THE COMPLETE BODY OF THE ART MILITARY: Exactly compiled, and gradually composed for the Foot, in the best refined manner, according to the practice of the Modern Times. Divided into Three BOOKS. The First, containing the Postures of the Pike and Musket, with their Conformities, and the Dignities of Ranks and Files: Their manner of joining to the completing of a Body: their several Distances, Face, Doubling, Countermarches, Wheelings, and Firings. With divers Experiments upon single Files. The Second, comprehending twelve Exercises. Viz. 

Three with 24 Men.  
Three with 32 Men.  
Three with 64 Men.  
Three with 144 Men.   The Third, setting forth the drawing up and exercising of Regiments after the manner of Private Companies, with the forming Brigades, and Armies, the placing of Cannon and Artillery, according to the practice of several Nations, Armies, and Commanders in Chief. Together with the duties of all private Soldiers and Officers in a Regiment, from a Sentinel to a Colonel. As also the duties of the Military Watches. Lastly, directions for ordering Regiments or Private Companies to Funeral Occasions. Illustrated with Variety of Figures of Battle, very profitable and delightful for all Noble and Heroic Spirits, in a fuller manner than hath been heretofore published. By RICHARD ELTON, Sergeant Major.  Cant. 3. 8. They all handled the Sword, and are expert in War. 
LONDON: Printed by ROBERT LEYBOURN, in Monkswell Street near Creeplegate, MDCL.   

 portrait of Richard Elton engraved by John Droeshout after a portrait by W S 
VERAET ACCURATA EFFIGIES RICHARDI ELTONI GENEROSL BRISTOL NEC NON ARTIS MILITARIS MAGISTIRI ANO 1644  

If Rome unto Her conquering Ceasrs raise  
Rich obelisks, to crown their deatfiles Praise,  
What Monument to Thee must Albion rear,  
To show Thy Motion in a brighter Sphere?  
This Art's too dull to do't 'tis only done  
Best by Thyself, so heights ' the World the Sun  
We may admire thy Face, the Sculptor's Art;  
But We are ecstasied at th' inward Part   W S Fiut john Droeshout Sculp Lon   

TO THE MIRROR of CHIVALRY, And HONOUR of all MARTIAL DISCIPLINE, The most Victorious Thomas Lord Fairfax HIS EXCELLENCY, CAPTAIN GENERAL of all MILITARY FORCES for the PARLIAMENT OF ENGLAND. All Health and Happiness, here and hereafter.  
Most Eminent and Illustrious SIR. May it please Your Excellency,  
THe Glory of all Arts is Action, the Honour of all Action is Virtue; the Crown of all Virtues is Perfection: the Excellency whereof, (according to the perfection of Humanity) is so essential in your Excellency, that you are become, at once, the Wonder, and the Honour of Europe: Neither can that immortal Fame of Yours be concealed from the rest of the habitable World, who shall from age to age record, and from Antiquity to Infantry relate those matchless Victories and unimitable Achievements which the Bounty and Blessing of Heaven hath enriched your Hand, and beautified your Name withal. In all whose Honourable and successful Undertake, I had an aim at no greater happiness, then to have been the least Part in so Noble an Employment under your Excellency, towards the perfecting of the Welfare and Happiness of this Kingdom and Commonwealth, had not the Military affairs of this Honourable Metropolis avoidable engaged and obliged me to attend the service of their own Militia.  
And therein My Lord, I have spared neither Diligence nor Study that might conduce to the great Work of Arms, then in Embryo, now in Perfection, excepting only Opposition and Envy, which the greatest Honours never yet were free from: A part of which Perfection hath always flowed from the industry of the Officers, and practice of the Students of that Warlike Academy, wherein, although I have not (as a Member thereof) with such dexterity as Cadmus sent out well experienced Soldiers in a Day, yet have I not sitten so idle, as Lepidus, and wished to be warmed more from the Sun than my own Labours; of which the effects are now upon the public Test, but more formidably under your Excellency's censure: to whose Patronage and Protection I have presumed to devoted the Eldest Son and Firstborn of all my forepast Studies, Practice and employment in the gradation of Military affairs, for the space of a double Apprenticeship in that noble Science. All the following sheets, which relate to that Heroic Subject, such as they are, and in such a dress as now they have put on, submissively and primarily, present themselves with all their worth and beauty, (if any be discernible within them) unto Your Excellency, as to their tutelar Angel, and most Orthodox Warrior, that either Pole can boast of.  
In confidence therefore, of your Excellencies native Candour towards all Ingenuity (and more especially That, wherein your Own transcendent, and unparallelled Honours are more perspicuously and really delineated, than all the vain and empty Glory of the Dull and Phlegmatic Pretenders to Chivalry can Map or Landscape by the effeminate hand of Flattery) this late abortive, in full shape, due proportion, and (if Truth deceive me not) in just Maturity, hath broken from the Womb of my fourteen years' endeavours to see the Light, both of the censorious and judicious World, and in that Light it cannot but live; if your Excellency's goodness shall vouch safe to foster it, and must not die, except your displeasure please to wound it. And whether this shall live or die: I shall not further aspire at any loftier pitch of Honour, than to have Commission, to subscribe myself  
Your Excellencies most humbly devoted Servant, Richard Elton.   

The Right Honourable, the judicious and grave trusties and Guardians of the Militia of the Honourable City of LONDON.  
The Lord Major, Isaac Pennington, Sir john Wollaston Knight; Thomas Atkins, John Fowke, William Gibs, Thomas Foot, Christopher Pack, Rowland Wilson, Aldermen of the City of London; Major General Philip Skippon, Colonel Francis West, Lieutenant of the Tower, Col. John Venn, Col. Edmund Harvey, Francis Allen, Major Richard Salway, Gregory Clement, Col. Owen Row, Col. Robert Tichborne, Col. Matthew Shephard, Col. William Underwood, William Wyberd, John Deathicke, john Strange, Daniel Tayler, Col. Richard Turner, Col. Nathaniel Camfield, Lieut. Col. Doyley, Master Maurice Gethin, C aptain Nath: Lacie, Major Edmund Waring, Col. Robert Manwaring, Col. john Heyes, Thomas Arnold, Samuel Moyer, Thomas noel, Stephen Eastwick, Richard Shute, Mark Hildersly, james Russell, Tempest Milner, Captain Blackwell signior, john Pocock.  
Right Honourable, Honourable; and ever to be honoured Heroes:  
WHose Honours jointly, and severally are all sprung more from your just deserts, than ambitious desires; whose provident industry for this City and Kingdom's security, shall more eternize your Names unto Posterity, than your magnificent opulency can make you after Death survive, and flourish in your hopeful issue. Since it always seemed good in your Eyes, (even from my first initiation into your Military Service, (more out of an in-nate humanity of yours, wherewith your Honours abound, than from any merits of mine own, which I acknowledge but mean) still to number Me for one and the same, both in degree and service, in your Noble and Martial Employments, notwithstanding the many changes occasioned by the necessity of our Times, when so many erratic stars have shot from their Hemisphere, yet that you have been ever pleased, to continue and fix me in the same Constant Orb, wherein I first moved as Sergeant Major, under my Honourable Col. John Belamy sometimes a deserving Member of your Honourable Society; and as if all this unusual Bounty and Honour had been yet too little, since you were further pleased, after a deliberate and serious perusal of this ensuing Tract, The Complete body of Military Art, to complete me so much more your Servant by obligation, in approving and commending both my name and labours to the Press, thereby to make me more eminent, if not more useful to the world. If I say after all these liberal variety of your Honour's favours, I should pretermit them as ingrateful; or neglect them as forgetful; I might deservedly be rendered stigmatised unto Futurity, with an iudeleble brand of infamy. But I have neither so slightly studied your Honours, nor so easily read over myself, as to make so high a Breach upon Humanity or Ethics. Accept therefore (Right Hovorable and the rest) this oblation and sacrifice of my Gratitude with as much aequanimity, as it adresseth itself unto you with humility. It hath but newly kissed the triumphant Hand of our victorious Caesar, the very Prince and Master of War, from whose glorious Tent, it hath taken flight, to rest within your warlike walls, where it was begotten, born, and bred, and where it shall (spite of Envy) dwell, and inherit as legitimate (if your Honours deign to harbour it) till Trophies lie forgotten, and Time shall be no more, what remains is only my daily Orison for all your Honour's happiness, with the subscribed Attest of my faithful duty in the Progress of your Military service, to which I stand in duty and conscience obliged, and shall (God willing) perform to the utmost faculties and endeavours of  
Your Honour's most strictly engaged Servant, Richard Elton.   

To the truly valiant, and expertly accomplished Offificers and Commanders in warlike Affairs, his fellow Soldiers of the Honourable Exercise, and Military Meeting in that Marshal AREA adjoining to Christ-Church LONDON. 

Major John Haynes.  
Captain Henry Potter,  
Captain John Hind,  
Captain William Johnson,  
Master Richard Hobby,  
with the rest of those worthy Leaders and Soldiers of that our Society,  
Respect and Greeting.    
Honoured SIRS, and my much endeared Friends:  
IT is not my lowest happiness, nor my meanest Honour, that one and the same Climate owns our Nativities, one and the same City allowed our Freedoms, one and the same Society honours our Employment, and I hope one and the same affection shall ever unite our Relations. When I cast up the revolution of time wherein we have exercised together, and for so many years contemplate your free and forward choice to honour me in the primary places of Direction and Discipline, but more especially that remarkable honour of your respect and favour, in the unanimous Election of me to be your Commander in Chief, upon one of your grand and public Days of your drawing forth into the Champagne, where your several Exercises were the sole Object of that Days admiration, and the subject of future Time's applause. I must of necessity conclude myself your Debtor, beyond the hope of satisfaction. Nor can the knowing world but confess, that even in your private Academy, as able and as learned Soldiers have commenced renowned Commanders, (excepting the two public Gardens Artillery, and Military) as in any warlike Gymnasium, that this our Island can report off for her own; yea, and to whose valour and discretion she owes as much for her honour, and her safety. My earnest desires are, that your Resolves, and Exercises in this Art, may never be retarded, but heightened to that glorious pitch, that you may be able to send forth knowing Soldiers for all honourable and lawful Engagements of war, whether Foreign or Domestic. Towards which I humbly offer here my talon, which comes unto you as the latest Emissary from the honourable Militia, to whom it hath but now prostrated its service; and the best Orator of my grateful acknowledgement of your many and undeserved favours towards me, for which I shall, in the most inviolable bonds of friendship, ever express myself  
Your observant Servant R. E.   

To the impartial and judicious READER.  
IF upon the first view of the Frontispiece or Title, thou mayst haply lay by the Book, as having already perused variety of Authors relating to the same subject, and apply that of the Wise man, There is no new thing under the Sun, I must reply with the Philosopher with reverence to the Preacher; and say, that Ars longa, vita brevis, and that all the expert and learned in this art have written before, and what succession shall dictate to the Ages to come, will be too little to leave nothing new to perfect it, so long as there are those Ratiocinia plurima, which the same wisest King complains off, those many strange stratagems forged in the heart, and anvilled in the Brain of man to bring his ambitious and illicite Designs about: and so long as there are his new inventions to offend, there must be our new preventions to defend that Right He would abridge us off. The sad and heavy truth of these productions, our own times have given us testimonies large enough off, and those have partly occasioned the first conception of this Child of War, but the importunity of friends have now midwived it into the world, lest if it should have come forth a Posthumall piece, after the Death of the Parent, it might not perhaps have been born with perfect symmetry, and due proportion in all the limbs of its Body; as it is now shaped, it is in thy hand to breed up for thy own service: and I may modestly say, it will read thee some new Lectures, that thou wilt confess have hardly yet been heard in the School of War, nor ever taught in our Age but by  
Thy well wishing and well meaning Friend Richard Elton.   

To the Author.  

HAd thy Compendium seen the light when first  
Our English Nation Foes began to thirst  
After the heartblood of our Liberty,  
To prick its vital vein; our misery  
Had been increased by it, so far as Art,  
With Resolution joined, could play its part.  
Hadst thou led forth this Warrior at that tim  
Thou hadst been guilty of this very crime,  
Of joining nerves and sinew's to the Arm,  
Of those who sought this Nation so great harm.  
What strength's a number without discipline?  
And in what volumes more than this of thine?  
Happy we were in that Obscurity  
Of this thy Tract; but not that from the eye  
Of England's friends 'twas hid: might there have been,  
A view of it on this side of the Screen,  
What aid should we have had? yet fiercer blows  
To strike this Screen a side: we may suppose  
The Quarrel would have changed; who should see  
Elton's Compendium, have th' immunity,  
And franchize of its use, well we might  
Fight to enjoy, this that doth teach to fight.  
He that shall look on thy Conformities  
Of Ranks and Files, the several Dignities:  
How these composed as Members do complete,  
A Marshall-Body, fashions it so neat,  
As that each part is fixed in's proper place,  
And not Chaost together; but a face  
Of distance, orders seen; he would soon say  
The like's not not extant at this very day;  
And well may I found forth the very same,  
Who have beheld the book, to which the name  
Of Elton's set; It's for thy lasting praise  
Which will survive the ancientest of thy days;  
And for the honour of this Commonweal,  
That it hath bred one who by wound can heal,  
That's skilful to destroy, and thereby saves,  
Our life of Freedom, keep it from the Graves,  
The Enemies have digged; that its Memory  
(When therein laid) might not be seen in Story.  
I Face about thy Facing to behold;  
And face again, when once I do unfold  
The work of others, to thy gallant Mode,  
And there my thoughts do rally: for there is showed  
Such Wheelings, Doubling, Firing, that report,  
So loud the worth of no man in that sort.  
As these do thine: Thy File-experiments,  
Are pleasurable, and breeds discontents,  
In none, but those, who'd be superlative,  
In Martial Art: let them forbear to strive  
Thee to excel: For who can go beyond  
Perfection? thereat every man must stand  
And exercise his Genius got so far.  
Among the Planets let ●e fix this Star  
Of Military Art, and round about  
Twelve places Exercises: Then Mars look out  
With glorious Splendour, and in blood would wade,  
For to maintain the rest are retrograde.  
Ye men Strologicall, if ye would view,  
These Signs below, ye must speak it as true  
Astrology; that those above are bright,  
But Mars arrayed in these of greatest light;  
And wonder not to see a Man of War,  
Of so much beauty as to want a scar  
In Discipline; Order is the shield  
Keep off advantages, often win the Field  
As well as Valour: who can suffer rout  
That's on thy side? let him but face about  
That fears to be o'ercome, and well observe  
Thy Stations, Motions, eye where thy Reserve  
Doth stand, where Intervals are made  
Where Cannons play: and he may drive a Trade  
Of buying Courage; and by these Figures cast  
On which side Conquest will triumph at last.  
And if in Battle life is dispossessed  
Of its possession, (house of Clay the best)  
By entry of force, tenure arbitrary  
Thou hast Mars clothed in Sable Military;  
For to attend thy forced Funeral,  
This is the sequel of thy manly fall;  
Elton I'll leave thee at the very Grave,  
But living: and when dead thou wilt sure have  
Breath in the Body of this work, a Jail  
Unto posterity thy worth to sail.   
Colonel John Backsteed.   

An Ogdocostick on his much esteemed Friend the AUTHOR.  

BArriff did bravely, Barr●ff's dead, yet lives;  
His Worthful Work●, his Name a being gives.  
excelling Elton, this of th●ne is such,  
That after Ages shall applaud as much▪  
Thy fame; this thy Renowned Theory,  
Will teach a Practic, raise thy Memory  
When thou art dead, and lend thy Living Name  
A Room i'th' Golden Calendar of Fame.  
What thou hast here with Skilful Study done,  
I'●h Basis once by Barriff was begun,  
Only begun, he framed a Preparation.  
I saw it when it was in Agitation▪  
And surely had  this attained its Birth,  
Had not he been translated from the Earth.  
How new are thy Designs! How full of Worth?  
How well approved? with what Rare Art set forth?  
Th' Ingenious Reader that shall overlook,  
And view, with single-sighted Eye thy Book,  
Must say, that Writers all of th' Art of War,  
Of thee, both Foreign, and Domestic, far  
Come short. Well may that Body be complete,  
Where such a Genuine Genuis has his Seat.  
This Art thou hast compiled so exact,  
So gradually composed throughout thy Tract  
That well, the complete Body of that Art  
It's styled, where every Member, and each part  
Of all Three Books, in manner best refined,  
On him looks lovely, That to read's inclined.  
Far be it, o far from me, the thought to fl●ght  
Th' Offensive, or more just Defensive light.  
Bequeathed to us by Soldiers head, or hand,  
Though born with us, or sprang from Foreign land;  
Yea, or the knowing Skill of those that Thrive  
In Mars, his Methods, and do now Survive:  
I much commend them all, Praise worthy men:  
Yet thee extol must most of all my Pen.  
Plenty of Postures, and many Motions,  
Various Figures, and Delightful Notions,  
Of these large Volumes, I have seen; but who  
Such regimental Forms as thine can show?  
machivell, ●arkham, Hexham▪ Weymouth, Ward,  
Ael●●n, Bingham, Roberts, Cruso, Gerrard,  
And divers other, honoured Sons of War,  
Their famous, learned Tractates extant are;  
Where we may read rare Castrametations  
With deep Stratagemick Demonstrations  
Of the Persians, Thebans, and Athenians,  
Of Lacedaemon's, and ●ae●nians,  
With grave Grecian, and Italian Writers,  
Brave Roman, and Macedonian Fighters,  
Accomplished Achievements of Illyrians  
Actings of th' Asians, and Europaeans,  
models of Marching, and levying Forces,  
Encamping, Trailing, Drilling Discourses  
O● both English-and, Low-countries Spirits,  
Whose victorious valour, Honour merits;  
Bellona's Bleeding Battles, day and night  
Both Ancient and Modern I might recite,  
With Distances, Doubling, Wheeling, Face,  
And Front, Reer, Wings, Midst, and other placings:  
Though with Minerva, mighty Mars conspire,  
With their conjoined Cunning, Craft, and Ire,  
Where's thy Peer, Marshal, or Military,  
Private Practiser or Artillery?  
Thine Initiation, yet is fresh in Mind,  
When by thyself, thou were't at first Assigned  
For Christ-Church meeting, and entertained  
Friendly. Which is weekly still maintained.  
Thy little then, since so much acquired  
Knowledge of Arms, is far and near admired.  
What though the Ignoramus Doltishman  
Do scoff, or Momus spit what Spite he can,  
It matters not; here's no conceited froth,  
'tis solid Substance, and Experience both,  
True Discipline displayed no Painted Puff,  
No Empty, Imped, or Bombasted Stuffe.  
Heroics all that love the Warlike way,  
These Expert Exercises read, then say,  
Doubtless you will, for you shall find it true,  
Elton thou dost Excel, Elton Adieu.   
JOHN HAYNE. Sergeant Major.   

Ad amicum charissimum Richardum Elton, Subchiliarchum, in hoc suo opere praeclaro.  

MArtius hèu, nimium vere fuit Anglia Campus,  
Et non una, rubet, ferrallibus All●a fastis,  
Sic ut defleret nostros, vel Hibernia Casus.  
Decolor erubuit Thamesis, vitreosque cruore  
Mutavit fluctus, caruerunt arva Colonis;  
Non aliter Cadmi pubes, simul edita sulcis  
Emicuit, stringunt gladios & pectora ferro:  
Donec quae cunas dederat, dat terra sepulchrum.  
Ergò quid obductum jam recrudescere vulnus  
Quid malè sopitus juvat, hèu, renovare favillas  
Et licet infidum & fallax, turbare serenum.  
At non ista tibi mens est, qui nempè venena  
Describit, succos, & adhuc ignota novercis  
Gramina, non ideo facit, ut Locusta perita  
Disceret hinc stamen properatae obrumpere vitae  
Palmatas alii trabeas, sellasque curules,  
Electicandoris equos, & nominis arum  
Jactent, at noster, quanto praestantior Author  
Ipso victor ovans, ducit, de Marte triumphos  
Pila Latinorum cedant, Grajaeque Sarissae,  
Gesaque Gallorum, Rostrato Belga covino,  
Nec fidas, nec Maure tuis pharetratè sagittis,  
Exemplar petat hinc, ambit quicunque Trophaea.  
Non posthac dubiis, nutet victoria pennis  
Cui faveat, totus jactantior explicet alas  
Certa, ille, qui te sequiente, se addicere parti.   
Ovans. posuit & Composuit, Henricus Potter.   

Eidem Ejusdem.  

WHat make we thronging our Encomiums here  
Before thy Book, racking the Readers ea●e  
To gloss thy Work, for we can do no more,  
Let him read thee, read thy Polemic store  
There, he shall know thee better, than Poesy  
Can render thee, or the choicest fancy  
Reach too, though dropped from Homer's learned quill,  
Or thee by culminate Parnassus Hill.  
There, both the Scipioe's, were they here again  
Might discipline their valours, and their men  
Of War, by a new method teach to spare  
More, the Conquering Caesar now in War:  
There the bold Macedon might learn to gain  
An other World, and keep it with less pain  
Let Europe rise, and learn to war by thee,  
They'd make the World in time one Monarchy.  
If Poets, that the Acts of Heroes sing  
Be crowned with Bays, let them the Laurel bring  
And wreathe thy Temples; this thy Work will tell  
The World, Thou hast done best, though many well.    

To the worthy Author his honoured friend Serjeant Major Richard Elton.  

TO give thee praise according to thy skill,  
I want both Virgil's verse and Homer's quill.  
Experimental knowledge of thine art,  
Commands my Muse to sacrifice her part  
To thy Compendious Body: so complete,  
It may be termed a Lezbian squire's feat.  
Such sure defence was ne'er in Ajax shield,  
As Mars and Pallas met in elton's field.  
Heroic art, indeed, that doth unite  
In one, a number numberless to fight  
As if one hand did guide them all; nay more:  
Ne'er were such Principles in Print before.  
The mighty Whale hath not so nimble motion,  
As many smaller fishes in the Ocean:  
But many times would brush against a rock,  
And break himself in pieces by some knock:  
Were't not for th' little Musculus his friend,  
That swims before and safely him attends.  
A multitude that put on spear and shield,  
If want this Musculus must lose the field:  
But Musculus their friend, their eyes, their guide,  
Thou keep'st them safe, though rocks on every side:  
That show'st them Distances both broad and long,  
Face and Doubling in our English tongue.  
Thy Countermarches, and thy Wheelings are  
Fit for the mighty King of Swedens War.  
Thy experiments with single files descry;  
Mars and Minerva joined dexterously.  
But when thy many Maniples I see,  
Drawn from on Cohors, in thy four times three  
Composed Exercises, private Companies  
In regimental forms, placing Artilleries,  
Cannons both great and small; denominations,  
With the prime Artists of their several nations  
Duties how private Soldiers may excel,  
Though lain Perdu, or set as Sentinel.  
Minors and Majors too, done not refuse  
To learn your duties; oh! that 'twere in use  
Amongst all Soldiers: Lust should make no man bleed,  
Would day ne'er saw so tragical a deed.  
Variety of figures when we mark,  
The Roman writers surely were it'h dark.  
But thou enlightenest them and all the earth,  
By forming sundry Stars in this new birth.  
The Heathens God of War, which heretofore  
(How ere great Greece, and Rome did him adore.)  
But an apprentice was: so short of thee  
The master of their trade, and now made free.  
Fame blow aloud from every Marshal heart,  
Here's one impales a Kingdom; by his art  
Teacheth what's Modern, and of ancient days  
Make him a garland of your greenest Bays,  
Adorned with richest trophies: quickly too;  
For he deserves a deeper die then blue.  
Elton Telon thy name shall never die,  
'tis Anagramed in Soldier's memory.   
John Hind, Captain.   

In honorem RICHARDI ELTONIS.  

SI vir sit quisquam militaris, doctus, & acer,  
Hic ELTON certo carmina cerne mea.  
Qui res conjungit varias, concordia libri,  
Ut justo belli fulmine Turca fleat.  
Respice RICHARDI Xisti certamina belli  
ELTONIS; studio te colit, ornat, amat.  
Munera fac igitur capias haec fronte remissa  
Carmina, quin meritis inferiora tuis.   
Johannes Hinde Captain.   

To his Honoured Friend the worthy Author.  

AN Army without rule a tumult is,  
Great Powers have come to nought because of this.  
But (Friend) he'll see who doth thy labour read  
Confusion methodised, and ordered.  
And he that studies thee, in thee shall find  
A martial hand, ruled by a peaceful mind.  
Thy Book doth teach the use of Arms and then  
Thy example how to lay them down again.  
War is good Physic, but 'tis no good diet:  
'Tis the best art to study to be quiet.  
And in a safe wel-grounded peace to rest  
Of all the Postures in thy Book's the best.    

The good Centurion.  

THere is a Fort impregnable, a Tower  
Whose tops in Heaven; which neither force nor power  
Can scale or undermine, within's no guilt  
It's walled with brass, and on a Rock 'tis built:  
Time cannot starve, nor treason make it yield:  
Good conscience is a Feast, and Faith's a Shield.  
he's the best Soldier who hath learned this art  
To keep with diligence his life, his heart.   
William Clark Captain.   

For his intimate and worthy Friend the Author Major, Richard Elton.  

SHould Art with Valour strive, 'twere hard to say,  
Which of the twain should bear the bell away;  
But both conjoined succeeding consequence:  
Some makes discovery of either's Excellence  
Art undervalved: by power or will  
Craves valour; its assistant conforming still  
To Reason, Judgement, Experience, and Skill.   

Where Valour breaking forth, to its ut-most length  
Unfurnished of Judgement, Skill, or Strength:  
Is termed Fool-hardiness, and oft recants  
The lack of that which should supply its wants  
Thy Book my dearest Friend (both comprehends)  
Valour b'ing taught by Art, Art force extends  
To Reason, Judgement; and Heroic Ends.   

Lo, in one Volume, here thou dost explain  
What Germany, Italy, Netherlands or Spain  
Can render us; and to our doors hast brought  
What many thousands have so dear sought:  
Nay, without flattery thou dost outvie  
In this thy Body of thou'rt Military  
The exactest method, yet produced to th'eye,   

Not underval'ing those whose love and merit  
By private acts declare a public spirit;  
Whose study, charge, delight and industry  
Are the supporters of arms art, deny  
From whence as from the Ocean doth flow  
Those Rivulets that make us perfect grow  
In this rare art to encounter with the foe.   

Then ere I leave thee, give me leave to say  
To any he that shall thy book survey  
Love, Art and Valour; centre in thy breast  
Love, Art-commands; and art obeys Love's Hest:  
Valour attending both; who can deny  
But elton's Work may to posterity  
The name of Elton keep in memory.   Ex animo tuo, Armis & Artibus bellacibus, benecupiens utriusque Horti Stratiotici & Militaris Officialium unus, 
Johannes Hunnings.   

For his much respected Friend, and old fellow Soldier, Major RICHARD ELTON.  

ENcomiums cannot add unto the praise,  
Of those that much deserve, their Works will raise  
Themselves a Name, as this great Work of thine,  
(With no small pains) the which thou makest to shine,  
Renowned Elton; lo in thee I find  
Bellona's Casket opened, and the mind  
That Mars himself enjoyed, for what thou knowst  
That others may obtain; therefore let all  
Who do desire to learn Rules Martial  
Peruse this Complete body, where they'll find  
That which delights the Fancy, please the Mind  
In Face, Doubling, Wheeling, with their Distance  
Both Open, Close, to us, he gives assistance  
He doth direct new Figures for to raise  
(Preceding times knew not, but these our days)  
New Forms of Battle shown, with each their Firings  
With Rules to guide in Onsets and Retire:  
Thus have we Elton's skill here brought to light  
Which none can it obscure, no, not dark night  
Of Envies rage, can blur what he hath done,  
But he shall shine as glorious as the Sun.   
Thomas Walker Captain.   

To my honoured Friend, Major Richard Elton.  

YOur Book needs not my Plaudit, it to sell,  
It is enough if but your name it tell:  
Who sees its Front, and doth it understand,  
Must needs condemn himself or praise your hand.  
More could I say and would, but more to say  
Were to light candles to the Sunshine day:  
For such as read and do it not advance  
Of Envy do it or of Ignorance.   
John Brett Captain.   

To the Author his much valued Friend, Major Richard Elton.  

LEt them that undertake to praise a book,  
Not on the Title, but the matter look,  
To ground their judgement on: For to commend  
The Work, because th'Author is our Friend  
Is an obsequious flattery, and doth yield  
Some savour of the Court, none of the Field  
From depth of knowledge, then, we ought to raise  
The high expressions of deserved praise  
But then, with equal knowledge if we can  
Judge and declare the merits of a man,  
The envious will say, when we have shown  
The Author's worth, we publicate our own:  
But let those Momuses talk. This work of yours  
(Heroic ELTON) all assaults endures,  
And all convinceth of Detractions part;  
And shortly will the Ignorant convert;  
And make them Soldiers too: so sweet and plain  
Your Demonstrations are that they will gain  
Myriad of men now to bear arms, that bore  
Nothing but only shapes of men before  
Of Cockbrained Militasters store there are  
That do pretend skill in the book of War:  
Can Military Discipline express  
In words of art, and windy flourishes;  
Big looks and language louder than the Drum:  
As knowing more than your Compendium,  
When silly Vapours, they ne'er read or saw  
More than the Statutes of the Martial Law  
Such, now, must cast the feathers of their pride;  
And here (if docible) be edified  
Here's the true art of Arms. Jehovah grant  
That, as 'tis like we shall no Soldiers want  
The Practice of it only may extend  
To settle Right and Peace. That's Wars true end.   
Abraham Stanion Captain.   

To the worthy Author of the Art Military.  

'TWas said of old, that arms do silence Laws  
And learning, by their rude illiterate awes:  
The Proverb lies, for courting in one sheet,  
The Soldier and the Scholar here do ●eet;  
The Sword and Pen: Mars does himself commense  
Doctor of War; and does not more incense,  
Then teach to fight; and by his learned Bands  
An Areopagus midst of Athens stands;  
And by a new found happy union  
Parnassus, and the Campaigne are made one,  
Whence quickly tutored from that sacred Rise:  
The Soldier may descend and exercise.  
Till now we did but butcher Victories,  
And were but sloven Deaths-men; whilst our eyes  
Were wanting to our hands, we fell upon  
A Miscellaneous Execution:  
So that it grieved the slain, that they must die  
Without a method, and disorderly:  
But now we have attained the handsome skill,  
By order, method, and by rule to kill;  
From which we own the beauties of our death,  
The features of our wounds to you, whose breath  
Form into this, your polemic word:  
Makes you th' Amanuens●s of the Sword.  
And as when Cadmus Serpent's teeth did sow,  
A crop of armed men from thence did grow:  
So from this learned issue of your brains  
We may behold to spring: well ordered Trains  
Of exact Myrmidons: and as at the sound  
Of Orpheus' harp, all the unwieldy round  
Of Lions, Bears, and Tygors, learned to meet  
Well ordered measures with obedient feet;  
Such is your book, at whose most sober word  
The hand, the foot, the Musket, Pike, and sword:  
Those liveless lumps of steel, do act, and use  
Obediently the Motions you infuse.  
We read the Persian chivalry was such,  
As teaches Elephants in a slender touch;  
Of bridling art, most orderly to storm  
Liking their strength: like bears into a form.  
So the rude multitude, whose strength would be  
A ruin to themselves, through Anarchy,  
Bad Masters, but good servants are made good  
By you, most regularly to let blood.  
Orders the soul of things: then soldiers are  
The body; but your book the soul of War.  
Mars thus conjoined with Phoebus (some may fear) Hor. mil. Menc.  
(Sans Thunderbolts) will transcend Jupiter.   
Sam. Jervis Captain.   

To my Ingenious Friend, Major RICHARD ELTON.  

RIch Gems best praise Themselves; 'tis understood  
The Bush is useless where the Wine is good.  
How do they err, who with their loser Rhyme  
Profane thy Prose, and with the adulterate Lime  
Of wit erect, some Parapet, or Port  
To raise their Fancy equal to Thy Fort.  
This Crime's collateral mine; who strive to raise  
And mix my Ivy with thy glorious Bays  
Whose Branches in thy learned Book do spread  
Themselves in Garlands to impale Thine Head.  
How dared I then draw one Excentrique Line  
Or thus Entrench upon this Work of Thine?  
This Work of Thine; whose well composed Page  
Shall strike amazement in the emulous Age  
Such as their Captive judgements shall surprise  
And force their ears do Homage to their eyes.  
Imperious Style! which can at once advance  
Our towering thoughts; and strike them in a Trance.  
How happily hast Thou Improved thy Parts  
Who art Proficient both in Arms and Arts!  
Mars and Minerva who are counted two  
Divided essences both join in You,  
Whiles Practic and the Theoric Arts appear  
In You their Centre, and their proper Sphere.  
But stay! Thy Praise (Dear Friend) needs here no more  
Than Gold in Peru, or a Map on shore.  
They that would know thee better, let 'em look  
Upon these Leaves, and read Thee in Thy Book.   
William Short Captain.   

To his ever honoured Friend, Major RICHARD ELTON.  

MAny have fancied to themselves, that this  
Is the World's leaden age, and think it is  
Far worse with all men's wits, then with the time  
That they live in, but clearly from this crime  
Thou hast redeemed us, no man ever writ  
Better of Martial Discipline, for it  
Thou rightly hast displayed, in th' Complete Body  
Of th' famous and renowned Art Military.  
Here did I find, that which did please me better,  
Then could another Indie's, every letter  
To me's an Orient Pearl, and all thy words  
Are silver Mines, in short thy book affords  
So vast a treasure, that I dare foretell,  
It will long flourish without parallel.   

The postures of the Pike and Musket, thou  
Dost teach with their conformities, and how  
The dignities of Ranks and Files, must be  
Stated, in giving each his due, degree  
Of Martial Honour, with their several Motions  
As Face, Doubling, Wheeling, and acquaint Notions  
Of Firings, who ever yet did see  
Such Motions (ELTON) as are done by thee   

It caused my admiration when I found,  
How thy luxuriant wit, disdaining bound,  
Did vary its Experiments, upon  
A single File, hence I went viewing on  
To thy twelve Exercises, thy setting forth  
The drawing up of Reg'ments, (a thing of worth  
Near to be rightly valued) forming Brigades,  
Placing artillery, with other aides  
To Martial Discipline, but here's too much  
To outvie all our ancients had but such  
Brave rules been taught Achilles, sure less far  
Then twice five years had ended the Trojan War.   
William Johnson Captain.   

To his much honoured and ever renowned Friend Richard Elton, Sergeant Major.  

Anagram 

RICHARDUS ELTON,  
I HELD ARTS CROUN.    
Distic. 

To honour Art, and eke my Name renown,  
Mars condescends to say, I held Arts Croun.     

Acrostichon.  

Rich in thy Art, brave ELTON, lo thy Fame  
Is crowned above to eternize thy Name:  
Can this thy Work be carped at? let none  
Have such a Thought; ('tis Momus carps alone:)  
Away, away, let Silence be the word,  
Read, ere thou censure; this Work doth afford  
Delight and Skill even to the knowingst men,  
Unto the weaker sort, lo here thy Pen  
Such Rules lays down, in Battle, and Retreat,  
Each one is made (as this thy work) complete.  
Leave then thy Work with us; now thou hast done:  
The Fame thereof doth crown thee Mars his Son.  
Of all that merit worth, o● Art would gain,  
None holds the Crown, but Elton, by his pain.   
John Walker Lieutenant.    

To his much honoured friend Serjeant Major Richard Elton.  

IF Author's ancient, and of modern days,  
Justly by us deserved have much praise,  
Who of the Military art have writ;  
And for to honour them it was thought fit.  
Then much more thou (brave Elton) who hast shown,  
Such skill in these thy labours; as yet none  
e'er saw before: for hereby men may learn,  
A skilful Artist, rightly to discern:  
Here thou hast taught us how to use alike,  
The Postures of the Musket and the Pike:  
How every man his place may truly know,  
And how of Files a Body great doth grow.  
But why do I endeavour for to show,  
Thy worth, my pen to do it is too slow:  
I only can admire thee, and will leave it,  
To some brave English Homer's pens to do it.  
Then Fame by them, thy glory loud shall raise,  
And trumpet out thy just deserved praise,  
That so the World, may at no time forgit,  
How by thy worth thou hast advantaged it.   
Richard Hobby.   

On the COMPLETE BODY of the ART MILITARY: composed by my Good Friend Major RICHARD ELTON.  

I Was no Poet born; nor ere could mount  
the Muse's sacred Hill; or reach their Fount,  
o swoop thereof: and come a Poet thence.  
Prithee, my Genius then, tell me, from whence  
is it, I have this my new whiffling Gale  
for Meterizing? it is hence? men fail 
* Seldom have Archetypes of this Nature been perused by any, but who have been impulsed to put to their Approbationall, or Commendatory Verses. Witness the Books of Sir Thomas Kelly, Ward, Barriff, and not a few more.   
seldom of such a Trade-winde, when they pass  
the Point of Mars ' is, or, Bellona's place?  
Or, can't one tho he would, endight so nigh  

(a) Files called by Grecians, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; by Romans, VERSUS. Possibly from an old fashion of Writing, the Words of a Verse (not to the side of, but) under one another.  Martial Verses, but he shall versify?   

The Influence came from that pure breath that bid  
thee write; and, from the fertile blasts that did  
blow from that Quarter of the World, where those  
of Good Deserts, are Honoured, not with Prose:  
burr measured, scanned lines; and, Voices that  
can tune it, and their Numbers modulate.  
Where it is held a crime, to talk about  
Meriting Works, and not to Rhyme-it-out.  
'Tis thence, Go forward now, and Warble forth  
this Book's rich Contents: and therein it's worth.   

The Pike's, and Musket's Postures, with their 
(b) How much, concerning the right Handling & true Use of (that famously successful engine for Arrows) the Bow, was laid-down in that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, spoken of 2 Sam. 11. 18, I ken not. But, Bows and Arrows would be of special Service in the hands of our merely defensive Picquiers. For, by these Feathery weapons they might annoy those, who by fiery ones (too oft directing destructive Bullets against subjective Stands) have shamefully laid low abundance of Proper-men. And I remember, I have read (in the Book called London's Artillery) of some fights, where Archers have put Gun men to flight  Use:  
and necessary Motions which conduce  
as Media's to attain them: Those Ways best,  
most ready, safe, short, easy, comeliest.  

(c) A Metonymy so generally approved, that the Name Picquiers (or, Pike-men) is rarely heard given to them: though those who carry Muskets, are commonly called Mousquettiers.  The Pikes, and Musketeers conformity  
in Posturing. Places of Dignity,  
ordained so, that all the parts are decked  
with men of equal worth, and like respect.  
And to en-body them; the joining Files  
flank-wise, (effecting Ranks) the Band compiles.   

Due Distances, whereby just PARALLEL  
Rank keeps to Rank, and File to File: as well  
when they do , Close, Move; as when they Stand,  
and save their Evenning, straightening Post-command. 
* I speak freely. To bid the Company, after every Motion, to even Ranks, and straighten Files, speaks no less than the Commander extreme fond: Or, them very untoward. Me thinks, they are Shameing-words.   
Faceing no more, nor fewer than you see  
th' in-ner, and out-ter Sides, and Angles be.  
Lengthening, or Strengthening Doubling Files, or Ranks;  
Battle, Front, Reer, both; one, or both the Flanks.  

(d) We read of (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Saltatio Pyrrhica) A Dance in order of Battle, taught by Pyrrhus to his Soldiers (Plin. lib. 2. cap. 16.) Without doubt the Motions were not unlike those at the Coraean, Laconic, Macedonian Evolutions. Yet, I can't but think that in those days they were more nimble at them than in these; and did them Galiard-like, frollickly. From the Noise (which durante motione, their Arms made;) the Dance was epitheted Bellicrepa.  Daunce-like Countermarches. Wheelings 
(e) Wheelings are the most Nice Motions of all; and (if they may be so expressed) Solicitous Coagitations. That Angular-man who is as the Hinge of the Motion, moving so much slower than the other (Corner) end of the same Rank (to which, he ever-and-anon casts an eye) as it hath a larger compass to fetch, than he; The intermediat men being in like manner obsequious; And the Followers (in Files) accurately paceing after their Leaders.  precise.  
Fierings that SERVE to MASTER Enemies.   

Practise on Single Files: and bodied  
four several Numbers, each is three times Led.  
The Drawingup, and Exercising due  
to Regiments. The Forming Brigades too,  
and Armies: Placing their Artillery.  
Duties of all the Private Soldiery,  
and Officers to Colonels. The Charge  
of Military Watches: and, their large  
Commission. Then, to order Companies,  
and Regiments at Funeral Obsequies.   

These all are but the Heads (of such things, as  
our Major ELTON in his Volume, has  
Completely Bodied:) sent to invite  
(like Writs of Cheer) a Soldier's appetite,  
to a large Banquet; where, thou mayst suffice  
thy greatest Lust after such Exercise:  
Where all the Flowers of other Gardens, Fields,  
and Meadows, are; and, that whereby it yields  
a Perfect Florilegium of the Art  
unto our view, He doth the Rest impart.   

This he hath done. But, what shall we repay  
him for it? will th' ingenuous Grandees say.  
And (troth) what ere was given heretofore  
to Tactick Writers, is his due. and more.  
Tho I can pay but Love; And this alone,  
In writing of Wars Art, th' hast 
(f) The Emperor LEO, & King PYRRHUS. and Claudius ELIANUS (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) and a great many more than many great men more, did write hereof.  KINGLY done.  
And wrote of what resembles in its guise  
the various actings in men's various 
(g) The l●fe of man is (somewhere) called a Warfare upon earth. A Christians, is so. 1 Tim. 1. 18. & Epist. 2. cap. 2. ver. 4. And in his Good Fight (1 Tim. VI 12. & Ep. 2. cap. 1111. V 7.) he hath our JESUS (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) both for his Leader, & Bringer-up (as we are encouragingly minded of) Hebr. XII. 2. His Soldierlike Watch is hinted, Ephes. VI 16.  Lives.  
And we do find, that (in their several Spheres)  

(h) GOD is named a Man of War, Exod. XV. 3. And Numb. XXI. 14. is mentioned a Book of the Wars of the LORD, which is lost, but the Divine Ones we have speak much of HIS Militia.  God, 
(i) Christ we have ●ideing in the Head of the Cavalry in Heaven, Rev. XIX. 11. etc. and making War.  Christ, 
(k) Saints warring, and prevailed against, Dan. VII. 21. but overcoming, Rev. XII. 11.  Saints, 
(l) Angel's Hosts we read of Gen. XXXI 1. 2. Dan. 1. 11. 35. further, compare Revel. XII. 7. with Job. XXV. 2.  Angels, 
(m) Stars in their Roads, are said to have fought against Sisera, Judge v. 20. And they are often called the HOST of Heaven.  Stars are Warriors.   

And (nearer,) Abram had his 
(n) 
Disciplined, or, Exercised (habraicè 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) Gen. XIV. 14. So that Military Discipline, and Martial Exercises were used Multitude of Ages before the times of or the Roman, or the Grecian Empire. And it's like enough, Abram himself had been these men 's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
But, wherefore (I pray) did he Arm these, rather than the rest? save, because Taught Soldiers prevail (by God's Blessing) over the rude. And more Victories have been got by the Warrior's Skill, than by Strength of men. And (it's of ordinary observation, that) as the Discipline of any Nation failed: So, their height came down.   TRAINED - men  
whom (after he had Armed) he Led-forth, when  
he did pursue, then Camisado those  
whose taking Lot, rendered them abram's 
(o) As they are called V 20. And it's worth Noting, that this Fighter is forthwith met, and blest by (Melchizedec, who's also Melchisalem) the King of Righteousness, and King of Peace. Pax bello quaeritur, etc.  Fees.  
And David had among 
(p) 1 Chron. XII. 23. etc.  the heads that came  
to him at Hebron, Men of Skill to Frame,  
Range, Draw-forth battles, Order them in fights:  
Or, (to be sure) t' expertly keep such rights.  
And 
(q) 11 Chron. XXVI. 11.  King Uzziah's fighting-host was Led  
to War by BANDS, as they were Mustered.   

And, blessed Israel's Hosts, the Nations dread  
(who were God's Armies: HE, their Army's 
(r) Captain, 1 Chron. XIII. 12.  Head,  
in 'speciall manner: And (as HE saw't right)  
did fight their Battles: and, they 
(s) 1 Sam. XXV. 28.  His did fight)  
these (I say) were by GOD from Sinai told  

(t) 
Numb. 11. and X. (I, and their Leaguers, and Stratagems too, Josh. VI 2. & VIII. 2. were Ordered by that Great 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Maestro del Campo, or, Major General JEHOVAH) The Figure of their Camp (which is worthily commended, Numb. XXIIII. 5, 6.) was not one Oblong, or Equilateral Square, caused by the Tertia's of Reubens tetrarchy (Num. XXIII. 10.) on the South Side, and of Dans, on the North's; Ranging FILEWISE to become so the Right, and Left Flanks: But, was made by Ruben's, and Dan's Squadron's, moving outwards entire, to clear of the (Rear) Angles of Judah's Standing-Camp. (For, the Tribes under these regimental Standards (And, every Tribe, called here, an Host, or Army, had th' Ensign of the Family, or of their Father's House; and the Levites too had their Stondards) did pitch, not one after, but, one by another 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vers. 12, 27. and each Battalion was to be a far off the Tabernacle, V 2.) and Ephraim's Camp ranging in the Rear directly behind Judah's in the Front. The Levites were circumjected thus. On the South, the Cohathites: On the North, the Merarites: On the West, the Gershonites: (And, on the East (the Face, and Entry to the Tabernacle) MOSES, with Altar▪ and his Sons) near the Tabernacle, which was in the very midst of the Camps.  
Their Marching Order, was a Deep-H●rse, produced from the former, by moving away (1) the Front (which was followed by the Tabernacle, and its Ministers, the Gershonites, and Merarites. (2) the Right-Flank (immediately before the Sanctuary, the Cohathites bearing it) (3) the Rear. (4) their Lest-Flank (thus becoming, dureing the March, their Reerward, Verse 25.) When they Lodged again, they were Reduced by the Van's making Alt, etc.   what Marching, and Encamping form to hold  
throughout the Wilderness, as well as there  

(u) Before the Mount, Exod. XIX. 2. their Figure was Lunar, or, a Concave, halfmoon (like that described, Apoc. 1111) See. V 12, 23 Deut. XX. read 1 Sam. XXX. 25.  before the Monte (w) What Orders, Laws of War,  
t' Observe: And, 
(x) Numb. X. read 2 Sam. 2. 23.  on what Sounds of Trumpet make  
Assemblies; Or, their Marching-journey take.   

Sure, in most Holy Writ, we find this Art's  
laid-down before us, in the Whole, and Parts  
thereof: It 
(y) Jer. XIII. 21. Esay. 11. 4. hence the Expressions in 1 Chron. v. 18. and Cant. 111. 8.  Taught, and Learned, and Practised  
by God's own People. And, it may be said,  
The Postures of the Arms in those times held  

(z) Take the Texts together. I may not dilate, and perticularize the Poshires spoke of Ezech. XXXIX. 3. Jer. XlVI. 3, 9 Psal. XI. 2. Lam. 111. 12. Jer. l. 42. Esay v. 28. lXVI. 19 XXII. 6. Ezec. XXVI. 8. & XXIII. 24. 1 Chro. XII. 8, 24. VIII. 40. X. 3. 11 Chro. XIIII. 8. Zech. IX. 13. Psal. lXXVIII. 9 Amos 11. 15.  (of Bow & Arrow; Buckler, Lance; Spear, Sheild.)  

(a) Neh. VII. 7. Ezech. XXXII. 2. Jer. XXXVI 1. 13. 11 King. IX. 17.  Watches and Wards. 
(b) Deut. XXXIII. 17. Numb. XXXI. 14. 1 Sam. VIII. 12. Exod. XVIII. 21.  Armies of Myriad,  
Reg'ments of Thousands, Bands of Hundereds,  
Fifties; Files of ten. 
(c) 11 Chron. XIII. 3. 1 King. XX. 14.  Closeing Hosts for fight,  
And— what I have not room to write.   
PTRPRY.   

THE COMPLETE BODY OF THE ART MILITARY:  

The First Book.  

CHAP. I. A discourse of the Postures, and the handling of Arms.  
HE that will be a complete Soldier, must first begin to learn the use of his Arms, laying that down in his thoughts for his first foundation. But this hath been the neglect of many in our times, who have strived to know high thoughts in the Art Military, before they can well perform their Postures. Therefore, my advice shall be unto all such that desire to thrive in this Art, that they will not soar too high; but first learn the A, B, C, thereof, after which they may proceed by degrees to pronounce to the Soldier with boldness their proficiency therein. He therefore that with safety, ease, and delight desireth to handle his Arms, must set ti●es apart frequently to practise himself therein. And here I cannot but much blame the Officers of our Trained Bands in London, of two great neglect:: the first, in making men File-leaders either out of respect, or favour they bear unto them; or else because one man hath a better Buf-coat than another: I speak not this to encourage any man to come slovenly habited when he shall march forth with his Captain, but rather advise all Soldiers to fit themselves with the best array they can, and could wish all the Sergeants in drawing up their Files, to pitch upon such Gentlemen to be File-leaders, as may take charge of his File, and shall be able, willing, and ready upon all convenient times, to instruct and teach his File in all their Postures, and neat handling of their Arms, which if carefully observed, they would reap the benefit of much ease to themselves and the private Soldiers: readiness in the performance of the Postures would much redound ro the honour of the Captain that shall lead them. But for the farther satisfaction of the ingenious Soldier that shall inquire what Posture is, I shall briefly resolve them thus.  
Posture, as I conceive, is a garb or figure that a man stands in, in the handling of his 
What Posture is.  Arms; which he useth for the better grace and becoming of them.  
There are several motions belonging to each Posture, which some call Postures, but they much deceive themselves, as shall appear clearly unto them (by the survey) as they shall be set down in order. And first, we will begin to set down the Postures of the Pike.   

CHAP. II. Several reasons why the Pike is the more honourable Arms.  
FIrst I shall begin to set down the postures of the Pike, before the postures of the Musket, for these reasons following, as conceiving: First, They are the more honourable Arms, in respect the Colours flying upon the head of them, and upon the drawing up of the Company there is the most properest place for the Captain to be, either upon a Stand or upon a March, provided he have ground sufficient to March them all a breast. If upon a Stand the Captain shall have occasion to engage against an Enemy, thither his Officers may repair unto him upon the head of the Pikes, there to receive directions. And if the Captain shall cause the Sergeants to draw off part or all the Musketeers from the Body of Pikes to fire against the enemy, the Gentlemen of the Pikes in the mean time stands undauntedly to undergo all the cruel shot of the Cannon from the contrary part for to preserve their Colours, who are likewise a place of Randezvous for the Musketeers to repair unto when they shall retreat from fight. Farther, it hath been the ambition of many Gentlemen, both in Holland, France, and in these our late unhappy Wars in England, to trail Pikes with several Commanders whom they shall think fit. And lastly, to conclude all, that the Pike is the more honourable Arms, it is so in respect of its antiquity, for there hath been the use of the Pike and Spear, many hundred years before there was any knowledge of the Musket, as in many Histories you shall find. And so for present, I will conclude this discourse of the Pike, desiring the Musketeers to have a favourable censure of me: for I intent not by it to persuade all Soldiers to the handling of the Pike, and none to be Musketeers, for that cannot be, I should rather advise all Captains that have occasion to raise their Companies to have two thirds of Musketeers, and but one of Pikes: that is to say, if they should have 18 Files, to cause twelve of them to carry Muskets, and the other six Files Pikes. And in my judgement they shall perform the better service unto any Nation where they shall be employed; and I shall farther desire the Soldiers (especially those that be of low stature) to handle and take delight in the use of the Musket; for it is an exceeding great honour to him so to handle his Musket, as that he doth it with ease and in a comely manner, and he that shall become expert therein; I have often observed this commendation to follow him, by the report of others; Such a one is a good Muskettier, and an able Soldier; concluding thereby, he that will take the pains to be a good Muskettier certainly cannot be idle, but hath gained something more to make him capable of such praise. To conclude, I shall desire the Gentlemen of the Pikes, and the Gentlemen of the Musketeers to go hand in hand in love like dear brothers, and neither of them to envy each other, and in so doing, God will give a blessing to all their undertake. But now, fearing I have dwelled too long upon this discourse of the Arms, I shall next proceed to set down, first the postures of the Pike, than the postures of the Musket, with all the words of command tending to their Motions, after collect them in order in a brief way, and then set forth unto you the equality of number that the one Arms hath with the other, in the postures as followeth.   

CHAP. III. The Postures of the Pike.  
THE Pike lying on the ground, the first word of command will be, stand to your Arms.  


Handle your Pike  
Raise up your Pike   to your 

Open Order,  
Order,  
Close Order.    
Charge with the But end of the Pike, at the inside of the right foot, your Pike in the left hand, drawing your Sword over your left arm.  
Charge to the 

Front  
Right Flank,  
Left Flank,  
Reer,   Order your Pikes, and put up your Swords.  
This way of charging to the Horse, I have set down, as being practised sometimes amongst us in our private meetings, but I conceive it to be of little use to receive a desperate charge of the Horse, for by these charges the Soldiers are in so lame and weak a posture, that the Horse cannot choose if they come on with a full career, but bear the Pikes and Pike-men down to the ground: Therefore in my opinion the best way of opposing the Horse charge is that which we learned of our ever honoured Captain, Major Henry Tillier, in the Military Garden; which was, Files closing to the midst to their closest Order, insomuch that there was not above half a foot interval of ground between File and File, the Pikes Porting, and after closing their Ranks forwards so close, that they locked themselves one within another, and then charged on. Which in my judgement is so secure a way from routing, that it is impossible for any Body of Horse to enter therein: and farther, to my best remembrance, I never could meet with any Soldier that hath been abroad upon any service that ever saw any charging of the Pikes at the Foot, therefore I will further proceed.  
From Order 

Advance, Your Pike.  
Shoulder, Your Pike.  
Port, Your Pike.  
Comport, Your Pike.  
Cheek, Your Pike.  
Trail, Your Pike.   Order as you were.  
From your Order charge to the 

Front,  
Right,  
Left,  
Rear,   Order as you were.  
Advance your Pike. 

Shoulder Your Pike.  
Port Your Pike.  
Comport Your Pike.  
Cheek Your Pike.  
Trail Your Pike.   Advance as you were.  
From your Advance charge to the 

Front,  
Right,  
Left,  
Reer,   Advance as you were.  
Shoulder your Pike. 

Port Your Pike,  
Comport Your Pike,  
Cheek Your Pike,  
Trail. Your Pike,   Shoulder as you were.  
From the Shoulder charge to the 

Front,  
Right,  
Left,  
Rear,   Shoulder as you were.  


Port your Pikes,  
Comport your Pikes,   

Cheek your Pikes  
Trail your Pikes   Comport as you were  
From the Comport Charge to the 

Front,  
Right,  
Left,  
Reer,   Comport as you were.  
Cheek your Pikes. Trail your Pikes, Cheek as you were.  
From the Cheek charge to the 

Front,  
Right,  
Left,  
Reer,   Cheek as you were.  
Trail your Pikes, from your Trail charge to the 

Front,  
Right,  
Left,  
Reer.   Trail as you were.  

Order your Pikes,  
Lay down your Pikes.   
Here is to be observed by this Method an endeavouring to perform all the postures of the Pike, from each particular posture, only shortening it by degrees, leaving out what was before commanded until we come unto the Trail. Yet notwithstanding I spared not the charges, but have shown them from every posture, in their due order. Next followeth the postures of the Musket, wherein, in answerableness to the Pike, I shall lay them down in full, and afterwards contract them in a shorter way.   

CHAP. IU. The Postures of the Musket.  
THE Musket lying on the ground, the first word of command will be, as to the Pike.  

Stand to your Arms,  
Take up your Bandiliers,  
Put on your B●ndilieres.  
Take up your Rest,  
Put the string of your Rest about your left wrist.   

Take up your Match,  
Place your Match,  
Take up your Musket,  
Rest your Musket.   
Here the Soldier may perform the Saluting Posture, if he shall find any occasion so to do, for the honouring of his friend, or any Gentleman of worth.  

Poise your Musket,  
Shoulder your Musket,   

Un-shoulder your Musket and Poise,  
Join your Rest to the outside of your Musket.   

Open your pan.  
Clear your pan.  
Prime your pan.  
Shut your pan.   

Cast off your lose Corns,  
Blow off your lose corns, and bring about your Musket to the left side.   

Trail your Rest,  
Balance your Musket in your left hand.   

Find out your Charge,  
Open your Charge,  
Charge with powder.   

Draw forth your Scouringstick,  
Turn and shorten him to an Inch.   
Charge with Bullet.  

Put your Scouringstick into your Musket  
Ram home your Charge.   

Withdraw your Scouringstick,  
Turn, and shorten him to a handful,  
Return your Scouringstick.   

Bring forward your Musket and Rest,  
Poise your Musket & recover your Rest.  
Join your Rest to the outside of your Musket.   

Draw forth your Match,  
Blow your Coal.   

Cock Your Match.  
Fit Your Match.   

Guard your Pan,  
Blow the ashes from your Coal.   

Open your Pan,  
Present upon your Rest,  
Give fire breast high.   

Dismount your Musket, joining the Rest to the outside of your Musket.  
Un-cock, and return your Match.   

Clear your Pan,  
Shut your Pan.   

Poise your Musket,  
Rest your Musket.   

Take your Musket off the Rest, and set the Butt end to the ground,  
Lay down your Musket,  
Lay down your Match.   

Take your Rest into your right hand, clearing the string from your left wrist,  
Lay down your Rest.   

Take off your Bandiliers.  
Lay down your Bandiliers.   
Here endeth the Postures of the Musket, from the taking of them up from the ground, to make ready, and the proceeding in them to the laying of them down again. Now if the Soldier will take his Rest into his right hand, for to be a support and help to him in his march, he must observe the following words of command.  

Lay your right hand upon the Butt end of your Musket,  
Lay your left arm over your Musket. 
The Musket being shouldered, you may proceed in these words of command, to recover the Rest into the right hand.    

Shift your match between the fingers of your right hand.  
Take your Rest into your right hand, clearing the string from your left wrist.   

Return your match, and take your Rest into your right hand, 'twill cause  
you to be in a fit capacity for to march.    

CHAP. V The Postures and charges of the Pike, to be performed in a shorter way, all things acted in order, and nothing done twice.  
THE Pike lying on the ground, the first word of Command will be,  

Stand to your Arms,  
Handle your Arms.   

Raise up your Pikes to your open Order,  
Raise up your Pikes to your Order,  
Raise up your Pikes to your close Order.   
From your close Order charge to the Horse. 

Front  
Right  
Left  
Rear   Recover your Pikes, and put up your Swords,  


Advance your Pikes,  
Port your Pikes,   Charge to the Front.  

Shoulder your Pikes, Charge to the right.  
Comport your Pikes, Charge to the left.   


Cheek your Pikes,  
Trail your Pikes,   Charge to the Rear.  
After lay the narrow end of the Pike to the ground, face about to the left to your first Front, and move forward with the Butt end of your Pike on your right side in your Funeral Posture. After face about to the right, raise up your Pike, face then again to your first Front, you may lay down the Pike to the ground and march from your Arms, having ended all the Postures and Charges in their due courses. And here Fellow Soldier, whoever thou art, thou mayst perceive that there are no more than eight Postures of the Pike, and four Charges, that is to say, to the Front, Reer, and both Flanks. There are some would fain have another Posture added to these, which they call the Lazy Posture, which sometimes I have perceived upon a stand, that then the Pikeman let's slip his Pike from the shoulder, until the Butt end rest upon the ground, then laying his right arm over it, he stands in an ill-favoured lazit way. Such Postures as these are not fit to be ranged among the former; but rather to be condemned, in regard the Soldier will be apt enough to find out such Postures as these of himself, if not prevented by the discretion of the careful Officers; for upon a stand the Soldier's properest Posture is to Order his Pike. And thus much in brief concerning the Postures of the Pike.   

CHAP. VI The Postures of the Musket collected in a brief way.  
ACcording to my former promise I shall endeavour to give the best satisfaction I can to the Musketeers, as well as to the Pikes, that there is an answerableness of number in the proper Postures of the Musket to them of the Pike: and they are eight (as I conceive) and may be proceeded on in order from the taking up, to the laying down of the Musket, and nothing acted twice: the words of command for the Postures followeth,  
The Musket lying on the ground, the words of command will be as afore.  

Stand to your Arms,  
Handle your Arms.   
Now you are to take notice that in taking up the Bandiliers, putting them on, taking up the Rest, putting the string about the left wrist, the taking up of the Match, placing of it, the taking up of the Musket, these, or the like are no Postures, but motions to the first Posture. Therefore I will proceed upon them all in order as they lie, leaving out the words of command tending to the Motions.  

1 Order your Musket,  
2 Rest your Musket,  
3 Poise your Musket,  
4 Shoulder your Musket,  
5 Balance your Musket and Rest on the right with the barrel upwards,  
6 Trail your Rest, and balance your Musket on the left side with the barrel downwards,  
7 Recover your Musket, and perform your Sentinel Posture.  
8 From this perform your Funeral Posture.   
This being ended, a man may recover his Musket, and Rest, that knows how to perform this last Posture, without bringing him again upon the Rest, and may lay down his Arms again, observing the former Rule, where the Pestures of the Musket are set down at large.   

CHAP. VII. There is also a conformity of Posture with the Musket, to those of the Pike, and Words of Command to be given, as may in many things be received by both Arms.  
THe Musket and Pike lying on the ground, these words of Command may properly be employed to both; That is to say,  

Stand to your Arms.  
Handle your Arms.   
The Butt-end of the Musket standing, or resting on the ground, at the out side of the right foot, is conformable to the Pike ordered.  
The Musket poised; to the Pike advanced.  
The Musket shouldered; to the Pike shouldered.  
The Musket porting; to the Pike porting.  
The Musket reversed; (as in the Funeral Posture) to the Pike trailing.  
The Musket rested, to the Pike cheeked; which is his proper Sentinel Posture.  
The Musket presented; to the Pike charged.  
As for the Motions of Posture, which conduce to the lading, and priming of the Musket, as to cast about, trail, recover, and the like, they are all included in that general Word of Command, properly to the Musketeers belonging, which is to make ready.  
Now, me thinks, I hear some ingenious Soldier begin to ask me, what are the the use of these Postures so fully laid down by you? To whom I shall be so courteous, as to satisfy them, according to my former Method, beginning with the Pike, as followeth.   

CHAP. VIII. The use of the Postures of the Pike.  
THe Pike being ordered is the proper Posture of a Soldier upon a stand, which he 
The use of Ordering the Pike.  ought ever to mind upon any such occasion, so to make use of it. And I have likewise seen in many places, in the day time, this Posture to be used by the Soldier standing Sentinel.  
The Pike advanced, is useful for the Soldier upon a Troop, when they are to march 
The use of advancing the Pike.  swiftly, either for the relieving of some Court of Guard, or to repair to their place of Randezvous, or upon some sudden approaching to an Enemy, to make a Charge: for than he will be in a fit capacity to clap down quickly his Pike, upon the breast of the Enemy. It is likewise very useful in the time of excercise: to the half-files, and bringers up, upon any doubling to the Front, for than they are always to be advanced, in respect of a longer march in their doublings, than those that double Ranks and Files; but having doubled, they must always conform in Posture to the part doubled.  
The use of Porting was invented for the ease of the Rear half-Files, upon a Charge; for the Front half-Files are only for to charge; the Rear haf Files in the mean time are to 
The use of Porting.  port. It is likewise very useful at such times when the Soldiers are marching through a Gate, or Sally-Port; from whence I conceive it doth derive its name porting.  
The use of shouldering the Pike, is only properest upon the March, and in some kind very useful upon a Stand in time of Fight; provided they are at convenient distance from 
The use of Shouldering.  the Enemy. For it much preserveth the Pikes, and Pikemen, from the danger of the shot, the bullets then gliding off from their Arms; which if they stood at such times, either ordered, or advanced; the bullets would make such a clattering amongst the Pikes, that what with breaking of them, and the shivers flying from them, may much endanger the Soldiers which shall carry them.  
The comporting of the Pike is only useful to the Soldier marching up a hill, for if then 
The use of Comporting.  he should be shoudered, the Butt-end of the Pike would always be touching of the ground, to hinder him in his March; and much endanger his fellow-soldiers that shall come after him. Neither can he march advanced; for if there should be any wind, it would be ready to blow him down. Therefore as above, that which is most commodious for the Soldiers marching up a hill, is to comport his Pike.  
The trailing of the Pike is seldom used, but when the Soldier shall march strait 
The use of Trailing.  forward through a Wood, the File-leader before he enters in, trails his Pike, and consequently all the rest in his File: then stooping down, they take up the Butt-end of their Leaders Pikes, which they may easily gripe with their own in their right hands, and after march forward through the bustling leaves in a strait line, every file single by himself, but as near each other as possible they can march for more security sake; that when they are clear, they may find each other, and be in a condition to rally up again, as occasion shall require. The trailing of the Pike, may also be of excellent use in a Trench, that at such time when they shall have intelligence, where the Enemy are preparing to make a Breach, they may then move forwards unto that place undiscovered, and may defend the same.  
The cheeking of the Pike, is the proper Sentinel posture, and then to be used. 
The use of Cheeking.    

