
30. We have now dispatched the Portugals and the Spaniards: There remain the ENGLIGH and the HOLLANDERS, who Cour●ing the good Graces of the same Mistress, the TRADE of the WORLD, divide the WORLD between them: Deservedly then we Celebrate the Industry of the Batavians: They must really be looked upon as a Wonderful People; nor do we diminish ourselves whilst we magnify any worthy Actions of theirs; since it cannot but redound to our Glory, who have been the Occasion of it; and, that as oft as they have forgotten it, we have been able to Chastise them for it: It is, I say, a Miracle that a People (who have no Principle of Trade among themselves) should in so short a space, become such Masters of it: Their Growth ('tis Confessed) is admirable; and if it prove as solid, and permanent, as it has been speedy, ROME must herself submit to the Comparision: But, we know, who has Calculated her Nativity, and that Violent things are not always lasting. 
Bentivoglio hist. Flan.  We will yet give them their due; They are Giants for stature, fierce in Beard and Countenance, full of goodly Towns; Strong in Munition, Numerous in Shipping; in a World HIGH and MIGHTY-STATES, and all this the product of Commerce and Navigation; but by what just Arts equally, and in all parts improved we may hereafter inquire, as well as to whose Kindness they have been the most Obliged, and the most Ingrateful: We omit to speak here of their Discoveries, and Plantations, which the Curious may find in the Journals Heemskerk, Oliver Vander-Nordt, Spilberg, Le Maire (who went six Degrees farther South than Magellan himself, and found a shorter passage into those Seas) to these we may add L'Eremite, the late Compilers of their Atlases, and Others, which many Volumes would hardly comprehend, and because they are generally known; Tacitus, and other famous Authors have celebrated their Early Exploits at Sea, and of later times, Fredric Barburossa did bravely against the Saracens at Pelusium in Egypt: 
1219.  The Frizians greatly infested the Danes, and those of Flanders, especially under William the Son of john Count of Holland, and in the time of Philip the good Duke of Burgundy: They were the first that wore the Broom, when, Anno 1438, they had cleared the Levantine Seas, subdued the Genoëzes, 
V Pont. Heuterus Austr. l. 13.  and vanquished the French about an hundred years after: How they plagued the Spaniard and Portugals, from the year 1572 to almost this day, there is no body ignorant of; and for that of their Discoveries, Quae vero ignota littora, 
Dec. 1. l. 1.  quasve desinentis mundi or as Scrutata non est Belgarum Nauticae? was justly due to them from Strad●; and the Truth is, they have merited of Fame for many Virtues, and showed from what small, and despicable Rudiments, Great things have emerged; and that Traffic alone, which at the first raised, has high hereto supported this Grandeur against a most puissant Monarch, for a most an Age entire: But, their Admission of Foreigners, Increase of Hands, Encouraging Manufactures, Free, and Open Ports, Low Customs, Toleration of Religions, Natural Frugality, and Indefatigable Industry could ●ndeed, portend no less. We conclude then with ENGLAND, which though last in Order, was not the last in our Design; when upon reflection on our late Differences with our Neighbours of HOLLAND, we thought it not unsuitable to preface something concerning the Progress of that Commerce, which has been the Subject of so many Conflicts between us.  
31. To the little which has been hitherto said of the great things which Our Nation has performed by Sea in the later Ages, we might superadd the Gallantry, and brave Adventures of former; since from no obscure Authors we learn, the Britain's to have accompanied the Cimbrians and Gauls, 
Camdenus▪ Strabo, l. 3.  in their memorable Expedition into Greece, long before the Incarnation of our Lord, and whilst they were yet Strangers to the Roman World; not to insist on the Cassiterides, 
W. Howel Instit. Hist. B●charti Cana●n, l. 1. c. 39 & l. 3. c. 9  known to the Phoenicians, and with so much judgement, vindicated by a Learned Author, in that his excellent and useful Institution: In all events, we resort to the greatest Captain, and, without dispute, the purest of Ancient Writers: 
De Bello Gall. lib. 3.  The Description which Caesar makes of the Supplies this Island afforded the Gauls (and, which made him think it worth his while to bring-over his Legions hither) will inform us, that the structure of their Vessels was not altogether of Twigs, and Oxes-Hides; And the Veneti, it seems, had then a Navy of no less than 200 Sail, built of goodly Oak, tall, and so bravely equipped for War, and to endure the Sea, as that great General acknowledged the Romans themselves had nothing approached it: which we mention, because divers grave Authors believe the British Vessels (sent sometime as Auxiliaries) were thought to be like them: And the slender Experience which the Gauls (or, in truth any other Neighbour of theirs) had of the opposite Shores, when the Britain's were thus Instructed both for Defence, and Commerce (and, at that time permitted certain Merchants only to frequent their Coasts) is a fair Praescription, how Early She Entitled herself to the Dominion of the Seas; which, if at any time interrupted by barbarous Surprise, or Invasion (as in the Ages following it seemed to be) yet, neither did That continue any longer, than till the prevalent Force was established, which soon Asserting the Title, as Lords, and in Right of England, maintained her Prerogative from Time immemorial: I know not why therefore, a solitary Writer, or two, should go about to deprive this Nation of more than Twelve hundred Years at Once; because an Heroic Prince has had the Misfortune to have his Mighty Actions reported by some weak, and less-accurate Pens: Yet, such, as the Times wherein they lived, could furnish; especially too, since this has been the Fate of as brave Men, as any whom History has Recorded: But, by this Pretence, some there are, who would take from us, the Renowned ARTHUR, who is reported to have led his Squadrons as far as Ise-Land, 
See ●APXAIONOMIA, sive, de Priscis Anglorum Legibus, written by Lambard, and Published by Mr. Wheelock.  and brought the Northern People under his Flag, planting the Confines of the British-Ocean, as far as the Russian Tracts; and this (together with all th● Northern, and Eastern Isles) to be D● jure, Appendices unto this Kingdom, me may find in the Leges Edwardi, confirmed by the Norman Conqueror; for so it had indeed been left to the famous EDGAR (to mention only Egbert, Althr●d, Ethelfred, etc.) Princes, all of them, signally meritorious for their Care of the Sea) who soon finding by Experience what Benefit, and Protection his Country received by the extraordinary Vigilancy on the Coasts, and the Vindicating of his Dominions on the Waters, Covered them at Once, with no less than Four thousand Sail; nor, it seems, without Cause (the time considered) since we lay so exposed to a barbarous Enemy. Alfred (whom we mentioned) found it so in his days; a sober, and well-Consulted Prince; and therefore provided himself of the same Expedient against the troublesome Danes, whom he not seldom humbled: But, this MAXIM, as often as Neglected, did as certainly expose the Nation to Prey, and Contempt, as not long after it, to the Norman Power, 
Nimis multa extare documenta Britanniae esse Domin●s, qui essent Maris. Grot. Hist. l. 13.  and may so again to a Greater, when through a fatal Supineness, we shall either Remit of our wont Vigilancy, and due Provisions, or suffer our Upstart Neighbours to Encroach upon us; so True is that saying, By what means any Thing is Acquired, by the same 'tis Preserved. Did this Island wisely Consider the Happiness of not needing many Frontiers to protect her from hourly Alarms, or Inland Fortresses to check the sudden, and rude Incursions, to which all Continents are Obnoxious; she would not think her Bounty to her Prince a Burden; who by maintaining a glorious, and formidable Navy at Sea, not only renders her Inhabitants secure at Home, without multiplying of Governors, and G●arnisons (which are ever jealous to a Free, and Loyal People) but, unless wanting to themselves, Repairs their Layings-out, with immense Advantages; and by securing, and Improving that Trade, and Commerce, which only can render a Nation flourishing, and, which has hitherto given us the Ascendent over the rest of the World: so True is another Axiom, Qui MARE tenet, 
Cic. ad A●ic. l. 10. Ep. 7.  eum necesse esse rerum potiri; but, without which, 'tis in vain to talk of Sovereignty.  
32. By these Politics King john was enabled to pass the Seas into Ireland with a Fleet of 500 Sail; Imperiously Commanding whatever Vessels they should m●et withal about the Eight Circumfluent Seas, to Arrest them, and bring them to understand their Duty: But, our Third Edward (to whom the House of Burgundy owed so much) Equipped above a Thousand tall Ships upon another Occasion; with an handful whereof, he defeated a prodigious Navy of the French, and Spaniard, that were gotten together; and we have seen a perfect, and undoubted List of no ●ewer than 700 Men of War, which this Prince brought before Calais, though he made use of but 200 of them, to vanquish a Fleet consist●ng of more than double the Number with the loss of Thirty thousand French; which had such an Influence on his Neighbours, that, whereas, till then, there had been some Remissness in the Nation, and a declension of Sea-Affairs; the bravest, and greatest Men in the Land, began greedily to embrace Maritime Employments; and the Title of 
* Thalassiarcha. See Vossius de Vitii● Sermonis Lat. l. 2. It's derived from Emir, or Amir Praefectus in Arab.  Admiral, introduced in his Praedecessors time, was now held in highest Esteem.  
33. We mentioned the House of Burgundy, and it had reason to Remember us, and our Wool, which was the fairest Flower of that Ducal Coronet, and as some good Antiquaries remark, really gave Institution to their Golden Fleece: However it were, this Wise Prince, representing to the flemings their miserable Posture (at that time obnoxious to the French, as of late they have likewise been) and, Inhibiting the Importation of Foreign clothes; the Serene and quiet Condition of this happy Island, invited them over to settle here, erect their Manufactures amongst us, and join their Art to our Nature.  
34. We pass by the Exploits, and glorious Achievements performed by our Kings against the Saracens in the Holy-War, which charged the Shields of the ancient Nobless, and, of which, all Asia resounded: Here, our Edward's, Henries, 
1358.  and Richards did memorable things; in particular, Richard the Second took of the French, almost an hundred Ships at once, of which some were Vessels of great burden, richly Fraite: And an Earl of Arundel (bearing this Prince's Name) beat, took, and destroyed 226 Ships deep laden with 1●000 Tuns of Wine, coming from La Rochel, after an obstinate Encounter, and many brave Exploits: T● these we might add, the Gallant Preparations of Henry the Fifth, and of several more, had we a design, or any need to accumulate Instances of our Puissance, and Successes at Sea, so thick sown in Foreign, as well as Domestic Histories: But, he that would be Instructed for a more ample Discourse, may take notice of the League made between Charles the Great, and our Mercian Offa (now more than 700 years since) as he may find it in an Epistle of Albinus, or the Learned Alcuin ('tis all one) and Consult our Countrymen Walsingham, Malmesbury, and other Writers; where he will see in what high repute this Nation has been, both for its numerous Shipping, and the flourishing Commerce it maintained in most known-Parts of the World; and, which we may farther confirm, by the several Authentic Statutes, and Immunities yet extant, not omitting the Policy of Keeping the Sea, facetiously, yet solidly, set forth in the good Old Prologue, entitled, The Process of the Libel, written more than 200 years past, not unworthy our deepest reflections: And verily, it were a madness in us to neglect the Care of those Causes, from whence (as by a Series of them will yet appear) the Effects of all our Temporal Blessings spring, and, by Virtue whereof, they can only be maintained.  
35. Henry the Seventh, and his Magnificent Successor, were both of them powerful at Sea; though the too weak-Faith of the former, deprived him of the most glorious Accession, that was ever offered to Mortal-man: This, he endeavoured to have repaired, by the famous Cabot, whom he afterwards employed to seek Adventures; and, though the Success were not equal, it was yet highly laudable, and (as we have showed) not altogether without Fruit.  
36. Henry the Eight his Son, bad divers Conflicts with the French, 
† Lord Cherbery Hist. Hen. 8. See also that rare piece of Hans Holbein 's in his Majesty's Gallery at White-Hall.  Triumphing sometimes in Sails of Cloth-of-Gold, and Cordage of Silk: But, that which indeed repaired the Remissness of the One, and Profusion of the Other, and gave a Demonstration of how absolute concern, Traffic, and Strength at Sea are to this Island, was the Care which Queen ELIZABETH took, when by her Address alone, she not only secured her Kingdoms from the formidable Power of Spain; but, Reaped the Harvest too, of that Opulent Monarch, and brought his Indies into her own Exchequer; whilst that Mighty Prince, had only the trouble to Conquer the New-World, and prepare the Treasure for her: And this she did, by her Influence on Navigation, and by the Courage and Conduct of those renowned Hero's, who made her Reign so famous.  
37. This glorious Princess had 130 Sail of fair Ships, when she sent over for the Island Voyages, of which 60 were stout men of War; and with these (besides many other Exploits) she defended HOLLAND, defied Parma, and awed the whole Power of Spain: With an handful of these (comparatively) she defeated the Invincible Armada in LXXXVIII, 
1588.  Encountered, and took Galleons, and other Vessels of prodigious strength and bulk; and, what havoc was made at Cales, by yet a smaller number, her Enemies to this day feel: 
Ann●l. l. 5. : Grotius, speaking of this Action, tells us, that the Wealth gotten there by the Earl of Essex, was never any where paralleled with the like Naval Success; and, that if these beginnings had been pursued (as with ease they might, had the brave Man's Counsel been followed) it had proved one of the most glorious Enterprises that History has recorded: However, besides the immense Spoil, and Treasure they took, and the Marks they left of their Fortitude (to the loss of 120● Great-Guns of the Enemies, irreparable in those days) the Spaniard was not so redoubted Abroad, as they le●t him miserably weakened at Home: To these, we may number the Trophies won by particular Adventurers: Sir Francis Drake, having with four Ships only, taken from the Spaniard a Million, and 189200 Ducats in one Expedition, Anno 1587., in a single bottom 25000 Pesoes of the most refined Gold; and after, with a Squadron of Five and twenty Sail, terrifying the whole Ocean, he sacked St. jago, Domingo, and Cartagena (as before mentioned) and, carried away with him, besides other incredible Booty, 240 Pieces of Artillery, which was a prodigious Spoil in those early days, and, when those Instruments of Destruction were not in such plenty as now they are. What shall we say of john Oxenham, one of the Argo-nauts with Drake? who, in a slender Bark, near Nombre de Dios (having drawn-up his Vessel to Land, and covered it with a few boughs) marched with his small Crew over unknown paths, till arrived at a certain River, and there building a Pinnac●, with the Timber which they felled upon the Spot, he boldly launches into the South-Sea, and, at the Island of Pearls, took from the Spaniard 60000 l. weight of Massie-Gold, and 200000 in Silver! though lost in his Return with it, by the perfidy of his Associates; such an Exploit is hardly to be paralleled in any story. Sir Richard Grinvill, in another Voyage to Cadiz, with but 180 Soldiers (of which 90 were sick and useless) in the Ship Revenge, maintained a Conflict for 24 hours, against 50 Spanish Galleons, and slew above 7000 Men, sinking four of their best Vessels: Than this, what have we more—! What, can be greater! In sum, so universal was the Reputation of our Countrymen in those days, for their strenuous Exploits at Sea; That even Those who took all Occasions to depress, and extenuate them, are forced here to Acknowledge, and that from the Pen of an Author whose Word goes far, 
