PANACEA; OR The Universal Medicine, BEING A DISCOVERY of the wonderful virtues OF Tobacco Taken in a Pipe, WITH Its Operation and Use both in physic and chirurgery. By Dr EVERARD, &c.  
LONDON, Printed for Simon Miller at the Star in St Paul's churchyard, near the West-end, 1659.   

TO THE Right worshipful 

Sir James Drax,  
Alderman Maniford,  
M. Wainright,  
M. Jeffreys,  
M. Allen,  
M. Stacy,  
M. jenkin's,  
M. Pet,  
M. Newman,  
M. Phillips,  
M. Boggs,  
Capt. Fox,  
Capt. Price,  
Capt. Red,  
Capt. Pensax,  
Capt. Butler,  
Capt. Odiam.   AND To all the worthy Merchants and Planters of Tobacco, for and in the WEST-INDIES, and AMERICA.  
Right worshipful,  
IT is well known, and confirmed by certain Experience, that by the great care, cost and charges of the Merchants; and by the great industry and labour of the Planters of Tobacco in the West-Indies, multitudes of people that are under the present Government, are plentifully maintained, and very many of them get great estates for themselves and families, and the Customs of it are no small profit to the Commonwealth. I think there is no one kind of foreign Commodities that yields greater advantage to the public; and there is scarce any to be compared with it. Wherefore I dedicate this short History of Tobacco unto you, that are the Merchants and Factors in it, wherein you may at your leisure observe some thing that may conduce to your further content, if you please but to take notice of the great virtues it hath both in physic and chirurgery. But if we reflect upon our forefathers, and that within the time of less than one hundred years, before the use of Tobacco came to be known amongst us, (For Captain Richard Grenfield, and Sir Francis Drake were the first Planters of it here, and not Sir Walter Raleigh, which is the common error) we cannot but wonder how they did to subsist without it; For were the planting and traffic of Tobacco now hindered, millions of the Nation, in all probability must perish for want of food, their whole livelihood almost depending upon it. So many Druggists, Grocers, Tobacco-shops, Taverns, Inns, alehouses, Victuallers, Carriers, Cutters and Dryers of Tobacco, Pipe-makers, and the like, that deal in it, will prove no less.  
The necessity of Tobacco, and maintaining the Plantations of it, is almost as great, if we do but consider who they are that buy it only for their own drinking, and cannot abstain from it. Seamen will be supplied with it for their long voyages: soldiers cannot want it when they keep guards all night, or are upon other hard duties in cold and tempestuous weather: Farmers, ploughmen, Porters, and almost all labouring men plead for it, saying, they find great refreshment by it, and very many would as soon part with their necessary food, as they would be totally deprived of the use of Tobacco. The Nobility and Gentry, who find no fault with it, but that it is too common amongst the Vulgar, do ordinarily make it the compliment of all their entertainment, and ofttimes all their entertainment besides is but a compliment. Scholars use it much, and many grave and great men take Tobacco to make them more serviceable in their callings. Tobacco is grown to be not only the physic, but even the meat and drink of many men, women and children. In a word, it hath prevailed so far, that there is no living without it; that notwithstanding the vast Plantations of it in the West-Indies, all our cornfields would soon be turned to gardens of Tobacco, were not men restrained from it by the Civil Magistrate. It is like Elias Cloud, which was no bigger at first than a man's hand, that hath suddenly covered the face of the earth: The Low-countries, Germany, Poland, Arabia, Persia Turkey, almost all countries drive a Trade of it; and there is no commodity that hath advanced so many from small fortunes to gain great estates in the world. Don Ulafc● of Amsterdam, who, as I am told, never knew his own name nor parentage, by selling Tobacco, hangs out the sign of Don de Velasco, under whom he was once a poor soldier, and is called now by his general's name. But though they that traffic in it seldom miscarry, yet others by the intemperate taking of it, have sometimes brought themselves and great estates to ruin by it, in whom this Martial Plant hath occasioned more diseases of the mind, than it can cure diseases of the body, though it be of very great use in physic.  
I confess that Tobacco is a plant of God's making, and it hath many admirable faculties in it, and the fault is not in the leaf, though it be sophisticated by some, and inordinately abused by others; yet there is some reason to suspect, that there hath been much of the cunning of the Devil, and of man's perverse understanding employed in the large propagation of it, because that Christians, Jews, Turks and Infidels, almost all mankind, who are naturally so averse from all that is good, and prone to nothing but mischief, are so much delighted with it. But in my opinion, the providence God intended by discovering this herb to Christians amongst the Indians, that by their daily commerce, the Gospel of Jesus Christ should be made known to those Heathen people, who sit in darkness and the shadow of death. The Devil was much afraid of it, as I was informed by one born in England of Spanish parentage. For when the Christians came first among the Indians, and began to convert them to the Christian Faith, (as there appeared some symptoms of zeal at the beginning, though it grew soon cold at the sight of gain) the Devil threatened to revenge himself on the Christians, by teaching them to take Tobacco, which having once tasted they should never be able to refrain from it. We see indeed that Christians are so much affected with it, that they cannot forbear it; but the Devil seems to be more afraid than hurt, to think that Christians now adays are so zealous of God's glory, as to make it their aim to withdraw those barbarous people from his service; forasmuch as I can understand they have made this the least part of their employment, not regarding the purpose of God, nor his dispensations for the saving of men's souls, who deseended from Adam as well as themselves, and may have a part in the righteousness of Christ as well as they; who had they but a glimpse of that light Christians have, would doubtless bring forth better fruits than Christians do, who by their jarring and differences one with another, and by minding so much their own profit and advantage, have given great cause to those ignorant people to blaspheme the name of God, and to abhor the Sacrifices of the Lord. Insomuch that when they were told that the Spaniards went to Heaven, they said, They would go to Hell, that they might not be where those wicked Sp●niards were. So that it is likely that God seeing Christians now unworthy of his service, hath reserved the conversion of that people, until such time as Christians shall be more charitable and more composed in love and unity amongst themselves. I must not tire your patience by writing a Volume upon this subject, left the portal prove too great for the house. I shall only speak something more concerning Tobacco. And  
First, It is no great friend to Physicians, though it be a physical plant; for the very smoke of it is held to be a great Antidote against all venom and pestilential diseases. It is also singular in Clysters against the wind-colic, and therefore King James merrily said, That was the way to take it: But the Duke of Savoy who was so cured by it was of another mind. The Irish they are altogether for snuff Tobacco to purge their brains. The Indians swallow down the smoke against weariness, till they fall into an ecstasy. The upper Scout of Amsterdam, as some report, chews it against all diseases, and likes it better than Partridge or Pheasant. But the ordinary way to suck it from a pipe, and puff it out again, is held the best way to cure Rheums and disti●lations from the head. It works such contrary effects, that Philosophers contend almost about it, as much as chemists do concerning Mercury: they cannot certainly conclude, whether it be hot and dry, or cold and moist, for it quencheth thirst, and yet is the fittest shoing-horn to draw down drink, and to make men dry; it abates hunger, yet is excellent to provoke a man's appetite to meat: It is a fit companion for mirth or melancholy; it will make one sleep, who wants rest; yet will it keep a Scholar waking in his study, and a soldier upon his guard. It puts Physicians to a nonplus, for it agrees with all ages, sexes and tempers. D. Venner in his Via recta ad vitam longam, allows any man, be he choleric, phlegmatic, Sanguine or melancholic, six pipes a day. Wherefore some object, That it is a vain thing. I answer with Solomon, so are all things else, Vanity of vanities, all is vanity. Yet I should counsel no man to take it, who doth not stand in need of it; and those that do, to use it with that moderation as is required in the use of all other things. When thou hast found honey eat not too muah of it; Ubi mel, ibi fell, where honey is, there is gall; and in every thing in this world there is something to be avoided. Nature herself speaks the same to us with a loud voice in this Tobacco plant as much as in any thing in the world. For those two groundleaves that grow upon it, which the Spaniards call Bascheros must be cut off, and thrown away, they smell and taste so unpleasantly, that should they be mingled with the rest, they would spoil all. As therefore the Planters are very careful to cast these leaves away, so should Christians be in the use of all temporal things, to cast away all earthly thoughts and desires that are too near the ground, all that is vicious and offensive to God or man, that all their thoughts, words and deeds may be sweet scented in the nostrils of God, that they may be at length transplanted from their uncertain Plantations here on earth to an everlasting Plantation in Heaven, which is the prayer of him for your Worships, and for all the worthy Merchants and Planters of this Nation, who is  
Your Worships in all Christian duty I. R.   

THE PREFACE.  
IT is an axiom of Aristotle in the first Chapter, Analyt. Post. All kind of Learning, and all Discipline proceeds from some precedent knowledge. I suppose that this axiom belongs to all teaching whatsoever, that is undertaken concerning any matter according to the Rules of Reason, if it be methodical and handsome: and if the Philosopher doth not affirm the same, I am certain he doth not contradict it. Wherefore because I am minded to discourse of Tobacco by rule perfectly, I am bound to take great care, that I do it in a fit Method, as I ought to do; and this I shall perform if I do it orderly, as is observed almost by all authors in almost every matter propounded. First, Therefore I shall briefly Treat of the etymology, or Reason of the Name of this universal Remedy. Secondly, I shall lay down the differences of it. Thirdly, I shall show the Temp●rament. Fourthly, I shall teach the time when it must be Sowed, and when gathered. Fiftly, I shall inquire in what place it prospers best. Sixtly, I shall in brief set down the way to prepare the Leaves, which few Men know. Seventhly and Lastly, I shall search into the singular forces of it, and the known proved effects, and shall speak of all V●guents made with Tobacco, plasters, Balsams, Liniments, cerates, Anodyus, &c. I shall discover how to make these to help the Apothecaries, and studious Men, that every one may be able to provide them himself, and when need is he may bring them out as from a store-house of his own.   

PANACEA, Or The universal Medicine; Being a Discourse and description of TOBACCO, With its Preparation and Use.  

The Reason of the Names.  
SInce that Galen. 1. de Meth. c. 2. &c. 3. &. lib. 1 ad Thrasybul, faith; That to undertake to know a thing, without the knowing of the explication of the Name, is but to labour in vain: It is my part to Discourse first of the Names of this great Panac●●, and of their first Originals, and who they were that first taught us the use of it, which I shall exactly examine.  
Tobacco took the Name from the Name of that Country which is a Province in new Spain, in the WeIndies, or the new World, about Forty four Miles above Mexico, the Metropolis of Hispaniola. In this lay the Province Tobacco which was under subjection to the government of Jucatan, (the Spaniards afterward called it the Province of the Blessed Victorious Virgin, because in the Year, 1519. Ferdinand Cortesius, Founder of new Spain, won a great victory in that place) here was this Noble Plant first found, that Cures almost all Diseases, and from thence afterwards it borrowed the Name. Those of Pern call it Petum, so do almost all the people that live toward the antarctic-pole, or Picielt, as Monardis holds, 
l. Hist. 11. 6.5.  or Perebecenuc, as Oviedus will have it (yet this is not the proper name for Tobacco, but is ascribed to some other Indian Plant by authors, and it differs from Tobacco, as it appears to me.  
Vulgarly it is called Nicotiana, or Nicosiana, from D. Johannes Nicotius of Nismes, who was counsellor to Francis the second King of France, and Master of requests afterwards, and of petitions in the Court, who first discovered this Herb to France, (as that most famous Knight and Sea admiral. Sr Francis Drake, about the Year 1586. made it known in England) for whose sake it ought to be gratefully received in Memory of him by all Men, unto whomsoever the same of this healing Plant shall be brought. This D. Nicotius, when in the Year 1560. he was sent by his King to be ambassador in Portugal. It happened on a day that he went to view a Prison, or rather a work house for such as are punished at Lisbon, where at that time the King's Court was. There a certain Noble Dutch- Man who was the chiefest keeper of the King's Archives, presented him with this Plant, as being a stranger and newly brought thither from the Island Florida; The ambassador gladly received the Plant, and being rare and come from beyond the Seas, and which he had never seen before he takes, great care to have it planted in his Garden, for he understood before by hear say, of the great virtues it had to cure Wounds and Ulcers, it having been often used with happy success.  
Wherefore the Fame of this Herb spread over all Portugal, and the Spaniards, and Portugals speak much in praise of it, and it began to be called the ambassador's Herb. Not long after he returning for France, preserved some of the Seed of it to Catharina de Medicis, Queen of France; she understanding that this Plant was excellent for curing malignant Ulcers and Putrified Sores, and admiring at it, as being a new universal Remedy, gave it her Name; and after that, all France over, it was called the Queen's Herb, and Catharinaria, and Medicea. 
Pares prafat. in Chirnrg.  The Virginians call it Vppowoc, others call it the great prior's Herb, because he sometimes sailing from France to Portugal, and being entertained at Lisborn, by D. Nicotius, had many of these Plants bestowed upon him, which he transplanted and made th': ● to grow in their Gardens. Most Inhabitants of Hispaniola, call it Cozolba. The Lombards call it Tornabon●, 
See Petr. Martyr, Dec. 1. ● 9 Of the new world.  because it was still brought into Italy, by means of the Nephew of Alphansus, Tornabonius, Bishop of Burg. who was also Bishop there himself, but at that time ambassador with the French King. By Schwenckfeldius, and others that spoke highly of the virtues of it, it is called the Sacred Plant; Camerarius calls it the Vulnerary Indian Plant; others call it Piperina: but upon what reason I know not. They of Lions call it the Antarctick Bugloss, by Renealmus, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}. Dodonaus a most famous Writer upon Plants, gives it the name of Henbane of Peru, but falsely, as I shall show in its place. Cordus gave this name not to Tobacco, but to Strammonia. The Reverend Cardinal of S. Cruse, when he was sent from Rome the Popes-Nuntio into Portugal, brought it first from thence to Rome, and therefore there they called it the Herb of S. Cruse. Some call it Sa●a Sancta, not without a Catalogue of the great praises of it, fetched from evident experience. The Dutch's and English call it Taback. The Germans name it Heylig Wundkrat, Indianisch Wundtkraut, Indianissche Beinwelle. Thevet the French Cosmographer, (who was in that Expedition, which Anno. 1555. Nicolaus Durandus Villagagnonus made to Brasil) in his Book called Antarctick France, names it Angoulmoisine, and boasts that he was the finder, and the first man that brought this Seed into France. I know not whether he spoke the truth; It seems to me to be an old wife's story. Fabius Columna mentions Arabian Tobacco different from ours; which we do not know. Read what the most Learned Columna hath written in his {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} of Plants that are not well known. p. 142. There are many uncertainties in the writings of the Arabians, for that Nation hath but a few things of its own, and commonly the Arabian Authors have not well set things together, because they understood not rightly the Writings of the Greeks. Also the most famous Herbarist, D. Guilandinus, in his conjectural synonimas of Plants, calls this Plant Onosmyos of Aegineta.   

The Differences.  
WE have observed three sorts of Tobacco, the greater with broad Leaves, the greater with narrow Leaves; and the smaller Tobacco.  

