Warlike Directions: OR THE soldiers' PRACTICE. Set forth for the benefit of all such as are, or will be Scholars of martial DISCIPLINE. But especially for all such Officers as are not yet settled, or rightly grounded in the art of war. By a Practitioner in the same Art, T. F. The second EDITION, corrected and amended. LONDON, Printed by Thomas Harper, and are to be sold at his House in Little Britain, 1643. THE PREFACE. THese endeavours of mine which I have formerly learned, and practised twenty six years in the Low Countries: and having divers years instructed and exercised the trained Bands within the County of Kent, Do I present to all such as are inclinable and willing to profit themselves in the Art of War. But especially to all Officers of the selected Bands of this kingdom, which do yet fail in the delivering of the right words of command. My purpose is not in this small Tract, to treat of the highest principles, or speculative part of military discipline; but de●cend willingly to the lowest and meanest capacity: thereby to instruct by short and evident rules in the point of practice and obedience an unexperienced soldier: and those Officers also who in a private Band are not so well and fully satisfied as they themselves desire, and the good and welfare of their country necessarily requires. For whole better satisfaction & instruction, I have also drawn some small Maps: for smaller and greater bodies, as you may perceive at the end of the book: that what I have written may be the better conceived and fixed in their memories. Leaving all strange and foreign discourses which other painful hands have excellently and learnedly within these few years set forth, and well deciphered. Applying myself wholly unto these modern times. Wishing that every one that loves his King and Countries good, the furtherance of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the safeguard of himself, and all his, being able and fitting for this service, would practise this noble Art, and to have some of those Books which have been set forth upon this subject, to meditate on them at their best leisure. For the theoric part is good, the practice better. But theoric and practice both together is best of all. He that hath neither theoric nor practice, cannot be best, better, nor good. So with my best wishes for the furtherance of the good desires of all such as love this Subject, I humbly take my leave: remembering this old proverb, In time of Peace provide for War: that Peace may continue in these, and all other His majesty's Dominions in our days, and for ever, our most merciful God grant, Amen. Tho. Fisher. THE OFFICERS of a Company of soldiers. Captain. Lieutenant. Ensign. Sergeants. 2. Drummers— 2. Corporals— 3. Masters of the arms— Corporall of the Gentl. 1 Clerk of the Band. Provost. In a place of duty. Lansprezadoes— 3. Note that in colonels Companies are more sergeants, and as many drums. Instructions for young soldiers, agreeable to that discipline which is now practised within the Netherlands, under the command of the Prince of Orange. I Will first begin with the several beats of the Drum, becau●e every soldier is bound of necessity to learn to know and observe them▪ for when the commander's voice cannot be heard unto the whole company, the Drum denounceth and expresseth the same. The gathering of the company unto their colours: when to troop, March, Charge, Retreat; and such like. The beats or sounds which are to be learned, are these that follow. Instructions for the Drum. A gathering. A troop. A March. A Battalia. A Charge. A Retreat. A relief. A Battery. A Call for proclamation. The gathering is the first which is to bring the company together to their colours, or place appointed by the superior Commander A troop. A troop is, that when the company is come to the place appointed, the Commander intending to keep them close in their order, which is three foot, the readier with advanced Pikes to troop up to the Court of guard, or place appointed for watch. Likewise to charge the enemy, or receive a charge, and is as the voice of the Commander to all, to advance their Pikes, & shoulder their muskets, if they be at any other posture. A March. A March is, if the company be at a stand or trooping, charging, or retiring, as the voice of the Commander, to shoulder their arms, and march, if the march be beaten in a longer distance of time than is usual; then they must open their files and ranks to the next distance which is six foot, the body marching very leisurely; out if the march be beaten swifter, then are they to close their files and ranks, and to march with a quicker pace; so that a skilful Commander instructing the Drummer by signs, may at his pleasure march, troop, stand, retreat, charge, in front, in rear, in right or left flank, in front and rear, or right and left at once, or every way at one time. A Battalia. Is the uniting of divisions in battle form. Likewise a preparation, the enemy being in sight or at hand, giving notice to all to prepare themselves for skirmish or for battle. A Charge Is when the body is come to push of pike, or near at hand, joining body to body with the enemy, that no retiring be from the place, during the charge. A retreat It a retiring backward leisurely without disorder, either to give way to other battaliaes to relieve them, or for gaining some advantageous ground, or to draw the enemy in an Ambush, or such like, which the superior Commander may sometimes upon policy direct. A relief Is a relieving of the watch, and dismissing of sentinels from extraordinary places in day light. A battery Is most used in places of work, as in Trenches, Batteries, halfmoons, orn-works, Redouts, Sconces, Counterskarls, and such like, that those therein employed should be diligent in that employment. A Call Is only to proclaim the Commanders will concerning the well ordering of the army, and of such military laws which ought to be kept, that all should give ear unto that which the Drummer either readeth or speaketh. For the beating of the March. I have thought meet for the benefit of each Drummer which is not yet perfect in the March, to prick down the old English March newly revived in the plainest form I could invent. Wishing that all Drummers would leave off other forms invented, either by themselves, or others herein unskilful, that there may be an uniformity in this kingdom, as in all other Nations. Within the March are 9 several lines, or ranks, which must be known, and distinctly beaten dividing line from line, by a certain distance of time, deciphered in short I. and long. in r. and half r. Note that these 2. former letters short I. and long‑. stands for single strokes: the long‑. for the right hand stroke; the short I. for the left hand stroke. The next two letters, the whole r. for a full ruff, the half r. in this manner, 2. for half a ruff. Where the‑ joins with the r. in this manner, r. the single stroke with the ruff must be joined together. The r, and half in this manner r 2 is a ruff and half ruff joined. There is also a preparation to the March which is only to be beaten once, and no more, at the beginning of the March. The first is the preparation, the March follows. The preparation. rIIr. I●Ir. — II. II. r it. rrr. rrIrI. IrIr. rrrr. rr2r2. IrIr. I have insisted somewhat long in the office of the Drummer, for that I find a great defect in that place, and would wish a more general reformation. Instructions for those that are ignorant in arming and disarming themselves. EAch soldier having brought his Arms into the field, standing with them at their first order as may be observed in the following notes of the