CHAP. IX. The use of the Postures of the Musket.  
I Conceive it will not be material to go over every posture of the Musket, to describe the use of them, in respect the greater part of them hath conformity to the Pike. Those that shall remain, and of the chiefest consequence, I shall not be wanting to satisfy the Soldier in.  
The balancing the Musket, and Rest, on the right side with the Barrel upward is one 
The use of balancing the Musket on the right side.  of the chiefest Postures belonging to the Musket; from thence he gins to make ready, as to open, clear, and prime the pan, all being motions to this Posture.  
To trail the Rest, and Balance, the Musket on the left side, with the barrel downward, 
The use of balancing the Musket on the left side.  is a Posture likewise of as great consequence; for there are several motions, belonging also to this Posture, as to find out the charge, to open it, to charge with powder, to take bullet out of the bag and to charge with bullet, with divers other motions before you can recover your Musket and Rest again.  

How a Musketier shall perform the Sentinel Posture.  
THe Sentinel Posture is to be performed after this manner; first, the Musket is to be laded with powder, and bullet, afterwards he is to cock his match, and to stand with his pan guarded, his Musket being upon the Rest, untillsuch time that he is relieved; but as concerning him, I shall more fully set forth his duty, treating upon the duty of the Sentinel.    

CHAP. X. The manner and way to do the Funeral Posture.  
NExt followeth to show how to do the Funeral Posture; the properest and the best way to begin this Posture, is when the Musket is rested, and is to be performed after this manner. You must first slip up you your Musket upon the Rest, so high, until the Fork of the Rest be within a handful of the cock; after you must bring your right hand under the barrel of the Musket, close to the Fork of the Rest, and then lift him off and after cast your Rest backward, trailing him on the left side, and bring your Musket under your left arm, with the barrel downwards, bearing the Butt-end upward, with your two fore-fingers, and your thumb, holding off the pan, and that with the left hand. Now if you begin to be weary in the March, by reason of the weight of the Musket; you may to ease yourself, bring your right hand backward, and there take hold of the Musket, keeping still your left hand in its first place, until you shall reduce him to the Rest again.  

The reducement of the Musket from the Funeral Posture.  
FIrst, raise up your Musket a little, with your two fingers, & thumb, of the left hand, as you formerly held him, then turn the Musket until you perceive the barrel to be upward; after lay your right hand upon the barrel, much about the lazy ●in, and then taking him, bring him up forward on the outside of the Rest, recover your Rest, fall back with the right leg, you may with ease bring your Musket again upon the Rest as at first. This Posture being so seldom used, makes the Soldier much to seek in performance of the same; but he that takes pleasure in handling of the Musket, and shall exercise himself therein, cannot choose but find it very easy, and much delightful to him. And I know no Posture more becoming a Muskettier than this, if it be neat, and well performed by him. And here I shall conclude, and end discoursing of the Postures.    

CHAP. XI. The Soldiers desire to know every particular place of Dignity, as they stand in Rank and File.  
THe Soldier now having obtained some pretty knowledge, skill, and ready aptness in the managing and performing the Postures, gins to look about himself, what next is needful for to fasten upon, to make a further progress in this Art And strait he meets with some that whispers to him, that it were a gallant thing to know the Dignity of a File, true and rightly stated; to which he answers, but where can it be found, the opinions of Soldiers are so various, and differing therein, that none knows where for to attain it. My Captain's eye (saith he) is upon me, because I do the Postures well, which causeth the Sergeants to make me a File-leader, and that I know to be the chiefest, and first place of Honour in the File, the second place to be the Bringer up, the third, the half File leader: the fourth, the Bringer up of the Front half-Files. Thus far, no Soldier of any known judgement can deny; but now a days our Files being drawn up six deep, makes me altogether ignorant of the honour of the Rest; Neither know I the Dignity of a File eight, or ten deep, which still in some places they do retain, drawing them up so deep. If my ambition were but now fully satisfied herein, I should in time come for to know the Dignity of the Captains, as they are drawn up all in a Regiment; by which Rule, I am informed they walk. And in my judgement, there cannot be a truer stating the Dignity of a Rank and File, then that which shall conform to the Dignities of the Captains, as they are drawn up a Breast all in a Regiment. Now, for as much, as many Regiments, consist of several Numbers of Captains, and Companies in them; as some six Companies, others eight; some greater, as ten, and twelve Companies. It is expedient therefore not only for myself, but for every Soldier that will be truly knowing to be resolved herein concerning those several numbers, and as occasion shall alter to any other; they may inform themselves by these how to fit their purpose. And therefore, not to keep the apt and forward Soldier longer in suspense, but that he may proceed, I shall amongst the rest, declare my thoughts therein, and set it forth unto their view, everhoping from my fellow-soldiers a favourable censure of my good meaning to them, and to my Country, for to employ that little talon, which lately my endeavours hath obtained to do them service. And shall forthwith set down unto them four Tables of Dignity, both of Ranks, and Files, which shall be first of twelve a Breast, and twelve deep. Secondly, ten a Breast, and ten deep. Thirdly, eight a Breast, and eight deep. And lastly, six a Breast, and six deep; wherein every ingenious Soldier shall easily know his particular place of honour and dignity, both in Rank and File, wherein he stands.  
The Table being thus set forth unto the Soldier's view, as is before express, methinks, I hear some say: Sir, we like the drawing forth and the manner of your Table very well, we see clearly there the particular places how every man stands in his dignity both in Rank and File according to your several Figures; but we beseech you, Sir, be so favourable as to make us understand it by a farther demonstration of the same, and be pleased out of your courteous nature to explain yourself a little farther therein; and to afford us some reasons to confirm and back the same, that it may clearly appear to our judgements the truth thereof, and that we may sit down and rest ourselves with fullest satisfaction therein. To Answer, me thinks, it should be strange to make denial here to the modest desire of any ingenious Soldier, and clear repugnant to my wont custom; and therefore without any more delay, I shall farther let them know.   military diagram  

CHAP. XII. Reasons for the places of dignity both in Rank and File, for the first four in a File eight deep.  
THat which gives most life for the true explaining of the former table is, to show the several places of honour and dignity of the Captains, how they are drawn up a breast all in a Regiment. Be pleased therefore to go along with me, and you shall understand that the Colonel hath the first place of honour, as being Commander in chief, whose Company stands upon the right, which makes the figure (1) The second place of honour in the Regiment is the Lieutenant Colonel, whose Company is drawn up upon the left, as being the outmost there, and is described by the figure (2) The third place of honour is the Major's Company, which is drawn up upon the right of the left half Ranks, whose place is described by the figure (3) The fourth place of honour is the eldest Captains Company; which is drawn up upon the left of the right half Ranks, and is set forth by the figure (4) And now we have proceeded thus far, we will make Alt and begin to examine whether we have rightly hitherto proceeded, or no, therefore, for the more clearing and understanding herein, you must take notice it is the discretion of every knowing Commander so to aim and state his Battle, as that he makes his Front equivalent in worth, strength, and dignity to that of the Rear, and with equal proportion of number, and in like manner so to order his right half Ranks as that they may carry an equal balance in worth, number and dignity with the left half Ranks. Now therefore to begin to make some trial or experiment herein by examining the first worth with the fourth, and that will make the number (5) and then put to trial the second worth and third, and you shall easily discern it to carry the same proportion of number. So that it may appear clearly in the judgement of any discreet Soldier a true and equal proportion, the Front with the Rear, the right half Ranks suitable to the left half Ranks, and that both in number, honour and dignity.  
Having thus far entered into the discourse, it remains to describe and show the reasons of the other four of their places and dignity as they stand.   

CHAP XIII. Reasons of the place of the second four as they stand in Rank and File, the File being eight deep.  
NOw for the further resolution herein, there is to be taken notice of, that the general drawing up of Regiments, when they consist of so few Companies as 8, 6, or 7, is commonly in two grand Divisions, that is to say, two bodies or two stands of Pikes, which are flanked with Musketeers. Therefore you may observe the discretion of the Major who commonly is appointed to draw up the Regiments, doth so order the places of the Captains, that they may aptly fall into their due places of Honour, upon a stand and upon a march; and doth so order their Dignities as before is expressed, as to make both the Front, Reer, right and left half Ranks, equal in Number, Strength, and Dignity. And, therefore, he draws up the third and fourth Captain between the Colonels Company and the eldest Captain, which makes their number (13:) and in like manner he draws the second Captain, and the youngest Captain between the Lieutenant Colonels Company and the Majors, whose number likewise carries equal proportion to be (13.) Now if you please to examine the whole number of the right half Ranks, and that makes (18:) maketriall likewise of the left half Ranks, in casting up of his account; and you shall find the same proportion of number as is clearly set forth within the Table, both of Ranks and Files, for as the honour of every Soldier stands in the Rank, you will find the same to stand so in the File.   

CHAP. XIV. Other Reasons to clear it further to the Soldier.  
TO give you farther satisfaction, and Reasons for the placing of the second four, in respect it is contrary to the Rule and Judgement of some Soldiers: therefore farther observe with me this; When a Regiment is drawn up in the true Order of a regimental way; there is as before expressed, two Bodies, or Stands of Pikes, slanked with Musketeers; and it is the Office of every Major to give forth in writing notes of paper unto every Captain, and Lieutenant, where their place shall be upon a Stand, and where upon a March, that he may with more readiness know where to lead, and where to fall in, or to bring up, as occasion shall require. Now, for as much, that it hath been the practice here in England, and in most Countries also besides, as I have been informed by very able knowing Soldiers; that the first place of Honour that is appointed out unto the Captains, is first unto the eldest; who always leads the Colonels Colours, or first grand Division of Pikes, which is the greatest Honour that can be appointed out unto the Captains, and therefore most properest and due to him as being . If so, as that it is then generally granted, that the leading of the Colonels Colours, or the first Body, or Stand of Pikes in the Colonels Grand Division, is the first and chiefest place of Honour amongst the Captains; Why then, certainly, I must conclude the second Captain, which carries the Number (5) would be infinitely wronged, and injured, if he were denied, and not brought into the left half Ranks, for there he aptly stands to fall in, to lead the Lieutenant Colonels Colours, or the second Body, or Stand of Pikes, which is the second place of Honour. Now having resolved, that it is clearly the due, and Right for the second Captain's place, to lead the second Body of Pikes; we must then of necessity, bring in the youngest Captain into the left half Ranks likewise; who carries the Number (8) and that will make up an equal proportion, as before expressed to the third and fourth Captains; carrying with them the figures (6 and 7) which are drawn up in the right half Rank.   

CHAP. XV. Reasons given for the last Table of every particular Place of Honour, and Dignity, as they stand.  
I Conceive, what formerly hath been expressed of the middle Table, may give full resolution of the particular places of Honour, and Dignity, as they stand both in Rank and File. It further now remains to speak somewhat of the rest, and therefore, I shall go downward, clearing still the first four places of Honour, which being rightly nuderstood, the rest will naturally fall into the capacity of any ingenious Soldier. Therefore further pray observe with me this again in examining of the suitableness, and equal proportion of Worth, and number of the first and fourth Worth, carrying unto that of the second and third. And thus far you may rest, and satisfy yourself therein. We have therefore now no more to place, and settle, but the fifth, and sixth Worth, and then our work in this Table will be quickly finished. Therefore of necessity, as formerly expressed, we must bring in the fifth Worth, into the left half Ranks, as being the second Captain; whose proper place as I said before, is to lead the Lieutenant Colonels Colours, or the second Body, or Stand of Pikes. He being there thus fixed, we have no more to place, but the sixth Worth, which is the last, or youngest Captain; and we have no other place to bring him in, but between the first and fourth Worth, or if you will have it more clear, between the Colonel, and eldest Captain. But, here by the way, I am like to meet with some Objector, that will say, Sir, What's become of your equal proportion here? Your right half Ranks, with your left, as you have so formerly stated them; your right half Ranks carrieth, or exceedeth one more in number then your left half Ranks doth; and where we find the greater number, we must conclude the lesser dignity, and if so, Why do you not rather contrive it on the left, then upon the right? To which I answer first, that in raising up of Companies into a Regiment, those that are the Field Officers by right should have the most men, and greater Companies, than the private Captains have; therefore if you will observe in the stating of this Dignity of a Rank six a Breast, you will find in the left half Rank, two Field Officers, whose Companies are the greater than any private Captains; certainly, they must needs countervail with any number of men with the right half Ranks, for although the Colonels Company is, or aught ever to be the greatest, yet there is no more Field Officers, but himself in his Division. And again, secondly, where there cannot be an equal dividing of number, (as here you will find it of six a Breast, or six depth) but that there will fall out some odd, either on the right half Ranks, or on the left, and likewise the same either in the Front half Files, or Rear-half - Files, as by example in the trial you will easily find, by casting up the whole number, as they stand a Breast, and they will fall out to be (21:) divide this number into two parts, and you cannot but must cast the odd either on the right, or on the left. Therefore, to conclude, since that there is a great possibility that there will be an equality of number of men in the left half Ranks, suitable to that of the right, where there shall fall out an odd number, that you cannot cast it into the left half Ranks, but that you must remove the fifth Worth; in this extremity I say you may not do it, but rather place it on the right. For the Major having no certain place to march in a Regiment, it is the proper place of the second Captain to walk along with the Lieutenant Colonel, taking his due place of honour in his division, as the first shall do by marching with his Colonel; and thus much shall suffice to be spoken of the last Table.   

CHAP. XVI. Reason's likewise to be given for the Table, 12 a Breast, and 12 deep.  
FOr as much as formerly hath been spoken, that it is the discretion of every Commander so to order his men, as to make an equal balance throughout the battle, that his Front carry with it an equal proportion of Worth, Number, and Dignity; with that of the Rear: and likewise so to steer, and order his right half Rank, or right Flank, suitable with that of the left. The next way then to receive further satisfaction herein, is by an examination thereof as it lies, and is set open to view.   military diagram 
Compare now the Worth and Diginity of the right half Ranks, and you shall quickl● perceive to carry a like proportion of number and worth with the left. To make it ● little more clear unto those that shall desire to be more satisfied herein, you may take notice, and observe a true qualification throughout the whole Rank. As first, begin with the Colonel, who is the best and chiefest man of honour in the Regiment, and next to him is placed the ninth or youngest Captain▪ to qualify his dignity and make his number (13,) the Lieutenant Colonel being the second man of honour, hath placed to him the eighth, which qualifies him in like manner to the Colonel, and makes his number (13.) Next come we to the Major, and next to him is placed the seventh Captain, which makes him suitable with the rest in his figure and qualification, and to bear the number (13.) After we are to speak of the eldest Captain, who hath the sixth Captain joined unto him, and makes his number (13.) And so comparing all the rest, dividing them by two's, they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
Thus much, I conceive, may give a right understanding to any coming on Soldier, of the true and right stating of a Rank twelve abrest, being a thing very needful for to know, in respect that there are many Regiments which do consist of twelve Companies; and when in course; as in the sequel of this Book, when as I shall show the manner of drawing up of twelve Companies; there will a little more light appear unto them to their farther knowledge of the same. But thus much for the present, as concerning a Rank twelve a breast; and now I shall come to speak or to touch a little of a Rank ten a breast, and a File ten deep.   

CHAP. XVII. Brief reasons to be given of the Dignity of places of a Rank ten a breast, and of a File ten deep.  
WHat hath been formerly declared concerning a Rank twelve a breast as before shown by every particular place of honour, as they stand with the reasons for the same, it may give a clear understanding by the same rule to find the Dignity of places ten a breast. For walking by the same way and rule of examination, and you will find them to carry by dividing by two's, being added to the four first places of honour, and they will carry suitable proportions, as underneath is set forth.   military diagram 
But for as much that in this Range of ten a breast there will fall out some odd, we must then of necessity sake, place it upon the right, and not on the left, for the reasons as formerly for a File six deep declared. I might now here conclude with other flourishing Tables which might be little profitable unto the Soldier, though holding out discourse more fuller in an Arithmetical way. But I have no desire to fill this subject with plenty of unprofitable words and frothy flourishes, but rather driving really in a Soldierly way, to make all things both plain and easy to every courteous Reader that shallbe pleased for to peruse the same. And therefore, here for present, I shall conclude, what more might here be spoken by dignities of Ronks and Files, leaving what shall remain until such time in course I shall again meet with them by the way in drawing up of Regiments.   

CHAP. XVIII. What Distance is, and the reasons for the first beginning of the same, with all their several uses.  
HAving thus now passed over several reasons, and with as much brevity as I could, to satisfy the longing desire of the young Soldier's request of every particular place of honour as they stand in dignity both in Rank and File: Which being passed over, the next will follow by course, before we come to join the Files into a Body to satisfy the Soldier of each particular distance with the several reasons and uses of the same: for next to the Postures it is the first thing, or part of the Military exercise; and most necessary for the Soldier to be knowing in, and to be exercised in. Yet I must confess no Commander is so tied up or limited in the exercising of his men at all times to begin with Distances, first, so as to show them all throughout; but nevertheless, in all and every one of the Motions in the exercising of a Body, care must be taken that the Soldier have his proper Distance for performance of the same. Neither can any Leader exercise his men, but first he must command them to some Distance suitable to what he will begin. As some I have seen begin their Exercises with Faceing, some other with Doubling; others with Countermarches and with Wheelings. Yet, nevertheless, whoever they be that will so begin, as I said before, must command his Soldiers to some Distance, which may be proper for● the same. But for my own part, my purpose is to go throughout all parts of the Military Exercise of Foot, and therefore will go on in order as they lie; and first, as most properest, I shall begin with Distances, to show them all throughout, and what the nature of them be.  
Distance therefore really considered in itself, is no Motion, but there are several motions to the attaining of each particular Distance both in length and depth. Therefore, briefly thus: Distance is a place or interval of ground between every particular File and File, and betwixt every Rank and Rank as they stand, and attained by the several motions of Ranks and Files, and consisting of several proportions of ground, as easily may be understood by their several words of command as they follow.   

CHAP. XIX. The several sorts of Distances which are fit and proper for the Soldier to be exercised in.  


CLosest Order,  
Close Order,  
Order,  
Open Order,  
Double Distance,  
Twice double Distance,   Which is both in Rank and File 

Half a foot,  
One foot and a half,  
Three foot,  
Six foot,  
Twelve foot,  
Twenty four foot.    
Having thus set down every Distance with their several proportions of ground, I shall next proceed unto the words of command to the opening of the Ranks and Files from their closest Order, and after satisfy the Soldier with the reasons, and the uses of every particular Distance, as they go along in order.   

CHAP. XX. Words of Command for the opening of Ranks and Files to all their Distances, with their closings again.  
THe Commander craving silence, and that they be commanded to close Ranks and Files to their closest Order, the words of command for Distances are as followeth.  


Files open to the right to your close Order,  
Ranks open backward to your close Order,   

Files open to the left to your Order,  
Ranks open backward to your Order,   

Files open to the right and left to your open Order,  
Ranks open backward to your open Order,   

Files open to the left to your double Distance,  
Ranks open backward to your double Distance,   

Files open from the midst to twice double Distance.  
Ranks open backward to twice double Distance.    
The Ranks and Files being thus opened unto their twice double Distance from their closest order, I conceive it to be a more Soldierly like way in the opening and closing of Files, that the discretion of the Commander do vary, and alter the hand in the commanding of them then always from every Distance to tie himself to any particular hand; as to open to the right, and close to the right. But as concerning the opening of Ranks, the properest way in my judgement is to open them always to the Rear, in respect it is performed with more facility: For every Rank from the first takes his due Distance, as he is commanded, without any further trouble, or to a half facing to the right, by taking it from the Rear, if from that place they shall be opened; and so likewise it were a great deal better in the closing of Ranks, to close them forwards, in respect it is for the more coveniency of their closing, then to the Rear. For then, again, they must perform a half facing, which is not only handsome, but troublesome to the Soldier. All that can be said for to maintain it, (as, I conceive, in opening Ranks, forwards) is because they have not room in the Rear, which seldom happens so in any Exercise, if discreetly ordered by him that leads them. As for closing of the Ranks backwards, I cannot conceive any solid reasons to confirm the same, and therefore will pass over it, and come to close our Ranks and Files, to such Distance, from whence they first were opened.  


Files close to the right and left, inward to double distance.  
Ranks close forwards, to double distance.   

Files close to the right to your open Order.  
Ranks close forwards to your open Order.   

Files close into the midst to your Order.  
Ranks close forwards to your Order.   

Files close to the left to your close Order.  
Ranks close forwards to your close Order.   

Files close to the right to your closest Order.  
Ranks close forwards to your closest Order.    
Concerning the Words of Command for Distances, in the openings and closings of Ranks, and Files, what before is set down, may be sufficient for any Soldier to use in time of his exercise. But now it will be expected to give some reasons for every one of these, to show them in their proper uses.   

CHAP. XXI. The use of each particular Distance, and at what time to be used.  
WHerefore, first note, that your Distance of closest Order, is of chiefest use unto the Pike, in these particulars; as first, charging against the Horse, for that the Ranks then clapping in their left legs, behind their Leaders right, locking themselves so firm and steadfast, one within another, which 'twere impossible for any Body of Horse to enter in amongst them. Secondly, it is of excellent use for to maintain a breach, and to keep out an Enemy. Thirdly, it is very useful to both arms at such time, when a Commander hath any thing of consequence to discover unto his Company, which he may have many occasions so to do; as before his Exercise, to advise them to silence, to observe their words of command, and their directions; and when they are to fight against an Enemy, to persuade, and keep them off from fear, by assuring them good reasons of hopes of overcoming. These, or such like speeches, manytimes a Captain may have just occasion to express himself unto his Company, and being at so close a Distance, they may more aptly hear his words, and obey his Commands. But here now, by the way, too much preaching upon the head of a Company concerning matters of Exercise, is too much a dulling of the Soldier, who rather would fall into action, than so to be confounded with much talking.  
Close order may be of very good use also, for most things which hath been spoken of the closest order; only here the Soldier hath a little more liberty in the handling of his arms, by being at a wider Distance. This Distance also is of good use, before wheelings, because many times upon their moving, they are apt to fly out to their proper Distance of order, which they always should be at in their wheelings, where note, if first they were at order, they would fly out to wider Distance.  
Order is the Distance which the Soldier doth fight upon, and is to be used skirmishing against an Enemy; it is also useful at such time, when the Drum shall beat a Troop, and that the Soldiers are marching to relieve some Court of Guard, or making some expedition against an Enemy, for than they are in a fit capacity of Distance, for to fight. It is also very useful, and to be observed upon face, for all entire doublings, and for wheelings; Order likewise in File, and open order in Rank, is to be used at such time when the Drum, shall beat a march, and the Body upon their moving, or marching.  
Open order is the Distance proper for all doublings of Ranks and Files, by the half - Files or by the Bringers up, wherein they have interval of ground, sufficient to move in. It is also a very proper Distance for face, and ever to be observed in time of Countermarches  
It is the properest distance for the Ranks to be in upon a March, but the Files are then, to be at order, as is before expressed.  
The use of double Distance is to be observed at such times when the Soldiers shall stand, or happen to be in some eminent danger of the Cannon shot, from the Enemy; for standing then so thin, they may be much preserved from danger; it is likewise very good for Inversion, and Conversion.  
You may take notice of these brief directions, in openings of Ranks and Files, when the Files are commanded to open to the right, the left hand File stands, and all the Files take their Distance from the left, observing always in the Motions of Files, their Leaders, and to move altogether along with them. If it be an opening of Files to the left, then contrary ways, the right hand File stands, and they take their Distance from the right. So likewise for closings unto what hand soever they be commanded to close, the out-most File is to stand, the rest are to move and close to that. In opening or closing of Ranks, the first Rank is always to stand, the rest are to move either opening or closing, according as is commanded, always observing in their motions their right-hand-men, and moving altogether.   

CHAP. XXII. Directions of the way and manner of drawing up a private Company.  
THe Postures being formerly described forth, the diginity of places in a File, and words of Command made known unto the Soldier for their several Distances. It next followeth to show the joining of Files, and drawing up a Company; where first pray mind at such times when the Drums are beating about the Quarters, and in several places makes Proclamation, (as by order from their Captain,) for all Gentlemen Soldiers that are under his Command, to repair unto his Randezvous, unto such a place, and at such an hour; than it must be the immediate care of every Officer under his Command, punctually at that hour and place, thither to repair, for the more encouraging of the Soldiers as they shall come in, and not to stir themselves from thence, without some order from their Captain, for fear of giving bad examples unto others. And when they shall perceive some considerable number of men to come in, the Sergeants than may take advice with their Lieutenant and Ensign, which of them they will appoint out to draw forth the Musketeers, and which the Pikes, and whom they shall make the right hand File-leader of the Musketeers, and who shall be the left; and again, who shall be the Leader of the right hand File of Pikes, and who shall be the left. For these four, being such remarkable places of Honour unto the knowing Soldier, that special care must be had in placing deserving men, to be there. Now it is, or aught to be the discretion of every Lieutenant, and Ensign, (as being Commission-Officers) to resolve the Sergeants herein, that they may with more alacrity go on to draw the rest up between; and so to order unto each of them their particular duties, as to carry equal pains in drawing forth the Files. Therefore in respect, that for the most part in every Company, they have three Sergeants, two of them ought to take charge in drawing forth the Musketeers, (being help● by the advice of their Lieutenant,) and the other to draw forth the Files of Pikes, being assisted in Counsel by their Ensign: for at such times the Officers ought not to be idle and to stand gazing upon each other, but every one according to his particular place and relation, should be very active and assisting to each other. In the drawing up the Company, the properest way will be then, as you may understand, in perfecting up a Company, to draw them forth into Files, and to make them six deep; as being our custom here in England, and farther to have care in choosing able Soldiers to be File-leaders, who having spent some time and pains in their Files in showing them their Postures, they may be called to join into a Body.  
For farther direction herein unto the Sergeants (whose proper place it doth belong unto) to observe this order in drawing up their Files, that they may engross the Pikes into one Body by themselves and the Musketeers into another, and not to flank the Pikes until such time they shall perceive that in both Arms they are complete. There are likewise several places of honour that the Sergeants ought to take notice of, and to be informed of placing of man of worth and desert in both Arms, that is to say, in the Body of Pikes, and of the Musketeers, which underneath by figures I shall set forth for farther satisfaction therein.   military diagram 
Here I have set down the manner how the Sergeants should draw up their Files in each arms a part by themselves, and have figured forth unto them the four chief places of honour in both arms. It concerns them therefore very much to mind and have regard to these particular places, and to order such men of worth there, which may be well deserving of the same, and those Gentlemen whom they shall think fit after to be worthy of File-leaders places, they are to draw them up between the figure (1) and the figure (4,) and between the figure (3) and the figure (2) and that rule to observe in both arms, and to be careful to place good Soldiers in the Rear, and such who may be able Soldiers for Halfe-file-leaders, because there may be much occasion by doublings to bring them up for to assist the Front.  
Thus much, I do confess, may be sufficient forth present to give directions to the Sergeants for drawing up the Files and joining them together. Next after I have shown how to flank their Pikes with Musketeers, I will set forth unto them and the Drums, where their places are upon a stand, and where to be upon a march.  
Next followeth to flank the stand of Pikes with the Musketeers; command the Gentlemen of the Pikes to face to the right, and left half-ranks of Musketeers to Face to the left, and then to march and interchange ground, facing after to their leaders, and closing Files inward to order, they will stand as underneath is set forth.   military diagram 
If it should happen as sometimes it doth, for a Company to be very large, as in a Colonels, why then they may have just cause to have four Sergeants as I have thus placed them. But here again it will be expected of divers Soldiers to show some reasons for the placing of the Sergeants being thus drawn up and upon a stand, which I shall endeavour fully for to do, after I have set down where their places are upon the march. Now before we shall come to treat of the Company upon their long march, the Captain perceiving for his most conveniency of marching in the street or in a lane, that it will be convenient to divide his Musketeers into equal divisions for their march, and therefore, according to this number here set down; they may be divided into four divisions, that is to say, two to march in the Van and two in the Rear, and two divisions of Pikes. But before they are moving, it is the Sergeants duty to come unto the Captain, to be informed from him where their proper places are to march, and what divisions each of them shall lead, and likewise so the Drums, to know their places where to beat upon the march. To answer to them all in the first place, the Captain ought to give directions to his youngest Sergeant to lead the second division of Musketeers in the Van; the first division of Pikes being led by the ●nsigne, he commands the second for to be led by his second Sergeant, and after orders or appoints the eldest Sergeant to lead the first division of Musketeers of the Rearguard, and the third Sergeant to lead the last division of Musketeers, the Lieutenant bringing up the Rear and Drums commanded to fall in behind the two first Ranks of each division, and to beat between the second Rank and fourth.  
Having thus stated to them all their proper places, next it will be convenient for the Captain to command them to shoulder their Arms, both Pikes and Musketeers, and the Officers and Drums taking all their places as before directed, they may begin to move and draw forth into a long March as followeth.   military diagram  

CHAP. XXIII. Several reasons given for the placing of the Sergeants after this manner:  
WHen a Body is drawn up in manner as before expressed; the Captain being Commander in chief, his discretion is to balance the Officers as near as he can with equal dignity and worth, his Front proportionally with the Rear. To which purpose he takes unto himself the youngest Sergeant, and places him on the right Angle in the Front, whereby he may be there ready to march down into the Body or elsewhere, according unto the discretion of the Captain to fulfil his commands, as also to stand there as a Spectator of the Captain's actions, and an assistant which may be much improvement to him. And in like manner he commands the third Sergeant to the left Angle in the Rear; as being the second youngest, and may be a help unto his Lieutenant there, as the fourth is to him in the Front. The eldest Sergeant, he order to the left Angle, in the Front, as being the most honourable place for him, being there ready to lead upon a march the Van of the Rearguard; & the second Sergeant he is appointed to stand on the right Angle of the Rear, to make them equal in dignity unto the Front. Now if you please to examine the dignity of the Sergeants, in the first place, as the first Sergeant, and the fourth, making the number (5) and after take a view of the second place, or Rear, and there you shall observe that the second Sergeant, and third, may every way balance themselves, to be equivalent in the worth, with the first, and fourth, carrying with them a like the same number. So that it is clearly evident, that the Sergeants are rightly stated in number, and dignity, the Front proportionably with the Rear, in the judgement of any knowing Soldier. Something more may be spoken of the second Sergeants place, which you may take notice in his March, to lead the second Division of Pikes, which is the most honourablest place of leading, that is appointed forth unto the Sergeants, the first only excepted, and upon a Stand, when they shall lead up their Divisions, every Sergeant is to be take him unto his place, as they were at first placed, and to continue there until such time they shall receive further order from their Captain. Thus much, I conceive, may give satisfaction unto the discreet Soldier, in these particulars, leaving them liberty to judge according unto their own best thoughts, while we endeavour to draw up our Divisions all a Breast again, and to make some description of a Body.  
The Captain upon his March having attained some convenient place to draw up his Company, makes Alt, and commands the Sergeants to lead up their Divisions, upon the left, and causes the Musketeers to open from the Pikes, making sufficient intervals for the Drums, to beat two a Breast, even with the Front, the first two between the right hand File leader of Pikes, and the Musketeers upon the right, the second two Drums doing the like, upon the left. And always the Captain ought to march his Company after this manner all a Breast, provide he have ground sufficient for the same. And being far more graceful so to do, then to march them straggling upon a long March, for it doth represent in some kind the manner of marching of a Regiment, and at such times the Sergeants are to march upon the Angles as is before described, moving to and again, sometimes upon the Flanks, and causing the Soldiers to keep their Distance of order in File, and open order in Rank, and to march all even a Breast, and after to return again unto their places.   

CHAP. XXIV. Before I come to make description of a Body, I shall show some further Reasons of the Sergeants places of lesser Companies, with the placing of the Drums.  
IT happens many times, some Companies falls not out so large, as is before forth, and that they have but three Sergeants, and therefore it would be known, when that they have but one Division of Musketeers in the Van, two Divisions of Pikes, and one Division of Musketeers, in the Rear, which is the Rearguard, where then the placing of these three Sergeants, and three Drums, shall be upon their long March, and where to be marching all a Breast. To which, I answer, in the first place, the youngest Sergeant is always to attend the Captain, and having no Division to lead, he is to be upon the right Angle of the Front, there expecting his Captain's pleasure and commands; and the second Sergeant is to lead the second Division of Pikes, and the eldest Sergeant to lead the last Division of Musketeers, or the Rear Guard, here are their places upon the long March.  
But when they are drawn up, and so march even a Breast, the youngest Sergeants place, as is before expressed, is to march upon the right Angle in the Front, and the eldest upon the left, the second Sergeant is to march in the right Angle in the Rear. They having their places thus stated, are to move sometimes up and down upon the Flanks, in their marching, causing the Soldiers to keep their due distance of order in File, and open order in Rank, and to march even a Breast, and after they may return unto their places again.  
But here, me thinks, I meet with some Objector by the way, who saith, the eldest is much wronged herein; for that it is his proper place to be upon the right; that when Forlorns are drawn off against an Enemy, he is there ready first to lead them on, claiming it as his due, to give the first onset, and therefore far more honour for him to be on the right, then on the left, and the youngest Sergeant, rather to be placed on the left, then on the right; as for the second Sergeants place, 'tis fit he should be in the Rear, to assist the Lieutenant there, he having none but he, to help him, if any occasion should require. To which, I answer, that it is the youngest Sergeants place to be upon the right Angle, either upon a Stand, or upon a March, and not the eldest; for these reasons following. The youngest Sergeant is not placed there for any honour that it is to him, for he hath no Division at all to lead upon the March, (except the Company be very great) and if so, he is placed so near the Captain, to be serviceable to him to carry, and convey his pleasures unto all the rest of the Officers. As for the leading of the Vanguard, upon the March, the Captain takes that place unto himself; and it is far more honour unto the eldest Sergeant to be a Leader of the Rearguard, or entirely the left - Flank, then to lead a Sub-division of Pikes. And besides that, it is properest for his place to be upon the left, when they are all drawn up upon a Breast, for these two reasons; as first, he is there upon in a readiness, to take his due place, upon the sub-dividing on the long March; and again; upon a Stand, when they are all drawn up, and ready to engage against an Enemy, and the Forlorns to be drawn forth, equally a like from both Flanks, he is then as ready in the Front to execute his Captain's Commands, the youngest Sergeant, being likewise sent to be something helpful to him, and attending after for further order from his Captain, to send him relief by the second Sergeant, as occasion shall require. So that in my judgement, take it either upon the long March, or others, when drawn all up even a Breast, all things are so stated, for his due honour and place, that he hath no reason to complain, nor any of the rest, having all their due, and proper places, which doth belong unto them.  
As for the placing of the Drums, upon the long arch, Mevery Division ought to have his Drum to fall between such Ranks, as before expressed; excepting only the second Division of Pikes, which may be excused, when they are to beat a March, as being all drawn up, they are to fall in two, to beat even a Breast, upon the right, and one, upon the left, as is before set down. If it should chance further in a Company, to be so small to have but three Divisions, that is to say, one Division of Musketeers, in the Van, the Body of Pikes in the midst, and another Division of Musketeers, to bring up the Rearguard, and having but two Sergeants, and two Drums; the youngest Sergeants place, will be as before mentioned, upon the right in the Front, and the eldest Sergeant upon the left, and to take his place to lead the last Division of Musketeers, upon the long March; and the first Drum to beat in the first Division of Musketeers, and the second to beat, and to march along amongst the Pikes. I have a little more enlarged myself in this discourse of placing of the Sergeants, than I at first intended; but meeting many times with several Soldiers, desiring satisfaction in every one of these particulars, I shall perhaps undergo here the hard censure of some, for this my tedious discourse; but to such others which desires to be knowing herein, I hope will have a more favourable opinion of my good meaning unto them. And here I shall conclude for the present, concerning the particular places of the Sergeants, in every private Company; and now supposing, as by order from the Captain, the Sergeants have brought up their Divisions, standing again, as before, expecting something more to be spoken unto them, they silently stand to here what follows.   

CHAP. XXIV. A Description of a Body of men through out, with all their several parts, and kinds.  
IT is a very necessary knowledge to every particular Soldier, to be acquainted throughout with all the parts of a Body of men, drawn up, with their several extents, and bounds, and with the true understanding of the same. Where first note the Description of Files, a File is a Sequence of men, consisting of Leaders, and Followers, from the first, unto the last; the joining of Files Flank-wise, maketh Ranks, and is the completing up of a Body: for one File alone cannot be said to have any Ranks in it, but joining two, or more Files together unto one, you may account them (provided they be six depth) to have so many Ranks for number, as doth extend from their Leaders to their Bringers up. And further know, that a Rank is a Row of men, standing shoulder to shoulder, in an even line from the left Flank to the right; or from the out-most man upon the left, unto the out-most man upon the right; standing all in a row File wise. Neither can it be said of one Rank, to have any Files in it; for as the closing of Files to Files, makes Ranks, so the adding of Ranks to Ranks, makes Files.  
As for the Depth of Files, they have in these latter Ages, much varied therein; sometimes making them sixteen deep, others ten, and eight deep, and now lately, they have brought them unto six deep, as being the custom of the Swedes, and the French, and altogether now the practice here in England. In which form and way, I purpose to walk, but to proceed to my former promise to the Soldier: There is in every Body of men, drawn up, consisting of Pikes, and Musketeers, whether of greater or smaller number, it makes no matter; a Front, a Rear, a Right-Flank, and a Left-Flank; there is also Front half-Files, and Rear half-Files; there is a Right half-Ranks, and a Left half-Ranks; and there is a Length, and Depth of the Battle: and of every one of these in their several kinds, they have their particular extents, and bounds, according to their number of men.  
Therefore, take notice in the first place, that the Front is the first Rank, or row of men, which are the File-leaders, and chief men of their Files, who properly ought to take charge of their Files, being as it were their Captains, and leads them first on in the Brunt against a furious Enemy; the extent of the Front is from the left hand File-Leader, unto the Leader of the right hand File.  
The Rear is the last Row or Rank of men, being the Bringers-up of the Files, who next the Leaders are the chiefest men of honour in the File, and are as it were unto them, their Lieutenants, and in the absence of the Leaders, they are to take charge of the File, and to instruct them in their Postures: the extent of the Rear, is from the Bringer-up of the left hand File, unto the place of the Bringer-up of the right.  
The right Flank is the out-most File, upon the right, where always aught, by the way, to be very able Soldiers placed, because they first give onset, or fire against the Enemy, if on that part they shall be charged; the extent of the right Flank is from the Leader of the right hand File, unto the Bringer-up of the same.  
The left Flank, likewise is the out-most File upon the left, and his extent is from the Leader of the left hand File, unto the Bringer-up.  
The Front half-Files extent or bounds, reacheth no further than from the Front, unto the midst of Ranks, or to the Bringers-up of the Front half-Files, which being but six deep, is the third Rank from the Front, and the Length of the same reacheth from the out-most part of the left Flank, until you come unto the right.  
The Rear half-Files beginneth from the midst of Ranks, or from the fourth Rank from the Front, and runneth downward in his depth to the Bringer-up of the whole File, and the Length of the same is to be taken side-wise, as they stand shoulder to shoulder, from the out-most man upon the left, unto the out-most man upon the right.  
The right half Ranks, in their Length, runneth no further, then from the out-most man upon the right, unto the midst of Files, or to the left hand File-leader of the right half-Ranks; the Depth of the right half-Ranks reacheth from the Front, running down unto to the Rear.  
As for the left half-Ranks, as much may be said, to take his Length, from the midst of Files, or from the right hand File-leader, of the left half-Ranks unto the out-most Files upon the left; the Depth of the left half-Ranks, may be understood in form and manner, conformable to the right.  
Next come we to speak of the Length and Depth of the whole Battle; the Length of the Battle is ever to be accounted of the number of men in a Rank, and not in a File; for the Files perhaps may not be above six deep, when that there may be hundreds in a Breast in the Ranks, and farther the Length of any Battle is to be taken from the out-most point of the left-Flank, or lefthand File-leader, stretching itself forth by an even Line along, until you come to the outmost point of right Flank, or right-hand File-leader; the Depth of the Battle always is to be taken from the Front, or first Rank, and going down backward in a strait Line down to the Rear, to the last Rank, or to the Bringers-up of the Files. For as the Length of the Battle is to be taken from the left Flank, going a long in Front unto the right, so the Depth of the Battle is to be taken from the Front, going backward down to the Rear.  
There is also to be understood that in every Battalia drawn up, there are other parts and Denominations, very considerable to be known; that is, in every such an one, there is a Vanguard, a Reerward, and Main-Battail. The Vanguard are the Musketeers, upon the right, or the right Flank; or as most commonly called amongst us in these days, the Right-wing, or the Left-wing, which are the Musketeers, and the Flankers of the Body of Pikes, the reason, as I conceive, the Musketeers are accounted and called Wings, is because they are first drawn off, as by flying motion in Forlorns, to engage against an Enemy; but of this by the way, to proceed: the Reerward, or Rearguard, are the Musketeers, on the left Flank; and the Battle is the Body of Pikes, and here I shall conclude concerning the Description of a Body.   

CHAP. XXVI. Directions to all such as shall desire to exercise a Foot-Company, with some admonitions to the Soldiers, as shall be exercised by them.  
HE that intends to exercise a Body of men, must truly know what he shall command, and so to give his directions unto the Soldiers, as they may aptly make ready execution of the same. He must at such times▪ above all the rest, assume unto himself the confidence & presence (as near as he is able) of a complete Soldier. He is also to stretch out his voice so, as he may conveniently be heard, & understood by the inferior Officers, and Soldiers; which will cause them more readily to obey his Commands. He ought to carry a cheerful countenance unto them, provided they do well; but otherwise, if carelessly dis-regarding his Commands, he may look harshly upon them. His eyes ought to be quick and nimble, observing all their Motions, whether it be to the right, or left, to the Front, or Rear; and nimbly stepping to them, to stay them, if disorderly they swerve awry from what he first intended. He must likewise order all his Words of Command so, as that they may be proper, and clearly pronounced forth unto the Soldier, without any faltering. And in every one of these, to see the Soldier leisurely and easily perform the same in a complete manner. He must not be two quick in his Words of Command, but carefully see what before commanded, well done, and then he may proceed unto the next. In time of his Exercise, he must seriously mind what he is to do, and not to have his thoughts extravigantly carried away upon any other Subject, for fear he be out, but if any such thing should happen through forgetfulness, he ought not to be daunted, but to pull up the Spirit of a Soldier as well as he can, and endeavour to reduce them again. For it is a rare thing to be found, for a Leader to be so exquisite in his Exercising, as not to be sometimes out; and in my observation of most, at one time or another, I have found them so to be. His discretion also aught to be such, as to cull out, and choose those things that be chiefest; as flowers out of a Garden, to fit and complete up his Exercise in a Soldierlike way; which may be most properest for service and use, which will bring to him far more commendations and praise in the judgement of every knowing Soldier, then to spend his time upon unnecessary ●oyes; but yet sometimes to please the fancy of the curious, at their private meetings, he may use some things for delight, to support and uphold their private Exercises; which have nursed up, here in London, many able Soldiers, and Commanders; who have been serviceable to our Nation. It is a very necessary thing likewise that a Leader sometimes do acquaint the Soldiers of the use of their several Distances, Face, Doubling, Coun-marches, and wheelings, and of all things else he shall command; but in such a manner, that he dwell not too long upon any thing, he shall declare unto them, for dulling of the, Soldiers, who rather would be pleased with more actings, then by too much talk: which spins out the time, as sometimes ordered, to very little purpose. He must be very careful of every Word of Command he gives, that the Soldiers be ordered in their due Distance, suitable to the same, of what kind soever it be; and if it shall be lost in their movings, or marchings; he must endeavour to bring them to it again. He is likewise to acquaint the Soldiers when they are drawn up, to look about them, and to mind their several places, how they stand in the Body, whether they be in even Ranks from the Front, or odd; if even, and upon any doubling of Ranks, they are the men to double the odd; if half File-leaders, that they be commanded to double the Front; they must advance their Arms, and are Leaders of that Motion to come up to double the Front: if Bringers-up commanded to double, they are a like to do the same; if Bringers-up of the Front half-Files, and that they be commanded to double the Rear, they likewise are to advance their Arms; to face about, and are to begin to lead them down to the Rear. They should likewise take notice, how they stand in their Files, whether even from the right, or no; if even, and there be any command to double Files to the right, they all are to move, and to double the odd; if commanded to double to the left, they then stand odd, and the others are to move, and double them. They likewise are to mind their places, who are upon the Flanks; for a doubling either to Front, or Rear, by the half-Files, they first begin to march, and how they stand there as right, and lefthand men in even Ranks; for by any doublings of Ranks entire, or by Division, they likewise are the Leaders of the Motion. There ought also advice be given to the middle File-leaders, to know their places; for if there should be any doublings of the half-Ranks, they then are first to move, and to begin the Motion.  
This caution being sometimes quickly run over in advising of the Soldiers, that they should ever mind when they are first drawn up into a body these particular places, they would not stand so carelessly and so ignorantly in a Body, as many times they do, not knowing which way to move without a great deal of pains and directions from their Leader, for there being so many occasions of doublings of these kinds, that it is a necessary thing for every Soldiers to be acquainted with the same.  
Yet it is not only sufficient that the Soldiers do mind their places as they stand in a body, according to the direction of their Leader, as before set forth unto them, but that they be likewise, in the time of their Exercise, very silent in the body, and helpful unto their fellow-soldiers by pointing out unto them with signs with the hand, where they should march, to perform what was before commanded, and to be very civil, and orderly in their carriage to each other, and to mind their Exercise so as a matter of great weight, and high consideration in the well regarding of the same. And if a word of command (as sometimes may happen) slip out of order, as by the mistaking of a hand or the like, yet nevertheless it should be their modest care, if not prevented by him, to be ready to execute what they conceive he intended, and walking along in this civil and respective way unto him that shall lead them, it will not only be a great encouragement unto him, but they will also reap much benefit unto themselves.  
And thus much briefly may be spoken in way of advice unto every Leader before his beginning of his Exercise, and unto each particular Soldier as shall by him be exercised.   

CHAP. XXVII. Of Face, of their several kinds, and of their use, with the words of command for performance of the same.  
FAcing is the altering or turning of the Aspect to either hand upon the ground they stand, according to the words of command, whether it be to the right, lef●, Front or Rear, or to the midst of Files or Ranks, or to any of the outward or inward Angles, or to the Centre.  
The manner of execution of the same, it is a particular turning of every Soldier's countenance unto each of those hands or places as above expressed, and to be performed after this manner. The left foot is always to be kept fixed like the hinge of a door, and unto what hand or part they shall be commanded to face, every particular Soldier is immediately to turn his body upon the ball or centre of his left foot by wheeling, until he hath brought his Aspest unto the place commanded,  
Face is one of the most necessary and usefullest motions amongst all the rest, for when the body shall be in such a straight that they cannot bring their faces against an enemy by a Counter march or by a Wheeling, to bring their best Soldiers there to fight, and likewise being debarred of room that they cannot double it, nevertheless, face are of such excellent use, that they may with ease, although standing at close Order, turn every particular face to charge upon that part where they shall be assaulted by an enemy, and farther, this motion is performed with more facility than all the rest of the motions. For in the others they altar the form of the Battle or changeth the place, but in this they preserve both, and it is ready for any attempt of an enemy if they should be charged all at once in Front, Reer, Right and Left Flanks, they may be commanded so to face as to answer them all in every one of their charges.  
Face likewise are so necessary that they can hardly be spared in any other of the motions having relation in one kind or other to them, all for to be used: There is likewise farther to be understood that there are entire face and divisionall. Entire face are when they turn their Aspects all one way: Divisionall face are when they diver or turn their faces several ways, as to the Front, Reer, and both Flanks, all at one instant of time as shall be commanded.  
There are likewise face to the front and rear Angles, that is to say, of their outward and inward Angles. Outward Angles are when they are commanded to face to the right Angle or to the left, or both facing to the inward Angles, as when they are commanded so, as to face to the inward Angles towards the midst of files. There is likewise facing to the inward Angles towards the midst of Ranks as to the Centre, where note, when there is any use of these face unto the inward Angles, it is occasioned by some former words of command, that hath made some large intervals in the midst of Ranks or Files, and therefore they may give them such commands as these for to open or stand so, that they may march and close again as at first.  
This facing to the Centre, I do conceive, to be very, useful, when the Captain or Leader hath any thing of importance to speak unto the Company; they standing at close order, he may sidewise move down into the midst of the Ranks and Files, and command them to face all to the Centre; they standing all round about him so close; cannot choose but hear and know what his pleasure and command will be, and in obedience thereunto, be very ready in performance for the execution of the same.  
But before I come to set down the words of command for face, I shall desire all Leaders not to tie themselves up so as not to begin in their Exercise to command face, until they have brought the soldiers to stand at open order both in Rank and File, as if it were not proper for them to command them to face till then. Therefore rather, for the reasons before set forth, command them to choose upon such close Distances to face, that they may know the true use of them, and at such times when they want ground that the other motions cannot be performed.   

CHAP. XXVIII. The words of command for Face.  
Face to the RIght, As you were, or, to your Leader. Left, To both Flanks, Right about, Left about, To Front and Rear, Midst of Files, Midst of Ranks, Right Angle, Left Angle, Outward Angles in the Front, Inward Angles in the Front, Right Angle in the Rear. Left Angle in the Rear. Outward Angles in the Rear, Inward Angles in the Rear, Inward Angles of the right Flank, Inward Angles of the left Flank, Outward Angles both of Front and Rear. Inward Angles both of Front and Rear. Inward Angles of both the Fanks to the Centre. Front, Rear and both Flanks from the Centre, To the outward Angles of Front and Rear from the Centre.  
Having concluded the words of command for performing of plain Face, there must be notice taken when any word of command shall be given to face to any of the Rear Angles, they must be first faced to the Rear, and they will make more easier performance of the same; and likewise, if any word of command be given to face to the inward Angles upon the Flanks, they must face them there likewise first, and it will be easier fulfilled: and likewise if any command be given to face to the four Angles, or to Front, Reer, and Midst from the Centre, care must be first had that they may be first faced to the Centre.  
I might have proceeded a great deal farther in this place upon this Subject of ●acings, to have shown several figures of Battle that might be produced and drawn forth, affording much variety of forms and number, and with much ease to be performed upon their several marchings▪ according as they are ordered to face, which might be very useful for service, and affording much matter for any particular Exercise, to use several firings upon the same. But I shall have occasion in another place to make use of divers of them, and setting them forth unto the view, when I shall begin to set down in any particular Leadings of my own, which I have performed in our private meetings at Town-Ditch in London, every Thursday morning, for the satisfaction of those loving Gentlemen, who still do exercise there, and to such which shall come after.   

CHAP. XXIX. The many variety of Doubling, with their parts and uses set forth, for the practice of any Commander, to make use of according unto his own description.  
SInce there is in the true account, no other dimension of a Battle, but the Length and Depth, so likewise it is to be understood, that the Length of the Battle, is doubled by the doublings of ●anks▪ and half-files; and the Depth of the Battle is doubled by the doubling of Files▪ and of the half Ranks. Now there are several Words of Command for the performance of each of these, as to double Ranks and Files, which do consist either of the doubling of number of men, and persons, and not of place, or else the doubling both of number, and place; as for example, command either the Ranks, the half-files, or Bringers-up to double the Front to the right; here only is the doubling of number of men, and not of place, for it adds but one man more to that hand, whereunto they were commanded, and gains but his particular place. Again, Double Ranks to any hand entire or double, the Front by the half-files to the right entire, it will be not only a doubling of the number of men, but a doubling of the place, and the Length of the Battle. The use of doubling the Length of the Battle may be for two reasons, the one to over - wing an Enemy, the other to avoid over - winging ourselves. Yet there must be care taken, that in doubling of the Length, that we fail not, or be too weak in our Depth, for the want of both, either Length or Depth, may be very dangerous to ourselves, and may give great advantage to the Enemy. For if there should want a sufficient Depth, by gaining much Length in the Front, we may perhaps be so weak there, that an Enemy may quickly break through, whereby much danger may insult upon the same, if not timely prevented by the discretion of the Commanders.  
There is likewise in the doubling of Files, or the half-files, or the half-Ranks, doubling to either Flank, a doubling of number of men, and not of place, carrying much variety of Words of Command; but the doubling of Files, and of the left half-Ranks entire, the Depth of the right Flank, is not only a doubling of the number, but a doubling of the place and depth of the Battle. In this doubling of the Depth, care likewise must be had, that we make not the ●ront too narrow, lest we give opportunity to the Enemy to encircle, and encompass it. To conclude, therefore take notice that Doubling were invented to strengthen any part of the body that shall be weak; whether in the Front, or Rear right Flank or left, whether it be in number of men, or place; Length, or Depth, it is to be used according to the discretion of the Commander. There is likewise farther to be considered in Doubling, whether they double the number or place, Length or Depth, it is to be performed by one of these two, either entire, or divisionall Doubling; therefore I shall proceed, and go on to show what, I conceive, to be the properest way in the progress of them, in a right order; and therefore I will begin to set down the Words of Command, first, to double the Front, and so farther proceed to show the Doubling of the Flanks. And first of entire Doubling, and next of the divisionall; and in the mean time. I shall crave pardon from the courteous Soldier, that I put not down several pricks or figures to set forth the same, endeavouring rather to give him the Words of Command for each particular Doubling, with directions for performance of the same, together with their several reducements, leaving it to his ingenious study and practise, to make use of what he pleaseth, where he may c●●ll and choose out such as shall be convenient, and fit, either for service, or delight; by the way advising him to retain in his memory, what he intends to practise, and not to meddle with any thing▪ but what he assuredly knows will carry such weight and able reasons for their use and service, as shall admit of no controlment from the judicious Soldier.   

CHAP. XXX. The Words of Command, for all Entire Doubling to the Front, to be performed one time or other, in time of Exercise.  
Command. RAnks to the Right double.  
Direction. Every even Rank move forward with the right leg, and with three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Files to the left double; Or, Ranks as you were.  
Command. Ranks to the left double.  
Direction. Every even Rank, from the Front, move forwards with the left leg, and at three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Files to the right double; or, Ranks as you were.  
Command. Ranks to the right and left, double outward.  
Direction. Every even Rank move outward, from the midst, & at three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Files to the right and left, double inward; or, Ranks as you were.  
Command. Ranks to the right and left, double inward.  
Direction. Every even Rank from the Front move inward from the Flanks, and at three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Files to the right and left, double outward; or, Ranks as you were.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the right.  
Direction. Half-files advance your Arms, and move forwards to the right into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the left; or, half-files as you were.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the left.  
Direction. Half-files advance forwards to the left into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the right; or, half Files as you were.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the right and left, outward.  
Direction. Half-files advance forwards to the right and left, from the midst, and move up into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the right and left inward; or half-files as you were.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the right and left inward.  
Direction. Half-files move forwards from the Flanks inward into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the right & left outward; or, half-files as you were.  
Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the right.  
Direction. Bringers-up advance your Arms, and move forwards with the right leg into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the left, every man falling behind his Bringer-up.  
Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the left.  
Direction. Bringers-up advance forwards to the left, into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the right, every man falling behind his Bringer-up.  
Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the right and left outward.  
Direction. Bringers-up advance forward from the midst of the Rear, to the right and left into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the right and left inward, every man falling behind his Bringer-up.  
Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the right and left inward.  
Direction. Bringers-up advance forwards from the Flanks, inward into the Front.  
Reducement. Files double your Depth to the right and left outward, every man falling behind his Bringer-up.  
Command. Double your Ranks to the right entire.  
Direction. Every even Rank from the Front face to the right, march forth, & double the odd.  
Reducement. Right half-ranks double your left Flank, or, ranks as you were.  
Command. Double your Ranks to the left entire.  
Direction. Every even rank from the Front, face to the left, march forth, & double the odd.  
Reducement. Left half-ranks double your right Flank; or, Ranks as you were.  
Command. Double your Ranks inward entire.  
Direction. Every even rank from the Rear, move away outward until you be clear of the standing part, and after every even Rank from the Front, move forwards, and double the odd.  
Reducement. The inmost Files double your Flanks to the right and left, outward, and after close.  
Command. Double your Ranks to the right entire, every man placing himself on the outside of his right-hand man.  
Direction. Every even rank from the Front, move away to the right, and place yourselves on the outside of your right-hand men, and double the odd Ranks.  
Reducement. Right-half-ranks double your left Flank, every man placing himself on the inside of his lefthand man.  
Command. Double your Ranks to the left entire, every man placing himself on the outside of his lefthand man.  
Direction. Every even rank from the Front, move away to the left, and double the odd Ranks, by placing yourselves on the outside of your lefthand men.  
Reducement. Left-half-ranks double your right Flank, every man placing himself on the inside of his right-hand man.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the right entire.  
Direction. Half-files face to the right, and march clear of the standing part, after face to your Leader, move up even a Breast, and double the Front.  
Reducement. Right-half-ranks double entire, the Depth of your left Flank.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the left entire.  
Direction. Half-files face to the left, and march clear of the standing part, after face to your Leader, march up, and even the Front.  
Reducement. Left-half-ranks double entire the Depth of your right Flank.  
Command. Half-files double your Front inward entire.  
Direction. Front-half-files face outwards, and march clear of the standing part, facing after to their Leader, the Reer-half-files may move up, and double the Front.  
Reducement. The inmost Files double entire the Depth of the out-most Files, and after close.  
These are as, I conceive, the properest and plainest Doubling for any Soldier to use in his Exercise, out of which he may choose as many of them, as he shall think fit, being all entire Doubling to the Front; next follows to show some Divisionall Doubling to the same.   

CHAP. XXXI. Divisionall Doubling to the Front.  
Command. DOuble your Ranks to the right and lefty by Division.  
Direction. Every even Rank from the Front face outwards, march forth, and double the odd.  
Reducement. The out-most Files upon each Flank that moved, face inwards march in, and strengthen the Body.  
Command. Double your Ranks to the right and left by Division, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man.  
Direction. Every even Rank from the Front, move forth to the right and left outward, and double the odd, placing yourselves on the outside of your right and lefthand men.  
Reducement. The out-most Files upon each Flank, that moved, double the inmost Files to the right and left inward, every man placing himself on the▪ inside of his right and lefthand man.  
Command. Half-files double your Front by Division.  
Direction. Half-files face outwards, and march clear of the standing part, after face to your Leader, move up even a Breast, and double the Front.  
Reducement. The out-most Files upon each Flank, that moved, double entire the Depth of the inmost Files.   

CHAP. XXXII. Entire Doubling to the Front by Wheelings.  
Command. Wheel off your Reer-half-files, and double your Front to the right entire.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and wheel about to the left, march up, and even the Front.  
Reducement. Wheel off your right half Ranks, and double your left Flank, entire to the left. Face outward, and Right half Ranks wheel about to the right, moving forward until they range even a Breast with their left Flank, to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your Rear half-files, and double your Front to the left entire.  
Direction▪ Half-files face to the Rear, and wheel about to the right, move forwards, and double the Front to the left entire.  
Reducement. Wheel off your left half-Ranks, and double your right Flank entire to the right. Face outward left half-Ranks, wheel about to the left, and move forward until you have doubled the right Flank, to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel your Rear half-files inward into the midst, and double your Front inward entire.  
Direction. Front-half-files open from the midst, until you be clear of the standing part, than face to your Leader; half-files face about, and wheel your Rear inward into the midst, move forward, until you have doubled the Front.  
Reducement. The inmost files that doubled, wheel about to the right and left outward, 
The inmost Files must have distance from the out-most Files, before they can begin to wheel.  and double entire the Depth of the out-most files, after face to your Leader, and close files to the midst to order.   

CHAP. XXXIII. A Divisionall Doubling to the Front by Wheeling.  
Command. WHeel off your Rear half-files, and double your Front by Division.  
Direction. Half-files face to the Rear, and wheel about to the right and left, move forward, and double the Front.  
Reducement. The out-most files upon each Flank that doubled, 
Here likewise must conveninient distance be given from the midst, for the out-most Files to wheel about.  wheel about to the right and left inward, and double entire the Depth of the inmost files, face to your Leaders.  
Here endeth the Doubling, that properly belong unto the Front according to the practice of these times, whether they be Entire, or Divisionall, and of their several kinds; as first, take them of themselves in the plain way, after by Countermarches, as by the Bringers-up. Lastly, by Wheelings, and that first, by Entire, after Divisionall. But here by the way, no Leader is tied to do all these Doubling in his Exercise at once, but to use part of them what he shall think fit. Yet, again, if he desire to be throughly knowing in all the Doubling of Front, Reer, and both Flanks; and to show them unto the Soldiers, he may then begin first to go over all the Words of Command for Doubling to the Front, informing his Soldiers of their several uses for service, at one time or another, and then proceed to show the use of the several Doubling to the Flanks, and next to the Rear, which in this place I hold needless to give Words of Command for the Doubling thereunto, in regard the former Words of Command used to the Front, with small alteration, will serve to the Rear.   

CHAP. XXXIV. Entire Doubling to the right Flank.  
Command. FIles to the right double.  
Direction. Every even file from the right by a half turning at three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Ranks to the left double; or files as you were.  
Command. Files to the right and left, double outward.  
Direction. Every even file from the flanks move, and by three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Ranks to the right and left double inward; or files as you were.  
Command. Double your files to the right and left inward.  
Direction. Every even File from the midst move inward side-wise, and double the odd.  
Reducement. Ranks to the right and left double outward; or files as you were.  
Command. Double your files to the right advancing.  
Direction. Every even file from the right move forwards, and by three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Ranks to the right double.  
Command. Double your files outward advancing.  
Direction. Every even file from the Flanks, move forwards, and by three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Ranks to the right and left double outward.  
Command. Double your files to the right and left inward advancing.  
Direction. Every even file from the midst move forwards, and by three steps double the odd.  
Reducement. Ranks to the right and left double inward.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double your right Flank to the right.  
Direction. Face all to the right, and left half-Ranks move forwards to the right, and double your right Flank to your Leader.  
Reducement. Double your Ranks to the left entire; or left half-Ranks march forth into your places.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double your right Flank to the left.  
Direction. Face all to the right, and left half-Ranks move forwards to the left until you have doubled the right Flank to your Leader.  
Reducement. Double your Ranks to the right entire to the Rear, face to the Rear, and the even Ranks from the Rear, move forth, and double the odd to your Leader.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double your right Flank to the right and left outward.  
Direction. Face all to the right; and left half-Ranks move to the right and left outward, and double your right Flank to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front and Rear half-files double your Ranks entire to the left Flank; Front half-files face about, and every even Rank from the midst move forth, and double Ranks entire towards the left Flank, face to your Leader.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double your right Flank to the right and left inward.  
Direction. Face all to the right; and left half-Ranks move forwards to the right and left inward, and double the right Flank, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front and Rear half-files double your Ranks entire to the left Flank; half-files face about, and every even Rank from the Front and Rear, move forth, and double your Ranks entire towards the left Flank, face to your Leader.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right Flank to the right by Countermarch.  
Direction. Right half-ranks face to the right, left half-ranks turn off to the left, move forwards, and double your right Flank, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Double your Ranks to the left entire, every man placing himself on the outside of his lefthand man.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right Flank to the left by Countermarch.  
Direction. Right half-ranks face to the right, and left half-ranks turn off to the right, and double your right Flank to the left, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Double your ranks to the right entire to the rear, every man placing himself on the outside of his right-hand man; face to the rear, and every even rank from the rear, move forth to the right, and double the odd, face to your Leader.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right Flank to the right and left outward by Countermarch.  
Direction. Right half-ranks face to the right, and left half-ranks face to the left, and turn off to the right and left, moving forward until you have doubled the right Flank to the right and left outward; face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front & Rear half-files double your Ranks entire to the left-Flank, every man placing himself on the outside of his right & lefthand man; Front half-files face about, & every even rank from the midst move forth to the left-Flank, and double the odd, placing yourselves on the outside of your right-hand men, and every even rank from the Rear half- files, move forth, and double the odd, placing yourselves on the outside of your lefthand men: face to your Leader.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right-Flank to the right and left inward, by Countermarch.  
Direction. Face all to the right and left outward; left half-Ranks turn off to the right and left inward, move forward until you have doubled the right Flank, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front and Rear half-files double your Ranks entire to the left-Flank, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man; half-files face about, and every even Rank from the Rear, move forth to the left Flank, and double the odd, placing yourselves on the outside of your right-hand men; and every even Rank from the Front move forth, and double the odd; placing yourselves on the outside of your lefthand men, face to your Leader.  
Command. Double your Files to the right entire advancing.  
Direction. Every even File from the right, move strait forth until you be clear, and double the odd.  
Reducement. Half-files double your Front to the right; or Front half-files double your Rear to the right.  
Command. Files double your Depth to the right entire.  
Direction. Every even File from the right face about, move down, until you are clear of the Rear, and double the Depth of the odd Files; face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Half-files double your Front to the left; or Front half-files double your Rear to the left.  
Command. Double your Files inward entire to the right.  
Direction. Half-files of every even File from the left, face about; even Files from the left move forwards until you are clear of the standing part, after face all to the right, and then every even File from the right, move forwards into the intervals, and double entire the odd, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. The three first, and the three last Ranks, double the six middlemost Ranks to the right; the three first Ranks face about, and move down to the midst by their own left-hands; and the three last Ranks move forwards to the midst, to their own right-hands; face to your Leader.  
Command. Double your Files to the right entire, advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Direction. Every even File from the right, advance forwards, and double the odd, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-files by Countermarch double your Rear, to the right; Front half-files turn off to the left, and double the Rear, face to your Leader.  
Command. Files double your Depth to the right, every man falling behind his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Every even File from the right, face about to the right, and double the odd, by placing yourselves behind your Bringers-up.  
Reducement. Bringers-up double your Front to the left.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double your right Flank entire advancing.  
Direction. Left half-Ranks march strait forth, until you are clear of the standing part, after move to the right, being first faced there, and double the right Flank, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-files double your Rear to the right entire, face to the left, and move clear of the standing part, after face to the Rear, move down, and even the Rear; face to your Leader.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double entire the Depth of the right Flank.  
Direction. Left half-Ranks face about to the right, and move down, until you are clear of the standing part, after face to the left, and move forward, until you have doubled the Depth of your right Flank; face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Half-files double your Front to the left entire, face to the left, and march clear of the standing part, after face to your Leader, march up, and even the Front.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double your right-Flank inward entire.  
Direction. Half-files of the right half-Ranks face to the Rear, right half-Ranks move forward until you are clear of the standing part, face all to the right, and left half-Ranks move forwards, and double the right Flank; face to your Leader.  
Reducement. The three first, and the three last ranks double the six middlemost ranks, entire to the right Flank; the three first, and the three last ranks, face to the right, and march until you are clear of the standing part, after face inward, march, and close your Divisions, and face to your Leader.   