The first kind.  
THe broader leaf large Tobacco, hath a thicker stalk, and sends forth shoots from the Roots, that are woody, and are fortified by many small Fibras, they are White, bu● inwardly Yellow and bitter, the Stalk is as thick as a staff, and sometimes grows three Cubits high; it is green and hath a thin down over it, it is Unctuous especially when it is grown up, and is full of a White Pith, and hath many Leaves; this is Fenced about from a broad Basis of the windings of the stalk, with Leaves resembling great Comfrey, but they are bigger, and about the middle more large, and as it were branched or Gibbous, and by degrees they grow to be very sharp pointed, they shine with a watery green, having no pleasant smell; they are full of juice, and are smeered over almost with a clammy Humour, so that it will stop small Creatures which sit upon them; they taste sharp with some clamminesses; Amongst the frequent Branches of the Leaves, the Flowers come forth single out of the indented Leafy cups, standing several upon a firm stalk, and from a narrow Basis, towards the upper part they are by degrees dilated as it were into a bordered Pentagon, resembling a trumpet, being White and pale Red, (which is called Carnation Colour) they Blush; In the middle whereof are five threads that compass about the stalk, that is of a Pale Green, and sticking forth, when these decay, there follow the hollow long Cups, that something end in a point at the top, that are full of very small duskish or reddish black, but at first with green round seeds. The Herbalists vulgarly call this the Male Tobacco. Some think this is {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, Dioscorides speaks of; but I know not how those words can concern Tobacco. If conjecture may serve, that {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} seems to be great Comfrey from the likeness of it, as the famous and learned D. Bauhinus observes in his Synonim●'s, wherewith he adorns Matthiolus.   

The second Kind.  
GReat Tobacco with narrow leaves hath woody stalks, cut in many jags, and hairy, with infinite fibras; the stalks are about a foot and half, plaited, green, full of branches, to which by a small stalk are fastened leaves like to Nightshade, which is called Bella Donna, yet somewhat larger and greener, downy, thick, full of juice; the flowers ou the tops of the stalks and branches are purple colour, and represent a round narrow Cup toward the basis, and are of a pale green. The husks succeed the flowers, and are rather long than round, and at the top they have a long furrow, in the middle whereof there comes forth a thick little point, but very short and red. From the extreme part of each furrow there is drawn a trench to the basis, which is apparent in a yellow circle. The seed contained in it is small and yellow.  
Aegidius Everardus saith, That this kind often springs from the seed of Male Tobacco. For (saith he) if any of the grain of Male Tobacco fall to the ground, when it swells with seed, namely, to the ground, where Tobacco grew before; this narrow leaved Tobacco will doubtless grow up there the next year, and this is called Female Tobacco. Also if you sow the seed of Male or large leaved Tobacco in ground not hot enough, or which is barren, it will produce the Female, for the Male, in such abundance, that you will hardly get it out again, but it will yearly spring of itself. Renealmus calls this sort {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, because the leaves are born up by a small stalk, which the Greeks call {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}. Pennius calls it, Nicotiana minor. Lobelius, Tobacum minus; Herba Sana sancta minor. The French call it, Nicotiane Petite. The Dutch, Kleyne Taback. The Germans, Schmalblaterch, Indianisch Wundtkran●.   

The third Kind.  
THe third fort, called the lesser Tobacco, is but a foot and half high, and far lower than the former. The root is white, going deep downwards, the length of a span, as thick as ones finger, and is much set about with leaves on the sides. The stalk is round, fat, with fine down upon it, of a pale green, upon which the leaves are green, somewhat round, fat, full of juice, somewhat hairy, not unlike to mad Nightshade, but they are greater and more white. The flowers are of a yellow pale colour, standing in dented leafy cups, far smaller than those of great Tobacco, they are hollow, and are unfolded into five blunt once divided edges, and when these fall, there remains roundish heads, that are full of pale wan seeds, like to the small ones of the former Tobacco, but they are bigger and round. Bauhinus calls this kind yellow Henbane. Matthiolus calls it, the third sort of Henbane. At Lions they call it, black Henbane. Dodoneus will have it yellow Henbane; so will Lonicerus. Gesner and Camerarius, Tabernomtanus, calls it Henbane of Peru. Gesner calls it Priapaeja of the Garden, and Caesalpinus a kind of Tornabona. The neoterics call it smaller Tobacco like Henbane; and at lions the lesser Tobacco. The Germans name it Wundbilsam, gelb Wundtkraut. Lobelius calls it a doubtful kind of yellow Henbane, with leaves of Nightshade. But I with the most learned Herbalist Dalechampius, do not think this herb can be referred to Henbane, for their faculties are quite contrary, for the seed of this tastes sharp; as also the leaves, if you chew them they are a long time of a hot taste in your mouth, and it cannot be extinguished, but in long time; and this is a great argument of heat. Wherefore the famous Donanaeus did not well to call it Henbane of Peru, nor any of the rest, for it cannot be referred to any kind of it, for the leaves are notably acrimonious, which argues a hot and no cold temperament, like to Henbane. Noble Clusius calls this the fourth kind of Tobacco.    

The Temperament.  
What concerns the faculties of the Male Tobacco (for in this Discourse I chiefly treat of that) there is great dissension amongst learned men. Monardes' holds it to be hot and dry in the second degree, and moderate in the rest; and Dalechampius holds the same. Caesalpinus faith, it is hot in the first, and dry in the third degree. Edward Done an English Writer, holds it to be hot and dry almost in the third degree. Others deny it to be hot, but say it is extreme cold, because the smoke troubles the mind, and brings a man almost into an Extasis; and therefore they refer it to some kind of Henbane, as I gave notice of before. Bauhinus he says as much, moved thereto by its stupefying quality, and likeness of the form that it hath with Henbane. Mercatus saith, it is extreme hot. Jacobus Gohorius dares not give his opinion, but puts it off to some other time. Lobelius thinks it is hot intensely in the second degree; and he answers Dodonaeus, that it bites in taste, and is hot in the mouth; yet Dodonaeus afterwards changed his opinion. I with Renealmus say, that the green leaves are hot and dry in the second degree (which temperament the sun gives to them, as it doth to the root and stalk by its heat, and the Moon gives them their colour) but when they are dried, they are hot and dry in the end of the third degree. Tobacco is acrimonious, and causeth thirst, troubles the mind, makes the head heavy, which could not be, unless some hot vapour flew up, and filled the brain. They do but sport, that say it is cold, for it hath all symptoms of heat.   

The Time.  
IT is sowed in the Island Hispaniola, as also in other hot climates about Autumn, where almost all the year long it brings leaves, flowers and buds. It will grow with us, if continual care be to help it. It is not sowed with us before the warm Spring, that is, about the Ides or Nones of April, as the weather is hot; for it is chill, and at the first fall of the leaf or cold weather it fades, wherefore it must be well fenced from cold. Noble Clusius thinks it should be sowed in August or September, because the small seed lieth very long under ground before it spring forth, and being sowed in March, or in the Spring, in August it will bring flowers, and now and then seed. But we find by experience, that the seed of Tobacco sowed in April, in our country, springs forth more happily and sooner, and the stalks are more fruitful and longer, and the leaves are far greater and fatt●●, than when the seed is sowed in September. The Plant is gathered, when the sun is in the 18, 19 and 20. degree of Leo. Being once planted, when the seed comes to be ripe, it will sow itself plentifully of its own accord in many Gardens and Fields, whether it is carried by force of winds. It is sowed in the increase of the Moon, and cut when the Moon decreaseth. The seed is dedicated to Aquarius and Mars, being very hot, which quality it hath from Mars. In Winter it can hardly be kept but in pots or wooden chests, or little baskets made with osiers, and that in pantries, and places under ground, or hot houses, or Stow's, and so it may be preserved without hurt for three or four years. Caesalpinus would also have the stalks planted, yet Basilius Beflerus Eistettensis saith, he tried that in his Garden, but it proved in vain.   

The Place.  
IT loves a fat and pleasant soil, the Bed to be plain, smooth, black, well dressed; it loves not sandy nor clay ground, nor doth it delight in gravel; wherefore it is no small charge, if every other year it be dunged with ox dung; some fift ashes very fine and mingle them, but that comes forth very slowly, and makes it long before it come to perfection. It wonderfully desires water, and therefore it must be watered, especially in such days as are very fair when there falls no rain.  
Let the Lands upon which you sow it be long, and about three foot broad, that by the furrows between he may pass on both sides, that must pull or cut off the superfluous leaves, (for otherwise these will suck to themselves the force and nutriment of the greater leaves) dig the earth with your finger, or a little stick, and make a hole in it, and put into it ten or twelve grains, and put a piece of ox dung both at the bottom and top of them. Do not put fewer seeds into one hole, for they are so small, that they would be choked and lost. It hates cold exceedingly (as I told you;) and therefore you must raise a wall with clay or stone upon the North side of it, that it may lie open to the S●uth sun, that so in Winter it may receive some warmth, for than it must be ●enced and covered with mats and straw.   

The Preparation of the Leaves.  
IT may at first be sowed in an open field, and when it is grown forth to the height of the leaves or tender branches of Col●worts, it may be transplanted, and be set apart in the f●resaid long bed●, three foot broad, and they must be planted in that order, that every plant may stand three or four foot off from another, lest when the plants grow big, the greater leaves should touch and hurt one the other, and this would prove to be very great damage. B●t when they are grown so great that the flowers begin to peep forth, presently before the flowers open themselves, you shall cut away all the young shoots and tops, with all the small twigs on the sides, and the lesser leaves that use to grow between the rest. For Tobacco must not bring flowers or seeds, if you intend to preserve the force of it entire. Moreover at the lower end of the stalk of it there are commonly two leaves found (the Spaniards call them Bascher●s) which take away the pleasant taste of Tobacco, if they be mingled with the others. You shall therefore be sure to cut off these with the rest that are superfluous, and do not use them in any use with the rest (for they taste ill, and do not smell well) and leave but ten or twelve g●eat leaves upon the stalk commonly, when the foresaid smalleaves with the shoots on the top, and the two lowest, and such as are to be rejected, are cut off But have an esp●cial care that the Tobacco you desire to sell into these German countries, England, or France, you suffer it not to run to flower, for all the forces of it will be lost when it flowers.  
Moreover you shall mingle and bruise together the foresaid smaller leaves cut off with the small sprouts and buds of the flowers, (utterly rejecting those two greater leaves at the bottom called Boscheros, as being good for nothing, and unprofitable) and having pressed forth the juice, you shall boil it in the best sweet strong Spanish Malago wine (others add to it daunts Ale, and you shall skim it well, and when it is well purified, you shall put in good store of salt, that the juice may be as salt as Sea water, then cast in a good quantity of aniseed, and Ginger beaten into very small powder, and let it boil one hour longer, then let it stand, that the dregs may settle to the bottom, and pour off all that is clear.  
You must keep this juice thus boiled (the Spanis● call it Caldo) in a vessel close stopped, that the forces may be kept within, until such time as the greater leaves, which you lef● upon the stalk (for in these resides all the strength of the plant) are grown full ripe, which when they are come to, you shall presently cut them off next to the stalk; and you shall se● the foresaid juice or Caldo upon the fire, and boil it almost (yet it must not boil, for should it boil, the strength of it would fly away to nothing) and you must dip all the said leaves in that juice severally. But if it be too troublesome to dip all the leaves in one by one, you must spread a woollen cloth on the ground upon a floor, or in a barn, or place where the wind hath no power, though it be in the open air; and upon this y on shall lay a row of leaves, as close as to touch one the other, and upon this rank of leaves you shall lay another rank of leaves in the same order, yet not wet in the foresaid juice; and taking into your hands a great watering vessel, which you must dip into the said juice or Caldo, you shall water by sprinkling all the foresaid leaves, and those being watered, you shall lay upon them a third and fourth rank, and so forward a fifth rank, and upon that a sixth of new leaves, sprinkling all the rows with the foresaid Ewer, or with a brush, still observing the same order, until such time as the leaves thus disposed in order, rise to be a foot and half high. Then you must cover the leaves, yet hot with the liquour, newly sprinkled upon them, with other woollen clothes, that all the rows of the leaves may hold their former ●eat and lie to ferment. But if that heat or fermentation cannot be procured by those woollen clothes covering the leaves, you may lay Horse dung upon those clothes, to raise the heat, to cherish the leaves, and make them stand in a constant fermentation. But that they may not grow over hot, you must often look upon the leaves, until they change colour And if by the heat they begin to look any whit red, and to appear so (which may be seen, if the leaves be held against the light) it is time to uncover the leaves, and to take the coverings away; for being too much heated, they would grow black, which is a sign of burning, and of corruption, and there must be principal care taken that that befall not, for this is the chiefest thing to be ob●erved.  
Tobacco being thus warmed and fermented, the foresaid leaves must be hanged up with small packthreds, thrusting the needle through the greater nerve of the leaves, that is on the backside, and so they must be hanged up in a windy place, but not very high, where the sun shines; for by the sun's heat all their forces would vanish. When the wind hath dried them enough, they must be bound in bundles, binding them with cords as hard as you can, so that each bundle must be as great about in the circumference of it, as a great Spanish Daller; but above all, take care that th●y be most closely bound together. The leaves of Tobacco thus prepared, must be diligently and closely packed in vessels, thrusting them in as much as you can. And by this preparing and preserving of Tobacco, it will have excellent force and virtue.  
Note (in Spanish or Malago wine) This way of preparation is of later time, and invented by the Spaniards for the use of themselves and strangers. For it is probable that the Indians, that are the Inhabitants (until such time as wine was brought unto them from other parts beyond the Seas) used wine of Dates, or of Coccos, or some other liquor, (not to say piss, which is reported of them to their disgrace) to prepare this juice or Caldo: also the use of Aniseeds is from the Spaniard.  
To stand constantly to ferment) we say Broyen, This signifies a moderate heat, next to strong heat, yet ●ot come so far as to burn, but only to foster and ferment. Such a heat Depilatories bring to the parts, and Birds to their eggs, when they sit to hatch their young. The Egyptians produce such a heat in their Ovens, when they by Art hatch abundance of Hen eggs, as Bellonius observes.  
Some despise the use of T●bacco that grows with us, yet Experience teacheth us that our green Leaves will cure Wounds, ulcers, and other Diseases, sooner and more certainly, than the dried Leaves brought from the Indies; It is cr●dible that those dried Leaves coming so far, have lost great part of their strength ofttimes. Others there are that maintain that our Tobacco Leaves dried and prepared after the Indian manner, are more effectual here, than the Indian Tobbacco, because that our Leaves be they what they will, agree better with our temper, and we can have the choice of the fresh Leaves better than of those that are brought to us from other parts, whereof the greatest part is to be suspected, as being most frequently Sophisticated, (Agrippa lib. de Vaintate Scient. c. 84) saith, Adulterated, or such as are to be rejected, or are Suffocated in the Ship in the Passage, or Sobbed in the water, or corrupted, with age, or not gathered in fit time and place, whereby there may be danger. The same Author saith well, it is folly to fetch out of India what we have plenty at home, not being contented with our own Land or Sea, preferring foreign Commodities before those of our own Country, things costly before those that are cheap, and things hard to come by, before such as are easy, desiring to fetch them from the world's end, &c. At this day in Zealand there is a Merchant that soweth yearly about five Acres of ground with Tobacco Seed with great cost, and the Plants that grow he dresseth after the Indian manner, he drieth and prepareth the Leaves as the Indians do, and he sells them ●very where, which hitherto hath brought him ●● small profit. And now almost ten years, the use of this Tobacco hath so prevailed here, that men do not much care for Virginia Tobacco, or what comes from other Countries.   