* Graiorum, Romanorumque gloriae, qui res olim sua● Navales per acies asseruerunt, non dabie tunc Anglorum & fortun●, & Virtus respondit. Grot. Hist. l. 1.  That the Greeks and Romans, who of Old, made good all their mighty Actions by Naval Victories, were at this time, equalled by the Fortitude and Gourage of the English.  
38. 'Twas in Her days, they discovered far into the North-East, and North-West, Gathaian, and China Passages, by the indefatigable diligence of Willoughby, Burroughs, chancellor, Button, Buffin, Furbisher, james, Middleton, Gilbert, Cumberland, and others, worthy to be consigned to Fame: In her Brothers the sixth Edward's Reign, the formerly mentioned Chabot, had six times attempted the North-West Tracts to the Indies; and, long before these, a bold Prince of Ours, essayed to pass the Moluccos by the same Course; entered the straits of Anian, and is, by some, entitled to the first Discovery of the Canaries. The Summer-Islands, and the goodly Continent of Virginia, were first detected, and then Planted by the English; among whom we may not pass by the Industry of Captain jones, Smith, and other late Adventurers, whose great Exploits (as Romantic as they appear) were the steady effects of their Courage and good Fortune: We have said yet nothing of Pool, who began the Whale-fishing, nor of Captain Bennet, who discovered Cherry-Island: Pet, and jack-man that passed the Vaigates, Scythian lces, and the River Ob, as far as Nova Zembla: Of john Davis, who had penetrated to 86 degrees of Latitude, and almost set his foot upon the Northern-Pole: Here let us also remember Captain Gillan, to the lasting honour of his Highness, Prince Rupert, and the rest of those Illustrious Adventurers; nor forget to celebrate the Heroic Inclination of his Sacred MAJESTY, our Great CHARLES, under whose Auspexes, Sir john Norborough has lately Passed, and Repassed the Magellan Straight; by which that Modest, and Industrious Man, has not only performed what was never done before; but has also made way for a Prospect of immense Improvement. Finally,  
39 It was Queen Elizabeth who began, and established the Trade of Muscovy, Turkey, Barbary, and even that of the East-Indies too, however of late Interrupted by ungrateful Neighbours: Nor less was she vigilant at Land, than at Sea; Mustering at once no fewer than One hundred and twenty Thousand fighting-Men of her own Vassals, not by uncertain Computation; but, effectually sit for War: And indeed, but for the extraordinary Virtue of this brave Virago, not England alone, but even France and Holland had truckled under the weight of Spain, whose Ambition was then upon its highest Pinnacle: In one word, Navigation and Commerce were in her days in so prosperous a Condition, that they seem to have ever since subsisted but upon the Reputation of it; and the success of our Countrymen in their Attempts at Sea was so far Superior to other Nations, as by the suffrage of the most Learned Strangers (and to show it was universal) they could not but acknowledge, Omnibus hodie Gentibus Navigandi industria, 
Keckerman.  & peritia, Superiores esse Anglos, & post Anglos, Hollandos; for we do not fear to give even our greatest Enemies their Deuce, when they deserve it.  
40. We now arrive to King JAMES, and CHARLES the First (Princes of immortal Memory) And for the former; there was in his time built (besides many others) those two gallant Ships, The Trades-Increase, and the Prince; The one for encouragement of Commerce, and the other a Man of War; And, though upon different Accounts, and at different times, they both unhappily miscarried; yet, they served to testify, that neither Defence, nor Trade were neglected; since, as to that of the first, Sir Walter Raleigh doubts not to affirm; That the Shipping of this Nation, with a Squadron of the Navy-Royal, was in this Prince's time, able, in despite of Europe, to Command the Ocean, much more, to bring the Nether-Lands to due Obedience: But, says he, as I shall never think him a lover of his Country, or Prince, who shall persuade His Majesty from Cultivating their Amity; so would I counsel Them to remember, and consider it: That seeing their Intercourse lies so much through the British-Seas, that there is no part of France, from Calais to Flushing, capable of succouring them; that, frequently, Out-wards by Western-Winds, and ordinarily, Home-wards, both from the Indies, straits, and Spain, all Southerly-Winds (the Breezes of our Climate) thrust them of necessity into His Majesty's Harbours; how much his Majesty's favour does import them: For, if (as themselves confess) they subsist by Commerce only; the disturbance of That (and, which England alone can disturb) will also disturb their Subsistence: I omit the rest: Because I can never doubt either their Gratitude, or their Prudence. But, this brave Man was it seems, no Prophet, to fore see how soon they would forget themselves: They began in his days to be hardly warm in comparison, and indeed it is not (as observes the same Person) much beyond a Century, that either the French, Spanish, or Hollander, had any proper Fleets belonging to them as Kingdoms, or States; the Venetians, jenoezes and Portugals, being then (as we have noted) the only Competitors both for Strength, and Traffic; the Dutch little Considerable; since within these fifty years, the Spanish and Portugals employed many more Ships at Sea than the Hollander (their Fishing-Buffes excepted) who, 'til furnished with our Artillery, were very Contemptible, as might be made out by undeniable Evidence: Insomuch that the formerly mentioned Raleigh affirms, One Lusty Ship of his Majesties, would have made forty Hollanders Strike Sail, and come to an Anchor: They did not then (says he) dispute the Mari Libero. But will you know in a word from him, what it was that has exalted them to this monstrous Pitch? It was, the employing their own People in the Fishery upon our Coasts; by which they infinitely Enriched themselves; 2. Their Entertaining of auxiliaries in their difficult Land-Services; by which they preserved their own Vassals: 3. The Fidelity of the House of Nassaw; from which they had a wise, and experienced General: 4. The frequent Excursions of the Duke of Parma into France, hindering the Prosecution of his growing Successes: 5. The Embargo of their Ships in Spain, and interdicting them Free-Trade with that Nation, which first set them upon their Indian Adventures: 6. And, above All, the Kindness of Queen Elizabeth: But, the Case is (it seems) much altered since that worthy Knight made his Observations and took his Leave of the Prince of Orange at Antwerp; When (after Leicester's return) he prayed him to say to her Majesty, Sub Umbra Alarum tuarum Protegimur; for that they had withered in the End, without her Assistance.  
41. We have yet but only mentioned the Inherent Right of the Crown of England to the Dominion of the Seas; because the Legality and the Reason of it have been Asserted by so many able and famous Pens, from which we learn, that it doth of Justice appertain to the Kings of Great Britain, 
Seldens,  not only as far as Protection extends (though there were no other Argument to favour us) but, of sacred, and immemorial Royalty: But, 'tis Pretended by those great Names, 
Grotius. Mari●●●us. Cl●irac. ●s. Pontanus. ●alal●●s, etc.  who have of late disputed this Subject, and endeavoured to Depose our Princes of this Empire jure Naturae & Gentium: That the Sea is Fluxile Elementum, & quod nunquam idem, possiderinon posse; That 'tis always in Succession, and, that one can never Anchor on the same Billow; That Water is as Free as the Air; and that the Sea terminates Empires which have no Bounds; and therefore, that no Empire can terminate that which acknowledges none; and, though all this were nothing; That his Majesty's Father, had tamely lost it to the late Usurpers, which is an insolent scoff of Marisotus', 
orbis Marit▪  triumphing o'er a settered Lion; Whilst for all this, to patch up a wr●●ched Pretence, he descends to take hold of a certain Obsolete, and Foeudatarie Compliment, sometime since passing between the two Kings; as if a Ceremonious Acknowledgement for a Province or two in France (which is an usual deference among Princes upon certain Tenors) gave sufficient Title, and Investiture to All that the Kings of England possess in the World besides. But in this sort do the Partisans of aspiring Monarches manage their egregious Flatteries, Whilst to silence all the World, we can show it Prescription so far beyond the present Race of Kings, that even the Name of their PHARAMONT was not known, 
Mela.  when our EMPIRE on the SEA set Limits to the Coasts of Gauls, and said, Hitherto shall ye Come— Nor, to that alone, but even as far as Spain itself: For, what pretence could those Princes have to this Dominion, whose very Monarchy is but of Yesterday, in respect to the goodly extent, which now they call France? and especially when the only Maritime Provinces were shred into so many Fragments and Cantons, under their petty Princes; for so were Narbon, Bretayne, Aquitaine and even Normandy itself (portions belonging then to our Kings) nor had they till of later days, so much as the Office of Admiral belonging to the Sea, that is, till their Expedition into the Holy-Land, when yet they were fain to make use of the Genoezes to transport them as we have it confessed 
Io. tilius deneb ●eb. Gal. L. 2.  by their own Authors. As to their other Arguments, we need not spend much breath to dilute those pitiful Cavels of the Instability, and Fluctuation of the Waves etc. which could not be there, without a Channel and a Bottom to contain them, as if we contended for the Drops of the Sea, and not for its situation, and the Bed of those Waters; and since Rivers and Streams have the same Reason on their side to exempt them from being in Common, and at every man's disposure.  
And these things I have only touched, to repress the pruriency of some late Flatterers, who not only injure a Truth as resplendent as the Sun; but the Justice of a great Prince, whom by these false Colours, they would provoke to unrighteous disputes; whilst we pretend to nothing but what carries with it, the strongest Eviction, a thing of this nature is capable of.  
42. Needless it would be to amuse the Reader with recounting to him at large, how in the ancient Division of things, the Sea, having here assigned over with the Land, there sprung up from the same Original, a Private Dominion; but undoubtedly, when God gave to Man the Sovereignty of the Ocean, by intitl'ing him to the Fish, which were produced in the bowels of it (that is, to the Thing itself, by its Use, and Enjoyment) by the same Grant, he passed over to him, and consigned to his disposure, the distribution of it, and introduction of a separate, and peculiar Jurisdiction: There is nothing more perspicuous in our Case, and as to his Majesty's Claim (the Reasons for it rightly considered) from so many Royal Predecessors, and so long a tract of years, who for security of Navigation, and Commerce between their Neighbours and Allies, were at such vast expenses, to Equip, and set forth Great Ships, and Navies; and that, upon the entreaty, and solicitation of those, who recurred to their protection; and might themselves justify the prescribing Rules and Boundaries to such as should pass the Seas, and receive such Recognitions, and Emoluments, as were peculiar, and within their Circle, both for their Honour, and Maintenance.  
The deduction shall be very short, considering how vast an Ocean of matter lies before us; but it shall be full.  
43. Caesar, 
〈…〉  ere he had invaded Britain, summoning the Gallic Merchants to inform him of the shores, and situation of our Ports, could it seems learn nothing from them; for, says he, not a man of them frequented that Rivage without licence; and when Claudius had subdued the more Southern parts of the Nation, the British Sea, following the fate of the whole Island, came with the same privileges to be annexed to the Empire, and did never lose them, through all the Revolutions which happened; but that as soon as the prevalent power came to be settled, they immediately asserted their Dominion on the Sea. That of very wide extent this Nation had peculiars of its own, the Consternation of the Calidonians evince; when in the time of Domitian, Agricola 
Tacit. in Vit. Agric.  sailing round the Island, they were in such perplexity to see him in their Chambers, for so they called those Northern Streams. But not longer to insist on these early beginnings, and what the Romans did; when the frame of that Empire was changed, about the time of the Great Constantine, 
N●titia Imp. Occid.  the Comites of the Saxon shore (substitutes to him who commanded the West) had their Jurisdiction o●er all the Sea, ●rom the Borders of that Shoar, and West part of Denmark, to the Western Gallia, all along the other side.  
44. There are who put some stress here, upon ancient Inscriptions, especially that mentioned by Greuter, of a Proefect of a British Fleet; and on the Ornaments, and Ensigns of Dominion, found in several Medals, and Antiquities to be met withal in the Collections of learned men; vindicating the peculiar we contend for, and continued from Edward the Third in several fair stamps, nor are they to be rejected: It suffices us, that whatever the Government were, still the dominion of the Sea returned with that of the land to the Nation; 
Z●zimus l. 6. An. 43●. See Claud. in La●d. Stil●. l. 2.  as when the Britain's rejected the Roman Yoke, which how extended, when it came under the power of the English Saxon Kings, and Danes, is known to all the World, as well as with what mighty Navies, Edgar, Canutus and others, asserted, and protected it, under no lower Style, than that of King, Supreme Lord and Governor of the Ocean, Lying round about Britain; for so runs the settlement of certain Revenues, given by King Edgar, to the Cathedral of Worcester, says Mr. Selden.  
45. Since the Norman Conquest, the Government of the several Provinces, or Sheriffs, exercised Jurisdiction on the Sea, as far as their Counties extended. Henry the Third constituted Captain Guardians; and our First Edward distributed this Guard to three Admirals; so did the second of that name; and the form of our ancient Commissions to the several Admiralties, mention the dominion of our Kings upon the Sea; nor did any other Nation whatsoever Contest it, as having little, or nothing on the opposite Shores; whilst 'tis evident, the English Monarches possessed their Right in its entire Latitude, for more than a thousand Years, under one entire Empire, and an uninterrupted enjoyment of the Sea, as an appendent.  
46. To this we might add the Passports sued for by Foreigners from the Reign of Henry the Fourth, and so down to Queen Elizabeth, who during her War with Spain sometimes gave leave to the Swedes, Dances, and Ansiatic Towns, and sometimes prohibited them, Petitioning for Passes, to sail through her Seas; nay, more, she caused to be taken, and brought into her Harbours, Laden-ships of those Nations transgressing her Orders; as far as the straits of Lisbon, which she could never have justified, had she not been acknowledged Sovereign of the Seas, through which they were to pass: And though her Successor King james, appointed certain limits on the English Coast, by imaginary lines drawn from point to point, round the Island, in which he sometimes extended them far into the Sea; I was not to Circumscribe a Jurisdiction (a thing which he most industriously cautioned his Ministers never to yield, 
R●t. pat. 2. jac. part 32.  so much as in discourse) beyond which he did not pretend; but in relation only to Acts of Hostility, between the two great Antagonists, the Spaniard and the Hollander, declaring himself both Lord, and Moderator of the British Seas from his Royal Predecessors.  
47. In several Commissions given to Sea Commanders, by Edward the Third, 
Rot. Scot 10. Ed. Membran. 16.  the words are, Our Progenitors, the Kings of England, have before these times, been Lords of the British Seas on every side; and in a certain Bill, preferred in Parliament to the same Prince, 
Rot. pat. 46. Ed. 3. N. 2.  'tis said, That the English were ever in the Ages passed so renowned for Navies, and Sea-Affairs; that the Countries about them, usually esteemed, and called them Sovereigns of the Sea; And from the same Parliamentory testimony in the Reign of Henry the Fifth we learn, that the Estates in that august Assembly, did with one Consent affirm it as a thing unquestionable, 