CHAP. XXXV. Divisionall Doubling to the right Flank.  
Command. DOuble your Files to the right by Division.  
Direction. Half-files of the even Files from the right, face to the Rear; even Files march clear of the standing part, after move to the right and left, and double the odd Files, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. The three first, and the three last ranks, double the six middlemost ranks to the left; the three first ranks face about, and march down by your own right hands into the midst of ranks; and the three last ranks move forwards to the midst, to your own left hands, face to your Leader.  
Command. Double your Files to the right by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Half-files of the even Files from the right, face to the Rear, the even Files march, and double the odd, every man placing himself before his Leader, and Bringer-up; face to your Leader.  
Reducement. The three first, and the three last ranks, double the six middlemost ranks to the left, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up; the three first ranks face about to the left, and move down to the midst of ranks by your own right hands, placing yourselves before your Bringers-up; and the three last ranks march forwards unto the midst, placing yourselves before your Leaders; to your Leader.  
Command. Left half-Ranks double your right Flank by Division.  
Direction. Half-files of the left half-Ranks face about to the right, the left half-Ranks move clear of the standing part, after face all to the right Flank, the left half-Ranks moving forward, until they have ranged even a Breast with the right Flank; face to your Leader.  
Reducement. The three first, and the three last ranks, double the six middlemost ranks entire to the left-Flank; the three first, and the three last ranks, face to the left-Flank, and move clear of the standing part, after face inward, march and close your Divisions, face to your Leader.   

CHAP. XXXVI. Entire Doubling to the right Flank by Wheeling.  
Command. WHeel off your left half-Ranks, and double your right Flank entire to the right.  
Direction. Face outward, and left half-Ranks wheel about to the left, and move forward until you have doubled the right Flank entire to the right; face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Wheel off your Rear half-files, and double your Front to the left entire; half-files face to the Rear, and wheel about to the right, and march fowards until you have ranged yourselves even with the Front.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-Ranks, and double your right Flank, entire to the left.  
Direction. Face outward left half-Ranks, wheel about to the right, and move forward until you have doubled the right Flank entire to the left, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Wheel off your Front half-files, and double your Rear to the right entire, half-files face about, and Front half-files wheel about to the left, move down, and double the Rear to the right, face to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel the left half-Ranks inward into the midst, and double your right Flank inward entire.  
Direction. Half-files of the right half-Ranks face about, right half-Ranks move clear of the standing part, than face to the right, and the left half-Ranks face to the left, and wheeling inward into the midst, moving forward until they have doubled the right Flank inward entire, to your Leader.  
Reducement. Wheel off from the right Flank, the six middlemost Ranks, and double 
In wheeling the six middle Ranks from the right Flank, they must have ground sufficient for them to wheel about.  your Front and Rear entire to the left Flank, the six middle Ranks face to the right, and wheel about to the right, and left, moving forward, until they are clear of the standing part, and after facing to the Front and Rear, they move again, and double the Front and Rear, toward the left Flank, face all to your Leader, march forwards, and close your Divisions.  
Or if they continue their aspect to the right Flank, then command the six middlemost Files to wheel off to the right and left, and to double entire the Depth of the out-most Files, than face to their Leader, and close their Divisions.   

CHAP. XXXVII. A Divisionall Doubling to the right Flank by Wheeling.  
Command. WHeel off your left half-Ranks, and double your right Flank by Division.  
Direction. Face outward, and left half-Ranks wheel off to the right and left about, and move forward until you have ranged even, and doubled the right Flank, to your Leader.  
Reducement. Wheel off the three first, and the three last ranks, and double the six middlemost ranks entire to the left Flank, the three last ranks face about, and wheel to the right, about moving up towards the midst of the left Flank, and the three first ranks at the same time wheel about to the left, and move down to the midst of the left Flank, face to your Leader.  
Or if they continue their aspect to the right Flank, then command the out-most Files to that doubled to wheel about to the right and left inward, and double entire the Depth of the inmost Files to your Leader.  
Here endeth all the plain Doubling to the right Flank, performed by several Countermarches, and Wheelings, which to any ingenious Soldier are sufficient directions to know how to double the left Flank, only altering the hand by the Words of Command.  
And here Fellow-soldier endeth all the several kinds of Doubling, which if any shall seem hard or difficult unto thee, either in their Commands, Directions, or Reducements, thou mayst (care being taken) with much ease and delight perform the same. And here the Captain is to take special notice, when he comes to the point of Doubling, that his properest way, and will be first to double the Front, as being the most honourable part of the Body, and next the Rear, and after either to the right or left Flank, leaving it to his discretion to use as many of them as he shall think fitting, and convenient for his Exercise. And although I have somewhat varied from the practice of former times in using more plenty of Words of Commands, the ripeness and curiosity of wits in these our days, enforced me unto it; for they having much refined the Military Discipline will not be pleased with ordinary stuff (as to say, as you were) which, I confess, would save the Captain a great deal of pains, and be more easy to the apprehension, and capacity of every private Soldier, for his returning back unto his place again. Yet if Command should be given to double any part of the Body, that Leader would quickly lie under a hard censure, and be judged in most men's opinions insufficient, that could not find out some other Words of Command to reduce them again. Endeavouring, therefore, to give full satisfaction to both parties, I have taken the pains to set down other Words of Command for Reducements, whereby those which shall profess themselves curious, may cull out such plenty as may best please their genius▪ advising them withal not to presume in the exercising of their private Companies, before themselves be first well versed, and truly knowing in all and every of the several Commands, Directions, and Reducements, , which being obtained, they may confidently and boldly proceed, so to inure their Soldiers in the practice thereof, that their own knowledge in a short time will reduce them to their former places without using these threadbare words, as you were; variety being more profitable, and delightful unto them, (provided they understand it) then to accustom them in an ordinary and plain way of reducing.  
But here some men will be ready to carp and say, that I have troubled myself to little purpose, in setting down more Doubling then are used abroad upon service. To whom I answer that there are none (if rightly understood) but are of singular use one time or another, either in our private Meetings, or in those great Nurseries of Military Discipline, the famous Academies of this out Island, the Artillery and Military Gardens, who for ●ield-service have trained up, and sent forth many worthy, able & gallant Soldiers into the Armies lately raised in our Nation between the King and Parliament, whom I pray God happily to reconcile. But, suppose, many of these Doubling have not been seen by some to be used in the field: Are they not therefore useful? perhaps at such time they have had no occasion for to use them all, which if not: must they be rejected? the answer positively, that being rightly enquired into, they have in them very useful, and serviceable things against an Enemy whether it be in the Field or in Garrison. As for example the Musketeers being brought either all into the Front or Rear or upon one of the Flanks which often happeneth, an Enemy appearing there, than they would be of singular good use for our advantage, and very disadvantageous to the enemy. The like may be spoken of the Pikes, who are by several of these doublings brought into those places, being there very serviceable to receive a desperate charge of horse, if upon any of these parts they should fall on. Observe, further, that in many of these doublings, as the one arms shall face or charge against an enemy, so contrariwise the other lies more secure in safety to be preserved from danger of the shot. Moreover, (according unto the number of men either in length or depth) a Leader may by these words of Command or the like, at the same time double his Front, Reer, or Midst by doubling of Ranks, and may farther make use of them at one and the same time to double by files his right, left Flank and Midst all at one instant. But I shall not not need to set down words of Command for the doubling Front, Reer, Flanks and Midst, after this manner, but leave that unto the apt Soldier to make use of such words of Command formerly shown, and to frame them suitable for any such purpose so intended. But before I shall conclude concerning the use of these doublings, as I said before, there are many of them, which by command will bring any men in the body, to fight, unto that part which shall be most weak, or assaulted by an enemy. And, again, he may cast them, so into the body by a doubling, as shall preserve from danger, whom he shall think fit. And to say more there is no part of the body or arms but by words of Command in doublings may be brought forth as Frontiers against the enemy, and may be placed again into the midst of the body for more security, and others in like manner may be brought forth for their relief. Therefore it much concerns all Soldiers and Commanders to be truly knowing in all the several kinds of doublings, out of which he may make singular good use according to his discretion at all such times as need shall require, whether it be in Field, or otherwise in Garrison.   

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of Inversion and Conversion.  
NOt to omit any thing which may be beneficial for the knowledge of all them that intends to be good proficients in this Art of Military Discipline, my subject in this Chapter shall be of Ranks filing, and files, filing, and ranks, ranking, and files ranking, which are by some called Inversion, and Conversion; yet seldom mentioned by any Leader in the time of his Exercise, for this reason, as I suppose, because the soldiers for the most part are unacquainted with them; which causeth all our Leaders in our private Meetings here in London, to deliver forth unto their Soldiers such words of command as may readily and aptly be understood by them, which are ranks, file to the right or left, or files, file to any hand, which is no other than Inversion, and again ranks, rank to the right or left, either in equal or unequal parts, or entire to the front or files to rank in the like kind may be termed Conversion: And, in my opinion, they do the better that shall thus express themselves to the capacity of every Soldier, then for to puzzle them with the words Inversion and Conversion. I intent therefore without curiosity plainly to set down their several commands, directions, and reducements, keeping my former method, concerning doublings. For in all and every one of them, they do either double the length or depth of the Front, Reer, Midst, or Flanks; no part of the Military Exercise affording more plenty of matter than they, carrying always along with them many things of excellent use. For example, suppose a Prince, General, or any other person of quality were to pass thorough the Company, a discreet Commander would presently command their ranks to invert, or file to the right and left inward, which immediately becomes (as it were a Street or Gallery, for the honouring and securing of their persons. Moreover, it is of use for the lodging of the Colours, or upon funeral occasions, or taking their leave from their Captain, where they may pour forth their volley's of shot all at one and the same time. To be short, being necessitated to march against a battery, it avoids the danger of the great Ordnance, and likewise secures the front of the Battalia, from the imminent danger of any great shower of small shot poured forth by the Enemy. As likewise it is of excellent use to march over a narrow Bridge, or thorough a Lane, Thicket, or Salliport, or such like difficult passages; or if any Commander have a desire to use ancient figures, by it he may make the Saw, Sheers, or Diamond; or being in one file, they may aptly be drawn into a Ring, where he that is an able posture man standing in the midst, may show unto them their several postures, and after easily reduce them again, and thus much briefly of Inversion, or ranks filing.  
Next come we to show the excellent uses and services which may be performed by Conversion, as first perceiving any man of worth to stand before the front of the battle, or to pass by either of the flanks, than ranks, ranking, or files ranking into the front, or ranks wheeling to either of the flanks, by these commands the soldier's aspects are thither brought to present unto him a volley of shot. It is likewise very useful for the making of a Line against a Brest-work, or lining of hedges, carrying itself several ways secretly to lie in Ambuscado, whereby they may fire upon the Enemy as he marcheth by. Or approaching against any Fort or place of danger, they may daringly make a large front, and firing upon them, after filing to the right or left, making large intervals, they much preserve themselves from the danger of the great shot proceeding from the Enemy. Again, ranks ranking either in equal, or unequal parts is of singular good use upon a narrow passage, where they can march but 2, 3, 4, or 6 a Breast; the Commander, notwithstanding, they marched before 20 a Breast, may by it bring them to such small numbers, whereby he may much preserve them in time of imminent danger and peril. To dwell no longer upon this discourse, Inversion and Conversion, many times requres larger distance than any other of the Motions, as sometimes double distance or twice double distance, wherefore being so many occasions for the use of them both, I hold it requisite for a Leader frequently to practise his soldiers in them, no part of the Art Military, affording more commendations to the Soldiers that shall readily and handsomely perform the same. Briefly, therefore, passing over what might be more spoken concerning them. I shall in the next place set them all forth in their full view, leaving every discreet Soldier to his own liberty, to make use of as many of them as he shall think fit, and to use them after what manner he pleaseth.   

CHAP. XXXIX. The words of Command for Ranks, Ranking and Files Ranking to the Front, they being twelve a Breast and six deep.  
Command. RA●●s, rank to the right 2, 3, 4, or 6; as occasion shall require.  
Direction. If to two; the two out-most men upon the right are to move away, the next two, to fall behind them until the first rank hath made six Ranks, and the rest doing the like until the first six Ranks are become thirty six.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the left; the first Rank is to stand, the rest are to move away two and two, until they have made up 12 in one rank, and the rest are to do the like until they are made up all again as at first: or command Ranks, rank as you were, the same rule is to be observed if you rank to any of the other numbers, to divide them accordingly.  
Command. Ranks, rank three to the left.  
Direction. The first three men upon the left are to move away, the next three are to fall in behind toward the left until the first Rank have made four Ranks, the rest are to do the like, until they have made them 24 Ranks.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right, the first Rank is to stand, the rest are to move forth by three and three, until they have made twelve in one Rank, the rest are to do the like, until they be as they were at first, or ranks, rank as you were.  
Command. Ranks, rank three to the right and left outward.  
Direction. The three out-most men of the first rank upon the right, and the three out-most men upon the left move away, the next three of each hand in the same rank are to do the like, and every rank throughout to follow successively, dividing themselves three to one hand, and three to the other, until they have made twelve ranks in each Division, and falling in the Rear successively to each hand of the first rank.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right and left inward; or ranks, rank as you were.  
Command. Ranks, rank entire to the right into the front.  
Direction. The first rank stand, the rest face to the right, and move away every rank, placing itself successively to the right, until they stand all in one rank in the front.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the left; the first 12 men upon the left are to stand, the next 12 are to face to the left, and to move and fall in the Rear of the first, and so consequently all the rest, or else to command ranks, rank as you were.  
Cmmand. Ranks, rank entire to the left into the front.  
Direction. The first Rank stand, the rest face to the left, and move until they have successively placed themselves, and made one entire rank into the front.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right, the 12 out-most men upon the right stand, the rest face to the right and move, making 12 in every rank, or ranks, rank as you were.  
Command. Ranks, rank outward into the front.  
Direction. The first Rank stand, the rest face outward, and place yourselves successively into the Front, facing after to your Leader.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right and left inward; the 12 middlemost men stand, the rest face inward, and move, ranking 12 successively behind the first rank, and after facing to their Leader, and to even their ranks.  
Command. Ranks, rank inward into the Front.  
Direction. The first Rank is to move away to the right and left, the next rank moving up into his ground, doing the like, and consequently so all the rest until the last rank be come up entire into the front.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank six to the right and left outward; the first six upon the right, and the first six upon the left stand, the rest move outward, falling in the Rear of the first rank, ranking six to the right and left, and after closing their Divisions.  
Command. Files, rank to the right into the front.  
Direction. Files open to the left to your double Distance, and ranks close forwards to close order, and move up to the right into the front.  
Reducement. Rank, file six to the left, the first six upon the left are to fall into a file, the rest doing the like, until you have made 12 files, as at first, or command, rank file as you were.  
Command. Files, rank to the left into the front.  
Direction. Every man is to move forward to the left into the front, beginning from the Leader of the File, and moving up successively, making one entire rank.  
Reducement. Rank file six to the right, the six out-most men upon the right, are to fall into a file, the rest in like manner are to do the same, or rank, file as you were.  
Command. Files, rank outward into the front.  
Direction. Right and left half ranks close into the midst, to close order, after move to the right and left outward, until they be come up into the front.  
Reducement. Ranks, file six to the right and left inward, the mid men are to stand, the rest are to move sideways to the right and left inward, and to file as before commanded, or rank, file as you were.  
Command. Files, rank inward into the front.  
Direction. Right and left half Ranks open from the midst to twice double Distance, and Files move up to the right and left entire into the front.  
Reducement. Rank, file six to the right and left outward, the out-most men stand, the rest move to the right and left outward, filing according to command, and after to close their Divisions.   

CHAP. XL. Ranks, ranking into the Front by Countermarch.  
Command. RAnks, rank entire into the Front, every man placing himself on the outside of his right-hand man.  
Direction. The first Rank stand, the rest move away to the right successively into the Front, placing themselves on the outside of their right-hand men.  
Reducement. Rank, rank 12 to the left, every man placing himself on the outside of his lefthand man; the first 12 upon the left are to stand, the rest are successively to fall in behind the first Rank, placing themselves as before commanded, or Rank, rank as you were, placing yourselves on the outside of your lefthand men.  
Command. Ranks, rank entire to the left into the Front, every man placing himself on the outside of his lefthand man.  
Direction. The first Rank stand, the rest move away to the left successively, placing yourselves on the outside of your lefthand men.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right, every man placing himself on the outside of his right-hand man, or rank, rank as you were, every man placing man, placing himself as before.  
Command. Ranks, rank outward into the Front, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man.  
Direction. The first Rank stand, the rest move forth to the right and left, and successively to fall into the Front, every man placing himself on the outside of his right & lefthand man.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right and left inward, every man placing himself on the inside of his right and lefthand man; the 12 middle-men are to stand, the rest are to move to the right and left inward, six to one hand, and six to the other, making 12 in Rank, and falling behind the first.  
Command. Ranks, rank inward into the Front, every man placing himself on the inside of his right and lefthand man.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks open from the midst to twice double Distance, the first Rank of each Division is to stand, the rest are to move successively to the right and left inward into the Front▪ making one entire Rank.  
Reducement. Rank, rank six to the right and left outward, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man; the first Rank of each Division stand, the rest move to the right and left outward, ranking as before commanded, falling successively in the Rear of the first Rank, and after to close their Divisions.   

CHAP. XLI. Files ranking into the Front by Wheeling.  
Command. FIles, rank to the right into the Front by wheeling.  
Direction. Face to the right, and wheel to the left, until they stand 
The Files are to be at double distance, and Ranks at close order.  even a Breast in one entire Rank in the Front.  
Reducement. Rank, file six to the left by wheeling; face all to the Rear, and the first six men then upon the right, wheel to the right, and so consequently all the rest wheeling by six to the right; their Leaders that were before, being the hinges of the motion, and after face to their Leader.  
Command. Files, rank to the left into the Front by wheeling.  
Direction. Face to the left, and wheel to the right, until they make all one entire Rank in the Front.  
Reducement. Rank, file six to the right by wheeling; face to the Rear, and the six out-most men upon the left, wheel to the left, the next six are to follow, and consequently all the rest, until they have made 12 Files as at the first, and after face to their Leader.  
Command. Files, rank outward into the Front by wheeling.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks close into the midst to order, and face outward, wheeling to the right and left, until you are one entire Rank.  
Reducement. Rank, file six to the right and left inward by wheeling, face about to the right, and the 12 middlemost men are to wheel to the right and left inward, and the rest are likewise to do the same by six, until they have made themselves into 12 files, after face to their Leader.  
Command. Files, rank inward into the front by wheeling.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks open from the midst to twice double distance, after face inward, and wheel to the right and left inward, until they are all in one rank in the front.  
Reducement. Rank, file six to the right and left outward, face all about, and wheel by six to the right and left, the Leaders being the hinges of the Motion, after face to the front, and right and left half-ranks may close into the midst again to their double distance.  
Here endeth ranking into the front, with all their several kinds, the Rear challengeth the next place, but I shall spare the pains, and labour to set them down, in regard that he who hath a mind to rank his men thither, may if he pleaseth make use of all the former words of Command for the performance of the same, facing them upon every Command to the Rear. I come, therefore, in the next place only to mention the ranking into the midst by Ranks and Files, which may likewise be performed by the former words of Command, provided they have convenient distance, and be faced to the midst, and after the Command is executed, to face them to their first front. Yet there is remaining a ranking unto all these places at once, for the performance of which, observe these few words of Command following.   

CHAP. XLII. Ranks ranking, or Files ranking at one and the same time into Front, Reer, and Midst.  
Command. RAnks, rank outward into the Front, Reer, and Midst.  
Direction. The two last ranks are to face about, the first rank, 
They are to stand at order in Rank and File.  and the last rank, and the third rank from the front, are to stand; the other three are to move forth, six to the right, and six to the left, until they have ranked unto all these places, after face to the front, and the last rank moving forward to open order.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right and left inward; the last rank face about, the 12 middlemost men of each rank are to stand, the six out-most men of each rank are to face inward, to move and fall into the right and left behind the middlemost men, after the two last ranks are to face to the front.  
Command. Ranks, rank inward into the Front, Reer, and Midst.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks open from the midst to twice double distance, the two last ranks face to the Rear, the first and last rank, and the third rank from the front stand, the rest move to the right and left inward, ranking into front, rear, and midst, after that the last rank is to face to the front, and to close forward to open order.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank six to the right and left outward, the last rank face about, and the out-most six men upon each rank are to stand, and the middle-men are to divide themselves six to the right hand, and six to the left, and to fall in the Rear of the first, last, and middle rank, after the last rank is to face to the front, and then to close ranks and files to their order.  
Command. Ranks, rank outward into the front, rear, and midst, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man. 
Ranks ranking by Countermarch.   
Direction. The two last ranks face about, the first and last rank, and the third rank from the front stand, the rest move forth to the right and left ranking into front, rear, and midst, placing themselves on the outside of their right and lefthand men, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank 12 to the right and left inward, placing yourselves on the inside of your right and lefthand men, the last rank face about, the 12 middlemost men in each rank are to stand, and the out-most six men in each rank are to move to the right and left inward, placing themselves in the Rear of the former ranks, and on the inside of their right and lefthand men, facing to their Leader.  
Command. Ranks, rank inward into the front, rear, and midst, every man placing himself on the inside of his right and lefthand man.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks open from the midst to twice double distance, standing th●n at order in each division in rank and file; the two last ranks face about, and the first, last, and third rank from the Front stand, the rest move inward, placing themselves on the inside of their right and lefthand men, after the last rank may face about, and move forward to open order.  
Reducement. Ranks, rank six to the right and left outward, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man, the last rank face about, the six out-most men of each rank stand, and the 12 middlemost men in each rank are to divide themselves six to the right, and six to the left, falling in the Rear of the out-most men, placing themselves on the outside of their right and lefthand men, after face to the front, and ranks, and files close to the midst to order.  

Of Files ranking into Front, Reer, and Midst.  
Command. FIles, rank outward into Front, Reer, and Midst.  
Direction. The two last ranks face about, the first, last, and third rank from the front stand, the rest move to the right and left, after the manner of doubling of ranks, and rank to front, rear, and midst, as before commanded, and after the last rank face to the front, closing forward to order.  
Reducement. Ranks, file six to the right and left inward, the last rank face about, and the even men from the midst of ●iles are to fall in behind the odd, after the manner of doubling files to the right and left inward, and after the two last ranks are to face to the Front.  
Command. Files, rank inward into front, rear, and midst.  
Direction. They standing at the distance of order in rank and file, command right and left half-ranks to open from the midst some thing more than to open order, after the two last ranks are to face about, and the first, last, and third rank from the front are to stand, the rest are to move to the right and left inward, after the manner of doubling ranks to the right and left inward, after the last rank is to face to the front, and to close forwards to open order.  
Reducement. Ranks, file six to the right and left outward, the last rank face about, and every man from the flanks is to move outward, after the manner of doubling files to the right and left outward, than the two last ranks are to face to the front, and the whole Body may close their ranks and files into the midst to order.    

CHAP. XLIII. Of Files ranking by Wheeling.  
Command. FIles rank outward into Front, Reer, and Midst, by wheeling.  
Direction. The two last ranks face about, after face all outward, and 
The Ranks must be at close order, and the Files at open order for these three words of Command following, and it would be better to divide them into three Divisions, that is to say, between every two Ranks, to have some six foot of ground interval, that they may more distinctly perform the same.  and wheel to the right and left, by two and two, until they be ranked into front, rear, and midst, the last rank may after move forwards unto the same distance, the former stands at being first faced to their Leader.  
Reducement. Ranks, file six to the right and left inward by wheeling, the first two ranks face about, and then every particular rank to wheel by two and two, towards the midst of files, until they have made 12 files as at first, and after to face all to the front.  
Command. Files, rank inward into the front, rear, and midst, by wheeling.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks open from the midst something more than open to order, the two last ranks of each Division face about, after face all inward, and wheel by two and two to the right and left, until they have ranked into front, and rear, and midst to the right and left inward, the last rank is after to face to the front, taking his distance, conformable to the rest.  
Reducement. Ranks file six to the right and left outward by wheeling, the two first ranks face about, and each particular rank is to wheel by two's towards the flanks, until they have made 12 files, as at first, after facing all to the front, and closing their ranks and files, into the midst to order.  
Command. Files, rank inward into the midst by wheeling.  
Direction, Right and left half-ranks open from the midst to twice double distance, after face inward, and let them know that the Bringers-up of the Front half-fiiles and the half-file Leaders are the hinges of the motion, after face them to the Front, and they will be in two Ranks.  
Reducement. Ranks, file six to the right and left outward by wheeling, the last Rank face about, and both Ranks wheel to the right and left by three, until they have made 12 Files as at first, after face all to the Front, and close Files into the midst to order.  
Command. Files, rank outward into the Front, and Rear, by wheeling.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks close into the midst to order, after face outward, and wheel to the right and left, the Bringers-up, and the Leaders are the hinges of the motion, and when they are brought into two Ranks, one in the Front, and the other in the Rear, face them to the Front.  
Reducement. Ranks, file six to the right and left inward by wheeling, the first Rank face about, and both Ranks are to wheel by three towards the midst of Files, until they have filled according unto command, after facing to their Leader, evening their Ranks, and straightening their Files.  
And thus much of Conversion, or Ranks ranking, or Files ranking, they having more variety in them, than many times can be useful, except it be to present unto the Soldiers some things that are new in the motions, which many times they love to see. I could upon this Subject have much more enlarged myself, but conceiving what is already set down may be sufficient for the knowledge of any intelligible Soldier. I come therefore briefly to treat of Inversion, or of Ranks filing, and Files filing.   

CHAP. XLIV. Of Ranks filing, or of Files filing, or of Inversion with their several sorts and kinds.  
Command. FIles, file to the right.  
Direction. The right-hand File is to move away clear of the standing part, and after the next File to fall in the Rear of the first, and consequently so all the rest until they become one File.  
Reducement. File-leaders, lead up your Files to the left, or file, file six to the left.  
Command. Files, file to the right entire advancing.  
Direction. The right-hand File stand, the rest move away successively, placing themselves in one direct file before the Front.  
Reducement. File, file six to the right into the Rear, face all about, or File, file six to the right towards the Front.  
Command. Files, file inward into the right Flank.  
Direction. Half-files face about, & the out-most Files then upon the left as they are so faced, are to move away forward, and consequently all the rest, are to fall in behind them, the like is to be performed by the Front, the out-most File at the same time is to move away, and the rest successively falling in until they have made one entire File, after they are to face to the Front.  
Reducement. Front-half-file, file three to the left, Rear half-file face about, and file three to the right, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
Command. Files, file to the right by Division.  
Direction. Half-files face about, the out-most file upon the right is to stand, the rest are to move forward, and to place themselves successively into one entire file, going forward after each other, and after face to the Front.  
Reducement. Front half-file file three to the right, and Rear half-file face about, and file three to the left, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
Command. Ranks file to the right, every man placing himself behind his right-hand man. 
Ranks filing by way of Countermarch.   
Direction. This may be done marching or standing; if marching, the right-hand man of the first rank doth first move away, the rest in the same rank do fall in behind him, and consequently all the rest, until they make one entire file; if upon a Stand, the ranks are to open backward to such a Distance, as they may conveniently fall into one File.  
Reducement. File, rank 12 to the left; or File, rank as you were.  
Command. Ranks, file to the right, advancing, every man placing himself before his right hand man.  
Direction. The out-most file stand, the rest are to move forward with their right leg, 
The Ranks are to be at twice double distance and the Files at order.  placing themselves before their right-hand men.  
Reducement. File, rank 12 to the right, or file, rank as you were.  
Command. Ranks, file to the right, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction. The half-files are to face about, only the right-hand file is to stand, the rest are to move forward, filing to the right Flank, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his ●ringer-up, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-file, rank 12 to the right, Rear half-file face about, and rank 12 to the left; face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
Command. Ranks, file inward into the right Flank, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Half-files face about, Front and Rear half-files are to march to such convenient distance, as the ranks may fall into the midst of the right flank, after they are to face about, or to face to the midst of ranks, and then they are to move forward into the right flank, every man placing himself as before commanded, and after face to their Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-files rank 12 to the left, Rear half-file face about, and rank 12 to the right, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
Command. Files, file to the right, every man placing himself behind his Bringer-up. 
Files filing by way of Countermarch.   
Direction. The out-most file stand, the rest face about, and move forward each particular file to the left, placing themselves behind their right-hand file, and their Bringers-up.  
Reducement. File, file six to the left, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Command. Files, file to the right, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Direction. The right-hand file stand, the rest move forwards, every file successively placing themselves before their Leaders, and their right-hand file.  
Reducement. Files, file six to the right into the Rear, every man placing himself before his Bringer-up, face all about, the last six men stand, the rest are to move, and to file six to the right, placing themselves before their Bringers-up, and after to face to the Front.  
Command. Files, file to the right flank by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Half-files face about; the right-hand file is to stand, the rest are to move forward to the right flank, placing themselves before their Leaders, and their Bringers-up, making one entire file to the right, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-files face about, and file three to the right, every man placing himself before his Bringer-up, and Rear half-file, file three to the left, placing yourselves before your Leaders, face to your Leader.  
Command. Files, file inward into the right flank, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and Front and Rear half-files move forward, until there be sufficient Distance to file into the right flank, after face them about to the midst of ranks, than the files may move successively into the right flank, placing themselves before their Leaders, and their Bringers-up, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-file, file three to the left, every man placing himself before his Leader, and Rear half-file face about, and file three to the right, every man placing himself before his Bringer-up, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.   

CHAP. XLV. Ranks wheeling into the Flanks.  
Command. RAnks wheel to the right, into the right Flank.  
Direction. Every particular Rank is to wheel to their right hand 
They ought to be at twice double distance in rank, and at close order in file.  until they have brought their aspects unto the right Flank, after face to the Front.  
Reducement. File, rank 12 to the right, the first man is to stand, the rest are to move forward to the right successively, 12 in a Rank to the right.  
Command. Ranks wheel to the left to the right Flank.  
Direction. Face all about, and Ranks wheel to the left, until you have brought your aspects unto the right Flank, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. File, rank 12 to the left, the first man is to stand, the rest are to move forwards, making up 12 a breast to the left, until they have made six Ranks as at first.  
Command. Ranks wheel outward to the right Flank.  
Direction. Half-files face about, the first three Ranks wheel to the right, and the three last Ranks wheel to the left, to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-files Rank 12 to the right, Rear half-files face about, and rank 12 to the left, face to your Leader, march up and close forwards to your due distance.  
Command. Ranks wheel inward into the right Flank.  
Direction. Half-files face about, Front and Rear, half-files march from the midst to twice double distance, after Front and Rear half-files face about, Front half-files wheel your Ranks to the left, Rear half-files wheel your Ranks to the right, to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front half-file Rank 12 to the left, Rear half-file face about and rank 12 to the right, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
The left Flank challengeth the next place, but I shall spare that pains, in regard it is to be done by the same words of Command, only altering the hand: I come therefore in the next place to show how Ranks and Files may file outward to both Flanks and midst at one and the same time by proper words of Command as followeth.   

CHAP. XLVI. Of Files filing, or Ranks filing to both the Flanks, and the Midst at one and the same time.  
Command. FIles, file to the right and left to both Flanks and the midst of files.  
Direction. The out-most file upon each Flank, and the two middle files are to move away, the rest are to fall in suceessively behind to the right and left, filing to both Flanks, and to the midst, after to stand, and even their Ranks, and straighten their files.  
Reducement. Files, file six to right and left inward, moving between the Flanks and the middle files.  
Command. Files, file to both Flanks, and to the midst of files advancing.  
Direction. The out-most file upon each Flank stand, and so likewise the two inmost files, the rest move forth and place themselves successively filing, advancing towards both Flanks, and the midst of files.  
Reducement. Files, file six to the right and left inward to the Rear, placing yourselves between the flanks and the middle files, the moving part is to face about, and to march down according to command as before expressed, after face to their Leader.  
Command. Files, file to both flanks, and the midst by Division. 
They must be at order both in rank & file.   
Direction. The out-most file upon each flank, and the two inmost files stand, half-files of the other files, face about, and march forth and file by three to the right and left into both flanks, and the midst; facing to their Leader, they will stand in four files 18 deep.  
Reducement. The six middlemost men in each File stand, the three first and the three last ranks, file six to the right and left inward, the three first ranks face about, then moving by three between the out-most File of each flank, and the middle Files, after facing to their Leader.  
Command. Files, file inward into both flanks, and into the midst of files.  
Direction. Half-files face about, march all, and open from the midst to twice double distance, face all about to the right, the two inmost and the two out-most Files stand; the rest move successively, by three, until they file into both flanks, and into the midst, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files, file three to the right and left inward into the Front and Rear; half-files face about, the three first, and the three last ranks stand; the 12 middlemost men move inward by three into front and rear, between the out-most and the middlemost files: face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
Command. Files, file to both flanks, and to the midst of files, every man placing himself before his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Face all about, the two out-most files, and the two middle files stand, the rest move forth to the right and left, placing themselves successively before their Bringers-up, filing towards both flanks, and the midst of files face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files, file six to the right and left inward, following your Bringers-up, between the flanks, and the middle files, the first six ranks are to stand.  
Command. Files, file to both flanks, and to the midst of files advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Direction. The out most file upon each flank, and the two middle files stand; the rest advance forward, placing themselves successively before their Leaders, filing to both flanks, and to the midst of files.  
Reducement. Files, file six to the right and left inward into the rear, following your Leaders, between the flankers and the middle files, the six last ranks face about, and after they have filled, they are all to face to their Leader.  
Command. Files, file to both flanks, and to the midst by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and Bringer-up.  
Direction. The out-most file upon each flank, and the two inmost stand, half-files of the other files, face about, and then command them to move, filing to both flanks, and into the midst, placing themselves before their Leaders, and Bringers-up, to your Leader.  
Reducement. The six middlemost men in each file stand, the three first, and the three last ranks file six to the right and left inward; every man placing himself before his Leader, and Bringer-up: the three first ranks face about, and then with the three last, they are to move forward between the out-most and the middlemost files, that is, by three, to place themselves before their Leaders, and their Bringers-up, face to your Leader.  
Command. Files, file inward into ●●ch flanks, and into the midst, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his ●●●●●er-up.  
Direction. Half-files face to the 〈◊〉, march all, and open from the midst to twice double distance, face all about to the right, the two inmost, and the two out-most files upon each flank stand; the rest move successively by three, placing themselves before their Leaders, and Bringers-up, filing into both flanks: and the midst, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files three to the right and left inward, into front and rear, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up; half-files face about, the three first and the three last ranks stand▪ the 12 middlemost men move forwards by three, between the out-most and the middle files, placing themselves, as aforesaid, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.   

CHAP. XLVII. Of Ranks wheeling, to both t●e Flanks.  
Command. RAnks, wheel to the right and left, to both flanks advancing.  
Direction. The out-most men upon the right and left in every 
They are to be at double distance in Ranks and at order in Files.  rank are the hinges of the Motion, the rest are to divide their ranks by wheeling, six to the right, and six to the left, until they have brought their aspects unto both the flanks, after face to their Leader.  
Reducement. Files, rank 12 to the right and left inward into the Rear, face all to the right and left about inward, and begin the Motion from each file, to rank six to the right, and six to the left, making up 12 a Breast in the Rear, the rest following, until they have made six ranks in a Breast, face to your Leader.  
Command. Ranks, wheel to the right and left towards the rear.  
Direction. Face all about, the outside men are the hinges of this Motion, who are to wheel from the rear to the right and left, until they have brought their aspects unto both the flanks, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files, rank 12 to the right and left inward, the right-hand file is to begin to rank six to the left, the lefthand file is to rank six to the right, making up even a Breast 12 in number, the rest doing the same.  
Command. Front and rear half-files wheel your ranks outward into both flanks.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and front and rear half-files wheel outward into both flanks, until you have brought your aspects unto the right and left, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Front and rear half-files rank 12 to the right and left inward, towards the midst of ranks, front half-files face about, and begin the Motion from the Bringers-up, of the front half-files, and the half-file-leaders; ranking six to the right and left from each file making 12 a Breast, face to your Leader.  
Command. Front and rear half-files wheel your ranks inward into both flanks.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and march all until you be at twice double distance in the midst, than face all about to the right, and wheel to the right and left, until you have brought your aspects unto both flanks, by wheeling inward to them, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files, rank 12 to the right and left inward into front and rear, half-file, face about, and rank in front and rear, six to the right, and six to the left, making 12 a Breast after face to your Leader.   

CHAP. XLVIII. Of Ranks wheeling to the midst of Files.  
Command. FRont and rear half-files wheel your ranks inward to the midst of files.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and front and rear half-files wheel your ranks to the right and left inward, until they face in opposition, to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files, rank six to the right and left outward unto the midst of ranks; front half-files face about, and rank six to the right and left outward, rear half-files do the same to your Leader.  
Command. Front and rear half-files wheel your ranks inward into the midst of files.  
Direction. Half-files face about, front and rear half-files march until you have atteined twice double distance in the midst of ranks, face all about to the right, and wheel to the right and left inward into the midst of files, to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files rank six to the right and left outward into front and rear, half-files face about, and front and rear half-files rank six to the right and left outward, as before commanded, to your Leader move forward, and close your Divisions to your double distance.   

CHAP. XLIX. Of Ranks wheeling to both Flanks, and into the midst, at one and the same time.  
Command. FRont and rear half-files wheel your ranks to the right and left into 
They ought to be at more than open order in Ranks, and at order in Files.  both flanks, and the midst of files.  
Direction. Half-files face about to the right, and the middle files, and the out-most files upon each flank, are the hinges of this Motion, the rest are to wheel their ranks to the right and left towards both the flanks, and to the midst of files, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files, rank six to the right and left inward to the midst of ranks, and between the flankers, and the middle files, front half-files face about, and rank six to the right and left inward towards the midst of ranks, and between the flankers, and the middle files, the rear half-files doing the same, face to your Leader.  
Command. Front and rear half-files wheel your ranks inward into both flanks, and into the midst of files.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and front and rear half-files march until you be at double distance in the midst, after face all about to the right, and wheel your ranks to the right & left inward into both Flanks, and into the midst of files, face to your Leader.  
Reducement. Files, rank six to the right and left inward into Front and Rear, between the flankers, and the middle files, half-files face about, and rank six to the right and left inward to the rear between the flankers, and the middle files, the front half-files doing the same to the front, after facing to their Leader, and half-files move forwards, closing their Divisions to the distance of the former ranks.  
Having dwelled thus long upon this Subject of Inversion and Conversion (occasioned thereunto by their great variety and difficulty in the performance of them;) I hold it convenient to give a breathing space unto the wearied Soldier, whilst I, in the mean time, prepare further matter for his longing desire.  
Yet before I enter in any other discourse of the Art Military, I hold it requisite to give some admonitions to those that shall venture upon them. For being very difficult, they are not easily understood by every puny; my advice therefore, is to wave such things, in time of Exercise, which the Soldiers are unacquainted with, providing for them such matter, as is both plain and easy, and being frequently practised in such, he may after drill them on to harder, till by degrees he hath brought them unto such perfection & knowledge, that they shall be able to perform and execute what is commanded; not gazing upon one another, (as I have often observed) neither knowing their Leaders meaning, or if they did, they are altogether ignorant how to fulfil his commands. Frequent practice therefore makes the Soldier expert, witness our gallant Soldiers and Citizens of London, who are most of them so well grounded (by frequent practice) that their Lender's can scarce give a word of Command which is not easily apprehended by them, they being in their Exercises so often enured to such difficult expressions as these of Inversion and Conversion.   

CHAP. L. Of Countermarches with their several sorts and kinds, affording much variety in time of Exercise.  
THose which have a longing desire to be throughly knowing in this part or branch of Military Discipline, must take notice of these four sorts, (viz.) Counter-marching of Files, next of Ranks, after the Front, and Rear half-files, and lastly, of right and left half-ranks: all which, are performed either by entire, or divisionall Countermarches, or else by the entire changing of ground, and that by many ways the Front half-files, with the Rear, the right half-ranks with the left. So that an expert Leader may venture so far in them, as to continue his Exercise, (without reducing) almost for an hour, and not to express himself twice in any one word of Command; they affording such plenty and variety in them, that with pleasure using but four words of Command, he may bring each Soldier into his proper place again; observing these directions following. As first, to look down in the Body where his File-leaders are, and where his Bringers-up: and likewise making the several places of his half File-leaders, and the Bringers-up of his Front half-files, together with his Flankers, and his middle Files: this special care being taken, he may begin, and proceed to their Reducement, after this manner.  
If by some former Countermarches, his File-leaders are in the place of his half File-leaders, and that his Bringers-up are in the room of the Bringers-up of the Front half-files, than he may proceed in this, or the like kind, commanding them to countermarch their Front and Rear into the midst; which being performed, they will stand in some pretty way of reducing, after facing them to the Front, where he meets with his Bringers-up, in stead of his File-leaders; which by one Countermarch will bring them up again into the Front. Yet perhaps the Flankers have inter-changed ground with the middle File-leaders, if so, then countermarch their Flanks into the midst, and face them to the Front; and if it happen that the right Flank is become the left, and the left; the right: then countermarch their Ranks to any hand, and after face them to the first Front they are reduced. And farther take this for a general rule, that when Files, Ranks, or Countermarch to any stand, command them to countermarch to the contrary, and it will reduce them, or counter-marching your Front and Rear into the midst, counter-marching of them back again from the midst, will bring each man into his proper place again, the same rule being observed, reduceth the flankers, or Front and Rear half-files counter-marching of them from the midst.  
Countermarches, rightly considered, branch themselves forth into these three particulars.  

The 

Macedonian.  
Lacedaemonian.  
Chorean.     
The Macedonian is a Countermarch of gaining ground, for that it leaveth the ground it formerly stood upon, and in lieu thereof taketh the ground before the front, and turneth their aspects unto the rear.  
The Lacedaemonian is a Countermarch of losing ground, for that it leaveth the ground it first stood upon, and in room thereof taketh the ground which is behind the rear, thither likewise altering the Soldier's aspects.  
The Chorean is a Countermarch maintaining ground, keeping the ground the Battalia formerly stood upon, every Soldier taking another's place, it likewise turns the Aspect towards the rear.  
Thus you see (for all their great variety which latter ages have invented) they consist but of three sorts or kinds, either maintaining, gaining, or losing of ground, and may be performed (as I said before) either by entire or divisionall Countermarches.  
It may now be expected that I declare unto the Soldier the meaning of each particular Countermarch, briefly, therefore, thus. Files counter-marching is when every Soldier followeth his Leader, ranks counter-marching is when every Soldier followeth his side man, whether it be to the right-hand or to the left: Front and rear half-files counter-marching is, sometimes when every particular Soldier followeth his Leader or his Bringer up, or else when they follow their half-file leaders, or their Bringers-up of the Front half-files, or the like: Right and left half-ranks counter-marching is, when every Soldier in the rank followeth the outmost men upon the right and left, or when they shall follow their inside right and left hand men, or the like: What hath hitherto been spoken may be sufficient both for the instruction and direction of any discreet soldier; I come in the next place to set them all before them as they lie in Order.   

CHAP. LI. Entire Counter-marching of Files.  

Command. FIles to the  
Right 

Hand Countermarch maintaining ground.    
Left   
Direction. File-leaders turn off upon the ground you stand, the rest moving up successively into the file-leaders place turning off until the bringers up, come up into the Front, after face to your Leader,  
Command. File-leaders stand, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves before your Leaders.  
Command. File-leaders face about, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves behind your Leaders, face to your Leader.  
Command. File-leaders face to the rear, the rest pass through to the right or left following your bringers-up, and placing yourselves behind your Leaders; face all to your Leader.  
Command. File-leaders stand, the rest pass through to the right or left; and place yourselves before your Leaders following your bringers-up.  
Command. Files to the right or left countermarch losing ground, placing yourselves before your bringers up.  
Direction. Every file-leader turn off upon the ground he stands on, the rest successively doing the same until they come to the last rank, who need do no more than face about; after face all to their Leader.  
Command. The last rank stand, the rest pass through to the right or left, placing yourselves behind your bringers-up, every man following his Leader.  
Direction. File-leaders turn off to the right or left, the rest following successively until they are all clear of the rear, than face to their Leader.  
Command. Bringers-up stand, the rest face about, pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves behind your bringers up.  
Command. Bringers-up face about, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves before your Bringers-up.  
Direction. Face all to the Rear, and begin the Motion with the second Rank from the Rear, moving forward, every man placing himself before his Bringer-up; to your Leader.  
Command. Countermarch your Front and Rear into the midst.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and turn off to the left, Front half-files turn off to the right; to your Leader:  
Command. Front and Rear half▪ files countermarch to the right or left.  
Direction. This is to be done distinctly, the Front half-files turning off to the right by themselves, the Rear half files turning off in like manner; face to your Leader.  
Command. File-leaders, and half file-leaders stand, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves before your Leaders and half file-leaders.  
Command. Countermarch your Front & Rear half-files to the right & left from the midst.  
Direction. Front half files face about, and turn off to the right, Rear half-files turn off to the left to your Leader.  
Command. File-leaders and half file-leaders face about, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves behind your Leaders, and your half file-leaders; to your Leaders.  
Command. File-leaders, and half file-leaders stand, the rest pass through to the right or left, & place yourselves before your Leaders and half file-leaders, every man following his Bringer-up, and the Bringers-up of the Front half-files.  
Command. File-leaders, and half file-leaders face about, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves behind your Leaders, and half file-leaders, following your Bringers up.  
Direction. The File-leaders, and the half file-leaders (being first faced) are to stand, and the Bringers-up of the Front and Rear half-files are to move forwards, until they be clear of the standing part, after they are to face to the Rear, which being ended, they are again to face to the Front.   

CHAP. LII. Divisionall Counter-marching of Files.  
Command. FIle-leaders, and Bringers-up stand, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves before your Leaders, and your Bringers-up.  
Direction. Half-files face about, the Countermarch being ended, command them to move forwards, and close their Divisions.  
Command. File-leade●s face about, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves behind your Leaders, and your Bringers-up.  
Direction. The two last Ranks from the Rear face about, and then they are to begin the Motion together, which being ended, face them to the front, and the half-files are to move forward, and to close their Divisions.  
Command. File-leaders, and Bringers-up stand, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves before your Leaders, and your Bringers-up, following the half file-leaders, and the Bringers-up of the Front half-files.  
Direction. Half-files face about, this Motion is begun by the Bringers-up of each Division, which being ended, they are to face to their Leader, the half files moving forwards, closing their Divisions.  
Command. File-leaders face about, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves behind your Leaders, and your Bringers-up, following the half file-leaders, and the Bringers-up of the front half-files.  
Direction, The two last Ranks from the Rear face about; this Motion is begun by the Bringers-up of each Division, who are to lead away the rest following until they be clear of the Front and Rear, and after to face about, placing themselves behind their half file-leaders, and the Bringers-up of the front half-files, then facing to the front, the half-files moving forwards, closing their Divisions.  
Command. Countermarch to the right and left, your Front and Rear half-files from the midst (losing ground) every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up. Direction. Front half-files face about, and turn off to the right, and the half-file leaders turn off to the left, and march clear of the front and rear and after the file-leaders, the bringers up are but to face about, and the Countermarch will be ended, than face the half-files to the front, let them move forward and close their divisions.  
Command. Front and rear half-files interchange ground to the right or left, marching clear each from other.  
Direction. Front half-files face about, and pass through to your own right hands, until you be clear, six foot of each other, than face to the Front, the half-files moving forwards, and closing their Divisions.  
Command. Front and Rear half-files countermarch to the right, and interchange ground.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and turn off to the right, and front half-files at the same time doing the like, moving forward until they be clear one of another six foot, then facing to their Leader, close their Divisions.   

CHAP. LIII. Entire Countermarches of Ranks.  
Command. RAnks to the right-hand counter-marching maintaining ground.  
Direction. Face to the right, the right-hand file that was, turn off to the right, the rest moving up into the same ground, turning off likewise, to your Leader.  
Command. The out-most file upon the right, face to the right, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves before your right-hand men.  
Direction. Face to the right, and pass through as before expressed, to your Leader.  
Cmmand. The right-hand file face to the left, the rest pass through to the right or left, and place yourselves behind your right-hand men.  
Direction. Face to the right, and move forwards, and place yourselves behind your right-hand men, to your Leader.  
Command. Ranks to the lefthand countermarch losing ground.  
Direction. The out-most is to turn off to the left about until he hath brought his aspect unto the right flank, and so consequently all the rest, moving still forwards until they have gained upon the outside of the right flank so much ground as they have lost, or that they have placed themselves before their right-hand men by following their lefthand men, face to your Leader.  
Command. The right-hand file face to the left, the rest pass through to the right, following your lefthand men, and placing yourselves behind your right-hand File.  
Direction. The out-most File upon the left face to the right, and march through the intervals towards the right flank; and when he is moved away, the rest upon the left are successively to do the same, until they have in lieu of that ground they formerly stood, gained so much upon the outside of the right flank, then facing about toward the left flank, after face to your Leader.  
Command. Ranks to the lefthand countermarch maintaining ground.  
Direction. Face to the left, and the lefthand File that was turn off to the left on the same ground he stands, the rest moving up successively doing the same, to your Leader.  
Command. The lefthand File stand, the rest face to the left, pass through, and place yourselves on the outside of your lefthand men.  
Direction. The lefthand File face to the left, the rest pass through to the left, and place yourselves before your lefthand men; to your Leader.  
Command. The lefthand File face to the right, the rest face to the left, pass through to the left, and place yourselves behind your lefthand men.  
Command. The lefthand File face to the left, the rest pass through to the left, and place yourselves before your lefthand men, following your right-hand men.  
Direction. Face all to the left, and the out-most Files upon the right move forward upon the left, the rest successively doing the same, until you have all placed yourselves before your lefthand men, to your Leader.  
Command. The lefthand File face to the right, the rest face to the left, pass through to the left, and place yourselves behind ●●ur lefthand men, following your right-hand men.  
Direction. The right-hand file that was is to begin this motion, the rest are consequently to follow until they have gained as much ground on the outside of the left-flank as before they lost, after face about to the right, and after to their Leader.  
Command. Ranks to the right-hand countermarch every man placing himself on the outside of his lefthand man, by following his right-hand man.  
Direction. The lefthand file stand, the out-most file upon the right, is to turn about to the right, until he hath brought his aspect to the left-flanke, then moving forward until he he be clear of the second file, after the rest are to do the like forsaking the ground they stood upon, and in lieu thereof to gain so much upon the outside of the left-flanke, placing themselves on the outside of their lefthand men; their Aspects being to the Front. Or you may command the out-most file upon the right to face to the left, and so begin to lead until he be clear of the second file, the rest doing the same until they have all placed themselves on the outside of their lefthand men, their Aspects being to the Front; which I conceive, to be the easier way.  
Command. Countermarch your Flanks into the midst.  
Direction. Face to the right and left outward, right-flank turn off to the right, left-flank turn off to the left, until they meet in the midst, to your Leader.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks countermarch to the right or left.  
Direction. Face all to the right, the right half-ranks are to turn off to the right by themselves, and the left half-ranks in like manner, to your Leader.  
Command. The out-most File upon the right, and the right-hand file of the left half-ranke stand, the rest face to the right, pass through and place yourselves on the outside of your right-hand men, face to your Leader.  
Command. The out-most file upon the right, and the right-hand file of the left half-rank face to the right and stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your right-hand men, face all to the right, and the motion being ended, face to your Leader.  
Command. The out-most file upon the right, and the right-hand file of the left half-rank face to the left and stand, the rest face to the right, pass through and place yourselves behind your right-hand men, to your Leader.  
Direction. For these three last Countermarches is for the moving part to begin to Countermarch, who are the next files of the standing part, and so to follow successively until they have performed the command, and after to face to their Leader.  
Command. The right-hand file of the left half-rank, and the out-most file upon the right stand, the rest pass through to the right and place yourselves on the outside of your right hand men following your out-most files.  
Direction. The out-most files are to face to the right, and to lead away until they be clear of the next, who likewise are to follow successively.  
Command. The out-most file upon the right, and the right-hand file of the left half-rank face to the right and stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your right-hand men.  
Direction. Face all to the right, and the out-most files that were, are to begin the motion, placing themselves before their right-hand men, the rest following successively, to your Leader.  
Command. The outmost file upon the right, and the right-hand file of the left half-rank face to the left and stand, the rest pass through to the right; and place yourselves behind your right-hand men.  
Direction. The out-most files are to turn about until they have brought their aspects unto the right-flanke, then move away until they be clear of the second file, and in like manner they are to turn off, doing the same until they have placed themselves behind their right hand men, then facing to the left-about, and after to their Leader, to even their ranks and straighten their files.  
Command. Countermarch your right and left half-ranks from the midst.  
Direction. Face inward, right half-ranks turn off to the right, left half-ranks turn off to the left; to your Leader.   

CHAP. LIV. Divisionall Countermarches of the right and left half-ranks.  
Command. THe outmost file upon each flank stand, the rest pass through to the right and left, and place yourselves on the outside of your right and lefthand men.  
Direction. The rest face outward, and begin the motion by the next files, the others following in order, and after to close their files into the midst to open order.  
Command. The out-most file upon each flank face outward and stand, the rest pass through to the right and left, and place yourselves before your outside men.  
Direction. The rest are to face outward, and the next files unto them that first faced are to begin the motion, placing themselves before their outside men, after face to their leader, and close files into the midst to order.  
Command. The out-most file upon each flank face inward, the rest pass through and place yourselves behind your outside men.  
Direction. The rest are to face outward, and to pass through to the right and left, placing themselves behind their right and lefthand men, and after to move forward, and close their divisions and face to their Leader.  
Command. The out-most file upon each flank stand, the rest pass through to the right and left, and place yourselves on the outside of your right and lefthand men following your inmost files.  
Direction. The inmost files are to begin the motion, moving away to the right and left, until they be clear of their second files, and then they are to move away successively until they have all placed themselves on the outside of their right and lefthand men, and then close files into the midst to open order.  
Command. The out-most files upon each flank face outward, the rest pass through to the right and left, placing yourselves before your right and lefthand men, following your in most files.  
Direction. The rest are likewise to face outward, and the inmost files are to begin the motion, the rest following in order until they have placed themselves before their outside men, after face to the Front, and close files into the the midst to open order.  
Command. The out-most file upon each flank face inward, the rest pass through to the right and left, and place yourselves behind your outside men following the inmost Files.  
Direction. The rest are to face outward, the inmost files begin to move forward to the right and left, the rest consequently do the same, until they all stand behind their outside men, then facing to the right and left about, closing their divisions by moving forward, after face to the Front.  
Command. Countermarch your right and left half-ranks from the midst losing ground and placing yourselves before your outside men.  
Direction. Face inward, right half-ranks turn off to the right, and left half-ranks turn off to the left, and move forward until you have placed yourselves before your outside men, after face to your Leader, and close files into the midst to open order.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks interchange ground.  
Direction. Face inward, and pass through to your own right-hand, until you be clear six foot each of other, after face to your Leader, and close files into the midst to open order.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks countermarch to the right and left, and interchange ground.  
Direction. Face outward, right half-ranks turn off to the right, left half-ranks turn off to the left, and march clear each of the other, after face to the front, and close files inward to open order.  
Thus much may suffice to be spoken of all the several sorts and kinds of Countermarches, which if any shall conceive my pains fruitless in culling out such plenty and variety, there being so few of them practised among able and knowing Soldiers, my best apology will be the high and venerable esteem had of Antiquity necessitated me thereunto, as also to give full satisfaction to the Leaders of our private Meetings, who of late have laboured to inure their Soldiers in the full practice thereof, made me the willinger rather to undergo the censure of some, then to incur the displeasure of many. Yet by the way, give me leave fully to declare myself concerning the use of them; for, my opinion is, that of all the Motions, tending to Martial Discipline: these may the best be spared, as being of little use, and not so much as practised abroad upon service, and therefore the fewer of them any Leader shall use in his Exercise, in my judgement, he doth the better, not spending time in needless speeches, telling of his Soldiers, that this is the Macedorian, this is the Lacedaemonian, or Ocean Countermarch; not to lie under the censure myself of mispending time, I come, therefore briefly, in the next place to treat of Wheelings, being a subject more profitable for the intelligible Soldier.   

CHAP. LV. Of Wheelings, with their several uses.  
HAving proceeded thus far in showing all the several sorts and kinds of Military Motions, it will now in the next place be expected that I speak somewhat of Wheelings, and as formerly, so now, to set before the Soldier their several kinds and uses. Wherefore, take notice of two sorts, Wheelings angular, and Wheelings on the Centre, (which latter is commonly called the Prince of Orange his wheeling) being acted, or performed by the Soldier two several ways, that is to say, Entire, or Divisionall  
Entire Wheelings to the Angles, are when the Soldiers turn their Aspects from the front▪ proper to either of the Flanks, or Rear, whereby they may give the wind, or Sun, or some like advantage, bringing their best Soldiers thither for to encounter an Enemy. For the better performance of this Motion, it will be convenient to close Ranks and Files into the midst to order, and to keep their due distance both in rank and file, observing in their Ranks their right and lefthand men, and following their Leaders, always conforming themselves in their Motion to the most commendable Posture, which is Pikes advanced, and Muskets poised. Wheeling the Battle on the Centre, is when they are so straightened with ground, that they have not room to wheel to the right or left, as in the former, which gaineth as much more ground before the front, as formerly they stood on; this wheeling brings their best Soldiers to either of the flanks, or Rear; I could wish that this wheeling were more oftener practised amongst us, for by it the Soldiers are better kept together in their Motion, being not so apt to fly out, as in the former  
Divisionall Wheelings (provided they have sufficient number of men) are of singular good use to encounter several Enemies at one and the same time, which the front of our Battalia bringing our best Soldiers for to skirmish with them. It is likewise useful to bring either Arms into Front, Reer, or both the flanks: for suppose the Musketeers to be upon the flanks, and fearing a desperate charge of the Horse, to fall upon them, by a Divisionall Wheeling the Pikes, are thither brought to receive their onset, and in the mean space, the Musketeers have time to recruit their Bandiliers again: much more might be spoken, but my intent is not to fill my Book with impertinent discourses, knowing what is already spoken is sufficient for the intelligible Soldier.   

CHAP. LVI. Entire Wheelings.  

Command. WHeel your Battle to the Right.  
WHeel your Battle to the Left.  
WHeel your Battle to the Right. about.  
WHeel your Battle to the Left. about.   
Direction. The right or the lefthand men in the front are the hinges of these Motions, the rest have a greater compass to march, than they to bring their Aspects, unto the place commanded, following their Leaders.  

Command. Wheel your Battle on the same ground to the Right.  
Wheel your Battle on the same ground to the Left.  
Wheel your Battle on the same ground to the Right. about.  
Wheel your Battle on the same ground to the Left. about.   
Direction. The left half-ranks moveth forwards wheeling to the right; and the right half-ranks contrariwise faceth to the left side-wise falling backward, moving still unto the place commanded.   

CHAP. LVII. Divisionall Wheelings.  
Command. WHeel the Battle off by Division from the Front.  
Direction. Turn off to the right and left.  
Command. Wheel the Battle off by Division from the Rear.  
Direction. Face to the Rear, and turn off to the right and left.  
Command. Wheel the Battle inward to the Rear.  
Direction. Open from the midst to convenient distance, and turn off to the right and left.  
Command. Wheel the Battle inward to the Front from the Rear.  
Direction. Face to the Rear, open from the midst, and wheel inward to the front.  
Command. Wheel off the Body by Division from the right flank.  
Direction. Face to the right.  
Command. Wheel off the Body by Division from the left flank.  
Direction. Face to the left.  
Command. Wheel the Body inward to the left flank from the right.  
Direction. Face to the right, and open outward to convenient distance to wheel inward to the left flank.  
Command. Wheel the Body inward to the right flank from the left.  
Direction. Face to the left, and open outward to convenient distance, to wheel inward to the right flank.  
Command. Wheel off your Front and Rear half-files by Division.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and Front and Rear half-files turn off by Division.  
Command. Wheel your Front and Rear half-files inward to the midst of Ranks.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and Front and Rear half-files open outward to convenient distance to wheel inward to the midst of Ranks.  
Command. Wheel off your Front and Rear half-files by Division from the midst of Rank.  
Direction. Front half-files face about, and Front and Rear half-files wheel off to the right and left by Division.  
Command. Wheel Front and Rear half-files inward, both to the Front and Rear from the midst of Ranks.  
Direction, Front half-files face about, and Front and Rear half-files open from the midst to convenient distance, and wheel inward into Front and Rear.  
Command. Wheel off your right and left half-ranks by Division.  
Direction. Face outward, and wheel off to the right and left by Division.  
Command. Wheel your right and left half-ranks inward to the midst of files.  
Direction. Face outward, and open to the right and left to convenient distance to wheel inward to the midst of files.  
Command. Wheel off your right and left half-ranks by Division from the midst of files.  
Direction. Face inward, and cause them to move backward to convenient distance to wheel off by Division from the midst of files.  
Command. Wheel your right and left half-ranks inward to both flanks from the midst of files.  
Direction. Face inward, and open to the right and left to convenient distance to wheel inward to both the flanks.  
Command. Wheel the outward Angles to the right and left about, to the Centre.  
Direction. Face to the outward Angles, and close ranks and files to close order, and the Angles on the right turn off to the right, the Angles on the left turn off to the left.  
Command. Wheel the inward Angles to the right and left about inward from the Centre.  
Direction. Face to the inward Angles, or to the Centre, and wheel about to the right and left inward from the Centre.  
These are all the entire and divisionall Wheelings, that have hitherto been practised by any, according to my best observation; there are other Wheelings which may properly be termed Doubling, which I have placed amongst the Doubling, where they more properly belong. Now if any shall demand of me a reason why I have omitted the Reducements, to each particular Command; my answer thereunto is easy, for as in the Countermarches, so in these, they may be reduced by three or four words of Command, except a Commander shall of set purpose keep them off from the same; to make some experiment, after any wheeling is performed, face them after to their first Front, and command them to even their ranks, and straighten their files, they will be as at first; and unto what hand soever they wheeled, command them to wheel to the contrary hand, and they will be reduced unto the first front, or what part is wheeled off by Division, wheel them inward again from that place, and it will easily reduce them. Thus you see that it is almost impossible for a Leader to be out, unless he be extremely ignorant, therefore he need not fear to venture far in the progress of them, before he shall reduce them, provided he use no Doubling: which if he shall, great care must be had that he be not put to a stand; for the prevention whereof, let him look back unto those doublings by wheelings, wherein one doth reduce another, where he may find some remedy to help himself forth again.   