The virtues:  

Tobacco, an Antidote to poison.  THe Spaniards have learned that Tobacco is an enemy to the most deadly poison that the Cannibals were wont to dip their Arrows and Darts in. It happened that some Cannibals Sailed in their boats to St John's Port, to shoot all the Indians and Spaniards they could find and kill them with their Arrows, when they were Arrived they wounded some Indians and Spaniards, and some they killed. These wanting Sublimate (which they were wont to strew upon their Wounds in such Cases) they were taught by an Indian to anoint their Wounds with the juice of Tobacco pressed forth, and to lay a bruised Lease upon them: The pains presently ceased, and all those Symptoms which use to attend such Wounds, the poison was quickly conquered, and the Wounds were cured.  
It chiefly opposeth Hellebore; 
Against Helebore.  the King of Spain would needs try this, and commanded a Huntsman to wound a Dog in the throat, to strew Hellebore into it, and after that to put in plenty of the juice of Tobacco, and lay on the bruised Leaves; this was done presently, and the experiment was made, the Wound being bound up, in a very short time the Dog was recovered, which made them all to wonder at it.  

A History.  I shall here add what Aedigius Everhardus, reports concerning his Panacaea; It fell out that at Antwerp one gave a Gentle woman's Cat that was somewhat fierce poison to drink; The Cat run madding up and down, trying but in vain to vomit up the venom. The Gentle Woman thought of a way how to wrap up a leaf to Tobacco bruised in butter, and to thrust that down the cat's throat, this was done, and the Cat soon cast up the poison and escaped.  

It stays hunger and thirst.  It is worth observing what the most Learned Monardes' Writes, that the Indians do stop hunger and thirst by the use of Tobacco in this fashion. They burn some shells of shell Fish of the Rivers, and then break them like Lime, they take as much Tobacco Leaves as of this Lime, and they chew them until they come into one Lump, & of this they make Trochesks greater than Peas, and they dry them in the shade, and keep them for their use, when they journey in desert places where they cannot easily come by Meat or drink, they put one of these Pellets betwixt their lips and lower teeth, and they suck it, and they swallow down the moisture that comes from it instead of meat and drink, when that is spent they take another. This way they will live without Meat or Drink for three or four days, and be never weary or lose any strength; for by continual chewing of these Pellets they draw phlegmatic Humours from their Brains, which their stomach digests into nutriment for want of better food. 
See Strabo lib. 15. & Cael. Rhodigin. li●. 24. c. 21.  Pliny, l. 7. c. 2. Reports that at the furthest part of the Indies Eastward, toward the fountain of Ganges, there are men called Astomi, that want mouths, and live only by the air, and sweet smells they draw in by their Nostrils; they have neither Meat nor Drink, but they live only by the sweet and fragrant scents of Roots, Flowers, and wild Apples: which could not be unless they were truly nourished: for life and nourishment are almost all one. Johannes Alexandrinus opening that place of Hippocrates sexto Epidemiorum, saith, 
Laert. 1.9 de vit & morib. Philos.  that Democritus the Abderite a Philosopher (when the Feasts of Ceres was nigh, being requ●sted that he would not pollute his house) lived only with the vapour and sent of Honey for four days. This is the opinion of some men, from whom he relates it, but others say it was done by the smell of new bread hot from the Oven, Oribasius, 1. Aphor. Com. 12. mentions the same thing, saying, The Philosopher relates that one Man lived forty days by the sent of Honey. But h●re is a most notable mistake to put 40 for 4. 
Valleriol. lib. 2. l●cor. commuu. Cae●ius l. 24. cap. 21.  but by the figures it might be quickly overslipped. Also we read in the Book that hath that Title, who ever was the author, that Aristotle lived for sometime only by the smell of an Apple. Some there are that dip hot bread in good Wine and apply it to the Nostrils of sick people; and if we apply it likewise to the Temples and sides, it will very much restore strength. 
Ferror l. 9. Meth.  Also Conciliator Aponensis reports that he used to restore his life, when he was dying, with Safron and Cas●oreum bruised and mingled together with Wine, and that he gave that composition to old people, and it did them as much good by smelling to it, as by drinking it. But these are no wonders, for as by Meat and Drink, whatsoever of the solid substance is wasted, is repaired again, so by air and smoke is regained what is spent of aerial, and moist substance. If therefore air and smoke only, (which is nothing else than a thin substance and aerial quality) do nourish, (as Galen teacheth elegantly, l. 1. de Sanitat. tuend. c. 2.) much more will an Odoriferous quality perform this, 
Whether the smoke of Tobacco can nourish.  when it is mixed with a quality that is friendly to nature. Also Mathi●lus after Theophrastus reports that the Scythians will be content with Licoris only for ten or twenty days, and desire no other Meat or drink.  
Object. 1. Truly for the Negative part very ma●y Arguments may be brought, as that of Aristotle, 2. de Anima, c. 3. Where he saith, that touching is the sense of Nutriment, as if he had said, that al●ment, as it is t●sted, is the Object of touching, for tasting is a kind of touching, wherefore smoke being not to be touched cannot nourish.  
Object. 2. Again, Nothing can give nourishment to a body, unless it first concocted in the Stomach, Liver, and Spleen (as Galen saith, 1. de temper. c. 1.)  
Object 3. The same is the matter of Nutrition and Generation of the same, (Galen 1. de sem c. 16.) wherefore Man being not Born of Smoke, cannot be fed by smoke. Many more Arguments may be urged.  
Answ. We answer that smoke may be understood two ways. First, Formally, and then it is an insensible quality different from the first qualities, yet resulting from the actions of them. Secondly, Materially, that is for the substance it is inherent in, and that is Tobacco here. Now this is hot and dry, to be considered of for its heat and thin substance: I say then that an aromatical sweet smell doth refresh the forces, and strengtheneth the brain, heart and stomach, for it is a most welcome quality to these parts, and therefore it preserves their temperament and substance; and the vital and animal spirits are renewed and made most fit for nature's operations, by a smoke joined with a sweet sent, and sucked in with that aromatical Vapour.  
Apposition and Fasting together, 
Another question.  must go before Nutrition, and this fume seems to be to thin and simpler than that we can imagine it can glue and fasten anywhere: 
Arg. 1.  therefore it cannot be said to be the matter of nourishment.  
Secondly, Water cannot nourish at all, (4. de usu part. and 3. acut. Com. 17.) Therefore smoke that is more thin and unmixed cannot nourish, and Galen saith 10 Me●h 2.9. That the Liver receives no profit by the air that is drawn in, and of things we Eat and Drink, the Liver hath less profit than the stomach; yet it receiveth some benefit as it is manifest; 
Confirmation.  and that reason is confirmed by Galen's Doctrine, 3. de usu. part. c. 1. and often elsewhere, when he faith, That the common, and greatest, and first way of nourishment is by the Mouth, and from thence the food is carried to the Stomach, as to the common storehouse for all the parts, and set in the middle of the living Creature, where being once concocted it penetrateth to the liver to be turned into Blood, whereby all the parts are fed; but this smoke is not sucked in by the liver to be concocted into Blood theref●re it cannot nourish.  

For the other side.  But Hippocrates may be produced for the other part, lib. de Aliment, where he saith, that an airy smoke drawn in by the throat may nourish, his Words are, The beginning of nourishment are, the air, Nostrils, Mouth, Throat, Lungs, and Breathing, &c.  

N●t 〈◊〉  To un●y this knot, observe, first, That a man bei●g in continual motion, and consisting of a double matter, namely Earthy, and watery, which forms the solid and fleshy parts, and of an airy and fiery, which forms the Spirits, another principle of life; Hence it is that he wants a double matter to repair the decayed and dissipated substance of them both; Namely, Meat and Drink to restore Earthy and watery part consumed, but Fire and Water to make up the spiritual part, as Galen doth plainly teach, 1. de s●nit, c. 2.  
The second Note is, That though Hippocrates doth say, (lib. de Aliment, now cited) That the Spirits are no●rished, yet they are not truly nourished, since they are not the true and living parts of the body, nor have they any natural faculty to nourish them, whereby they may change aerial matter like themselves, into their own substance, but they are perpetually bred fresh, by the most powerful force of the heart and strong heat, tempering the thin vapours of blood with the air that is drawn to it. But Hippocrates saith they are fed, because the life is perceived to be very much recreated and refreshed, when the proper instrument is refreshed, and again, when the Spir●ts are decayed, the life deprived of its proper instrument decays also. Wherefore the Spirit is bred, not of its own faculty, but from that which is inserted into all the principal parts; and they are bred the same way almost as the Chylus is made in the stomach, and blood in the Liver; yet not so as if the Spirits as well as they, were the matter of nutriment, for they are so thin and subtle, that they can stick and join to no part.  

Answer.  These things being first laid down it will be easy to answer the contrary Arguments.  
To the first I answer, That the air's not joining needs not trouble us, nor the unfitness of it to nourish. For we do not think that the air doth nourish the solid and fleshy parts really; but being so mingled as I said, and concocted by the strong heat of the heart, I maintan it doth go into the substance of the Spirits.  
To the second the answer is easy. For though the water alone be unfit for nourishment, yet mingled with other things that nourish, we find it gains a nourishing condition.  
I answer to the Confirmation, 
Answer to the Confirmation.  That it is true that Meats and Drinks can indeed be converted into nourishment, nowhere but in the stomach and liver, but I deny that the air wants those Transmutations. But to return whence I digressed;  
Thomas Hariot in his description of Virginia, 
The esteem of Tobacco amongst the Barba●i●●●.  reports that Tobacco is so much esteemed amongst the barbarous people, that they are persuaded 〈◊〉 gods take delight 〈…〉 also, wherefore they kindle sacred fires, and instead of sacrifice they cast this in in powder, and when they sail, they will cast the powder of it into the air, and Water. They observe the same custom) saith the same author) making strange mimical apish gestures (sometimes stamping the earth with their feet, sometimes leaping, sometimes rejoicing, clapping their hands, and lifting them up on high, sometimes looking towards Heaven, and speaking incongruous words) if at any time they escape any great danger.  
I cannot let that pass, that you shall hardly meet any one of these Barbarians who hath not hanging about his neck a small bundle of Tobacco, with pipes made of palm tree Leaves, and who also taking with his companions, doth not draw the smoke of it as through a tunnel, by his mouth and Nostrils, until he be almost in an ecstasy.  
There are some of them who to take away weariness, 
It takes away weariness.  and to be refreshed in their labours, make use of this smoke, ●nd we found saith Monardes', that by their example, our servants and the Moors that came into the West-Indies from other parts, would do the same, for being weary by much le●ping and dancing, they draw it in by their Mouth and Nostrils. And the same thing be●als them as doth the Indians, for they lie as if they were dead for three or four hours; after this they are lusty and are better able to endure labour than they were before. And they take such delight in it, that they will now and than go out of men's sight to take it in pleasure, though they be not tired. Sometimes they grow so mad by it, that they will kill their Masters, who are careful to burn their Tobacco, that they may take from them the occasion of this idle pleasure. What need more words, I saw saith Monardes', our servants and the Moors, who were not suffered to be drunk with Wine, to make themselves drunk with this smoke, wherein they take no small delight, and they boast that it takes all weariness from them, and that they suffer no hurt nor damage by taking of it.  
Refer to this what Alexander ab Alexandr●, 
The Scythians will be strangely drunk with smoke. Max. T●riSerm. 11. ●lso the Thracians, See Pon●ponius, Mela l. 2. Solinus▪ c. 5. The Babylonians, Herodotus l. 1. near the end. The Indian Priests.  l. 3. c. 11. hath left to Posterity, that the Scythians when they desire to be drunk, and abstain from Wine, that they may not break the custom, they cast bundles of Herbs into the fire, and suck in the smoke, and so become as drunk as if they had drank Wine. So it is a tradition concerning the Thracians that at their banquets they go about their fires, casting the seeds of Herbs into the fire, and the fume of that will make them like those that are drunk, and they besotted as if they drank Wine, even like those that tasted the juice of Nepenthes, who supposed sorrow to be removed by it. Also the Babylonians would make themselves so drunk by burning fruits of Trees, and drinking in the smoke, that they would sing and dance.  
After the same example the Indian Priests which they call Bulgiti, being in consultation concerning the event of any business, were wont to drink the smoke of Tobacco, to make themselves mad, and to inquire of the devil concerning any business; For the Indians were not accustomed to make war, or to undertake any business of consequence, but they would first inquire of the devil what should be the success of it, who answered them by the Mouths of those lying Prophets made drunk with the smoke of Tobacco: The Priest being consulted with, did burn the dry Leaves of Tobacco, and he drew the smoke into his mouth by a cane or tunnel, as now a days our Country Men do too much (the more the pity) being made so drunk with the smoke, until he fell fast asleep, being deprived of all his Senses, and being rapt into a certain ecstasy; he fell down upon the ground, where he lay, most part of the day or night not able to move; 
The wonderful craft of the devil amongst the Indians.  when his drunkenness was over, he told them, he had conferred with the Devil, and as he thought, so he delivered his mind; Whether they should wage war, or not, or undertake a journey, and so he gave answers for all things they asked him of; yet so doubtful, that let the event be what it would, he could easily persuade the ignorant multitude, that he foretold it; and thus he miserably deluded these barbarous people.  
Also the Indian Physicians made drunk with this smoke, 
The custom of the Indian Physicians  and having lost their senses, would relate a thousand things concerning the counsel of the gods, and then they three or four times rubbed the sick patient's body with their hands. In the mean time they held a bone in their mouth, which the simple women afterwards kept as a relic. Being demanded concerning a disease, they answered all things to be well; if it fell out otherwise, they had their excuse ready, the disease was mortal: and it was a capital crime for them to neglect their ordinary customs. Thus the enemy of mankind was wont to deceive the Gentiles.  