postures and motions. Then the Commander giveth the Word. disarm, or Lay down your arms. First, lay down your Musket, stepping forward one pace with your right foot, then recover your foot to its place: then receive your Match into your right hand out of the left. Next lay down your Rest, stepping forward with your left foot, recover your foot back again. Take your Match into your left hand, betwixt the two lowermost fingers, as formerly: then lay down your Match with your left foot stepping forward, on the right hand of your Rest recover your foot as before. Afterward in upright form of body put off your Hat with your left hand, and holding it by your left side, take off your bandilienrs with your right hand laying it down betwixt your Musket and your Match, the charges fromward you. Afterwards retire three paces backward, that you may the more gracefully come to the stand where you were, to arm yourself. The next word of command is. arm, or, Take up your arms. First, take up your bandileers, putting them on as you did take them off: then your Match as formerly, than your Rest; last your Musket. Perform these directions, and all other with a graceful and comely carriage of body. The Word of command: Foot your arms. The arms being laid down, the soldier standing three paces back. Armed, and standing at his first order. Being armed, and standing at your first order, than follows the preparation to the Postures. The word of Command is, Prepare. Join your Musket with your Rest; open your pan, blow your pan, prime your pan. Shut, Cast off, and so forward, as you may perceive by the following notes, until you have shouldered and sloped: then begins your postures. The first motion in the Postures is, Slip your Musket; the last motion is, Give fire. Note, all the rest of the motions that follow after giving fire, until you have sloped your Musket, are dependences unto the Postures, but more especially to the first Posture. Now followeth the action of soldiers being prepared, their Muskets being charged, as all aught to be, the enemy being not far from them, only waiting for the Word from the Commander, as you may observe in the next place. The Postures and Motions of a Musketteere, the musket being charged, first standing, then marching. 1 Hand your arms, order your Musket, and Rest, even with your body in the rank you stand in, which is called your first order. 2 join your Musket with your Rest. 3 poise your Musket, and breast it. 4 Shoulder your Musket. 5 Slope your Musket. 6 Slip your Musket. 7 Poise your Musket. 8 Rest your Musket. Falling back with your right foot observe in this and most of all your Motions, to keep the mouth of your Musket high and straight over your Leaders right shoulder. 9 Hand your Match. 10 Blow your Match. 11 cock your Match. 12 Try your Match. 13 Guard your pan. 14 Blow your coal. 15 Open your pan. 16 Present your Musket breast, or rather middle high, removing back your left foot unto your right, than your right foot slopeways back, standing with a full and upright body, your left knee bending, your right elbow even with your shoulder. 17 Give fire. 18 Recover your ground with your feet. 19 return your Match. 20 Blow your pan. 21 Prime your pan. 22 Shut your pan. 23 Cast off your loose powder. 24 Recover your Rest. 25 Blow off your loose powder. 26 bear about your Musket unto your left side, falling back with your left foot: trail your Rest between your Musket and body. 27 Hand your Charge, and open it. 28 Charge your Musket. 29 Draw out your scouring-stick, and shorten it against your breast. 30 ram down your Bullet. 31 return your stick. 32 Recover your Musket and Rest. 33 poise your Musket. 34 Rest your Musket with your left foot forward again. 35 Your saluting posture. 36 Your burial posture. 1 Your guard posture 2 Your Order posture 3 Your sentinel posture 3. These three last are in the number of the former, but remembered because they are to be used upon several occasions. Shoulder your Musket, and march with your Rest in your right hand. Note that the three general postures do begin, the Musket, being charged and shouldered. The names of the 3 general postures are these that follow. 1 Make ready, 2 Present, 3 Give fire, which are to be ●erformed in 12 Motions. If marching then gracefully with an eleven paces especially to the front. Note that all the rest of the Motions which follow after giving fire, are dependences unto the first Posture. In the first Posture are 8 Motions, in the second 3, in the third 1 Motion. The first Posture, Make ready. 8. Motions. Slip your Musket. Poise your Musket. Join yo●r Musket with your Rest. Hand your Match. Blow your Match. Cock your Match. Try your Match. Guard your pan. The second Posture, Present. 3. Motions. Blow your coal. Open your Pan. Present breast high. The third Posture, Give fire. 1 Motion. Give fire. When you have given fire, winning or maintaining ground, recover your Rest with your right foot stepping forward. But losing ground, recover your Rest unto your foot, joining it with your Musket falling about into your file, and rank, making ready again as you go. If you observe 3 paces in the presenting Posture, as some Regiments do, than to the Front or right flank: begin your first Motion with your left foot stepping forward but to the rear or left flank with your right foot pacing first. Note that there be many Regiments that observe but 2 paces in the presenting Posture. Note, when you give fire to the rear, turn right about. The Postures and Motions of a Pikeman, standing and marching. 1 Hand your pike. 2 Advance your pike. 3 Lay down your pike. 4 Take up your pike. 5 Order your pike. 6 Shoulder you pike. 7 level your pike. 8 Slope your pike. 9 Advance your pike. 10 Port your pike. 11 Comport your pike. 12 cheek your pike. 13 trail your pike. 14 Recover your pike. 15 Shoulder your pike. Note, when you bear your pike shouldered it must be sloped; except you be commanded to level it. Observe when you charge at a stand, fall back with your right foot: if marching, advance yourself forward, your body upright, your left knee bending. 16 To the front charge 17 As you were. 18 To the right charge. 19 As you were. 20 To the left charge. 21 As you were. 22 The rear charge. 23 As you were. 24 To the front and rear charge. 25 As you were. 26 To the right and left charge. 27 As you were. 28 Every way charge square 29 As you were. 30 Quarters every way charge. 31 As you were. 32 Advance your ground and charge to either hand at discretion. Between every charge, march. 33 retreat charging. 34 Your breathing posture. 35 Advance forward again. 36 Stand, order your Pike. 37 Open order at foot. Now follows the charge against horse. 38 Close order at foot. 39 Draw your sword over your left arm, join it close unto your Pike. 40 To the front charge at foot. 41 To the right charge. 42 To the right charge. 43 To the right charge. 44 To the right charge. 45 Right about charge. 46 Left about charge. 47 To the right and left charge. 48 To the front and rear charge. 49 Every way charge square, or quarters at discretion. 50 Stand, sheathe your sword. 51 Order your Pike. 52 Your burial posture. Three general postures of the Pike, in thirteen great and small motions: three standing, seven marching, three charging. The first posture. 3 Standing. 1 Lay down your Pike. 2 Take up your Pike. 3 Order your Pike. The second posture. 7 Marching. 4 Advance your Pike. 5 Shoulder your Pike. 6 level your Pike. 7 Slope your Pike. 8 Comport your Pike. 9 Cheek your Pike. 10 trail your Pike. The third posture. 3 Charging. 11 Port your Pike. 12 Charge overhand. 