CHAP. LVIII. Of Firings, either for delight or service.  
THe chiefest thing required of the Musketeers next their Postures, by which they are taught how to handle their Arms with delight both marching or skirmishing, is firing, which to speak the truth, is the full accomplishment of all the rest; for unless they be really performed, the rest are of no great advantage. For to what end is it for any man to prime, lad, or cock, if he present not answerably; therefore firings are the execution of all the former; in so much my advice shall be to all Commanders, that they be careful and diligent to have all their Musketeers often practised with false firings, which is, firing in the pan only, and falling off, as hereafter followeth to the end, that in time of need they may not spend their powder, and bullets, in vain. And that they may likewise know where to fall off, that others may do the like, and where to place themselves securest from danger; yet so as they may be still aiding the one, unto the other: I shall, therefore, for the good of my Country, and for the benefit of all such as are herein concerned, collect forth some firings, which shall be every one differing from the other in one kind or other, either in the execution or reducing, whereby the ingenious Soldier may cull forth such as he best likes to make use of, what he shall think to be most fit and pertinent to his intended purpose; be it either for delight or service, briefly therefore thus. Firings really considered can be performed but five ways, that is to say, to the Front, Reer, right or left-Flank, Obliqne, or Angular; but there is so much variety to be expressed in the performance of each of these, that it makes them seem so many several firings, as by the following discourse shall be fully demonstrated.   

CHAP. LIX. Several Firings to be performed with any number of men.  
THe Front being the head of the Body, and therefore the more honourable part challengeth the superiority, or first place, and therefore without any farther circumstance, I come directly to the firings as they lie in order▪ as followeth; draw all the Musketeers before the Pikes, before you begin you● firings.  


Firings to the Front.  1 

Two Ranks advancing ten paces. falling in the Rear of themselves.  
By single miles, advancing three paces. falling in the Rear of themselves.    
2 Fire.  
3 Fire and flank the Pikes.  
4 Fire by Files advancing 10 or 20 paces, first, single, secondly, ranking inward, 1, 2, 3, 4, or more, falling down into rheir places again.  
5 Fire by Ranks filing, and advancing 10 or 20 paces, and moving down, and ranking in the Rear of their own Divisions.  
6 Fire by Divisions drawn off 10, or 20, or 30 paces, and returning again.  
7 Fire even with the Front, and falling in the Rear of their own Divisions.  
8 Fire even with the half-files, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
9 Fire by way of Introduction, thus, the first rank fires, and stands, the last rank passeth up between the files, and placing themselves before the File-leaders, or first rank, then stand, and give fire, the rest doing the like till the file-leaders come up again into their places, and fire the second time.  
10 Fire by Introduction after this manner, the first rank gives fire, and stands, the rest moving forward until the next rank hath placed themselves before the first; then stands, and giveth fire, the rest moving up, and doing, the like until they have all fired twice.  
11 Fire even with the Front, falling in the Rear of Pikes.  
12 Fire by Extraduction, the first rank passing from the Rear upon the outside of the Pikes, upon the left, until they have placed themselves in a rank, in the Rear of the Musketeers, the rest successively doing the like, until they have fired all over, and brought themselves as at first.  
13 Fire by the out-most files, wheeling or ranking outward into the Front, falling off 
Here the Musketeers are upon the Flanks again.  likewise, being led off by Bringers-up, leading up next the Pikes, this done twice reduceth.  
14 Fire two Ranks together. falling off, or falling down.  
15 Fire four Ranks together; two kneeling, and two standing upright. falling off, or falling down.  
16 Fire six Ranks together, two kneeling, two stooping, and two standing upright. falling off, or falling down.  
17 Fire some Ranks drawn forth to the 

right or by division, and in again.  
left or by division, and in again.     
Note also if you please, you may draw forth one Rank to the right, and another to the left, at one and the same time together.  

18 Fire by files drawn forth obliqne, than face about, and move into their places. Note also that several figures may be made by these kinds of firings; as the V: the W: or the Fort-battail, and the like.  
19 Fire by ranks, ranking into the front, or files ranking into the front, and ranking, or filing as they were.  
20 Fire by files wheeling outward or inward into the front, and filing again as they were.   
Thus much briefly of firings to the Front, the Rear challengeth the next place, where suppose all the Musketeers to be in the Rear of the Pikes, the Body marching.  


Firings to the Rear.  1 Fire to the 

right about falling in the front of their own Divisions.  
left about falling in the front of their own Divisions.    
2 Fire and fall off to the right and left, and rank with the first rank of Pikes, into the front.  
3 Fire even with the Rear, and fall off before the Front of your own Divisions of Musketeers.  
4 Fire even with the Rear, or last rank, and fall off to the right and left with a swift Motion, placing yourselves 10 20 or 30 paces before the front of Pikes, still facing to the Body, and making ready again, and opening to the right and left, until they be clear of the Pikes.  
5 Fire by Introduction to the Rear twice over until they come down even with the Rear, and flank the Pikes.  
6 Fire to the right and left about to the Rear, Ranks drawn forth, and in again.  
7 Fire so the Rear, every rank drawn forth clear each from other, and falling in again, and flanking the Pikes.  
8 Fire to the right and left about files ranking downward to the Rear, and filing as they were.  
9 Fire to the right and left about, ranks, ranking downward to the Rear, and ranking as they were.  
10 Fire losing ground, falling off to the right and left about, just before the front of Pikes.  
11 Now if the Enemy pursue eagerly, and that you candot make a safe retreat marching, face all about, and fire upon them by way of Extraduction, or by half-ranks, divided as formerly hath been shown.   
And thus much likewise briefly concerning firings to the Rear; in the next place I shall 
Firings to the Flanks marching.  show some firings to the flanks: for performance whereof, it will be expedient to bring all the Musketeers upon one of the flanks, but for order sake, I will begin with the firings from the right flank.  

1 Fire to the right, and gather up your files, it is to be performed after this manner, the out-most file upon the right is to face to the right, and to give fire, and after to face to the front, and stand, until the next file have fired in like manner, and then the first file gathers up unto him upon the right even a Breast, and standing until the third file have faced to the right, and fired in like manner, and after facing to the front, the other files moving up in the like way as before, and following successively this rule until all have given fire, and then to march up, and even the front of Pikes, the Musketeers will stand as at first, when they were brought upon the right flank.  
2 Fire to the right, File-leaders leading up their files next to the Pikes.  
3 Fire to the right, Bringers-up leading away next the Pikes, which being twice done, reduceth them.  
4 Fire to the right, leading up on the contrary flank, either by the File-leaders, or Bringers-up.  
5 Fire to the right, and leading up by Bringers-up between the Pikes, and passing thorough to their places again, doing the same, reduceth them.  
6 Fire to the right, and leading up between the Pikes by the Leaders, and passing through the Pikes again to the right, they will be as at first; the like may be done to the left, or in some kind to both flanks, at one and the same time.  
7 Fire to the right by ranks wheeling and ranks, to rank as they were to the right, upon their marching reduceth them.  
8 Fire to the right by ranks inverting, or filing, and upon the March the Soldiers ranking, reduceth them.  
9 Fire to the right files, filing, and gathering up their files to the left reduceth them.   
These firings being performed marching, the next shall be upon a Stand, where note you must cast all your Musketeers upon that flank, where you conceive the Enemy will fall on, whether right, left, or both, but for order sake we usually begin with the right▪ wherefore face to the right, and proceed as followeth. 
Firings to the right Flank upon a Stand.   

1 Fire and fall in the Rear of yourselves.  
2 Fire and flank the Pikes.  
3 Fire even with the Pikes, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
4 Fire even with the Rear, moving forth to the right and left, by ranks falling in the Rear of themselves.  
5 Fire by extraduction by half-ranks drawn forth, and falling rank after rank in the Rear of the Pikes, after to reduce them as at first, cause them to double their front by Division.   
These firings may as well be performed to both the flanks, as to one, the Body being faced accordingly, which would make many firings more, but these already set down, may be sufficient for any ingenious capacity to work upon for the present, observing this rule, that in every firing he shall make use in time of his Exercise, he may reduce them by another, which will be more pleasing to the Soldier, by reason of the great variety it affords unto them. And now, in the last place, I know it will be expected, that I should speak something of the use of firings: wherefore briefly thus.  
Firings to the front marching, or moving, when we either pursue after, or approach to an Enemy.  
Firings to the front, maintaining ground when two Bodies encounter one another.  
Firings to the front, losing ground, when either we are forced thereunto by necessity, or that we do it out of policy, to draw the Enemy into a train, or snare.  
Firings to the Rear marching, when we are pursued by an Enemy, yet would continue our March until we have gained some place of importance, or advantage.  
Firings to the Rear upon a Stand, when we are compelled thereunto by the violent pursuit of an Enemy; or else when we have gained a place of advantage of ground, or have recovered the wind or Sun, whereby we are the better able to encounter with them.  
Firings to the flank, or flanks marching, when we are assaulted by some Ambuscado secretly placed to hinder our passage; or supposing two Armies are marching to one and the same place, a river being betwixt them.  
Firings to flank or flanks standing when the Enemy chargeth on with a resolution to cut off or divide part of the Army from the other.  
Having thus briefly set down several firings to front, rear, and both flanks, with their uses either marching, or standing, I hold it convenient in the next place to give some short directions in time of Battle, both to the Officers, and their Soldiers.  
First, that the Drummers have a vigilant eye upon their Commanders, whose voices are drowned by the loud thundering of the Cannon, or Musketeers, as also by the neighing of Horses, or the lamentable cries of the maimed and wounded Soldiers, at which time the Leaders Staff, half-Pike, or what else he carries in his hand may be sufficient for to instruct them to continue their charge, retreat, or else to charge home.  
Secondly, that the Sergeants be careful in time of Battle, that their Soldiers be at their due distance of order both in rank and file, and that upon their firings, whether they be by forlorns either of files, or ranks drawn forth, or otherwise by Divisions, they see them neatly and handsomely performed by cocking their matches, and presenting something lower than brest-high, and after uncocking and returning them, wheeling off either to the right, left, or both, falling in the Rear of themselves, or else where as shall be appointed in an orderly manner, whereby they may decently come up again to fire against the Enemy.  
Thirdly, that the Soldiers present and give fire upon their Rests, not using that slovenly posture of popping their Matches into the Pan, their Muskets being on their left sides, which is not only hurtful unto themselves, but much endangers their fellow-soldiers, and by so doing, they scarce or ever do any execution against an Enemy. But here I meet with an objection framed by the Soldiers after this manner; our Rests are of little or no use unto us in time of skirmishing, fit they are, we confess, in the Military Gardens, but in time of Battle both troublesome and cumbersome unto us, to whom I reply, what if they be a little cumbersome at the first, must they therefore be rejected, and carelessly thrown away, nay, rather they ought frequently to practise themselves in the use thereof, which if they did, they would find the same very serviceable unto them in time of skirmishing, wherewith they fire better, and in a more comely and graceful way, far more securing both themselves, and fellow-soldiers from danger, and likewise upon their March, it is both a help and support unto them.  
Fourthly, their eyes ought likewise in time of Battle to be fixed steadfastly upon their Captain, always conforming to him in Posture when he shall prepare to charge or retreat, and likewise they ought to be knowing and well versed in the several beats of the Drum, which if well observed by all, there would not be so much confusion in time of Battle amongst them, as many times by sad experience hath been found, when disregarding their Officers commands, and the beating of the Drums, they ignorantly and rashly run on in a disorderly manner, by which means they have cut off their own Officers and fellow-soldiers, many times more than they have dangered the enemy.  
Thus you see what great necessity there is of instructing and training up the Soldiers in their Postures, and how requisite it is to conform themselves to their Officers in time of Battle, performing thereby better execution against their Enemies; and by their decent and comely array preserve themselves from imminent dangers and perils.  
The Soldiers having now all the groundwork of the exercising a body of men, laid down before them, in the next place he labours to make experiment thereof, but being no Officer he cannot attein thereunto without special leave from his Superiors, and therefore (being a File-leader) he craves leave for to exercise his single File both in their Postures and Motions, contenting himself for present with that small number whereby he is able to run through many plain things of Distances, Face, Doubling, Countermarching and Wheeling. But being not fully satisfied, he presumes upon the former favour had from his Superiors to go on to make every man in his File a File-leader, first, by succession, and after (being not called away by the beat of the Drum, or by his Officers to lead up his File, and to join into a Body) according unto Dignity, and after endeavours to reduce them again by proper words of command.  
This liberty being granted at convenient times unto a File-leader, much indeers the Soldier's good affections unto their Officers, and is a means whereby many others are brought in to be true lovers of Military Exercises, as being much taken and well pleased with the sight of the former things. And therefore, I could wish, that they were not hereafter prevented, as formerly I have observed by the malice of some, who have had places of command bestowed upon them, more through favour or by reason of their riches, then for any worth or desert found in them: They perhaps hold it a great disparagement unto them to be eclipsed, but a judicious and discreet Captain accounts it a great honour to lead such gallant men that are as able, and as well knowing as himself.   

CHAP. LX. The way to make every man in a File six deep according to succession a File-leader, by doublings, not 
The File. 1 2 3 4 5 6  using one word of command twice.  

2 

Command. FIles rank two to the left  
Files to the left double. 

Brings the second man into the Front.      
3 

Command. Halfe-files double your Front to the left,  
Files double your depth to the left.    
4 

Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the right,  
Double your Files to the left entire advancing,    
5 

Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the left,  
Double your Files to the right entire advancing.    
6 

Command. File, rank two to the right,  
Files to the right double,    
Reducement. File, rank to the left into the Front,  
Rank, file six to the left.    

CHAP. LXI. The way to make every man in a File six deep File-leader, according to dignity by a doubling, not using one Word of command twice. 
The Dignity of the File. 1 6 4 3 5 2   

2 

Command. HAlf-files double your front to the left.  
Files double to the right entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.    
3 

Command. Front half-file double the rear to the left.  
Files double to the left entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.    
4 

Command. Bringer-up double your Front to the right.  
Files double your depth to the right, every man falling behind his bringer-up.    
5 

Command. Half-files double your Front to the right.  
Files double to the left entire advancing.  
Files rank two to the right.  
Files to the right double.    
6 

Command. Bringer-up, double your Front to the left.  
Files double your depth to the left, every man falling behind his bringer-up.    
Reducement. File, rank two to the left.  
Files to the left double.    

CHAP. LXII. 
The File. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  The way to make every man in a File eight deep File-leader by succession, and that by doubling, not using one Word of command twice.  

2 

Command. FIle, rank two to the left.  
Ranks invert to the left.    
3 

Command. Half-file double your front to the right.  
Double your files to the right entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.    
4 

Command. Files rank two to the right.  
Files to the right double.    
5 

Command. Front half-files double your rear to the right.  
Double your files to the left entire advancing.    
6 

Command. Files, rank two to the right into the rear.  
Ranks invert to the right.    
7 

Command. Half-files double your Front to the left.  
Double your files to the left entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.    
8 

Command. File, rank two to the left into the Rear.  
Face to your Leader.  
Double your Files to the right advancing.    
Reducement. File, rank to the right into the Front.  
Ranke, file right to the right.    

CHAP. LXIII. The way to make every man in a File eight deep, a File-leader according 
The Dignity of the File. 1 6 7 4 3 8 5 2  unto dignity, by a doubling.  

2 

Command. BRinger-up double your front to the left.  
Double your files to the right entire advancing    
3 

Command. Half-files double your front to the left.  
Double your files to the left entire advancing.    
4 

Command. Bringer-up double your Front to the right.  
Files double your depth to the right.    
5 

Command. File, rank two to the right.  
Double your files to the right entire, advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.    
6 

Command. Front half-file double your Rear to the right, following your Leaders.  
Double your files to the right by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.    
7 

Command. Front half-file double your Rear to the left, following your Leaders.  
Double your files to the left by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.    
8 

Command. The two first, and the two last men double the four middlemost men to the right, following your Leaders, and your Bringers-up.  
Files double your Depth to the left.    
Reducement. Half-files double the front to the right.  
Bringers-up double your front to the right.  
Files to the right and left double inward.  
Double your files to the left entire advancing.   
Although I have here set down words of Command to make every man a File-leader, both by Succession, and Dignity; a Commander is not thereby tied up, but may if he please, practise the same upon a whole Company, altering but a little some words of Command; As for example, we cannot say in a file, double your ranks, there being none, until there be some other files joined thereunto, and therefore if we intent a doubling by a single file, we command it to rank two to the right or left, which in a Company must be expressed Ranks to the right or left double. Thus you see with a little alteration every man is brought up into the Front, either by succession, or dignity, whether the files be even numbers or odd, great bodies or small. But here by the way, I must crave pardon to speak something in commendation of these Doubling, in answer to them that accounts them but toys; to whom I will be so bold as to tell them that it is not for want of ignorance, they so slightly esteem of them, for were they truly knowing in the Art of Drilling, they must of force confess abundance of variety in them, affording much delight to him that shall command, and great content unto them that are commanded, perceiving themselves to be made file-leaders by the skill and worth of their Leaders. And, besides, there may be just cause (at one time or other) many times to alter the ranks, exchanging the one for the other, bringing thereby their best deserving Soldiers into the chiefest places of honour, and casting others into their rooms at the discretion of the Commander. Therefore, I could wish, all Leaders whatsoever to be well skilled and versed in these Doubling, the frequent practice whereof will make them more apt in the Exercise of more difficult things in the Art Military. To which ingenious study I leave them, and in the next place proceed to show them several figures of Battle to be performed by single files, consisting of several Depths of men.   

CHAP. LXIV. Concerning Figures of Battle to be performed by single Files, with some admonitions to those that shall practise themselves therein.  
THe great plenty, and variety of matter, that may be performed in the exercising of a single file, makes me wonder at the ignorance of those who are famed abroad for able knowing Soldiers, who after they have passed over the Postures, are at a Stand, as if there were nothing else to be done. with the same. But did they truly understand what dishonour and disparagement it is unto them, they would not be so idle and backward, but set times apart, often inuring themselves to the practice thereof, going through all the Motions, Distances, Face, Doubling, Countermarches, and Wheelings, and may farther, if he please, with his single file draw forth divers figures of Battle, declaring unto his Soldiers their several reasons and uses. The exercising his Company after this manner, affords unto them both content and delight, and it is likewise very useful in greater Bodies, when time of need shall require, as shall appear in the sequel of this Book.  
But here, me thinks, I hear some say, of what use are your figures? seeing for the most part, in pitched Battles, or skirmishing in the field, they commonly fire one again another in Squares, or by Forlornes, drawn forth from the Body, and being relieved, return into their places again. To whom, I answer, that in one respect it is true, there being scarce any pitched Battle in the field fought in these latter times, but it hath been with even fronts, who ever are first engaged, whether it be by Divisions drawn off by way of Forl●rnes, as have Wings, or Battle, the Fight with even Fronts, or Squadrons, as having every five or six files divided a part from each other, having six foot ground interval, betwixt the above said number of files for the conveniency of the Ranks wheeling off after they have fired, As concerning such figures as are framed like the Wedge, Saw, Sheers, or Diamond, I must confess, there is little or no use at all, except it be for delight, or for the practice and experience of some young Soldier, whereby he may plainly see the custom of the Ancients in setting forth such ancient figures. But to let this pass, and to come to the place where we left, I shall show unto the Soldier how needful it is for him to be well skilled in the framing of figures of Battle, and likewise to be throughly acquainted with their several uses. Wherefore take this for a general rule, that there was never any pitched Battle, but there were Reserves appointed out unto all the parts thereof, whereby they might bring off, and at time of need relieve each other; and if so, certainly, they must of necessity carry along with them several forms, and figures of Battle, according to the discretion of the major-general, or other Commanders in chief whom it shall concern. It will therefore be expedient (since there is a necessity of figures of Battle, and for the setting a part of Divisions for the relieving of each other) for every Commander that will be truly knowing, to have always some imprinted in his memory, that in time of need, he may not be to seek, or wanting in them. To which purpose, I have collected some few, putting them to their view, being formerly-practised by me, for the satisfaction of those loving Gentlemen which have private Meetings in London; but more especially for those of the Town-ditch, unto whom I am most especially bound. And therefore, without more delay, I shall lay before them certain figures of Battle upon all the Depths of files set forth in the former Table, leaving them to their own discretion to make use of what shall best comply and suit to their intended purpose.   

CHAP. LXV. Military Experiment upon a File six deep, branching forth eight several Figures of Battle, with their reducement.  
Command. FIle rank two to the left.   military diagram 
Command. The middlemost rank open to the right and left to open order.   military diagram 
Command. The last rank advance forward into the next rank that is before you, and to open from the midst to open order, and the first rank move forward one pace.   military diagram 
Command. The first rank open outward two foot beyond open order; the last rank close forward to order.   military diagram 
Command. Division upon the left face about; march all till you be clear each of other, face all to the left, and march two paces; face to your Leader: the last rank open outward to double distance.   military diagram 
Command. The first rank open outward to double distance; the first man in the front face about, move down, and double the middlemost man to the right rank-wise.   military diagram 
Command. The lefthand man of the middlemost rank face about, the middlemost rank march two paces before the front and rear; face to your Leader, and close ranks and files to order.   military diagram 
Command. The second rank from the front double the first to the right and left outward by Division; the last man in the Rear close forward to order.   military diagram 
Command. The out-most men of the middle rank face about, and move down even with the Rear; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Reducement, The middlemost man in the Rear advance forwards to the left into the front.  
Files close inwards to your order.  
Files to the right double.  
Half-files double your front to the left.  
Files double your Depth to the right, every man falling behind his Bringer-up.  
File, rank two to the right.  
Ranks, rank entire to the left into the Rear, every man placing himself on the outside of his left hand man.  
Direction. Face about; and after being faced to their Leader, they will stand after this manner, 6: 5: 4: 3: 2: 1.  
Rank file to the right, they are reduced.   

CHAP. LXVI. Words of Command to produce the first eight Figures of Battle, with their reducements.  
Command. HAlf-file double your Front to the left.   military diagram 
Command. The last rank face about, the two middle ranks face outward; march all some two paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The first rank move forwards two paces; the third rank close inwards to open order.   military diagram 
Command. The third rank from the front face outward, march all three paces; to your Leader.  
The first rank stand, the rest face outward, and move two paces; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The first rank face about, march all until you be clear one of another; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The last rank move to the right and left, and place yourselves three foot behind the Front Divisions.   military diagram 
Command. Division on the right face about, march all until you be clear one of another; then face to the right, and march until you stand even a Breast of each other; face to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. Rear Division face about; the last man in each Division move forwards into the midst of the rank that is before you, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions to order.   military diagram 
Command. The last man in the Rear move forwards to the right in the rank of him that stands before you, the last rank open outwards to order, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Reducement. Face all about: the last man in the Rear move forwards on the left into the rank that is before you; even your ranks, and straighten your files, to your Leader.  
Files double inward by Division.  
Double your ranks to the left entire into the Front and Rear.  
Direction. Half-files face about; after face to your Leader, and the last rank close forward to order, and even your ranks, and straighten your files.  
Wheel Front and Rear to the left flank.  
Direction. The last rank face about; then face to your Leader; and countermarch the file, they are reduced.   

CHAP. LXVII. Words of Command for the second eight Figures of Battle with their reducement.  
Command. FIle, rank to the left, one, three, and four, the last rank face outwards, and move three paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The two inmost men of the last rank close inward to close order, the two out-most men of the last rank fall back two paces.   military diagram 
Command. The middlemost man in the first rank face about, march all till you are clear one of another; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. Files close into the midst to order, the last man move forward to order.   military diagram 
Command. The middlemost rank open to the right and left to double distance.   military diagram 
Command. The out-most men upon the flanks face inward, the last man in the Rear, face about, the first & the last rank face to the four Angles, move all 3 paces; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The first man in the Front, and the last man in the Rear stand, the rest face outward, and march three paces; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The last men of the out-most files move forward to the right and left, until you range even a Breast with the middle-men.   military diagram 
Reducement. The last man in the Rear move forward, and range even a Breast with the first rank, Ranks file to the right following your Leader; they are reduced.   

CHAP. LXVIII. Words of Command for the third eight Figures of Battle, with their reducement.  
Command. BRingers-up double your Front to the left.   military diagram 
Command. The first and the last rank stand, the third rank double outward rank-wise, the middle - rank face outward, march all two paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The middle rank stand, the rest double to the right filewise; face all to the Centre, and march some two paces to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The middle - rank double inward filewise, and move a little forward.   military diagram 
Command, Half-file of the middle file double your Front to the left; Front-division face to the right, and move one pace; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The lefthand file in the Front, face about, and march clear of the Rear, face to your Leader. The middle file double to the left rank-wise; files close into the midst to order: Files rank outward into the Rear, and then begin from the right to wheel them about to the left in a ring.   military diagram 
Command. Files close into the midst to order, the first rank close inward to close order; the third rank open outward to open order: the last man in the Rear, move even a Breast with the rank that is before you.   military diagram 
Command. Files open to the right and left until you stand straight with your Bringers-up, the rest moving forwards until they have ranged even a Breast with the first man.   military diagram 
Command. Angle-men face to the four Angles; the middle-men in the out-most files face inward; the middle-man in the Front face about, march all three paces: face to your Leader.   military diagram 
Reducement. The last man in the Rear of the middle file face about, middle file march clear of the standing part; files close into the midst to order: the last man in the Rear fall in Rear of the right hand file, the first man in the Front move to the left, and fall in the Front of the left hand file; close your ranks and files forward to order, and make an even Front, files double your depth to the left, every man falling behind his Bringer-up reduceth them.   

CHAP. LXIX. The way to make twelve several Figures of Battle with a File ten deep, with their Reducement.  
Command. FAce to the right, & wheel your Front into the midst, Face after to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The last men in the Rear of the outmost files face about, outmost files move clear of the standing part, face inwards, and close your Divisions, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The last man of the middle file and the last rank face about the first rank, and the last rank, and the middle file move forwards two paces, the rest open outward two paces, to your leader.   military diagram 
Command. The last man in the front division advance forward three foot before the Front, the first man of the Rear division face about, and move three foot behind the Rear; the outmost files double ranks inward; ranks close forwards to order, and face to your Leader:   military diagram 
Command. The first man in the Front face about, the last man in the Rear stand, the rest face outwards, march all until the first and the last man meet, face all to your Leader; middle men double to the right rank-wise, and close outward to order.   military diagram 
The two middle-men in the Body face about and move clear of the Rear three foot, face to your Leader, middle-men of the out-most files close inward to order.   military diagram 
Command. Middle-man upon the right of the second Rank advance forward three foot before the Front, the three first men in the Front, and the middle-man of the second rank move forwards three paces, the rest closing inward one pace.   military diagram 
Command. The last rank open outward to double distance, and the next rank open outward to open order, and the third rank from the Rear to close inward to order.   military diagram 
Command. The second man from the Front face about, move down and range even with the Rear: outmost men of the last rank advance forward, and range even with the second rank from the Front: the last rank move forwards until they have exceeded three foot the next rank that (stands before them) divisisions on the wings face outward, move two paces; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. Front-Division, face about, and march down even with the Rear, the las● man move forwards to order, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. Middle-Division advance forward clear of the standing part; Divisions in the Rear close inwards to order; wheel your Rear into the midst; to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The last rank close inward to order, and to double to the left filewise; the second man from the Rear move forwards into the second rank that is before you.   military diagram 
Reducement. The first man in the Front move a little to the right, the second man from the first rank double the first man to the left rank-wise; the first rank wheel off by Division, & double the last man in the Rear to the right and left rank-wise; ranks close forwards to order, and face to your Leader.   military diagram 
Reducement. The first and second rank face about; the first rank double the second to the right and left outward; to your Leader; the last rank move forward, and even your ranks, and straighten their files; wheel Front and Rear to the left - flank; the last rank face about before they wheel; then facing to their Leader, they are reduced.   

CHAP. LXX. Twelve several Figures of Battle with a File 12 deep, 〈◊〉 their reducement.  
Command. FRont half-file double your Rear to the left; face to your Leader. Half-files double your Front to the left.   military diagram 
Command. the middlemost men upon each flank, face outward; the two middle-men of the last rank face about: those that are thus faced, and the two middle-men of the first rank move forward to your Leader three paces; the first, and the last rank stand, the rest move outward two paces; face to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The out-most Divisions open from the midst almost to twice double distance; the first rank face about, and rank even with the midst of ranks, face to your Leader; the last rank double to the right filewise; the second man from the Rear advance forward, and place himself 3 foot before the middle-men, the last man at the same time closing forward to order.   military diagram 
Command. The outmost division upon the right move away, the rest successively falling in the Reeer of them until they stand straight after the first division.   military diagram 
Command. The outmost man upon the left of the middle division to open to the left to double distance; the rest of that division to face to the right, and to move clear of the standing part, face to your Leader; the last man in the Front, face about to the last Division, the first man of the Front-division, and the first man of the Reer-division to move forwards and to close to open order: after facing to the left flank, closing to the outmost man to order; face to your Leader; and after face all to the Centre, and move a little forward, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The outmost man upon the right, and the outmost man upon the left close inward to order.   military diagram 
Command. The two middle-men move forth to the right and left three foot clear of the standing part; the first man in the Front face about: the first man in the Front, and the last man in the Rear move into the second that is before you: to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The two outmost men upon each Flank close inward to open order.   military diagram 
Command. Face all to Front, Reer, and both Flanks, and the four middle-men move forwards into the rank that is before them, and they will stand in a Square: face to your Leader.   military diagram 
Command. Files rank outward, the middle man of the first rank move forward, and place himself three foot before his right and left hand man, the outmost and the middle man of the last rank move backward, and place himself three foot behind the Reer-division, close forwards to open order.   military diagram 
Command. The first and the last rank move to the left one pace, and after double to the right filewise, the middle rank close inward to order.   military diagram 
Command. The two out-most men of the middle rank face about, move down and range even a breast with the middle-man of the Rear Division, closing inward to order, and facing to the Front; even men from the left, move forwards, and rank even a breast with the middle-man of the Front-division, and close inward to order, the out-most men open outward to double distance.   military diagram 
Command. Rear division face about and move two paces, the outmost-man upon the left face about to the right, the outmost-men move forward and rank to the right with the last man in the Rear of each division, face to your leader, and move forward two paces.   military diagram 
Reducement. Rear division face about, middle-man of the first rank of each division move forward and rank two to the left into Front and Rear: Files close into the midst to order ranks close forwards to order: Halfe-files double the Front to the right entire: Ranks rank outward into the Front, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and left hand men: Ranks file to the right and left inward: Files double your depth to the left: Face to your Leader.  
It might be expected that I should show the several Charges upon all these Figures, but in regard I may, perhaps, meet with some of them again in greater Bodies, or the like, I shall for present pass them over, and in those places endeavour to give them the best satisfaction I can. In the mean time they may with ease find out in every one of them such charges as may instruct the Soldiers how to fight, whether it be to Front, Reer, both Flanks or Angles, they may be shown and exercised in them according to the discretion of him that shall command them, whether they be Musketeers or Pike-men: and therefore, thus much shall suffice, concerning the exercising of a file for matter of Figures: In the next place followeth the Exercise of greater Bodies.   
The end of the first Book.   

THE COMPLETE BODY OF THE ART MILITARY: The Second Book.  

CHAP. 1. Concerning the Artillery and the Military Gardens, together with the Private Meetings; in and about the City of LONDON.  
THe great delight in handling of Arms in Military Exercises, makes the City of LONDON and the Suburbs thereof famous through the whole World, by reason, as I conceive, of those two great Nurseries or Academies of MILITARY DISCIPLINE, the ARTILLERY and MILITARY GARDENS, from whom, as out of pure Fountains, all other our Private Meetings (as of Town-ditch, and Cripplegate, etc.) are derived.  
The Artillery Garden deserves the first place, in respect it is the greatest Meeting, from whence, as it were out of a Nursery have been transplanted many able knowing soldiers both at home and in foreign Countries to the great honour of our Nation.  
The Military Garden is famous likewise for the great improvement of divers worthy persons of quality daily thither resorting, whose excellent skill in Military Exercises hath raised many of them to high preferment here at home, and places of honourable command abroad. The Captains in chief of these Academies are Major General Skippon, and Major Henry Tyllier, which later was the first that ever showed in the Military Garden (of which I am a member) the marching of the Soldiers in a Regiment all way, whose great pains amongst us deserves much honour and high commendation; showing unto us such variety of matter in a Soldierlike way, as was never before seen, by any member thereof.  
Not to eclipse the  Private Meetings in London, but to give them that due which belongs unto them, they likewise are of great honour and same for their frequent exercising of their Soldiers in the handling of their Arms, whether it be of the Pike, or Musket, and instructing them in the knowledge of Drilling, and drawing up of Companies, and Bodies of men, furnishing both Kingdoms with able knowing soldiers. My hearty wishes therefore that all and every one of them may be propped up, and supported to all ages, that when need shall require, we may draw from these fountains such skilful and experienced Commanders, and Officers as may be, as it were, a Bulwark to this our Nation.  
Not to dwell any longer upon this discourse, I come, therefore, briefly to set forth several Exercises (formerly practised by me amongst those loving Gentlemen of Town-ditch) according to the usual numbers there appearing, whether they be great or small, practised for the most part with 24 or 32 men, and sometimes (although seldom) with 64 men, unless it were upon general days, when they were drawn forth into the field; at such times, perhaps, there might be an appearance of greater numbers, as 120 and upwards.  
My purpose, therefore is to pitch upon, and to make use of all and every one of these numbers, making 12 Exercises, dividing them by three, until I have run over them all, conceiving them sufficient for the industrious to gather from thence matter enough for his intended Exercise. And for the more enabling of them, I shall endeavour (in these curious times) to walk a long in as plain a way as possibly may be, giving directions unto all Words of Command, for the better performance of the same; wishing all my loving fellow-soldiers to conceive well of my good meaning intended to them: desiring withal to be rightly informed of what part soever they fall upon, that they proceed leisurely and orderly in the same, which will not only be an encouragement unto the Author from whom they gather their Exercises, but will bring much praises and commendation to themselves; But to leave every one to their own best thoughts, whilst I proceed to practise what before promised concerning the several Exercises following.   

CHAP. II. The first Exercise of four Files six deep.  
EAch File-leader (as being his duty) having gone over the Postures, showing and instructing his file, with their uses, and neat handling of their Arms: hearing the Drums beat a Call for all to repair and stand to their Arms, begin to lead up their files, according to order, the Leader then closing their ranks and files to close order, craving their silence, may proceed to show unto them all their several distances and face, according unto the former rule set down, and after he may proceed to Doubling (if he pleaseth) as followeth.   

CHAP. III. A Doubling consisting of sixteen in number, every one differing from the other, and not reduced until the last Word of Command.  
Command. FIles, file to the right entire advancing.  
Command. Bringers-up, double your Front to the left.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the left.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the right entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank entire advancing.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the right entire.  
Command. Left half-ranks double entire the Depth of your right flank.  
Command Files, file to the left entire advancing.  
Command. Bringer-up double your front to the right.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the right and left outward, following your Leaders.  
Direction. Rear half-files face about; the file-leaders are to turn off to the right and left, the rest are to follow them until they are marched down into the Rear, and have doubled it to the right and left outward.  
Command. Half-files double your front inward entire.  
Command. The two out-most files upon each flank double entire the Depth of the inmost files.  
Direction. The two out-most files face about inward, and move straight down clear of the standing part; afterwards face inward, march, and close your Divisions, to your Leader.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear inward entire.  
Direction. Rear half-files face about, and move outward clear of the standing part; front half-files, face about, march down and even the Rear to your Leader.  
Command. The two outmost files upon each Flank, double entire, advancing the four inmost files.  
Direction. The two outmost files move forward clear of the standing part, face inward, march and close your Divisions, face to your Leader.  
Command. Double your files inward entire, advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Direction. The two inmost files stand, the two outmost files move forwards, and double your inmost files entire advancing, placing yourselves before your Leaders.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the right, they are reduced.   

CHAP. IU. Eight several Countermarches with their Reducement.  
Command. FIle-leaders stand, the rest, pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders.  
Command. The right hand file stand, the rest pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves on the out side of your right hand men.  
Command. File-leaders and Bringers-up stand, the rest pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders, and your Bringers-up.  
Command. The outmost file upon each flank stand, the rest pass thorough to the right and left, placing yourselves before your outside men.  
Direction. Face outward, and pass thorough to the right and left, placing yourselves before the outmost files, to your Leader, and close your Divisions to open order.  
Command. Bringers-up stand, the rest pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves behind your Bringers-up.  
Direction. The five first ranks are to face about, the next rank to the Rear is first to begin the motion, the rest are successively to follow, until the Leaders are become the Bringers-up.  
Command. The lefthand file stand, the rest pass thorough to the left, and place yourselves on the outside of your lefthand men.  
Command. File-leaders and Bringers-up stand, the rest pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves behind your Leaders and Bringers-up.  
Direction. The first and the two next ranks from the Rear face about, the two first ranks from the Front, and the two last ranks from the Rear move forwards, placing yourselves behind your Leaders, and your Bringers-up, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
Command. The out-most file upon each file face inward, the rest pass thorough to the right and left, placing yourselves behind your right and left hand men.   

CHAP. V Ten several Wheelings with their Reducement.  
Command. WHeel the Front half-files, inward into the midst, and double your Rear inward entire.  
Direction. Half-files face outward, and march clear of the standing part, after face to the Rear; front half-files open from the midst to open order, after wheeling to the right and left inward into the Rear, to your leader.  
Command. Right and left half ranks double the depth of the Battle, by wheeling into the front.  
Direction. Right half ranks wheel to the left; and left half ranks wheel to the right, to your leader.  
Command. Wheel off the front half-files, and double the Rear by division.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and front half-files, wheel off by division, moving down even with the Rear, to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your right half ranks, and double your left flank to the right entire.  
Direction. Face outward, and right half ranks wheel about to the left and move away, and double the left flank to the right, to your leader.  
Command. Front and Rear half-files, double the depth of the Battle by wheeling into Front and Rear.  
Direction. Half-files face to the Rear, and Front and Rear half-files wheel to the right and left inward, face to your Leader, and close your divisions.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-rankes and double your right flank by division  
Direction. Face outward, and left half-ranks wheel off by division, and move even with the right flank, to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your Rear half-files and double the Front to the right entire.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and wheel to the left until you have ranged even with the front.  
Command. Wheel your Battle off by division from the Front.  
Direction. Right half-ranks wheel about to the right and left, half-ranks wheel about to the left, and move down to the Rear, face to your Leader, & close into the midst to order.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-ranks, and double your right flank to the left entire.  
Direction. Face outward, left half-rankes wheel about to the right, and move forward and double the right flank to the left entire, to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your Front half-files and double the Rear to the left entire.  
Direction, Half-files face about, and front half-files wheel about to the right, move down and range even with the Rear, face to your Leader, reduceth them.   

CHAP. VI Six Figures of Battle with several firings thereunto belonging.  
Command. RAnks and files close to order, they will stand us underneath is set forth, from which we will draw our figures after we have fired upon this Platform three or four times.   military diagram 
Command. Double your files inward entire advancing.  
The first firing. Let the first two ranks advance forward ten paces, give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, after wheeling off to the right and left, placing themselves before the front of Pikes; the next two Ranks, and so the rest successively doing the like until they have fired once over which reduceth them.  
The second firing. Let the first Rank advance three paces, give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves; the rest doing the like until all have fired once over, as before.  
The third firing. Let them give fire on the ground they stand, and fall off to the right and left, and flank the Pikes.  
The fourth firing. Let them fire even with the front, and fall in the Rear of the Pikes; which being ended let the Pikes charge on.  
Reducement. Musketeers double your front by division.  
Command. The first two Ranks stand, the rest face outward and move clear of the standing part, to your Leader; the two last Ranks move outward side-ways two paces.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let every Division give fire on the same ground they stand, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The second firing. Let them advance forwards until they be clear of the Pikes, give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, after moving down into their places.  
Command. Front division advance forward three paces, the two next divisions move outward one pace; Pikes in each division face about, and move two paces, to your Leader: Divisions of Musketeers in the Rear advance forwards and range even in Front and Rear with the middle divisions of Pikes, the first rank of Pikes in the Front division move three foot clear of the standing part.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them give fire to the Front, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The second firing. Let them give fire to Front, Reer, and both flanks altogether.  
Direction. Rear divisions face outward, the last rank of Pikes and Musketeers of the Front division face to the Rear; the last rank of Musketeers move down clear of the Rear and close inward to order; then let the Pikes port, and after the Musketeers have fired charge on, then retreating into their places again.  
Command. The first and the last rank of Pikes face about and move down clear of the Rear, and close ranks forwards to order; outmost divisions of Musketeers face about, move down and flank your own divisions of Pikes: the first division of Pikes move forward and range even abrest with your own division of Musketeers, the Front division of Musketeers closing into the midst to order.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the Front division give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, after wheeling off to the right and left move down and flank the rear division of Pikes.  
The second firing. Let the Front divisions of Musketeers fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than face about, and move down upon the inside of the next division of Pikes, and after face to their Leader.  
The third firing. Let the Musketeers upon the flanks move up into the room of the former, and fire, falling in the rear of themselves, and after face about and move down into their places again; the Musketeers on the inside moving up into their places again.  
The fourth firing, Let the rear division face about, then let them fire to Front and Rear, and fall in the Rear of themselves; let the Pikes charge, and after ordering their arms the Rear division facing to their Leader, the Musketeers thereof may move up into their places again.  
Command. The outmost Divisions face outward, and move two paces, face to your Leader, move up until you range even a breast with the second Divisions next the Front, Rear Division move straight forward two paces.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them all give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers advance forwards until they be clear of the front division, and then rank outward and fire altogether; after filing inward as they were, move down again into their places: the Pikes at the same time charging, and after order their arms.  
Command. Front division advance forward three paces; the outmost divisions upon the Flanks move up, and range even with the Front.   military diagram 
The first firing. Direction for the same: let them all face to the Rear, and the middle division of Musketeers move forwards, and flank the Rear Division of Pikes; after let all the Musketeers advance forwards three foot clear of their own Divisions of Pikes, and give fire falling in the Rear of themselves, and after facing about, move into their places again.  
The second firing. Let them fire as they stand, and fall in the Rear of themselves; and the Pikes in the Rear may charge on, and after facing to their Leader.  
Command. The out-most Divisions face inward, march three paces; and the next two Divisions face outward, and move two paces, to your Leader; Reer-Division move outward until you stand straight with the Front-Divisions.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the Front-Division of Musketeers give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves; and after moving down in the room of them in the Rear: they at the same time moving up into the front firing in like manner moving down, and exchanging places with them in the Rear.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers upon the flanks move forward even with the front give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, and after move down into their places again, and face to their Leader.  
The third firing. Let them face to front-reer, and both flanks, and let the Pikes port, and the Musketeers give fire.  
The fourth firing. Let them give fire on the ground they stand, and fall in the Rear of the Pikes; the Pikes charging whilst the Musketeers make ready again.  
The fift firing. Let the Pikes charge at foot, and the Musketeers give fire over their heads; then recovering their Arms, face to their Leader.  
Reducement. Front-Divisions face about; Front and Reer-Divisions march, and interchange ground, to your Leader; The out-most Divisions face inward, and close your Divisions, to your Leader: even your ranks, and straighten your files, and close to order, they are reduced.  
The Captain may now command the Musketeers to poise their Arms, and file away to the right and left, making as it were a Street or Gallery for him to troop away the Pikes, and lodge his Colours.   

CHAP. VII. The second Exercise with four Files six deep.  
THe Soldiers being the second time summoned to appear at their place of Randezvous, the Sergeants having drawn forth the files, may give liberty to the Leaders thereof, to exercise them in their several Postures, which being ended, their Captain, or other Officers may command them to lead up their Files, and to join them into a Body; after which he may show unto them their Distances, and Face, with their several kinds, following the former rule, and after proceed to these or the like Doubling following.   

CHAP. VIII. Eighteen several Doubling with their reducements.  
Command. HAlf-files double your Front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the right entire.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right flank to the left.  
Direction. Face all to the right, and left half-ranks move forward; and double your right flank to the left, to your Leader.  
Command. Double your ranks to the left entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank entire advancing.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right flank inward entire.  
Direction. Half-files of the right half-ranks face about, right half-ranks move clear of the standing part; face all to the right: left half-ranks move forwards into the right flank, to your Leader.  
Command. The three first, and the three last ranks double the six middlemost, entire to the left flank.  
Direction. The three first, and the three last, face to the left, march clear of the standing part, face inward, move and close your Divisions, to your Leader.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank to the right.  
Direction. Face all to the left, and right half-ranks move forwards, and double your left flank to the right, to your Leader.  
Command. Double your ranks to the right entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank inward entire.  
Command. The three first, and the three last ranks, double the six middlemost ranks entire to the right flank.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right flank entire advancing.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the left entire.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the right.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the right, following your Leaders.  
Direction. Half-files face about, file-leaders turn off to the left, and move down upon the right of the Rear, the rest following successively; to your Leader.  
Command. Files double your Depth to the left entire; they are reduced being faced to their Leader.   

CHAP. LXVI. Twelve several Countermarches with their reducements.  
Command. FIles to the right hand countermarch losing ground.  
Command. Ranks to the right hand countermarch, losing ground.  
Direction. Face all to the right.  
Command. Front and Rear half-files interchange ground.  
Direction. Front half-files face about to the left.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks interchange ground.  
Direction. Face inward.  
Command. File-leaders face about; the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves behind your Leaders, face to the Front.  
Command. Countermarch your Front and Rear into the midst.  
Command. Countermarch your flanks into the midst. Face outward.  
Command. File-leaders, and half-file-leaders stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders, and half file-leaders.  
Direction. The second rank from the front, and from the half file-leaders, are to begin the Motion, placing themselves as before commanded.  
Command. The out-most file upon the right, and the second file from the left stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves on the outside of your right-hand men.  
Command. Files to the lefthand countermarch, losing ground.  
Command. Front and Rear half-files countermarch to the right.  
Direction. Front and Rear half-files turn off distinctly by yourselves, on the ground you stand; face to your Leader.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks countermarch to the right.  
Direction. Face to the right; and right and left half-ranks turn off distinctly to the right, face to your Leader; they are reduced.   

CHAP. X. Twelve several Wheelings with their reducements.  
Command. WHeel your Rear half-files inward into the midst, and double the Front inward entire.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks open from the midst to double distance; Rear half-files face about, and wheel your Rear inward into the midst, moving forward, doubling the front inward entire.  
Command. Wheel off your right half-ranks and double your left flank to the left entire.  
Direction. Face outward right half-ranks, wheel about to the right, and double your left flank to the left, to your Leader.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks double the Length of your Battle by wheeling outward to the front.  
Direction. Face outward, and right half-ranks wheel to the left, and left half-ranks wheel to the right, and after close files into the midst to order.  
Command. Wheel off your right half-ranks, and double your left flank by Division.  
Direction. Face outward; right half-ranks wheel about to the right and left outward moving forward, and doubling the left flank to the right and left outward.  
Command. Wheel your left half-ranks inward into the right flank.  
Direction. Face outward, and open from the midst to double distance; the front and Rear half-files, and after the left half-ranks may wheel inward, and double the right flank inward entire.  
Command. Wheel off your Rear half-files, and double your front to the left entire; Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel your right half-ranks inward into the midst, and double the left flank inward entire.  
Direction. Face outward, and Front and Rear half-files that were are to open from the midst to double distance, and right half-ranks wheel inward, and move forward into the left flank.  
Command. Wheel off your Rear half-files, and double your front to the right entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-ranks, and double your right flank by Division.  
Command. Wheel off your Front half-files, and double your Rear to the right entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Double the Depth of the Battle by wheeling front and rear into the midst of each Division.  
Direction. Front half-files move forward four paces, than the last rank of each Division face about, and wheel into the midst of Front and Rear of each Division, face to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your Front half-files, and double your Rear to the left entire, Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel your Battle off by Division from the Rear.  
Direction. Face all about, and right half-ranks wheel about to the right and left outward to the front, and closing files into the midst to order, they will be reduced as at first, and stand as underneath is set forth.   military diagram  

CHAP. XI. Several plain Firings upon this Exercise of 24 men, with Figures of Battle, belonging to the same.  
A Commander having thus passed over the Motions, may next prepare for Firings, and calling up his Sergeants, he may give them order how the Musketeers shall fire in front and rear, but before he begin his Firings, it will be expedient that he double his Front to the right and left inward by the Bringers-up, which being ended he may proceed as followeth.  
The first firing. Let them fire by Divisions drawn forth ten paces before the front of Pikes, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The second firing. Let them fire again, and fall off to the right and left moving down before the front of Pikes and closing their Divisions.  
The third firing. Let the first rank kneel down, the next stoop, and the last stand upright, and give fire altogether; the Pikes in the mean time are to advance their Arms, and open to the right and left, charge on to the front, until they be clear of the Musketeers, and then face inwards, and close their Divisions; then facing all about, they may give fire to the Rear marching.  
The fourth firing. Let the last rank face about to the left, and give fire, and fall off to the right and left, placing themselves before their Leaders of their own Divisions of Musketeers,  
The fifth firing. Let them face about to the left again, give fire, & fall off to the right and left, and flank their Pikes; the Pikes at the same instant facing about, and charge on clear of the Musketeers, the Musketeers after facing inward, and close their Divisions; the Pikes may charge to the Horse, and the Musketeers may give fire over their heads after this manner.  
The sixth firing. Let the first rank stoop, and the other two stand upright, and give fire altogether, after recovering of their Arms, they may all face to the front, commanding the Pikes to double the front inward entire, and afterwards files to double their Depth to the right and left outward, every man falling behind his Bringer-up, closing files into the midst to order, and wheeling about into the first front, he may proceed as followeth.  
Command. Front half-files advance forwards three paces; the middle - rank of each Division face outward, and move clear of the standing part, face to your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the inmost Divisions of Musketeers in the Front fire, and fall off in the Rear of themselves, after facing about, move down, and interchange ground with them in the Rear; they at the same instant moving up firing, and in like manner interchanging ground with them in the Rear, and at the same time the out-most men are to move up, and fire to the front, and to fall off to the right and left, into the place of them in the Rear, they at the same time moving up, and firing in like manner, this firing may be continued twice over.  
The second firing. Let them face to both the flanks, and let the Divisions of Pikes in the midst open outward until they be clear of the standing part, then Porting; let the Musketeers give fire on the same ground they stand, and the Pikes after may charge on until the Musketeers make ready again, and then retreating into their places again, the Musketeers may give fire, as before is mentioned, the Pikes in like manner charging on, then retreating to the paces, face all to their Leader.  
Command. Inmost Divisions of Pikes move to the left one pace, and double to the right filewise, and face to Front and Rear, and march three paces; Middle-file of Front and Reer-Divisions open from the midst to double distance: face to your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Face to Front & Rear, & then give fire, & fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers move forwards, and the inmost Division ran outward into Front and Rear, and then give fire altogether, and file as they were, the Pikes may charge whilst they make ready, and fall into their places again, they may continue upon this firing a second time.  
The third firing. Let the Musketeers, and the two out-most men of the Pikes, face to both flanks; and likewise the middle-divisions of Pikes are to face to both flanks after this manner; the first two of the Reer-division are to face to the right, and the two last men of the Front-division are to face to the left, then let the Musketeers give fire to both flanks, and the Pikes may after charge to the Front, Reer, and both flanks until the Musketeers make ready again; this firing may be continued twice; to your Leader.  
Command. The out-most single men of Musketeers in the front-division face about; the two out-most men of Musketeers, both of Front and Reer-divisions move forwards and close to order, face to your Leader, and close inward to open order.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them give fire to the front and fall in the rear of themselves, than face about and move down into the rear, the rest moving up successively giving fire and falling off in like manner, this may be continued twice over, than face them to the rear and let the Musketeers rank to the right and left outward.  
The second firing. Let the first rank of each division give fire, and fall off to the right and left in manner and form of the former firing until they have fired twice over, then to file as they were, and face to their Leader.  
Command. Front and Rear divisions of Pikes move to the right one pace; the second division of Pikes move forward and double the front to the left; the second division of Pikes from the rear face about, move down and double the Pikes in the rear to the left, to your Leader; middle divisions of Musketeers open outward to twice double distance: face all to the centre, and march two or three paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. The three last divisions face to the rear the two outmost men both of Pikes and Musketeers face to the flanks, then let them all give fire and fall in the rear of the Pikes; the Pikes may charge while the Musketeers make ready again.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers move forth and give fire as at first, and after fall in again.  
The third firing. Let them give fire by Extraduction, and fall again in the rear of the Pikes.  
The fourth firing. Let the Pikes charge the horse, and the Musketeers give fire altogether over their heads, then move forth into their first places and face to their Leader.  
Command. Front and Rear divisions of Musketeers open outward to double distance; the outmost men of Pikes close inward to open order: the third rank of Pikes from the front face about, the third rank of Pikes from the front, and the third rank of Pikes from the rear move forwards to order, face to your leader; front and rear divisions stand, the rest face outward and move two paces to your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first divisions fire and fall in the rear of themselves, then wheeling off to the right and left into the place of those Musketeers in the rear, they at the same time moving forward into their places, and firing, falling off in like manner, the Musketeers may give fire on the ground, they stand falling in the rear of themselves; this firing being twice performed we proceed to another.  
The second firing. Let the Front divisions of Musketeers and those upon the flanks give fire and fall in the midst of Pikes, in the mean time the last division of Pikes may open outward until they be clear of the standing part, then let Pikes charge all whilst the Musketeers make ready again; this firing may be performed twice, after which, let them move forth into their places again and face to Front and Rear, and give fire, and fall off in the rear of themselves: the Pikes may charge, which being ended, face them to their Leader.  
Command. The last rank of Pikes of the middle division face about, middle division of Pikes move forward until you range even a breast with the midst of the Front and rear divisions of Pikes, to your leader; the last man of the outmost divisions of Musketeers face about, outmost men move forward three paces and face to your Leader; ranks of the Front and Rear divisions open from the midst to open order; Rear divisions move forward two paces.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them fire to the Front and fall in between the Pikes, this may be done twice; after which face to front and rear and fire there in the same manner: then let Pikes and Musketeers interchange ground, let them give fire altogether unto Front and Rear, then facing about, interchange ground with the Pikes, who are to charge on whilst the Musketeers make ready again, then retreating let them all face outwards, and they will stand in form like a Saw after they have moved two paces.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers give fire altogether to both flanks, and the Pikes to charge on, and after retreating, they may order their arms, and face all to their Leader.  
Reducement. The outmost Musketeers upon the Flanks move to the right and left inward, placing themselves in the midst of their one divisions, the outmost men of Pikes to stand, the rest to double ranks to the left, and the first rank of Pikes to double to the right filewise, and the second rank from the rear to double to the left filewise, after let the outmost men of Pikes double their inmost files into the midst, then moving forward their divisions, evening their front closing files to the midst to order, they are reduced.  
And now we will lodge our Colours, and repose ourselves, until by the next beat of the Drum we shall be summoned to make our appearance.   

CHAP. XII. The third Exercise with four Files six deep  
BEing the third time brought into the Field completely armed, where being drawn forth into files, and by the Leaders thereof exercised, as before, they are commanded tolead up their files, yet not presuming to place themselves, but leaves that to the discretion of their superior Officers, who knows best the desert of each particular man. But by the way, give me leave, in this place to tell the Soldiers and Leaders of our Private Meetings that this decorum is not rightly observed; the soldier thinking himself wiser than his Loader presumes to chop and change by Counter-marching of his file▪ making some part of the Rear to be more honourable than the Front, which cannot be, for the youngest soldier there is off more honour than the eldest in the Rear, in regard it is the more honourable part of the Battalia, therefore it is plain, that they take more upon them than becomes them, for no file-Leader ought to meddle with his file in matter of motions without consent of the Superior Officers: neither ought the Leader either through favour, or out of malice when all the files are joined into one complete Body to Countermarch the files, (and after proceeding to other Motions) depraving thereby the Leaders thereof of their due honour; for else, why (just in the time of Exercise or Marching) should one single file as the right or left be counter-marched if he bore not malice to some, thrusting them by this un-souldier-like way out of their places, and through favour or affection often times putting men of little desert into their places. To leave this discourse not pleasing to some, let the Commander draw forth one file of Pikes, and double it by the half-file, and send a Sergeant to fetch the Colours, and after closing his ranks and files to order, he may begin to make some alteration in the exercising of them in their Motions, spending his time altogether upon Inversion and Conversion.   

CHAP. XIII. Thirty several Words of Command, of Inversion and Conversion.  
Command. RAnks, rank entire to the left into the Front.  
Direction. The first rank stand, the rest face to the left, and successively move into the Front.  
Command. Rank, rank four to the left.  
Direction. The first four upon the left stand, the rest face to the left and by foures fall successively behind the first four upon the left.  
Command. Files rank outward into the Front.  
Direction. The inmost files stand, the rest open outward to double distance, and after rank outward into the Front.  
Command. Rank, file three to the right and left outward by wheeling.  
Direction. The three outmost men upon the right and left wheel to the right and left outward, the rest doing the like by three; after close into the midst to order, and face to their Leader.  
Command. Files, rank inward into the rear.  
Direction. Face to the rear, and move to the right and left inward into the rear, to your Leader.  
Command. Rank, file six to the right and left outward advancing.  
Direction. The outmost man upon the right and left stand, the rest move outward until they be six in a file, and the next outmost men are to stand, the other doing the like, and after close files into the midst to order.  
Command. Files, rank inward into the midst of ranks.  
Direction. Front half-files face about, and right and left half ranks open from the midst to double distance, the rest open outward to order, and move to the right and left inward to the midst of ranks, to your Leader, and close files inward to order.  
Command. Ranks, file 12 to the right and left inward, every man placing himself before the Leaders and the Bringers-up of the middle Files.  
Direction. Ranks open backward to double distance the middle-file stand, the rest advance forwards, and file 12 to the right and left inward, placing themselves before the Leaders, and Bringers-up of the middle-files.  
Command. Files, rank six to the right and left inward.  
Direction. Files open from the midst to double distance, and move three to the right, and three to the left inward until you have made four ranks six a Breast, after close ranks forward to order.  
Command. Ranks, rank outward into Front and Rear, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and rank to the right and left outward into Front and Rear as is commanded, face to your Leader, and close ranks forward to order.  
Command. Ranks, file 12 to the right and left inward, every man placing himself behind the Leaders, and Bringers-up of the middle-files.  
Direction. Ranks open backward to double distance, the middle-files stand, the rest move sideways to the right and left, and place yourselves behind the Leaders, and Bringers-up of the middle-files.  
Command. Files rank six to the right and left inward into Front, Reer, and Midst.  
Direction. The three last ranks of the Front and Rear half-files face about, and Files open outward to double distance, and move to the right and left inward into Front, Reer, and Midst, making four ranks six a Breast, after face to your Leader, and close ranks forwards to order.  
Command. Ranks, rank outward into the midst.  
Direction. Front half-files face about, and move outward, and rank to the midst, and face to your Leader.  
Command. Ranks wheel to the right and left outward.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and wheel to the right and left outward into both the flanks, face to your Leader, and close files into the midst to order.  
Command. Files, rank six to the right and left outward into Front, Reer, and Midst.  
Direction. The three last ranks of the Front and Rear half-files face about, and rank outward three to the right, and three to the left into Front, Reer, and Midst, face to your Leader, and close ranks and files to their distance of order.  
Command. Ranks, file to the right entire advancing.  
Direction. The out-most file stand, the rest move forward, and file to the right entire advancing.  
Command. File, rank three to the right.  
Direction. The first three men from the Front rank three to the right, the rest successively doing the same, closing ranks forward to order.  
Command. Ranks wheel to the left.  
Direction. Ranks open backward to open order, and wheel to the left.  
Command. File, rank six to the left.  
Direction. The first six men rank six to the left, the rest successively doing the same, until they have made four ranks, six a Breast, then close ranks forwards to order.  
Command. Ranks, rank outward into the midst, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man.  
Direction. Front half-files face about, and Front and Rear half-files rank outward into the midst, placing yourselves on the outside of your right and left-handmen, face to your Leader.  
Command. Ranks wheel three to the right and left outward.  
Direction. The last rank face about, and wheel by three to the right and left outward towards both flanks, face to your Leader, and close files to the right to order, they will stand four a Breast, and six deep.  
Command. Files, file outward entire advancing.  
Direction, The out-most file stand, the rest advance forward, and place yourselves before the out-most files, after close files into the midst to order.  
Command. Files, file to the right.  
Direction. The right-hand file stand, the rest face about, and fall in the Rear of your right-hand file, to your Leader.  
Command. File, file 12 to the right.  
Direction. The first 12 stand, the other move forward, filing 12 to the right.  
Command. Files, wheel inward into Front and Rear.  
Direction. Files open from the midst to twice double distance, after face inward, and wheel six to the right, and six to the left, until you have made two ranks 12 a Breast, face to your Leader, and close ranks forwards to order.  
Command. Ranks wheel inward to both the flanks.  
Direction. Ranks open from the midst to twice double distance, the first rank face about, the first and the last rank wheel six to the right, and six to the left inward to both the flanks, face your Leader, and close files to the midst to order.  
Command. Files, file three to the right and left outward into Front and Rear.  
Direction. Half-files face about; the three first, and the three last ranks are to stand, the rest are to move by three, filing to Front and Rear to the right and left outward; and after face to the Front, and close their ranks forwards to order.  
Command. Files, file to the midst by Division.  
Direction. Half-files of the out-most files face about, and the out-most files move forwards, and file by Division unto the midst of files; face to your Leader.  
Command. Files, rank inward into the Front.  
Direction. Files open from the midst to twice double distance, and move forward to the right and left inward into the Front.  
Command. Rank, file six to the right and left outward.  
Direction. The out-most men are to stand, the rest are to move side-ways to the right and left, making six in a file, and then the next outside men in like manner are to stand, the rest successively are to file as before.   

CHAP. XIV. Next followeth several Figures of Battle, with Firings, upon the same, for the performance whereof.  
Command. BRingers-up to double their Front to the right and left inward, and ranks and files to open to open order, & Musketeers to close outward to close ord●●; the inmost files of Pikes close outward to the same distance, and they will stand in four Divisions, after let the middle - rank in each Division open outward to open order, they will produce the first Figure.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first rank give fire, and wheel off to the right and left, and place themselves in the room of them in the Rear, and they at the same time moving forwards into their places, and give fire as the first; after wheel off into their places again.  
The second firing. Let the middle - ranks advance three foot before the Front, and give fire, face about, and move down into their places again.  
Command. The last rank in each division move to the left one pace, and double to the right filewise, and then advance forward until their first men exceed two foot the Front of each division, then let the first rank open outward to open order, and the last rank close inward to the same distance.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the middle file give fire to the front and fall in the rear of themselves.  
The second firing, Let the first rank give fire on the ground they stand, and after fall off to the right and left into the room of them in the rear, they at the same time moving forward into their ground and give fire in like manner, and fall off into their places again, and then the Pikes may charge on whilst the Musketeers make ready again.  
Command. Face all about; middle file move forward three foot clear of the rear; the first rank close inward to order, the last rank open outward something more than to open order.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the first man in each division kneel down, and then to give fire altogether over one another's head, the Pikes at the same time charging breast high to the horse, than face all to their first front.  
Command. The last men in the rear double to the left rank-wise; files close into the midst to order; Musketties double your Pikes inward entire advancing, and move forward three paces; Files double your depth to the right and left outward of each arms, every man falling behind his Bringer-up; Front half-files double your rear entire into the midst; Files double to the right and left outward; files, file to the right entire advancing, which being done wheel them to the right about into a ring, in form as followeth.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the Pikes charge round, and the Musketeers give fire altogether; which being ended let the Commander go to the place where the file-Leader stands, and wheel them off again to the left until he hath brought them into one straight file, and then proceed.  
Command. Half-file double your front to the right; ranks double to the right and left inward; files double outward entire advancing; Half-files of each arms double your ranks forwards to the left; ●ront half-files double the Rear to the left; files file to the left entire advancing, and wheel about into a ring, than face all to the centre, and close files of each arms to the right and left inward to close order.   military diagram 
Command. Middle men in each division move backward and place yourselves two foot behind your right and left hand-men; face all about to the right, and close ranks inward to order.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let them fire by circumduction after this manner, let the odd men of Pikes port, and then the odd Muskettier where the first front was is to give fire and to move away to the left, and the next odd man of Musketeers upon the right immediately comes stooping underneath the Pikes into the first man's place firing in like manner, moving away into the next odd man's place of the Musketeers upon the left, the rest doing the same until the first Muskettier come into his place again.  
Command. Face all to the centre, odd men move forwards and place yourselves two foot before your right and left hand-men, after face all to the right about.   military diagram 
Upon this figure you may fire likewise by way of circumduction, the Pikes porting all round, and having performed one firing in this manner, in the next place let the odd Musketeers and Pikes move forth again, and kneel down, the odd Pike-men charging at foot, the Musketeers may give fire altogether, then let them face to the centre, & let the odd men move forwards and place themselves between their right and left-handmen, then moving forward and close their ring, let them face all about to the right; Then let the Captain go where the Leader of the file stands, and wheel him about to the left, the rest following until they be all brought again into one straight file.  
Command. File, file three to the left into the Front, files double to the right entire advancing; Front half-Files move forwards three paces, files double your depth to the right of each division; half-files double your front, entire into the midst. The two first and the two last men of Pikes upon each flank face inward, the two middle ranks face outward, the two last ranks of Musketeers face about, march all three paces, to your leader.   military diagram 
To pass by the firings which may be performed upon this figure I shall proceed from hence to draw another.  
Command. The outmost divisions of Musketeers close inward to order; front and rear divisions of Pikes open outward to double distance; Pikes double inward rank-wise; and they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
Upon this figure fire to the front in their several divisions one after another, and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right into the rear, the rest of the divisions moving forward in their room doing the like until all have fired over twice.  
Command. Musketeers double your Ranks outward in each division, and they will stand as underneath.   military diagram 
Upon this figure as in the former they may fire likewise to the front falling down into the rear, and after every rank successively moving up into the front may fire and fall off in like manner; this firing may be done twice to the front, and being faced to the rear they may there give fire after the same manner, and after face to there first front.  
Command. Musketeers double to the right and left inward filewise; middlemost division of Musketeers face outward, and march until you have placed yourselves in front and rear of the out-most divisions of Pikes: The last rank of front and rear divisions of Musketeers double to the right filewise and move forward until your first men exceed two foot the front of each division, which occasioneth the next figure.   military diagram 
It is now high time that we put a period to this Exercise, wherefore let the Ensign unsurle his Colours, the soldier's shoulder their arms, and the Drum beat a march, upon which the Ensign being in the midst may display his Coleurs so long as shall be convenient, and after the Leader may proceed to their reducement as followeth.  
Reducement. Middle file of Musketeers face about, and march clear of your own divisions and double to the left rank-wise Musketeers close inward to order; Pikes double to the right and left outward filewise: files close into the midst to order, ranks close to order; Pikes move forward and even your front; Pikes and Musketeers interchange ground, they are reduced.  
Now the Leader may command the Musketeers to troop away, and after he may lodge his Colours; thereby refreshing both himself and his soldiers until the next summons by beat of the Drum.   