Johannes Metellus. It prepares a Ca●a●re in a cold matter.  In some places the same men were both their Physicians, and their Priests.  
But since the Effects of Tobacco are found to be so excellent, I shall discourse of them more particularly.  
In Distillations, where a cold matter is the cause, make a Fumigation of the dry leaves of Tobacco. The Syrup of it is excellent, for this will wonderfully stay Defluxions of Rheum. The leaves chewed or bruised in the palate, do the same. These melt the phlegm that is in the head, and dry up the cells where the Rheum lieth, by drawing forth the moisture from the foremost ventricles of the brain, by that part which is commonly called the Tunnel. I know not whether there can be a more happy or more certain Remedy found out for this purpose.  
Also to strengthen the memory the smoke is excellent taken by the Nostrils, 
For the memory.  for it is properly belonging to the brain, and it is easily conveyed into the cells of it, and it cleanseth that from all filth (for the brain is the Metropolis of phlegm, as Hippocrates teacheth us in his book concerning the Kernels) it must be taken three hours before meat, for so it doth more conveniently discuss and cleanse the peccant humours. I do not write this for their sake, 
Note.  who by their daily miscarriage abuse themselves, and spend good time in Tobacco-shops, and make of their brain (which is the most noble seat of the mind, and the store-house of all knowledge and learning) a chimney, and a common shore, and disgrace a Medicament that is otherwise very good, and make themselves nothing but blowers of coals and ashes. A famous Practitioner at Leyden D. 
History 1.  Henricus Flor●ntius, sometimes related unto me, that Dr. Pauvius, a most experienced and excellent Anatomist of his time, had once a subject for his Anatomical practice, whose smelling was quite lost, and there was not any thing left to be seen of the Processus Mammillares: And this he conjectured, by good Arguments, to have happened by reason of the parties immoderate drinking of Tobacco. About thirty years since (or before) that smoking Tobacco through the nose hath been suspected and spoken against, as if the continual and overusing of it did fill the brain with all vapours, and last of all did corrupt it. Let us hear what the most learned Dr. Justus Rapheiengius, who deserved exceeding much amongst Scholars, writ sometimes unto me. His words were these, I remember (saith he) that Dr. Pauvi●s, in his first Anatomical practices, dissected a strong young man, and otherwise very sound, whose brain was totally filled with black vapours like to soot. D. Pauvius inquiring into the cause of that accident, and referring it to Mania, or some other disease of the head; they answered that were acquainted with that young man, that the man was never sick, nor had he the falling sickness, but was so given to drink Tobacco continually, that the pipe was seldom out of his mouth, and he was always drawing in that fuliginous vapour; whereupon D. Pauvius did co●jecture upon good grounds, that heap of soot and smoke was contracted in the cavities of his brain by that means.  
I could allege many more examples of this kind, but for brevity sake I pass them over. Let these and the like dangerous effects teach thee, that lovest this smoke to avoid them, if thou lovest the truth, and take heed lest that sweet Memory, which is the ●other of the Muses, and God's delight, do turn her eyes from thee, and thou be deprived of that divine closet and lights, which are an incomparable treasure, as being unworthy to possess them.  
But young men especially must take great care how they suck in this smoke, 
The smoke of Tobacco is very hurtful for young men's bodies.  for the custom and too much use of it, brings their brains out of order, and makes them to be overhot, so that they lose their good temper, and are beyond the bounds of their health, and that sacred anchor is loft irrecoverably. For the nourishment of young men requires a gentle moisture, to strengthen them, and to make their bodies grow to their just perfection. 
Especially for the choleric  Especially for those that are choleric, whose brains cannot endure excess of heat, for the native heat would be oppressed by the accidental heat. See Galen his Comment, in lib. de vict. salub.  
Also this smoke doth veheme●tly move the stomach to nauseate, 
It will cause vomit.  and to vomit, (as daily experience teacheth u●) namely by cleaving to the inward parts, and so offending the pec●liar juices contained in the stomach, and the Mesentary, it destroys their ordinary operations. For in thrusting forth the matter from the stomach it cannot be, but also something must be cast out, wherein the force of nature resides; and also, becau●e when nature is doing her office, she sends the nourishment into the habit of the body, as to the circumference, but all disturbing and purgative things draw the juices and spirits to the centre. Wherefore nature is wonderfully tired with these contrary motions, for she can endure nothing less than two contrary motions at the same time. Wherefore it is a most bitter enemy to the stomachs of very many men, 
Therefore it is an enemy to the stomach.  especially if they use to take it presently after Supper or Dinner. And in this respect it is mischievous to the bodies of all sound men, according to Hippocrates his Rule. 2. Aphoris. 37. It is troublesome to purge those that are in good health. For frequent use of purging Medicaments will soon make a man old; for the forces are broken by the resolving of the solid parts, by an Hypercatharsis of all nutrimental juice. Also Cels●● in the beginning of his Book affirms, That Aliments only are fit for sound bodies, and physic for those that are sick▪ But grant, 
It altars the body.  that it purge not (which yet is most certain, as I shall show elsewhere) yet it altars the body, which can never be done in young and strong bodies without great hurt. Moreover it drinks up the moisture, and augments the heat of a perfect constitution, as the fire and sun do sensibly heat such things as are exposed to them.  
Let us harken to the e●ample of Plato, 2. de legibus, In the beginning (saith he) I confirm it by a Law, that children until th●y come to be eighteen year old, shall be wholly ignorant of the use of wine, and we must admonish them, that we ought not to add fire to fire, into the body and the soul, until they become men, and begin to undergo labour; for we must take heed that young men be not furious in their habit of body, then let them learn to be moderate in drinking wine, until they come to be thirty years old.  
If then Plato forbade young men to drink wine, because by its heat it fills their brains with vapours, and with many hot fumes, and over-heats their bodies, and not only hurts the body, but doth exceedingly hurt the soul by the use of it, as Galen saith, 1. Sanitat. tuend. Wine must not be given to young men, because it makes them prone to anger and to lust, and makes the rational part of the soul dull and out of temper; and doth not the smoke of Tobacco do this far more? Wine is hot and moist, Tobacco is hotter than wine, and that excess is the cause of its strong smell, and corroding taste: moreover in place of moisture of the Wine, the heat of it is joined with dryness. He that hath only tasted of natural Philosophy, may easily perceive from hence, that it is a thing full of danger for choleric Constitutions, and disposeth them to burning fevers, hectics, and frenzies, and brings them into unseasonable Melancholy: For the unnatural heat, conquering the natural heat of the body, destroys and wastes that, as I said, and by the same means engenders a Melancholy distemper, by the continual use of it. Hence it is, that the dry and hot choler is afterwards inflamed; but this is done by degrees, and insensibly in the younger age and also by reason of the frequent drinking in of Beer, (for our Tobacconists use to do so) and this hinders that the alteration cannot be so suddenly made. Galen de sanitat●tuend. saith, That the best manners, proceed from the best temperament. And he writ a whole Book for that end, that he might prove the affections of the mind, to follow the temperament of the body. Which thing, though it be principally to be understood of that Original temperament which we received from our Parents: Yet as that is changed either naturally by age, or accidentally by sucking to much smoke of Tobacco, or some other external means, so a great change of the affections and inclinations of the mind useth to go along with it; and as heat and acrimony grow and dwell in the blood, so rashness and fury do in the soul.  
The Blood being now made thick and congealed, the mind grows stupid and sad; and in some men this is too apparent, though others do prudently dissemble and cover it. Wherefore I cannot see how that overmuch drawing of smoke of Tobaceo to the brain and nostrils can be done, but it must overthrow the perfect state of men's bodies and minds, the proportions of the cold elements being subdued, and promoted unto heat; being spoile●d of their former condition, and that not only in these smoky Companions, but in their Posterity also; since the nature and constitutions of the Parents are naturally passed over unto the Children: and withal, the affections of the mind that depend upon them. For saith the learned Fernelius, 
L. 2. de siguis.  With what Disease soever the Father is troubled when he begets the Child, the same Disease passeth to the Child. And Galen writes thus: 
Lib de cau. sis Morbor.  The Father gives the form, nature and essence to the Ghild. When therefore the Humours of the body have contracted this sharp heat and dryness, by the too much smoking of Tobacco, the Father gets a Son like himself; but such an one as wants natural moisture, which should prolong his life, and should dispose him to ingenuous, pleasant and sociable manners. Let Auicenna speak, Fen. 1. p.c. It is in the power of Art to hinder that corruption shall not breed in us, and that natural moisture shall continue longer, that it be ●ot soon dissolved by drying and burning causes, and that everybody may be made to hold out so long as it possibly may do by its natural temperament. And he shows afterwards in few words, by what helps Art can perform this; namely, by a three fold Caution laid down by Art. One in a due Administration of Meats and Drinks, in the quantity, quality, substance; manner, order, and measure and time of them: Not neglecting in the mean while, the occasion of the place, which is another Caution to take heed of Corruption. The third is in forbidding and forbearing those things, which since they can naturally hurt life, they do in a short time dissolve the radical moisture, and so they cut off life in a moment. Such are watchings, cares, griefs; also the use of things that vehemently heat and dry, whence of necessity at length (for want of convenient food) the natural heat is extinguished, and the native moisture: And so we die by wasting and consuming away. Galen de Tabe, saith, 
What is Tabes.  that Tabes is a Consumption of a living body, by reason of dryness.  
By these things mentioned, it is easy to collect, that the smoke of Tobacco shorteneth men's days. For being that our native heat is like to a flame, which continually feeds upon natural moisture, as a Lamp lighted, drinks up the oil by its heat; it follows necessarily, that for want of food, life must needs fly away quickly, when the proper subject of life is dissipated and consumed: for with that moisture, the inbred heat fails also, and death succeeds.  
You understand therefore (that are Tobacconists) that the sooty fumes of Tobacco, wherein you are wallowing (as it were) in the deepest mire, are of great force to shorten your days. Galen speaking of oping Medicaments, asserts, that by the frequent use of them, the solid parts of the body are dried, 
1. de Medic fimp. facul.  and that the blood grows gross and clotted, which being burned in the reins, breed the stone. The same thing may be truly maintained concerning Tobacco, which many use too frequently, and more than any do use those kind of opening Medicaments; for this is more hot and dry than they are, and therefore is more forcible to hurt sound and well tempered bodies. Take warning therefore you that love Tobacco, that you do not exceed in using too much of it, and enslave yourselves to this fuliginous smoke, by hunting after it, and making a god of it. The goods of the body, 
Forgetting God for smoke.  are beauty, strength, and sound health. The most grave Author Plutarch, commending the last as the best of all, affirmed most gravely and learnedly, 
Commendation of health.  That health is the most divine, and the most excellent property of the body, and a most precious thing. There is nothing in this world better; nothhing more to be desired, and nothing can be found to be more pleasant. Without thi● (as Hippocrates saith) there is no pleasure or fruit of any other things. This is it, which in this life fills all perfection: Without this no man could ever be said to be happy: This far exceeds the greatest Honours, Treasures, and Riches. 
lib. 1▪ ep. 2.  Whence that of Horace is a Sentence ●emarkable.  
Not House nor Land, nor heaps of Gold or Brass,  
Can force the sick Lord's Ague t' overpass:  
Nor move cares from his mind; he must have health,  
Who thinks to use well what he gets in wealth.  
Cicero, who was both the Father and Prince of the Latin Tongue, 
The way to preserve health.  seems to me, in L. 2. officiorum, to set down before all others most excellently, the general reason of preserving health. Health (saith he) is preserved by knowing a man's own body, and observing those things that do a man good or harm; and by moderate diet of all sorts; and in clothing to defend the body; and in refrain●ng pleasures, &c. What could be said more divinely, or more fully, or more eloquently by any man, I cannot perceive; for the universal method of maintaining health, is contained in it very elegantly. It is a most worthy Sentence, and fit to be ingraved in the mind of those who are studious of their health. Let us use such things whereby nature is helped and refreshed: Let us beware of such things that we find do us hurt, and that by nature's direction. 
Cic. lib 2. de sense.  Which (as Cato said) is the most excellent Leader for our life, declaring by many signs, what things she desires, what she abhors: And to resist Nature, is nothing else, then to do like the giants, and to fight against God. This continence should be observed in all our food, clothing, and abstaining from pleasures. Continence makes the body cheerful, healthful, and firm: And abstaining from pleasures doth the same. For as Plato writes, Pleasure is the bait of mischief. 
In Philoeb. de summ● bon●.  Since then, they that fume Tobacco, take so much delight and pleasure in it (if that can be called a pleasure) it is a wonder how much they rejoice, not thinking in the mean time that Nature is debilitated, and they are unmindful of that Verse of Ovid.  Strange poisons under Honeys sweetness lie. 
lib. 1. Elig.  
Socrates was wont to persuade men to avoid those Meats and Drinks that would allure men to an appetite, 
Pl●t lib. de ●uend. val.  beyond what would serve to quench their thirst, and stay their hunger; because these things, by their delight, did more entangle us, and bring great mischiefs upon us. For it is a true saying, — Pleasure that's bought with pain, doth us no good. 
Horat. 1. ●p. 12.   
And is it not a filthy thing, and utterly to be detested, that man who is a most prudent creature, should be ensnared by the wanton enticements of this smoke of Tobacco, so that neglecting the precepts of the Art of health coveting this sordid fume, he should, wholly devote his health to it? To be deprived of his stomach? To consume by wasting his radical moisture? To be tormented with fevers, and to be vexed with many other infirmity? Are not these brave rewards for taking his pleasure? I think with Galen, that it were better (if any man have brains in his head) to die a thousand times, then to lead such a life. And if it be so (as I profess it is so) to what end is it for a man to devote himself to these damnable smokes, and to force nature to destroy and murder herself? Are these things the properties of men, are they not rather of Beasts? Pliny writes the the truth: 
lib. 27. c. 3.  All creatures that live, know what is good for them, only man doth not. And Senec● is in the right: This is one of ehe causes of our misfortunes, 
Epist. 39  that we live by Examples, and are not guided by Reason, but follow Custom; and if but few do a thing, we will not imitate them. When many begin to do a thing (as if that were more honest) we willingly follow them, and the Error of the multitude is held to be right by us. And elsewhere; They cannot abstain from Pleasures, 
Ep. 32.  that are grown to be a Custom; and in this they are the more miserable, that they proceed so far, as to make things superfluous to be necessary. Wherefore they serve their pleasures, and do not enjoy them; and they love their miseries, which is the greatest misery of all. Then is unhappiness come to the height, when filthiness, not only delights, but pleaseth us; and there remains no place for remedy, when vices are grown to be our manners. But all our Admonitions are in vain.  
This Plague infects, 
I●enal. Sat. 2.8.  and more thereto incline,  
One measeld Hog, will taint an heard of Swine.  
So that all die infected, thus we see,  
One rotten Grape, let's not the next go free.  
To draw to a Conclusion; I deny not, but that for cold and moist bodies where the brain is large, and where the parts are feeble, by reason of ●oo much moisture, and where there is abundance of fleg● joined with it, or where that juice offends the brain with a shaking cold: (The signs whereof are paleness, and no veins to be seen; where the hair stands straight, firm, and are yellow; where they cannot endure cold, and where the temper of the whole body is cold and stiff; where drowsiness and sleepiness are, and the Mouth, Nostrils, and Eyes, are full of moisture.) this fumigation may be good to empty that sink of naughty and corrupt matter, and to shut it out. Yet I cannot think it safe at all, to take this smoke even in this respect, but with Cautions and Consideration; and the chief is, that it be taken for necessity, and not for lust and intemperance: Let there be sparing and modertaion used. But first purge the head with sneezing, with the powder of Tobacco (as I shall say in another place.)  
I think the most convenient way is, to make the Pipes you suck it through, very long, such as the Indians use, whereby they draw the smoke from a great distance: And I remember, that many were wont to use the like, for the smoke will come cooler, and be taken with more pleasure; nor will it reek forth with so foul and sharp fume. Also, since that the brain is enter-woven with very narrow small Veins, it will not willingly entertain those gross vapours that penetrate with difficulty, but only such that are thin and hot.  
The Persians, and the Turks also, cut Lingum Aloes small, and mingle it with Tobacco, for Diseases of the Head, and so through a long Pipe, made of Lattone (which they put into cold water, that the smoke may come the cooler to the brain) they draw forth the smoke. Some add some drops of oil of aniseed, I have seen others mingle Cloves with it, and some again add other things that evacuate the cold and moist humours of the Head and of the Breast.  
What Instruments the barbarous people use, 
What Pipes the barbarous People use.  or rather Pipes or Trunks (whereof I shall set down divers Figures at the end of this Discourse concerning Tobacco) of which Monardus speaks Lib. 3. simple. Medic. And I cannot use any man's words better than his own, which the most learned Clusius hath interpreted to us, and by which the courteous Reader may best understand it▪ There are brought (saith he) from new Spain, some Trunks made of the inward part of Canes or Reeds, and smeered with some kind of gum, which I think is mingled with the juice of Tobacco, for it trieth the head: If I am not mistaken, they anoint the Cane with that; and as it is glutinous, it sticks fast, and is of a black colour. But when it grows hard, it will hold no longer. The Trunk is lighted at that that end where it is smeered with the Gum, or Pitch; and the other end is put into the mouth, and the smoke is received● and this draws all phlegm and corrupt humours out of the Breast. This they are wont to use when they are oppressed with short breath, and are ready to be choked. Clusius adds to the same Chapter, That in the year 1585. Wing andecow (which is now called Virginia) being discovered to the English (to their Captain Richard Grenfield, and is a Province of the new world, and is thirty six degrees from the Aequator toward the North Pole) they found that the Inhabitans did frequenly use some Pipes made of Clay, to draw forth the fume of Tobacco leaves set on fire; which grew amongst them in great quantity, or rather to drink it down, to preserve their health. The English returning from thence, brought the like Pipes with them, to drink the smoke of Tobacco; and since that time, the use of drinking Tobacco hath so much prevailed all England over, especially amongst the Courtiers, that they● have caused many such like Pipes to be made to drink Tobacco with. These are Clusius words concerning the English. Let me add that great part of the Low-Countries, Germany, France, Italy, Turkey, Arabia, Persia, and many of the Inhabitants of the whole earth▪ (if not the greatest part) are taken with the scent of this smoke, that they do prefer this stinking and filthy smell, before the most pleasant perfumes that are in the world. But chiefly this ●umigation is of great esteem with with us in the Low Countries, and the merchandise of Tobacco prepared, is not the least among other traffic, and the Merchants make a huge gain by it, if they have but any good fortune. It is a very speedy way, and a vast profit to the Merchants of Holland and Zealand, who bring Tobacco prepared and dried from the Indies, and send it forth to other Countries, be they never so wide off from them, for they gain by it extraordinarily. How many thousands of men may be found in that most flourishing and mighty City for traffic Amsterdam (to say nothing of Rotterdam, and other Cities in this Province) who at first being but of a small means, for the most part, by selling Tobacco, have sustained themselves in their poverty, and also abundantly provided for their Families for food and raiment, and other necessaries, and have gained something more for themselves; and there are some that have heaped up great wealth by it. Yet I do not defend them, who under a specious and fair pretence to gain food and some small matter, by keeping Tobacco shops, (as also others that keep Wine Taverns, tap-houses and the like) do in the mean time increase their estates by keeping Whores and Bawds which they live by. But that the Curious Reader may see how mightily this Merchandise of Tobacco increaseth amongst the Dutch. I say undoubtedly that this may be foreseen and foretold by it, and it must be confessed, maugre all opposition, that the most illustrious and most mighty States of Holland, by a small and very tolerable tribute to be paid, imposed by them upon tobacco, (which I understand was lately done by them) may collect above thirty thousand franks yearly at their pleasure, by the only custom upon Tobacco for the public treasure, from the Merchants that are careful to bring it from the Indies unto us.  
But to return again from whence we digressed. I said that this sum can draw forth wat●y and cold humours from the head; yet Hippocrates his Doctrine seems to be against this, 
An Objection.  5. Apharism. 28. Sweet aromatical smells will provoke the terms, and the same would be often good for other matters, did they not cause the head to ache. 
The negative part.  Where he teacheth, Galen subscribing in his commentary, that the whole body being duly fumed, will send forth by the Matrix in all cold and moist dispositions, were it not that we are afraid of that heaviness of the head, which proceeds from these fumes. Since then for a phlegmatic matter lying in the head, those things are not requisite, which load and fill the head, but rather those things that send ease and lighten it, fumigations that are made of things, that fill the head, as Galen himself teacheth, cannot be good to be used in such a disposition of the brain, nor yet in any other.  