14 Charge at foot. All these postures and motions both of musketeers and Pikemen in a body or Battalia great or small, may be performed without words, by signs of the Commander, and the beating of the drum, the Drummer observing every motion from the Commander. Now followeth the motions of Facing, Doubling, Countermarching, Wheeling, and such like, in a gross body or Battalia. Note and remember well that there are several sorts of distances to be observ●d for several uses, upon variety of occasions: for Marching, for Exercising, for Skirmishing, for battle, in front, in flank, in rear, which every Commander doth, or aught to know. Close order: Order: Open order: Double distance: double double distance: the first, one foot and an half: the second, three foot: the third, six foot: the fourth, twelve foot: the fifth, twenty four foot. Now to begin wi●h that which is first put in practice, which is open order, six foot. Open order six foot square: that is, six foot, file from file, and six foot, rank from rank, which is the first distance that a Company is framed unto, especially for exercise. Next there is order, three foot square both in file and rank, for exercise, or for battle. Thirdly, there is closest, or close order, which is one foot and an half, file from file, and is only used for the Pikes when they come to the push▪ There is likewise a double distance, twelve foot square, either in file or rank, and a double double distance, twenty four foot, which two last are practised, sometimes upon extraordinary occasions. There is likewise a marching order, three foot file from file, and six foot rank from rank, or to oppose an enemy only in front, and an open order, six foot file from file: twelve foot rank from rank, which I leave to the discretion of the Commander. Now to make some use of part of these, I will only at this time set down the plain and true words of command, with some few remembrances joined to them wishing all Officers which yet fail in the right delivering of the words of command, to observe and follow these directions: for if a Commander speak them not right, as the proverb is, setting the cart before the horse, the soldiers although skilful, doth act them many times wrong. The company being come to the appointed place, neither yet in file nor rank, the Commander gives the word as followeth. Leaders, lead forth your Files, join them into a body, or frame a body. Note that a file is a number or sequence of men standing one behind another at a certain distance, as you may read after more at large, being ten deep, as most nations have in use: yet they may be eight▪ or six, or fewer, or more, as the occasion offereth. But before we frame our body or battalia, Let all soldiers observe, but especially all Officers, how a body or battalia is distinguished or named in each several part as followeth. First, there are files and ranks, these files & ranks annexed or united together▪ make a body or Battalia. A file is a sequence of men standing one behind another, at a certain distance, whose faces are directly placed one way, the back of the former, to the face of the follower: subsisting commonly of ten in depth, according to the modern use of the Netherlands, but may be brought to more or fewer as I have said before. This file is distinguished into a Leader, a bringer up, and two middle men, with six other between. The first man of the file is called the Leader, the last man a bringer up; the two that are in the middle of the file, are called by the name of middle men, which are the leaders of the half files, when they are to double on the other, and for other uses. A Ranke is a row, or a number of men above one, few or many stand one by another, side by side, or pouldron to pouldron, their faces being directed all one way. Of these Files and Ranks as I have set down before, being connexed together, is framed a Battalia, by these names distinguished as followeth. The front, the rear, the right flank, or half ranks, the left flank, or half ranks; the right wing, the left wing. The front are the half files that are before, being ten deep, the foremost five ranks. The rear are the half files that are behind. The right flank are the half ranks on the right hand. The left flank, are the half ranks on the left hand. The right and left wings are the divisions of musketeers, which are on both hands of the Pikes, but especially when they are to act their own part, being appointed to move or to skirmish, in front, flank, or rear. Stand at your open order square: mark your directions. Silence. Note, facing any way at a stand, remove your right foot, turning upon your left toe. To the right hand. As you were. To the left hand. As you were. Right about. As you were. Left about. As you were. Note that in all doublings, if you double to the right, fall off to the left into your first place: if you double to the left, fall back to the right. Ranks to the right hand double. As you were. Ranks to the left hand double. As you were. Files to the right hand double. As you were. Files to the left hand double. As you were. Half Files or middlemen to the right hand double your Front. As you were. Half files to the left hand double your front As you were. Bringers up to the right hand, double your Front. As you were. Bringers up to the left hand, double your Front. As you were. To the right hand Countermarch maintaining ground. As you were, to the left Counter. To the right hand Countermarch losing ground. As you were, to the left Counter. To the right hand Countermarch winning ground. As you were, to the left Counter. Now follows some things to be acted in a closer distance, namely, order, three foot both Files and Ranks. The Word of Command. Files close, that is, to the middle, or to the right close, or left, at discretion. Ranks close forwards. Half files or middle men to the right hand entire, double your Front. As you were. Half Files to the left hand entire, double your Front. As you were. Half Files to the right, and left by division, double your Front. As you were. The body, to the right hand wheel, moving on the right corner man. To the left hand wheel moving on the left corner man. To the right hand wheel, moving on the middle man, or men in Front, which are Leaders, or wheel about, at discretion. Now follow some things which are to be performed at a double distance, 12 foot rank from rank, or double double distance 24 foot, agreeable to the number of men that are in rank. Ranks open to your double distance, keeping their files at their order. Ranks to the right hand by conversion. As you were. Ranks to the left hand by conversion. As you were. Ranks to the right, and left by conversion. As you were. Ranks close. These Motions which I have repeated, of Facing, Doubling, Countermarching, and Wheeling, are commonly known, and practised by the Officers and Companies in the Netherlands, and in other places where the wars are: there are not many that knoweth, or for some reasons teacheth any more. Now to satisfy those that desire to learn and understand more than common things of this subject, I have joined with these some other, which are of great importance in time of advantage, or disadvantage, to be practised against a skilful enemy. Therefore I will begin again, setting down the additions in their places. Where the word Note stands in the margin there follows a change of that which went before. The Company being framed into a square open order as is set down before. Not that all the musketeers must be in one division on the right hand of the pikes a double distance from the body of pikes. The Commander standing at the head of the company before the middle file Leaders, giveth the word. If it