CHAP. XV. The fourth Exercise consisting of four Files eight deep.  
THe Soldiers upon the fourth summons coming unto the place of Exercise makes fuller appearance than before, insomuch that their files are drawn forth eight deep, the Leaders thereof having spent some time in exercising them in each particular posture, are called upon to join into a body; where their leader stands be thinking of himself what new matter he should delight them with, there being sufficient in any one particular motion for their Exercise, pitches for present to spend his chiefest time in Motions upon face continuing longer in them, in respect of the several figures of Battle demonstrated by them.  
Now for the more ready performance thereof I shall only give the several words of commands for each particular figure which may be drawn from these face, referring the reader to the figures themselves where I shall have occasion to make use of them upon firings, which shall be made known unto him by Alphabetical letters, pointing from each facing to the figure it produceth. To come briefly to the exercise in hand, silence being craved, and ranks and files closed to order, the Leader may proceed to these or the like particular face producing eighteen figures of battle alphabetically set forth, with their reducements.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the left  
Direction. Files open from the right to open order, half-files advance your arms, and move forward to the left and double the front.  
Command. Files open from the midst to open order; Musketeers close outward to close order; the inmost files of Pikes close outward to close order: Ranks close to Front and Rear to order, and they will stand in eight divisions.   military diagram 
Command. Rear divisions of Pikes face about; Musketeers face outward move all three paces, to your Leader; pointeth to the first figure marked by the Alphabetical letter A.  
Command. Musketeers face inward, divisions of Pikes face outward, march all until the Pikes are clear three foot of the Musketeers to your Leader: this forms the figure demonstrated unto you by the alphabetical B.  
Command. Rear Division of Musketeers upon the left face about to the right; Rear division of Musketeers upon the right face to the right: Front division of Musketeers upon the left face to the left; divisions of Pikes face to the centre, move all until your Musketeers be clear three foot of Front, Reer, and both Flanks; then let them stand, and face the divisions of Musketeers to the left, and the divisions of Pikes to face about to the right, and to move all two paces, than face all to the centre, and close their divisions a little, after face to their Leader. C  
Command. Rear divisions of Musketeers stand, the rest face to the Rear, march all until your rear division range even a breast with those upon the flanks, to your Leader. D  
Command. Rear divisions of Pikes face outward, march all until the rear divisions of Pikes be clear of the outmost divisions of Musketeers, then let the rear divisions of Pikes face to the Front, the rest face to the rear march all three paces, to your Leader. E  
Command. Divisions of Musketeers in the midst face about, march all until the middle-division of Musketeers range even with the Rear, to your Leader. F.  
Command. Front-divisions of Pikes face to the outward Angles; Reer-division of Pikes face about, and after face to inward Angles of the Rear; out-most division of Musketeers face to your inward Angles; Front-division of Musketeers face about, as you are now faced, move all some three paces to your Leader. G.  
Command. Musketeers face to Front, Reer, and both flanks; divisions of Pikes face to the Centre, march all until you be even a Breast in Front, Reer, and both Flanks, to your Leader. H.  
Command. Reer-divisions of Musketeers face about the out-most Divisions face inward Divisions of Pikes face to the Centre, march all some three paces to your Leader. I.  
Command. Division of Musketeers upon the left in the midst, and the three last Divisions of Pikes and Musktteiers to face to the Rear, and move three paces, and stand; middle-divisions face to the left, the rest face about to the right, and move three paces, to your Leader. K.  
Command. The four last Divisions face to the left; the four first divisions face to the right, move all until you be clear one of another, than face to the right, and march until you range even a Breast in Front and Rear, face to your Leader. L.  
Command. The two inmost divisions of Pikes stand, the rest face inward, march all until the middle-divisions be three foot clear of the Front, to your Leader. M.  
Command. Front-divisions of Pikes face outward, the rest face inward, march all until the Front-divisions range even with the out-most divisions of Pikes, face to your Leader. N.  
Command. Front-divisions of Musketeers face outward, the rest face inward, march all until the Front-divisions of Musketeers are clear of the Pikes, then stand, and the six last divisions to face about, and move three paces, to your Leader. O.  
Command. Reer-divisions of Musketeers face outward, march all some six paces Rear - division of Musketeers face to the Front, the rest face to the Rear, and move until the Reer-divisions range even a Breast with the Front, to your Leader. P.  
Command. Front-divisions of Pikes upon the left face about, march all until that divisions be six foot clear of the Rear, then stand, and Front and Reer-divisions of Pikes face to the left, and move two paces to your Leader. Q.  
Command. Front-division of Pikes face about, march all until the Front-division of Pikes range even a Breast with the first division of Musketeers, to your Leader. R.  
Command. The two out-most divisions of Musketeers face about; out-most divisions of Pikes face outward, move all until the out-most Musketeers stand straight with the Front-division of Musketeers, than face to your Leader. S.  
Reducement. Divisions of ●ikes face inward, the three last divisions face about, march all some six paces; Front and Rear divisions of Pikes face to the left: Musketeers face about, move all two paces, to your Leader; Divisions move forwards, and double your Front, close Files inward to order, and Ranks forward to order; double files to the left entire advancing, reduceth them.  
Thus much, I conceive, may be sufficient at one time for a Leader to exercise his Company with the Motions upon their Face, so that he shall not need to trouble himself with any more than Firings, where first, as is most properest, we will begin with some plain Firings to the Front: for the performance whereof let the half-files double their Front to the left, and ranks and files close forward and inward to order.  
The first firing. Let them fire by Divisions drawn forth 10 or 20 paces, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers close their Divisions before the Front of Pikes, and give fire and fall all off upon the right Flank.  
The third firing. The Body moving or marching, let the out-most files face to the right and give fire, and lead away by the contrary side of their ●ikes, by the Leaders of the file, the next file may do the same, and consequently all the rest until all have fired, then let them face to the right, the Pikes in the interim charging on whilst the Musketeers make ready again.  
The fourth firing. Let the Pikes open from the midst that the Musketeers, may come up between them; two ranks may kneel down, and the other two stand uppright and fire altogether, the Pikes then charging, and after retreating they may close again into the midst continuing their aspects to the right flank the Pikes may port and the Musketeers may slieve up upon the right and left of the Pikes, the first rank giving fire and presently falling before the front of Pikes, the next rank doing the same falling still behind their own Musketeers, and before the front of Pikes as they are then faced; and having all fired after that manner they may fire again, and flank their Pikes, then facing to front and rear they may give fire to both places and fall off to the right and left, and flank their Pikes from Front and Rear, and after face to their leader.  
Command. ●iles open outward to open order; Musketeers close outward to order, the inmost files of Pikes close outward to order, ranks close to front and rear to order; Rear divisions of Pikes face about, Musketeers face outward, move all three paces to your Leader; And now you have the figure of battle pointed out in the first place unto you by the alphabet.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them fire to the Front and fall in the Rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right into the place of those Musketeers in the rear, they at the same time moving up into the front firing in like manner, and moving down into their places again.  
The second firing. Let the rear divisions face about, and after let them give fire both to front and rear, and falling in the rear of themselves, the Pikes may charge while the Musketeers make ready again; they may fire a second time in the same manner.  
The third firing. Face all to both flanks, then let them give fire and fall in the rear of themselves; the Pikes after charging on three paces, and the Musketeers retreating three paces, after facing to their Leader, preduceth this figure following.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the two first Divisions advance three paces before the Front, give fire and fall in the Rear of themselves, and after move down into the places of them in the Rear, they at the same time moving up into their rooms giving fire, in like manner falling down into their places again, this may be performed twice over, after face them to Front and Rear.  
The second furing. Let them give fire, their Divisions advancing three paces before the Front and Rear, falling in the Rear of themselves, the Pikes charging on and the Musketeers retreating into their places again, facing to their Leader.  
Command. Rear division of Musketeers upon the left face about, Rear division of Musketeers upon the right face to the right, Front division of Musketeers, upon the left face to the left: Musketeers march all clear of the Pikes than stand, after face them in their several divisions to the left, and move two paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
If you find by the words of command given to make the former figure that your divisions stand too thin, you may face them all to the centre, and move forward every division two or three paces, than face to their Leader.  
The first firing. Let the Front division of Musketeers give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, after wheel off to the right into the room or place of them in the Rear, they at the same time moving up into the Front, firing and falling off in like manner, this firing may be performed twice.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers upon the Wings advance forward three paces, give fire and fall in the Rear of themselves, after face about and move into their places.  
The third firing. Let the front division of Musketeers move to the right two paces, Rear division move up upon the left of them, then let them all both in front and rear give fire on the ground they stand, & fall in the rear of themselves, the Pikes after closing forward their divisions may charge on, and after retreating into their places again, the division of Musketeers upon the left in the front in the mean space facing about, and moving down into their places.  
The fourth firing. Let the Musketeers face to front, rear, and both flanks, the Pikes face to the outward angles of front, and rear, and port, then let them give fire on the ground they stand and fall in the rear of themselves; Pikes may charge on to the four angles, then ordering all their arms, move the rear division of Musketeers forward even with them of the wings, than face all to their Lerder.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first division fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, after face about, and move down into the middle rank of Musketeers, they at the same time marching up into their ground, firing, and falling off in like manner.  
The second firing. Let the Musketeers upon the Wings advance forward even a breast with those in the Front, and fire altogether, the three Divisions falling in the Rear of themselves, and after the outmost divisions facing about, and moving into their places again.  
The third firing. Let the Front Division of Musketeers face about, move down, and double the middlemost by division; after let the Musketeers face outward, and move three paces, and give fire to both the flanks, falling off to the right and left, the middle Divisions making good their ground, and firing in like manner falling off.  
Having fired twice over to both the flanks, face them to their Leader, and draw forth the outmost files of Musketeers of the middle Division before the front of Pikes, and close their files inward to order.  
Command. Rear division, of Pikes face outward, and move two foot clear of the standing part: To your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first division of Musketeers give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, and after wheel about, and fall in the midst of the Rear, and range even a breast between the outmost divisions of Pikes, after face to their leader.  
The second firing. Let the three other divisions advance forwards altogether three foot before the Front, and give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, the Pikes charging on, and the Musketeers still preserving their ground, making ready again whilst the Pikes retreat into their places.  
The third firing. Let them give fire again in like manner, the Pikes charging on, and retreating as before, then let the last divisions of Pikes move inward in a straight line with the outmost divisions of Musketeers in the Front, and they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them give fire to the Front, and fall in the Rear of themselves, this may be performed twice; then face to Front and Rear, the last rank of the middle division is to face about, the first rank are to continue their aspects unto the Front.  
The second firing. Let the Pikes port to Front and Rear, and the Musketeers give fire to Front and Rear, and fall in the Rear of themselves, and after the Pikes may charge on, and retreat again; they may continue this firing twice, the Pikes charging, and after face to their Leader.  
Command. Rear divisions of Pikes face about, and move three paces, and face to their Leader; Front division of Musketeers face about, and move down into the midst, as before, interchanging ground with the Rear division of Musketeers: the two last divisions of Pikes move outward, until they be two foot clear of the next range of Musketeers; middle division of Musketeers move backward even with the Rear divisions of Musketeers, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Upon this figure face the three last divisions of Pikes and Musketeers to the right about, and let them give fire to Front and Rear, and fall in the Rear of themselves, the Pikes may afterwards charge on to Front and Rear; and retreat back again into their first places, they may perform this firing twice, the Pikes likewise charging up before, and retreating into their places again, face all to their Leader.  
And now it will be expedient having almost tired the Musketeers with these several firings to end our fourth Exercise, and lodge the Colours; but first we will reduce them.  
Reducement. The outmost division of Musketeers on the right move forward, and fall in the Rear of them in the front: Rear division of Musketeers move forward and fall in the Rear of the left division of Musketeers, then let them move straight forwards and join with them in the front, and close the Pikes into the midst to order, and their ranks forward to order; let the Pikes double the front inward entire, and after files to double to the left entire advancing, closing files inward to order; they are reduced.   

CHAP. XVI. The fifth Exercise with four Files eight deep.  
THe Soldiers having made timely appearance according to the Drums summoning unto such place as was appointed by their Commander, and being by the Sergeants drawn forth into Files, the Leaders thereof being permitted to instruct and teach their Files the Postures, and handsome handling of their arms, are forthwith by warning of the Drum to lead up their files, & being joined in a body, according to the discretion of the superior Officers, do their stand silently, expecting what will follow; The Captain, or other that shall exercise them, first commands the Bringers-up to double their Front to the left, and after appoints one of the Sergeants to fetch the Colours; to which purpose he draws off the two inmost files of Pikes, and advancing their arms, the Drum beating a troop they move away, and bring them to the Company, being led thither by the Ensign, the Sergeant falling in the Rear of the Pike, and they falling into their places again, they may be commanded Files to double their depth to the right, every man falling behind his Bringer-up. Now the former days Exercise being chief spent in the Motions by several face, they may be bespared in this, and in lieu thereof the Leader may out of the former plain doublings collect one that may continue long in exercise before reduced, and in this exercise he shall not need to trouble himself with Countermarches or Wheelings, but fall immediately alone upon the Motions with this doubling or the like as followeth.   

CHAP. XVII. Thirty several Doubling with their reducement.  
Command. HAlf-files doule your Front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing.  
Command. Half-file double your Front to the right and left outward.  
Direction. Half-files advance your arms, and move to the right and left outward, and double the Front.  
Command. Double your files outward entire advancing.  
Direction. Even files from the flanks move forward and double the odd, and after close files into the midst to order.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the right entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double the left flank to the right.  
Direction. Face to the left, right half-ranks move forward, and double the left flank to the right, to your Leader.  
Command. Double your ranks to the right entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank entire advancing.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the left entire.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right flank to the left.  
Direction. Face to the right, left half ranks advance your arms and move forward to the left, and double your right flank.  
Command. Double your ranks to the left entire.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right flank entire advancing.  
Command. Half-files double your Front inward entire.  
Direction. Front half-files face outward, and march clear of the standing part, to your Leader, half-files move forward and double the Front inward entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double entire the depth of the left flank.  
Direction. Left half-ranks stand, right half-ranks face about, and march clear of the standing part, than face to the right and move forward even with the left Flank, to your Leader.  
Command. Front half-files double the Rear, to the left entire.  
Direction. Front half-files face to the right, march clear of the standing part, face all to the Rear, Front half-files move down and double the Rear to the left.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left Flank to the left.  
Direction. Face all to the left, right half-ranks move forward, and double the left flank to the left, to your Leader.  
Command. Double your Ranks to the left entire into the Rear.  
Direction. Face all to the Rear, and every even rank from the Rear move forth, and double the odd, to your Leader, and close ranks forward to order.  
Command. The two out-most files upon each flank double, entire advancing the four inmost files.  
Command. Front half-files double the Rear to the right entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank inward entire.  
Direction. Half-files of the left half-ranks face about, left half-ranks move clear of the standing part, face all to the left, right half-ranks move forwards, and double the left flank inward entire.  
Command. The four middle - ranks double your Front and Rear inward entire.  
Direction. Half-files face about, the two first, and the two last ranks open outward until you be clear of the standing part, than the four middle - ranks move forward two to the Front, and two to the Rear, doubling entire to both places, face to your Leader, and close your Divisions.  
Command. The two out-most files upon each flank, double the four middlemost files by Division.  
Direction. Half-files of the two out-most files face about, out-most files move clear of the standing part, then close inward to order, and face to your Leader.  
Command. The two first, and the two last ranks, double the four middlemost ranks inward entire.  
Direction. The four middle - ranks face outward, and move clear of the standing part, than face to your Leader, the two first ranks face about, move forward with the two last, doubling the middlemost inward entire, to your Leader.  
Command. The four inmost files double entire advancing the two out-most files.  
Direction. The two out-most files stand, the inmost files move forward clear of the standing part, than face outward, and move straight with the out-most files, to your Leader, and close files into the midst to order.  
Command. Front half-files double the Rear by Division.  
Direction. The four middle - files double the two out-most files inward entire.  
Direction. Half-files of the two out-most files face about, out-most files move forward clear of the standing part, face all to the right and left outward; inmost files move forward, and double the out-most inward entire, to your Leader, and close files into the midst to order.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the left.  
Command. Files double your Depth to the right.  
Command. The two first and the two last ranks double the four middle - ranks by Division.  
Direction. The two first and the two last ranks face outward, and march clear of the standing part, than face inward, and move forward, doubling the inmost files by Division, face to your Leader.  
Command. The two out-most files upon each flank double entire, the Depth of the four inmost Files, reduceth.   

CHAP. XVIII. Plain Firings, and Figures of Battle.  
HAving passed over these Motions of Doubling, in the next place we will proceed to Firings, command therefore Files to open from the midst to open order, and after let the Bringers-up double the Front to the left.  
The first firing. Let the Musketeers give fire, even in the Front, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The second firing. Let the first rank give fire, and fall in between the Pikes, every rank doing the same until all have fired; then let the first rank move forth by Division, give fire to the Front, and fall in again, every rank doing the same.  
The third firing. Let them face to both flanks, and give fire, and fall off to the right and left and flank their Pikes to front and rear, the Pikes may now port, and move all forward three paces, the Musketeers may give fire again and fall in the rear of the Pikes, the Pikes charging on, and after retreating to their first ground may charge at foot, and the Musketeers may give fire by two ranks altogether over their heads, after recovering their arms let them face to front and rear, and let the Musketeers move forth clear of the standing part, then stand and give fire to front and rear and fall off to the right and left and flank the Pikes who after may charge on to front and rear, then retreating, face all to their Leader.  
Command. Half-files of Pikes face about, Musketeers face outward, march all three paces Pikes face to the right and left, Musketeers face about to the right, march all three paces, then let the last rank Face about, the first and the last rank double filewise inward advancing; Pikes face to the outward angles of front and rear, Musketeers face to front, rear, and both flanks, and move all two paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing Let the first division of Musketeers fire to the front, and fall in the rear of themselves, and after wheel off to the right, moving down into the place of the rear division who may at the same time move forward into their ground and fire in like manner, wheoling off as the former did.  
The second firing. Let the two out-most divisions move forward into the front, give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after move down into their places.  
The third firing. Face all to the rear, and let the Musketeers give fire there in the same manner as they did to the front.  
The fourth firing. Let the Musketeers face to front, rear, and both flanks and the Pikes face to the outward angles of front and rear, then let Musketeers move forth three foot clear of the Pikes and fire to front, rear and both flanks, and fall in the rear of themselves, after facing above, move into their places again.  
The first firing. Let them face as before and give fire on the same ground they stand and fall in the Rear of themselves, the Pikes may after charge on, and retreat into their places again.  
Command. Musketeers move forth, and range even a breast with the Pikes into Front, Reer, and Midst, and they will stand in a square as followeth.   military diagram 
The first firing. Upon this figure as they are faced to front, rear and both flanks, and the Pikes to the outward angles of front and, rear it will be best to fire on the ground they stand, and to fall in the rear of themselves, the Pikes may after charge to the four angles.  
The second firing Let them double their ranks outward, and give fire, after face about & move three paces into the midst of Pikes, and having made ready again, let them face about and move forward and fire as they did before, and after dismount their Muskets taking them in both hands they may, as occasion shall require, make use of the Butt end thereof against the horse, and the Pikes may stand upon their charge.  
The third firing. Let the Musketeers double inward filewise, the Pikes keep their aspects to the four angles, the Musketeers, as before, may give fire to front, rear and both flanks, and fall in the rear of those Pikes next their right hand; And having their aspects unto the the same angles they may fire there if they please by way of extraduction, and move forth to the left into their places again, then let the Pikes face to the front, and Musketeers upon the wings face about to the right, and Musketeers move forward three paces, face to your leader forms the following figure.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first division give fire together, and wheel off into the rear, the rear the next two divisions moving forward into their ground giving fire altogether, and wheeling off to the right and left into the rear, the rest still moving forward until the rear division is likewise come up into the front, and gives fire in like manner, and falling off to the right into his first place again, this firing may be continued twice.  
The second firing. Let them give fire altogether to the front, after this manner, let the middle divisions move forth to the right and left clear of the Pikes, the rear division at the same time moving forward upon the outside of those in the front, and give fire and move into their places again, making ready whilst the Pikes close forward and charge on five or six paces they may retreat again into their places.  
The third firing. Let them face all to the rear and fire after this manner, the first division kneel down, the middle divisions move forth clear of the Pikes, the front division marching down into the rear, may give fire altogether, the out-most, division and the front division over the heads of them in the rear, and move in, and back again into their places, than face to their leader.  
Command. The outmost division of Musketeers upon the left in the midst, and the three last divisions of Pikes and Musketeers face about, march all three paces, and stand; Middle divisions face to the left and move two paces, face all to your leader; divisions of Pikes face inward; front division of Musketeers, and the second from the rear face about, and move little, and close your divisions, to your leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first division give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel down into the rear, the other divisions successively moving up into the front and firing in like manner; this firing may be continued twice over.  
The second firing. Let the divisions of Musketeers double their ranks to the right and left outward, and give fire in single ranks as they did before, until all have fired twice over.  
The third firing. Let them double their files to the right and left inward, and the rear divisions to face about, then let them give fire both to front and rear falling first in the rear of themselves, after to wheel off into the midst and facing to front and rear, the middle divisions may move forth into their ground firing in like manner, the Pikes may after charge whilst the Musketeers make ready again, and after retreating into their places they may continue their firing as formerly the Pikes charging on as before.  
The fourth firing. Let each division of Musketeers double ranks outward, and fire to front and rear and to wheel off in one single rank to the right and left, and rank again in the midst and after double inward filewise, and face to their leader.  
Command. The four last divisions face to the left, the four first divisions face to the right, march all until you be clear one of another, than face to the right and move until you be even a breast in front and rear, to your leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first divisions give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, after wheeling off to the right and left into the rear they at the same time moving forwards into their places firing and falling off in like manner; they may perform the same firing to the rear being thither faced.  
The second firing. Let the rear, divisions move to the right and left outward clear of the standing part, than face to the front move up even a breast with the front divisions, and let every division fire to the front and fall in the rear of themselves, the Pikes may charge and after both they and the outmost divisions may move down into their places.  
Command. The in most divisions of Pikes advance forward three foot before the front, the rest face inward and move two paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the first ranks of the front division fire and fall behind the front divisions of Pikes, the next rank may fire and fall behind the first, then let the rear division move up and give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after wheel about to the right and left inward, moving down clear of the rear, and facing again unto their Leader, than they may fire a second time in the same way, the front divisions moving forth and firing first and falling behind the Pikes, the rear divisions coming up into their places, firing and falling off again by wheeling about inward, until they be clear three foot of the rear, then facing to their leader, they will stand as followeth, where the Ensign may display his colours, if the Leader pleaseth to march upon it.   military diagram 
Having now spent much time in these particular firings, it will be convenient to give the soldiers some respite to refresh their almost tired spirits that they may more cheerfully appear upon the next summons of the Drum; and therefore we will conclude this Exercise, and prepare for the lodging of the colours.  
Reducement. Rear divisions of Pikes move straight forward, until you range even a breast with the front divisions of Pikes; Rear divisions of Musketeers move forward and range inward even a breast with the front divisions; files close into the midst to order; front and rear half-files open from the midst to double distance; the four in most files of front & rear half-files face inward and interchange ground, then let each two files of Pikes close outward to order, and after to double there divisions to the right filewise, and to close files to the left to order; the two outmost files of Musketeers upon the right double ranks inward, and lead them away before the left half-ranks of Musketeers; the next two files doubler ranks outward, and lead them away behind the rear by first facing them about; Pikes face to the left and move straight before the Musketeers, and then double the rear inward entire, and after files to double their depth to the right, every man falling behind his Bringer-up, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XVIII. The sixth Exercise with four Files eight deep.  
THe Soldiers being met at the place appointed, and their files being drawn forth according to the usual custom, the Leaders begin to show each Soldiers how to handle, and use his Arms, and after leads up their files, and joins them into a Body, where the Commander having sent for his Colours, stands at the head of them, commanding their silence, and attention unto the words of Command. Now having in his former Exercise spent most of the time upon plain Doubling, he may in this show unto them the great variety of Doubling by Countermarches, and although they are very difficult, yet they will afford much delight and content unto the Soldiers.   

CHAP. XIX. Thirty Doubling by Countermarches with their reducement.  
Command. BRingers-up double your Front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the right and left outward, following your Leaders.  
Command. Double your files outward entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the right and left inward.  
Command. Double your files inward entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the right and left inwards, following your Leaders.  
Command. Files double your Depth to the right and left outward following your Bringers-up.  
Command. Double your files to the right by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Half-files of the even files from the right, face about, even files advance forward, and double the odd according to command, to your Leader.  
Command. The four first, and the four last ranks, double the eight middlemost ranks to the right and left inward following your Leaders and your Bringers-up.  
Direction. The four first, and the four last ranks advance your Arms, and the file-leaders, and the bringers-up begin the Motion, the rest are to follow, after order their Arms, and face to their Leader.  
Command. Double your files to the left by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction. The eight middle ranks double your Front and Rear to the right and left outward, following the half-file-leaders, and the Bringers-up of the Front half-files.  
Direction. The four last ranks of the Front and Rear half-files face about, the middle-ranks are to begin this Motion, and to advance their Arms, and to turn off to the right and left, every rank following them until they have doubled the Front, and Rear, than face all to the Front, order their Arms, and close their Divisions forward to open order.  
Command. Double your files inward by Division, every man placing himself before his Leader, and his Bringer-up.  
Direction Half-files of the out-most files face about, the out-most files advance your Arms, and move forward, placing yourselves before your Leaders and your Bringers-up, face to your Leader, and order your Arms.  
Command. The four first, and the four last ranks double the eight middlemost ranks to the right and left outward, following your Leaders, and your Bringers-up.  
Direction. The four first and the four last ranks advance your Arms, and move away to the right and left, and double the eight middlemost ranks, to your Leader.  
Command. Front half-files double your Rear to the right following your Leaders.  
Command. Files double your Depth to the right, every man placing himself behind his Bringer-up.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank to the right, following your right-hand men.  
Direction. Face outward, and right half-ranks turn off to the left, and double the left-flank to the right, to your Leader.  
Command. Double your ranks to the right entire, every man placing himself on the outside of his right-hand man.  
Command. Left half-ranks double your right flank to the left, following your lefthand men.  
Command. Double your ranks to the left entire, every man placing himself on the outside of his lefthand man.  
Command. Double your ranks by Division, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man.  
Command. The inmost files double the out-most files placing yourselves on the outside of your right and lefthand men.  
Derection. The inmost files advance your Arms, face outward, and move forward, and double the out-most files, placing yourselves on the outside of your right and lefthand men, order your Arms, and close files into the midst to open order.  
Command. Double your ranks by Division into the Rear.  
Command. The two out-most files double the four inmost by following of your outside men.  
Direction. The inmost files face inward, the rest face outward, and turn off to the right and left towards the Rear; and double the four inmost files, to your Leader.  
Command. Double your ranks by Division into Front, Reer, and Midst, every man placing himself on the outside of his right and lefthand man.  
Direction. The two last ranks of the Front and Rear half-files face about, even ranks from the Front, Reer, and Midst, advance your Arms, and face outward, and move forth, and double the Front, Reer, and Midst of ranks, placing yourselves on the outside of your right and lefthand men, face to your Leader, and close ranks forward to open order.  
Command. Double your two out-most files to the right and left outward, and Midst following of the inmost files.  
Direction. The two out-most files face outward, the rest face inward, and Front and Rear half-files distinctly turn off to the right and left, and double the out-most files to the right and left outward, and midst following of the inmost files to your Leader; files close into the midst to order.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing, every man placing himself before his Leader.  
Command. Bringers-up double your Front to the right.  
Command. File-leaders double your Rear to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire into the Rear, every man placing himself before his Bringer-up.  
Direction. Face to the Rear, and even files from the left advance your Arms, and move forward, and double the odd, placing yourselves before your Bringers-up, to your Leader.  
Command. Files double your Depth to the left following your Bringers-up.  
Command. Half-files double your Front to the right and left inward, every man placing himself before his Leader, they are reduced as at first.   

CHAP. XX. Plain Firings, and Figures of battle.  
HAving spent so much time upon these Doubling by Countermarches; in the next place I shall proceed to Firings, and several Figures of Battle, where first command the half-files to double the Front to the left, and then go on to your Firings.  
The first firing. Let them fire even with the Front, and fall off, and rank even with the half-files, and fall in the Rear of themselves; the Pikes may after charge on, and the Musketeers may give fire again, and fall in the Rear of the Pikes.  
The second firing. Let the Pikes port, and the Musketeers give fire by extraduction.  
The third firing. Now the Musketeers being in the rear fire them there upon the march, wheel them about to the right, and let them fire after this manner; face about to the right and left, let the last rank fire, fall off and flank the first rank of Pikes, and so consequently all the rest; after fire them to the rear and fall off to the right and left some six paces before the front of Pikes and in the rear of themselves; then face the body about and let the Pikes charge to the rear, and after port, the Musketteirs may give fire to the rear by way of extraduction  
The fourth firing, Next fire to the rear by dividing the Musketeers and bringing them even with the rear and ranking outward, and falling again as they were; face to your leader.  
Command. Ranks and files open to your open order, Musketeers close outward to order, the outmost Files of Pikes stand, the rest close outward to order; front half-files open forward three paces; ranks close to front and rear to order: Pikes move forward two paces; Pikes face outward, Musketeers face inward, and move clear one of another; to your leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them give fire to the front and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right and left into the rear they at the same time moving up into their ground give fire, and falling off as before, the Pikes may after charge on while, the Musketties make ready.  
The second firing. Let Pikes and Musketieers rank outward and give fire and fall off in like manner as before; after let them fire and fall in the rear of the first rank of Pikes of the front divisions, than the Pikes may port, then let the first divisions give fire and fall in behind the Pikes, the rear divisions after moving up into their places may give fire and face about, march down into their places, than face to their Leader; this firing being continued twice or oftener over, you may fire them to the rear (they being thither faced) after the very same manner the Pikes there charging, after facing all to their Leader, let them double files to the right and left inward of each division.  
Command. Front divisions of Pikes face inward, Front divisions of Musketeers face outward, the rest face about, move all six paces, to your leader, Rear divisions move forward two paces.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the front divisions give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right and left into the rear; they at the same time moving forward into their places may give fire and fall off as before; this may be twice performed.  
The second firing. Let the front divisions give fire and fall in the rear of the front divisions of Pikes, the rear divisions of Musketeers moving into their ground firing and falling behind the rear divisions of Pikes, than they may move forth clear of the Pikes and fire and fall in again, they may fire after the same manner to the rear, but I shall let that pass and go on to the next.  
Command. Rear divisions of Musketeers face outward and march three paces clear of the rear divisions of Pikes, than face to your Leader and move forward until they range even a breast with the rear divisions of Pikes.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first divisions of Musketeers give fire to the front and fall in the rear of themselves, after wheel off to the right and left into the room of them in the rear, they at the same time moving up into their places firing and falling off in like manner; this firing may be continued twice over, than the Pikes may charge whilst the Musketeers make ready again.  
The second firing. Let the rear, divisions move forward even a breast, then let the Musketeers give fire altogether and fall in the rear of themselves, this firing may be continued twice over and the Pikes may charge, after let those divisions that moved, march down again into their places.  
Command. Front division of Pikes upon the left face about and move down four paces clear of the rear, front and rear divisions of Pikes move to the left two paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Upon the former figure fire first to the front and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel down into the place of them in the rear they at the same time moving up into their places firing and falling off in like manner. This firing being twice performed, let the rear divisions of Musketeers move up even a breast with the front divisions, and fire altogether and fall in the rear of themselves, after let the Pikes charge on, and the outmost divisions of Musketeers face about and move down into their places.  
Command. Front division of Pikes face about and march until they range even a breast with the front division of Musketeers; to your Leader; Rear division of Pikes move forward three paces.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let each division fire as they stand and fall in the rear of themselves, performing it twice over the Pikes, may after charge on, whilst the Musketeers make ready again, who after may give fire by two ranks together as they in each division, the Pikes charging as before.  
Command. Outmost divisions of Musketeers face about, march until you range even with the rear, face inward and move until you stand straight after the front divisions of Musketeers, to your leader; middle divisions of Pikes face outward and move clear of the standing part, to your leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them give fire to the front by divisions relieveing each other; after face them to both flanks and let them give fire upon the ground they stand and fall in the rear of themselves, this firing may be continued twice, and after the Pikes may charge on whilst the Musketeers make ready again, and after retreating into their places.  
The second firing Let the middle division of Pikes in the rear face about, and the middle division of Pikes face to the front, and Musketeers to face to the outward angles of front and rear, and let them give fire to the four angles and fall in the rear of themselves, or fire altogether, and the Pikes may after charge on to Front, Rear and both flanks, being all faced unto those places, and retreating again to their places, they may if they please fire a second time, and charge on in manner as before. Now if the Leader have a desire to fire to Front and Rear let him face them thither and let them fire on the ground they stand and fall in the rear of themselves, the Pikes after charging on and retreating again into their places, face them all to their leader and open the Front and rear divisions from the midst to sufficient distance, and let the Ensign display his colours.  
Reducement. Rear divisions of Pikes advance forward unto the left into the Front, outmost divisions of Pikes face inward, march and close your divisions; Musketeers in the rear move and close ranks forward to order; files double your depth to the right every man falling behind his Bringer-up, reduceth them.  
Then let the Musketeers poise their Muskets if they be near the place of lodging the colours, and to move unto that place making a guard, their Muskets being rested, after which the colours being furled up, and the Pikes advanced, the Leader being on the right hand, and the Lieutenant on the left, and the Ensign in the midst, the Sergeants following them, and in the Rear of them the Drums beating a troop, let them march away and lodge the colours, the Musketeers giving of a volley, they may all betake themselves unto their several habitations until they shall be summoned again by beat of the Drum unto their place of randezvous.   

CHAP. XXI. The seventh Exercise consisting of sixty four men, eight Files eight deep.  
THe Soldiers appearing unto the place of Exercise, according unto the appointment of their Leader, or accustomed thereunto by beat of the Drum, are drawn forth into several Files, as is the usual custom. And the Soldiers being instructed of the use and handling of their Arms by the Sergeants, Corporals, or Leaders of the Files, spending such time therein as shall be convenient until the fetching of the Colours; to which purpose they draw up their Files, and join into a Body, doubling the Front to the left by the half-files, and send for the Colours. Which being brought unto the head of the Company, and the Soldiers returned unto their several places, and that the Body is closed in rank and file to close order, than silence, and the well minding of their Directions, and their obedience, is required of them, being three main properties belonging unto every Soldier. Now for more variety sake in matter of Motions, the Leader may spend his chiefest time in Doubling by Wheelings, giving, upon all occasions, the Soldiers their due distance unto every word of Command, and instructing them with their several reasons and uses, and so proceed to this that follows.   

CHAP. XXII. Two and twenty several Doubling by Wheelings, with their reducement.  
Command. WHeel off your Rear half-files and double your Front by Division.  
Direction. Half-files face to the Rear, and wheel about to the right and left, until you come up even with the Front.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks double the Depth of the Battle, by wheeling into the Front.  
Direction. Right half-ranks wheel to the left, left half-ranks wheel to the right; to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your Front half-files, and double the Rear by Division.  
Direction. Half-files face to the Rear, and Front half-files wheel about to the right and left, and move down even with the Rear; to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your right half-ranks, and double the left flank to the right entire.  
Direction. Face outward, and right half-ranks wheel about to the left, and double the left flank to the right entire, to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your right half-ranks, and double your left flank by Division.  
Direction. Face outward, and right half-ranks wheel about to the right and left, and double the left-flank by Division; to your Leader.  
Command. Front and Rear half-files double the Length of your Battle, by wheeling into the left-flank.  
Direction. Face to the left, and Front half-files that were, wheel to the left, Rear half-files wheel to the right, to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-ranks, and double your right flank by Division.  
Command. Front and Rear half-files double the Length of the Battle by wheeling into the right-flank.  
Command. Wheel your left-half-ranks inward into the midst, and double the right flank inward entire.  
Direction. Front and Rear half-files open from the midst to more than double distance; after face outward, and left half-ranks wheel inward into the midst, and move forward, and double the right-flank inward entire; to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your Front half-files, and double the Rear to the right entire.  
Direction. Half-files face to the Rear, and Front half-files wheel about to the left, and move down upon the right into the Rear, and face to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel your right half-ranks inward into the midst, and double your left flank inward entire.  
Command. Wheel off the Front half-files, and double the Rear to the left entire.  
Command. Wheel your Reer-half-files inward into the midst, and double your Front inward entire.  
Direction. Right and left half-ranks open from the midst to more than double distance, and half-files face about, and wheel inward into the midst, and move forward, and double your Front inward entire.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks double the Depth of your Battle by wheeling into the Rear.  
Direction. Face to the Rear, and right half-ranks wheel to the left, and left half-ranks wheel to the right until you meet; to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel your Front half-files inward into the midst, and double the Rear inward entire.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-ranks, and double your right flank to the right entire. Face outward.  
Command. Wheel off your Rear half-files, and double the Front to the left entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-ranks, and double your right flank to the left entire.  
Command. Wheel off your Rear half-files, and double your Front to the right entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your right half-ranks, and double your left - flank to the left entire. Face outward.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-ranks, and double entire the Depth of the right flank.  
Direction. Left half-ranks face to the left, and wheel about to the left, until you come down in the Rear of the right flank; to your Leader.  
Command. Wheel off your Rear half-files, and double the Length of your Front to the right.  
Direction. Half-files face about, and wheel round to the left, and move forward, and double the Length of the Front to the right, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XXIII. Several Firings, and Figures of Battle, with sixty four men.  
HAving passed over these several Wheelings by way of Doubling; it will be sufficient time to proceed unto Firings, wherefore, first, command them to open their Files from the midst to open order, and the Bringers-up thereof to double the Front to the right and left inward.  
The first firing. Let them fire to the Front, by ranks, ranking outward, and after to rank as they were.  
The second firing. Let them give fire to the front, by ranks ranking inward, and ranking again as they were, and closing again to the Body of Pikes.  
The third firing. Let the half-files face about, and let them give fire to Front and Rear by ranks ranking outward, and ranking in again as they were.  
The fourth firing. Let them advance forwards by two Ranks some ten paces before the Front and Rear, and give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves; then face about, and fall before the Front and Rear of Pikes, and then fire again falling off to the right and left, and flank the Pikes, than the Pikes may charge on, and the Musketeers may fall in the Rear of the Pikes, and then Pikes may charge at Foot, and the Musketeers may give fire altogether over their heads.  
The fift firing. Let the Pikes port, and the Musketeers move forth to the right and left, and fire by extraduction, than the Pikes may charge again, and the Musketeers may move forth as before, and the first Rank of each Division may give fire even with the Front and Rear, and stand, the rest may after move forth clear of them, and give fire, falling behind their own Divisions of Musketeers, than face all to their Leader, and close their Divisions forward to order, and then proceed to Figures of Battle.  
Command. Half-files face about, Musketeers move forward until you be clear of the Pikes; the two inmost files of Musketeers stand, the two out-most files of Musketeers move forwards until you be clear of the inmost files; the two out-most files of Pikes face outward, and move three foot clear of the out-most Divisions of Musketeers, and after to face to Front and Rear, and to move forward until they range even with the Reer-divisions of Musketeers; then let them face all to the front, and stand straight in their Diusions both rank-wise & filewise, and they will stand as in the next Figure, when they have closed   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the first divisions of Musketeers give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, after wheel off to the right and left into the room of them in the rear, they at the same time moving up into their places firing and falling off in like manner. Then let the inmost divisions give fire in like manner as the former did, and wheel off to the right and left and be relieved by their own rear divisions of Musketeers, then let the Pikes charge on, and after recreating back again into their places.  
Command. The two middle ranks of Pikes, face outward and move clear of the standing part, then let the first rank of Pikes face about, and the first and last rank of Pikes to move forward to order, face all to your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the front divisions fire and fall in the Rear of themselves; then wheel off to the right and left into the room of them in the near, they at the same time moving forward into their places, firing and falling off in like manner; Next let the inmost divisions of Musketeers do the same, who may be relieved by the inmost divisions of Musketeers in the rear.  
The second firing. Let them all face to the rear and give fire as they did to the front.  
The third firing. Let them face to front and rear and give fire and fall in the rear of themselves first, after falling off and interchanging divisions relieving each other, then let the Pikes charge on to front and rear and after retreating back into their places.  
Command. The inmost divisions of Musketeers to move forward until they be two foot clear of the standing part, then let them face all inward, and move until the utmost divisions of Musketeers range even a breast with the middle divisions of Pikes, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Upon the former figure fire them to both flanks, where first face them outward; let the first division give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after wheel off to the right and left into the places of the Rear divisions, and they move up at the same instant of time into their rooms, giving fire and falling in the rear of themselves, afterward into their places. Next let them fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after move inward and fall in the rear of the next division of Pikes, and then the first division of Musketeers move forth and give fire in the ground they formerly stood on, and fall in the rear of themselves, and stand, and the next division of Musketeers is likewise to move forth where formerly they stood and to fire and fall in the rear of themselves, the Pikes may after charge on, and after retreat back again into their places, and face to their Leader.  
Command. Rear divisions of Musketeers move to the left two paces and double to the right filewise; the two middle divisions of Pikes face outward and move two paces, to your leader; rear divisions of Musketeers move forward until the first divisions of Musketeers be placed three foot before the midst of the middle divisions of Pikes, and the second division be three foot behind the same, standing straight with the front divisions of Musketeers in the midst.   military diagram 
Upon this figure they being faced to front and rear both Pikes and Musketeers, let the first divisions give fire and fall in the rear of themselves and stand, let the rest move forward until they be clear of the front divisions of Musketeers and fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after face about and move down into their places again; then let the Pikes open a little outward and charge all to front and rear, and when they shall retreat back again into their places, the Musketeers may fire again as they did before, and continue it as long as they please. Or they may fire upon this figure either to front or rear according to discretion as long as they please.  
Now in respect much time hath been spent in the motions by wheelings in plain firings and figures of battle, we will draw forth one figure more from the former that the colours may be displayed, and that we may conclude our seventh Exercise to refresh the soldiers for a space until they shall again have warning from their Commander for another appearance.  
Command. The last division of Musketeers in the midst to face about, middle divisions of Musketeers advance forward until you be three foot clear of the front and rear, to your leader; each division of Pikes face outward and move to convenient distance for the colours to display, to your leader.   military diagram 
Reducement. Front and Reer division of Musketeers face about, front division move down and double the rear division to the left rank-wise, to your leader; the two first divisions of Musketeers in the front face about, then let them, and the two last divisions of Musketeers in the rear move forward until they be even with the next divisions of Musketeers, to your leader. The two middle divisions of Pikes close into the midst to order, and to open their ranks from the midst to something more than open order; the two outmost divisions of Pikes face inward and move forward into the midst of the two middle ranks in the body, to your leader. Front divisions of Pikes face about, and front and rear divisions to move forward and to close their divisions, to your leader. Files close to the right and left inward to order: Musketeers in the front and rear double your Pikes by division. Files double your depth to the right and left outward, every man falling behind his bringer-up, they will be reduced as at first.  
Now the Sergeants may draw off the Musketeers filing them to the right and left outward thereby making a guard for there Captain and other Officers to march through, trooping away and lodging the colours which done, one of the Sergeants command the Musketeers to face about to the right, and to present all, and no man to give fire until they hear the beat of the Drum, no man pulling his tricker but once which will be a means that they all fire handsomely together, which being ended every man may departed home until he shallbe called forth again.   

CHAP. XXIV. The eighth Exercise consisting of sixty four men, eight Files eight deep.  
THe Soldiers being again brought into the Field, or place of Exercise, the Sergeants, according to their wont manner, drawing forth the Files, bids each File-leader to take his File into some convenient place a part, to exercise them in their several Postures, and Charges, and after what manner they may fire, whether it be to Front, Reer, or both Flanks. Which being performed, they are called up to join into a B●dy, and commanded to close their Ranks and Files to their distance of order, and the Front doubled to the right and left inward by the half-files, distance, before hand, being prepared for their moving up. The Leader appoints one of the Sergeants to fetch the Colours, which being brought up to the head of the Company, the Leader for variety sake may spend the chiefest of his time in Firings, as followeth.  
The first firing. Let the Musketeers move forward until their Bringers-up range even with the Front of Pikes; after let the two out-most Files of Musketeers move forward until their Bringers-up range even a Breast with the Front of the two inmost Files; Let the Front or fore-most Divisions of Musketeers give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, then let them face about, and move down into their place where they were last, then let the two inmost Files of Musketeers of each Division advance forwards until their Bringers-up range even with the Front of the two out-most Files, and then let them give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves; and after face about, and march down into their places again where they were last drawn off.  
The second firing. Let them give fire on the ground they stand in each Division falling off to the right and left in the Rear of themselves.  
The third firing. Let the first rank in each Division fire as they stand, and after move inward in a straight line before the Front of Pikes, which gives way for the next rank to fire in each Division; & after to move inward into the Rear of the first Rank, & so consequently all the rest to fire in like manner until they have all fired, and stand straight before the Pikes.  
The fourth firing. Let their ranks rank outward into the Front, and then give fire all entire in one rank, and ranking again as they were.  
The fifth firing. Let the half-files of Musketeers double the Front by Diusion, and give fire by two ranks together, and after to move back again into their places.  
The sixth firing. Let the two first ranks kneel down, the other two stand upright, and give fire four ranks together.  
The seventh firing. Let the half-files, or Pikes to face about, and move three paces, to your leader: and then Files to double their Depth to the right and left outward of each Arms, then let them give fire eight ranks together after this manner, two kneel down, two kneeling, two stand upright, and the two last to be drawn off to the right and left, and so to fire altogether, which being ended, command the Pikes by their Files to rank outward into the Front, and then open outward to the right and left, and charge on in the Front, and File again as they were.  
The eighth firing. Let the Pikes open their Files from the midst to double distance, then command the Musketeers to face about, and move down into the midst of the Pikes, then let the half-files face abour, and let the Musketeers be at open order in their Files, and the Pikes at order; and then let them give fire first to Front and Rear by intraduction after this manner: let the first rank in Front and Rear present, and give fire on the ground they stand, and presently make ready again; the next ranks may move forward, and place themselves three foot before them, and fire in like manner, and after stand, the other ranks still moving forward into the next rank until the first have fired, and then immediately to clap before them, and fire in like manner, until all have fired twice over.  
The ninth firing. Let them close their Files into the midst to order, and fire on the same ground they stand, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The tenth firing. Let them fire and fall off to the right and left into the midst of Pikes again, then let the Pikes charge on to Front and Rear, and when they are clear of the Musketeers, let them close to the right and left inward to order.  
The eleventh firing. Let the Pikes port, and let the Musketeers be drawn forth one whole rank to the right, and another to the left, both to Front and Rear give fire, and fall into their places again, then let the other four be drawn forth in like manner, and fire and fall into their places again; the Pikes if occasion shall require, may again charge on.  
The twelfth firing. Let the Musketeers range to the right and left outward, and fire even a Breast with the Rear of each Division, and move in again into their places.  
The thirteenth firing. Let the Musketeers rank outward, and move even a Breast with the Front and Rear, and there present and give fire, and whilst the Pikes are charging on, they may rank again as they were, and fall in the Rear of the Pikes, and make ready again.  
The fourteenth firing. The Pikes being retreated into their first ground, you may open them to the right and left, and then the Musketeers may move forward, and fire two ranks kneeling down, & the other two standing upright, than the Pikes may continue their charge till the Musketeers make ready again, and after they may retreat, and fall in the Rear of the Musketeers, and close their Divisions inward to order. These firings being all upon a stand, and the Musketeers being now in Front and Rear, they may be moved away, and may give fire upon the march to Front and Rear after this manner.  
The fifteenth firing. Let the first rank in the Front, nimbly advance forward ten paces, then present and give fire, in which interim, the rest will be moved up unto them, the others having fallen off to the right and left in the Rear of their own divisions of Musketeers, the next rank may give fire in like manner, until all have fired thus once over; the Rear are to fire at the same time with the Front facing about the last rank, who are to fall off and to place themselves before their own divisions of Musketeers.  
The sixteenth firing. Let them fire as before, and the first rank of the Front-division to fall off, and flank the Pikes to the right, the rest of that Division falling off, and placing themselves in the Rear of them; and likewise the first rank of the Reer-division, when they have fired, let them fall off, and range even a Breast with the half-files of Pikes, and still preserving themselves in their places to be right-hand men to those which were at first, and the rest to give fire and fall in the Rear of them.  
The seventeenth firing. Now the Musketeers being all upon the right flank, let the out-most file face to the right, and fire, and lead away by Bringers-up between the Musketeers, and the out-most file of Pikes, let this be continued in the same manner until all have fired.  
The eighteenth firing. The Body still marching, let them fire again, after the same manner, as before.  
The nineteenth firing. Let them fire by ranks wheeling to the right flank, and after to rank to the right, so many a Breast as they were at first, marching a long with the Body.  
The twentieth firing. Let them fire and fall off on the contrary flank.  
The one and twentieth firing. Let them give fire upon the gathering firing after this manner, let the out-most file upon the left face to the left, give fire, and then face to the Front, and until the rest be clear, and then the next file to face to the left, and fire, and after face to the Front, and then the first file may gather up even a Breast upon the left of the second file, than the third file may face to the left, and give fire, after face to the Front, and stand, until the other two march up on the left, and join even a Breast with him, and consequently so all the rest until every file have fired, and that they be all moved up even a Breast with the Pikes.  
The two and twentieeh firing. Let them wheel ranks to the left, and fire, and after rank four to the left as they were at first, and march even a Breast with the Pikes.  
The three and twentieth firing. Let them fire to the left flank, ranks inverting, and after face to the Front, and to rank again as they were.  
The four and twentieth firing. Let them fire by files, filing to the right, and facing after to the left, and fire to the left flank: and then facing to their first Front, and to lead up their Files to the left again as they were.  
The five and twentieth firing. Let them fire by the out-most files to the left flank, and lead away by the Leader, up between, or in the middle of Pikes.  
The six and twentieth firing. Let them face outward, and fire upon a stand after this manner by ranks dividing, moving forth to the right and left, and fire and fall in again  
into their places, the Pikes may after charge on, and retreat again into their places.  
The 27th. firing. Let them fire by ranks, ranking outward into both the Flanks, and moving forward, and firing even a breast, and ranking again as they were, but not returning again into the midst of Pikes from whence they were drawn forth, but fire to both flanks, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The 28th. firing. Let them fire again, and fall in the Rear or midst of Pikes.  
The 29th. firing. Let the Pikes port, and let the Musketeers fire by extraduction to both flanks, and return again into their places.  
The 30th. firing. Let the Pikes open to the right, and the Musketeers move up into the midst, and the first rank give fire, and slieve up to the right and left, and place themselves before the Pikes, the next rank moving forward into his ground, and slieving away in the Rear of them until all have fired.  
The 31th. firing. Let them close their Divisions, and fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The 32th. firing. Let them fire by files ranking outward, and filing again as they were.  
The 33th. firing. Let them fire by ranks wheeling outward into both flanks towards Front and Rear, the half-files are to face about, the left half-ranks are to wheel to the right, the right half-ranks to the left, the Front half-files doing the like, may give fire, facing after to the right and left inward, ranking as they were into the midst of ranks, and facing again to the flanks.  
The 34th. firing. Let them fire two ranks together, and slieving presently away, and flank the Pikes.  
The 35th. firing. Let them face to Front and Rear, and after move outward, and facing to the outward Angles of Front and Rear, and let them fire and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The 36th. firing. Let them close files into the midst to order, and fire again, and let them fall off to the right and left, and flank the Pikes, than face all to their first Front, they are reduced.  
Having spent all this time in the plain Firings, we will in the next place proceed to Firings upon such Figures of Battle as followeth.   

CHAP. XXV. Several Figures of Battle.  
Command. HAlf-files double your Front to the left, Musketeers double your Pikes entire advancing; Files open from the midst to double distance: the two out-most Files close outward to open order, and the two inmost Files close outward to the same distance; half-files of each Division double the Front inward entire. Ranks and Files close to order: The four out-most Files upon each Flank stand; the four inmost Files upon the left face to the Rear, then let the four inmost Files upon the left, and the four inmost Files upon the right move forward three foot before the Front and Rear, and then face to the left, and move two paces, than face all to the Front, and move straight in their Divisions, both rank-wise and filewise, they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the front division of Musketeers move forward until they be clear of the standing part, then give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and then closing their files into the midst to order before the front of Pikes, the rear division of Musketeers may move forward unto the front of the first division of Pikes, and there rank outward and give fire altogether, and file again as they were, and after face about and move down again into their places; the two out-most divisions of Musketeers may next move forward some six paces; there stand and rank inward and fire, face about, and file again as they were, and move forward to the front of their own divisions of Pikes and face to their leader.  
The second firing. Let the front division of Musketeers fire & fall off to the right and left & flank their Pikes, and at the same time let the rear division of Musketeers move forward as they did before and fire even a breast with the first division of Pikes, and fall in the rear of themselves, than face about and move down into their places, and face to their leader; then let the two outmost divisions upon the flanks give fire on the ground they stand and fall off to the right and left and flank the Pikes; They may fire to the rear in the same manner being thither faced.  
The third firing. Let them face to front, rear, and both flanks, and fire the first rank of each division and fall off to the right and left in the rear of the Pikes, and the last rank at the same time move forth and give fire and fall into their places again; but before they thus fire the front and rear divisions are to be wheeled to the left, then let them fire by 
* Move forth those Musketeers into their former places, before they fire by Extraduction.  extraduction, and the Pikes may after charge on, and then retreat back again into their places.  
Command. Each division as they are faced to move forward three paces; half-files of each division open to the right and left until they be clear of the standing part, they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
Upon the former figure being faced to front, rear, and both flanks fire them according unto all those places, the foremost divisions fire first, and let them wheel off to the right and left, and fall in the roomor place of them in the next divisions, firing twice in this kind. Then let the foremost divisions fire and fall in the Rear of the Pikes, then let the Pikes port, and the Musketeers in each division may move forth again, and give fire by Extraduction, then let the Pikes charge on, and after charge at foot, and let the Musketeers give fire over their heads, which being ended, let the foremost rank of Musketeers in Front, rear, and flanks, move forward, and interchange ground with the Pikes, and face all to the front, and after the third divisions from the front, and the third divisions from the rear face inward, and move three paces, than face to their leader, and close files outward, and ranks forward to order in each division, and stand straight and even in their divisions, both rank-wise and filewise, and then proceed to the next figure.  
Command. The out-most divisions upon the flanks face about, and move down two paces, to your leader: half files of the two out-most divisions double to the right and left inward rank-wise, and after move that part that doubled two paces to the right and left inward: face all to your leader.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the first and the last rank of Musketeers double to the right and left inward filewise, then let the first division give fire to the front and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right about down into the rear, and let every division that are in the midst move up successively into the front until all have fired and fallen off in like manner as the first, and every division be come again into his place, and the front and rear divisions have doubled ranks to the right and left outward; Then command the first and the last rank of Musketeers from the front and rear to double to the right and left outward filewise, and let them give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after fall off into the rear in like manner and form of the firing of the former divisions; either of these firings may be continued twice over, after command the first division of Musketeers from front and rear to double to the right and left inward rank-wise, and then proceed.  
Command. The third division from the front, and the third division from the rear to face outward, and to move three paces until they stand straight in front and rear between the middle divisions, and after face to their leader. Then let the front divisions face about, and front and rear divisions move forward until they range even a breast with the second divisions that stands before them and then face to their leader: it occasioneth the next figure.   military diagram 
Upon this figure you may fire them to front, rear, and both flanks, therefore face the two outmost crosses to the flanks, which contains on each side four divisions of Pikes and Musketeers, and let the rest face to front, and rear, and let all the Musketeers in the rear of each division of Pikes move forth to the angles of the Pikes give fire, and fall back again into their places, and whilst the Pikes are charging on, the Musketeers may make ready again and fire in like manner as before, and ●all back again into their places, the Pikes charging on to front, rear and both flanks, as before, & retreating again into their places. Then face them all to the front, and let the second division from the rear face about, and then the second division from the front, and the second division from the rear move forward until they be three foot clear of the front, and rear, than face them to their Leader, and they will stand in a convenient figure for marching wherein the Colours may display so long as a Commander shall think fit.   military diagram 
Reducement. The two middle divisions face to the right and left outward, and march clear of the standing part, to your Leader; then let them double to the right and left outward filewise. After let them face to front, rear, and both flanks, and close their files into the midst to order, and ranks forward to order. Then command front, and rear divisions that formerly wheeled to the left, to wheel back again to the right, than face all to the front, and let the front division face to the right and move three paces, and then face to their Leader; then let the rear division move up upon the left of them in the front, and let the Pikes in each division double their depth to the right and left outward; and let them close files into the midst to order, and ranks forward to order, and to move up even with the front they standing in their distance of order both in rank and file, let the half-files double their front inward entire and after files to double their depth entire to the right, they are reduced.  
Then the Leader may appoint one of the Sergeants to draw off the Musketeers, and file them away to the right and left outward either by ranks filing, or files, filing, and every Muskettier to poise his Musket, than the Pikes may advance their arms, and the Drum beat a troop, and the Commander may lead them away and lodge his Colours.   

CHAP. XXVI. The ninth Exercise consisting of 64 men, eight files, eight deep.  
IN this Exercise a Commander may in matter of motions present unto the Soldier's f●rther variety to delight them withal, in bringing up each man into the Front to be a File-leader, according unto succession and dignity by proper words of Command by doublings, with their Reducement. Therefore, to avoid any further circumstance, we will pass over the Postures, and fetching of the Colours, and suppose the Soldiers standing in a condition to be exercised, begin first to make them all File-leaders by succession as followeth.  
Command. Ranks to the left double.  
Command. Files to the left double.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the right.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing every man placing himself before his leader.  
Command. Ranks to the right double.  
Command. Files to the right double.  
Command. Front half-files double the rear to the right.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire advancing.  
Command. Double your ranks to the right into the rear; face all about.  
Command. Double your files to the left advancing.  
Direction. Every even file from the left move forward to the left and by three steps double the odd advancing.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire advancing, every man placing himself before his leader.  
Command. Double your ranks to the left into the rear; face all about.  
Command. Double your files to the right advancing.  
Reducement. Files rank to the right into the front.  
Rank, file eight to the right, reduceth them.  
Next followeth to make every man file-leader according unto dignity, with their Reducement.  
Command. Bringers-up double your front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire advancing, every man placing himself before his leader.  
Command. Bringers-up double your front to the right.  
Command. Files double your depth to the right.  
Command. Ranks to the right double.  
Command. Front half-files double your rear to the right following your leaders.  
Command. Double your files to the right by division every man placing himself before his leader and his bringer-up.  
Command. Front half-files double your rear to the left following your leaders.  
Command. Double your files to the left by division, every man placing himself before his leader and his bringer-up.  
Command. The two first and the two last ranks double, the four middlemost ranks to the right following your leaders and your bringers-up.  
Direction. The four middle ranks stand, the file-leaders are to turn off to the right, and the next rank is to follow them until the leaders rank even with the bringers-up of the front half-files; and at the same instant of time the bringers-up are to move forward to the right, the rest following until the bringers-up range even a breast with the half-file-leaders; to your leader.  
Command. Files double your depth to the left.  
Reducement. Half-files double your front to the right.  
Bringers-up double your front to the right.  
Then divide every four files distinctly apart making five divisions.  
Files double to the right and left inward in each division, and close files into the midst to order.  
Files double to the left entire advancing; reduceth.   

CHAP. XXVIII. Eight, several Countermarches with their Reducement.  
Command. FIles to the right hand countermarch maintaining ground.  
Command. Ranks to the left hand countermarch losing ground.  
Command. Countermarch your front and rear half-files into the midst of ranks.  
Direction. Half-files face about and turn off to the left, and front half-files turn off to the right until they meet the front and rear into the midst, to your leader.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks countermarch into the midst of files.  
Direction. Face outward right half-ranks turn off to the right, left half-ranks turn off to the left, to your leader.  
Command. Files to the left hand countermarch losing ground by following your leaders.  
Command. Ranks to the right hand countermarch maintaining ground.  
Command. Countermarch your front and rear half-files to the right and left following the half-file-leaders, and the bringers-up of the front half-files.  
Direction. Half-files face about, the bringers-up of the front half-files, and the half-file-leaders are to begin the motion, the rest are to follow until they have gained so much ground beyond the front and rear as they formerly possessed in the midst, to your leader and close your divisions.  
Command. Countermarch your half ranks to the right and left by following of the inmost files.  
Direction. Face outward, the inmost files are to begin the motion moving forward, the rest following, until they have gained so much ground beyond the flanks as they formerly possessed in the inmost files, to your leader, and close files into the midst to order, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XXIX. Ten several Wheelings with their Reducement.  
Command. WHeel the battle off by division from the front.  
Command. Wheel the body off by division from the right flank, face to the right.  
Command. Wheel the battle off by division from the rear, face about.  
Command. Wheel the body off by division from the left flank.  
Command. Wheel your battle inward to the rear from the front.  
Direction. Open outward to convenient distance, to your leader.  
Command. Wheel your battle inward to the left flank from the right.  
Direction. Face to the right and open to convenient distance, to your leader.  
Command. Wheel your battle inward to the front from the rear.  
Direction. Face about and open to convenient distance, and wheel inward into the front. 
Close ranks forward to close order, and files into the midst to close order.   
Command. Wheel your battle inward to the right flank from the left.  
Command. Wheel the outward angles of front and rear to the right and left about into the centre, face to the outward angles.  
Command. Wheel the inward angles to the right and left about from the centre.   