The affirmative part.  But there are many most grave authors for the other part, who exercise their practice with great praise, and teach and highly commend fumigations in such, or the like accidents, and to these men not only daily experience, but also most strong reason subscribes. For to cut and consume a cold and moist humours collected in the brain, 
Reason.  no fitter Remedies than those can be found, which have power to strengthen, attenuate, and dry the brain, and it is certain that the sum of Tobacco hath such a faculty. For it heats, cuts, attenuates, opens and resolves: Therefore this smoke drawn in by the Mouth and Nose to dry and heat the cold and moist excrements of the brain, may be proper and useful.  
To answer the former argument that is against it, 
Note.  observe that it is very necessary to consider, for the use of this remedy, what the temper of the brain is as I said, and what the humour is that abounds in it, for if it be hot it will be much filled and burdened with the smoke of Tobacco, and the cause of this event lieth in the heat of the part, (for heat naturally attracts heat) and also in the largeness of the passages of a hot head, whereby it easily admits the Vapours that ascend: but if the brain be over cold and moist, and then heap up such excrements, it will not be filled with this fume, but will rather be refreshed and dried, unless perhaps by reason of so great natural weakness, or weakness contracted by a disease, it can admit no vapours without pain and heaviness.  

Answer to the opposite argument.  These things premised, I answer to the contrary Argument, that Hippocrates in the quoted Aphorism, must be understood concerning those, who have a brain that is very hot and moist and weak withal, and that easily is offended with pain and heaviness. For a cold and moist brain filled with cold and moist Excrements, a hot and drying fume (such as is the smoke of Tobacco,) is most convenient, especially drawn in by a Pipe the way I mentioned before. Yet I think they ought to abstain from it, whose heads are not only weak, but are also of a delicate nature, and are easily disturbep and pained not only with fumes but with the most temperate smells.  
Here follows another question, 

Another question whether the smoke if Tobacco swallowed into the stomach can bring forth sufluous moisture of the Brain.  
The affirmative part.   namely whether the fume of Tobacco swallowed into the Stomach (which custom I find to be in continual use with many men, but chiefly amongst our Sea men) can draw and purge superfluous humours out of the head and brain?  
Reasons are very forcible for the affirmative part. The first is taken out of the 7. Aphorism, 30. of Hippocrates who say thus; Whosoever they be that in a diarrhaea void frothy excrements by stool, those excrements flow from the head, and from thence it is inferred that humours may be drawn from the head to the stomach by the faculties of purging medicaments, being derived by the tunnel. The second is taken from Actuarius, M●sues, and other approved Authours●, who commend Agaric to purge phlegmatic humours contained in the head and the breast, which they would never have done, if the head and breast could not be vacuated by the belly.  
The Argument for the Negative part is, 
For the negative part.  because according to Aristo 1. Sect. Probl. Quest. 42. When medicaments come to the belly, and are resolved, they are presently carried to the Veins by the same way that the meat is, and when they cannot be concocted, but remain conquerors, they slip back again, and carry with them those things that stay by them, 
How purging is made.  and that is called purging. And from the stomach to the brain or breast, there are no passages found whereby a purging medicament can pass to allure the humours to it: Therefore the humour that is contained in the brain or thorax, cannot be drawn forth by the fume of Tobacco, as by a purgative medicament, which opinion also of Aristotle the most Learned Fernelius, 3. Meth. c 7. seems to defend.  
Note therefore for the resolving of this difficulty, that the more corpulent substance of this fume doth not pass from the stomach to purge the brain, but stayeth in it, or sticks in the Intestins, and from thence it draws forth those humours that are agreeing to it, which may be proved many ways. First, because medicaments applied outwardly, as to the Navel, & therefore called Navel-medicaments, to the palm of the hand, or to the soles of the feet, and sometimes applied to the Nostrils will purge the body, and yet they cannot proceed so far as to purge the humours. Secondly, Because we often observe that medicaments and pills are voided almost whole, after purgation, which could not be if they passed all the body over, to draw unto them such humours as are familiar to them. Thirdly, Serapiows argument proves the same, for saith he, if a medicament should pass to a humour, that is far off from it, it would join lovingly with it, and would never draw forth that it delights in the society of; as the Loadstone joined to the Iron, doth not draw the iron to some other place, but detains and holds it there. Wherefore we must confess that some thin fumie substance doth rise from the stomach, by the veins and other secret passages, not only to the brain, but also is diffused, we cannot say how, to all parts of the body.  
Hence it is clear, 
Aristotle's reason confu●ed.  that Aristotle said not right, that purgatives pass all the body over, and so draw the peccant humour, as taken captive into the stomach.  

The question decided.  Those things being thus observed we answer to the difficulty, that purgatives do not pass through the body to attract humours that agree with them, but they stay in the stomach, and by their force and virtue they draw them unto them from all parts of the body by ways, that though they are unknown to us, yet they are not unknown to nature.  

Another question whether the Brain can be dried, other parts of the body remaining in medioerity. The negative part.  Here riseth another question, Namely, whether to much Drinking of Tobacco in a Pipe, can dry the brain, and yet leave the other parts of the body in a good temper?  
For the negative part, the Argument is this; Because the great or small quantity of the humour of the whole body, follows the temperament contracted from the first generation. Since therefore the temperament belongs to the whole living Creature, and not to one part alone, the humour cannot be dried up in the brain nor in any other part of the body, but it must also be dried up in the whole body.  
Now that the temperament must be ascribed to the whole body, and not to one part only, is proved from the 1. and 3. Books of Hippocrates Epidem. From the grayness of the eyes, sharpness of the voice, and black hair, you may conclude that the temperament of the whole body is either hot or cold; as if one part could not be hot or cold, but the whole body must be so also.  
But Galen is for the contrary part, 
The contrary part.  2. de temper. c. ult. where he proves by many arguments, that it is not necessary tha● all the parts of the body should follow the temper of the whole. For though in a temperate body and very well constituted an equal temper may be found over all the body, but in others that are different from this exquisite temper and just dispensation, it cannot be Universally true; for a man may have a large breast and full of hair, and therefore like a Lion have a most hot heart, and be exceeding bold; yet it follows not that all●his body over must be so hot. So we find daily (to pass by other examples) that many men have hot livers, and yet cold brains, and the contrary in others, that it is no wonder that if one man who hath the rest of his veins of his body swelling forth, have the veins of his head and brain after a sort dried up. For Galen adds that this may be done, and that the excess of Intemperance in one part, may be the cause of the contrary excess in the rest, and make them weak, or the strength of one part may be answered by the strength or weakeness of another.  
To answer the contrary argument; when Hippocrates collects from the colour of the eye or sharpness of the voice, 
Answer to the argument contrary.  what is the temperament of the whole body, this may be taken, as if he did search for the same things in the equal temperament of the whole body, whereof he finds some tokens in the parts; or he may be understood thus, when other signs in the whole body concur to signify the same. For example, if there be signs of heat in the whole body, and a great voice and large breast be joined with them, it is evident by these signs that the whole body is hot: which must also be understood concerning the complexion of the brain, and other parts, ●hat must be compared with the temperament of the rest. I say that such who for many years and by much taking of it are used to this smoke in their mouth and nostrils, to those it doth less harm, For custom is nature acquired, as Galen saith, 2. 
custom, what?  de motu musc. and 2 de tempament, or it is an acquired habit, by many actions concerning one thing used for a long time; and this habit by custom is made agreeable to nature. Whence divine Hippocrates, 2. Aphorism. 50. speaks thus. Those things that we are accustomed to, though they be worse; yet they do us less harm, than those that we are not used to, and therefore we must use what we are wont to. This is a most true axiom and cannot be contradicted; For all things that are accustomed, as they are so, are less hurtful than things we are not wont to: for by custom things that are worse are made familiar to nature, and therefore are not dangerous. For what nature is acquainted with, is wont to be harmless. Custom is of such consequence, that from that in preserving of health or curing of diseases we may have great indication, and not much less than we can from nature, as both Hippocrates and Galen intimate in many places. For since nature always delights in what it is used to, (as Galen saith, 8. Method.) it is certain that every one ought to keep his custom: for from custom as well as from nature and age, great conclusions may be made. Since than Hippocrates and Galen affirm that we must hold to what we are wont to; what a great danger would it be to leave off this custom which is confirmed by so many years, as this is to smoke Tobacco, in a Pipe at the Mouth and Nostrils, and to change this to a contrary way, especially if it be done suddenly or immediately, as I am persuaded all men can easily perceive? Whence Celsus also speaks, l. 1. c. 3. He is in danger who both once, and he that twice eats in a day contrary to his usual custom? Again, sudden ease from violent labour, and sudden labour from great ease cannot be safe. When therefore any man thinks to leave off this drinking of Tobacco for a time, he must not rashly nor suddenly change this custom, for it is almost as strong as nature. Therefore they who use to smoke it, easily bear it, and they that are not used to it cannot so well away with it. Custom makes not only healthful things to be useful for us, but also it makes those things healthful, which were they not accustomed to us, would be the most dangerous. For it is of such force that it overcomes the malignity of any thing taken, and which is more to be wondered at, the very violence and virulency of poisons is conquered by it, and it spoils them of their malignity; so I read of a maid that was fed with Wolfs-bane, and in time by degrees she used it for her nourishment, Galen, 3. simple. c. 18. speaks of an old woman of Athens, 
Avicen. 6. 4. tr. i. c.1.  who beginning from a small quantity of Hemlock, proceeding by degrees learned to feed on it in great quantity and found no harm by it. We read also of a certain Maiden at Collen, 
Caliu● l. 11. c.13.  who when she was but three years old would catch the Spiders creeping upon the walls and eat them, and being delighted with that kind of diet grew exceedingly; Mithridates' King of Pontus taking poison daily, 
Plini. ●. 25. c. 2.  made it so familiar to him, that when he would have poisoned himself, that he might not fall into Pompey's hands, 
martial,. 5. 17.  he drank deadly poison without any harm. Oft Mithridates eating poison got, That the most cruel poisons hurt him not. Sleydan, lib. 9 Writes, that Pope Clement the 7. being old, died of a great pain of his stomach, having changed his diet by the advice of Curtiu● his Physician. What should I say much of a thing confirmed of daily examples. We see that they who use to purge often have need of stronger physic than what they used to take before: for those that are usual will hardly move them. So if one often take Clysters, the belly will hardly be moved, no● yet yield to other remedies, as it befell the Duke of Albany, who could not go to stool without a Clyster, for nature had forgot herself, 
Heurn. in meth. ad prax. l. 3. c. 17.  and depended wholly upon physic. He that will read more concerning custom, let him read what Theophrastus l 9 c. 18. concerning the History of Plants, hath written of Thraciae and Eudemius Chius.  
FINIS.  
Dr Everard.    

Dr EVERARD HIS DISCOURSE Of the wonderful EFFECTS & OPERATION OF TOBACCO.  
I Am chiefly induced to write the History of Tobacco, a most excellent Plant, and for physical use, of admirable virtue, because many have written singularly well of Plants; yet besides Nicolaus Monardus a Spanish Physician (who writ a peculiar History of Plants and Spices brought forth of the new found World) very few have sufficiently set forth the worth of this noble Plant. But since, I doubt not but that many earnestly desire to know the Effects of it, that such may no longer be kept from their Enjoyments, as they know it by Name, they shall farther know the virtues thereof. I willingly undertake this work, that I may as briefly and faithfully as I can, publish to the world, what I have partly got by reading, and by the relation of other men, and what I have had experience of myself, adding what others have scattered in their writings here and there, and what I have since by long study herein, approved to be effectual.  

The kind.  Tobacco in the form and faculties of it is much like to Comfrey, that I may not without reason think it to be of that kind, rather than a yellow Henbane, as some have supposed.  

The differences.  It is observed to be of three sorts, the Male, the Female, and a third sort, more imperfect than them both.  

Description of the Ma●e.  The Male hath large leaves, that are thick, long, fat, of a watery green co●our, sharp at the top, a little hairy, and clammy, but with no cuts in them; so ●licking to the stalk, that they seem in a manner to embrace it: They smell strong, taste sharp and hot, and are larger at the top, then at the bottom; It produceth a most upright stalk, which sometimes riseth to four or five foot high, and sometimes to some Yards, as the ground is hotter, that it is planted in, and is fatter and well dressed.  
The branches that from the knots at a distance spring forth, 
The branches.  part the stalk a foot, or half a foot distance asunder. In the top of the branches a flower comes forth, that is white and red which they call a Carnation colour,' like a small bell, and it comes out of a Pod as out of a Cup, which at length swelling round like to an Apple, when the flower witheres, is filled with very small seeds, very like to the yellow Henbane, which being ripe or black, but first they are green. 
The Root.  At the root there is great plenty of syowrs, which doth after a sort renew itself, whereas the roots are but small threads, some greater and shorter than others, as the Plant is in height. They yield as the leaves do, a fat and rosine juice, that is yellow, and smells like Rosin, not unpleasant, and the taste is sharp and biting. The most flourishing Plants have thicker and woody roots, which exceedingly abound with shoots of a yellow colour, bitter in taste, which are supposed to be equal to rhubarb in virtue, though this be not sufficiently found out.  
The Female hath a smaller and lower stalk, the leaves are shorter, smaller and not so gummy. The flower is not so open and gaping, nor so ruddy a colour: The branches are not so tall nor stretched forth as the Male Tobacco branches are; wherefore they are out exceedingly that think this to be a kind of Satyrium.  