Rot. pat. 8. Hen. 5. Mem. 3. A●t. 6.  That the Kings of England were Lords of the Sea, and that That Sea was all which flowed between the stream on both sides, and made no doubt, but a Tribute might be imposed, by Authority of Parliament upon all Strangers passing through them, as we shall find Richard the Second to have done long before.  
48. In the Reign of Edward the Second, 
Rot. pat. 14. Ed. 2. p. 2. M. 26. in dorso.  Robert Earl of ●landers, complaining of Injuries done his Subjects at Sea, alleges, that the King of England is bound in Right to do him Justice, for that he was Lord of the Sea: But there cannot in the World be a more pregnant Instance for the vindication of this dominion, and the silencing all Objections, than the famous complaint against the Genoeze Grimbaldi, who during the War between the French and those of Flanders, infesting the Seas, and disturbing Comme●ce, occasioned all the Nations of Europe, bordering on the Sea, to have recourse, and appeal to the Kings of England; whom from time to time, and by Right immemorial, they acknowledged to be in peaceable possession of the Sovereign Lordship and dominion of the Seas of England, and Islands of the same; This Libel, or Complaint was exhibited in the time of Edward the First, almost three hundred years since, and is still extant in the Archives of the Tower.  
49. And thus we have seen how the Sea is not only a distinct province, Capable of Propriety, Limits, and other just Circumstances of Peculiar Dominion, as a Bound, not Bounding his Majesty's Empire, but as bounded by it in another respect; and that this was never violated so much as by Syllogism, till some Mercenary pens were set on work against Spain, through whose tender sides, at that time, and with great artifice, 
1509. Treaty with Spain, concerning Trade to the Indies.  the Barnevelt faction endeavoured to transfix us; Soon it was perceived, and as soon encountered; in the mean time, that one would smile to find their mighty Champion then fairly accknowledg upon another Occasion, and when it seems he resolved to speak out. Angliae Regina Oceani Imperium— That the Queen of England, 
Grot. Annal. l. 2. 1570.  was Dominatrix of the Sea— So great is the Truth, and will prevail: In a word, if the premier Occupant. be a legal and just plea to the Right of other possessions, the Kings and Queens of England, descending from, or succeeding to them who first asserted the Title, are still invested with it; sure we are, this Argument was held good, and illustrated by the First, and best foundation of Empire, when the State of Venice (claiming the Adriatic by no other) held that famous Controversy with Ferdinand of Friuli by their Advocate Rapicio and Chizzola, Commissioners being mutually chosen to determine it; and how far Antiquity is on our side, The Greeks, Romans, Tyrians, Phoenicians, and othe●s have abundantly declared, and with what caution they interdicted Strangers here with us, till the Claudian Expedition annexed it, with the dominion of all Britain, to that Glorious Empire▪ which to protect against the Piratical Saxons (than not seldom infesting our Coasts) the Comites Maritimi Tractus were by the Praefect established, as we have already showed: And so it continued for near five hundred years after, when the Saxons taking greater advantage of the Roman remissness (distracted as they grew by intestine troubles) made their descents upon us, and with the fortune of Conquest, carried that likewise of the Sea.  
50. We have but mentioned King Edgar, whose survey is so famous in Story, when with more than four thousand Vessels, he destined a Quaternion to every Sea, which annually circled this Isle, and as a Monument of their submission, was sometime Rowed in his royal Galley by the hands of Eight Kings. This Signal Action becoming the Reverse of a Medail, was by a like device illustrated in the Rose-Noble, in which we have represented the figure of a King invested with his Regalia, standing in the middle of a Ship, as in his proper, and most resplendent Throne; for the Same reason likewise (as some interpret) did Henry the Eight, add the Portcluse to his current Money, as a Character of his peculiar Title to this Dition, exclusive to all others.  
51. We have spoken of the Danes, and Normans, and their successive claim, and of the Custodes Maritimi, more ancient than that of Admiral, as now constituted, which indeed began with the Edward's, when the French, at war with Flanders, but pretending to usurp that dignity, were fain to abolish their new office, and acknowledging they had no Right, pay the damages of the depredations they made, as appears by that famous Record in the Tower, mentioned by Sir john Burroughs in which the Title of our Kings is asserted from immemorial prescription; nay, when at this time, he had not all the opposite Shoar to friend.  
52. The Constitution of our Cinque-Ports give another noble Testimony to this Claim, and the addition of two more Admirals by our Third Edward, guarding as many Seas, as there were Superior Officers of this denomination, not omitting the Title of Lords of both Shores, anciently used from hence to Henry the Fifth; nay, when Edward renounced his Claim to Normandy 
1166.  (as at the Treaty of Charters) the French themselves acknowledged this Right, and therefore neither here, nor at the Court of Delegates in France, did they claim any pretence to the Islands, or Interfluent Seas. But what need we a more pregnant Instance, than that Universal deference to the Laws of OLERON (an Island of Aquitania then belonging to this Crown) published after the Rhodan had been long Antiquated, which obtained over all the Christian World. And to this we might add the Dane-Gelt (in plain English, a Shipmoney Tax) imposed as well on Strangers as Denizens that practised Commerce upon our Coasts and Sea; East and North, where the great Intercursus was; nor expired it here, but continued Customary, as appears by innumerable Records, for enabling the King to protect the Seas, and to Obstruct, or Open them as he saw convenient, with Title to all Royal Fishes, Wracks, and Goods found floating in Alto-mari, as we can prove by several Commissions, and Instruments, and confirm by precedents, not of our Municipal constitutions alone, but, such as have been binding, and accepted for such, of the Nations about us; Witness that famous Accord made between our Edward the First, and the French King Philip and Fair, calling him to account for the piracies we have mentioned. And  
To this we might produce the spontaneous submission of the Flemings in open Parliament, in Edward the Seconds Reign, and the Honour, or rather Duty of the Flag, which King john with his 
1200  Peers, had many Ages since, 
M. S. C● mmen. de Reb●s. Admire. ●ol. 28.  challenged, upon the Custom ordained at Hastings, decreed to take place universally, not barely as a Civiliy, but as a Right of importance for the making out, and confirmation of our Title to the Dominion we have been vindicating; And that this has been claimed and paid Cum debitâ Rever●ntiâ (to use the express words of those old Commissions, which had been long since given by William and Maurice Princes of Orange) to all the Sea Commanders in those days; we have for almost this whole later Century, seen the matter of fact testified not only by continual Claims, Orders, commissions and Instructions; but by searching divers authentic Journals, which have noted the particulars in a thousand Instances: Nor has this been paid to whole Fleets only, bearing the Royal Pavilion; but to single Vessels, and those of the smaller Craft (as they are styled) wearing his Majesty's Cognizance, to whom this homage has been done, even by the greatest Navies, meeting them in any of the British Seas in their 〈◊〉 most La●tudes. Nor has this been so much has questioned, ti●l that arch Rebel for end● of his own, 
〈…〉  would once have betrayed it; and that the late D●magegue 〈…〉 the Duchy and what all the World has paid us, which puts it ou● of dispute: In the mean time it was necessary, and no way improper to the Scope of this Treatise, that after what has been so newly pretended, to the prejudice of the Title we have asserted; some thing should be said to abate the Confidence of impertinent Men, and to let ●he World know, that our Princes (to whom God, and Nature has imparted such prerogatives) will not be ba●●●'d out of them, by the sentences, and sophisms of Lawyers, much less b● S●●ophan's, and such as carry not the least shadow of reason: But it would fill many Volumes to exemplify the Forms of our ancient Commissions from time to time, Investing our Admirals, with the Exercise of this Sovereign Power; as well as that of safe Conducts, Writts of Seizure, and Arrests; the Copies of Grants, and Permission to Fish (of which in the next period) obtained of our Kings, by Petition etc. to be found at large in our Books, Parliament Rolls, and other Authentic Pieces too long for this Tract: But, if any will be contentious, because they are some of them of ancient Date, we have, and shall yet show Instances sufficient, and Ex abundanti for this last age, to which our ●●ntagonists have from time to time submitted, not only in the wide, and ample Sea, or at our own Coasts, but in the very Ports, and Harbours of Strangers, where they looked for Protection; that all the World may bl●sh at the weak and unreasonable Contentions, which would invalidate this Claim, if at least there be in the World any such thing as Right, Prescription, Deference, or other Evidence, which amongst so●er men, is agreed to be LAW, for the Clearing of a Title. To Sum up all then, If Right of Prescription, succession of Inheritance, Continual Claim, Matter of Fact, Consent of History, and confessions even from the mouths, and pens of Adversaries, be of any moment to the gaining of a Cause; We may bespeak our Nation, as he did King james upon another Occasion, and as justly transfer it to his glorious 
Gro●. Sy●va. l. 2.  Successor— Qu●is dat jura Mari etc.  
And with this I should conclude, did not the Fishery, which is another irrefragable Proof of his Majesty's Dominion, require a little Survey, before we shut up this discourse.  
54. How far this Royal Jurisdiction has extended, may best be gathered out of the Reverend Camden, Speaking of King james the Sixth of Scotland, 
Fliz. & britain.  and of Queen Elizabeth of England; who first discovering the While-Fishing, had consequently, Title to those Seas, as far as Green-land Northward; and what it was to the South, the Proclamation of our Third Edward (yet extant) abundantly makes appear: This, consumed by the Fourth of that Name, Guards, and Convoys, were appointed to preserve the Rights inviolable; as was likewise continued by the Three▪ succeeding Henrys, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh, and their descendants, who imposed a certain Tribute upon all Foreigners, in Recognition of their Indulgence to them. Witness the French, 
1489.  the Dukes of Britain, of Burgundy (especially Philip) and those of F●anders, who never presumed to cast a Net without Permission, and a formal Instrument first obtained, the Originals whereof, are yet to be seen, and may be collected out of both the French, and Burgundian stories; and, as it doth indeed to this day appear by his Majesty's neighbourly Civility, granted to the French King for the Provision of his own Table, and to the Town of Bruges in Handers, 
〈…〉  by a late Concession; the number and size of Boats, and other Circumstances being limited, upon transgression whereof, the offenders have been Imprisoned, and otherwise mulcted.  
55. And, as the French, so the Spaniard did always sue to our Princes for the like privilege and kindness: King Philip the Second (as nearly related as he was to Queen Mary 
〈…〉  his Wife) finding a Proviso in an Act of Parliament, that no Foreigner should fish in those Seas without permission, paid into the Exchequer no less than an annual rent of one thousand pounds, for leave to fish upon the North of Ireland for the supply of his dominions in Flanders: Now for the Dutch.  
56. That famous Record Pro Hominibus Hollandiae (so the Title runs) points to us as far as our First Edward, 
1295.  not only how obsequious then they were in Acknowledging the King's Dominion on the Sea, but his Protection, and permission to Fish on the environs of it; 
R●t. pat. 23. Ed. ●. Memb. 5.  And his Successor Edward the Third, as he gave leave to the Counts of Holland (who always petitioned for it) so he prescribed Laws, and Orders concerning the Burden of the Vessels to be employed about it: The like did Henry the Sixth to the French, 
〈…〉  and others; with the Season, Place, and Method to be observed, which are all of main importance in the Cause: And this was so religiously inspected in former times, that Edward the Fourth, constituted a Triumvirate power to guard both the Seas, and the Fishery against all Pretenders whatsoever, as had Richard the Second long before him, who imposed a Tribute on every individual Ship that passed through the 〈◊〉 Admiralty, for the maintenance of that Sea-Guard, amounting to six pence a Tun, upon every Fishing Vessel weekly, as appears by a most authentic Record, and the Opinion of the most eminent Judges, at that early day: who upon consideration, that none but a Soverein power could impose such a pa●ment, gave it in as their opinion, that this Right and Dominion, was a 〈◊〉 of the royal Patrimony, and inseparable: Nay, that wise Prince Henry the Seventh, thought it so infinitely considerable, that (upon deeply weighing the great Advantages) he was setting up a Trade, or S●ap●● of ●●sh, in preference (say some) to that of Wool itself, and all other Commerce of his Domi●●ons; which being long before 〈◊〉 Low-Countries had a Name for M●rchau●●, they had still perhaps, 〈◊〉, if some Renegadoes of our own (〈◊〉 and Stephen's by Name) had not encouraged the Dutch of Enchusen (with other Malcontented Persons of the Craft, deserting their Country, and their 〈◊〉 to molest his Majesty's S●re●●s, 〈◊〉 the account of these M●n; since w●●●h, They, and Others, have con●i●●●● their Presumptions even to Insolence:  
57 Neither was less the Care of King james, 
1606.  to vindicate this incomparable prerogative, than any of his vigilant Predecessors, 
1458.  who, having derived that accession of the Shetland Islands by marriage with a Daughter of Denmark, 
1609.  published his Proclamations immediately after his coming into England: For it must be acknowledged, that Queen Elizabeth did not so nicely and warily look after this jealous Article, as had been wished; diverted by her extraordinary Pity, and abundant Indulgence to the distressed States. But, this Prince roundly asserts his Patrimony, 
See Copy of a Letter in Sir ●ob. Cotton's Library, and the Credentials given to Sir Hen. Wotton.  upon many prudent Reasons of state, and especially, for encouragement of the Maritime Towns, fallen much to decay, and plainly succumbing under the injurious dealing of such as took the Fish from before their doors; and renewed his Commands, that none should for the future, presume so much as to hover about, much less abide on our Coasts, without Permission first obtained under the Great Seal of England and upon which the Hollanders petitioned for Leave, and Acknowledged the Limits appointed them, as formerly they had done: Let us hear the Historian ●escribe it and blush.  
The Hollanders (says he) taking infinite plenty of Herring 
Camden in Br●  upon this Coast, and thereby making a most gainful Trade, were first to procure leave (by ancient Custom) out of Scarborow-Castle; for the English permit them to Fish; reserving indeed the Honour to themselves, but, Resigning the Benefit to Strangers, to their incredible enriching etc. What could be said more to our purpose, or to our Reproach? This was that which King james endeavoured to bring into a better method, when taking notice of the daily encroachment of our Neighbours, he enjoined his Ambassador (who was then Sir Dudley Carleton) to Expostulate it with the States, 
1618.  as may be seen in that sharp Letter of Mr. Secretaries: Dated the twenty first of December 1618., in which he tells them, That unless they sought leave from his Majesty, and acknowledge his Right, as other Princes had done, and did; it might well come to pass, that they who would needs bear all the World before them by their Mare Liberum, might soon endanger their having neither Terram, Nec Solum, Nec Rempublicam Liberam: I do only recite the Passage as I find it published, and take notice how Prophetic it had lately like to have been.  