CHAP. XXX. Plain firings, and figures of Battle.  
IN the next place I will proceed to some plain firings, wherefore first double your ranks forward to the left by half-files and fire even with the front of pikes, & fall in the rear of themselves, than fire and fall between the Pikes, then move forth after this manner, one rank drawn forth to the right, and another to the left, fire & fall in again as before. Then command the first rank to stand, and the rest to move forth both Pikes and Musketeers to the right and left until each rank be clear of other than let the Pikes charge, and Musketeers give fire altogether, and after fall behind each rank of Pikes, then let the Pikes charge at foot, and let the Musketeers give fire over their heads. After let the Pikes port, and let the Musketeers come forth again and give fire by extraduction; and after command the ranks to face to the right and left inward, and to close their divisions: then let the Musketeers move forth again into their first places and flank their Pikes. And having passed over some half a dozen firings after this manner, then command half-files to double their depth to the right entire, and proceed to figures of battle and firings which comes in the next place to view for a leader to spend his time further in the exercising of his soldiers therein.  
Command. Half-files face to the Rear and march six paces, to your Leader; half-files of Musketeers of each division face to the Rear. Musketeers march all until you be clear of the Pikes to your Leader. The two middlemost ranks of Pikes of each division face outward, & move clear of the Musketeers, to your Leader; the first and third rank of Pikes in the body face to the Rear, and close ranks into the midst to order, the following Figure will appear.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the front divisions give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, the rest of the divisions moving up into their ground and fire wheeling off to the right and left, having all fired over once they will be reduced.  
The second firing. Let the four inmost divisions of Musketeers face outward and move clear of the Pikes, than face to their Leader, then let the eight last divisions of Pikes and Musketeers face to the Rear, then let them fire to front and rear falling in the rear of themselves, their being intervals for the Pikes to move forward upon their charge, and being retreated back into their places will produce the following figure.   military diagram 
After the figure is reduced unto his first aspect, command the Musketeers or divisions upon the wings to face to the right and left inward, and to march until they stand as in the first figure, than face to their leader; and commadd the eight first divisions of Pikes and Musketeers to face outward marching until you perceive an interval for the eight rear divisions to move up and make an even range with the front divisions, which being done they will appear as followeth.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the front divisions of Musketeers give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right into the room of them in the rear, they at the same time firing and wheeling off into their places again.  
Then let the Commander face them all to the right, and they will stand in four crosses, with Musketeers on the wings filewise, upon which facing they may march, the Officers being placed according unto discretion; and after they have marched, let them face again to their first front.  
Command. Front divisions of Musketeers face, to the right and move two paces, to your leader; Rear divisions of Musketeers move up and double the front divisions to the left rank-wise, which produceth the next figure.   military diagram 
Upon the former figure let all the Musketeers give fire together and fall off to the right and left in the rear of themselves, the Pikes after charging through the intervals, and after retreating again. Then command Musketeers that doubled to face about, and to move down into the rear, until they be clear of the Pikes and stand; then let the Musketeers both in front and rear face to the left, and march until they stand straight in their divisions, than face to their leader, and they will stand as in the former figure, then proceed.  
Command. The four inmost divisions both of Pikes and Musketeers on the left face to the rear; inmost divisions both of Pikes and Musketeers both upon the right and left, march clear of the standing part, then let them face to the left and move three paces, to your leader. The four outmost divisions both of Pikes and Musketeers upon the right wheel to the right; the four outmost divisions upon the left both of Pikes and Musketeers wheel to the left, which will set forth the next figure.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them face to front, rear and both flanks; and give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, after wheeling off to the right your divisions on the outside of the Pikes into the place of the rear divisions, which are to advance forward into the front performing the like as the other front divisions.  
The second firing. Let the front divisions of Musketeers move to the right two paces, after command divisions of Musketeers to double to the left rank-wise, and let them give fire in front, rear, and both flanks altogether, the Pikes may after charge to all these places whilst the Musketeers make ready again, and retreat again into their places.  
The third firing. Let them give fire again and fall in the rear of themselves which being ended you may proceed to another figure.  
Command. The left division of Musketeers wheel off to the left, and place yourselves in the left interval between the Pikes, which occasioneth the next figure.   military diagram 
Upon this Figure let the Musketeers give fire in the front, rear, and flanks, and angles falling in the rear of themselves, and the Pikes may after charge on. Many other firings might be performed upon this figure, but I shall not be tedious to relate any more, but leave them to the discretion of every leaders genius, and shall now show the way to reduce them.  
Reducement. Divisions of Musketeers upon the Angel's face to the centre and move three paces, after wheel the divisions a little to the right until they be brought in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers, which being done command the four divisions of Pikes and Musketeers on the right to wheel to the left; and the four divisions of Pikes and Musketeers upon the left to wheel to the right. After command the four divisions of Pikes and Musketeers upon the left, to face to the left and march to such a convenient distance, as that the four last divisions both Pikes & Musketeers may move up on the left to range even with the Front▪ they on the flanks moving up also until they stand all even a breast. After command the inmost eight divisions to face to the rear, and let them all move▪ until they be clear one of another, than face to their leader; and let the eight front divisions to face inward and to move until they stand straight with the rear divisions. After let the Pikes in the body in each division open their ranks to front and rear to their open order. And then command division of ●ikes upon the flanks to face to the right and left inward, and march in and strengthen the body of Pikes; which being done, let the front divisions of Musketeers face to the rear, commanding them all to close their ranks forward to order, and face to their leader, they are reduced. Which being performed the leader may lodge his colours having finished his ninth Exercise.   

CHAP. XXXI. The tenth Exercise consisting of 24 Files being six deep, according to the first drawing up of a private Company.  
THere being a greater number appearing upon this days Exercise then in the former, it concerns a Leader more especially to give special charge to the inferior officers to be careful in the drawing forth the files, that they make no man a file-leader bringer-up, half-file-leader, or bringer-up of the front half-files, but such able soldier as may be deserving of the same; whose diligence and care upon all motions is principally required, being as it were the hinges of the Leaders several words of command. Wherefore supposing them to be drawnup in battalia, and the colours being brought to the head of the Company, the four Sergeants ready at hand attending their Captain's commands, and the body being closed in ranks and files to their distance of order, and silence craved at the Company, he that shall exercise them may begin after distances and face shown, with this or the like doubling following.   

CHAP. XXXII. Eight entire several Doubling with their Reducement.  
Command. FRont half-files double your rear inward entire.  
Command. The twelve inmost files double entire the depth of the six out-most files. Inmost files face about.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the right.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing.  
Command. Half-files double your front inward entire.  
Command. The six outmost files upon each flank double entire, advancing the twelve middle files.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the right entire.  
Command. Right half-ranks double your left flank entire advancing, which being performed they are reduced.   

CHAP. XXXIII. Eight several Countermarches with their Reducement.  
Command. FIle-leaders stand, the rest pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves before your leaders.  
Command. The right hand file stand, the rest pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves on the outside of your right hand men.  
Command. Countermarch your front and rear into the midst of ranks.  
Direction. Half-files face about and turn off to the left, front half-files turn off to the right, to your leader.  
Command. Countermarch your flanks into the midst of files; face outward.  
Command. Files to the right hand countermarch maintaining ground.  
Command. Ranks to the left hand countermarch losing ground.  
Command. Countermarch your front and rear half-files from the midst of ranks maintaining ground.  
Direction. Front half-files face about, and turn off to the left, the rest turn off to the right, every man moving up into his leaders ground, to your leader.  
Command. Countermarch your right and left half-ranks from the midst of files losing ground.  
Direction. Face inward, and turn off every rank on the ground, they stand; face to your leader, and close files into the midst to open order, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XXXIV. Eight entire Doubling by Wheelings with their Reducement.  
Command. WHeel off your rear half-files and double your front to the right entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your left half-ranks, and double your right flank entire to the left. Face outward.  
Command. Wheel off your rear half-files and double your front to the left entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your right half-ranks and double your left flank to the left entire. Face outward.  
Command. Wheel off your front half-files and double the rear to the right entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your right half-ranks and double the left flank to the right entire. Face outward.  
Command. Wheel off your front half-files and double the rear to the left entire. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheeel off your left half-ranks and double your right flank to the right entire. Face outward.   

CHAP. XXXV. Plain Firings and Figures of Battle.  
The first firing. LEt the two outmost files of Musketeers upon each flank advance ten paces before the front, give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, after face about, and move down into their places again, then face to their leader. Then let the next two files upon each flank move away in like manner, and fire as the former did, and move down into their places again. After let the other remaining files be led forth by the other two Sergeants, and give fire as before, and fall back again into their places.  
The second firing. Let two Sergeants draw four files upon each flank, and move them away 10 or 20 paces before the front, and give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, and after face about & move down into their places. And whilst they are moving down, let the other two Sergeants draw forth the remaining four files upon each flank, and fire as the former did, and after return again into their places.  
The third firing. Let all the Musketeers move forth clear of the Pikes, and let them open from the midst, until they stand in four divisions, leaving sufficient intervals for their wheeling into the rear of themselves; first, let them fire in each division falling in the rear of themselves, until they have all fired over two or three times after this kind.  
The fourth firing. Let them close their files before the front of ●ikes into the midst to order, then let the two first ranks kneel down the next two stoop, and the last two stand upright, and give fire six ranks altogether, then let the left half-ranks of Musketeers be wheeled about to the left into the rear of the Pikes, and the right half-ranks move to the left until they stand straight before the front of Pikes.  
The fifth firing. Let the half-files face about, and let them give fire to front and rear after this manner by two ranks drawn off ten paces before the front and rear, and fall off to the right and left into the rear of themselves, then facing about let them open outward and give way for the next two ran●s to come forward into their places, who are to fire and fall off as the former did, the other two ranks doing the same; this firing may be continued as long as the Leader pleaseth.  
The sixth firing. Let them give free on the ground they stand, and fall off to the right and left into the rear of themselves.  
The seventh firing. Let them rank outward into front and rear and give fire altogether, and rank again as they were.  
The eight firing. Let them give fire on the ground they stand, and flank the Pikes, those in the front flanking the Pikes on the right, they in the rear flanking them on the left; after let the Pikes charge on, and being retreated into their places, let them face all to their leader, and in the next place proceed to figures of batt●●●.  
Command. Files open outward to open order, ranks open backward to your open order, then let every four files close outward to order, and ranks close to front and rear to order, they will stand in twelve divisions as followeth.   military diagram 
Command. The two inmost divisions of Musketeers in the rear face about, inmost divisions of Musketeers in front and rear move forward clear of the standing part, and stand; Pikes face outward, Musketeers upon the flanks face inward, the rest face about to the right, move all two paces, to your Leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the front divisions of Musketeers give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right and left into the room of them in the rear, they at the same time moving up into their ground, firing, and falling off in like manner as before. Then let the front divisions upon the flanks fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, and after wheel off to the right and left into the ground of those divisions that stand in the rear of them, they at the same time relieving them, firing and falling off as before, then let the Pikes charge on, and after retreat back again into their places.  
The second firing. Let them face to front & rear, and let the first divisions give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, then wheeling off to the right and left and interchange ground with the next divisions, who are at the same instant of time to move up into their places and to give fire in like manner, and to fall off and return where they were before, then let the Pikes charge on to front and rear, and after retreat into their places, and face all to their leader.  
Command. The four last divisions next to the rear both of Pikes and Musketeers face about, move down, and range even a breast with the rear; rear divisions of Musketeers that are faced to the front move forward, and place yourselves three foot short of the next divisions that stands before you, to your leader.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the front divisions give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right and left, and range even a breast with the next divisions, yet keeping themselves distinctly from the other divisions. Then let those divisions of Musketeers that stood in the rear of them move forward into their ground and give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, after face about, and move down again into their first places; then let those that first fired move up again into their ground, and let the outmost divisions begin to fire after this manner, let the first divisions fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after fall off to the right and left, and place themselves in the room of the rear divisions, who are likewise to move up into their ground, and thereto fire and fall off as before, the Pikes may after charge on and retreat back again into their places. The same firings may be performed to the rear, they being thither faced, but to let that pass we will fall upon the next figure, wherefore.  
Command. Divisions of Pikes move forward until your rear divisions range even a breast with the outmost divisions of Musketeers; rear divisions of Musketeers face inward, and move straight in the rear of the rear divisions of Pikes, to your leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the two last divisions of Musketeers face about, and the other divisions of Musketeers to face to the right and left outward, and let them give fire on the ground, they stand; and fall in the rear of themselves, the Pikes may charge on whilst the Musketeers make ready again.  
The second firing. Let them face all to the rear, and let the rear divisions move forth to the right and left outward, and give fire altogether, and fall in the rear of themselves.  
The third firing. Let the four first divisions of Musketeers, & the two first divisions of Pikes face to the front, and let them give fire to front and rear, and fall in the rear of themselves, than face all to the front, and proceed farther.  
Command. The front and rear divisions to move outward two paces; rear division of Pikes upon the left face about, rear divisions of Pikes move three foot before the front & rear, to your leader; divisions that moved outward, close inward to your first ground, and they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the first divisions of Musketeers give fire to the front and fall in the rear of themselves, than face outward, and march clear of the standing part, than face to their Leader, then let every division of Musketeers come successively into that ground, fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than face about and move down into their places, then let the Front divisions of Pi●es charge on, and after retreat back into their places.  
The second firing. Let them face all to the Rear, and let every division give fire on the ground, they stand and fall in the Rear of themselves.  
The third firing. Let half the Musketeers and three divisions of Pikes face about to the right, and give fire to Front and Rear on the ground they stand and fall in the Rear of themselves, then let the Pikes charge on, and after retreat back into their places, face all to their Leader.  
Command. The out-most Divisions of Musketeers face outward and move two paces, to your Leader; the other divisions both Pikes and Musketeers open your files outward to open order; the five first Divisions face about, the five first and the five last Divisions move straight forward and interchange ground, and after face to their Leader, and close files inward again to order; then lead up the two out-most Divisions of Musketeers to stand even a breast against the middle Divisions of Pikes, face all to your Leader; then move the two out-most Divisions to the right and left inward, to stand straight in the middle of the Front and Rear Divisions of Musketeers.   military diagram 
Upon this Figure several firings might be performed, to the Front, Reer, both Flanks, and four Angles, all at one and the same time, but being so easy to the view, I shall leave them unto the discretion of those which shall be pleased to make use of them, and in the next place endeavour to reduce them.  
Reducement. Middle divisions of Musketeers upon the flanks face outward, and move clear of the standing part, to your Leader; the five first Divisions face about, the five first, and the five last Divisions open files outward to open order, and move forward and interchange ground, and close files inward again to order; out-most divisions face about, and move down again into your first places, face all to your Leader. Here the Captain if he please may command the Ensign to display his Colours, which being ended, he may proceed, commanding Rear divisions of Pikes to move forward, and to place themselves in the Rear of the out-most division of Pikes upon the left in the Front; then let the Front division of Pikes move down and place themselves in the Rear of the second division of Pikes upon the right, then close Pikes into the midst to order. Inmost divisions of Musketeers move forward to order, and march up even with the Front; Rear divisions of Musketeers face outward, and move until they stand straight with the out-most divisions of Musketeers, than face to their Leader, and close ranks forward to order, and march up and make an even Front, and close files into the midst to order; they are reduced.   

CHAP. XXXVI. The eleventh Exercise with 24 Files six deep.  
THe Soldiers being met unto the place appointed, and the Officers being vigilant and careful in their several places, in drawing forth the files, and joining them into a Body; the Leader without any farther delay may crave their silence, and close their ranks and files to order, and after some distances and face shown unto them, drawn forth from the former rule, he may proceed to this following doubling, making every man a file-leader, according to succession, and after reduce them again.  
Command. Ranks to the left double.  
Command. Files to the left double.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the left.  
Command. Files double your depth to the left.  
Command. Bringers-up double your front to the right.  
Command Double your files to the left entire advancing.  
Command. Bringers-up double your front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing.  
Command. Ranks to the right double.  
Command. Files to the right double.  
Reducement. Files, rank to the left into the front.  
Rank, file six to the left, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XXXVII. Eight Countermarches with their Reducement.  
Command. BRingers-up stand to the rest, pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves behind your Bringers-up. The rest face about.  
Command. File-leaders and Bringers-up stand, the rest pass thorough to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders and Bringers-up, half-files face about.  
Command. Ranks to the left hand countermarch maintaining ground; face to the left.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks countermarch from the midst of files maintaining ground; face inward.  
Command. File-leaders face about the rest, pass thorough to the right and place yourselves behind your leader; to your leader.  
Command. Countermarch your front and rear half-files from the midst of ranks losing ground; front half-files face about.  
Command. Ranks to the right hand countermarch losing ground.  
Command. Countermarch your right and left half-ranks every man placing himself one the outside of his right and left handman, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XXXVIII. Eight several Wheelings with their Reducement.  
Command. WHeel your right and left half-ranks inward to the midst of files. Face outward.  
Command. Wheel the battle off by division from the rear;  
Command. Wheel the battle inward to the right flank, from left. Face to the left.  
Command. Wheel front and rear half-files inward to the midst of ranks. Half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your right and left half-ranks by division from the midst of files. Face inward.  
Command. Wheel off your front and rear half-files by division from the midst of ranks; front half-files face about.  
Command. Wheel off your front by division.  
Command. Wheel your battle inward to the left flank from the right; face to the right.   

CHAP. XXXIX. Plain Firings and Figures of Battle.  
The first firing. LEt them give fire to the front by introduction, where first command them to open their files outward to open order, and then let the first rank give fire on the ground they stand; then let the next rank move forward and place themselves before the first rank, and give fire likewise, and stand, and so successively every rank is to move forward and place themselves before the rank that fired, until all have given fire; this being twice performed reduc●th them, and is termed a firing of gaining ground.  
The second firing. Let them fire by files inward to order, and fire on the ground they stand, and fall off to the right and left into the rear of themselves.  
The third firing. Let them close their files ranking outward into one entire rank into the front, all at one and the same time, and to file again as they were.  
The fourth firing. Let the Musketeers double ranks to the right and left outward, and give fire three ranks together, the first kneeling, the second stooping, the third standing upright, and after to double files to the right and left inward.  
The fifth firing. Let them fire again, and fall off to the right and left, and flank the Pikes, who may after charge on, and after retreat back again into their places.  
The sixth firing. Let them face outward and give fire to both flanks on the ground, they stand and fall in the rear of themselves.  
The seventh firing. Let the half-files of Musketeers face outward, and move clear of the standing part, then let every division give fire again, and fall in the rear of themselves, and then close their divisions.  
The eight firing. Let them give fire eight ranks together (viz.) two kneel down, two stooping, two standing upright, & the last two to be drawn forth & so fire them altogether.  
The ninth firing. Let the four first ranks upon each flank fire again, and fall off to the to the right and left and flank the Pikes, and, let those Musketeers face to front and rear, and draw forth the last rank of Musketeers upon the flanks to the right and left outward, and place them in the midst of those intervals upon the angles, the Pikes being impaled, then fire them to front, rear, and both flanks and four angles, and fall in the rear of themselves. This firing may be continued as long as a leader shall think fit; then face about those files standing at the angles, and move them into the rear of those divisions of Musketeers upon the flanks from whence they were first drawn forth; then let them face all to their leader.  
The tenth firing. Let the Musketeers in front & rear face outward, and march clear of the standing part, then let them face to front & rear, and give fire, & fall in the rear of themselves, then let the rear divisions of Mukettiers face to the front, and the outmost divisions of Musketeers in the front face to the rear, then let the outmost divisions move, and close ranks forward to order, and let the Pikes charge on, and being retreated back again into their places, face all to the front and proceed to figures of battle according to the next direction.  
Command. Half-files of Pikes face about; half-files of the four outmost Files of Musketeers face to the rear; the four outmost files, and the body of Pikes, move forward clear of the standing part, to your leader; then let them face outward, and move two paces, than face to front and rear and move the like, face all to your leader, and close ranks forward, and files inward in each division; they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the rear divisions face about, then let the first divisions give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right and left and fall in the room or place of the next divisions, and they at the same time are to move up into their ground giving fire, and falling off in like manner.  
The second firing. Let them give fire on the ground they stand in each division and fall in the rear of themselves, then let the Pikes charge on whilst the Musketeers make ready again.  
The third firing. Let the rear divisions of Musketeers move up, and range even a breast with the first divisions, then let them fire altogether and fall in the rear of themselves, then let those that formerly moved up face about and march down again into their places, then let the Pikes charge on again as before, and being retreated, let them face all to both flanks, and give fire in form and manner as they did to front and rear.  
The fourth firing. Let the middle divisions of Musketeers advance forward until they be clear of the standing part, then let them all fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and the middle divisions to move back again into their places, than face to their leader, and move the inmost division of Musketeers upon the right in the rear, to the left three paces, then proceed.  
Command. Inmost divisions of Musktttiers in the rear double to the right filewise, and after, that division that doubled to face about, and pass through the intervals of Pikes and place themselves three foot behind the rear, and the other division that was doubled to advance forward through the interval of Pikes, and place themselves three foot before the front; then face to their leader. Let the second divisions of Musketeers from the front stand, and all the rest move forward three paces; then move the second divisions of Musketeers to the right and left inward, until they stand straight between the front and rear divisions of Pikes; front division of Musketeers face about, and let them and the rear division move forward & inward three paces, and after face to their leader.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the front division of Musketeers fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right by the outmost divisions of Musketeers and come down into the place or room of them in the rear; and they at the same time are to move straight forward up into the front, and to give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, then to wheel off to the right as the front division did until they come into their places again. Then let the first out-most divisions give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, and after wheel off to the right and left into the ground of the rear divisions, who at the same time are to move forward into their places, and give fire and fall off as the former did. The same firings may be performed to the rear, they being thither faced.  
The second firing. Let them face to both flanks and give fire and fall in the rear of themselves in each division, then let the Pikes charge on to both flanks, and being retreated back again into their places, let the rear division of Musketeers move forth clear of the standing part, then let them double ranks to the right in each division and give fire altogether, after let them double files to the left, and fire again four ranks together, two kneel down, and two stand upright, then let the Pikes charge on, and being retreated, you may farther proceed.  
Command. Front divisions of Musketeers face about and march into your first places, face all to your leader; middle divisions of Musketeers face outward, and move clear of the standing part, front division of Musketeers face about, front division, and rear division of Musketeers move forward until you be clear of the next divisions of Pikes that stands before you, face all to your leader, and they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let them face all to the right flank, & let the front division give fire & fall in the rear of themselves, then let them wheel down into the rear, they at the same time moving up into their ground firing, and falling off, and moving down accordingly into their first places; Then let the other six divisions fire after this manner, first the Front divisions and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel off to the right and left into the rear of their own range, and the next divisions may move forwards into their ground, give fire and fall off in like manner, and so successively let every division move up into their first ground relieving each other, until they have fired two or three times over in this manner.  
The second firing. Let them face to both flanks, and let the inmost divisions of Musketeers move forth to the right and left until they be clear of the Pikes, who are to port, than the Musketeers in each division may give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than the Pikes may charge on, whilst the Musketeers make ready again, and being retreated into their places again you may proceed to another firing.  
The third firing. Let the outmost divisions of Musketeers face to Front and Rear, and the Pikes to the four angles, then let them give fire to Front, Reer, and both flanks, on the ground they stand, in each division, and fall in the rear of themselves; then let the Pikes charge on to the four angles, and being retreated into their places, move in the outmost divisions of Musketeers into their places again, and then face all to their leader.  
Command. Outmost divisions of Musketeers face to the right and left inward and march until you range in the midst of Front and Rear divisions of Pikes, to your leader.   military diagram 
Upon the former figure let the front divisions of Musketeers upon the flanks move even with the front of Pikes, then let them fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than wheel about to the right and left into the place of the rear divisions, who are to move forward into their ground & to fire and fall off accordingly. Then let the middle divisions of Musketeers in the front move forward likewise until they range even a breast with the front, give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, and then move clear forth, and wheel off to the right about into ground of the rear division of Musketeers standing behind them, and they at the same time to move up into the front, and to give fire in like manner, and to fall off accordingly, until they have attained their first places. Then let the three last divisions of Musketeers and the rear divisions of Pikes face about, and let the two middle divisions of Musketeers face outward, and move clear of the standing part, then let the Musketeers in front and rear move forward clear of the Pikes, and let them fire to front, rear, and both flanks, and fall in the rear of themselves, than the Pikes may charge on to front and rear, and being retreated back into their places, the Musketeers in front and rear may face about and move down again into their first ground, and the Musketeers upon the flanks are to face inward, and to move into their places where formerly they stood, than face them all to their leader, and proceed.  
Command. Rear division of Musketeers in the midst face about, middle divisions of Musketeers move forward three foot before the front and rear; division of Musketeers in the midst upon the right, face to the left angle, and move until you stand even and straight in the next range of Musketeers, the next division of Musketeers in the midst upon the left face about, and then likewise face to the left angle and move down into the next range of Musketeers to them and to stand straight in the rear, of the rear division, face all to your leader, produceth the next.   military diagram 
Upon the former figure let the six last divisions face about, & let the first divisions give fire & fall in the rear of themselves, then wheel them about to the right, and interchange ground with them that stand in their rear, who just upon their wheeling about are to move up clear of the Pikes to make them room to fall down through the middle interval, into their places, who also are immediately to give fire and fall off accordingly. Then let the outmost divisions give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, then let the Pikes charge on to front, & rear, face them after to the front at such time when the Pikes have retreated back into their places again. Now if you will fire them to the front, the Musketeers stands in such good order, that you may fire them by divisions, by their several turns as long as you please, they relieving each other. After you may fire them to front, rear, and both flanks, the Musketeers standing in fit condition for the same. But fearing to keep the soldiers to long in Exercise, debarring them thereby of there wont refreshment, I will hasten to the reducement, and for present, lodge the colours and conclude the eleventh exercise.  
Reducement. Out-most divisions of Musketeers face outward and move six paces, to your leader; the two first divisions of Musketeers in the midst face to the right, and move clear of the Pikes, than face to the right and left inward, and move, and interchange ground, then stand, and face to your leader; The two last divisions of Musketeers in the midst, face to to the left, and move clear of the Pikes, face all to your leader; then let every division close forward to order, and move up even a breast with the Pikes, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XL. The twelfth Exercise consisting of 24 Files, six deep.  
THe place of Exercise appointed for the soldiers to meet, they upon a just summons make full appearance, being indeed the very life of any Exercise, affording much comfort to him that shall lead them. And therefore seeing their readiness, & forwardness (as in duty they are concer'nd) the leader cannot choose but forthwith to give order unto his officers, for the completing up of the body; who knowing his commands go nimbly and cheerfully to work in drawing forth the files, and joining them together, after fetching the colours, and bringing them to the head of the company. So that nothing being wanting, the leader craves their silence, and attention, commanding them to their distance of order, both in rank, and file, and after some few distances shown unto them, he may proceed in the next place to such face as followeth.  

Command. 

Face to the right, and left outward, and move four paces  
Face to Front and Rear, and move three paces  
Face to the outward angles in the Front  
Face to the inward angles in the Front  
Face to the inward angles of the right Flank  
Face to the inward angles in the left Flank  
Face to the outward angles in the Rear  
Face to the inward angles in the Rear  
Face to the outward angles both of Front and Reer  
Face to the inward angles both of Front and Reer  
Face to the midst of Files  
Face to the midst of Ranks  
Face to the Centre.  
Face to the outward angles of Front and Rear from the centre  
Face all about to the right  
Face to Front, Reer, and both Flanks from the Centre.    
As you were to to your Leader.    

CHAP. XLI. Doubling to make every man a File-leader by dignity.  
Command. HAlf-files double your front to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the right entire advancing every man placing himself before his leader.  
Command. Front half-files double your rear to the left.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire advancing every man placing himself before his leader.  
Command. Bringers-up double your front to the right.  
Command. Files double your depth to the right, every man falling behind his bringer-up.  
Command. Half-files double your front to the right.  
Command. Double your files to the left entire advancing.  
Command. Ranks to the right double.  
Command. Files to the right double.  
Command. Bringers-up double your front to the left.  
Command. Files double your depth to the left every man falling behind his bringer-up.  
Reducement. Ranks to the left double.  
Files to the left double.   

CHAP. XLII. Several Wheelings with their Reducements.  
Command. WHeel off your rear half-files and double your front by division.  
Command. Right and left half-ranks double the depth of your battle by wheeling inward to the rear. Face to the rear.  
Command. Double the length of your battle by wheeling inward to front and rear. Half-files face about.  
Command. Front and rear half-files double the depth of your battle by wheeling outward to the right flank. Half-files face about, and wheel to the left, front half-files wheel to the right  
Command. Front and rear half-files double the length of your battle by wheeling inward to the left flank; face all to the left.  
Command. Front and rear half-files double the depth of both flanks by wheeling to the right and left outward. Half-files face about.  
Command. Front and rear half-files double the length of the battle by wheeling inward to the midst of ranks. Face inward.  
Command. Front and rear half-files double the depth of your left flank by wheeling to the right and left outward. Half-files face about.  
Command. Front and Rear half-files double the length of your battle by wheeling inward to the right flank. Face to the right, and as they then stand, right half-ranks wheel to the left, and left half-ranks wheel to the right until the right flank meet together, they are reduced.   

CHAP. XLIII. Plain Firings and Figures of Battle.  
The first firing. LEt two ranks advance forward ten paces and give fire, and fall in the rear of themselves, and after wheel off to the right and left outward, and move down in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers, and then the next two ranks are to move forward, and to give fire, as the former did, and so consequently all the rest until all have fired, and reduced back again into their places.  
The second firing. Let them fire even with the front and fall in the rear of themselves, and let the Pikes charge on whilst the Musketeers make ready again.  
The third firing. Let single files be drawn off and rank inward into the front, and fire, & file again, face about, and move down into their places, then let two files be drawn off clear, and let the inmost files rank inward, the outmost files rank outward, and give fire, and file again as they were, and fall into their places.  
The fourth firing. Let the four out-most files upon each flank be drawn off until they be clear of the front, then let them close before the front of Pikes, face then the inmost files of Musketeers to both the flanks, and let them give fire to the front, and both flanks on the ground they stand and fall in the rear of themselves.  
The fifth firing. Let them give fire altogether six ranks at once in the front, and four in the flanks, observing the former rules of firing so many ranks together, as you may find in the place of the description of firings.  
The sixth firing. Let those Musketeers upon the flanks face to the rear and move clear of the Pikes, then close to the right and left inward to order; then let the half-files of Pikes face about, and let the Musketeers give fire to front and rear, and fall in the rear of themselves.  
The seventh firing. Let the Pikes move forth to the right and left outward until they be clear of the Musketeers, then let the Musketeers give fire in an obliqne manner, thus, let every two files open to the right and left outward to something more than open order, then close the two first ranks of the four inmost files to the front to order, and let the other two ranks close likewise almost to that distance, but the two last ranks only are to face to their front, & after in the same kind close the four ranks inward to the rear of the four out-most in manner and form there, as the other files were to the front, and so let them give fire in each division, an obliqne way, two ranks kneel down, two kneeling, & two stand upright.  
The eighth firing. After the former firing, close the four inmost files to the right and left outward to order, and to join with the outmost files, when their aspects being to the outward angles of front and rear, let the Pikesport, and Musketeers give fire to the four angles and fall in the rear of themselves, then let the Pikes charge on whilst the Musketeers make ready again, and after retreat back into their places again.  
The ninth firing. Let them give fire again the first rank in each division and wheel about to the right, and move down into their first places where before they were drawn forth, and every rank consequently fall in the rear of them, then let the Pikes close into the midst to order, and face all to their leader.  
Command. Musketeers face to the right and left outward, and move twelve paces, than face to the rear and move likewise twelve paces, after face to their leader. Front half-files of each division move forward three paces; right and left half-ranks of each division move outward two paces; Front divisions of Pikes and Musketeers stand, rear divisions of both arms move to the right and left outward until you be clear of the front divisions, then close ranks and files in each division to order, and face to their leader, they will stand in the first figure.   military diagram 
The first firing. Let the front divisions of Musketeers move forward and range even a breast with the front of Pikes, give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than face about and move down into their own ground again, and face to their leader, then let the outmost divisions of Musketeers move in like manner as the former did, and give fire, and fall off in like manner, and down again into their places. Let the Musketeers in the next place face outward and move three paces, and after face to the front, then let the rear divisions of Musketeers advance forward until they range even a breast with the front divisions, then let them give fire altogether in each division, & fall in the rear of themselves, and after let the out-most divisions that moved up, move down again into their places, then let the Pikes charge on, and after retreat again into their places.  
The second firing. Let the out-most divisions of Musketeers in the Front move forward, before the Front of Pikes, and the inmost divisions of Musketeers in the Front, let them likewise move at the same time before the Rear divisions of Pikes, then let the Pikes port, and Musketeers in each division give fire on the ground they stand, and after fall in the rear of themselves, and those Musketeers that formerly moved forth from their places, let the Sergeants wheel them off to the right and left into their first ground, and face to their Leader.  
Command. Inmost divisions of Musketeers in the Front face to the Rear, divisions of Pikes upon the left in the Front face about to the right; divisions that are thus faced, move down three foot clear of the Rear of each Arms. Front divisions both of Pikes and Musketeers, and those that last moved, face to the left, and move two paces, face all to your Leader, and Musketeers move forward until your middle divisions range even a breast with the Rear divisions of Pikes, and they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
Upon this Figure let the Front divisions give fire, and fall in the Rear of themselves, and then wheel off to the right and left, into the ground of the Rear divisions, and they at the same time are to move up into their places, and to give fire, and fall off accordingly into their first places. Then let the middle divisions move forward until they range even with the Front of Pikes, and let them give fire, and fall first in the Rear of themselves, and after face about, and move down into their places again, and face to their Leader, then let the Pikes charge on, and after retreat back again into their places. They may fire to the Rear after the same manner as they did to the Front, they being thither faced, and after they have all fired, face again to their Leader.  
Command. Let the four divisions of Musketeers upon the right to move away, and let the divisions of Pikes fall in the Rear of them, and the four divisions of Musketeers on the left to fall in the Rear of the Pikes, then standing straight in their divisions both rank-wise and filewise, and they will stand as followeth.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the rear divisions face about to the right, and let the first divisions give fire to front and rear, and fall in the rear of themselves, then let them advance forward three paces and after wheel about to the right, and interchange ground with the rear divisions, and they at the same time are to move up and give fire, and fall off accordingly. Then let the other divisions move forward until they range even a breast with front and rear, give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, after face about and move down into their places, than face all to their leader.  
Command. The four first divisions stand, the rest face to the left and march clear of the standing part; then let the Pikes face to the front, and march up even a breast with the Musketeers; Rear divisions of Musketeers face to the front, and move up likewise; Musketeers face inward, move all three or four paces until they stand in form of the second figure, face all to your leader; Rear division of Pikes face about and move down three foot clear of the rear, to your leader, which produceth the last figure.   military diagram 
Upon this figure let the rear division of Pikes face about, and Musketeers face outward then let Pikes port, and let the first divisions of Musketeers give fire and fall in the rear of themselves, than face about and interchange ground with the rear divisions, and face again to front and rear, and let those that came up into their room give fire in like manner and fall off & down again into their places. Then let the next divisions give fire, & fall in the rear of themselves, and let the Pikes charge on, and being retreated back again into their places, command the two middle divisions of Musketeers to face to the rear and move down and range even with the rear, then let every division of Musketeers give fire on the ground they stand to both flanks and rear, and fall in the rear of themselves, the Pikes may charge on again, and those Musketeers that moved down into the rear may face about and move back again into their places and face all to the front.  
Reducement. Rear division of Pikes advance forward to the left into the front, the two inmost divisions of Musketeers face about and march clear of the rear, than face to the right and left outward and place themselves behind the rear divisions of Musketeers; outmost divisions of Musketeers face inward, and move straight in the rear of the front divisions, and let the Pikes fall in the rear of their front divisions, and face all to their Leader; Half-files of Musketeers double your front to the right and left inward, and after move forward and even the the front, they are reduceed.   
The end of the second Book.   

THE COMPLETE BODY OF THE ART MILITARY: The Third BOOK.  

CHAP. I. Concerning the drawing up of Regiments, with their several numbers, forms, manner and ways.  
HE that shall be desirous to be truly knowing in this point of Military Discipline, in the drawing up of Regiments, whether they be of lesser or greater Bodies, as in some 6, other 7, 8, 10, or 12 Companies, they must be drawn up into Battalia, either in one two or three Squadrons (or grand divisions) of Pikes flanked with Musketeers, having always in the Rear a sufficient number of Musketeers for the guard of the Baggage, Cannon, or to be Convoys for to convey Ammunition and Victual to the rest of their fellows: Who are to be drawn forth (by the discretion of the Major) from each particular Company according to their several strengths, as in greater Companies more files then in those which be lesser, ordering them timely relief, whereby the several duties amongst the Soldiers throughout the Regiment by an equal way may take their turns. Now for as much as the true stating of the dignities of every particular Officer, in the opinions of many, differ very much, and our former Military Authors have been very sparing in their pains, in setting down their due places of honour; I shall, for the satisfaction of those which desire to be rightly informed, collect out of the many former practised abroad, and at home, one good way to perfect it.  
But here, by the way, I must crave pardon from the courteous Reader by reason I foresee certain objections like rubs or blocks, lying in my way to digress a little from my intended purpose, to give answers unto each of them, which are first, that I seem to slighten the pains of former Authors.  
Secondly, that it will be a means to occasion much idleness in the Soldiers.  
Thirdly, that it is too great a knowledge to be laid open to their view.  
To the first I answer, that the reason, as I conceive, why they have been so sparing of their pains in this kind, was not for want of abilities, or knowledge amongst any of them, whose works for the most part I highly honour and esteem, but rather believe that they left it forth for the curious search of such who are called unto Field-officers places, knowing well that before they are capable of that preferment they must be good proficients in this part of Military Exercise.  
2 Although many that know but a little, may be puffed up with high conceits of themselves, conceiving what the Author hath done, 'twere easy for any man to perform the same; yet to them of riper judgements, the more variety in this kind is presented to their view, the more painful they are in the curious practice thereof, thinking every moment lost which is not spent in the searching after, and informing of their judgements in this point of Military Discipline.  
If it had not been for the worthy pains and labours of our ancestors published to the view of the world, this our age might have been ignorant both in this, and all other Sciences, for from them we borrowed our first light, God putting it in their hearts to publish their several gifts to after generations, which though at this day much refined, yet for our first grounds and principles we are beholding unto them. Therefore, give me leave, according as God hath enabled me, not to conceal or keep back any thing which may concern the good and welfare of my country; for, I conceive, there is none worthy to receive benefit from those that have gone before him, if he conceals that good to such as shall come after him. And if I happen to lie under the hard censure of some for my pains, it makes no matter, so the major part receive benefit thereby, for as I gathered somewhat of others: so my desire is that others may do the like by me.  
The opinions of Soldiers in the drawing up of Regiments are very various both in their forms and figures, according to the custom of their Countries, commands of their Generals or Officers in chief, which nevertheless may prove very good and serviceable when need shall require, I shall therefore for the satisfaction of the ingenuous soldier set before them the best collections drawn from them all, such as may be most useful for to fight against the enemy, according to the situation of the place, the number of men, and aptness of ground to contain them, which in the next place comes to be handled.   

CHAP. II. The manner of drawing up a Regiment consisting of six Companies, containing in it a Colonel, a Lieutenant Colonel, a Major, and three Captains, every one having 108 men in a Company, and the three Field Officers 144. which makes completely up 756 men, whereof two thirds are Musketeers, and one third of Pikes, the Files being six deep.  
THe general place of Randezvous being appointed out unto the Major, it is his care to take a timely view thereof, that there be ground and room sufficient enough for the drawing them up. And having received orders from his Colonel, Major General, or other superior officers for the Regiments marching thither, he may appoint the Companies to march either of these two ways, either by succession, or dignity. If by succession, first the Colonels Company moves away, next, the Lieutenant Colonels in the rear of him, than the Majors and so consequently all the rest from the eldest to the youngest who brings up the rear of all. If by dignity, first the Colonels Company, and in the rear of him the youngest Captain, and after him the eldest, than the Majors, than the second Captain, the Lieutenant Colonel bringing up the rear of all. But it concerns the Major before their marching to give notice unto the Lieutenant Colonel and the eldest Captain to countermarch their ranks of their two particular Companies as soon as they come into the place of the general randezvous before he shall draw them up, to preserve the honour of the right hand File-leaders and Bringers-up of both arms. He is likewise to be there before hand attending their marching in, and after the Colonels company have made Alt to draw up each particular company on the left of him, all in one even range, commanding them to close ranks forward to order, and files into the midst unto the same distance. He is likewise to inform himself of the Captains, Lieutenants and Sergeants how many files of Pikes, and Musketeers they have in each particular company, and accordingly he is to enter it down in his paper book, and to make use thereof as followeth.  
He is to require one single file apiece of Musketeers to be drawn off from the three smaller Companies, and two files apiece from the greater, which makes 9 files, and contains 54 men, which are to be led away by an able Sergeant into the Rear, for to be a guard to the Baggage or other occasions. From thence he may proceed commanding all the Musketeers to stand, and the Pikes to advance their Arms, and move forward 10 or 12 paces, and then to stand and close their files outward to order, three of their colours moving with their Pikes to the right hand, the other three moving away to the left. After he may command Musketeers to close their files outward to order, and they will stand in four divisions, two of Pikes, and in the rear of them two of Musketeers, as underneath is set forth, the Captains being all upon the head of the Pikes with their Ensigns, and the Lieutenants in the rear, the Sergeants attending upon the flanks of each division.   military diagram 
This being done command each division of Musketeers and Pikes to face outward, and to move to such convenient distance that being faced to the front there may be room sufficient upon the subdividing of each division of Musketeers for their moving up, and flanking each body of Pikes. After which the Major may assign unto every Captain and Lieutenant his due place of honour, as they stand all abrest; And that they may also naturally fall into their proper places upon the march, which shall be set forth in the next figure standing in two grand divisions the one in the rear of the other, which may happen sometimes for want of ground, but provided they have ground enough they ought to stand in one even range as in folio. 5. The Major after they are thus drawn up in one even range will find three files of Musketeers more in the second grand division, and two of Pikes, then is in the first, therefore he must take from thence one file of each Company, and add them to those nine files in the rear, which makes them twelve, and then he will have balanced the divisions equal, taking off one file of Pikes, and placing it amongst the eldest Captains Pikes   military diagram  

CHAP. III. The Reasons follow for the placing of the Captains, their Colours, and their Lieutenants, after the manner before set down.  
WHat hath formerly been declared concerning a Rank or File, six a breast, or six deep, may be satisfactory in some kind unto this point, which takes his rule from hence. For all private Companies, smaller Bodies, or single Files, must, or aught to be as near as they can conformable to greater Bodies, as to Regiments, and consequently, they to Brigades. Therefore take notice that this rule ought ever to be observed in the drawing up of Regiments, that the right flank as near as may be aught to be suitable with the left, both in strength, number, and dignity; and likewise to be so when they are drawn forth upon a long March, the Front equal with the Rear. Now, suppose, th●se two grand Divisions stood even a breast, we will begin to examine the first worth, which is the Colonels, and the fourth worth, which is the eldest Captains, and placed upon the right and left of the first grand Division, with the second and third worth, who are the Lieutenant Colonel, and Major, drawn up upon the right and left of the second grand Division; and you shall find they are every way equivalent in number, worth, and dignity, with that of the first.  
In the next place, there are no more to place, but the fifth and sixth worth, who are the second and third Captains: and therefore since it is the first place of honour among the Captains in a Regiment, to lead the first Body or Stand of Pikes, it must then consequently follow, that the second place of honour must be to lead the second grand Division of Pikes; and therefore the fifth worth is brought into, and placed between the second and third, that he may aptly stand there to to lead the second Body of Pikes; wherein the Lieutenant Colonel, the Major, and his own Colours are placed: so that there remains no more but the sixth worth, or youngest Captain to place, who is drawn up between the Colonel, and eldest Captain. Now if we shall further proceed to balance it more clearly, consider them by dividing them by two's, in their places, as first, we will begin with the Colonel, the first worth, who hath joined to him the youngest Captain, which is the sixth worth, and they two make the number (7) then compare the lieutenant-colonel, who is the second worth, unto the second Captain joined with him; which is the fifth worth, and they make a like the same number; after compare the Major, and eldest Captain, who are drawn up into the midst of the Regiment, whose places carry the third and fourth worth, and their number is suitable with the rest. And thus much may be spoken in general, now I shall come more particularly to give further satisfaction both for them, and for all the rest; and therefore I will give reasons for the placing of the Officers of the first grand Division, and clearing that, the second will quickly be laid open to the view.   

CHAP. IU. More particular reasons for the placing of the Captains, and Lieutenants, of the first grand Division.  
IN this grand Division, there is the Colonel, the eldest Captain, and the youngest drawn up into the midst, and they having each of them Lieutenants, take notice therefore of these reasons for their placing thus. That always upon such small Bodies as these, the first honour is ever placed upon the right, and the second, upon the left, and that which remains, must of necessity be drawn up into the midst; they standing all a breast. These three Companies being ordered into a right and left Flank, and one Stand of Pikes, or Vanguard, Reerward, or Main-battail, as they may be termed, the reasons follow for the thus standing of the Officers, whether marching all even a breast, or upon a stand; it is the Colonels proper place to be on the head or midst of his grand Division; which is his chiefest place of security, and where he ought to fight; for standing there, the other may more conveniently repair unto him for their orders, as occasion shall require. Now the Colonel being a Field-Officer, is not absolutely tied to any one place to fight, as the rest are, many occasions calling him from thence; the eldest Captain therefore is appointed to take charge of the Body of Pikes, whether it be upon a March to lead them, or upon a Stand to fight them, he ought never to forsake them, but upon special command from his Colonel, or other Field-Officers. Now the reason why the first Body of Pikes is the most honourablest place to lead, is, as I conceive, because the Colonels Colours are there flying, and besides being the more ancienter Arms, far more honour it is to lead them; for most commonly the gallantest men of the Infantry desire rather to trail Pikes, then to carry Muskets; Moreover, it hath been a constant practice in most places, that the eldest Captain should have that place to lead on foot, although many times his Colonel being on horseback, may be a little before him. Having spoken of these two, it remains to speak something of the youngest Captain, who is appointed either upon the Marching all a breast, or upon a Stand, to take charge of the Reerward, or left Flank of the first grand Division to fight them, but upon the long March, it is more honourable for him to fall down in the Rear, and to bring up his own Lieutenant coming up into his place; for it is greater honour (though many times not believed) to bring up a grand Division, then to lead a Sub-division. In the next place, it may be supposed, that the Captain Lieutenants place is too honourable to lead the Vanguard, to which I answer, that the Colonel himself is consigned thither; for upon the longmarch he draws off the Vanguard, and leads them himself, being attended on horseback by the Marshal and Quartermaster of his own Regiment. Now leading away the Musketeers of his own particular Company, the Captain Lieutenant being subservient unto him, marcheth a foot upon the head of the first Division of Musketeers, and takes charge of them, as assisting to his Colonel, and fight them, if he receives no command to the contrary, when they are all drawn up again even a breast, it concerning him especially to be there resident in the absence of his Colonel, for the better regulating of them. The eldest Captains Lieutenant is always placed in the Rear of the Pikes, either upon a Stand, or upon a March, it being very honourable unto him to bring up a grand Division of Pikes. The third Captain's Lieutenant is ordered to bring up the left Flank, except it be upon the longmarch, and then he is to exchange places with his own Captain. There is yet one place vacant, which is to bring up the right Flank, and the Captain Lieutenants Bringer-up, many times through courtesy is called a Lieutenant, therefore a Major may be so courteous as to assign him that place; and here I shall conclude with the reasons of the places of the Officers of the first grand Division.   

CHAP. V Reasons for the placing of the Officers of the second grand Division.  
ALthough the Colonel is Commander in chief, yet his discretion is such, as to leave the ordering of places to his Major; and as he takes charge of the first grand Division, so he leaves the second to his Lieutenant Colonel, who stands upon the head or midst of the same, being drawn up all even a breast; and many times leads the second grand Division, as the Colonel doth the first, as was the practice in the Regiments upon their March, under the command of the Earl of Essex, General of the Parliaments Forces. To such as shall approve of this way (which may be very good) they shall not need to countermarch the Ranks of the Lieutenant Colonel, as is before expressed, before the drawing up of the Lieutenant's Colonels Company, but draw them up on the right of that Division, and to countermarch the Ranks of the Majors, and draw his Company up on the left. But I shall leave that to the liberty of those that shall best fancy this kind, and proceed to that which is of more use.  
The second grand Division standing in an even range with the first, it will be convenient for the Lieutenant Colonel to be upon the head thereof. As concerning the Major, he being an Officer at will, hath no certain place assigned unto him, by reason of his moving, as occasion shall require, to both Divisions, whereby he may give orders unto them all, minding the good order of the Regiment, throughout every part thereof. But if he will take his place, to march in the properest place for him, if they march all a breast, will be in the Front, between the Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel, but in the longmarch in the midst of both grand Divisions, whereby he may have freer access unto them both, whose vigilant eye in the well ordering of the Regiment is chief concerned, observing all the passages, whether there be need of sub-dividing their Divisions; and if at any time they shall be divided, when there is ground sufficient enough, he must give order again for the drawing them all up even a breast, it being far more graceful to the Regiments marching. In the next place, the second Captain may claim it as his due, to lead the second Body of Pikes, as the eldest Captain challengeth the first, and the reason given for his place, may suffice for both: The eldest Lieutenant in this grand Division, which is the Lieutenant's Colonels Lieutenant, is assigned unto that place, where he is set down for to be an assistant there-unto his Lieuteaant Colonel, for the well regulating of his men which march in the Rear, as the Captain Lieutenant is to the Colonels men, who march in the ●ront, and his Lieutenant Colonel bringing up the whole Regiment is the second place of honour. Some may conceive the Major's Lieutenant hath too great a place of honour in leading the Van of the second grand Division, to which I answer, if the Lieutenant Colonel marcheth not there himself, but shall bring up the Regiment, certainly it must be clear, that it is the Majors due, for to march there himself at times convenient, and being so, there is good reason in his absence his Lieutenant should lead his men, or in his presence to be thereas a helper unto him, for the well regulating of his men, as the other Lieutenants are to the other long Field-officers who every one of them according to their several places may have several occasions to call them off, their Lieutenants therefore ought to be at hand, and to march with them in their places, whereby they may receive orders from them, and know how to act in their absence concerning their own particular Soldiers. The second Captain's Lieutenant is ordered to bring up the second Body of Pikes, which being a grand Division it falls to him as due there, as the eldest Captains Lieutenant doth in the first, it being the greatest place of honour that can be given him in the Rear next to the Lieutenant Colonel. Having spoken thus much concerning every Field-officer, the Captains, and their Lieutenants, where their places are to march, with the reasons for the same, it will be expected to supply two places which are vacant in the Rear of the second grand Division; to which I answer upon the longmarch the Lieutenant Colonel himself moves down there, and brings up the Rear of the whole Regiment; and therefore it is left vacant for him, but than you will say there wants an Officer to bring up the Rear of that Division, wherein the Major's Lieutenant is placed; to which I answer, that there is none remaining to do it, except it be the Major's Lieutenant himself. For if the Major shall lead the second grand Division, than his Lieutenant may move down to bring up that particular Division for to supply the same, but in regard the Major (as hath been shown before) hath many occasions to call him off, it concerns his Lieutenant to keep his place which was first assigned unto him, to avoid the trouble of moving up again in his Major's absence. Some are of opinion it would be convenient to place the Lieutenant Colonels eldest Sergeant there, but in my judgement it is very unhandsome to see any Halberteer, either to lead or bring up any Division marching in a regimental way, and rather than I should do it, I would let it go unsupplied; but if he shall be there placed to bring up, his best way of marching, is either with a palizado, or Half-pike, and not with his Halberd.   

CHAP. VI The ordering of a Regiment to the Longmarch, with the placing of the Officers, and the leading of Carriages.  
THe Major giving to every Captain his proper place to march in, and what Divisions they are to lead, and what to bring up, in written notes under his hand, commands the Drum-Major to beat a March, and so consequently all the rest to take it from him. The Soldiers being warned thereby, begin to shoulder their Arms, and prepare to move; the Colonel on horseback being attended on by his Marshal, and Quartermaster draws off the first Division of Musketeers, his Captain Leiutenant being some six foot behind him, which Division is brought up by the Captain Lieutenants Bringer-up. The eldest Captain follows next, leading the first Division of Pikes, and brought up by his own Lieutenant. The next Division of Musketeers is lead by the third Captain's Lieutenant, and the Rear of the first grand Division is brought up by the third Captain. There aught to be full 18 foot of ground betwixt each Division, he that brings up a Division, aught to be six foot clear behind the same, and he that leads, to be six foot before, so that there will be six foot proportion of ground betwixt them both, for the better distinguishing of their Divisions, the Leaders, and Bringers-up thereof. And where there is not room sufficient for the marching so many a breast, as they are now ordered, they must subdivide, being careful to preserve their Divisions, marching in greater depths, at their due distance of open order in rank, and order in file. For the Sergeants, must not presume upon any sub-dividing to make any more Divisions, whereby they may be Leaders thereof, but it must be their care upon sub-dividing to bring them down in the Rear of them that march before, and keep them entire in all their respective Divisions. And it must be their observation to attend upon the Flanks, even a breast with those Leaders of Files, that were taken off, that when there is ground and room enough, they may more readier know where to find them, and to lead them up again as they were at first. Care likewise must be had upon any sub-dividing of the Pikes, that there be none of the Colours divided who are in a regimental way to march all three together, according to their first placing. These rules and observations concern both grand Divisions, now the first being led away, as is before expressed, there ought to be sufficient ground betwixt each grand Division; for the leading of the Carriages, and in the first place, there is to be considered that to most Regiments, there is allowed two Wagons, for the Baggage, & Ammunition, & two Field-pieces, or great Cannon besides other Carriages, which more concern the victual for the Soldiers, as occasion shall require; now concerning the ordering, and securest placing of all these upon the March, will be in the midst of the Regiment, and to have those which are ordered for their good, to be Firelocks, or to have Snap-hances, for the avoiding of the danger which might happen by the Coal of the Match; and being placed where any attempt of the Enemy shall fall on either to Front, Reer, or either Flank, the Cannon may be easily drawn forth to fire upon them, and all the wood of the Carriages, with their Guard, to be ordered in the Rear, where ever the assault should happen, for their better security and safety. The Major in the next place, if he please, may lead the second grand Division; to which purpose he draws off (with the assistance of his own Lieutenant) the first Division of Musketeers, his Lieutenant being six foot behind him, and so much before the Musketeers. The next that follows, is the second Body of Pikes, which is led by the second Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant. The last Division of Musketeers is led by the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant; and the Rear of the whole Regiment is brought up by the Lieutenant Colonel. The Sergeants are to march upon the Flanks, attending their own men, that when they are to be reduced into Companies, they may know more readier where to find them, and according to order they may draw them off to complete up their Captain's Companies. As for the Drums, the care thereof belongs to the Drum-Major to place, and to ease them timely by reliefs, to beat as many, or as few as he shall think fit, to which purpose, he order them to fall in betwixt the second and third Rank of Musketeers, and Pikes, of each Division; but when they are all even a breast, the Drums are placed according as you see them marked: the figure for the longmarch in the next place followeth.  
 military diagram   

CHAP. VII. The first Exercise of a Regiment in the plainest and easiest way.  
THe Major finding the commodiousness of the ground, may draw them up all even a breast again, and proceed to exercise them in a regimental way, conferring beforehand with the Captains, Lieutenants, Ensigns, and Sergeants, what he intends to do. Whether he will exercise every Manniple, or Division (as is usual in a private Company) in all their plain Motions and ●irings, which may be very proper, and easily done, or otherwise proceed to more variety in every Division, to give them commands as one man, either to face, double, or otherwise according to discretion. And having fully instructed them of all his intents and purposes, he must begin to consider of the best manner for the managing of the same. To which end, he shall do well to command the first grand Division to advance forward 12 paces clear of the second, and after face them to the left, and m●●ch them until they stand straight before the second grand Division, than face them to the ●ront, and they will stand in manner as in Folio 141. After he must consider how many Files of Musketeers there are, and whether he can branch them forth into equal Divisions suitable to the Pikes, but finding them to stand but 18 of a side, he shall do well for time of his Exercise, to draw off eight ●iles of Musketeers, from the Rear, which were formerly appointed to guard the Ammunition, or Baggage, and add two to every Division of Musketeers, which will make them 20 Files of each side of the Pikes, and then he may thus proceed.  
Command. Files to the●r op●n order, and ranks to close forward to order in each grand Division; every five files of Musketeers of each Division close to the right to order; the first six files of Pikes in each grand Division close to the right to order, the rest of the Pikes close every five files to the right, to the same distance; then there will be in each grand Division, four Divisions of Pikes and eight of Musketeers, in manner as set forth to your view in Folio 147.  
Before the Major shall begin his Exercise, he shall do well to appoint unto each Division, the Captains, and their Ensigns, (whose Colours in the mean time may be stuck in the ground, or given to any of the File-leaders of Pikes, to hold during the time of Exercise) to take charge of them, to order them according unto every word of command, and the Lieutenant and Sergeants to each Division of Musketeers, that after silence is craved throughout the whole Regiment, the Major by stretching out his voice in every word of command, the rest as his echo are immediately to give it out a long the whole Front, and from thence unto the Rear, and every Officer to lead his men accordingly.  
The Major having stated all things according to the former directions, may if he please, either face, double, countermarch, or wheel, to Front, Reer, or both Flanks in every particular Division. And may after fire them by way of Divisions drawn off ten or twenty paces before the Front, firing them 7 or 8 times over, relieving them by other supplies, marching up into their ground. And may after face the Rear divisions about, and fire them to Front and Rear on the same ground they stand, there being sufficient intervals for their wheeling off in the Rear of themselves. And after several firings in this kind, the Pikes may charge on; but before they begin their firings, the Pikes must close into the midst to order, and Musketeers to close their Pikes to open order, and every Division to preserve so much ground betwixt each other for their conveniency, that after firing they may wheel off.  
Now if you will fire, or skirmish the one with the other, then draw off the Rear, or second grand Division, and move them away, and draw them up in opposition 100 foot distance of ground betwixt each Front, and let the Lieutenant Colonels Company be drawn up upon the right, and the Majors upon the left of that grand Division, that it may carry some answerableness with that of the Colonels. The Musketeers having six foot interval of ground betwixt each other before they begin to fire, they may continue their firings of this nature, as long as they please, and the Pikes may after charge o● to such convenient distance, as that they come not within three Pikes length one of another, for avoiding doing hurt the one to the other, the Musketeers still continuing their firing, and falling in the Rear of themselves; and when they come within distance, not to present above knee height, for the  reasons. Now the Soldiers being almost tired, and all their powder spent, and retreating from each other, that side which falls out to be the strongest, (as being the Colonels grand Division or party) may be at a parley, to invite the weaker to come into mercy, offering them all fair Quarter, provided they timely and presently receive it, and that they will cheerfully and willingly go a long with them, and never any more revolt, but ever be on their side, to fight with them upon all just occasions, as shall be required. After which, the Lieutenant Colonel yielding, they may wheel about, and march into the same ground from whence they were first drawn forth, and be reduced to the same order and condition as they were before they began to skirmish. And thus much shall suffice concerning the ordinary plain way of the exercising of Regiments: but those that shall desire a little more curiosity, they may observe such Exercises as in the next plac● shall be set forth unto them.   

CHAP. VIII. A second way of exercising Regiments of the same number of men.  
THe first grand Division being in the Front, and clear of the second 12 paces, every five files being 18 foot of ground a part from each other, and at their distance of order, both in rank and file, in their own particular divisions, as was mentioned in Folio 146. comes in this place to be set forth to their view. And having passed over some of the distances to bring them to this Station, in standing in 24 Maniples, or Divisions, the next thing that I shall show for Exercise, shall be four several Figures of Battle, branched forth from thence, by proper words of Command, with their reducement.   military diagram 
Command. Divisions of Musketeers face outward, Pikes and Musketeers march all 12 paces, and stand; to your Leader. The two middle divisions of Pikes and Musketeers in the Rear next the Flanks face about: outmost diusions of Pikes and Musketeers in Front and Reer face outward: march all four places, and stand; Again, let the outmost divisions of Pikes and Musketeers face about to the right, then march all three paces then stand, and face to their leader, it produceth the first figure.   military diagram 
Each of the former divisions containing five files a piece, excepting the outmost division of Pikes upon the right in Front and Rear, and they contain six files in each of them.  
Command. Divisions of Musketeers face outward, Pikes face about to the right, march all, until the Pikes range even with the Rear, than face to their Leader occasioneth the next.   military diagram 
Command. The four last divisions of each arms in the midst, face about, the six outmost divions of each arms face outward, the two middle divisions of Pikes in the front face about, march all four paces and stand, than face the six outmost divisions about to the right, and the four middle divisions of Pikes about to the left, then march all four paces, and face to their Leader.   military diagram 
Command. The two next divisions of Pikes in the midst from the Rear face about, middle divisions of Pikes move forward six foot before the Front and Rear, to your Leader.   military diagram 
Reducement. The 12 last divisions face about then let every division march forward until they range even abrest with the Front and Rear, and face to their Leader; then let the Rear divisions move forward within 18 foot of the Front divisions, and they will be in two grand divisions, the one in the Rear of the other, as at first when they began their face.  
Having passed over part of the distances and face, the next which in order falls to be handled is Doubling, and having by command gained 18 foot distance betwixt every five files, if in their former motions they should chance to lose it, you may then proceed to Doubling by way of divisions, as shall be in the next place set down.   

CHAP. IX. Doubling belonging to a Regiment.  
Command. DIvisions double to the right filewise.  
Direction. Every even division from the Front face to the right, and march down clear until you stand straight with the next interval; then face to the left, and move in, and double those Divisions on the right sile-wise to your Leader.  
Command. Divisions double to the right rank-wise.  
Direction. Every even Division from the Front, face to the right, and march forward six paces, than face to the Front, and move forward, and double your divisions to the right.  
Command. Divisions double the Length of the Battle to the right and left outward.  
Direction. The 12 last divisions face outward, and march clear of the standing part, face to your Leader, move up all even a breast, and double according to command.  
Command. The 12 inmost divisions double the six out-most to the right and left outward advancing.  
Direction. The 12 middle divisions advance forward until you be six foot clear of the standing part, than face outward, and march until you stand straight before the six out-most, face to your Leader, and after face inward, and move forward, until they stand again unto 18 foot distance from each other to your Leader.  
Command. Divisions double the depth of the Battle to the right.  
Direction. Every even division from the right, face about to the right, and move down 18 foot clear of the Rear, face to the left, and move until you stand straight with those divisions on the right, which you are to double, to your Leader.  
Command. The 12 last divisions in the Rear double the Front to the right.  
Direction. The 12 last divisions face to the right, and move six paces, than face to the left, march forward, and double the Front to the right, and they will be reduced.   

CHAP. X. Four several Wheelings with their Reducement.  
Command. DIvisions wheel about to the right, and move down into the Rear.  
Direction. Front divisions wheel about to the right, and move down into the Rear, the rest march up into the same ground, wheeling to the right hand, and following successively, after face to your Leader.  
Command. Divisions wheel about to the right to the left flank.  
Direction. Face to the right, and the out-most divisions wheel about to the right, and march away unto the place of the left Flank, the rest moving up into the same ground, wheeling about to the right, and following accordingly, to your Leader.  
Command. Divisions wheel about to the right from the Rear into the Front.  
Direction. Face to the Rear, and let the first divisions wheel about to the right, and move up into the Front, the rest marching forward into their ground, wheeling off, and following in like manner.  
Command. Divisions wheel about to the right, to the right flank.  
Direction. Face all to the left, and let the out-most divisions wheel about to the right, and move forward to the right flank, the rest marching up into their ground, following after in the same kind, reduceth them.   

CHAP. XI. Countermarches not fit to be used in the exercising of Regiments.  
IT might be expected after Doubling, that I should show some kinds of Countermarches amongst the Military Motions, in the exercising of a Regiment; but being of very little use or practise amongst Commanders in these times, especially in such great Bodies, & for my own part, I fancy them not, & therefore have passed them over, & pitched upon   military diagram 
such wheelings, which by some are accounted countermarches. Whose judgements my desire is better to inform by these several reasons following, wherein, and in what kind, they differ from them. As thus, by these wheelings, they keep their distance in rank and file unto order, and wheeling entire unto any hand down to the Rear, cannot be performed but by gaining in the Motion before the Front, and unto all places as they move so much ground as is the Length of their particular Divisions, and in the execution thereof they still preserve the honour of the right and lefthand Tile-leaders, and all others as are concerned in their particular Divisions unto any accidental Front which they shall be brought unto. Now concerning countermarches, they are to be performed either by single files, ranks, half-files or half-ranks, and at their distance of open order, their words of command having relation to all these particulars. Their counter-marching of Files to the Rear gaineth no ground before the Front, in the Motion, but only the room of one particular File upon the right; it preserveth not the honour of the right and lefthand File-leader at one time by any one word of command unto any of their Motions to such accidental Fronts they shall make, but ever loseth it to some, and gaineth it to others. And, therefore, it may appear clearly unto any ingenious capacity, that the former wheelings cannot be accounted, or given in their Motions in that kind to the Soldiers for countermarches, but by such terms as in their place are set down. In the next place I shall speak something of the great benefit, or use that may be made of these sorts of wheelings; as first, a Commander may use them in the Motions of Doubling to Front, Reer, right Flank, or left, or double either the length or depth of the Battle, unto all needful places, as occasion shall require, which I shall forbear to set down, but leave them to the discretion of the ingenuous Soldiers practise, when time and opportunity shall serve him to make use of them. In the next place they are very necessary to draw off any part, and to bring them unto such needful places for Service as are in eminent danger; Therefore passing over for present what might be more spoken of in this kind, I come in the next place to show one Figure of Battle to fire upon, and then conclude my Exercise upon this Regiment, and go on unto the rest.  
Command. Pikes close Files to the right to order, then let them in the Rear double their Front to the left entire; Musketeers advance forward until your Front-Divisions exceed six foot the Front of Pikes; the two inmost Divisions of Musketeers in the Front, move forward 20 paces, and close inward to open order; the two inmost Divisions of Musketeers in the Rear face about, and move down six paces, and close inward to open order, to your Leader; Musketeers upon the Flanks close to the Body of Pikes to your open order: middle Divisions of Musketeers in the Rear by each Flank face about; middle Divisions of Musketeers by each Flank move forward six foot clear of the standing part, face to your Leader, and it will set forth the Figure as it stands in Folio 151.   