Description of the Female.  For this which we call Female tobucco, is not like to Satyrium either in form, fashion, root, colour or any other way. For it hath many small roots, a hairy stalk, many branches, many leaves, and those long and large; and it is hot and dry, like to the Male Tobacco: but Satyrium hath fewer and thicker roots, the stalk is not knotty, it hath no branches, it hath fewer leaves, the flower appears on the top of the stalk, without any Pod or seeds, and is hot and moist to the third degree, and is most fit to provoke lust.  
The third sort of Tobacco is in all things smaller, the leaf is rounder, 
The third sort of Tobacco called commonly black or yellow, Henbane.  somewhat blackish, fat, somewhat hairy, though it be full of juice: The flower is less, and round on the outside, and of a pale colour, and it is not above twenty years since it was known in Europe. Dodoneus called it yellow Henbane, but Mathielus before him called it black Henbane.  
It is sowed about the Calends, Ides, 
The time.  or Nones of April, or near that time: sometimes sooner or later, as the weather is hot; though the Indians in Peru, and the Inhabitants of new Spain, sow it in Autumn. In hot Countries it bears leaves, flowers, and buds at one and the self same time, for nine or ten months together. But in the low Countries it flowers from August until Winter, and forthwith brings forth seed; after that, when the frost first comes, it fadeth and quite decays, and it can hardly be kept all the Winter, unless it be in Pots or Baskets, and that in Stoves, or Store houses, or other places that are kept hot.  

The Lote Tree.  This requires a fat and well manured ground, and in their cold Countries, the ground must be exceedingly well dunged, and the dung (especially Horse-dung) must be so mingled with it, and incorporated, that it may seem to degenerate altogether into the Earth. Moreover it requires a shadowed and moist ground, and it must be large, and affording room enough: For where the place is narrow, it will not prosper nor yield any branches. It delights in a South Sun, and where there is a wall or sluice behind it, that it may be thereby defended from the injuries of the North winds that follow, and that the Sun beams lighting upon the wall, may reflect upon it. It must be free from all Tempests, because it is exceeding tender, and very great; yet when it hath taken deep root, it hath almost escaped the danger of winds. It wonderfully delights in water, and therefore being oft●times watered, especially where the Climate is very hot, it thrives the better. It can endure no cold, and therefore in winter it must be preserved in hollow places, and where Chimneys or Stoves are provided for this purpose. Or else it must be compassed about with a double Mat, and a Painthouse upon the wall over it, and a coverlid raised up, and it must be covered with a covering of straw, in a shelter that lieth right against the Sun at noon day shining clear, that the Plant may be refreshed by the heat.  
Before you sow it, 
The way of ●sowing it.  you must make a hole in the earth with your finger, and casting into that hole ●ten or twelve grains, you shall diligently cover them with the same earth. But do not cast in three or four grains into a hole, for they would be choked being so small. If the Climate be very hot, you must water them for fifteen days after you have sowed them; also they may be sowed as lettuce seed, and o●her seed of that kind: namely by cu●iously mingling the earth and heaping of it together. Some there are who mingle the most pure and fine Ashes with the earth, but a very little, for it grows very gently and slowly. When it comes up, it must be accurately defended against all injuries of cold and frost, and in the night chiefly it must be covered when it grows up: and thus it will for ever keep its native vigour and splendour uncorrupted.  

Transplant●tion.  When the Plant is grown a foot high, because all the grains severally bring forth their stalks, and the fibras of the roots stick together, and are in a manner glued, you must cut the earth round about with your Knife, and cu● the turf round, and then take up the earth, and cast it into a bucket full of water, that the earth may the sooner be separated, and the small stalks may swim on the top. These you must take severally whole, and wrapping them up in their own earth, you must transplant into a ground that is well dunged, some three or four foot off from the wall, but somewhat deep, that the stalk may grow the stronger. But if the Earth near the wall or fence be unfruitful, you must help this barrenness by transplanted the stalks and by diligent watering of them.  
Nicotiana took its name from Johannes Nicotius, 
The name.  by whose direction it first was made known to the French: as also many Plants and Stalks bear the names of Men both amongst the Greeks and Latins, who by their care and study brought them into their own Countries, and Planted them there, where they were unknown before. This Nicotius counsellor to the French King, being in the Years 1559 and 1560. Ambassador for his King, in Portugal, and was minded on a day to go to see the Castle at Lisborn; A certain Noble Man of the Low Countries showed unto him this foreign Plant, and gave it him freely; saying, he brought it from Florida. Nicotius accepted it and took great care to have it set and maintained in his Garden, and to be propagated, until being grown up, it showed forth wonderful miracles of the faculties it had.  
Thus it began to be esteemed much at Lisborn, 
The ambassadors Plant.  and to be called the ambassador's Herb. But because it was sent from Nicotius to Francis the second King of France, and to the Queen Mother, and to some of the principal Countries, some called it the Queen's Plant of Medicea, and honoured it with that name; for she gave it to divers to be Planted and to be made increase all France over.  
Some called it also the Plant of the great Prior, 
The prior Plant.  because he sometimes passing from France into Portugal, and being entertained by the ambassador, and Feasted, received of him many of these Plants, by way of gift, and setting them in his Garden, he took great care to make them grow there above all the rest.  
The Spaniards call it Petum and Tobacco, 
Petum. Tobacco.  from the name of the Island wherein it was first found, where it grows in abundance, and thence it got the name.  

Picielt, the Herb of the holy Cross.  The Indians that inhabit there call it Picielt; The most illustrious Cardinal of Santa Cruse, being the Pope's Nuncio, for the Church of Rome into Portugal, brought it first from thence to Rome, and therefore there it was called the Herb of Santa Cruse. Many call it the holy or sacred Plant, by reason of the divine and strange virtues and forces of it. Many again call it Petum the Male, to distinguish it from the Female, and that is the most proper and native name of it, that the Inhabitants of Florida use to give it, from whom it came to us.  
Yet it is fit and reasonable, 
Whence it is called Nicotiana.  that we should call it Nicotiana, in regard of the Honourable memory of the foresaid ambassador Nicotius, who first endowed France with so excellent and divine a Plant.  
The Second kind of Tobacco, 
Female Petum.  as I said, is to be called the Female Tobacco, for experience the Mistress of all things teacheth us that it comes next to Male Tobacco, in form, root, and seed; and more than that, because it often grows from the seed, of the Male Tobacco. For if it chance that any of the seed of the Male Tobacco, when it is full of Seed, fall to the ground, Namely, the same ground where Tobacco grew before, doubtless the next year Female Tobacco will grow in that very place. And if you sow the Male Tobacco Seed upon ground, that is not hot enough, but if barren and sandy; In place of the Male, it will bring forth the Female, and in such abundance, that it will be hard to root it out of that place, but it will every year grow in of itself; and this is an Argument that there is a double sex in Tobacco, as it falls out in most Plants, where there is an affinity betwixt them.  
By its Rosiny smell, not unpleasant, and it's sharp and biting taste, 
The temperament of Tobacco, Male and Female.  it seems to be hot above the Second degree, and dry in the First, being very fit to cleanse, Resolve, and Consolidate, and for this it is miraculously effectual; for because by its smoke it sometimes makes men drunk, that doth not prove it to be a sort of He●bane, though it be very like it, both by the Leaves, Cups, Stalks and Seed; for it is not credible it will do it so soon as Henbane, nor is it the effect of extreme cold; but by the aromatical Vapour, that proceeds from it, which fill the cells of the brain.  
But the temperament of the Third sort of Tobacco, or rather nightshade yellow or black, is cold and moist.  
If you consider the effect of Tobacco, the Leaves are the principal, 
The use and effects.  and next the Seed, though the Seed be far below them. The Leaves must be used either greenwhen they are ripe, or else dried, and in Winter brought to powder, for they are of the same force, as the juice of the Leaves is. The way to dry them is this; run a thread through the fairest Leaves of Tobacco, and those that are moderarely large, and hang them in the shade, in the roof of a Chamber, where neither the Sun, nor Fire, nor Wind may come at them. Others show us another way to keep them any time of the year. Put the dry Leaves of Tobacco into a Viol full of oil of Olives; and when you will use them, power off the oil, and wiping the leaves with a thin linen Cloth, use them as if they were now gathered.  

It takes away weariness.  Further, amongst the effects of it this seems chiefly to be wonderful. The West-Indians and the Inhabitants of Peru and Florida use this to take away weariness, and to make them cheerful of their work, and saith Nicolaus Monardus, we found that by their example our servants and the moors that come strangers into the West-Indians, used to do the same. for when they are weary and tired with many leapings, and danceings, they draw this Herb in by their mouths and Nostrils, and so the same thing befalls them, that doth the Indians; for about three or four hours they seem as if they were dead; after this they are well refreshed, and more able and cheerful to work, than they were before: And they take such pleasure in this, that sometimes they will go out of sight, that they may the more freely take it though they be not weary. Yea, they grow so mad, that sometimes they are therefore punished for it by their Masters, who also take care that their Tobacco may be burnt, that so they may take from them all occasion of this pleasure. What need more words? 
The juice of Tobacco makes one drunk  I saw, saith Nicholaus Monardus, both the Servants and moors, that were not suffered to make ●hemselves drunk with Wine, to drink the juice of Tobacco, and make themselves drunk, wherein they take not small pleasure, and they boast that it takes away weariness from them.  
It is also as strange and wonderful that the Inhabitants of Florida at some set times of the year, 
A fume from the dried leaves of Tobacco.  will feed on the smoke only of this Plant, which they suck into their Mouths by horns made for this use. The mariners are sufficient witnesses, and many more that newly returned from Florida, and more are daily coming back, who having some things like horns or tunnels, tied about their necks, made of Palm tree leaves, are much delighted with Reeds or Canes, in the ends whereof these Leaves are fastened in Bundles, when they are grown dry, and withered. Then put lighted coals to the more narrow part of the Tunnel, and draw with open mouth the fume that is raised, as much as they can, and they swear and maintain it, that hunger and thirst is thereby abated, their Strength is restored, their Spirits are cheered, and their brain is comforted with a kind of pleasant drunkenness, and the superfluous Humours of it are consumed, and an incredible quantity of phlegmatic Humours are drawn into their mouths.  

To stay hunger and thirst.  Like to these, is that which the said Mona●dus left in writing in his own Spanish Language: The Indians (saith he) use Tobacco to stay hung●r and thirst, and to drive it away for some days, that they may not need to eat or drink▪ when they have cause to go abroad into Woods and deserts, and inhospitable places where meat and drink can hardly be got. For they chew the leaves, and mingle them with powder of great Cockle shells, and these they hold in their mouths together, until they come to a Mass, and of that they make Trochisks so great as Pears, which being dried in the shade, when occasion is, they use after this manner. They put this pellet under their lips and foreteeth, and suck it as they travel; and having sucked it all, they swallow it down instead of meat and drink, and fill their stomach. By this means they will fast for three or four days, and lose no strength, preserving (as I think) their native heat by the plenty of phlegm which being sucked into the mouth, is swallowed down with it; and the stomach for want of better juice, turns it into nourishment. To these things I shall add what the most famous Physician to the Emperor, Rombertus D●doneus a great Scholar, and who deserved much for his great skill in Plants, reports in his late History of Plants. I understand by the relation of my Friend (saith he) that drinking the juice of this Plant about four or five Ounces in weight, their belly is mightily troubled, 
A History for the Dropsy.  and they purge up and down, after that they fall into a long and deep sleep. There was a country man that was strong, of a middle age, who had a Dropsy, and he took this juice, and he when he awakened demanded for me●t and drink, and after that he was well. He relates also, that he cured many countrymen of Agues with the distilled water of the leaves of Tobacco, dr●nk a lit●le before his fit come▪ But with the powder or the dry stalks and rabbish, he soon cured gallings, not only of men but of horses and other creatures. These ar●Dodon●us his words.  

For Diseases of the Head.  But to come more particularly to the Effects of Tobacco. First of all the powder of the leve● of Tobacco, finely beaten and sifted, and blown into ●oth nostrils in the morning through ● Quill, is good against Catarr●s, and all de●luxions upon the eyes, 
Catarers.  and for pains and giddiness of the head, if these proceed from a cold cause. It purgeth all Humours that trouble the head, marvellously, like to an Errhine or nose-Purge, and diverts them, so we use it in the morning for some days, the body being well purged before.  

headache.  The pains of the head, legs, armsf coming of wind or cold, abate, if you lay on one of Tobacco leaves green, roasted on the fire, upon the part; If you want green leaves, use those that are dry, which you must moisten in Wine, and lay under hot embers, then sprinkling them with water of Naphtha, they will be applied happily to the part. You may do as much with the powder of the leaves dried, mingling such things as are proper for these Diseases. But you must repeat the cure so often until the pain be gone. In Convulsions and such like Diseases, the leaves of Tobacco will do good, if they be laid to the nape of the Neck.  
Carolus Clusius affirms, 
Dimnes●.  that the distilled water is good for clouds of the eyes, to discuss them, and to preserve the sight, if you often wipe the eyes with it warm.  
It cures deafness, 
Deafness.  especially from a cold cause, if you drop in one drop of the oil or juice warm, into the ears, for some days together.  
Doctor Monardus writes, 
Ozena.  that he saw a man, who for a long time, had Ulcers in his Nostrils, from whence there ran much fretting matter, and filth that eat his Nostrils; but at length, when by his advice he snuffed up the juice of Tobacco into his Nostrils, first he hawked up above twenty small worms, than greater, until there were none remaining; so that the inward Ulcers of his Nostrils (you would have thought it a kind of Polypus) were cured, but the parts corroded and eaten up were not to be repaired, and so it had been with all the rest, had he not had the physician's advice.  