58. This happy Prince taking umbrage at the War between the Hollander and the Spaniard, did ●ix Limits by Commission, and Survey, nearer than which (though as Moderator, he offered equal Protection to bo●h) no Enemy to another State, m●ght commit any hostile Act, 
Seld●n●●s l. 2. ●. 22.  and producing his Reasons for it, asserted his Right so to do; not as if those Boundaries circumscribed his dominions, but, as being sufficient for the vindication of his due in that great Article. And their not observing this, incited King Charles the First of Blessed memory, to Animadvert upon it, when in the year 1639, 
1639.  our good friends behaved themselves with so little respect, in that memorable Conflict with the Spaniard; and when approaching too near our Shores, they were checked for their Irreverence in his Majesty's Imperial Chambers; Indeed, for the First (but seeming) Affronted, that this Nation did ever receive upon it.  
59 And now it will not be amiss, nor inconsistent with our Title, to let the World see, the immense advantages of the Trade which has been driven upon the sole account of the Fishery; by the prodigious emolument which it has (to our cost and reproach) afforded our more industrious Neighbours, the foundation of whose Greatness has been laid in the bottom of our Seas; which has yielded them more Treasure than the Mines of Potosi, or both Indies to Spain.  
Who would believe that this People raise yearly by the Herring, and other fisheries, a Million of pound Sterling, and that Holland, and Zealand alone (whose utmost Verge doth hardly exceed many English Shires) should from a few despicable Boats, be able to set forth above Twenty thousand Vessels of all Sorts, ●it for the rude Seas, and of which more than 7000, are yearly employed upon this Occasion? 'Tis evident, that by this particular Trade, they are able to breed above forty thousand Fishermen, and one hundred and sixteen thousand Mariners (as the Census has been accurately calculated) and the gain of it is so universal, that there's hardly a Beggar in their Country, nor an hand, which doth not earn its bread: This is Literally true, and the Consideration of it seemed so important, that even in the days of Charles the Fifth, that great Monarch is reported to have sometimes visited the Tomb of Bueckeld (where he had been above two hundred years Interred) in solemn recognition of his Merit, for having, as 'tis said, been the Inventor of Pickling and Curing Herring: In a word, so immense is the advantage which this article alone brings the State, that a very favourable Rent, still in arrear to his Majesty's Exchequer, for permission to Fish (as should be prescribed, and appointed them) amounts to more than half a Million of pounds, and a Custom only at home of what they take, with the Tenth Fish for Waftage, to near five hundred thousand pounds more; but the quantities which they sell abroad, to a sum almost not to be reckoned: Then let it be computed, the Hands employed for Spinning of Yarn, Weaving of Nets, and making other necessaries for the Salting, Curing, Packing, and Barelling, Building of Vessels, and fitting them out to Sea: It is certain the Shipping (which is more than all Europe can assemble besides) Seamen, Commerce, Towns, Harbours, Power, Publick-Wealth, and affluence of all other things, is sprung from this source; and, that in Barter for Fish (without exportation of Coin) they receive from Spain, Italy, Germany, etc. Oil, Wine, Fruit, Corn, Hony, Wax, Alum, Salt, Wool, Flax, Hemp, Pitch, Tarr, Soap-ashes, Iron, Copper, Steel, Claw-Boards; Timber, Masts, Dollars, Armour, Glass, Millstones, Plate, Tapestry, Munition, and all things that a Country (which has no one Material of these of proper Growth) can need to render it consummately happy. The Indies and farthest Regions of the Earth, participate of this Industry; and to our shame be it spoken, we blush not to buy our own Fish of them, and purchase that of Strangers, which God, and Nature has made our own, enriching others to our destruction, by a detestable sloth; whilst to encourage us, we have Timber, victuals, Havens, Men, and all that at our doors, which these people adventure for in remoter Seas, and at excessive charges; And thus the prize is put into our hands, whilst we have not the hearts to use it; nor do we produce any reasons, 
See Mr. L' E●●●●'s late Discourse of the Fishery.  why we are thus unconcerned, that ever I could find, were solid; some Objections indeed are presented, but they appeared to me so dilute, and insignificant, that 'tis not possible to compose one's Indignation at the hearing of them, and see a Kingdom growing every day thinner of People, and fuller of Indigence, without some extraordinary emotion: To see with what numerous, and insulting Fleets, our Neighbours have been often prepared to dispute our Title to these Advantages, by the benefit and supply of that which we neglect, and condemn as unpracticable: If this be not enough to raise in us some worthy Resentments; Let the Confession of the Dutch themselves incite us to it; who (in a Proclamation, published near fifty years since) have styled their Fishing Trade, the Golden Mines of their Provinces, 
1624.  and stimulated an Industrious and emulous people with all the Topics of Encouragement: Were this alone well considered, and briefly pursued, there would need no great Magic to reduce our bold Supplanters to a more Neighbourly temper: The Subjects of this Nation have no more to do, than apply themselves to the Fishery, to recover at once their Losses, and as infallibly advance the prosperity of the Kingdom, as 'tis evident it has enabled our late Antagonists to humble Spain, and from little of themselves, to grapple with the most puissant Monarch of Europe, and bring him to the ground: For my part, I do not see how we can be able to answer this prodigious sloth of ours any longer; and especially, since 'tis evident, it will cost us but a laudable Industry; and (in regard of our situation, and very many Advantages above them) much less trouble and charge: Or suppose a Considerable part of our foreign lessneedfull Expenses were diverted to this Work, what were the dis-advantages? We talk much of France (and perhaps with reason) but are we so safe from our dear friend, upon this Composure, as never to apprehend any future unkindness? For my own part, I wish it with my Soul: But of this I am sure, We may prevent, or encounter open desiance; but whilst we are thus undermined, we suffer a continual Hostility; since the Effects of it ruin our Commerce, and by Consequence the Nation: Nor speak I here of our Neighbours the Hollanders only; but of those of Hamborough, Lubee, Embden, and other Interloopers, who grow exceedingly Opulent, whilst we sit still, and perish, whose advantages for Taking, Curing, Uttering and Employing of hands (were the Expedients mentioned put in practice, or the ruinous numbers of our Men, daily ●locking to the American Plantations, and from whence so few return, prudently stated, and Acts of Naturalisation promoted) are so infinitely Superior to theirs: But, so our cursed Negligence, will yet have it, not for want of all Royal Encouragement, but a fatality, plainly insuperable.  
60. We have said little yet of our American Fishery, and the loss we make of a vast Treasure on the Coasts of Virginia, Green-land, Bermuda, etc. sacrificing infinite Wealth both at home, and abroad to the Spaniards, French, those of Portugal, and Biscay. 'Tis well known that Green-land, was first detected by the English, about the latter end of Queen elizabeths reign, and afterwards the Royal Standard erected there, in token of Dominion, by the Name of King James' New-land, his Majesty asserting his just Rights, by many Acts of State, as more particularly on the Tenth of january 1613, 
1613.  when he signified his pleasure by Sir Noel Caroon then in Holland, in vindication of his Title both to the Island Fishery, and all other emoluments whatsoever jure Dominii, as first discoverer, and to prohibit Strangers interposing, and fishing in his Seas without permission: 
1608.  For this effect, 
1609.  Commissioners were established at London to grant Licences, yearly renewable for such as would fish on the English Coast; at Edenbrough, on the Northern, and by Proclamation, 
1616.  Interdicting all unlicenced Practices; the Duke of Lennox (as Admiral of Scotland) being ordered to assert the Right of the Assize-Herring, which was paid.  
61. The following years, what interruptions 
1617.  happened, upon our Neighbour's desires of coming to an adjustment for the Indu●gences they had found, is universally known, till the Year 1635, 
1635.  when to prevent some encroachments, and disorders of those who Fished under his protection, the late King Charles of Blessed Memory issued out his Proclamations, 
See Mr Secretary C●●k's letter April 16. 16●5. to his majesty's Resident at the 〈◊〉.  and gave Instructions to his Ministers abroad, signifying that no Strangers should presume to Fish in the British Seas without out his Majesty's Licence; and that those who desired them, might be Protected, he thought fit to equip, and set forth such a Fleet, as became his Care, and Vigilancy for the good and safety of his People, and the honour of the Nation: This was the Year, and the Occasion of building several considerable Ships, and amongst others, that famous Vessel, the Royal Sovereign, which to this day, bears our Triumphant Edgar for its badge and Cognizance, and to mind the World of his undoubted Right to the Dominion of the Seas, which he had by this time asserted and secured beyond danger of dispute, had not a deluded people (as to their own highest Concern, Glory, and Interest) and the fatality of the Times, disturbed the project of an Easy Tax as an imaginary invasion of their Liberties, which that blessed Prince, designed only to protect them; It is fresh in memory what were the Opinions of Attourny Noy, many learned Civilians, and near a Jury of grave Judges upon this Conjuncture; and the Instaces of King Ethelred's having levied it many hundred years before, showed it to be no such innovation; nor could there be a more pressing Occasion than when all our Neighbours around us were (as now) in a state of Hostility: but I list not here to interrupt my Reader upon this Chapter, which has already suffered so many ●ore digladiations and Contests; only as to matter of Fact, and as concerned the Navigation, and improvement of Commerce, I touch it briefly, and pass to what followed, which was the setting out no less than sixty tall Ships, first under the Earl of Lindsey, 
1635.  and afterwards Northumberland, 
1636.  by the Account of whose accurate Journal, it appears, how readily our Neighbour Fishermen (though under convoy of ●●eets superior to ours in number) sued for, and took Licences to the value of Fifteen hundred Pounds, Fifteen Shillings and two Pence, as I have perused the particulars: I do only mention the Licences, which were also taken, and accepted at Land, and they not a few, distributed by Sir William Boswell at the Hague itself, upon which his majesty's Minister then at Bruxelles, advertised the Infanta, that the Dunkirk should take care not to molest such of the Hollanders (though at that time in actual hostility with ●hem) as had his majesty's Permission, and accordingly, the Cardinal did grant them Passes, which they took without Scruple; so as we find it was not for nothing, that they came under protection, but received a real benefit; Nor was this a novel Imposition, but familiar, and Customary, as appears by the many precedents which we have recited; to which we may add, that of the Scotch Fishery, under King james the first: 1424. 21. Act. of the first Parliament, having already spoken of what concerned our own Princes, especially what Richard the Second imposed, Henry I. V VI VII. Queen's Marry, etc. with that of Edward the First Pro Hominibus Hollandiae &c, which protection is yet extant, and granted frequently by Treaties, as a privilege only during the subsistence of such Treaties, and no farther, totally rescinding and abolishing the pretences grounded by some upon the Intereursus magnus 
1495.  made with the Dukes of Burgundy: So as to sum up all that has been produced to ●orti●ie our domestic Evidences, we have many Acts of Parliament, we have the several Successors of our Princes granting Licences to Strangers; we have the assiduous instances made by King james, by his Ambassadors, and Secretaries of State; We have the Acknowledgements actually, and already paid, and accounted for to the Exchequer, and have seen the occasion of the ●ate Interruptions of it, and the invalidity of men's pretences; and if these be not evidences sufficient to subvert the Sophisms of a few mercenary pens, and dismount the Con●idence of unreasonable people, it is because there is so little rigour in our resolutions at home, and so little Justice in the World abroad: Nor has this been arrogated by the Monarches of th●s Nation, but a Right established upon just reason; namely, that they might be enabled to clear the Seas of Rovers, and Pirates, and protect such as followed their lawful affairs: And for this effect, the ●ings of England, did not only take care to defend their own Subjects, but to Convoy, and secure all Strangers, sometimes (as we have seen) by Proclamation, sometimes by Fleets, and Men of War, where they Fished by Agreement, upon Treaty, or leave obtained, yet restraining them to certain 〈◊〉▪ retaining the dominion of the Neighbouring Seas, as in the Reign of Henry 〈◊〉 Fourth, where we find an Accord made between him and the French King, 
Rot. Fra. Hen. 4. 29.  that the Subjects of either Nation might fish in one part of the Seas, and not in another; the Possession of all Privileges of this nature ever accompanying the Royal Licence, and Strangers having either special Indulgences, or being under protection of special Officers, appointed in former times for the safe Guarding of the Fishery, 
〈◊〉. 4.  who were so impower'd by Patent, 
Rich. 3.  and had certain deuce appointed for that attendance, 
Henr. 7.  which they levied upon all Foreigners, with the express Direction (in the reign of Henry the Seventh) that the Accknowledgment was to be so levied, notwithstanding any Letter of Safe-Conduct, which Stranger Fishermen might pretend from any King, Prince or Government whatsoever: So as by all the Arguments of Right, Claim, and p●●scription, the Title is firm; all other pretences of Right or possession interrupted, arrogated and precarious, or else extinguished by Infractio●s of Treaties, never since revived by any subsequent Act:  
62. We ●●●ght here mention the Toll paid the King of Denmark at the Sundt, and the respect which Strangers show to his Castle at Cronnenburg, according to a Treaty made between them and the Dutch; 
1649.  and to the Swedish King, whom they acknowledge Sovereign of the Baltic, and Northern Tracts to an immense extent, where he receives Tribute, as well as those of Denmark, and Poland by impositions at Dantzick and the Pillan, where they only enjoy for it a cold and hungry passage, whilst with us, we give them not only Passage, Harbours, and Protection through a dangerous Sea, but an Emolument accompanying it, which inriches our Neighbours with one of the most inestimable Treasures, and Advantageous Commerce under heaven: To this we also might add what has obtained the Suffrages not only of our own Countrymen of the Long Robe and others, but of almost all the disinterested Learned persons who have discussed this Subject; universally agreeing, that as to a pecnliar, and restrictive Right, Fisheries may, and aught to be Appropriated, and that as well in the high-Seas (as the Lawyers term them) as in Lakes, and Rivers, and narrower Consinements, and as the Republic of Genoa does at this day, let to Farm their Fishery for Thunnies in their neighbouring Seas; and the Contract between Queen Elizabeth, and Denmark about the like liberty upon the Coast of Norway, and the Prohibitions made, and the licences given by that Crown at this present, do abundantly evince; namely that the Dane is, and hath of long time, been in possession upon the Coasts we have mentioned, and of as much as we assered to be due to his Majesty in the British Seas   