be the captain, than the Lieutenant ought to be at the rear, the ensign at the head of the pikes, the sergeants on both the Flanks, the drums even with the foremost rank, on both the Angles. Facing To the right hand. As you were. To the left hand. As you were. Right about. As you were. Left about As you were. To the right and left. As you were. To the Front and rear. As you were. Every way square. As you were. Every way quarters. As you were. Ranks doubling. Ranks to the right hand double. As you were. Ranks to the left double. As you were. Files doubling Files to the right double. As you were. Files to the left double. As you were. Files to the right and left double. As you were. Files to the centre double. As you were. When middle men is named to double, it is the oldest used word of Command, for the rear to double the Front, which I do now follow: because when I name half Files, it is to be understood that the half Files in the Front are to double the half files in the rear. The rear doubling the Front by Middlemen. Middlemen to the right hand double your Front. As you were. Middlemen to the left double your Front. As you were. The rear doubling the Front by Bringers up. Bringers up to the right double your front. As you were. Bringers up to the left double your front. As you were. Half files in the Front doubling the rear by middlemen. Half Files to the right hand double the rear. As you were. Half files to the left double the rear. As you were. The Front doubling the rear by Leaders. Note. Leaders to the right double the rear. As you were. Leaders to the left double the rear. As you were. Half ranks doubling the flank. Note. Doubling the flank. Half ranks to the right double your flank. As you were. Half ranks to the left double your flank. As you were. Countermarching, Note. countermarch. maintaining, losing, and winning ground. Countermarch to the right hand, and maintain ground Corian or modern. As you were to the left. Countermarch to the right, & lose ground, Macedonian. As you were to the left. Countermarch to the right, and win ground, Lacedaemonian. As you were to the left. You may if need require countermarch your Leaders and bringers up into the centre, or your flanks, or angles, or wings, into the centre, or midst of the body, or exchange your angles, or double your wings, or flanks, by Countermarch. Now follow some things which are to Note. be performed in the second distance, namely, order; 3 foot. Files close, that is, to the middle, or to the right or left, at discretion. Ranks close forwards. Note. entire doubling Ranks to the right hand entire double. As you were. Ranks to the left entire double. As you were. Ranks to the right and left by division double. As you were. Files entire doubling. Note. Files to the right hand entire double. As you were. Files to the left entire double. As you were. Files to the right and left entire double. As you were. Files advance to the right entire double. Note. As you were. Files advance to the left entire double. As you were. Files advance to the right and left entire double. As you were. The half files in the rear entire doubling the half files in the front. Note. Middlemen to the right entire, double your front. As you were. Middlemen to the left entire, double your front. As you were. Middlemen to the right and left, by division, double your front. As you were. The half files in the front entire, doubling the rear. Note. Half files to the right entire, double the rear. As you were. Half files to the left entire, double the rear. As you were. Half files to the right and left by division, double the rear. As you were. The half ranks entire doubling the flank. Note. Half ranks to the right hand entire, double your flank. As you were. Half ranks to the left entire, double your flank. As you were. Half ranks by division, double your right flank. As you were. Half ranks by division, double your left flank. As you were. Right flank advance to the left entire, Note. double your flank. As you were. Left flank advance to the right entire, double your flank. As you were. The body wheeling. The body to the right wheel, Note. moving on the right cornerman. To the left wheel, Wheeling. moving on the left corner man. Even so right or left about. To the right wheel, moving on the middle leader or leaders, or left, or about at discretion. The front or flanks wheeling into the centre, Note. or midst of the body. Front wheel into the centre, than face to the Leader or Commander: if need require, wheel again the front into the centre or midst of the body, than face as before: the first wheeling bringeth all the musketeers before the body of Pikes: the second wheeling into the midst of the Pikes: the third wheeling unto the rear of the Pikes: the fourth, wheeling on the flanks, as at first they were. The use of the manner of wheelings. Suppose there were three or four files of musketeers on each hand of the Pikes, Note. The use of wheeling. they could deliver but six or eight shot at once in the front. This first wheeling, bringeth the musketeers, that they may deliver twenty shot at once, being ten deep. The second wheeling bringeth them into the midst: delivering them from the violent charge of horse, charging in the flanks, especially when their powder is spent, or upon some policy to cover the musketeers from sight of the Enemy. In like manner the rest of the wheelings are by a skilful Commander put in practice at convenient time, as the occasion offereth. Likewise you may wheel the front to the right and left by division, to receive the Enemy who is ready to charge both the flanks at once. Now follow some forms of doublings, which must be performed at a wider distance, six, twelve or twenty four foot, at the discretion of the Commander. Remember always the manner and form of opening and closing of files and ranks. Being in open order, Note. F●les closing. the word being given, files close, without naming any hand, is thus performed: the two middle leaders close, unto the next distance, which is three foot, the rest of the files likewise close towards the middle leaders, until they are at the distance commanded. If the word be files to the right close, than the right hand file moveth not, but standeth fast; all the rest of the files close towards the right file, till they are at their distance appointed. If the word be files to the left close, than the left file standeth fast; the rest of the files close towards the left hand▪ until they come to the distance commanded. If the word be files▪ to the right and left close then the one half of the files close to the right hand file, which standeth fast, the other half to the left, opening in the middle of the body, leaving a space betwixt the two half bodies, which is done for some special use best known to the Commander. Observe that at what distance soever the company stands in, Note. if the word be Close, not naming any order, whether files or ranks, than they must close to the next distance, being at twelve foot, they close to six foot, being at six, they close to three foot: in the same manner; files opening, or ranks opening. Being in close order, Files opening. if the words be files open, not naming any hand, than the middle leaders open one from the other unto six foot both ways, the rest of the files on both flanks take their distance from them. If the word be, Files to the right hand open, Note. than the left file or angle moveth not; the next file to the left hand first taketh its distance, the rest of the files in like manner pressing upon their right hand files, till the distance commanded be obtained in opening. If the word be, Files