Redness of the face.  The juice and ointment of Tobacco takes away the redness of the face, if you dip a fine rag in it, and apply it to the cheek-bones; anointing with the oil doth the same, or washing with the water of it.  

toothache.  A little leaf of Tobacco wrapped up into a lump, be it a green or a dry leaf, and this held in the mouth (but the teeth must be first rubbed clean with a linen clothe wet in the juice of Tobacco) doth presently ease the pain of the teeth, coming from cold or wind, and takes away all corruption: but this remedy is nothing worth, if the pain proceed from a hot cause: Also it is good to rub aching teeth with the di●●lled water of Tobacco.  
To cure the Thrush and Ulcers of the Gums, 
The Ulcers and sores of the Gums  a mixture is made with Honey of Roses, and the juice of sour pomegranates, which maudifies, scours, and breeds flesh.  
The leaves of Tobacco ro●sted under the hot embers applied to the pained part, 
Swelling of the Throat from Rheum●  ease the pains of the Throat over-cooled by rheum, and all other Diseases of the body proceeding from cold causes. And a gargarism may be made of the decoction of this Herb alone, or mingled with other Herbs, proper for this Disease.  
It wonderfully helps Diseases of the breast, 
Diseases of the Thorax. Short Wind.  and those that spit bloody matter. Also for short breath, and other inveterate Diseases, if a decoction of it be made with Sugar, and the Stomach being first purged, it be taken for som● days together. So the leaves of Tobacco, boiled in water and Sugar put to the decoction: Or rather juice of the leaves press●d forth, and boiled into a syrup, apothegm or Julep, taken daily upon an empty stomach, two or three ounces 〈◊〉 a time, 
An old Cough.  abates the difficulty of breathing, and an old cough. It brings forth thick, clammy, corrupt humours; but the sick must be first well purged, and generally his body must be well emptied by physic. Also a syrup may be made of other pectoral means, adding the leaves of Tobacco to them, or Liquorish, Reasins, Jububes, figs, Prunes, Dates, and Herbs fit for this use; as Maydenhair, Scabious, Horehound; and the like.  
Take Maydenhairs white and black, Horehound, Coltsfoot, of each one handful; Tobacco leaves two or three▪ Reasins without stones, whole Barley of each one Pugill; Liquorish scraped two drams; make a decoction to a pint, sweeten it with Sugar and Honey what is sufficient.  
Another that attenuates and cuts more: Take Scabious, Horehound, Maydenhairs, Wall-Ru●. of each one handful and half, figs ten, Reasins one ounce; Tobacco leaves five, Liquorish scraped two drams; make a decoction in a pound of Ho●ied water, until two parts be consumed; add to the strained liquour of simple Oxymel, syrup of Maydenhair, of each two ounces, Oxymel compound one ounce, mingle them.  
Water of Tobacco, with Eybright water, drank daily upon an empty stomach, doth the same; as Doctor jarnacus Goverour of Rochel hath proved, who was an intimate acquaintance of Nicotilus and private to the counsels and businesses of the French King, and whom he chiefly desired to communicate the knowledge of this Plant to. This man being at a Banquet of the Kings, with the Embassodour, professed that by this means he cured one of an Asthma. I (saith Nicolaus Monardus) observed some men (troubled with an Asthma, returning from the WestIndies or from Peru) chewing Tobacco leaves in their mouths, and swallowing the juice of them, to make them spit forth corrupt matter: but though▪ these men were drunk by it, it appears they found much good by it, to bring out matter and phlegm that stuck in their stomach●.  
The dry powder of Tobbacco performs the same, 
Use of the powder of Tobacco.  if you hold as much of it as you can take between the top of your forefinger and thumb, at the root of your tongue, near your palate (taking care that you swallow not the powder) for in a short space you shall perceive great plenty of phlegmatic humours to run forth at your mouth, and this will endure until that you may fill a small dish with phlegm. When you think this watery hu●our is come forth in sufficient quantity, wash your mouth with some good white Wine: Do this every morning upon an empty stomach. If this be to troublesome, do it every third day, always according to art, premising universals.  

Stomach pain.  The same way it is profitable for the Diseases of the breast, and the parts adjoining, as the Lungs, weasand, Throat, offended by afflux of humours.  
It is wonderful good for pains proceeding from a defluxion of humours upon the mouth of the stomach, or bred there; and for all old pains of it, or preternatural long-during pains of the Reins, and for contractions of parts, from chronical and lasting Diseases, to chew the powder of dry leaves of Tobacco in the mouth, to make an Apoph●egmatism with them.  
The women of the West-Indies 
Crudities.  mightily commend the leaves of Tobacco, because they take away the crudities of the stomachs of young and old; and dispel winds, restore concoction, soften the belly, if it be first anointed with oil of Olives; and the leaves being made hot under hot embers, be applied to the region of the belly, and be renewed as oft as occasion is: The ashes must not be wiped off, but more must be laid on to make it more effectual.  
Also, 
Surfeit.  if you lay the said leaves so prepared, to one that is surfeitted with meat or drink, you shall very much remove his Crapula, and repletion. The same reason serves for the powder of the dry Herb, if you put so much of it as you can hold between your finger and thumb, into a spoonful or two of Aqua vitae when you go to bed: For it takes away your surfeit, and makes you sleep, and resolves phlegm.  

swooning.  They that swoon away, presently recover their former strength, if the smoke of the leaves come into their mouths or nostrils, drawn by a Pipe or Reed.  

The colic.  Tobacco wonderfully helps the torments of the Guts and Belly, and pain of the colic, and other pains proceeding from wind, or cold, if you lay the leaves on very hot, and change them often, until the pain abate.  
The powder of the leaves dried, is good for the same use, taken in white Wine, or some other liquour when you go to bed, about half a dram or a dram weight, or thereabouts.  

The ilyake.  The leaves used the same way, cure the wringing of the small Guts, and it is proper to put this Herb with others in decoctions for Clysters, as also to use them for Plasters and Fomentations, that will do great service.  
For Example, take Mercury, R●e, Marsh Mallows, Little Cent●ury, of each one handful; hyssop, Calamint, Wormwood, of each one handful and an half; Tobacco leaves six, roots of Marsh-mallows half an ounce; Linseed, Fenegrek, of each three drams; cuminseed, aniseed, of each one dram and half: let them bo●l in sufficient quantity of water, until the third pa●t be consumed, then take of the liquour boiled and strained, one pound; Hiera Picra, half ●n ounce, Benedicta Laxativa, ●ix drams; fresh Butter, Honey of Rose● strained, of each six drams; oil of Rue and Dill, of each one ounce and half; common Salt one dram: Mingle them all, and make a Clyster. 
The Liver.   
If Tobacco leaves be distilled with Fumitary, it wonderfully helps all Diseases of the Liver: But observe, you must take less quantity of Fumitary then of Tobacco.  
The juice of the leaves of Tobacco, bruised with a little vinegar, 
The Spleen.  or the ointment of them rubbed in the morning upon the place of the Spleen obstructed or hardened, from a cold cause, softeneth and dissolveth it; but after ann●inting, you ●ust apply a leaf to it roasted in the embers, or a cloth wet in the juice of the leaves. Others use instead of this, unguents proper to this Disease with which they mingle the juice of the leaves, and add also the leaves themselves; and by this means it is found out, that hard and inveterate humours may be dissolved. 
The dropsy.   
The distilled water drank daily upon an empty stomach, wonderfully helps hydrophical persons. Moreover, if you put the dry leaves of Tobacco upon the live coals in a Kettle, and so roast them, and draw in the smoke of them by your mouth, with a Pipe or Reed, or tunnel, haveving your head and throat close covered, you shall spit out so much phlegm, and clammy humours, that you shall be so lank, as if you had fasted a long time. Wherefore it seems that a Dropsy not yet confirmed may be cured by this fume, since it chiefly doth good to A●●hmaticall short●winded people, and such as are vexed with an old cold, and with rheums; for it makes them to spit out much thick and clammy matter.  
The juice of the Leaves of Tobacco Clarified, 
Worms.  and with Sugar ●ade into a Syrup, and taken in the Morning in a small quantity, drives forth stomach and Belly Worms; yet you must bruise the Leaves and wrap them in a Cloth, and lay them to the Navel of the Patient, and give him a Clyster of Milk and Sugar.  
Also the powder of the same alone or mingled with other Le●itives, 
●mrods.  is a present remedy for the hemorrhoids: for it perfectly cures them.  
The Leaves heat under the Embers as I showed before, 
The Womb.  do with no less force drive away pains of the Matrix, if they be laid to the navel, but it must be first anointed with oil wherein the juice of the Leaves is boiled. 
Suffoca●●-● on of the Matrix.  But the suffocation of the Matrix is taken away, by receiving the fume of the Leaves by the privities.  
Hip Go●t it abated, 
Sciatica.  if you rub it with oil of Olives, and apply one leaf of Tobacco roasted at the fire.  
This is good for any Gout coming from Cold; Some bid the Patient chew every Morning fasting some of the ●eaves, to free him from pains of the Gout. This will draw much Fl●gme into his Mo●th, and hinder it from running down upon the lower parts. Wherefore the powder of the dried Leaves will preserve men from pains of the Gout of the Feet that came at certain times, if they use to Snuf● up this Powder often into both Nostrils. Likewise they that are now in pain with it, shall manifestly find an abatement of it, and the Disease to decline, if they Snuff up the Powder into their Noses, and in time often using it they will be freed from it. Also the Powder may be held in the Mouth instead of an Apophlegmatism: for either way it draws much Humours from the head, and directs them from falling down upon the parts affected, by reason of Defluxions.  
Lastly, The fresh Leaves of Tobacco, laid on hot to resolve the cold are good for any part of the body affected from a cold cause: for they take away the pains, and forcibly resolve them; either applied by themselves, or with other Remedies, good for the same Diseases, where there needs strong resolving means.  
Take Sagupenu●, Bdelli●m, Gri●●●l●●y, of each one Dram; dissolve them in Vinegar, and about the end add of the Leaves of powder of Tobacco dried one ounce, oil of Camomile one ounce, wax what is sufficient; make a plaster according to art, for this most powerfully resolves, and abates pain; Also you may make it thus.  
Take Tacamaha●, Caranna, of each three Drams; dissolve them according to art, in Wine, or a little of the strongest Vinegar; after this add powder of Tobacco six Drams, oil of lilies, and of Wall Flowers, five Drams, wax what is sufficient, make an Em●plaister according to art.  
To these add tumors, 
tumors, Impostumes, Kibes.  Impostumes, Inflations, and children's kibe heels, or any sort of Itch; for the Leaves of Tobacco laid to them, or the juice warm, with Rags, or Lint wet therein cure them, for they resolve the Humours and ease the pains.  
To cure Kibes, the part affected must be anointed with the juice, and be rubed with linen rags; but first, putting the Feet or Hands, if the cold be in them, into very hot water, wherein you have put a little Salt, for this is often proved to do good.  

For Burns.  It is tried that Tobacco will cure Burns; A certain drunken Companion had a Glass of Beer in his hand, and he stumbling, and loath to break the Glass, fell into the fire and burned his hand. Women laid their heads together, and they after an hour or two, laid on some Clay. This did no way ease the pain, for he could not sleep by day nor by night, wherefore being no longer able to endure the pain, he comes to a Matron of Antwerp, and asks her advice, who, as he had heard, knew the virtues of Tobacco. She strewing the brims of the burnt place, with the powder of Tobacco, attempted to help him, but for three days little good was done by it. When therefore he grew impatient, he murmured at the Woman secretly, because he came to her to be cured, and she went to make experiment of the virtues of Tobacco upon him, and he commanded that such Medicaments as are gentle should be applied: but the pain being nothing lessened with this, he comes back to the Matron, desiring her to go on with the cure as she began, and she (as she was a very good Woman) strewed the Powder on again, and in three days made him well.  
Moreover, for inveterate Wounds, 
Old Wounds, Scabs, malignant and cancerous Ulcers, Tetters, Scrophulus.  malignant cancerous and spreading Ulcers, Scabs, Noli me tangere, Itch, Tetters, Scrophula's, Bubo's, Impostumes, fleshy Excrescences, and the like almost innumerable Diseases, it is very effectual, if the juice be applied with rags or lint.  
Green Wounds, 
Green Wounds.  if they are not to deep, are cured in one day, by the juice of the Leves and Lint. But if the Wound be very deep, it may be washed with Wine, and be bound with bands wet in the juice. And it is excellent to heal a Wound quickly, to wash it with the juice of the Leaves, the Inflammation being over. Not long after that the ambassador came to have the knowledge of Tobacco at Lisbon, one of his Cooks had almost cut off his whole Thumb; the Steward presently runs for Tob●cco, which being sometimes applied to the Wound, the Cook was well cured; And thus this Herb grew to be so much esteemed at Lisborn, where the Court them was, and it began to be called the ambassador's Herb. It is as good for contusions and all hurts, to which nothing else useth to be applied besides the juice with Rags, and the part affected must be swathed with a Roller. But diet must be chiefly ob●erved, and if need be, the Patient must be well purged, and this is often proved good.  

F●ux of Blood.  Tobacco hath notable force to stay blood running forth immoderately from a Wound, or from the Nostrils, or from any hurt, only applying the juice with with Lint to the Wounds, ●ut the juice must be sn●ffed up into the Nostrils, or the Powder must be drawn into the Nose by a Cane or tunnel.  
To cleanse and heal foul Ulcers of the French-Pox, 
Sordid Ulcer of the Pox.  and in dainty people; especially if the part that is Ulcerated be of exquisite feeling, the decoction of Tobacco in a Gargarism is very effectual, or mingled with other things. Such a remedy you find in the small Book of Julius Palmarius, concerning contagious Diseases; Take two pugils of whole Barley, Agrimony, Tobacco, plantain, Chick-Weed, Red Roses, of each one handful, boil all in four Pounds of water to three Pounds, and strain it, th●n mingle with it Honey of Roses, and Syrup of dried Roses, of each three Ounces, burnt alum, burnt vitriol, of each half a Dram; This Remedy is very abstergent and drying, and cures Ulcers.  
The falling off the hair of the head, old corrupt Ulcers of the Arms, Legs, 
Old Ulcers.  & other parts, and ready to G●ngreen, are by this brought to Cicatrize if they be first washed in white wine or Urine, and wiped with a wet Cloth, with one or two green Leaves of Tobacco bruised, and be made moist with the juice of it, which ma● also be used alone, and bound on with a Swath of linen; this being continued for some days, makes them perfectly well. If green Leaves be wanting, strew upon the Leaves the Powder of the dried Herb, but the Patient must first be Purged by the Physician, and if need be, a Vein must be opened, and and a good Diet observed. Yet let no man be dismayed, if he see the Sore grow bigger by degrees; for so all faulty flesh is consumed, and good flesh will come in the place, without chirurgery or use of any other Medicament.  
A certain Noble Man, who was Father to one of the ambassadors Pages, 
A speck on the Face, Ulcerated  hearing the report of this Plant, came to Lisbon, he had an eating Ulcer upon his Leg for two whole years, when he had for ten or twelve days used the Plant as the ambassador directed him, he was well cured and returned home.  
A certain young Man had a foul eating Ulcer hard to be cured upon one of his Cheeks, and it began to seize upon the gristle of his nose. He first made trial of this Herb, without the ambassador's knowledge, wherefore applying Lint with the juice of the Leaves ●o the Ulc●s, he found incredible help by it. Which when the ambassador understood by another of his Pages Kinsman to the other that was in this Case, he called the young Man to him, and he observing for eight days the same way of cure, rooted a Noli me tangere quite out; but in the mean while that he was curing of him, he sent him to the chiefest Physician of the King of Portugal, that he should set down the order of his cure; and he being eight days after called for by the ambassador to look upon his sore face, he professed openly that the Noli me tangere was quite killed and dead, and it was more clearly known by that, because the young Man complained not any more of a pain of his Cheek.  
A Woman had a horrible Tetter in her Face, you would think she Painted, and she was cured in eight days by help of Tobacco, and departed home, giving great thanks to the ambassador before abundance of People.  
It will not be impertinent to add one Memorable example which Monaerdus relates in his book of simple Medicaments, brought from the new found World. A Matron saith he that had the charge of a knight's Daughter of Spain, remembering what I had said concerning the virtues of Tobacco in the audience of many People, undertook to cure the Child committed to her Charge, (whose Head was overrun with a soul Scall, and to whom I and others had applied many Remedies in vain) with Tobacco, which she fetched of me, nor did she lose her Labour. For when she had rubbed the Scab so sharply with Tobacco Leaves, that for pain the Child fainted often away the same day, the day following, not regarding her crying or pains, she rubbed the Leaves on again, until such time as the S●als falling of by degrees, the Girls was cured, yet when she saw the S●als fall, she rubbed her Head something more gently.  
A Captain of soldiers, who had a son miserably afflicted with the King's evil, 
For Scrophulas  was resolved to send him into France, (because the common opinion is that none but the King of France can cure that Disease) this Captain came to the ambassador, who made trial of Tobaco in this case, and in a very few days, he cured the Boy of his Disease; The way of cure is this. Apply Lint wet in the juice of Tobacco, taken from the bruised Leaves, but do it nine or ten times.  
If a man apply the juice of Tobacco or Lint wet in it, 
For the stinging of Nettl●s.  or the green Leaves bruised with his hands, to any part of the body stung with Nettles, he shall presently perceive the pain gone, and the part cured.  
It is good to cure Warts, if you lay the juice with Lint upon the Wart, 
Warts.  making first an open place in it with your penknife until the Blood come, or else anoint the place only with U●guent of Tobacco, this I know to be true; and may be it may do the same to Corns that grow upon the joints of the Feet. 
Corns.   
So also the juice of Tobacco applied to any pestilent Carbuncle is a present Remedy. 
A Plag●▪ Carbuncle.   