CHAP. XII. Several Firings to be performed upon the former Figure, and how to be managed by the several Officers.  
THe Regiment being drawn up into the former Figure, they may proceed to Firings upon it, first let the Forlorns fire five or six times over, being commanded by the eldest Captains Lieutenant, who is to be assisted by a couple of able Sergeants; after let him wheel them off to the right and left, and bring them down in the Rear of the Pikes. Then let the second Captain's Lieutenant being assisted by two Sergeants lead up the reserves by the outside of the Pikes, at such time when the Forlorns begin to come off, for the better securing of them from danger upon their retreat, then let them move forward to their ground, and give fire in like manner, falling in the Rear of themselves, and after wheel them off to the right and left, and bring them down in the Rear of those Musketeers that are behind the Pikes. Then let the Front and Rear Divisions of Musketeers next the Flanks advance forward 12 paces, the Musketeers upon the right to be led away by the Captain Lieutenant, and those upon the left by the third Captain, being assisted by four Sergeants a piece, let them fire the first Divisions some six or eight times over, falling in the Rear of themselves, then wheel them off to the right and left into the ground of those Divisions that follow them, and facing again to their Front; then let the Rear divisions advance forward into their places, and give fire in like manner, to the former: which being ended, let those four divisions be led down into their first places. Then let the next eight divisions by the Pikes advance forward until they be clear of the standing part; those four divisions upon the right, are to be led a way by the Major's Lieutenant, and the Captain Lieutenant Bringer-up, and those four divisions upon the left, by the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant, and the third Captain's Lieutenant assisted by 12 Sergeants, then let them fire some half a score times, the Front divisions falling in the Rear of themselves, after wheeling off to the right and left into the ground of their Rear divisions, they then moving up into their places, may fire after the same manner, and having ended they may be led down all again into their first places.  
Then command the first divisions of Musketeers to face about to the right, and let them and the two last divisions move forward, and range even a breast with those that stand before them, and after face all to the Front; then let the Musketeers, face outward, and move 12 paces, and after face again to the Front; then move up those divisions that were the Forlorn hope to the right and left into the Front, unto their first places, and those that were the Reserves up even a breast with the Rear, from whence they were first taken, after let them fire in, and even Front altogether, some half a score times over, and fall in the Rear of themselves; then let the Colonels eldest and second Captains move forward the Pikes, and charge on if they please, the Colours falling in the second rank being furled up, and after let all order their Arms, and reduce them into Companies again.  
Reducement. Left half-ranks of Pikes face about, and move down until you range even with the Rear divisions of Musketeers, face to your Leader; Right half-ranks of ●ikes advance forward, and range even a breast with the Front divisions of Musketeers; Files close to the left to order of each grand Division, than they will stand in two grand Divisions as at first, the one in the Rear of the other; then draw up the second grand Division, provided there be room upon the left of the first. Then let a Sergeant of each particular Company draw off those 13 Files which before were taken off to balance the Divisions into equal number, and were appointed for the guard of the Ammunition, or Baggage, and being then to join with their own Arms, with their Captain's Companies stands. Which being done, let every Captain draw off his own men, being assisted by his Lieutenants and Sergeants, and completing them up into a Body as at first; his Pikes to be flanked with Musketeers, they may after march away in single Companies after such manner, unto their several Quarters as shall be appointed to them by the Major; and here I shall conclude concerning a Regiment of six Companies.   

CHAP. XIII. The manner of drawing up a Regiment, consisting of seven Companies, containing in the four Captains, twelve Files of Musketeers, and six of Pikes, in each of their particular Companies, and in the three Field-officers, sixteen Files a piece of Musketeers, and eight of Pikes, which amounts to the number of 864 men.  
IT hath been my observation in the City of London, and the Suburbs thereof, there being 18 Regiments, nine of the Trained Bands, and nine of the Auxiliaries, that their Regiments in some have but six Companies; others, and that for the most part, seven, and again, in some, & but a few to have eight Companies. I shall therefore for the better satisfaction of such as remain unskilled herein, go through them all, partly to show the practice of this our City in their several drawings up, with the reasons to confirm the same. And having passed over as much as is convenient, to satisfy any ingenuous Soldier concerning the drawing up of six Companies in a regimental way, with the confirmation and reasons of every particular Officer, as he there stands, it may in many things give full light to this that follows of seven Companies. Yet, nevertheless, for more fuller satisfaction herein, I shall show the true manner hereof, that I may not be wanting to any Soldier's benefit that he shall receive thereby. Where, note for better order herein, that I have pitched upon a particular number of men, although it may many times fall out so, that the Captain's Companies, and the Field-officers cannot be so full as I have here set down. Or again, it may chance to fall out (as in our Trained Bands of London) that they be a great deal fuller, as sometimes they are, for I have led a particular Company myself upon a general day being drawn into the ●ield consisting of above 300 men. Yet, nevertheless, whether the Companies be great or small, observe this general rule, make two grand Divisions, and balance their number equal in both Arms, and make no more Subdivisions than what you have Captains to lead, and Lieutenants to bring up; and let the Sergeants March by the Flanks, and not presume either to lead, or bring up any Divisions, being conceived by most to be very improper. And again, if you fight the Regiment, let your Musketeers as near as you can be equal alike in their Subdivisions as they may most conveniently fall out, whether four, five, or six a breast, it makes no great matter, always leaving in time of fight, between such number of Files six foot of ground interval, for to wheel off their Ranks after they have fired.  
Now suppose, the whole Regiment were marching to their general place of Randezvous; the Major being there before hand, attending the Companies coming in, he order to the Colonels Company the most convenient place for their drawing up, and next to him the fourth Captain's Company upon the left, and next to him the third Captain, and after him, the eldest or first Captain, which makes the first grand Division. In the next place he order the Lieutenant Colonels Company to be on the left of the whole Regiment, standing in even Front with the Colonel, upon the right of him, the second Captain is placed, and after him the Majors own Company, which makes up the second grand Division.  
Having thus far proceeded, let the Major command the Pikes, and Colours to advance forward ten paces, before the Front of Musketeers, then let him close the Pikes of the first four Companies, to the right to order, and the Pikes of the last to the left to order, and the like of the Musketeers in the Rear to those hands to the same distance, than they will stand in four Divisions; two of Pikes in the Front, and two of Mukettiers in the Rear. In the next place let him count how many Files of Pikes there are in each Division, and he will find in the Colonels Division 26 Files, and in the Lieutenant Colonels but 22. To make these even, he must take off one file a piece from the youngest Captains, and bring them into the midst of the Lieutenant Colonels Division, and then he will make them equal, there being in each grand Division 24 files of Pikes. The Pikes being made thus equal, let him move down into the Rear, and examine the Musketeers, where upon the right he will find 52 files, and upon the left but 44; to make these even in number, he must take off one file a piece from the four Companies of the first grand Division, and lead them away up into the midst of the second, and then there will be in each grand Division of Musketeers 48 files a piece. In the next place let him face them to the right and left outward, and move them to such convenient distance, as he may after divide his Musketeers into four Divisions to move up, and flank the Pikes.  
This being performed, he ought to appoint unto every Captain and Lieutenant his place where to lead, and where to bring up, and what men upon all occasions they are to fight. To which purpose, there being in the first grand Division four Captains, there must be four places to lead, and four to bring up, and therefore having their four Colours upon the longmarch, that Body of Pikes may be divided into two Divisions, and to march with two Colours in the first Division of Pikes, which are to be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the Captain's Lieutenants Bringer-up; the second Division of Pikes is to be led by the fourth Captain, and to be brought up by the eldest Captain Lieutenant. The Rearguard of Musketeers in this grand division is to be led by the third Captain, and to be brought up by his Lieutenant, who upon the longmarch his Captain if he pleaseth, may exchange places, being more honour to him to be there to bring up, then to lead that Division, as hath been formerly expressed. As concerning the Captain Lieutenant his place is to be fixed according as in the Figure to lead the first Division of Musketeers, and to be brought up by the fourth Captain's Lieutenant, but at such time when they are drawn up all a breast, they are to take their places as at first fixed, both in their leading, and bringing-up, as shall be set forth in the following Figure, with all their several places appointed thereunto. As concerning all the rest, they are placed in manner as was showed in my discourse of a Regiment consisting of six Companies.  
But here it may be objected, that in the first grand Division I have placed the Colonel, eldest Captain, third, and fourth, and by casting up their number of dignity, we find it to amount unto 18, and in the second grand Division, the Lieutenant Colonel, Major, and second Captain, whose number amounts but to 10: here we find (say they) a great deal of difference, and alteration, your intentions principally tending to make them equal in dignity, for certainly, where the greater number is, there is the lesser dignity, and therefore a wrong unto that part where ever it so falls out.  
To which, I answer, where there is no just exceptions to be made to the contrary, the former rule ought ever to be preserved in the keeping an equal balance of the number of dignity, but herein it doth not. For the Colonel ought always to have placed in his division the eldest Captain, who is to lead his colours, and the first Body of Pikes, which is the first place of honour among the Captains, and in the second place the Major's Company is always drawn up, upon the out-most part, on the right of the Lieutenant Colonels grand Division, to carry an equal proportion of number, they being the second, and third worth, unto that of the first, or fourth, as is in the Colonels. In the next place, the second Captain's turn comes to be regarded, who by the same rule, as the eldest Captain lays claim to carry the first honour, by leading the first Body of Pikes, & the Colonels colours: so the second Captain cannot expect any other, but to be placed to lead the second Body of Pikes, & the Lieut. Colonels colours. Now, there being an odd Captain, he must be either placed upon the right, or left, he is therefore thought in discretion to be rather placed with the Colonel in his Division, that his colours may there fly, marching four together, being far more honour and graceful, then that of three, as in the Lieutenant Colonels, and therefore where there is an honour in that kind which cannot be divided, it is very fit and requisite to place and fix it with him that is the Commander in chief. As for number of men, both Divisions are equal a like, and therefore, I conceive, what hath been spoken may take off all objections of this nature.  
And now, according to my promise, I shall set forth the manner of the standing of seven Companies in a regimental way, with all the several places of honour appointed forth unto them, either marching, or standing all even a breast. If they be upon the longmarch, they are to observe that manner set down in six Companies, only to mind that alteration before expressed, the Figure of their drawing up, and the Officers stated in their proper places, follows in Folio 156.  
From which Figure, I will draw up another, placing the Soldiers in Battalia, which may be very useful for them to fight upon.  
Command. Pikes in both Divisions face inward, inmost divisions Musketeers face outward, 
Let them be at open order in their Ranks and Files; and the two grand Divisions standing in one even Front together.  march, and interchange ground each with other, face to your Leader. The four inmost files of Musketeers next the Pikes face about, and march six foot clear from the Pikes, and stand, then close their Files to the right and left to order in their own particular divisions, than face inward, and march all together, until they stand six foot clear of each other, face to your Leader. The next five Files of Musketeers in each side of Pikes, advance 18 foot before the Front, then close their Files into the midst to order, and Ranks forward to order; Pikes close your Ranks forward to order, and Files into the midst to order; Every five Files of Musketeers close inward to order, and Ranks forward to order, than face to the Pikes, and march forward, being betwixt every five Files of Musketeers, six foot of ground distance each from other, and the same distance from the Body of Pikes, face all to your Leader. The 12 out-most Files of Pikes and Musketeers advance forward six foot clear of the standing part, then move forward the three out-most divisions of Musketeers 12 paces, than face them inward, and move them until they stand straight before the five remaining divisions, face all to your Leader. The middle division of Musketeers of those three taken off before from each Flank move forward six foot clear of the standing part; the three middlemost divisions of the five remaining upon each Flank, move up until you stand six foot short of the divisions which are before you; the two out-most divisions of the last three that moved, face outward, and march six foot clear of the former divisions before them: the two remaining divisions by the outside of Pikes move inward, until you stand straight in the Rear with the two Front divisions, facing all to their Leader, they will stand as is set forth unto your view in Folio 156.  
Notwithstanding the former directions of drawing forth the Figure, make this alteration; wheel off the first two divisions of Musketeers before the Pikes, and place them six foot behind the Rear of those upon the Flanks, and before you reduce them, carry them into their first places.  
In this Figure, you have Forlornes, aptly standing to the Wings, and main Body of Pikes, with Reserves to them all, so that I shall not need to trouble myself for to describe what firings might be here performed upon the same, they lying so apparent to the view, the divisions being clear each of other, any ingenuous Commander may fire them according unto his own best discretion, continuing the same as long as he shall think fitting, and therefore passing it by, and leaving it to their own liberty, I come in the next place to reduce them again into private Companies.  
Reducement. Pikes of the Main Body, advance forward, and range even a breast with the Pikes before you, the two last divisions of Musketeers in the Rear move up, and flank the Pikes; the two divisions of Musketeers before the Front face about, and move down upon the right and left of the other two divisions of Musketeers, to your Leader. The two last divisions of Musketeers in the Rear of the Flanks advance forward to the right and left, and range even a breast on the outside of those three divisions that stands before you; Single divisions of Musketeers in the Front of each wing, face about, and move down even a breast with the Rear of the next divisions; The eight divisions of Musketeers upon each wing face about, the five first divisions move down, and range even a breast with the Rear; the three last move to the right and left outward until you be clear of the rest, face to the Rear, and move down in like manner, and rank even with the rest, after face all to the Front, and they will all stand in one even Front. Next command the Pikes to face outward, and the five inmost divisions of Musketeers in each flank, face inward, then march and interchange ground each with other, and face to their Leader; they will stand again in two grand Divisions all even a breast in the Front. In the next place let those six files be taken off by the Sergeants of their own Companies from the two grand Divisions, and be brought into their first places. After the Major may give order to every Captain, to draw off his men, and put them into Companies again, which is easily done, after the Regiment may be ordered to march home in single Companies, either by succession or dignity, which he pleaseth. And here I shall conclude concerning a Regiment of seven Companies.   military diagram  military diagram  

CHAP. XIV. The manner of drawing up, and placing the Officers, of a Regiment, consisting of eight Companies, having in it a Colonel, a Lieutevant Colonel, a Major, and five Captains, their number of men in each Company, being equal with the former Regiment, they amount unto 972 men.   military diagram 
In the n●xt place, I shall show how they ought to be drawn up in a regiment all way, being all even a breast as before, command Musketeers to face about, and to march down 12 foot clear of the Rear, than face to the Front, after close files outward to order of each Arms, then subdivide each division of Musketeers, and move them up to flank each Body of Pikes. And having accounted and cast up the number of files of each Arms in each grand Division, you will find in the Colonels division to have in it 26 files of Pikes, and 52 files of Musketeers; next the Lieutenant Colonels division, being examined, you will find there to have in it 28 files of Pikes, and 56 files of Musketeers; now to make these equal in number, there must be taken forth one file of Pikes, and two of Musketeers from the second grand Division, and place one a piece in the midst of the first division, in every one of their particular divisions, and they will contain equal a like in each grand Division 27 files of Pikes, and 54 files of Musketeers. In the next place, the Major may assign unto every Captain and Lieutenant where his place shall be to lead, and where to bring up; the Colonel being upon the head of his Division, and the Lieutenant Colonel upon the head of the second grand Division, the Major in the Front betwixt them both, or where else he pleaseth, being an Officer always to act through the whole Regiment. And in the first place he appoints the Captain Lieutenant to be on the head of the first division of Musketeers, and to be brought up by the fourth Captain's Lieutenant; next he order the eldest Captain to be on the head of the first division of Pikes, and to be brought up by the Captain's Lieutenant Bringer-up, and the fourth Captain to be on the head of the second division of Pikes, and to be brought up by the eldest Captains Lieutenant; and the second division of Musketeers he appoints unto the third Captain, and to be brought up by his own Lieutenant, and upon the longmarch, let him and his Captain change places until such time they shall draw up again. After he order his own Lieutenant to be on the head of the third division of Musketeers; and the third division of Pikes, he appoints to the fifth Captain, and to be brought up by his own Lieutenant; the fourth Division of Pikes, is ordered to be the second Captain's place, and brought up by his own Lieutenant, the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant is appointed to the fourth and last division of Musketeers, the Lieutenant Colonel upon the longmarch bringing up the whole Regiment. It might be supposed the Captain Lieutenant, Lieutenant Colonels and Majors Lieutenants, have too great places of honour, but to answer them all, their Captains being Field-officers and upon several occasions moving off, their Lieutenants do officiate there in their rooms, and are but as assistants unto them, for likewise upon several occasions they come to those places themselves to lead marching there before their Lieutenants. As concerning the placing of all the rest of the other Officers, they lie clearly, for as much as formerly hath been spoken in their proper places, without (as I conceive) the exceptions of any.  
Secondly, upon the longmarch, the Colonel draws off the first division of Musketeers, and leads them, marching some 12 foot before his Captain Lieutenant, and that division is brought up by the fourth Captain's Lieutenant, the colours marching two and two upon every division, whereof the first is drawn off, and led by the first Captain, and brought up by the Captain's Lieutenants and Bringer-up, the next division of Pikes falling in the Rear of the first, and led by the fourth Captain, and brought up by the first Captain's Lieutenant; the second division of Musketeers, is led by the third Captain's Lieutenant, and brought up by his own Captain; the fourth or first division of Musketeers in the second grand Division is led by the Major, when he pleaseth, some 12 foot before his own Lieutenant; and the third division of Pikes, is led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant, the fourth and last division of Pikes is led by the second Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant, the fourth and last division of Musketeers is by the Lieu. Col. Lieutenant, the Rear of the whole Regiment being brought up by the Lieut. Col. thus every Division is to march by succession, the one in the Rear of another, keeping 18 foot distance betwixt every Division, until they shall have room to march all even a breast, and then with very little alteration with the third Captain, changing places, with his own Lieutenant, they are all to take their places again as at first.  
Having now set forth the true dignity of every Captains and Lieutenant's place, what men they shall take charge on to fight, where to lead, and where to bring up, I shall spare the figure in respect I shall show (with very little alteration) the manner of drawing up and marching of divers Regiments that were under the command of the late Earl of Essex.  
The first grand Division in respect of every Officer and place, is to be ordered as the former; only in the second, there will be this small alteration, the Lieutenant Colonels Company, and the Majors are to interchange places, the rest are to remain as they were, only with th●s alteration following; the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant is to lead the first Division of Musketeers, until such time that his Lieutenant Colonel shall come unto that place, and then he is to bring up that Division being near at hand, that if his Lieutenant Colonel should upon some just occasions be called off, he may immediately move up, and lead there in his absence. For upon the longmarch, as the Colonel leads the first grand Division, so it is conceived by some, (they marching in two grand Divisions some 20 paces distance from each other in manner of two regimental marchings) that the Lieutenant Colonel ought to lead the second. Next, let the first Division of Pikes be led by the second Captain, and to be brought up by the fifth Captain's Lieutenant, and the second Division of Pikes to be led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by the second Captain's Lieutenant; the last Division of Musketeers to be led by the Major's Lieutenant, and the Rear of the second grand Division being left for the Major to bring up, at such time as with conveniency he may be spared. Therefore, to march thus, it being a very good way, and with very little alteration to be made, I was unwilling to pass it by, leaving it to the discretion of every ingenuous Soldier, to make use of which way he best pleaseth, or likes of, whilst I in the next place, shall set forth the Figure, which follows in page 161; affording more variety in the same.   

CHAP. XV. How to make the Figure of a Ring, with its use and service.  
THe way to make this Figure in the most readiest manner, is to be performed after this kind; both the grand Divisions, standing all a breast in even Front; first move forward all the Musketeers some ten foot clear of the Pikes, after let them close Files both of Musketeers and Pikes, into the midst to order, than they will stand in two Divisions, one of Musketeers, and in the Rear of them, one of Pikes; then open the files outward to open order of each Arms, and after let them double the Front to the left of both Arms by Bringers-up, and they will be but three deep of each Arms, having in the Fronts the best Soldiers; then command them to face all to the right, then wheel them about still to the right of both Arms; the Pikes wheeling all in the inside of the Musketeers, until you have brought them into two Rings, provided thus that you close your Rings unto that place which was your first Front, than face them all to the Centre, and after face them about to the right, and they will then be faced round and stand suitable to the following Figure (page 163.) and to have in it two Rings, the one of Musketeers, the other of Pikes, some ten foot short on the inside of them. And by reason it cannot be well otherwise, in respect there are as many Musketeers again as there are Pikes, and the Officers following the Soldiers in their places formerly fixed in this Motion will also naturally stand in manner and form as is set down in the Figure.   military diagram 
Place this Figure of the Rining between Folio 160 and 161.  
Let the Pikes that ranked to the right, file three to the left as they were, and let the Bringers-up that doubled face about to the right, and march forth into their places. Then let the Major come to that place where he closed the Ring, and break it off, wheeling them all a long about to the left until he hath brought them to stand in one even Front as at first, the same in like manner to be performed of the Pikes, and to stand in the Rear of the Musketeers. Next, let the Mukettiers and Pikes face outward, and move to such convenient distance, that after the Musketeers may be subdivided again, and the Pikes move up, and double their Front inward entire in each grand Division. Which being brought into that form, each Captain may draw off his men, being so commanded by the Major, and complete up his Company again, and be after disposed of to farther duty, or to march home to their Quarters according to command; and here I shall conclude this Regiment of eight Companies.   military diagram  

CHAP. XVIII. The manner of drawing up a Regiment, consisting of ten Companies, having in it seven Captains, and three Field-Officers, being in each particular Company, the former numbers, which in all amounts unto 1198 men.  
THe Major having ground sufficient for the drawing up the Regiment, after the Colonels Company hath made Alt, next to him upon the left he draws up the youngest Captain, which is the tenth, and the next to him the third Captain, which is the sixth, after that the fourth Captain, which is the seventh, than the first Captain which is the fourth. Then the Majors which is the the third, next to him the fifth Captain which is the eighth, and after that the second Captain, which is the fifth, than the sixth Captain, which is the ninth, all these being drawn up upon the left of the Colonels Company, the closier of all upon the left, is the Lieutenant Colonels Company, whose figure carries the number 2. Place now all these numbers of dignity according to the former figures, and they will stand as followeth in a rank.   military diagram 
In the next place compare the dignity of the right half-ranks, with the left, and they are balanced as near as can be possible to be equal, there being one odd, which of necessity must be cast upon the right half-ranks for the reasons formerly expressed, in placing the second Captain into the Lieutenant Colonels division. Then according to the former rule draw forth the Pikes, and engross them into two Bodies, and the like of the Musketeers, after sub-divide the Musketeers, and make them four divisions, and move them up to flank the Pikes, and then they will be in two complete grand Divisions. In the next place, let the Major order forth unto the Captains and Lieutenants, their several places to lead, and to bring up, after this manner. There being two grand Divisions, having in them five Captains, and five Lieutenants, it will be necessary to appoint out five several Charges in the first grand Division to lead, and five to bring up, after this manner. As first, divide the Vanguard into two divisions, the first to be led by the Captain Lieutenant, and brought up by his Bringer-up; the second division of Musketeers in the Van to be led by the third Captain's Lieutenant, and to be brought up by the fourth Captain's Lieutenant. The first division of Pikes is to have the three first colours to fly upon the head of them, and to be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the seventh Captain's Lieutenant, the next division of Pikes to be led by the fourth Captain, having his own, and the eldest Captains colours flying upon the head of them, and to be brought up by the seventh, or youngest Captain in the Regiment; the Rearguard of Musketeers of the first grand Division to be led by the third Captain, and brought up by the eldest Captains Lieutenant, who upon the longmarch these two are to interchange places if the third Captain desire it, and having such permission from the Major, being more honour to bring up, then to lead, as was said before in the former Regiments.  
Next follows the placing of the Officers in the second grand Division; let the Vanguard of Musketeers there be led by the Major's Lieutenant, or by himself when he pleaseth, and be brought up by the fifth Captain's Lieutenant; next let the first division of Pikes there be led by the fifth Captain, having two colours flying on the head of them, the Majors, and his own, and to be brought up by the sixth Captain's Lieutenant; let the next division of Pikes be led by the second Captain, having three colours flying on the head of them, the Lieutenant Colonels, his own, and the sixth Captains, and let that be brought up by the second Captain's Lieutenant, let the last division of Musketeers, be led by the sixth Captain, and brought up by the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant; the Lieutenant Colonel upon the longmarch bringing up the Rear of the Regiment, some 12 foot behind his own Lieutenant.  
I shall in the next place show the reasons for the thus placing of the Officers, where first I shall endeavour to clear the first grand Division, which will occasion the second to be more easily resolved. Where briefly thus, as concerning the Colonel, eldest Captain, third Captain, & Cap. Lieutenant, I shall pass them over, having formerly spoken sufficient to satisfy any Soldier therein. It follows therefore to speak of the fourth Captain's place, which is the next man of honour after the former, and therefore is placed to lead the second division of Pikes, which is more honour to him to lead there, then to lead a sub-division of Musketeers. In the Vanguard next to him in honour in this division, is the seventh Captain, who is appointed to bring up the first grand Body of Pikes, which likewise is more honour unto him, then to lead or bring up any sub-division of Musketeers, as before expressed. Having thus resolved of all the Captains, and Captains Lieutenant's place, next follows the reasons of the Lieutenant's places, where first take notice that the eldest Captains Lieutenant is appointed to bring up the Rearguard, which next the Pikes is the greatest place of honour in the Rear, and a very honourable place unto him; or if he altars places with the third Captain upon the longmarch, yet nevertheless he hath the chiefest place of honour after the Captain Lieutenant amongst all the Lieutenants unto those places he is ordered unto. The third Captain's Lieutenant is assigned to the next place, who leads the second division of Musketeers in the Vanguard, which is more honour to him then to bring up any such division; after follows him the fourth Captain's Lieutenant, who brings up the Rear of the Vanguard, which is more honour to him, of the places remaining to be there, then to bring up either the first division of Musketeers, or the first division of Pikes. Lastly, the seventh Captain's Lieutenant is placed to bring up the first division of Pikes, which being the more honourable Arms, it adds more honour to him to be there to bring up, than the first division of Musketeers, which being the last place of honour, it is given to the Captain Lieutenants Bringer-up to be there; and thus much shall suffice for the reasons of the places of the first grand Division.  
Now for placing of the Officers of the second grand Division, I shall not need to speak any thing concerning the Lieutenant Colonels Major, Second Captain, and the Major's Lieutenants place, in regard in the former Regiments I have endeavoured to give the Soldier satisfaction therein. Therefore next to those in this grand Division follows to be spoken is the fifth Captain, who is the next man of honour, and therefore hath his due place appointed out to him to lead the first division of Pikes, where the Majors and his own colour fly, which is more honour to him to lead there the Van of the Pikes, than the Rearguard of Musketeers. Next to him is the sixth Captain, which next the Pikes hath his due place of honour, remaining to him to lead the Rearguard. Having thus resolved the Captain's places, I shall in the next endeavour to show the Lieutenants, where first it falls to the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant to be placed first, who is ordered to bring up the Rear, to be an assistant unto his Lieutenant Colonel, who is a Field Officer, and may have many occasions to fall off, and therefore he requires his Lieutenant to be present with his men there, as the Colonels doth his in the Front. And as much may be said of the Major's Lieutenant, but passing him by, I come next to the second Captain's Lieutenant, who is appointed to bring up the Rear of the second Body of Pikes, which is the greatest place of honour that is in the Rear next to the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant. After him follows the fifth Captain's Lieutenant, who is placed to bring up the Rear of the Vanguard of this division, which is more honour then to bring up the Van of the Pikes, whose turn being the last place of honour falls to him that is the youngest Lieutenant, which is the sixth Captain's Lieutenant.  
And thus as briefly as I could I have run over all the reasons for the placing of the Officers in the Regiment drawn up after this manner, that I might not be wanting unto the desire of any such who are willing to be informed herein, being always ready to employ myself in as plain a way as I can for the benefit of all true loving Soldiers, who are concerned herein. And therefore, for their better satisfaction, let them cast their eye upon the Figure as it is demonstrated between Folio 161 and 162, where they shall see every man placed according to my former discourse.   

CHAP. XVII. The manner both of the drawing up, and the order of the Longmarch of Colonel Rainsborough his Regiment, bringing up the Rear of the foot of the Army, under the Command of the Lord General Fairfax, at their first marching through the City of London, on the seventh of August, 1647.  
THe first order of drawing up the Regiment at their first place of Randezvous, before they marched or joined with the Army was thus; The Colonels Company being upon the out-most part of the right of the Regiment, next to his left by succession was drawn up the second, sixth, fift, and first Captains, which make up his division, or the right half-ranks in their first drawing up to be complete, and may in their figure of dignity standing in a rank be demonstrated as followeth, 4: 8: 9: 5: 1. This number of worth being cast up amounteth to 27, and thus much for the Colonels Division.  
Now for the left half-ranks, or Lieutenant Colonels Division, (as many times it is so ordered and appointed) his own Company being drawn up upon the out-most part on the left of the Regiment, and next to his right after each other is drawn up the third, seventh, fourth, and Major's Company, whose figure of dignity standing rank-wise, may be thus described, 2: 6: 10: 7: 3. and their number of dignity in all amounteth to 28. Where you may perceive a rule that the discretion of the Major walketh by, in the drawing up of the Regiment, to balance with as near proportion as he can the number, worth, and dignity of his right half-ranks, or right flank, suitable with that of the left. For it would be unreasonable that all the best men should be on the right, and that the left of the Regiment who are to oppose the Enemy's right should have the weakest or meanest men of worth; therefore without all question that Body of men that shall be drawn up so as to make all parts of equal worth, and strength, as the right flank with the left, the Front with the Rear, so that where ever the Enemy shall fall on to charge any one of these parts, being all made equal in strength, and worth, it must needs prevent all murmuring complaints, and carry best approbation to all knowing Commanders; And thus much briefly may be spoken in the commendation of the ordering of his Regiment thus far.  
The Captains now standing by their own colours, on the head of the Pikes, and their Companies being drawn up all, and standing in an even Front, the Major next commands the Musketeers to stand, the Pikes and Colours to troop forth some ten or twelve paces clear of the Musketeers, and then they likewise to stand, and after to close their files to the midst to order.  
Next he commands the Musketeers in their files to close outward to order, commanding them afterward to move up, and flank the Pikes, after which he order the Body into thirteen remarkable divisions, four divisions of Musketeers upon each side of the Pikes, and the Pikes into five divisions, having their colours fly by two and two, and to be led by those Ensign-bearers that do belong to each of them, excepting the first and middle divisions, for they have Leaders in chief, as the first and fift Captain, and the third Captain, to bring up the Rear of the whole Body of Pikes. For more fuller illustration of the leading and bringing up of each division, in the Regiment upon their Longmarch, observe these following directions.  
1 The Regiment being upon their March, the first division upon the right, is led by the Colonel, his Captain Lieutenant marching in the Rear of him several paces, and that particular division is brought up by the Captain's Lieutenant Bringer-up.  
2 The second division of Musketeers is led by the second Captain Lieutenant, and brought up by the first, or eldest Cap. Lieutenant.   military diagram 
3 The third division of Musketeers is led by the sixth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant.  
4 The fourth division of Musketeers is led by the fift Captains Lieutenaut, and brought up by the fourth Captain.  
5 The first division of Pikes is led by the eldest Captain, having the Colonels, and second Captain's colours flying on the head of them.  
6 The second division of Pikes is led by the fift and sixth Captains Ensigns, having their own colours flying upon the head of the same.  
7 The third division of Pikes, is led by the fift Captain, having the Majors and eldest Captains colours flying upon the head of the same.  
8 The fourth division of Pikes is led by the fourth and seventh Captains Ensigns, having their own colours flying upon the head of the same.  
9 The fift and last division of Pikes is led by the Lieutenant Colonels, and third Captain's Ensigns, having likewise their own colours flying upon the head of the same, and the Rear of the Pikes is brought up by the third Captain.  
10 The first division of Musketeers on the left flank is led by the second Captain, and brought up by the fourth Captain's Lieutenant.  
11 The second upon the left is led by the third Captain's Lieutenant, and brought up by the Major's Lieutenant.  
12 The third division is led by the seventh Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant.  
13 The fourth or last division of Musketeers is led by the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant, and the Rear of the Regiment is brought up by the Lieutenant Colonel.  
Notwithstanding, I have thus laid down the manner of the Divisions, with the placing of the Officers, there are also from all these divisions both of the Pikes and Musketeers, subdivisions drawn off upon the longmarch betwixt every fift or sixth file as they can equally divide them, with even proportions to march. And for the leading of such divisions there are Sergeants cast in that properly belong unto them which do lead▪ and bring them up, so that upon this account they make in their long-regimentall-march some thirty divisions, by reason, as I conceive, upon any Alt, or convenient place of drawing them all up even a breast, the Sergeants as well as the rest of the superior Officers may be helpful to bring up the file-leaders again as at first into their properplaces. And thus far I have endeavoured for the satisfaction of all ingenuous Soldiers to set forth the manner of Colonel Rainsborough's Regiment of their drawing up, disposing of colours, and placing of Officers, as was the Observation of my ever honoured Friend, and most exquisite knowing Soldier Thomas Walker, one of the Captains of the same Regiment, and a true lover of the Military Art, who friendly communicated to me the practice of their Regiment. Which although it differs from the drawing up of all others in our Army (as I am informed, they varying in one kind or other by their several ways) I question not, but this may be as good as any of the rest, which I leave to the judgement of the curious searchers into this Art; whilst I proceed to show the Figures following.   

CHAP. XVIII. A third way of drawing up a Regiment of ten Companies, after the manner used amongst the Swedes.  
THe Companies meeting altogether, whether it be in the Alarm place, otherwise at their general Randezvous, where they have ground and room sufficient enough for their drawing up; The Major appointing forth unto the Lieutenant Colonels' Company a place most convenient to stand, he draws all the rest of the Companies upon the left of him after this manner. The seventh and the second Captain, than the Colonel, after him the sixth, fourth, and first Captain, than the Major, after him the fift, and third Captain, who closes up the left of the whole Regiment, the figures of their dignity, standing after this manner.   military diagram 
Here you may perceive they follow a rule to balance their number of dignity as near as they can, carrying their odd number on the left half-rank, and not upon the right, for these reasons, as, I conceive, following. Their Regiments being so full of men, they draw them up for the most part into three Squadrons, or grand Divisions, giving unto the Lieutenant Colonel the right wing, the Major the left, and the Colonel, the Main-battail. The Colonels grand Division consists of the four middle Companies, where you are to take notice, being drawn off some ten paces clear from the rest, they stand after this manner by way of figure 4: 7: 9: 1. The Lieutenant Colonels Division after this manner, 5: 10: 2. and the Majors after this kind, 6: 8: 3. Wherein I do observe in each grand Division this rule, that by succession and degrees they put the best Soldiers upon the right, and the second according to course upon the left, and the rest between them. As first, the Colonel being the chiefest man of honour is placed upon the right of his Squadron, next to his left is the sixth and fourth Captain, and the closing up of his grand Division, is placed the first or eldest Captain. The Lieutenant Colonel being the second man of honour is likewise placed upon the right of his Squadron, and next to his left the seventh Captain, his grand Division being closed up by the second Captain. In the next place, the Major, he being the third man of honour, is placed upon the right of his Squadron, and upon his left, the fift Captain, and his grand Division is closed up upon the left by the third Captain. So that you may observe in the closing up of every Division, that as every Field-Officer is upon the right of their Squadrons, so they take by degrees upon the out-most of their left to close their Divisions, the Captains according to their degrees by succession. As first, and more clearly, the Colonel takes the eldest Captain to him on his left, who will aptly fall in to lead his Body of pikes, and colours; the Lieutenant Colonel takes the second Captain, for to lead his Stand of pikes and colours; the third Captain being placed upon the left of the out-most part of the Major's Squadron, to lead likewise his colours, and Body of pikes. And further if you observe the number of worth, and dignity, that the right wing hath with the left, you will find them to be equally balanced, and to be 17 a like in number. Now in respect there cannot be an equal Division of the colours by three, there is very good reason that the odd should be placed in the Colonels Squadron, who is Commander in chief, and to whom it properly belongs unto.   military diagram 
But before the former figure be drawn up, it will be convenient for the Major to take off from every Company four files of Musketeers, (excepting the Colonels) and move them down by 12 files a piece some ten foot clear of the Rear of Pikes of each division, and then close them in their files inward to order, and face them after to the Front, and they will stand there ready upon all occasions to be Reserves unto the Wings, or any other part of the Body, or to be Convoys to fetch in Victual, Ammunition, or any thing else that shall be wanting unto the Regiment. I shall not need to draw any other Figure of Battle from this, they standing in a very good form to fire upon, opening every five files clear from each other six foot that the Musketeers may have room enough, to fall off, and to move down in the Rear of themselves, after such time their ranks have fired. Neither shall I need to give any further reasons for the placing of the Officers, in respect it lies clear and easy to the view of every ingenuous Soldier to apprehend. As for matter of marching, if they have ground sufficient, it will be very graceful to them for to preserve this figure; but if they have not room, but must be constrained to draw off, and march in particular divisions it will be convenient to keep this decorum, if the Colonel thinks fit to change places every day, after this manner. He that leads the Vanguard one day, falls off the next, and bring up the Reerward; and he that before led the Main-battail, comes to lead the Van, and he that led the Reerward, comes to be in the place of the Main-battail. And thus they change, and take their turns by course, to lead the Van, the Battle, and the Reerward. They ought likewise in their March to have thirty foot of ground distance betwixt each grand Division, and when they have ground sufficient, they may draw up again into their first figure. Now in respect I purpose to go on upon the next drawing up of a Regiment of 12 Companies, I shall break off to discourse any more of this. For the reducing of them again into Companies, it will be easy, let the Sergeants of each particular Company fetch off those men of theirs which were drawn off for Reserves, and to make the Squadrons even in number, bring them to join with their own men; then let every Captain take off his Pikes and Musketeers, and complete them up into one Body, they will be ready to receive Orders, and to be in a condition for marching away, either to their Quarters, or other duties, which they shall be appointed unto by their Major.   

CHAP. IX. The way of drawing up a Regiment consisting of 12 Companies, the nine Captains, having 18 Files in each Company, and the three Field-officers everyone them 24 Files, whereof, there are two thirds of Musketeers, and one of Pikes, in each particular Company, amounting in all to 1404 men.  
THe Major having convenient place, be first orders where the Colonels Company is to stand, and after draws all the rest of the Companies upon the left of him, after this manner. The ninth, the fourth, the third, the sixth, and the first, Captains; then the Major next the seventh, the fifth, the second, and the eighth Captains and the out-most of all upon the left, the Lieutenant Colonels Company, in manner of the dignity of a Rank, as they thus stand.   military diagram 
The dignity of places cannot be better stated, then in this of 12 Companies, as first, the right half-ranks is equal with the left in number of dignity. Again, divide them into three parts, and their number of dignity falls out to carry a long with it an equal number of 26 all even a like. Consider likewise, the stating of every Captain in the Regiment, and they are qualified equal throughout, the best, and the youngest Soldiers joined together, as by examining them how they stand by two's, their number of worth and dignity throughout carries 13 all equal a like. In the next place, draw forth all the Pikes, and engross them into two Bodies, then divide the Musketeers into four parts, and move them up, and flank those Stands of Pikes, and they will be in two grand Divisions; then place the Officers after this manner; beginning first with the Colonels division, make two divisions of Musketeers in his Van, let the first be led by the Captain Lieutenant, and be brought up by his Bringer-up, let the next division of Musketeers be led by the fourth Captain's Lieutenant, and brought up by the third Captain's Lieutenant; let the Pikes be divided into three divisions, the Colours flying two and two upon the head of them, let the first division be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the ninth Captain's Lieutenant, let the next division be led by the sixth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant, let the last division be led by the fourth Captain, and the whole Body of Pikes be brought up by the ninth Captain. Then let the Rearguard of the Colonels division be led by such observations as is set forth in other Regiments by the third Captain, and brought up by the first Capt. Lieut.  
Having placed the Officers in the first grand Division, he may proceed unto the next, let the first division of Musketeers be led by the Major's Lieutenant, and brought up by the fifth Captain's Liutenant. Let the Pikes be divided into three parts, the Colours likewise flying, two and two upon the head of them; then let the first division be led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by the eighth Captain's Lieutenant, next let the second division be led by the eighth Captain, and brought up by the seventh Captain's Lieutenant; Lastly, let the third division be led by the second Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant, let the last division of Musketeers be led by the seventh Captain, and brought up by the Lieutenant Colonels Lieutenant; The Colonel is to be on the head of his division, and the Lieutenant Colonel upon the head of his, and the Major between them both in the Front. The Officers before they are thus placed, are to have their grand divisions of both Arms equally balanced for number of worth, observing still the former rules in the execution of the same It might be here expected I should show reasons for the thus placing of the Officers, after this manner; but to satisfy such, if they please but to observe and take notice of the reasons given in the former Regiments, which will give satisfaction unto this, carrying with it the same order and way. And likewise it might be expected, that I should here set forth a figure for the thus drawing them up as before expressed, and placing of the several Officers. But since this Regiment falls out to be so full in number, I shall set it forth after the manner of drawing up a Brigade, according to the Swedish practice.   

CHAP. XX. The manner of drawing up a Regiment, according to the Swedish Brigade.  
AFter that the Major hath placed the Lieutenant Colonels Company in such a convenient place, that he may draw all the rest up on the left of him, he thus proceeds in bringing up the Companies; he first places to him the eighth Captain, than the fift, after that the second, than the Colonels Company, next to him the ninth Captain, than the sixth Captain, and first Captain, after the Majors, than the seventh Captain after the fourth Captain, then upon the out-most part of the left, is placed the third Captain, in manner and form, as they thus stand.   military diagram 
Having thus far proceeded, he may command the four out-most Companies upon each Flank, to advance forward some ten paces clear from the four middle Companies, then let them stand, and after let him draw forward the Pikes clear from the Musketeers, and close their files outward to order, then let the Musketeers be divided into four parts, their files being closed to order, let them move forward, and flank those two Bodies of Pikes. After in the same manner move forward the Pikes in the four middle Companies until they be clear of the Musketeers, and close their files into the midst to order, and divide their Musketeers, into two parts, and let them move forward, and flank that Body of ●ikes, and then they will stand in three Squadrons, or grand Divisions, their dignities standing after this manner in the Colonels division, thus, 4: 9: 12: 1. In the Lieutenant Colonels division, thus, 5: 8: 11: 2. and in the Majors, thus, 6: 7: 10: 3. So that you may perceive this to be a very good way amongst the rest, each particular Squadron bearing the number of 26, and having unto every one of them their dignities and worths equally divided, and stated a like. In the next place, the Major ought to inquire of the number of men they carry in each division of both Arms, where as first, he shall find in the Colonels Squadron, to have in it 26 files of Pikes, and 52 files of Musketeers, and examining all the rest, they will fall out to the same proportion of number. So that in each division there contains, whether they be Pikes, or Musketeers, to have in every particular thereof 78 files. In the next place he shall do well to appoint forth unto them their several places to lead, and bring up; and first, of the Colonels grand Division, he being on the head thereof, the Captain Lieutenant leading the first division of Musketeers in his Squadron, being brought up by his Bringer-up; the first two Colours, and his half Body of Pikes to to be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the ninth Captain's Lieutenant, the next two Colours, and half Body of Pikes to be led by the ninth Captain, and brought up by the eldest Captains Lieutenant, the last division of Musketeers in his Squadron to be led by the sixth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant. The first division of Musketeers in the Lieutenant Colonels Squadron, is led by his own Lieutenant, and brought up by the eighth Captain's Lieutenant, his first two Colours, and half Body of Pikes is led by the second Captain, and the next two Colours, and half Body of Pikes, is led by the eighth Captain, and brought up by the second Captain's Lieutenant, his last division of Musketeers is led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant; himself standing as the Colonel doth, upon the head of his Squadron. The first division of Musketeers in the Major's Squadron (himself being upon the head) is led by his own Lieutenant, and brought up by the seventh Captain's Lieutenant, his first two Colours, and half Body of Pikes is led by the third Captain, and the next two Colours, and half Body of Pikes, is led by the seventh Captain, and brought up by the third Captain's Lieutenant, his last division of Musketeers is led by the fourth Captain, and brought up by his Lieutenant, as in the next place, in the Figure set forth in Folio. 170, more fully appeareth.   military diagram 
They standing according to the former directions in three Bodies of Pikes flanked with Musketeers, before they come to the Figure set forth, you must command in each grand Division, the six inmost files of Musketeers next the Pikes, to face about, and to march six paces clear of the Rear, and then close them inward to order. Afterward open every four files outward to open order, of those 12 files, and let the middle division there face about, and move down six foot clear of the Rear, and after face to their Leader. Then there will remain 20 files of Musketeers upon the flanks of each Body of Pikes; after move forward the eight middle files of particular division of Musketeers, some ten foot before the Front. Then comm●●d the left half-ranks, or the four files of Musketeers upon the left of those divisions drawn forth to face about, and to move down ten foot clear of the Rear, and after face to the Front. Then let the 12 remaining files of Musketeers close to the Pikes to open order, and let every four files of those remaining 12 upon the flanks open outward six foot of ground betwixt each four files, and move the ●ront and Rear divisions of Musketeers just against the midst of those three divisions of Musketeers that are the flankers to the Pikes, and they will stand in the figure as it is placed in Folio 170.  
They standing now in a perfect order of a Brigade, the number of men in this Regiment allowing it in a full manner according to the small Brigades of the Swedes, I shall not need to point out of what service this figure, or drawing up may be; in respect there is no ingenuous Soldier but may clearly perceive they stand in a very good order to fight against an enemy: their Commanders being appointed forth to manage it accordingly. Therefore I shall leave it to the practice of such who in time of need shall have occasion to make use of it, and in the next place show the manner of reducing them again into Companies.  
First move forward those 12 files of Musketeers in the rear of each body of Pikes, six to the right, and six to the left, next to the outside of their own body of Pikes; After command the rear divisions of Musketeers to advance forward upon the left of those divisions of Musketeers in the front, than face them about, and move them down into the midst of those Musketeers that were the Flankers. After let every Captain draw off his Pikes and Musketeers, and engross them into particular Companies, and they will then be ready to march away to their several quarters; and here I shall conclude concerning a Regiment of twelve Companies.   

CHAP. XXI. The manner of drawing up a Brigade or Tertia, being a third part of an Army, according to the practice of the Netherlands, under the command of the Prince of Orange.  
BEfore I shall begin to draw up this Tertia, Army, or Brigade; I shall set down the observation of Coll. Hen. Hexam, in his Book treating of the Office of the three Sergeant Majors of the Tertia, otherwise called the three Field Corporals. His words are these:  
The State's Army by order of his Highness is divided upon a March into three Brigades, or Tertia's, and a Sergeant Major of a Tertia, being one of the great Corporals of the Field, receives his Order immediate from the Lord General, or the Lord Marshal, but most commonly of the Sergeant Major General of the Army, how he shall f●rm and order his Brigade or Tertia, and how many Regiments of Horse and Foot, are to march under it, and with what Ordnance and Baggage. He assigns and shows him the place where they are to draw out into Battalia, and receives orders from the Sergeant Maior General, whether they are to march in the Vanguard, the Battle, or the Rear. So that in marching in every one of these he shall attend upon his Brigade and several Divisions, and in the absence of the Sergeant Major General, see that the order of marching and embattailing be duly kept and observed. And every one of these three Sergeants, Majors of Brigades, are to be at the command of the Colonel General, or he that leads or commands that Brigade or Tertia, and is to be sent to the Lord General, Lord Marshal, or Sergeant Major General upon any occasion belonging to the service.  
These three Majors of the Tertia's are to be lodged as near the Sergeant Major General as conveniently may be, and those three which attend upon the Vanguard, the Battle or Rear, which the Sergeant Major shall ma●e choice of ground for the placing of Guards, and assign them to the Sergeant Majors of every Regiment. They are to go the Round, and to visit the Guard commonly every night, and at such an hour as the Sergeant Major shall appoint them ●i●●er by day or night.  
If any ●f these three Sergeant Majore of the Field shall find any want of powder, Ammunition, or victuals, either in the Vanguard, Battle, or Rear, as well upon the March, as when the Troops are quartered, or during fight, he is presently to advertise the Sergeant Major General of the ●ield with the sai● wan●s. And then by his direction shall go with an Officer of every Regiment of that Tertia, to the General, or Lieutenant of the Ordnance, or to the Commissary General of the Ammunition, or Victuals.  
A Sergeant Major of a Tertia, to conclude, having received his Orders from the Lord General, the Marshal, or Sergeant Major General, gives them to the Sergeant Majors of every p●rticuler Regiment. But because the Word and Orders are to be sent to Quarters far distant one from another, the Sergeant Major of every Regiment cannot come convetend every morning, and evening, upon the Sergeant Major General, to receive their Orders, and to carry the word to the several Quarters, whether the Sergeant Majors of Regiments comes to him, and from him receives the Word, and Orders.  
The drawing up of Brigades in the next place comes to be handled after the way of the Hollanders; therefore, first, take notice, that Brigades are not tied to a set ●u●ber of Companies, or Regiments, but are ordered according to the several strengths of an Army. As sometimes they consist of 12 Companies, some of two Regiments, others of three, or four, having in them not a like number of Companies or men, which ought accordingly unto the several divisions of a Brigade to be balanced a like, both in number of men, dignity, and worth, as is in particular Regiments fully set forth. And in respect that several divisions make a Brigade, and that according to the disposition of an Army, all the Officers and Soldiers are divided into three parts, called Brigades, or Tertia's, each of them having a several name, to wit, the Vanguard, Battle, and Rearguard. Now that Tertia which is to march first, is called the Vanguard, that which marcheth next in the middle, the Battle, and that which comes up last, the Rear. Every one of these upon march as was formerly expressed in the Swedish Brigade, take their turns interchangeably; for the second day of the March, the Battle becomes the Vanguard, and the Rear the second day the Battle, and the third day, the Tertia, that had first the Rear, is become the Vanguard. So likewise, there ought to be in every particular Brigade, or Tertia, a Vanguard, Battle▪ and Rearguard, to each of them, which with more conveniency may be orderly brought to fight by him that shall be Commander in chief for the relieving each other, according as occasion shall require.  
In the next place, for a Brigade, I shall point forth four Regiments, having in them eight Companies a piece, after the manner of a Regiment of eight formerly set down, which amounts to 3888 men, which number may serve for a third part of an Army of foot, and make up a very complete and sufficient Brigade. And I shall order in this Brigade to have in it four divisions, that is to say, a Vanguard, Battle, and Rearguard, represented in the three first Regiments, but the fourth shall be a reserve, standing in the Rear of the Main-battail, or Brigade, whereby upon all occasions of the other retreating, or being driven backward that Regiment may move up to relieve each part thereof that shall be distressed. But upon the longmarch of this Brigade, the two middle Regiments according to their order of dignity, are to make the Battle, which in the Figure were made the Vanguard, and Rearguard, and that which formerly was the Vanguard, is become the Battle, and the Rearguard the Reserve; but where they have ground sufficient it will be better to march in that form of Battalia set down according to the figure, Folio 176.  
This Brigade consisting of four Regiments, must be drawn up according to the dignity of their Captains, but with this alteration of Arms, for the former Regiments consisting of two divisions, this hath but one, after this manner.   military diagram  

CHAP. XXII. How to draw up an Army of twelve Regiments of Foot, and three of Horse, the Foot amounting unto 11664 Men, and the Horse unto 3000; in all 14664 Men.  
THe drawing up of an Army most properly belongs to the Sergeant Major General, whose place and charge is of an high degree, his commands being full of action, and therefore aught to be a wise, grave, and able person, and an able an experienced Soldier. In respect he hath the ordering and disposing of the Divisions and Battalions, according to that form which the General shall command him. And upon all occasions he must be active, and stirring up and down, to spy out all advantages, which might offend an Enemy; and wisely to foresee all disadvantages that may bring the Troops into any disorder or confusion. He hath absolute command over the three Sergeant Majors of the Brigades, otherwise called the three Grand Corporals of the Field, who are to be his assistants, and his mouth, as he is the mouth of the Lord General, or Marshal of the Field; and therefore must have a vigilant eye over all things, seeing that the Generals Command delivered to him be strictly kept, and observed, and withal, acquainting, and informing the three Sergeant Majors of the Brigades of the General's pleasure, that they may forthwith put the same into execution.  
Now the Method (that I shall observe,) shall be according to the form of the former Brigade; wherefore, in the first place, the Sergeant Major shall do well to appoint out unto the eldest Sergeant Major of the Brigades, how to draw up that Brigade which shall be the Battle, wherein the Lord General's Regiment, and the Colonels, is to be upon the right, and left of that Brigade, and betwixt them the youngest Colonel, and ninth Colonel, according unto this rule of dignity in the figure set forth, 4: 9: 12: 1. In the next place, let the next Sergeant Major of the Brigades in seniority draw up that which shall be the Vanguard, and place the second Colonels Regiment upon the right, and the fifth upon the left, and between them the eleventh and eighth Colonels, after this manner, of this figure, 5: 8 11: 2. Let the last Sergeant Major draw up that Brigade, which shall be the Rear, and let him draw them up after this manner, the third Colonels Regiment upon the right, and upon the left, the sixth Colonels, and between them the tenth, and seventh Colonels Regiment, after this manner, 6: 7: 10: 3. This charge being given by the Sergeant Major General, unto the three Sergeant Majors of the three Tertia's, or Brigades, how each particular Regiment shall be drawn up, being every one single, and compared a like each to other, being rightly stated according to the rule of dignity avoiding thereby confusion and disorder. In the next place, for the better expedition in drawing up the Army, every Sergeant Major of each Brigade draws the former Regiments assigned unto them, unto such place as shall be appointed forth unto them by the Sergeant Major General, being helped, and assisted by the Field-officers of the same Regiments, the Sergeant Major General likewise being an assistant unto them all, seeing thereby all the Commands of the General rightly observed and fulfilled.   military diagram  military diagram  military diagram 
After this the General of the Ordnance his duty and care must be in the day of battle, to see that the Ordnance be well placed; for at such time his wisdom is most discerned, keeping (with the assistance of his Lieutenant) the Tram of Artillery together in good order. He must have a vigilant eye upon all accidents that may fall out, and make choice of such ground for their planting, as the General of the Army, and he shall think most fit and convenient. He must be careful that all things be in a readiness, putting the Master Gunners, Gentlemen of the Ordnance, and Commanders in mind of their duty, that they do their best endeavours, and acquit themselves like men. It is likewise partly his charge, to see that the whole Army be well provided with Ammunition, because the Ammunition marcheth under his Train. He must also be near the Gen. of the Army upon all occasious, to receive his directions and commands, and to know from him after what manner he will make his battle, that he may plant his Ordnance accordingly, finding out hills and heights to play over his own men. And when the Enemy shall present himself, and come up to charge, he must draw, and plant his Ordnance, as near their horse as possible may be, to hinder them from breaking in upon the divisions of foot, taking a long with him sailors, and Pioners, to help to draw up the Ordnance, and sufficient Guards to defend them.  
As concerning the planting of the Ordnance, when the Battalia is drawn up, they may be disposed off several ways; as sometimes they are placed upon the head of the Battalia, others again, between them, by two and two, and others, by three, upon the flanks and wings of the Musketeers. Some are of opinion, that they ought to be planted upon the flanks, and in the Rear of the Battalia, by leaving a free place for Arms which may give no offence to their own men. But as concerning this last way, it might be answered, it can no way be expedient; for if an Enemy should perceive that the Front is left bare without Ordnance, it will give them cause to come up with more courage to fall on upon the Charge. Therefore, the best way amongst the ancient experienced Soldiers, is, that the Artillery be divided, some here, some there, both before the Front, between the Battalions, and upon the Flanks, and to be placed some 50 or an 100 paces one from another, and then there will be no danger when the Enemy shall come up to shock to encounter you, or to offend our own men. Especially, when they are fastened to them by drawing ropes, and iron rings, that upon an instant they may be removed, and turned for the advantage of our own Troops, giving fire, as fast as they can charge and discharge against the Enemy's Troops, it being a matter of great moment for the obtaining of a victory, and gaining the day from the Enemy.  
But that many times the Ordnance cannot be planted in such convenient places as could be wished for, in respect an Army may be driven into such places, as the Ordnance must be planted according to the best ground it will afford, by reason of woods, hills, or marish grounds, and such like disadvantageous places, may be oftentimes met withal, for which no certain rule may be given, but that the General by his wisdom and discretion may make choice of the best advantages which might annoy an Enemy most, and give the least offence to his own men, either by dazzling them by the Sun, or by raising of the dust, observing the wind which drives the smoke both of the Ordnance and smallshot full upon them. To conclude, it is conceived, the best way for every Captain of the Ordnance, and Master Gunner to use some light Field pieces and small Drakes, which upon any occasion may be removed from one place to another, being with ease planted upon such places of advantage as may most annoy the Enemy.  
In the next place, 3000 horse may be a good proportion for 10000 or 12000 foot, which ought to be equally divided in their Troops, and placed upon the flanks of the foot in such good order, as the Troops may come with conveniency to fight, for the relieving of each other. But in case you shall perceive the Enemy's horse, as sometimes through necessity of ground, or by other political ends, may be inter-laced and placed between the intervals and divisions of their foot, it will be needful then that we should observe the same form, and likewise have horse to come forth, and encounter with their horse, lest they should ●reak in upon our divisions of foot, which by this means, and good order▪ may be timely prevented; next follows the Figure of the Army, as before described, and ordered to be drawn up, ●olio 176.   

CHAP. XXIII. The several duties belonging to the Foot in a Regiment as folowtheth by degrees from a private Soldier unto a Colonel of the same: and first of a private Soldier.  
A Private Soldier ought to be very active, not slothful and idle, informing himself of his duty learning from his Corporal, or other Officers the true use, and well handling of his arms, always keeping them neat, clean, and well fixed. Upon the beat of the Drum he is to repair to his Colours, Squadron, or Company, upon the march he must observe his, Leader, and his right, and left hand men, that he may march straight in file, and even in rank; in time of Exercise he must be silent in the body, well minding the words of command and directions which are given forth by the leader. He ought likewise to be well versed in all the ordinary words of command, and to mind the place wherein he stands, that he may the more readier move, and not be to seek at such time when he shall be commanded, wehther it be to face, double, countermarch, or wheel. He m●st inform himself of all the several beats of the drum, as first of a Call, second a Troop, third a March, fourth a Preparative, fifth a Battle or Charge, sixth a Retreat, and also of the Revall●y and the Tattoo.  
By the first, he is summoned to hear present proclamation, or else commanded to repair to his colours, upon the beat of the second he is to advance his arms, and to close in rank, and file, to the distance of order, and to troop along unto such places, and services, as he shall be commanded unto, upon the hearing of the third he is presently to shoulder his arms, and to take his distance of six foot in rank, and three foot in file; upon the fourth he is to close both in rank and file, unto the fight distance which is called order, and to prepare himself for skirmish; upon the beat of the next, he is undauntedly to move forward, boldly steping in good order into the place of his fellow soldier that shall happen to fall down dead before him. Upon the beat of the last he must orderly fall back either for relief, or advantage of ground, or other political ends whereby he may draw the enemy into a suare. The first of the remaining two gives warning in the morning for some of the Sentinels to fall off, or to be taken in; the latter is used in the night to give notice unto the soldiers or others for their repairing to their several guards, watches, and lodgings. To conclude, a private soldier ought to avoid all quarrelling, mutinies, swearing, cursing, or lying, and to be content with his wages, and likewise to be a good husband in the well managing of his means, keeping himself neat and handsome in his apparel, avoiding drunkenness, and all manner of gaming, truly to serve and fear God, and to be obedient unto all the commands of his superiors, cheerfully going on upon all duties, and to be loving, kind, and courteous, unto all his fellow soldiers.  

The duty of a Sentinel.  
A Sentinel must be very vigilant, carefully casting his eyes about him, and harkening whether he hear the noise or approach of any drawing near him; which if he perceive, he is presently to command them to stand, presenting his Musket or Pike to their breast, and after calling his Corporal for to take the word, unless he should be commanded to come in silently. He is not to come off until he be relieved by the Corporal or Lanspassadoe.  
His proper posture being a Muskettier is to have his Musketrested, and loaded with powder and bullet, his match cocked, and his pan guarded, being a pikeman, if he stand Sentinel in the night, he must have his pike checked, if in the day, his pike ordered. Or it may be a very proper posture for a pikeman to stand sentinel with his pike in his left hand, holding it a little below the cheeks thereof, and with his sword drawn, being held in his right hand, which I leave to judge, or to be made use of according to discretion, and as occasion shall require.   

Of a Gentleman of a Company.  
A Gentleman of a company ought to have such worth in him as may make him capable to be a file-leader, or Captain of his file, and he more especially above the rest ought to be well skilled in all the postures of such arms he wears, and at convenient times instructing and teaching his file in the neat and graceful handling of their arms. He ought to be of an undaunted courage and gallant resolution, for the better example and imitation of the rest, whose worth and valour many times indears them so much into the savour of their Commanders that they raise them up to greater places of preferment. In the Low Countries a Gentleman of a Company hath his full pay, having nothing kept back for after reckon, as common private soldiers have. At his first entrance he sometimes stands Sentinel to inform himself of the duties thereof; but most commonly he is placed to be a Sentinel perdieu intime of imminent danger, either in the field or upon approaches. He is to lie perdue with his sword and pistol, not removing from his place till he be relieved, nor is he to retreat for one man, but in case of more, than he is to fall back to the second; and discovering an enemy he is to come off betimes, and silently to give the alarm, whereby the Corpse du Guard, or company may be provided for their own defence. A Gentleman of a Company doth many times go the round with the Captain of the watch, or his fellow Gentlemen who are likewise rounders, either in the field, or in garrison, and do give the Corporals of the Guards the word, charging the Sentinels to look well about them. To conclude, he ought truly to love, respect, and obey his Captain, and to stick close unto him, vindicating him upon all just occasions, when he shall be wronged, and injured by any mu●●●es of the common soldiers, or others.   

Of a Barber Chirurgeon.  
IN every Company there ought to be a Barber Chirurgeon for the trimming of the soldiers, who ought likewise to have some skill in Chirurgery, that when the soldiers are upon the watches, and guards, where imminent danger may be, he may be then at hand, to be ready in the absence of the Chirurgeon of the Regiment to bind up, and dress the hurt and wounded men. He is free from duties belonging to the Company, and in some places is allowed to be an Officer in the list of their armies, which, I conceive, it ought so to be, in respect they allow but of one Chirurgeon to a Regiment, and if it should happen many to be wounded, as oftentimes in field fights there are, one man is not able scarce in three days to bind up the wounds, and dress the sores, of them that are maimed. And therefore it concerns every Captain to be provided, and to have in the absence of the Chirurgeon, a Barber Chirurgeon attending on his Company.   

Of a Clerk of a Company.  
HI● carriage ought to be very just and honest, his chiefest duty is to keep the muster Roll ●nd to have it ready upon all occasions for the entering of his men upon the muster Roll, and pay bill. He is many times entrusted to receive the service money of the Company and pays such monies unto the soldiers as shall be ordered him from his Captain to pay. He must inquire out in their quarters where they lie, and duly for to pay them, and every pay day to deliver up a true bill, giving an account unto his Captain of all such moneys he hath-either received, or paid forth.   

Of a Drum Major.  
THere aught to be in every Regiment a Drum Major, being skilful in his profession, instructing the others in the true beating of a march, with all other points of war. A Drum-Major must likewise be well skilled in several languages, and tongues, and to be wise and courteous when he shall be employed or sent to an enemy; He is in a discreet manner upon the marching of a Regiment to order part of the Drums where they shall beat, seeing them ti●ely and duly relieved by the others for the better performance of their service. For upon the march if all the Captains Drums should beat together, it would quickly tyre them out, therefore for their ease, it is his place and duty to order them according to discretion to take their turns to beat, and to be relieved by each other. He is moreover to take into his charge such Drums as shall be brought in from the enemies by their Drummers, when they come to ransom their prisoners, and upon their return to deliver them again unto them. He ought to be lodged near the Sergeant Major in respect he is to give instructions to the rest of the Drummers, and may upon fail of their duties give them correction.   