to the left open, than the right file standeth fast, the rest of the files opening to the left hand, still pressing upon their left hand files, till they be in the distance and order commanded. Ranks closing. If the word be, Note. Rank●s closing. Ranks close, than the first rank moveth not, namely, if they be at a stand, all the rest of the ranks close forward, till they be at the distance appointed. If need require, you may close your ranks backward, from the front to the rear, with this word of command. Ranks close backward, than the last rank moveth not, all the rest of the ranks go backward towards the last rank, taking their distance, rank by rank, from the rear or last rank. You may likewise open your ranks from the leaders to the rear, Ranks opening. or from the bringers up to the front: but If the word be without any addition, as this that followeth: Ranks open. Then the first rank moveth not, the rest of the ranks fall back, till they have gained that distance commanded: the second rank standeth first, the rest in like manner, one after another, till they have all performed it. If the word be, ranks open forwards, Than all the body advanceth forward, except the last rank which standeth firm: the second to the last taketh the distance first, than the rest, till they have all performed it. Files and ranks close. Sometimes it is convenient to close Files and ranks both at once, Note. Closing ●f Files ●nd ranks. than it is performed marching, being before at a wider distance, at a sudden to give way unto horse or foot to pass, or to enter into a narrow passage, or such like. The body being at their close order, both files and ranks, and you would have them open: the word of command. Files and ranks open. Which is from the same distance that they did close, Opening Files and ranks. do they open unto again, or unto any other distance commanded both together. If they be at a stand, than the ranks open first, and then the files, and in closing, the files close first, than the ranks. If the word be Files and ranks, close to the centre. Then the half files and ranks, Note. close to the middle of the depth of the Body: the half files in the front moving backward, the rear half ●iles forward, till they be at their distance commanded. So likewise opening from the centre, which may be done in the like manner, as is directed before. If the Commander have occasion to bring all the ranks into one file, or into two, the Body being at their order, three foot. The word, Inversion. Ranks open to 6 foot, 12. or more, as the number are in rank, than Ranks to the right hand file, or by inversion As you were. Ranks to the left by inversion. As you were. Ranks to the right and left by inversion. As you were. Ranks to the right by conversion. As you were. Ranks to the left by conversion. As you were. Note. Conversion. Ranks to the right and left by conversion. As you were. Now followeth the closing of the ranks, and opening of the files: that which the Ranks performed in File, may the Files perform in Ranks. Ranks close, to your order. Files open, Note. to 6 foot, 12 foot or more, agreeable to the depth, always having in memory, that 6 foot, is named open order, 12 foot double distance, 24 foot double double distance. Files to the right hand rank by conversion. Note. Files by conversion. As you were. Files to the left rank by conversion. As you were. Files to the right and left rank by conversion. As you were. Files close, to what distance the Commander judgeth fit or convenient. If you would, occasion being offered, draw out your Files in depth at a passage, or such like, into one or two Files, or rank your Files, or rank your Ranks. The word of Command. Files to the right file on in sequence. Note. Sequence. As you were. Files to the left file on. As you were. Files to the right, and left file on. As you were. Files to the right rank, 2. 4. 7. or more. As you were. Note. Files rank● Files to the left rank, 3. or more. As you were. Files to the right and left rank, 5. 6. or more, or fewer. As you were. Ranks to the right rank, Note. Ranke▪ rank. 3, 5. or more. As you were. Ranks to the left rank, 2, 4. As you were. Ranks to the right and left rank, 3, 5, 6. As you were. The manner how to perform these last, and most of all those things which are written before in this book, which bear only the words of Command, and are not there explained, may you find after in another place unfolded, and more at large set forth for the manner of acting them. Many other things of this subject might be added, but I suppose these are sufficient for all such as are willing and inclinable to follow them, and for any understanding Officer to work on, and make trial of their further skill: wishing a happy issue unto their good endeavours. As I have said before concerning the performance of the Postures and Motions of musketeers, Most things performed by signs. and Pikemen particularly, by signs of the Commander, and the beating of the drum: So likewise may be performed the most of all other Motions, of Facings, Doublings, Countermarches, and Wheelings, Opening, Closing, Marching fast, or leisurely, Trooping, Charging, Retreating, and such like, by signs of the Commander, and the beating of the Drum. Here followeth some short remembrances for the acting of these particulars, concerning distance, and form. First for facing. Facing any way by command at a stand, Note. The manner of facing. some teach to remove the same foot, as the hand is named; which is a very good way, but for some respects, I follow the ancientest and known manner practised in most parts. Which is at a stand to remove the right foot, either when you face to the right, or left. Right about, or left about, turning upon the left toe, or heel: but the toe is the best, the Pike at the order, the musketeer his Musket shouldered, Bearing of their arms. or rested, at the discretion of the Commander. If the body be marching, Note. then facing any way that foot which is furthest from the hand named aught first to remove, the Pikes and Muskets shouldered. The body trooping, the pikes advanced, the muskets shouldered. For all Doublings. Observe, Note. that in all doublings, hand and foot ought to go together: although some do teach that the contrary foot to the hand which is named should first remove: but the best way is the same hand which the Commander nameth, the same foot first remove: the right hand, the right foot: the left hand, the left foot. Observe likewise, that in all movings, or doublings at a stand no above three paces, the Pike at the order, the Musket rested, or shouldered; But if they move above 3 paces, than the Pike ought to be advanced, the Musket shouldered, ported, poised, or breasted, at discretion, the whole body moving, or any part thereof. All those which are in the ranks, or files that move must observe their Leaders, and bear their arms as they do: the leaders, or foremost men, receiving the word or sign from the Commander. Observe, Note. when you double to the right hand, you must return back to your place turning to the left: If you double to the left, return back to the right. When ranks, Note. Mov●ng all together. middlemen, or bringersup are to double, each man in those ranks which are to move, must observe the right-hand man in that rank they stand in, moving with him pace by pace, unto the place appointed, and so likewise back again unto their own places if it be so commanded, neither going before, nor after one another, but even altogether. Doubling of files, half ranks, flanks, wings, or angles, each man in the file he standeth in, must observe his file-leader, and move even with him pace