THE TABLE.  

A  
A Chaians'. pag. 32  
Accidents. vide Chance. 21  
Action. 14  
Actium. 33  
Admiral v. Officers. 38. 70. 84. 95. 99  
Adriatic. 35. 93.  
Adventurers, vide Merchant.  
Adventures. v. Expeditions, Exploits, Voyages, Discoveries. 4. 22. 65. 78.  
Aegean. 23. 29  
Aegineta. 21  
Egypt. 39  
Aemilius. 32  
Aequator. 42  
Aethiopia. 39 41. 53  
Africa. 9  
Aggressor. 30  
Albion. 58  
Alcibi●des. 29  
Aleppo. 39 41  
Alexandretta. 41  
Alexandria. 36. 39  
Alfred. 67  
Almeida. 43  
Alphonsus. 3. 42  
Alvares. 43  
Ambassadors. 116  
Ambition. 8  
America. 10. 34. 55. 111  
Americus Vesputianus. 56  
Anian, v. Streights. 77  
Anchor. 19  
Antillias'. 54  
Antiquities, v. Medails. 93  
Antipodes. 7. 34  
Antwerp. 46  
Anseatick-Towns. 8  
Appius Claudius. 31  
Aquitain. 84  
Arabia, Arabs. 39 41  
Architecture Naval. 4  
Argo, Argo-nauts. 25  
Armada, v. Fleet. 21. 50. 74  
Arms. 28  
Arsenal, v. Magazine. 51. 52  
Art. 4. 18  
Artaxerxes. 29, 30  
Arthur, Prince. 67  
Asia. 9 22  
Astracan. 40  
Astrolabe. 59  
Astronomy. 21, 59  
Athenian. 29, 30  
Atlantic. 42, 59  
Atlas, v. Books. 63.  
Avarice. 30  
Augustus. 35  
Azores. 60   