Of the Drummers to a private Company.  
EVery Captain ought to have two good Drummers that knows how to beat all the several points of war before mentioned. It is likewise expedient that he should be a good linguisht, in respect sometimes he may be sent unto an enemy for the ransoming of prisoners. His duty is coming to the camp, or garrison of an enemy, having his Generals Pass in his hat to beat a call, till he is fetched in; and because he shall not discover the weakness of guards, works, or trenches, he is is led blindfold, and so carried to the Commander, and place where his prisoners are; With whom (after he hath ransomed them) he is to return to his own quarter●, giving an account of such things he hath seen or heard, which may prove advantageous to his own party, or of any other thing he had opportunity by their neglect to take notice of.   

Of a Gentleman of Arms.  
HIs duty is to see that the soldiers keep their arms neat and clean, and that they be well fixed, and if any thing be amiss or broken, he is to have them carried to the Armourers to be repaired. And if any soldier shall be sick, dead, or have leave to return to his own country, he is to bring his arms to his own lodging, there preserving, and keeping them clean, until he shall have occasion to deliver them to some other newly entertained. He is likewise to mark and figure the arms of the Company, and to preserve and keep a list what number of figure each soldier shall bear upon his arms. He is likewise to keep the powder, bullet, and match, and to deliver it forth upon occasions to the Corporals, or Lanspassadoe.   

Of a Lanspassadoe.  
HIs duty is concerned in the absence of his corporal to officiate in all things belonging unto his place, and is at all times to be an assistant unto him, for his ease & help-mate upon all occasions, for the better managing of his place, and many times they arerounders and Sentinel perdues in time of great necessity.   

The duty of a Corporal.  
THe Corporals of a Company are not tied to a set number, but to be ordered according to the several strengths and divisions of the same, for each to take his charge and care of every Squadron thereof. And unto each of them there is a Lanspassadoe for an assistant, for their rule of dignity, I conceive, it makes not much more matter then to make them the right hand file-leader in every particular division; but if any will be so curious to order them according to that, let them apply themselves unto the former rules for directions to the sa●e. The Corporals duty in his Squadron is to teach and instruct them in the use of the Pike, and Musket, and to have a Roll and list of his men in his division or squadron. And when a soldier's name is crossed out he is to give notice unto his Sergeant, and when a new one shall supply his place his care must be to instruct and enable him in the postures of such arms as he shall bear. Being with his Squadron upon his guard he is to provide them with wood, coal, candle, and light. Having an out-guard his care must be to strengthen ti, his little Corpse due guard and sentinels must be set forth according to the avenews or come on of the enemy, whereby he prevents their cuttings off, or surprisal, the negligence whereof proves both dangerous to themselves, and the whole army. Wherefore it behoves hi● to be very careful, and vigilant to visit them, after giving them an especial charge to be both faithful and careful in the great trust reposed in them. He must likewise preserve and keep the word constant in his memory, when the Captain of the Watch goes the first Round, he shall with his Sword drawn against his breast give it him, and receive such orders from him as he shall command him; but afterwards when the Round shall come again, he shall cause the Rounders, or Gentlemen (with his Sword drawn) to give the word to him before they pass. He ought never to go alone, being called forth by the Sentinel, but to have a Guard of three or four Musketeers a long with him, selected out of his Corpse due Guard. He must advise his Sentinels how to demean themselves upon the discovery of an Enemy, eitherto give an Alarm, or else to give notice without making an noise. And if upon his Guard he shall either observe, or be advertized by his Sentinels of the approach of the Enemy, than he is to have his men in readiness with bullets in their Muskets, and their matches lighted, himself secretly coming in, giving intelligence unto his Captain, or other superior Officer, whereby they may all be in a readiness before the Alarm be given. He is likewise to distribute the victual, powder, bullet, and match, unto his Squadron, and to take notice of the best experienced men, and accordingly to employ them upon action upon the Watches. He must cause respect to be given to the Corpse due Guard, and silence to be kept, whether it be about the Walls or Gates, that so the noise may not hinder the hearing of the advertisement from the Sentinels. He is likewise to have an eye to their lives and manners, and to take care of the baggage and money of such as are hurt, or sick, and to be in his own carriage sober, wise, and discreet, for the avoiding ill example unto others.   

Of the Marshal of a Regiment.  
HE ought to take into his custody all persons committed unto his charge by the chief Officers of the Regiment, and if they be called to justice, he is to bring them to the Martial General, who are to be carried from thence to the Council of War. It is also the care to see that all women, boys, servants, bread, and Aquavita-sellers, belonging to the Regiment do march in the Rear, and not before, or upon the Flanks. He is likewise to set such prizes upon bear, and victuals, as the Lord Marshal, or Sergeant Major General shall appoint, which order he shall receive from the Provost Marshal of the Army, and to see it duly executed within the Circuit of the Regiment; And that the Sutler's do not sell their bear and victuals above the set rate, lest they grate upon the Soldiers. After the Captain of the Watch hath gone the first Round, he is to see that the Sutler's keep no tippling or disorder in the night, but make them put out their candle light, and fires; during the time of Divine Service, he is to go the round, for fear any disorders should be committed in the Quarters.   

Of a Quarrermaster.  
IF the Regiment be marching with the Army, (and not alone) he is then every evening to attend upon the Quartermaster General, to receive his directions, and to take the place, ground, and houses, appointed by him, for the Quarter and Lodging of the Regiment, who presently is to acquaint, and advertise his Colonel of the same, and after to follow his charge. First, he appointeth or prepareth the Colonels lodging, and other Officers of the Field in the Centre or midst of all the Quarters, and near them himself, and all the other Officers of the Staff. After, according to the seniority of the Captains, and their marchings to distribute forth their Quarters as may be designed. Having thus far acted through the help of the Constables, and Headboroughs of those places, where the Regiment is to quarter, and having drawn forth their Billets in a good and orderly way, he is before the Regiments entering the Quarters to deliver the same to the Colonel, or other Field-officers, of that Regiment, and they to deliver it to the rest of the Captains, to direct them to their lodgings, with the particular Soldiers of their Company. And during the time that he is about the visiting the distribution of the lodgings, all the Troops are to keep watch round about the place, and to send out to discover, he must also be informed of the Lodgings of the whole Army to know whom to give, or whom to receive Supplies in case of necessity.  
If the Quarter be in the open field, the Quartermaster General shall appoint to each Quartermaster the place and ground which he shall take, which he is to distribute to the Sergeants of every Company of the Regiment, who are to assist him in taking the depth, length, and breadth of their Quarters, with the distances of the Alarm place between the head of the Quarter, and the Trench, and the true distance of the Streets betwixt the in-getting of each Captains particular Company.  
When an Army or Regiment shall sit down before a Town, or foraging place, to besiege it, they are employed sometimes to be Foragers to fetch in provision for the Army, or particular Regiments. Which when they shall be required, they ought to have sufficient Convoys and Guards both of Infantry and Chavalry to secure them, who are to be commanded by able Officers, and the Irovost Marshal, or one of his Assistants is to go a long with them, to punish such as are exorbitant, or do straggle. It will be expedient to the Regiment that the Quartermaster upon his Service may be employed twice in a week, to bring in a fresh victual to the Soldiers, but not to go twice to one place, lest they be discovered by an enemy, and be waylaid by their forces, who may sometimes prove stronger than themselves to prevent, or to cut them off by way, laying of them secretly in some Ambushments. Which being truly considered of, care may be taken accordingly of Supplies in other remote places, free from the danger of the Enemy. To conclude, a Quartermaster ought to carry himself honestly and carefully in his place, and to be well skilled in the Art of Mathematics, that he may the better give directions for fortifying and measuring of ground, quartering of his whole Regiment, and in-getting of the particular Soldiers.   

The duty of a Sergeant.  
HE that is a Sergeant to a Company, aught to be well skilled in the Postures, and all Military Motions, whereby in the first place he may endeavour to correct the errors of such who handle not the Arms in a handsome, or a serviceable way. And secondly, that he may be helpful to his Captain, or other superior Officer. In time of his Exercise, his duty is to draw forth the files according to such depths as shall be appointed unto him by his Captain, or other superior Officer, and to order them in the drawing up, and joining together the Soldiers unto such places of honour, as they shall direct him unto. In a single Company he leadeth often times a division, but ought not always there to march in respect he is concerned to see that the Soldiers march even in their ranks at their distance of order in file, and open order in rank. To which purpose, he ought many times to be upon the flanks, and perceiving any Soldier out of order, he may cast in his Halberd between their ranks, to cause him to march even a breast with his right and lefthand men. He is likewise either in Field or Garrison to lead his Squadron to their Guard, and to carry to prison such Offenders as his Captain, or other superior Officer shall commit, to the Provost Marshal. He is to see that the Musketeers in time of skirmishing present all even a breast, with their matches all cocked, giving fire all together in good order, and to direct them how to fall off, and rally again in the Rear of their own divisions. His duty likewise is to fetch Ammunition, Powder, Match, and all other Materials for the Company. He is, moreover, every particular evening to attend at the place of Parade, or at the Major's Lodging, to fetch the word, and carry it to his Captain Lieutenant. Ensign, and Corporals, and likewise as soon as he is come into his Guard, he must direct the Corporals where to set out the Perdues and sentines, and how to order his Watch. He must likewise make frequent Rounds, and if he find a Sentinel a sleep in the Field, he is to commit him to the hand of Justice, and thus much concerning the duty of a Sergeant.   

Of an Ensign.  
AN ●nsigne being a Commission Officer, in the absence of his Captain and Lieutenant, is Commander in chief of the Company, and aught to march upon the head of the same, leading them with a half-pike. His Captain and Lieutenant being present, and upon a Stand, his Colours ought to rest upon his side, being held by his right or lefthand, and unfurled; upon the March his colours ought to be shouldered, taking up the corner end of them in his right hand, and to let them be half flying, the Pikes and Muskets all conforming unto the same Posture. Marching through a City for the more grace, his col●urs may be wholly flying, being advanced and held up by his right hand, or resting upon his right side. He ought to be a proper man, grave, valiant, and discreet, and to be well skilled in the Postures of the Pike; in respect he leads them, and they expect from him to be taught the Postures thereof. He ought to be well skilled in all the lofty figures of the displaying of the colours above the head, and to make use of them according to discretion, and command, which is not only a healthful exercise to his body, but also most becoming to him, or any other Gentleman, or Commander whatsoever, that shall sometimes make use of the same, although condemned through sloth and ignorance, by others, who will not take the pains to learn it. An Ensign upon a Troop, lodging the colours, or in time of skirmishing may fold them up, and retreat into the second rank for the securing of his colours, which he ought to stick by, and not to stir from them at such a time, although he hazardeth his last drop of blood, or makes them his winding-sheet. When the General shall pass by, or any such man of worth, he ought a little to veil his colours, inclining the head, or narrow end thereof, a little downward, but not to bow his knee, or uncover his head. He may sometimes for his ease or recreation upon the March, request some Gentleman of knowing trust of the Pikes to carry his colours for him, until such time as he shall come again for to take them. In the absence of his Lieutenant, when his Captain shall exercise the Company, he may stick his colours in the ground, or deliver them to some Gentleman of the Pikes, and fall down himself in the Rear with a half-pike or cane there to be an assistant to his Captain in supplying the Lieutenant's place, except his Captain should command him to the contrary. He ought to have a Guard a long with him as well to the lodging of his colours, as to any other place. He ought to perform all courteous offices for the Soldiers unto his Captain, which will gain him both love and reputation amongst them, they thereby better respecting him, and more courageously following of him.   

Of a Lieutenant.  
HE that is a Lieutenant to a Company, aught to be a good and able Soldier, and well to understand the duty of a Captain; in respect that in his absence he is as Captain, and Commander in chief over them. He is likewise to receive all Orders, Charges, and Commissions from his Captain, assuming no authority unto himself, but in the absence of his Captain, he is to see all such Orders he hath received dutly executed, for the better ease unto him. He is likewise at such times frequently to exercise the Company in all their Military Motions, Skirmishing, and False-firings in the pan. He is to hold the Sergeants and Corporals strictly to their duty, causing them to provide all things necessary for the Company, and to be assistants unto him where he shall see cause. He is to teach and instruct the Soldiers in the use of their Arms, and sometime for their ease, he may command every file-leader to draw forth his file, and to show them their Postu●es. By which means he shall do such good service to his Captain, that when he shall exercise them himself, he may find them more apt, and readier to fulfil his commands at which time the Lieutenant ought to be in the Rear, and to see all things there truly executed according to the Captain's commands. He is in time of danger and great importance to advise with his Captain about the welfare of the Company, for knowing his Captain's intentions and purposes before hand, he may be the better provided to withstand the furious onset of the Enemy. He ought to have the Ensign, and all other Officers of the Company as near him as may be, there being often times urgent business to make use of them as occasion shall require. He must neither cashier, nor punish any man in the presence of his Captain, but aught to make him acquainted therewith, that he may punish the offendor by committing him either to prison, or cause him to give recompense to the party wronged. To conclude, he ought to know how far his power doth extend either in the presence, or absence of his Captain, always demeaning himself so, that he may gain the love of all the whole Company, by acting those things amongst them as may be just and honest.   

Of a Captain.  
HE that is a Captain of a Company, aught in respect he leadeth the same, and is chief, to appoint unto the Officers their several places, what divisions they shall lead, and where they shall march, and according to the number of files to make his divisions answerable thereto, by dividing his Musketeers as near as he can, the one half upon the right of the Pikes, and the other upon the left. For they being the Flankers ought equally to be balanced, but if there be an odd file, it ought to be contrived, and carried to the right. In the Van, Battle, or Rear, he must according to the number of his men, order his Officers places, and draw them off accordingly in as equal a way as they will afford. He is as well as his own, to know all the several duties of his Officers, and to be a good Posture-man himself, that when he sees any of his Soldiers handling their Arms in an undecent, and slovenly manner, he may the better reprove them for the same. And although many Captains regardeth them not, but leaveth them to be instructed by the inferior Officers: yet it is a great deal of honour to him, when his Soldiers shall be ●aught by himself, they more cheerfully, and confidently marching a long with him, when as they perceive that he is throughly knowing in all things belonging to his charge. He shall do well to exercise his Company sometimes himself, teaching them how to fight upon all occasions, whether it be to Front, Reer, or Flanks, or upon surprise of an Ambuscado, or any other disadvantage which may befall them, informing them how to fall off and rally again in good order. And at such times he must courageously and wisely behave himself, and encourage his Soldiers of hopes of victory, casting off all appearances of fear or danger whatsoever, cheerfully animating his Soldiers to fall on, taking care, and making much of them, and not to forsake them until such time they may be relieved by others. He is to have a fatherly care of his Soldiers, timely providing for the maimed, wounded, and sick; such helps and remedies as their present conditions requires. He must likewise see that there be no want of Victual, Arms, or Ammunition; he ought not to be covetous, nor keep back his Soldiers pay, but to see them duly paid, visiting and relieving them according to their several wants and necessities. His care must be to execute justice, appease quarrels, punish offenders; by doing whereof, he will maintain the honour and dignity of his place. He ought to carry a very even hand over his Soldiers, and to be very courteous, and kind unto them, yet with that restriction of familiarity that he come not under contempt. And again, he must not be too rigid, and harsh, caning or beating them, without just cause, lest he incur their hatred, who secretly, or in time of battle, will seek to be revenged of him, endeavouring to kill him, before their enemy. Therefore he ought to be wise and discreet, in his commands and carriage towards them; his place of marching with his Company, is some six foot before the first division of Musketeers; but if his Company be drawn up, he is either upon a Stand, or upon the March, to be on the head of the Pikes, six foot before his Ensign. In time of battle although he leads his men up first against the Enemy, yet he is not always tied to be in the Front, having often just occasion to remove down into the Rear, Midst, or Flanks, carefully casting his eye upon all parts of the Body thereby preventing the least error or neglect of his Soldiers, directing them what to do, keeping them in good order as long as occasion shall require. Moreover, he ought to be very religious, temperate, and discreet, faithful in his trust, valiant in the field against the face of his Enemy, and being besieged in either Town, or Fort, (for to preserve his honour) never give his consent for the yielding it up, until it be past hope that there is no possibility to hold it out any longer.   

Of a Sergeant Major.  
HIs duty is every morning, and evening, or upon any other occasion to attend upon the General, Marshal of the Field, or Sergeant Major General of the Army, to receive his Orders how, or in what manner, the Regiment shall march, whether in a single Battalion, or else in two to be joined with others. After which he gives order accordingly unto the Captains how to draw up their Companies & orders them accordingly. At which tune of imbattelling or marching, he ought to be as near the midst of the Regiment as he can, for the better regulating of them. He is to place all the Officers according to their dignity where they are to lead, & whereto bring up; & which men they shall take charge of to sight, causing the Drum Major (after they are all drawn up) & the other Drummers to beat a March, and to move all at one instant as occasion shall require. He ought to make all the Divisions as near qually a like as possible he can; he must likewise be well versed in the several drawing up of Regiments with their various forms of Battle, that according to the condition of the place, ground, number of men, and Orders received from the Major General, or Majors of the Brigades, he may not show himself a Novice, or one that is to seek, nor ought he to go dully or slothfully upon his Charge, or place, but to be very ready, quick, and nimbly performing with much ease and readiness, his Battalions and grand Divisions. In their drawings up he may be permitted to have pen, ink, and paper, for to take an account of the several strengths of the Captain's Companies and to order his men accordingly, and aught to give unto all the Officers of the Regiment; notes in writing, of their several charges and places. In time of fight, or otherwise marching with the Regiment, he is to be on horseback, in regard he is the eyes, hands, and feet thereof; in time of battle he is to see every Officer to perform his charge, and Soldier his duty, forcing and compelling them forward, if in case they turn their backs. He is also to distribute to the Captains and other Officers such Orders as he shall receive from his Colonel, or other superior Officer. In marching with the Regiment, not alone, but with the Army, he must know from the General, Marshal, or Major General, whether the Regiment be to march in the Vanguard, Battle, or Rear. He ought to have some knowledge, or information of the Country, whether it be long, or straight, thereby judging how to order his marching so, as he may not be disturbed by the Enemy's Horse, or Artillery. Being troubled with baggage, if there be any difficult passage, he ought to be there present to prevent such disorders as may happen, giving directions for their placing, and marching as they may not be any hindrance to the Regiment, putting them in order again before the Regiment shall enter into their Quarters; at which time he may give licence to the Captains, and their Ensigns, to take their jodgings, excepting only those who are appointed for Guardians, who must enter the Corpse due Guard, and place their Sentinels, until such time as they shall be relieved by others.  
Now if a Regiment be to be quartered or lodged either in the Field, or under shelter; if in the Field, he must cause it to be barrcadoed, or entrenched by the wagons, or other defences of the Field, after which he is to place his Corpse due Guard round about the Quarters, and the Sentinels at so near a distance that they may hear one the other speak, being about 80, or 100 paces off from the Corpse due Guard, being placed double, a Pike, and a Musket; and five paces from them, other single Sentinels are to be placed which are called Perdues. And in case of an Alarm the Sentinel Perdieu shall retreat to the double Sentinel, and in case of necessity, altogether having given fire, are to retreat to the Corpse due Guard. He must likewise at divers hours of the night visit the Corpse due Guard, and if an Alarm be given in the field, he is to betake himself to the Alarm place of the Regiment, and there to form his Battalion, and to send men to double the Guards on that part where the Alarm was given and to give notice thereof to his Colonel, or other superior Officer, if they be present of what passeth. The Ensigns ought not to retreat unless their Colonel, or he give leave; no order at any time ought to be altered, but by him, in respect he giveth none but such as he receiveth from the Colonel. It is his duty to speak for Ammunition, as powder bullets, match, and for victuals, if there shall be any want in the Regiment, which provisions ought to be delivered unto him, and he to see it equally distributed unto the Companies according unto the proportion given ●ur. And likewise he is to give order what proportion or number of work men, on commanded men shall be drawn forth to work.  
If under shelter, than he is to view the place, both within and without, appointing the places for the Corpse du Guards, and sentines, and the way of the Rounders, that it be free. It will be expedient for him to choose the Alarm place, whether the Companies upon the Alarm given are to repair, being the Randezvous for the whole Regiment, being careful to place sufficient Guords both upon the walls, and about the Gates for their more security. Which being ended, he may give leave to the Captains to go to their lodgings and several Quarters, there to remain until they shall be called upon duties, for the due performance whereof, he is to cause them to cast lots, whereby they may know what part of the walls may fall to their turn. He is to command the Companies to enter the Guares about ten, or cleven of the clock in the morning, he is likewise to open, and shut the Gates at the rising, or setting of the Sun, and to place the Watches upon the walls, presently upon the shutting of the Gates, and to relieve them upon the opening thereof.  
And as he doth receive his directions for marching, imbattelling, viewing of ground, and placing of Guards, from the Sergeant Major General, or Sergeant Major of that Brigade: so he is to deliver them over to the Captains and Officers of that Regiment, and to call upon them to whom it appertains, to see them duly executed. In the presence of his Colonel, and Liutenant Colonel, he is to be an assistant unto them, in seeing all orders, and directions duly performed, and in their absence, he hath the same authority and command as they. He ought after he hath received the word and orders from the Sergeant Major General, or Sergeant Major of the Brigade, he presently delivers them to his Colonel, and Lieutenant Colonel, and afterwards to the Sergeants of every Company, drawn in a ring, according to the Seniority of their Captains▪ which are to come, and attend upon him for the same. In the absence of his superior Officers he giveth the word himself, every night he is to visit all the Guards of the Regiment, commanding them duly to keep the tums of their Watches and Marches, seeing that one Captains Company perform not more duty than another, to the end, that both the honour, and labour may be equally divided among them. And as he hath power to exercise his own Company in all the Military Motions: so be may exercise the whole Regiment, being thereunto required, by his Colonel, or Lieutenant Colonel, in all their Distances, Face, Doubling, Wheeling, and False firings; and or in their absence of himself he hath full power so to do. To conclude, he ought to be well grounded in all Military Affairs, and to be both wise and valiant.   

Of a Lieutenant Colonel.  
HE that is a Lieutenant Colonel to a Regiment, hath a very honourable place, having power and command over all the Regiments, in the absence of his Colonel, and may also at such time exercise the Regiment in all the Military Motions, and is to lead the Regiment upon the head thereof; But when his Colonel is present, he bringeth up the Rear, if they march in one division, but if in two, in some places he leadeth the second, as his Colonel doth the first; or if in three, as formerly is shown, he commands the Vanguard, the Colonel the Battle, and the Major the Rearguard. His place is not of so great pains and toil as the Majors is, therefore, he ought in the drawing up of the Regiment to be helpful and assisting unto him in that particular, and in all others where he shall think fit. To conclude, the greatest Affairs of the Regiment being carried forth by the Major, there is the less remaining to be spoken concerning him, but that he see all things duly observed throughout the Regiment, according unto such orders received from those which are above him.   

Of a Colonel.  
IT concerneth every Colonel to take care that his Companies be full and complete, (if it may be) that they be well provided of Arms, and to take cognizance what Exercises are continually performed by them, communicating Orders, and commanding all Officers of his Regiment what is to be performed by each Company respectively, whensoever they shall happen to be upon their March.  
In the Head of his Regiment, is his most honourable, and proper place, and there he ought to be most frequent. He is to be subservient to the Lord General, Lord Marshal, and Sergeant Major General of the Field, to whom he is to pay like respect and observance, as he himself expecteth, (and that justly) from all inferiors to him. For from those his superior Officers, by him are received in charge, all such Orders, as refer to the Place of Alarms, Marching, Imbattailing, Guards, or Convoys. Furthermore, it is requisite that every Colonel should acquaint himself at lest once every week, how and in what manner the Soldiers of his Regiment have deported themselves in their several Quarters, by a due and strict examination of the qualities of all such offences, as have occurred, and been committed by the several and distinct Soldiers under his command, hereby preparing every several misdemeanour for a readier hearing before a Council of War, or Court Marshal, and this is easily effected by convening the Captains, or other Officers under him at such convenient times, as may suit with his occasions, every Colonel being bound to make his appearance at each Council of War, as Assistant to the Lord Marshal, and Precedent of the said Council, for hte hearing and determining of all such propositions and matters in question relating to the Army.  
In all matters of Advice and Counsel, but more especially when any Stratagem, Siege, or intended Battle, is in agitation to be put in action, the Colonel ever as one of the Primary, Field-Officers is summoned to consult with the General, and with all freedom to deliver his opinion in all things that shall be there discussed, for the best advantage (as he shall conceive) for the designs in hand, how weighty and important soever, and to be ready to go upon any such service as shall be cast into his change to be executed, by the Major-part of the said Council, and to express his obedience to his General, although it be a service that corresponded not with his own opinion at the first, but being cleared by the large, number, to be more conducing to the good of the Design, courageously to undertake it and faithfully to perform it.  
In the quartering of his own Regiment, which is always ordered for Quarter in two grand Divisions; regard is to be had that his own Lodgings be ever taken up in the most equal place between his grand Divisions, that so he may with more facility and celerity dispense and import his command to either Party. What commands soever shall descend unto him in charge from his superior Officers, as relating to the Guards, disposing of Marching, appointing Imbattailing, ordering of Quarters, etc. He is carefully to see executed. He must do justice unto all without partiality, so far as he exceed not his proper Authority, and at all times to be diligent in suppressing of Mutinies, even in their first growth by a discreet punishment of the principal offenders, for preveution of further mischief and inconvenience.   

Of Guides.  
MAps with the right use and knowledge of them, are great helps towards the finding out of the best and most convenient ways. Skilful and expert Inhabitants of the Country, are most proper to be elected for Guides, and it is necessary, for their better encouragement, and the Armies sudden and necessary use of them, to have them listed in Soldiers pay. For the finding out of the fittest and ablest persons for this employment, it is most especially the duty of the Wagon Masters, who are to see and inquire certainly, that they be men known and practised in all passable By-paths, Crosse-ways, etc. That they be able to give an account of the distance of places, of the evenness, and straightness of them, whether they be plain, or crooked, hilly, or stony, and difficult for passage; what Rivers, Hedges, Ditches, and Bridges, lie in the way, and which way (if there shall be several ways) is the safest and shortest, which the nearer or farther, to, or from the Enemy's Quarters, which more probable for their approaches, as likewise for Quarter, what Forage, what Water is to be had, and how convenient the way is for Baggage. If it shall happen that these Guides may be chosen partly out of the Soldiers, and partly from the Countrymen, and so any scruple, jar, or difference happen in opinion, such Officers, and others as are best skilled in those parts and places, are either to reconcile the difference, or from the most probable intelligence, to conclude upon the most convenient passages. In respect of the danger and great hazards, if not utter ruin, that the Guides sometimes do, and often may draw the Soldiers into, by treachery and false play, they are many times caused to ride haltered about the neck, to put them in mind of capital punishment, if they shall misled the Party they guide, but in case they discharge their trust faithfully, and ably, they ought to be as well rewarded for the encouragement, as otherwise to be punished for the terror of others.   

Of Scouts.  
AN active Enemy is always watchful, and diligent to apprehend every opportunity that may make for his advantage, and therefore it concerns every Commander by way of Countermine, as it were, to be careful, that he rightly and fully inform himself of their ways and courses, for prevention of his own danger, in case of sudden assaults, and the better infesting of his Enemy. And to this end, he must make choice of such as are approved for their valour and fidelity, discretion and vigilancy, not probable to be corrupted with gain, or daunted through fear. These men, are not only to take direct, plain, or high ways, but also by, private, and unsuspected passages, and scouring as they scout all places whatsoever, that are accessible, and when they have made diligent observation in all places, to inform of nothing but what they can give the ocular proof of, lest by their error and mistake, the whole Army possibly may be led into an irreparable ruin, and whosoever is the Conduct or Officer of these Scouts (for one, and an able one, they must have always with them) must be exceeding careful of his reputation, that he inform of nothing more than what he can justify from his own eyes, or ears, and if he inform further, to inform them also that that information is but from report, that it may be considered of accordingly, and his Repute preserved entire.   

Of Spies.  
OF all men, these are, at all times necessary for an Army, and in all Armies of all men they will deserve to be most certainly and liberally rewarded, to the intent, that they may at all times cheerfully and faithfully undertake any employment of the greatest trust, hazard, or danger. And he that will make choice of able and trusty men in this kind, must, after diligent observation, and weighing of their dispositions and courage, select them out of his own Soldiers, who under pretence of some discontent for want of pay, etc. may thereby with less suspicion receive entertainment from the Enemy, and (if it be possible) to be listed with the Horse, whereby they may gain the fairer Opportunities in Field, or Garrison, to give certain intelligence of all Designs and Occurrences in the Enemy's Quarters.  
Before their departure from you, let them take their several instructions (for the more you have the better, so that that they be designed for several places, and unknown unto each other) both for times, and places of conveyance, which places must be strictly observed, and duly searched for such informations, as your Spies shall convey thither, and thither let your answers, and advises be reconveyed for their further instruction.  
Sometimes there may arise matters of such importance and consequence, that it will not only be convenient to certify by letter, but most necessary to make appearance in person, and there to consult and advise together, if perhaps the Enemy shall be resolved to fall upon some of the opposite Quarters suddenly, etc.  
For Cursary Spies, and present Intelligence, the people of meanest rank, and quality, are the fittest Instruments; as common Peasants, Pedlars, Sellers of Strong-waters, or Tobacco, and the like, who may pass unsuspected, and with more security effect your purpose.  
There are yet another sort of Spies of another nature, who are denominated Double, who being chosen to this Office upon great experience of their trust and constancy, may in some cases be allowed to inform the enemy aright, in some such Affairs of yours, as may not be prejudicial to you, but to insinuate and win belief upon the contrary Party; and hereupon let them secure themselves into the private service of some of their Prime Officers, whence they shall (as being better acquainted) more easily discover, and more certainly inform of the Enemies proceed and intentions.    

CHAP. XXIV. Of Military Watches.  
HOw necessary these Watches are in all Armies is evident to all men; the grand and chiefest care whereof, for order and direction, resteth in the Sergeant Major, who issueth out such precepts therein to the Captains, or Companies, as he himself before received from his superior Officer, and according to the said precepts received, whether it be in Garrison or Field, the work and duty required, is to be performed either by Squadrons, or full Companies, having respect unto the strength or weakness of the Place to be guarded, and in such places as are most likely for the Enemy to make his approaches in, and that there they be careful to fortify the Guard above other places of less concernment; which must be observed by the Major, in surveying the Guards, and Guard Places, in his walking of the grand Round, and so, according as his discretion shall see fit, to take from the stronger places of Guard such Soldiers as may supply the defects of the weaker.  
The appointmtment of particular Guards unto particular Captains, is in the power of the Major, or otherwise, He commandeth the Sergeant of each Company to attend him at his Quarter, at any certain hour of the day as he shall think fit, where every one is to do duty upon the Guard that night, taketh his lot in order, (which lots are shuffled together in an Hat) which directeth him upon what Guard to attend that night. This being done, all the Sergeants that have their direction for the duty of the Guard, are to make a Ring, or Circle, according to their degrees in Seniority. To the Senior of all which Company of Sergeants, the Major giveth the word privately in his ear, who after the same manner passeth it to the next, and so from Man to Man unto the youngest, who whispers it in the ear of his Major; who sends it back again in the former manner for Securities sake, until it come to the Signior Sergeant again, who then leaves it in the care of his Major, which preventeth all mistakes for each particular Company.  
The Guards being thus set in order, the Officers relieved aught to inform the Officers of the Relievers, of all the several duties of their several Guards, etc.  
Every Commander in Chief of that particular Squadron, which he is appointed unto, leadeth up his own Squadron from the Parade to their appointed Guard, to which, when they approach, the Officer in Chief delivers the word to the Corporal or his Lance-prizadoe, and they to their Superior Officers.  
The manner of relieving is by planting a Guard of Pikes next to the Relievers, and adjoining to them in the Rear a Guard of Musketeers, through whom the Relievers are to pass, and the Relieved to march back to their Quarters. After all things thus set in order, the Captain of the Guard in person, by strict injunction commandeth every man to his duty, from which no man either Officer or other is to departed without an especial Licence, and in all Alarms to stand close, and quietly to their Arms, expecting further instruction and command what they are to do. And all this time, and constantly a Sentinel is appointed to guard the Eutrance into the Main-Guard.  
Every Officer and Soldier in a Regiment, is worthy of Honour, Pay, and Encouragement, according to his Merit and Seniority; and to this end, there ought to be a perfect List of the names and number of all particular Soldiers and Officers in every Squadron, which List or Catalogue is to remain in the hands of the several Corporals, or Lance-prizadoes, which Corporals are diligently to see what defects there are of all several necessaries in then Corpse du Guard, and to be careful that they be continually supplied; which he must do, by information to his Major, and (in case of his absence or neglect) to his Captain, who may inform the Governor, that all wants of Fire, Ammunition, or Lights be made good, and completed.  
The Corporals according to order and precept given to them, are to dispose of the several Sentinels, as well Pikes as Musketeers, and to have an especial care, that they keep their Muskets primed and laden, and their Match cocked and lighted, with their Pan guarded, which must be observed by their often visiting the several Sentinels, to see that all things be in due order, and with silence, to the end that the Sentinels may always be heard, as often as occasion is offered.  
The Office of every Sentinel after he is placed upon his duty, and in his due Pesture, (according as is above declared) is to inquire of every passenger, or other that shall but stir, who goes there? yea, though it be the Captain himself, and howsoever the remotest Sentinel from the Corpse du Guard, is to permit him with his Retinue to pass; yet he is bound to have an eye upon them, till he approach the nearest Sentinel to the Corpse, who upon the like demand, is answered. The Captain of the Watch, which latter Sentinel commands him to stand, and thereupon with a loud voice calls forth his Corporal, the Sentinel not stirring from his place, or Posture, until the Corporal with his Sword drawn shall approach with a Guard of Musketeers, who are to be all armed, and appointed as the Sentinels ready to present; whereupon the Corporal with one only Muskettier advancing, and perceiving him to be the Captain of the Watch indeed, is to give him the word in his ear, having respectively first cast down the point of his Sword, afterward receiving further instructions from him, he conducts him to his farthest Sentinel. But if it shall appear that he be not the Captain, or the Corporal knowing him not justly to be so, by a just suspicion, He may then detain him (although he shall give him the word) and then he shall further demand the word of some other attending him, from whom having received it, he may more safely permit them to pass; but of all others whatsoever shall attempt a passage he is to receive the word from them, and not to deliver it to them.  
The Captain himself having done the duty in person of passing the first Round, upon his return, he is to send forth others upon the like duty, such as he shall out of his discretion choose from his Main-Guard, and may most confide in, to whom he is to impart the word at their setting forth upon the duty, and not before, with strict admonitions, and full instructions what they are to do, and what way to take.  
Now if he shall be supplied with men enough upon his own Guard, he may at the same time command out several Rounders to be taken several ways; who are diligently to observe their directions given them, and to be very vigilant in the observation of all things in their passage, both by the eye and the ear, and to admonish the Sentinels (in case of neglect) that all things be more carefully looked unto in their duty. And of these Rounders likewise (as before) the fore-most Sentinel demands, Who goes there? When being answered satisfactorily, as by the name of the Round, or Friends, he permits them passage to the nearest Sentinel, who having stopped them there takes a further account, what, and who they are. Which is done by calling forth his Corporal, who placing the point of his Sword at one of their breasts, takes the word privately, and so passes them by conduct to the furthest Sentinel. But if there shall happen a mistake in the word, the Corporal is either to secure them with himself, or by Guard to transfer them to the Main-Guard.  
Such as shall walk the Round, are to take a strict account of all they meet, what, and who they are, and in case of deficiency, of answering justly on the one side, or suspicion of the other; they are to secure and guard them to the Captain of the Watch.  
Now setting a side those Queries which some do make between Rounders and Counter-Rounders, if they meet, who shall give or take the word; the best and safest course is, for them all that before the word be either given or taken, they go together to the nearest Corpse du Guard, and there to give the word, after which they are to pass upon their duty again; and so having finished the Round, and returning to the Captain of the Watch, he taketh account of them of all things that they have done and observed in their duty and course upon the Round, and thus the Captain still supplies the Rounds successively by such others as he shall take by seniority and dispose off for the like service.  
Furthermore, that all disorders, irregularities, and such persons as shall cause the same in a Town of Garrison, may be found out and rectified, and that all dangerous accidents by fire, or other wise may be prevented; the Captain of the Watch commandeth out a Guard of Firelocks, or Musketeers, to view the Streets, and all suspicious and irregular persons as they take, they are to bring to the Main-Guard of this Guard, which is always conducted by a Sergeant, and is called the Patroville, happen to be Musketeers, and not Firelocks, than they are to be every one provided of such an instrument as may cover the lighted Matches, and keep them from discovery. From these also, as from the Rounders, the Captain of the Watch takes full account of all their passages and observations on their duty.  
When at any time any sudden approach shall be made, or any Enemy discovered, the Sentinel (who is to be firm and constant to his Place and Posture, till he shall be relieved) forthwith by firing gives the Alarm, and immediately seconds it by crying with a loud voice, Arm, Arme. When the Alarm is thus given, the other two divisions immediately led by their Officers, are orderly to march up to the Captain of the Main-Guard, to the intent, that all Guards of the Garrison may with expedition be made good, and it is necessary that these instructions be given them indeed by the Sergeant Major, when he shall give the word to the Minor Sergeants, who must likewise inform their chief Officers of it, and from them the Soldiers are to be charged and acquainted therewith, that so upon all occasions they may not be ignorant of this part of their duty, but ready to perform it.  
The duty of a Sentinel, is to stand in his Place and Posture, a full hour, and no more, at which time the Corporal or (in case of his absence) his Lans-pazadoe is to relieve him, and not only him, but all the Sentinels that are out upon duty, relieving the farthest Sentinel first (who falls in the Rear of the rest) and so all the others backward in the like order, and then conducts the relieved Sentinels back to the Guard again.  
At an early hour of the morning appointed for beating up the Revally, the two Sentinels next unto the Guard are to retreat into it.  
At the time appointed, in the morning for opening of the Gates, the Sergeant Major attended with a sufficient Guard, repairs to the Governor, or place elsewhere allotted, and there, receives the Keys, which being done, he is to unlock first that Gate which is most remote from danger of the Enemy, and the rest in order answerable, but if it happen to be in place and time of imminent danger, the Major commandeth forth a party of Soldiers conducted by an able Officer to go first, and make diligent search for discovering of Ambuscadoes, which may happen to be in any close suspected places, as Lanes, Byways, Hedges, ruinous Cottages, Churches, Pits, or Hallow-trees, Woods, Gardens, and all such like Enclosures, at which time he openeth not the Main-Ports, but only the Wickets. And except upon command to the contrary which is not usual, both the Guards and the Watches at the Gates, are to be kept night and day, and all persons upon them to continue upon their duty until they shall be relieved by order.  
Upon the discharging of the Watch, to the end, that every Officer and Soldier may have notice, to make speedy repair to their several Guards, each several Drum first beats a Troop, and a●erward a March in the Main-Guard. Hereupon, it is to be supposed, the Relievers are advanced toward the Main-Guard, where the relieved are to be drawn off, and to make a Stand, expecting till the Relievers shall come up; which being done, the Relieved then are to troop homeward, and after that they have attended and seen their colours lodged, they are to disband, and not before.  
And now, further, to satisfy the expectation of the Lovers of the Art Military, it shall not seem unseasonable here to declare somewhat concerning the manner of Field-Watches, or Vigils de Champe, denoted unto us by the Expert and Ancients, under these three Notions. The first are Castra temporanea, aleager ad placitum, pitched only for the present, and may perhaps alter and change its Station in a day, or an hour, according to the pleasure and judgement of the General, and Commanders in chief, Secondly, There are Castra, A select, or constant Camp, so called, because of their intentions of continuance in the besieging of a Castle, or Town, etc. until they shall have taken the same, or by some other necessity, or further advantage, forced to raise their Siege. The third, and last, called Castra, Such a Camp as is pitched before, or near some River side, to oppose and frustrate the Incursions of the Enemy, who otherwise might this way break in for the infesting or taking of a Country. Now, concerning such Watches, or Guards, which shall relate unto these several Camps, both in regard of the several and most convenient places for securing the Camp by Sentinels, and Perdues, they are to be primarily appointed and ordered according the discretion and command of the Masters of the Field, whether Generals, or Majors of Brigades, and afterwards the Sergeant Majors and Captains of Regiments according to their commands, and relieved order, are to design them for the aforesaid place.  
The enlarge the several Arguments and Disputes that might further arise, in point of Field-duties, relating hereunto, would be too tedious, and to little purpose; in regard that whosoever shall but diligently observe what hath before been set down concerning the duty of Watches in Garrisons, and Fortresses, may sufficiently be able to apprehend and perform all manner of duties that shall concern this Field Service, provided that he be careful to adhere to the directions of the Field-Officers in all points, and diligent to observe the manner of managing of all things according to their instructions. And therefore to avoid prolixity and fruitless disputes, I refer the Reader to what hath been above related.   

CHAP. XXV. The ordering of a private Company, unto a Funeral Occasion.  
WHen any Commander or Soldier of worth shall be deceased, a private Captain that would show respect and honour, by marching a long with his Company attending the Corpse to the place of burial, must order his Soldiers after this manner.  
They being summoned by beat of the Drum, to meet at their usually place of Randezvous, they may be drawn up according to the usual manner, having a Vanguard, Battle, and Rearguard, being thus ordered, and each of the Soldiers having either in his hat a black feather, or ribbin, the Captain may draw them off, and order them to their longmarch; moving them away in an orderly manner unto the place of him that is deceased, and there make Alt. After which he may command the Musketeers in the Van to open to the right and left outward to such convenient distance as the Pikes may move up between them, and take possession of their first ground, and those Musketeers may face about, and move down clear of the Pikes, and after close their files inward to order, and face to their Leader.  
Now being in two divisions, let them so continue with their Arms ordered, until such time as they shall perceive the Corpse to be brought forth into the Street, than the Captain may face them all about, and move them some three Pikes length before the Corpse, after which he may command his Musketeers to perform their Funeral Posture, which is to have their Muskets under their left arm with the Butt-end upward, their Rests likewise on that side trailing. After which the Pikes are to face again to their first Front, and to lay the narrow end of their Pikes down upon the ground, after facing about to the left, and and bringing up the Butt-end of their Pikes on their right side, conforming themselves with the Musketeers in their Funeral Postures. In the next place, the Ensign strips his colours off from his Staff, and ties them about his right Waste, putting a black Ribbon towards the very end of his Staff he after faceth to the Body of Pikes, standing in the Rear of them, and trailing his Staff in the same Posture, next followeth the Captain, having in his hand a half-pike, or leading-staffe, conforming himself likewise to his Funeral Posture. Thus being all ready to march, and rightly faced toward that place where the Corpse are to be interred, are after this manner following to lead and to bring up.  
The first division of Musketeers which was the Rearguard, is led by the Lieutenant, the next division of Musketeers that was formerly the Vanguard, is led by the second Sergeant, the Body of Pikes is led by the eldest Sergeant, he trailing a half-pike upon the head of them, the Ensign bringing it up, and the Captain 12 foot short of him bringing up the Rear of the whole Company. And after him the Ministers marching just before the coffin, and in the Rear, and next unto it the nearest kindred, and after them those that are invited to the Funeral.  
Having thus stated the manner and order of the Military Part, with all others belonging thereunto, for any ordinary Funeral Occasion; I shall in the next place proceed to show their order upon the March, and how each Arms ought to be disposed before the Corpse enter into the Church, with the rest of the Train.  
All persons being ordered as before expressed, the Drums being covered with black-bays, and placed betwixt the second and third ranks in each division, and all being ready to move, the Drums may begin to beat their Funeral March, and the Lieutenant leading them away with the Butt-end of his Pattison upward and comported, the rest following, and marching in a leasurable, and slow way a long together, until they come within a hundred foot of the Church-door, or place where the Corpse are to be interred, there making Alt. After which let the Musketeers in their ranks file to the right and left, not advancing ground, and face in opposition, making a Guard for the rest to pass through, and resting their Muskets, or putting the Butt-end thereof to the ground, with the barrel towards them (which is a conformity to the Pikes being ordered.) In the mean time, let the Pikes advance their Arms, and immediately after move forward betwixt the Guard of Musketeers, and let their ranks afterward file to the right and left, making also a Guard, their Pikes being ordered, and they, as the rest, facing in opposition. Then let the Captain who bring up the Rear of all his whole Body move forward, with the rest to the Church-door, then falling off in respect of ordering his Company, the rest of the Train marching into the Church.  
After which the Captain may cause them all to face to the Church, or to their Leader, he standing then before the Church-door, commanding them to rank again as they were. After every Leader may draw off his file, and set their Arms a part in each file by themselves, and go in to hear part of the Sermon, if there should be any such order beforehand from their Captain, placing sentines to look to their Arms. And when Sermon is almost done, they ought to go forth of the Church, and draw forth the files by some little warning of the Drums, to be in readiness to answer such directions as they shall receive from their Captain. Who may, if he have conveniency of room, draw all his Musketeers into a Ring, and the Pikes in like manner on the outside of them, and as soon as the Soldiers have notice (being all ready, and presented) that the Body is laid down in the grave, they may upon warning of the Drum, give one volley of shot altogether, and after make ready again, performing the same twice over more. After which, the Ensign may put his colours upon his staff, and furl them up, than the Pikes may be drawn up again into one Body, and the Musketeers into another, and falling in the Rear of the Pikes, they may troop away. And a little before the place of lodging the colours, they may make Alt, and the Musketeers may fleeve up by the outside of the Pikes from the Rear filing to the right and left, making a Guard for the colours and pikes to march through them, and being clear, and the colours lodged, they may face about again to the right, and give another volley of shot; but if there should be such astreight of ground, that the Musketeers cannot be drawn into a Ring, than they must be otherwise disposed of by making them into two ranks, the one on the one side of the Street, and the other of the other side, facing them either in opposition, or in an obliqne manner; if in opposition, they must present very low, and give fire three times altogether as before, with one volley after another; if obliqne, the one rank is to be faced towards the upper end of the Street, and the other towards the lower end, and so may fire with less danger to each other, the Pikes to be siled away to the right and left, behind the Musketeers before they were thus faced. And again, where they have not length of ground to contrive the Musketeers into two single ranks, they may fire altogether, as they stand at order, mounting up the Muzzles of their Muskets into the air, without offending each other. Therefore according to the conveniency of the ground, it must be the discretion of every Commander to order his men accordingly to perform his three volleys of shot, in the most gracefullest way, which being ended they may all return to their Quarters. And thus much may suffice for satisfaction to any Commander in ordering his single Company to any Funeral Occasion, marching alone of itself.   

CHAP. XXVI. The Ordering of a Regiment, to a Funeral Occasion.  
WHen Companies are to march in a regimental way, care must he had that the Regiment be first drawn up according to this rule. The Pikes to be in one Body and the Musketeers equally divided to flank that Body; after which let the Major make his divisions, appointing the places of every Captain, and Lieutenant, where they shall lead, and where they shall bring up. After that they may move away towards the place, or lodging of him that is to be interred, and there make Alt, opening the Vanguard of Musketeers, and facing them to the Rear, then let the Body of Pikes, and them interchange ground, that the Pikes may march next the Hearse, in manner, as before expressed of a private Company, whose smaller Bodies take rule from the greater. Then let the Lieutenant Colonel lead the Regiment, and the Colonel bring it up, and so in like manner in every division, the Bringers-up are to lead, and the Leaders to bring up. All Officers and their Arms being thus reversed, the Front becomes the Rear, and the Rear, the Front, they must move slowly away, and before the Corpse pass into the Church, there must be ground reserved, that after the Musketeers have first made a Guard, the Pikes may move through them, and may also in like manner file in their ranks as the Musketeers did, joining to them, and making a Guard in like manner of each Arms. After which, the whole Train may pass through in an orderly manner into the Church, the Soldiers in the mean time attending without until Sermon be passed over. And being all in a readiness, they may give three several Peals, or Volleys of shot, according to such warnings as shall be given them. After which, the Soldiers being ranked again as they were; if they have conveniency of ground, the Major may cause the Captain to draw off their Companies, and troop home to their several Quarters, according to their best conveniency. But if they have not room it will be most properest for the Major to command the Musketeers to stand, and first to rank the Pikes again as they were. Then let the Drums beat a Troop upon the head of the Pikes in the Rear of the Colours, and let the Ensigns and Pikes first troop away, through the Guard of the Musketeers, who being clear of them, and being led by the Colonel, and other Officers, there appointed, the Musketeers may also rank again in like manner, and fall in the Rear of the Pikes, following them until they come unto a convenient place, or ground, for the Captains drawing off their Companies, as they shall receive order from their Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, or Major; And here I will conclude my Discourse concerning the Exercising of the Infantry in all their Military Motions, and Exercises.    
FINIS.   

The CONTENTS of the Chapters.  

The first Book.  A Discourse of the Postures, and the handling of Arms, page 1 Several reasons why the Pike is the more honourable arms, p. 2 The postures of the Pike, ibid. The Postures of the Musket, p. 3 The postures and charges of the Pike, to be performed in a shorter way, all things acted in order, and nothing done twice, p. 4 The Postures of the Musket collected in a brief way, p. 5 There is also a conformity of posture with the Musket, to those of the Pike, and words of command to be given, as may in many things be received by both arms. p. 6 The use of the postures of the Pike. ibid. The use of the yostures of the Musket. p. 7 How a Muskettier shall perform the Sentinel posture, ibid. The manner and way to do the Funeral posture, ibid. The reducement of a Musket from the Funeral posture. p. 8 The Soldiers desire to know every particular place of Dignity, as they stand in rank and file. p. 8 Reasons for the places of dignity both in rank and file, for the first four in a file 8 deep. p. 9 Reasons of the place of the second four as they stand in rank and file, the file being 8 deep, p. 10 Other reasons to clear it further to the Soldier, ibid. Reasons given for the last Table of every particular place of Honour, and Dignity, as they stand. ibid. Reason's likewise to be given for the Table 12 a breast, and 12 deep. p. 11 Brief Reasons to be given of the Dignity of the places of a rank 10 a breast, and of a file ten deep. p. 12 What distance is, and the reasons for the first beginning of the same, with all their several uses. ibid. The several sorts of distances which are fit and proper for the Soldier to be exercised in, p. 13 Words of command for the opening of ranks and files to all their distances, with their closings again. ibid. The use of each particular distance, and at what time to be used. p. 14 Directions of the way and manner of drawing up a private company. p. 15 Several reasons given for the placing of the Sergeants after this manner, p. 17 Reasons given for the placing the Sergeants and Drums of lesser Companies. p. 18 A description of a Body of men throughout, with all their several parts and kinds, p. 19 Directions to all such as shall desire to exercise a Foot company, & admonitions to the Soldiers to be exercised, p. 21 Of the several kinds of face, and their use, with the words of command to perform the same, p. 22 The words of command for face, p. 23 The varieties of Doubling, with their parts and uses, p. 24 The words of command for Entire Doubling to the Front, p. 25 Divisionall Doubling to the Front., p. 26 Entire doublings to the Front by Wheelings, p. 27 A divisionall doubling to the Front by wheeling, ibid. Entire Doubling to the right Flank. ibid. Divisionall doublings to the right Flank, p. 30 Entire doublings to the right Flank by Wheeling, ibid. A divisionall doubling to the right Flank by Wheeling, p. 31 Of Inversion and Conversion, p. 32 The words of command for Ranks Ranking and Files Ranking to the Front▪ they being 12 abrest, & 6 deep, p. 33 Ranks Ranking into the Front by Countermarch, p. 35 Files ranking into the Front by wheeling, ibid. Ranks ranking, or files ranking at one and the same time, into Front, Reer, and Midst, p. 36 Of files ranking into Front, Rear and midst, p. 37 Of files ranking by wheeling. ibid. Of Ranks filing, or of files filing, or of inversion with their several sorts and kinds, p. 38 Ranks wheeling into the Flanks, p. 40 Of files filing, or Ranks filing to both flanks, and the midst at one and the same time, ibid. Of ranks wheeling to both the Flanks, p. 41 Of ranks wheeling to the midst of files p. 42 Of ranks wheeling to both flanks, and into the midst, at one and the same time, ibid. Of Countermarches with their several sorts, p. 43 Entire countermarching of files. p. 44 Divisionall Counter-marching of files, p. 45 Entire Countermarches of Ranks, p. 46 Divisionall Countermarches of the right and left half ranks, p. 48 Of Wheelings with their several uses, p. 49 Entire Wheelings, ibid. Divisionall Wheelings, p. 50 Of filings, either for delight or service. p. 51 Several firings to be performed with any number of men, p. 52 The way to make every man in a file six deep, according to succession, a file-leader, by doublings, not using one word of command twice, p. 55 The way to make every man in a file six deep file-leader, according to dignity, by a doubling, not using one word of command twice, ibid. The way to make every man in a file eight deep file leader by succession, and that by doubling, not using one word of command twice, p. 56 The way to make every man in a file eight deep, a file-leader according unto dignity by doubling, p. 58 Figures of Battle to be performed by single files, with some admonitions to those that shall practise themselves herein, p. 57 Military experiment upon a file six deep, branching forth eight several figures of Battle, with their reducement. p. 58 Words of command to produce the first 8 figures of Battle, with their reducement, p. 59 Words of command for the second 8 figures of Battle with their reducement, p. 60 Words of command for the third 8 figures of Battle, with their reducement, p. 61 The way to make 12 several figures of Battle with a file 10 deep, with their reducement, p. 62 Twelve several figures of Battle with a file 12 deep, with their reducement. p. 63  

The second Book.  Concerning the Artillery and the Military Garders, together with the Private Meetings; in and about the City of London, p. 67 The first Exercise of four files six deep. p. 68 A doubling consisting of 16 in number, every one differing from the other, and not reduced until the last word of command, ibid. Eight several countermarches with their reducement, p. 69 Ten several wheelings with their reducement, ibid. Six figures of battle with several firings thereunto belonging, p. 70 The second Exercise with four files six deep, p. 73 Eighteen several doublings with their reducements, ibid. Twelve several countermarches with their reducements, p. 74 Twelve several wheelings with their reducements, p. 75 Several plain firings upon this Exercise of 24 men, with figures of batrail, belonging to the same, p. 76 The third Exercise with four files six deep, p. 80 Thirty several words of command, of Inversion and conversion, ibid. Next followeth several figures of battle, with firings, upon the same, for the performance whereof, p. 82 The fourth Exercise consisting of four files eight deep, p. 88 The fifth Exercise with four files eight deep, p. 94 Thirty several doublings with their reducement, ibid. Plain firings, and figures of Battle, p. 95 The sixth Exercise with four files eight deep, p. 100 Thirty doublings by countermarches with their reducement, ibid. Plain firings, and figures of Battle. p. 101 The seventh Exercise consisting of 64 men, eight files eight deep, p. 105 Two and twenty several doublings by wheelings, with their reducement, ibid., Several firings, and figures of Battle, with 64 men. p. 106 The eighth Exercise consisting of 64 men eight files eight deep, p. 110 Several figures of Battle, p. 112 The ninth Exercise consisting of 64 men, eight files, eight deep, p. 115 Eight several countermarches with their reducement, p. 116 Ten several wheeling with their reducement, p. 117 Plain firings, and figures of Battle, ibid. The tenth Exercise consisting of 24 Files being six deep, according to the first drawing up of a private Company, p. 121 Eight entire several doublings with their reducement, ibi. Eight several countermarches with their reducement, ibid. Eight entire doublings by wheelings with their reducement, p. 122 Plain firings and figures of Battle, ibid. The eleventh Exercise with 24 files six deep, p. 127 Eight countermarches with their reducement, ibid. Eight several wheelings with their reducement, ibid. Plain firings and figures of Battle, p. 128 The twelfth Exercise consisting of 24 files six deep, p. 132 A doubling to make every man a File-leader by dignity, ibid. Several wheelings with their reducements, p. 133 Plain firings and figures of Battle, ibid.  

The third book.  Concerning the drawing up of Regiments, with their several numbers, forms, manner and ways, p. 139 The manner of drawing up a Regiment consisting of six companies, containing in it a Colonel, a Lieute. Colonel, a Major, & three Captains, every one one having 108 men in a company, and the three Field-officers 144, which makes completely up 756 men, whereof two thirds are Musketeers, and one third of Pikes, the Files being six deep, p. 140 The reasons follow for the placing of the Captains, their Colours, and their Lieutenants, after the manner before set down, p. 142 More particular reasons for the placing of the Captains, and Lieutenants, of the first grand Division, ibid. Reasons for the placing of the Officers of the second grand Division. p. 143 The ordering of a Regiment to the long march, with the placing of the Officers, and the leading of carriages, p. 144 The first Exercise of a Regiment in the plainest and easiest way. p. 146 Doubling belonging to a Regiment, p. 150 Four several wheelings with their Reducement, ibid. Countermarches not fit to be used in the exercising of Regiments, ibid. Several firings to be performed upon the former figure, and how to be managed by the several Officers, p. 152 The manner of drawing up a Regiment, consisting of seven companies, containing in the four Captains, 12 files of Musketeers, and six of Pikes, in each of their particular companies, and in the three Field-officers, 16 files a piece of Musketeers, and eight of Pikes, which amounts to the number of 864 men, p. 153 The manner of drawing up and placing the Officers of a Regiment, consisting of eight Companies, having in it a Col. a Lieutenant Colonel, a Major, and five Captains, their number of men in each company, being equal with the former Regiment, they amount unto 972 men, p. 158 How to make the figure of a Ring, with its use and service, p. 160 The manner of drawing up a Regiment, consisting of ten Companies, having in it seven Captains, and three Field-Officers, being in each particular company, the former numbers, which in all amounts unto 1198 men, p. 162 The manner both of the drawing up, and the order of the longmarch of Col. Rainsborough his Regiment, bringing up the Rear of the foot of the Army, under the command of the Lord Gen. Fairfax, at their first marching through the City of London, on the seventh of August, 1647. p. 164 A third way of drawing up a Regiment of ten companies, after the manner used amongst the Swedes. p. 166 The way of drawing up a Regiment consisting of 12 companies, the nine Captains, having 18 Files in each company, and the three Field-officers every one of them 24 files, whereof, there are two thirds of Musketeers, and one of Pikes, in each particular company, amounting in all to 1404 men, p. 169 The manner of drawing up a Regiment, according to the Swedish Brigade, p. 170 The manner of drawing up a Brigade, or Tertia, being a third part of an Army, according to the practice of the Netherlands, under the command of the Prince of Orange, p. 171 How to draw up an Army of 12 Regiments of Foot, and three of Horse, the Foot amounting unto 11664 men, and the Horse unto 3000; in all 14664 men, p. 174 The several duties belonging to the Foot in a Regiment, as followeth by degrees from a private Soldier unto a Colonel of the same: and first of a private Soldier, etc. p. 176 Of Military Watches, p. 187 The ordering of a private company, unto a Funeral occasion, p. 190 The ordering of a Regiment, to a Funeral occasion, p. 191   

Errata.  
PAge 5 line the last read right side, p. 18. l. 41. r. eldest Sergeant, p. 19 l. 8. r. otherwise, p. ibid. l. 11. r. long March. Every p. 22. l. 14. by their leader, p. 24. l. 7. r. in the p. ibid. l. 36. r. ensue, ibid. l. 38. deal or the half-files, p. 32. l. 12. r. not, p. ibid. l. 13. r. I, p. 33. l. 6. r. outward, p. 43. l. 38. r. marking, p. ibid. l. 46. of files, p. ibid. r. or. p. 45. l. 34. r. and faced again to the front, p. 46. l. 39 r. file, p. 49. l. 11. r. Chorean, p. ibid. l. 23. r. gain, p. 52. l. 9 r. ranks. p. ibid. l. 27. r. right for left, p. ibid. l. 28. deal in the rear of the Musketeers, r. before the pikes, p. 55. l. 40. deles, ibid. l. 42. deal s, p. 56. l. 42. r. eight, p. 56. 7. deal as have, p. ibid. r. they. p. 74. deal, l. 33. p. 104. l. 13. r. they stand, p. 139. l. 49. r. forms, p. 140. l. 13. put in 3. p. ibid. l. 53. r. from. p. 144. l. 13. deal long, p. 145. l. 29. for good r. guard, p. ibid. l. 34. r. thus, p. ibid. l. 13. r. rest, p. 146. l. 15 r. 147. p. l. 152. 15. r. giveth, p. 153. l. 29. r. bring them, p. ibid. l. 29. r. where, p. 158. l. 40. r. fifth, p. 159. l. 50. deal and, p. 171. l. 40. r. Captain, p. 174. l. 25. r. the eldest, p. 180. l. 24. r. in hutting, p. 188. l. 53. r. and if they, p. 189. l. 51. r. to. In Major Hayne's Ogdocostick correst these few faults, line 22. read Genius, ibid. line 30. deal a, ibid. l. 34. deal a, in column 2, l. 8. r. Of the ibid. l. 28, r., for a.  
In the Dedication the last line, deal the liberty.   

Imprimatur,  
April 13, 1649. Sir Nathanael Brent.   

The Copy of a Letter, written by the Honourable, the Militia of the City of London, to Sir Nathanael Brent.  
Honoured Sir:  
The bearer hereof will present you with a TREATISE of THE COMPLETE BODY OF THE ART MILITARY: Which being approved of by divers of the most experienced Commanders amongst us, we desire for the Public good of the Nation, that you will give an allowance of it for the Press with expedition.  
Sir, Your affectionate friends, 

Isaac Penington:  
Sir John Wollastone:  
John Dethick:  
Philip Skippon:  
Robert Manwarring:  
Owen Row:  
William Underwood:  
Matthew Sheppard:  
Robert Tichborne:  
Thomas Noel:  
Mark Hildersley:  
Daniel Taylor:   Guildhall, London, April 11, 1649.   

To the Mirror of Chivalry, And Honour of all Martial Discipline, the most Victorious THOMAS LORD FAIRFAX His Excellency, Captain General of all Military Forces for the Parliament of ENGLAND; All Health and Happiness, here and hereafter.  
Most Eminent and Illustrious SIR. May it please Your Excellency,  
THe Glory of all Arts is Action, the Honour of all Action is Virtue; the Crown of all Virtues is Perfection: the Excellency whereof, (according to the perfection of Humanity) is so essential in your Excellency, that you are become, at once, the Wonder, and the Honour of Europe, neither can that immortal Fame of Yours be concealed from the rest of the habitable World) who shall from age to age record, and from Antiquity to Infantry relate those matchless Victories, and unimitable Achievements, which the Bounty and Blessing of Heaven hath enriched your Hand, and beautified your Name withal. In all whose Honourable and successful Undertake, I had an aim at no greater happiness, then to have been the least Part in so noble an Employment under your Excellency, towards the perfecting of the welfare and Happiness of this Kingdom, and Commonwealth, had not the Military Affairs of this Honourable Metropolis unavoidably engaged and obliged me to attend the Service of their own Militia. And therein my Lo: I have spared neither diligence, nor Study, that might conduce to the great work of Arms, then in Embryo, now in perfection, excepting only ppposition and Envy, which the greatest Honours never yet were free from: A part of which perfection hath always flowed from the industry of the Officers, and practice of the Students of that Warlike University wherein, although I have not (as a Member thereof) with such dexterity as Cadmus sent out well experienced Soldiers in a Day, yet have I not lain so idle, as Lepidus, and wish to be warmed more from the Sun than my own labours; of which the effects are now upon the public Test, but more formidably under your Excellency's censure: to whose Patronage and Protection I have presumed to devote this eldest Son and Firstborn of all my forepast Studies, Practice and Employment in the gradation of Military Affairs. All the following sheets, which relate to that Heroic Subject, such as they are, and in such a dress, as now they have put on, submissively and primarily present themselves, with all their worth and beauty, (if any be discernible within them) unto Your Excellency, as to their tutelar Angel, and most Orthodox Warrior, that either Pole can boast of. In confidence, therefore, of your Excellencies native Candour towards all Ingenuity, (and more especially that, wherein your own transcendent, and unparallelled Honours are more perspicuously and really delineated, than all the vain and empty Glory of the Dull and Phlegmatic Pretenders to Chivalry can be Maped, or Landskiped by the effeminate hand of Flattery) this late abortive, in full shape, due proportion, and, (if Truth deceive me not) in just maturity, hath broken from the womb of my seven year's endeavours to see the Light both of the censorious and judicious World, and in that Light it cannot but live; if your Eucellencies' goodness shall vouchsafe to foster it, and must not die, except your displeasure please to wound it. And whether this shall live or die: I shall not further aspire at any loftier pitch of Honour, than to have Commission, to subscribe myself  
Your Excellencies most humbly devoted Servant, Richard Elton.