by pace, the file-leader looking down his file, setting forth the same foot, the hand is named, the rest of his file seeing him will do the like, although they heard not the word of command. To know by sign without words, the several Countermarches, Countermarch by signs. maintaining, losing, and winning of ground, that which followeth will instruct you. Countermarching, Note. maintaining ground, is known by the Leaders turning upon the same foot as the hand is named, neither pacing forwards nor backwards, till he be turned: then marches down the file unto the rear, the Leaders observing the Commander, and all the rest of the files moving together at their distance, turning at the same place, where the Leaders turned, till the front be turned, and brought into the same place where the rear was, and the rear where the front was. Countermarching again to the contrary hand, in the same manner bringeth every one in his first station. Losing ground is known when the Leaders step forwards one pace, Note. and turning to the hand named, then standing still, the second rank with all the rest that follow pass on their leaders right hand, if the right be named, and place themselves behind their own Leaders at their distance. Winning ground is known when the Leaders step backwards with the right foot, if the right be named or signed by the Commander: and being two paces past the second rank, than that second rank likewise steppeth back, following their Leaders at their distance, and so subsequently all the rest, winning of ground towards the enemy, who marcheth after them to charge their rear, or bringing their front in the suddennest manner to follow the Enemy retiring, or to double their own rear in the quickest form to receive the Enemy over winging them. In all sorts of Countermarches, Note. they may bear their Arms, Pikes advanced or comported, if shouldered: then at the turning, they must advance, port, or charge, or arm their Pike with their right hand aloft: being turned, shoulder again, the Muskets shouldered or breasted, at discretion. There are other manner of ways to perform these Countermarches, either for files or ranks. But these here set down, are the plainest, and as I suppose, the best, which may suffice for this time. Note that you must not countermarch, Note. if the Enemy be near at hand, lest the Body be brought in disorder, and so easily overthrown. Wheeling. When you are to wheel, if the Body be great, and stand at their open order, the best way: is to close, both Files and ranks, especially the Files to their order: if the body be small, then double either Ranks or half files; the Pikes advanced, the Muskets shouldered or breasted: the several forms of wheeling is set down before, fol. 32. 33. The difference in the acting of Inversion and Conversion. Where you read Inversion, or Conversion, that you may the better understand the meaning of them, and how they differ, in former times there hath been made no difference in the form, but only in the name; which was an error, they differ as followeth. The Commander giving the word. Ranks to the right file, or by Inversion. Observe that the right file standeth firm, and moveth not: all the rest of each rank turning their faces towards the right hand, move all till they become into that file that standeth still, placing themselves each man behind his right hand man, & so become all one file. Note that all the whole rank that moveth, must place themselves betwixt their own right hand man that stood still, and the next that stands after him: the first rank between the leader of the File that standeth, and the second in that file: the second rank between the second and third in that File, and so the rest, an even distance one from the other. If the word be ranks to the left by inversion; then the left file standeth fast, and moveth not, the rest of every rank moveth, till they be come into the left File, making one file, in the like manner as they did on the right hand. The Word. Ranks to the right and left by inversion. Then half the Ranks falls behind their Sidemen to the right, and half to the left hand, making two files, marching with them in that form, over Bridges, or through Woods, or narrow passages, or to deliver volleys against horse or foot, facing inward or outward, as the Commander directeth. The Word. Ranks to the right by conversion. Then the whole rank wheeleth towards the right hand, moving on the outmost right hand man, in that rank they stand in, till all the ranks be come even with the right File, whose faces being turned to the right hand, they all become one rank, either to give a volley against horse or foot by a River, Morase, or Wood side, and many other uses may these inverting or converting afford us when occasion is offered. Ranks to the left by conversion. Then all the ranks wheeleth to the left hand in the same manner as they did to the right, on the outmost left hand man in their own rank: who facing likewise to the left, become altogether one rank, and when they have performed that which is commanded: As you were, bringeth every man in his own first place. Ranks to the right and left by Conversion. Then half the ranks wheel to the right, and half to the left hand: then facing right and left, are become two Ranks; and so, as you were, when you have performed what you intended. As the ranks are converted into one File or two, so may likewise the Files be converted into one rank or two, as the occasion offereth. Observing, when the ranks are to file by conversion, or inversion, you must open your ranks to such a distance agreeable to the number which are in the rank, that they may have room to come into the file commanded. When you would convert your Files into one rank or two, you must close your Ranks, and open your Files to that distance as the File is in depth, they may have sufficient room to come into the rank, and to use their arms as they are directed. To give you some light how to perform it, because it is not commonly known, neither hath been practised much in former times. It is thus performed as followeth. The word of Command. Files to the right handranke, or by Conversion. The first man, or leader of the File, standeth fast, the second man in the file cometh upon the right hand of his Leader; the third man in the file on the right hand of the second; and so subsequently all the rest, each man on the right hand of him that did stand in the same file next before himself, till they be all in one rank: performing that which they were commanded; as you were bringeth every man to his first place. Files to the left hand rank, or by conversion. Which is performed in the like manner as the other, the whole file coming up and placing themselves on the left hand of their Leaders making one rank. Files to the right and left by Conversion. The foremost rank as they did before, standeth fast: the rest of the body divideth itself going up, placing themselves, the right half ranks on the right hand of their leaders; the left half ranks on the left hand of their leaders, leaving an open space in the midsts of the ranks, for Horse, Wagons, Ordnance, and such like to pass through. Likewise by converting one rank at once into file, you may march by a narrow passage giving fire against the enemy rank after rank, when the rank alone is converted into a file either by wheeling, or falling after one another, and hath given fire, marching forward, and being by the passage rank again as they were. This may be performed to the right, or left, or to both, by dividing the rank. File in sequence. The word of Command. Files to the right file, on, or in sequence. That is, to draw all your files into one file; if the right be named, than the right file of the whole body, or of that whole division, advanceth first forward, the second file followeth the first; be third, the second; and all the rest in that manner, one after another. One use amongst many is to pass over a bridge, or to free themselves from great Ordnance playing at them, and the like. When they are through that passage, they draw up their Files into one even Front, making one entire body again. Here follows another form either for a passage, or to free themselves from danger of shot, or the like. The Word. Files rank 2. 