B  
Bacchus'. 23  
Badges. 24  
Bagdat. 41  
Balearians. 32  
Balsara. 41  
Baltick-Sea. 119  
Battles. v. Fights. 21. 32. 44.  
Bays, v. Harbours, Ports, etc.  
Bennet, Cap. 77  
Beotia. 21  
Bethencourt. 42. 76  
Biscayans. 55  
Blake. 53  
Boats, v. Ships, Vessels. 19  
Books, v. Atlas, History.  
Bounds, v. Limits. 106.  
Brasile. 43  
Britan's. 46. 65, 66, 67  
Britain, v. England. 24.  
British-Sea, v Sea.  
Broome. 63  
Bruges. 101  
Brundisium. 45  
Bullion, v. Treasure.  
Burgundy. 69, 70. 116  
Busses. 82  
Button, Capt. 77   

C  
Cadmus'. 22  
Caesar. 65. 86  
Cairo. 39  
Cales. v. Gades. 17. 27. 59 74. 76  
Calidonian-Sea. 87  
Camus Sebastian. 58  
Canaries. 77  
Candy. v. Crete. 52.  
Canon, v. Guns.  
Canoes. 4  
Canute. 48. 88  
Cape of Good-Hope. 43  
Captains. 54  
Caravan. 39 41  
Carricks, v. Ships. 18.  
Carthagena. 58. 75  
Carthage. 11. 17. 31  
Carthaginians. 31  
Cassiterides. 65  
Caspian-Sea. 40  
Cathaia. 76  
Catharine, Promontory. 42  
Cavendish. 57, 58  
Ceilon, v. Zeilon. 17.  
Chabot Sebastian, john. 57 72. 77  
Cham. 22  
Chamber. 87. 106  
Chance, v. Accident. 59  
Channel. 385  
Cha●●●o ●s. 53  
Charles the I, TWO, VI 14. 16. 78, 79. 106  
Charles the Great. the Fifth. 71 108  
Chinezes. 53. 76  
Sicilians. 32  
Cimbrians. 65  
Cinque-Ports. 95  
Circum-navigation. 57, 58  
Claudius. 87. 93  
Clothing. 70  
Colchos. 25  
Colours. v. Flag. 37, 97.  
Columbus. 34. 54  
Commerce. v. Trade, Merchandise, etc. 4. 5. 8, 9, 10. 11, 12. 14, 15. 26, 27. 38. 47. 51. 54. 62. 64. 69. 78, 79. 86. 111.  
Companies. 43  
Commissioners. 69  
Comites Maritimi, etc. 87. 93. 95  
Conon. 29  
Conquest. 12. 94  
Consalvo de Vaz. 42  
Continent. 68  
Convoys. v. Guards. 99 100 117  
Coptos. 39  
Corcyreans. 30  
Corinth. 30  
Covillan, Peter. 42  
Creation. 1. 3  
Creature. 4  
Crect. 24 v. Candy.  
Cuba. 54  
Custom, v. Law-Tax. 64. 97.  
Cycladeses. 33   