Venomous stings and bites of mad dogs.  Also used the same way, it is good for Venomous Stings, Pricks, and Bites. So it heals the Bitings of Mad Dogs, if it be applied presently in a quarter of an Honre after the bite is given.  
It is good also for the Indians called the Carybes; 
poisoned Weapons.  for it is a singular Antidote for the venomous weapons of their Enemies. For when they go to war they carry with them two hooves of hearts, 
Against poison.  in one of them there is a present venom, which so soon as it Wounds but the skin, that it may come at the Blood, it brings present death: but in the other they carry the juice of Tobacco, and applying this, they are freed from Death, as experience Witnesseth: If they have no green Tobacco, they use the dry, or beaten into Powder. The Carybes Indians, in the Province of Savina, Were the first that ever made trial of this, when in a Battle they were many Wounded and Killed. For when as they were wont, to cured venomed Wounds with Sublimate, for want of that they used the juice of Tobacco pressed forth of the leaves, and this presently took away the pain, and made them well; trial hath been often made of this in Spain.  
Moreover, the leaves and juice of Tobacco, applied with lint, 
For cattle.  cures all hurts that befall bruit Beasts; and kill the worms in foul Ulcers, and all creeping Ulcers, like as sublimate doth.  
Also this cures hard flesh, growing upon the legs of Cattle, 
Hurts of Horses or other Beasts by galling.  and packhorses, whose backs are galled with burdens and packsaddles, or if they be more hurt, though the wound or wounds incline to a Cancer; only apply the leaves or juice with lint, or use the dried Herb. They will be so well cured without any other Medicament, that you need not to forbear your Journey.  
Tobacco is an Antidote against Hellebore. 
Against Hellebore  The Hunters of Spain are wont to use Hellebore, because it is a present poison to kill Deer, and wild Beasts. The Catholic King to try the truth of it, bade a Hunter to hurt a little Dog in the throat, and to put Hellborne into the wound, and by and by after, the juice of Tobacco upon lint, 
An Experiment of a Dog poisoned.  and so to bind all up, and the Dog received no harm, to the wonder of them all.  
The like happened last Winter at Antwerp, 
An Experiment for venom.  where one gave to a Cat, of a Matron of the Town, a Bolus mingled with venom, because the Cat was to fierce. After this, the Cat could stay nowhere, but ran up and down, and tried in vain to vomit up the poison; the Matron observing this, found a way to open the cat's mouth, and to thrust in a little Ball of Tobacco, made up with butter: The Cat presently after, cast up the poison and escaped death.  

The use of Female Tobacco.  Thus much for Male Tobacco; but the use and faculties of the Female, are almost the same as of the Male: and when the Male is wanting, we used the Female (as I have directed you before for the Male) to cure by.  

To cure Breasts with Cancers.  Observe this, that the leaves of the Female Tobacco are good in decoctions for Clysters: They are excellent against Dysenteries, and the Balsam of it yielded to no Medicament to cure a Cancer, especially of the breasts.  
The third sort of Tobacco, 
The third sort of Tobacco.  which some call black, others yellow Henbane, is contrary to Tobacco in nature and qualities, and therefore they do ill, that foolishly use it for the true Tobacco. Yet it may serve to revulse hot humours, and in part to resolve hot Impostumes; also in a Cancer it may restrain the heat of black choler. Iohan. de vigo. capite de hernia, useth Henbane to resolve humours. It is strange (saith Monardus lib. 3. of simple Medicaments, that are brought out of the new world) what notable virtues and faculties are daily discovered in Tobacco: For besides those related, I can (saith he) relate as many were, which I have heard others speak of, and I myself have observed  
The juice pressed out of the fresh leaves of Tobacco, 
The forces of the juice of Tobacco.  and drank the quantity of two ounces, vehemently purgeth water and phlegm above and beneath, and therefore it is profitably given in Dropsies and the Falling-sickness.  
Also, water is distilled from the leaves of Tobacco cut in pieces, 
The distilled water,  in a glass Limbeck, which is afterwards rectified in the Sun. This is almost as good as the juice of the Plant, chiefly for Wounds, tumors, Kibes, and for nails that fall off from the fingers of themselves, if the water be but poured into the part affected, or now and then a lint or cloth wet in it and applied.  
Leo Suavius bids us gather the leaves in July, bruise them, and distil them in a double vessel with glass Instruments, presently set it in the Sun, and keep it a year.  
This water taken fasting, the quantity of an ounce or an ounce and half, is good for an Asthma, and an old cold.  
The oil by infusion is thus made. Take the leaves torn or cut in pieces, 
oil by Infusion.  boil them in oil Olives, which will be coloured; press it forth rejecting the leaves: then infuse fresh leaves, and expose them to the Sun in a Violglass, or boil them until the juice be consumed; this is good against Scabs, Wounds, and Ulcers: It cures pains of the head, and foulness of the skin.  
Also, 
oil of the Seeds.  oil may be drawn from the Seeds of Tobacco, which drank in a small quantity, is excellent against venom and bites of Vipers.  
Distilled oil is made by descent (as the chemists call it) is a Glass retort. 
oil distilled.   
Salt is made by the Art of chemistry from Tobacco, 
The way to make Salt of it.  and both of these, namely the oil distilled, and the Salt far exceed the leaves or juice, the powder, or distilled water, to cure Diseases; because the most thin and excellent essences of it, are separated, which are better than the terrestrial matter; for these are the next and immediate seat and subject of the faculties themselves. Let no man despise or scornfully laugh at the name of Essence; for Galen used it, explaining the thing very fitly. For I understand nothing else than he doth, when he saith, that some Herbs are of a more thick; thin, or fiery nature and essence than others are.  
Jacobus Gohorius of Paris, shows the way to make Salt of Tobacco, thus. 
The first way.  Calcins Tobacco, dissolve the Calx, strain, filtrat, evaporate it; there will be a Salt which will do no harm in a caustic, and not so Corrosive in dissolving malignant Ulcers; wherefore this is the common way to extract Salt from all Vegetables. Burn the Herb in the fire, the place being swept clean with Brooms (some first set it in the Sun, others dry it in the shade) let it burn until it stick together in a lump: Or if you proceed further to burn it, to burn it to ashes, you shall have more Salt. Put the ashes into a glazed earthen Pot, and pour fair water upon them, and let it seeth some hours at the fire; pour it forth into another vessel, and when the dregs are settled, strain it through a linen cloth; set the strained liquor at an easy fire with few coals, that the water may evaporate, and the Salt remain in the bottom.  

Another way.  The next way is more curious. Burn the dried Herb in an ●arthen Pot covered, by a long and strong fire, until the ashes come to be pure white, and that is a sign it is perfectly calcined: then let it boil in Rain or distilled water in a Glass vessel, in sifted ashes; let it boil until a fourth part of the water be wasted, then let it stand a while: Pour it into another Glass, and putting in some new very fine Tongues to filtre it, the pure and salt water will be strained into the Receiver underneath it. What is filtrated, must be evaporated at an easy fire, in a Glass vessel, and the salt will remain at the bottom clear and pure.  
The third way is the most exact: 
The third way.  Gather the Herb green, and bruise it, distil the water of it by a Limbeck, calcine the faeces at a moderate fire, the vessel being stopped, until they come to ashes. Let the fire be gentle, that it may not consume the proper and radical moisture of the Plant, for that will make it run to glass; pour the water upon the earth of it, and it will thirstily devour it: Digest it in Horse dung, or in a Bath some days. Pour it out as before, that it be not mingled with the faeces, then filtrat it, lastly evaporate what is filtrated. These are the various ways to make artificial Salt, not only of Tobacco, but of all Vegetables that are prepared by the fire, and the use of them may be wonderful in curing those that are dainty, and such as abhor all Medicaments, putting that Salt in their Broth, or Salt-seller to season their meat.  

Compound water.  To this may be referred what the famous Physician and Philosopher of his age Liona●dus Fioravantus hath written in his physical Observations. I took (Saith he) Tobacco, with Seed and Root, and I stamped them all; the leaves weighed livia ounces, I hid them in Horse dung to ferment thirty days, and that they might not corrupt, I put some salt to them, and six ounces of aqua vitae; then I distilled them in B●l●eo M●riae, until all the moisture were drawn from them, and that it might keep the better; I added so much oil of brimstone as might make it taste sharp. I used this composition in many things. In all fevers, a spoonful drank cured them: Wounded men, if they drank it, or anointed their wounds with it, they were cured to admiration.  
Oytments are made of Tobacco divers ways, though the Herb used by itself is far more effectual.  
Take the fairest, greatest, greenest most rosiny leaves of Tobacco, 
ointment of Tobacco  freed from all filth and dust diligently, that are no ways wet with Rain or Dew, one pound; bruise them with a Pestle in a mortar of Marble, or of Wood; half a pound of Hogs-grease prepared, that is purged from all its skins▪ and melted in a brazen vessel: to this must be added the juice of Tobacco, and the thick substance bruised: Let them boil together upon a Trevot in a brazen Pot, with a very small gentle fire, namely live coals being put under the Trevot, or else in Balneo, until you see the watryness of the juice to be vanished and gone, and the unguent brought to a Consistence. 
Otherwise  Or an unguent may be made of the manifold infusion of Tobacco, in oil of Roses, three or four times renewing the leaves in Balneo; and when you press it out, adding so much of the juice of the same Herb, and wax what may suffice, and make an ●nguent according to art. Or thus,  

Otherwise  Take juice of Tobacco, one pound, common oil, new Wax, Rosin of the pinetree, of each two ounces; oil of St John's Wort, one ounce: Let them boil at a gentle fire for three hours; strain it, and add to it two ounces of Turpentine. Boil them to the consistence of an unguent. It is good for old Ulcers of the Pox, Scrophulas, Ulcers or Spots contracted by the fire in Winter. Kibes, chaps of the hands; especially if you rub the part affected first with the green Herb, and put it into hot salt water. and after anoint it with the said unguent.  

Otherwise  Take Pitch, Rosin, new Wax, Turpentine, of each three ounces. Let them melt and boil together in a brass vessel with live coals under it; when all are melted and boiled, then add of the juice of Tobacco and bruised substance, one pound; let all boil together five or six hours at an easy fire, upon a Tripod in a double vessel, that is a Kettle full of boiling water: move them constantly, until all the watryness be consumed, and the rest be thickened to an unguent; then press them out through a thick hempen cloth, and put them again into the brass Skillet, adding half an ounce of Venice-Turpentine yet let them not boil, but stir them carefully, then let them cool, and keep them for use.  
Take leaves of Tobacco bruised, 
Otherwise  one pound; Yellow Wax, Turpentine, oil Olives, Pitch, white Rosin, of each three ounces: Let them boil together two hours in a new Pipkin, to the consistence of an unguent, then use it in a small quantity, spread on leather or linen.  
Some there are that in both descriptions do not add the juice of Tobacco with the thick substance, but they only strain it, and crush it through a thick cloth; and they reserve the juice alone, which is not the best way. But the first unguent is farmore effectual for Wounds, cancerous Ulcers, Tetters, Itch, Knots upon the face; because it hath a greater force to resolve and cleanse away, which is the property of Tobacco, if it be not hindered by other things that are joined with it. The latter is better to heal wounds, and repair flesh; to resolve Impostumes, to ease pains, and such like Operations.  
But it seems needless to Jacobus Gohorius, to edde new Wax, Rosin, common oil, Turpentine; because one of these is sufficient for the clamminesses of Tobacco. For such an heap of Simples that are in that ointment, make the ointment only fit for Wounds, which otherwise is good for cancerous Ulcers, Itch, Imposthumes, Tetters, and other Maladies. It is no reason also, so to waste the juice of Tobacco, that nothing should remain besides the bruised substance, and strange Ingredients.  

Another against Wounds with Gun-shot.  It will not be amiss to set down an unguent to cure wounds made with Gun-shot, and fit for all other purposes; the proper making whereof is taught by Josephus Quercetanus. Take the juice of Tobacco, one pound, Turpentine five ounces; compound oil of St John's Wort, eight ounces; the best white Wine, half a pound; let these digest for eight days: afterwards, boil them until the Wine be consumed, then add Colophonia, Wax, of each three ounces; mummy, Amber, of each two drams; melt them again at the fire, and make an unguent according to Art.  
Iacobus Weckerus teacheth to make an unguent against the Scabs, 
Another for the Scabs. Another for Wounds.  thus: Take the juice of Tobacco, one ounce and half; powdered brimstone, Salt, of each one ounce; oil of Tobacco, Oranges, of each two ounces; oil of Wax, goat's suet, of each two ounces; make an unquent according to art.  
Iacobus Weckerus saith, That he received another unguent from a Frenchman to cure wounds. 
Balsam of Tobacco.  Take juice of Tobacco, one pound; new Wax, Pitch, Rosin, common oil, of each two ounces; boil all together until the juice be consumed, then add Venice Turpentine, three ounces; strain all through a linen cloth, and keep it in a Box. This cures Wounds and Ulcers certainly. Add to all this, that a most fragrant Balsam is compounded of Tobacco; Take as many leaves of Tobacco as you please, bruise them in a Mortar, and press forth the juice; cast away the gross body, and set the juice with an equal part of oil of Olives in a glass Viol in the Sun for a long time; stop the glass close with Gums and Wax, and fasten it with a sound skin of leather: Or if you like it best, set it in a Kettle full of boiling water, or in Balneo, or hide it in Horse dung, and leave it there full forty days, renewing the dung sometimes; when the forty days are ended, you shall find a Balsam in the Glass, no less effectual for all Causes, than the Quintessence of Tobacco itself.  

Another for wounds of Gun-shot.  Quercetanus describes another kind of Balsam for Wounds made by Gun-shot, after this manner. Take the glewy substance of Tobacco and Comfry, of each four ounces; oil Turpentine, one pound; Flowers of S● John's Wort, and Mallou's, of each two handfuls; Elm-tree, apples, three ounces; of the poplar buds, four ounces; Spirit of Wine, one pound and half: Digest them in Horse-dung, or leave them in a hot stove, in a glass vessel, well stopped for a whole month; then press them, and strain them forth: add Frankincense, mastic, myrrh, of each two ounces; Dragons Blood, half an ounce; mummy six ounces, Terpentine half a pound, Benivio one ounce. Circulate them together in a pelican for eight days, then distil of the Spirit of Wine, at a moderate fire, and there will remain in the bottom a most precious Balsam.  
FINIS.   

Courteous Reader, These Books following are Printed and sold by Simon Miller, at the star in St Paul's churchyard.  

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