4. 6. or more according to the breadth of the passage, if it be to the right hand, than the right file advanceth first forward, and fall in rank, the same number commanded, the first file being ended, the next file doth the like; advancing forward falling in rank after the former: the rest of the Files perform the same order till they are all ranked. If the word be to the left hand, than the left hand file first advanceth forward, ranking as it is appointed. The rest of the Files observe the like form, till it be finished as is commanded. There is another form out of the ranks, to rank 3. 5. 7. or more, as need requireth. The Word. Ranks to the right rank 3. 5. 8. and the like. If there be ten in rank, and they are commanded to rank three, those three that stand in the first rank on the right hand advanceth forward making the first rank; the next 3 in the same rank make the second rank; the next 3 the third rank: the tenth man that is left in the first rank, taketh his place first after the right hand man in the third Rank; then the two right hand men in the second Rank advance forward, ranking with him, making the fourth rank, the rest of the ranks do the like, till they have all finished what was enjoined. If the left be named, than the left hand man with the other two next him advance forward and make the first rank; and so the rest, as they did to the right, till all have done it. In the like manner what number soever is named may be performed. Note, when the Company is at the appointed place to exercise, or else to be joined with other Companies, place all your musketeers in one division, as I have set down before, on the right hand of the Pikes If the Company be in number one hundred, or fewer, half Pikes, half musketeers, than you ought to march with all your musketeers in one division before the Pikes: the Files both of pikes and muskets being ten deep, as most Nations have in use, or in case of necessity 8 deep. When you make a stand draw up your Pikes on the left hand of the Muskets, till they be all even in front. But if the number be greater, so that you can make six files of musketeers or more, than you may divide them. When you march half before the Pikes, and half behind, you must at all times observe to keep the depth of the File, ten or eight at the least, if you possible may, observe that you march not at any time two in rank, if you can any otherwise choose: for it is no way convenient nor comely in sight: but three, or more, when you come to a stand with the first division of musketeers, the rest of the body marcheth until the first division of Pikes be even in front with the musketeers that stand, than the second division of Pikes if there be so many, fronts with the former that stand, and last the rear division of musketeers advanceth forward until they be even in rank, and file with the former divisions. Observe that all marching companies, or battaliaes great or small, when they come to a stand or holt, order their Pikes, and rest their Muskets, standing even in File and rank. When the Commander gives the word March▪ Observe that all must shoulder their arms, both Pikes and Muskets, and bear them sloped, except it be otherwise commanded. In trooping the Pikes must be advanced. In charging especially to the front, being ten or eight deep, the half Files in the rear must bear their Pikes ported over the heads of the foremost half Files, as may give them no offence, either in charging or retreating. Likewise the Pikes are not so subject to be broken by the enemy's shot, as when they are advanced. Observe likewise in going through any port or gate, the Pikes at the entrance ought to be ported: if it be a small gate or door, the musketeer is to join his Musket with his Rest, and enter porting his musket.— Being through the passage to bear their Arms as they did before. Now followeth the uniting of many companies together. When many Companies are brought together to be joined into one, two, or three, or more bodies, or battaliaes. The colonel, or eldest Captains Company, taketh the first place on the right hand of all the rest. All the musketeers of that company are to be placed on the right hand of the body of Pikes, standing at their open order; the division of musketeers, a double distance from the Pikes. So likewise all the rest of the Companies in that manner, according to the degree of the captain. Every Company twenty foot one from the other. Then draw back all the musketeers, fifty foot behind the rear of the Pikes, dividing them into Manaples, or divisions of four files by themselves: the files at their order, three foot, and each manaple from other six foot: then join all your Pikes in one body, or two, or three, according to their number, or at the discretion of the sergeant Major, or superior command. The Files of Pikes likewise at their order, than flank each body of Pikes with two wings of musketeers, having divided them as you did your Pikes, for one, two, or three bodies. When all the Officers have taken their places according to their antiquity, as the sergeant Major directeth▪ then march either in hearse form, or in square battalia, if there be three battaliaes. The first march, than the other two, even with one another in front, but divided one from the other, as far distant as the length of the first battalia is, so that the left File of the second battalia which is on the right hand, must be direct after the right File of the first battalia: and the right File or Angle of the third and last battalia, direct after the left File of the first battalia: both these, second, and third battalions, if the ground will permit, sixty paces after the first battalia: when the first marches, all march, when the first stands, all stand: they must all move together; march, wheel, or stand, by example of the first, if not directed otherways by the superior Commander. Observe if there be but, one division of musketeers on each hand of the body of Pikes, than the right wing after they have given fire in front, wheels off to the right hand into the rear of their own files. In the like manner, the left division of musketeers after they have given fire, wheels off to the left hand into the rear of their own Files. But if the body be greater, so that there be more divisions than one of musketeers, on each hand of the body of Pikes, then after they have given fire, must all, both those on the left hand, as well as those on the right hand, wheel off to the right, through the distances which are left open for that purpose, between the divisions into the rear. Observe when the battalia advanceth towards an enemy, being yet a Musket shot off, the two first ranks maketh ready, advancing ten paces before the body directed by a sergeant, as the first rank presents, two Ranks more marches forward, making ready as they go, giving fire rank after rank: Wheeling off to the right hand through the divisions unto the rear of their own Files, making ready again as they go, and subsequently all the rest. But when the Battaliaes come