D  
DAne. 8. 48. 67. 88  
119, 120  
Dane Gelt, v. Tax. 96.  
Darius. 29  
Davis. 57 77  
Deck. 19  
Defence. 68  
Deluge, v. Flood. 17  
Denmark. 10  
Descents, v. Invasion. 9 48. 94.  
Discoverers. 33. 57 77  
Discovery. v. Voyages, Exploits, 48. 57 60. 63  
Adventures.  
Dock, v. Harbour. 37.  
Domingo. 58. 75  
Dominion. v. Empire, Sovereignty. 6. 29. 37. 38. 66. 82. 100 102. 103. 114  
Drake, Sir Fr. 57 58. 75  
Duillius, C. 31. 36  
Duke of Florence, v. Florence.  
Dutch. v. Hollander. 80, 81. 103   

E  
EArth. 2. 3  
Edgar. 67. 88 94. 114  
Edward's, I, TWO, III, IV. 9 69. 71. 77. 88 90, 91. 96. 100, 102. 116  
Egbert. 67  
Elements. 47. 73. 78. 100 104. 120  
Eliot. 57  
Elizabeth, Q. 14. 47. 73. 78. 100 104. 120  
Emanuel, K. of Portugal. 43. 56  
Empire, v. Dominion. 15. 83  
Emporium. v. Port, Scale, Staple. 8. 44, 45  
England. 64  
English. 57 76. 79  
Essex, Earl. 74  
Ethelred. 67. 114  
Euphrates. 41  
Europe. 8  
Euxine. 39 41  
Exchange. 10  
Expedition. v. Voyages, Adventures. 22. 75  
Exploit. 30, 76. 77  
Exportation. 10   

F  
FActories. 44  
Faith. 56. 72  
Ferdinand of Castille. 54  
Friuli. 93  
Ferries. 19  
Fights. v. battles, War. 21. 71. 76. 106  
Fireships. 37  
Fishery. v. Herrings, Whales. 81. 85. 100 102. 107. 110  
Flag. v. Colours. 36. 81. 97, 98.  
Flattery. 84. 85  
Flavio di Amalphi. 60  
Fleece, Golden: v. Wool. 70  
Fleets. v. Ships, Frigates, Vessels, Armadas. 14. 16. 27. 48. 69. 81. 110. 114  
Flemings. 67  
Flood. v. Deluge, Noah. 11. 21  
Florence, Duke. 13. 48.  
Florentine. 51  
Florida. 57  
Foreigners. 9 64. 101  
France. 10. 27. 84  
Francis the First. 46  
Frigates, v. Ships. 22.  
French. 13. 46. 60. 95. 111  
Frobisher. 57 77  
Frontiers. 68  
Frugality. 64   

G  
GAin. 11  
Galleys. 19 50. 94  
Gama, Vasco.  
Ganges. 19  
Gardens. 19  
Garrison. 68  
Gauls. 65  
Genoa. 8. 46. 51  
Genoeze. 39 48  
Gillan, Captain. 78  
Goa. 13  
Gold. v. Fleece, Treasure. 28. 70  
Gottenberg. 49  
Goths. 38. 44  
Greece. 23. 65  
Greeks. 28  
Green-Land. 112  
Grenevil, Sir Rich. 76  
Grimbaldi. 91  
Guard of the Seas. v. Convoy. 100, 103  
Guardian. 89  
Gulf, v. Persian.  
Guns, v. Canon. 74.   

H  
HAnnibal. 32  
Hanno. 24. 59  
Hanse- Towns. v. Anseatick. 8. 89. 111  
Harbour. v. Port, Dock. 44. 80  
Hasting. 97  
Haukins, Sr. Io. 57  
Hemp. 20  
Henry's, III. V, VI, VII, VIII. 56. 71, 72, 73, 89. 91. 94. 101, 102, 103. 118  
Hen. III. of Portugal. 42  
Hen. IV. of France. 47. 118  
Heraclea. 32  
Hercules. 22  
Herrings. v. Fishery. 105. 113  
Hypocrates. 13  
Hispaniola. 55  
History, v. Books. 67.  
Holy-War, v War. 71.  
Holland. 6  
Hollanders. v. Dutch. 3. 43. 61. 105  
Horses. 9  
Hudson. 57  
Humility. 60   

I  
IAgo. 58. 75  
jamaica. 54  
james, K. 79. 90. 100 104  
james, Cap. 77  
japhet. 22  
jason. 25  
jehosaphat. 27  
Isles. 28  
Importation. 10  
Imposition. v. Tax. 116, 119  
Indian. Indies. v. Companies. 15. 26. 30. 43. 77, 78  
Industry. 3. 16. 64. 111  
Ingratitude. 18  
Innovation. 114  
Inscription. 88  
Insolence. 98  
Intelligence. 9 31  
Intercursus Magnus. 96. 116  
Invasion. v. Descents. 48.  
john K. of England Portugal 42. 56. 69. 97  
jones, Cap. 77  
junks. 53  
joppa. 45. 50  
joshua. 23  
journals. 63. 97  
Isabel of Castille. 54, 55  
Iseland. 67  
Italy. 8. 10. 17  
Jurisdiction. 90  
Justice. 14   

K  
KEEL. 19  
KINGS. 13   

L  
Lacedæmonians. 12. 29, 30  
Land. 17  
Laws. v. Oleron, Rhodes. 36. 44, 45. 96. 102  
Lawyers. 98  
Lawson, Sr. I. 53  
Learning. 28  
Lepanto. 50  
Lesbian. 39  
Libel. 72  
Licences. 113, 114, 115. 120  
Lindsey. 115  
Licester, Earl. 82  
Ligorn. 48  
Liberty. 12. 114  
Limits. v. Boundaries. 90. 92. 106  
Longitudes. 21  
Longobards. 38  
Luxury. v. Sloth. 38. 44  
Lycurgus. 12  
Lydians. 11. 37  
Lysander. 30   

M  
MAdera: 42. 55  
Magazine. v. Arsenal. 37  
Maggellan. v. Streight. 58. 78  
Magnes. 21. 53  
Maltezes. 52  
Man. 5  
Manlius. 31  
Manners. 10  
Manufactures. v. Merchandise. 14. 64. 70  
Mare Liberum. v. Sea, Dominion. 105  
Manners. 27. 107  
Marselles. 46. 49  
Masts. v. Stores. 20  
Materials for Ships▪ 10  
Mathematics. 21  
Maxim. 68  
Medails. 35. 88 94  
Mediterranean. 3. 8. 39 59  
Megarenses. 29  
Men of War. v. Ships. 21  
Merchants. v. Commerce. 9 11. 13. 24. 26. 47. 49. 87. 103  
Milesian. 39  
Misenum. 35  
Mole. v. Port. 37  
Moluccas. 56. 77  
Moors. 53  
Mountains. 3  
Monarchy. v. Empire. 16  
Morini. 34  
Muscovy. 8. 44   

N  
NAssau, House. 82  
Nature. 5  
Naturalisation. 42. 112  
Navigation. 5 9 10. 14, 15. 21. 23. 38. 52. 54. 59 62. 72. 79  
Navy. v. Fleet, Armada. 65. 74. 94  
Necessity. 21  
Negligence. 111  
Neptune. 22  
Newfoundland. 57 112  
Nilus. 40  
Noah, v. Deluge. 22.  
Nobility. 11. 14  
Nombre de dios. 58  
Norborough, Sir Io. 78  
Norman. 46  
Normandy. 84, 85  
Northumberland, Earl. 115  
Norway. 8. 120  
Nor-west-Passage. 74. 77  
Nuptials. v. Venice 7   

O  
OArs. 19  
Ocean, v. Sea.  
Offa. 71  
Officers. v. Admiral. 38  
Oleroon. v. Laws. 44. 96  
Ophir. 27  
Ordnance. v. Guns. 81  
Osiris. 22  
Owen Gwynedd. 57  
Oxenham. 75   

P  
PArliament. 116  
Parma Duke. 82  
Passports. 89. 116  
Paulo, Vasco. di Gama. 42  
Paulus Venetus. 60  
Pelasgi. 39  
Peloponnesus. 28  
Permission. 101. 104  
Persian. 28. 53  
Persian Gulf. 4●  
Phoenicians 2●. 2●. 28  
Philip the Fair. 96  
Philip the Second. 16. 101  
Philosophy. 54  
Phrygia. 39  
Pickling. v. Herring. 108  
Pigeons. 41  
Pilotage. 21. 60  
Piracy. 48. 96  
Pirates. 7, 8. 23. 33. 117  
Pisa. 51  
Pisistratus. 29  
Plains. 3  
Plantation. 112  
Plate, v. Treasure.  
Plato. 12, 13  
Plenty. 6  
Poland. 119  
Polity. 10  
Pompey. 33  
Pool, Cap. 77  
Port. v. Harbour. 37. 49  
Port-Cluse. 94  
Portugal, Portugueze 32. 48  
Possession. 93  
Praeorio Praefectus. 35  
Prerogative. 104  
Prescription. 84. ●9. 118  
Proclamation. 100 104. 113. 117  
Prophecy. 106  
Propriety. 92  
Protection. 83. 99 106. 114. 117  
Punic-War. v. Carthage. 31   

R  
RAfts. v. Ships, Vessels. 26  
Raleigh. 57  
Ravenna. 35. 37  
Records. v. Laws. 102, 103  
Red-Sea, 24 40  
Regulus, M. 31  
Religion. 10. 64  
Rent. v. Tribute. 102. 108  
Retailers. 13  
Rhodes. v. Law. 52. 96  
Richards, II. etc. 71. 91. 116  
Riches. 15. 108. 110  
Richlieu, Card. 47  
Rigging. 21  
〈◊〉▪ 2. 85  
〈◊〉. 11. 13. 17. 34. 87  
Rome. 31  
Rose-noble. 94  
Rostrum. 19  
Royal-Soveraign. v. Ships. 114  
Rudder. 19  
Russia. 10. 67   

S  
SAils. 20  
Sailing. 25. 53  
Sanches de Huelva. 55  
Saracens. 46. 48. 51. 71  
Saxons. 48. 88 93  
Scale, v. Staple.  
Scanderoon. 42  
Scarborough. 105  
Scipio. 32  
Sea. v. Mediterranean. 7. 10. 16. 34. 83. 85  
Security. 68 86  
Sem. 7  
Senators. 11  
Servitude. 12  
Sheriffs. 89  
Shetland. 104  
Ship-money. v. Tax. 96  
Shipping. 3. 8. 10. 72. 80  
Ships. 4. 18. 24. 31. 50. 65. 79. 114  
Ship-Wrights. 37  
Shores. 2. 59  
Sicily. 31  
Silk. 46  
Silver. 23  
Situation. 16  
Sloth. 15. 109  
Smith, Cap. 77  
Snake-pots. 37  
Society. v. Companies. 14  
Solomon. 26  
Solon. 13  
Sovereignty. v. Dominion. 69. 91  
Spain. 28  
Spaniard. 15. 48. 54. 78  
Spoils, v. Treasure.  
Sprag, Sir Edw. 53  
Squadrons. 34  
Staples. v. Scale, Emporium. 10. 13. 39 103  
States. 62. 104  
Stinkpots. 37  
Stock. 10  
Stores. v. Magazine. 10  
Strangers. 93. 109. 113  
straits. v. Magellan. 90  
Submission, v. Flag.  
Succession. 100  
Summer-Islands. 77  
Sundt. 118  
Sweden. 8. 10. 49. 119  
Syracuse. 31   

T  
TAnais. 41  
Tangier. 24. 45  
Taproban. 27  
Tarshish. 27  
Tartarian. 53  
Tartessus. 27  
Tax. 96. 114  
Territory. 15  
Themistocles. 29  
Thorn. 57  
Thracians. 11  
Thule. 17  
Time. 21  
Tissaphernes. 29  
Title. v. Laws. 99 100 112. 118  
Toll, v. Tribute.  
Toleration. 64  
Towns. v. Sea-Towns. 104  
Trabizond. 28. 39  
Trade. v. Traffic, Commerce, Merchandise. 11. 15. 61. 107  
Treasure. 39 56. 74. 107  
Treasurer of the Navy. 29  
Treaties. 116  
Trees. 3  
Tribute. 91. 101. 102. 118. 119  
Tripoli. 41  
Tristan de Vaz. 42  
Trojan. 11  
Tunis. 50  
Turk. 52  
Tyrians. 11. 28  
Tyrus. 24   

V  
VAigates. v. Streights. 77  
Vandals. 44  
Vasco de Gama. 42. 43  
Venetian. 7. 39 42  
Venice. 43. 46. 59 93  
Vessels, v. Ships. 27  
Victory, v. Fights.  
Villa Franca. 49  
Violet. 103  
Virginia. 57 77  
Ulysseses. 22  
Volga. 40  
Voyages, v. Adventures.  
Use. 2  
Usurers. 49   

W  
WAftage. 108  
Want. 6  
War. 71. 32  
Water. 33  
Whale-fishing. 55. 77. 100  
Winds. 4. 80  
Winter. 59  
Wisby. 44  
Wool. 9 70. 103  
World. 15. 30  
Wracks. 96   

X  
Xerxes'. 29   

Y  
YArds. v. Rigging. 20   

Z  
ZEilon, v. Ceilon.  
Zembla nova. 7●  
Zeno. 55   
FINIS.   

ERRATA.  
Pag. 21. in Margin r. Vegetius.  
25. l. 6. innumerae rates.  
26. l. 6. Stanley shows us.  
55. r. 54.  
85. l. 26. 1. having been.  
86. l. 9 r. than our case.  
106. l. ult. immense.  
110. l. 23. briskly.  
117. l. 12. vigour.  
119. l. 9 r. Pilla●.  
With 〈◊〉 mis-interpuns●ations.   

BOOKS sold by Benj. took at the Ship in St. Paul's Churchyard.  
SKinneri Etymologicon Lingae Anglicanae. Fol.  
Waraeus de Praesulibus Hiberniae. Fol.  
Thorndicus, De Ratione a● jure. Fol.  
Bishop Sanderson's Sermons. Fol.  
Bentivolio and Urania, by D. Ingelo. Fol.  
Dr. Heylyn's Commentary on the Creed. Fol.  
Usserius de Primordiis Ecclesiarum Britannicarum. 4ᵒ.  
Horae Hebraicae & Talmudice in Evangelium S. Johannis,  
Authore Johan. Lightfoot, 4ᵒ.  
The Controversial Letters, or the grand Controversy concerning the pretended Authority of Popes, and the true Sovereign of Kings in their respective Kingdoms. 4ᵒ.  
A brief Account of some Travels in Hungaria, Servia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, etc. as also some Observations on the Gold, Silver, Copper, Quicksilver Mines, Baths, and Mineral Waters in those parts, with Figures. 4ᵒ.  
A Sermon preached at the Spittle by the Lord Bishop of Down. 4ᵒ.  
An English Inquisition for an Heretic: A Visitation Sermon by R. Nevil. 4ᵒ.  
Chr. Merret, M. D. Pinax rerum Naturalium Britannicarum. 8ᵒ.  
The State of Christianity in England, and of its Decay and Danger from Sectaries as well as Papists. 4ᵒ.  
Some few Questions concerning the Oath of Allegiance, proposed by a Catholic Gentleman, in a Letter to a Person of Learning and Honour.  
Two Letters of Advice; I. For susception of Holy Orders. II. For studies Theological, especially such as are Rational. 8ᵒ  
Poems and Songs, by Tho. Flatman. 8ᵒ.  
Elenchus Antiquitatum Albionensium, Britannorum, Scotorum, Danorum Anglo-Saxonum, etc. per D. Langhorn. 8ᵒ.  
The Colloquies of Erasmus, in English. 8ᵒ.  
The French Gardener. Translated out of French by Jo. Evelyn Esq 8ᵒ.  
DEUS NOBISCUM: A Narrative of a great Deliverance at Sea, by W. Johnson, D.D. 8ᵒ.  
Of Gardens, Four Books, first written in Latin Verse by Renatus Rapinus, and now made English by John Evelyn Esq 8ᵒ.  
Phaedri Fabularum Esopiarum, Libri 5. in usum Scholarum Angliae. 8ᵒ.  
A Priest to the Temple, or the Country Parson's Character and Rule of Holy Life, by Mr. Geo. Herbert. 8ᵒ.  
A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman leaving the University, concerning his Behaviour and Conversation in the World, by R. Lingard, D.D. 12ᵒ.  
Junii Juvenalis, & Persii satire. in usum Scholae Westem. 12ᵒ.  
FINIS.