nearer ready to the push of pike, than the ranks give fire even with the foremost rank of pikes: and being forced to give back, than all the musketeers maketh ready together resting their Muskets, standing with their pans guarded, giving fire rank after rank, and suddenly with all speed falling off into the rear. Marching from an Enemy. Observe, when you are to give fire to the rear, two ranks after two, makes ready, giving fire even with the last rank of pikes, as soon as the rank hath given fire, it wheeleth to the right hand marching a good round pace through the divisions into the Front, placing themselves before their own Files, and so in like manner the rest. This is to be performed when the Battalia marcheth from an Enemy, the Enemy pursuing them. Now followeth the giving fire in flank. There are three severarall ways to give fire in flank, the body marching: the first is: The body, or Batalia marching by a River side, or Moras, or Wood, or in plain champain ground, either assaulted sometimes with horsemen, or with foot, if it be on both the Flanks at once. Then the outmost File on each hand, that is on both the Flanks make ready; the Commander giveth the word, To the right, and left present; then the outmost File on each hand turns at 3. motions to the hand commanded, and presents, giving fire, stands fast, only turning their faces as they were towards the Front, until such time as the second File, who marched along with the Body, hath given fire, in the same form as the first did. Then the first File marcheth up even with the second, both standing fast, till the third File hath given fire, and so subsequently all the rest one after another. A sergeant must stand at the head of those files that have given fire: or if the division be great, a superior Officer takes that place, gathering up again that whole wing joining them in equal front with the pikes The second form to give fire in flank. If it be on both Flanks, the outmost File on each flank being ready, at the word of Command, presents. Having given fire, faces again towards the Front, standing fast, till the leader of that File which gave fire last, be free from the marching Body, one pace behind the bringers up, then leadeth his File a round pace up on the other side of that division of musketeers next unto the pikes, till he be equal in Front with the rest of the Leaders, his whole File even in rank with the rest; in like manner all the rest of the Files must do in all points, as the first did, remembering that as soon as the File hath given fire, presently, prepareth again, whether he be to stand or move. The third form of giving fire in flank. The outtermost File next the enemy being commanded to make ready, keeping still along with the Body till such time as they be ready, and then at command they turn to the hand directed, according to the sight of their enemy either on the right or left flank, or both together, and give fire all together. When they have discharged, they stand nor still as they did the two former ways, but speedily joining their rests unto their Muskets, turning their faces towards the rear; the rear-man or bringer-up being then a leader, turning short about the rear of that division of musketeers, going a speedy pace, yet orderly next unto the pikes up unto the Front, placing himself with the rest of the leaders: so he that was the Leader before, is now the bringer up of the File. Observe always in every form of giving fire in Flank, that as the first presents, the next file maketh ready, keeping still along with the Body, presenting not till they be free of the File that gave fire last. Two times giving fire in this l●st form, the first leader with every man in that File cometh in his first place again. In this manner of giving fire two hundred musketeers may deliver as many shot in as short a time, as three hundred any other way. I could very much enlarge myself in this Subject, but I hope these will content my friends for this time, who have honest hearts, and judge charitably: and because I know that there have been many very excellent Books of military Discipline set forth within these few years in this kingdom, namely, the Instructions for Musters and arms by order from the Lords of his majesty's most Honourable Privy council, and thirteen other, written by skilful and painful Gentlemen soldiers, as I have set down in my Preface. If I had appointed me any command, with the horse-troops as I have with the foot-companies, I should likewise set down some observations concerning the exercising and imbattailing of them. But for this, and some other reasons at this time I omit. Only remembering the Officers of the troops of Horse which are yet unskilful, or not so skilful as they would desire to be, to observe the form and manner of the exercising of the Foot-Companies which will in some measure teach them their duties. For in the exercising of Horse and Foot, there is not much difference. Before I pass any further, let me remember the ensign bearer in few words, concerning his place and duty, and the displ●ying of the Colours. The ensign or Colours, is the honour and reputation of the captain and soldiers: therefore the ensign-bearer ought not only to be a good soldier, bold and valiant, but likewise discreet and wise in counsel, and in the absence of the captain and lieutenant, have the same authority the captain hath. Where the company is appointed to gather together, he ought to be one of the first, and to be careful of his Colours: and at all times see that they be well guarded, and be ready to do any thing to further the service. Within these few years, a supreme Commander in setting down the duty of each Officer in his place, speaketh of the ensign these words following. The ensign shall never turn his face out of his order, start from any danger, nor forsake his ensign, upon pain of death. In a march, he may bear his Colours flying, rested upon his shoulder, before the head of the Pikes. And being in a batalia, his Colours sometimes advanced and breasted, flying, in the midst of the Pikes, between the half Files. In a troop, the Colours furled, or rolled up. In presence of the general, or supreme Commander, he must bear his Colours flying, and passing by him, veil them, the point even with his knee, once and no more for that time, without any other ceremonies. But if he pass by the King or Prince, he shall likewise withal, bow somewhat one of his knees. The soldiers ought not to forsake or leave their Colours, before they be lodged, and then with leave of the captain, may depart. The postures of the Colours. Note, that in those parts where the wars are, especially within the leaguer, or any Army in the field, the ensign ought not to display his Colours, but only to bear them flying, marching, skirmishing, or at a stand, or to veil them as I have showed before. But with the trained bands in those parts, and likewise within this kingdom, the ensign doth use at their meetings or Musters, some more postures in displaying his Colours. The ensign may perform most parr of the postures and motions with the Pikes, except laying down, cheeking, and trailing: for which two last, he may use comporting. 1 Hand your Colours. 2 Order your Colours. 3 Shoulder your Colours. 4 Advance your Colours. 5 Port your Colours. 6 Comport your Colours. 7 Charge your Colours. 8 breast your Colours. 9 veil your Colours. Display your Colours. 1 The first posture from hand to hand. 2 The second, overhead, ps. with one hand 3 The third, twice overhead, ps. changing hands. 4 The round overhead, ps. 5 The back. ps. 6 The cross, ps. 7 The retreating, ps. losing ground. 8 The advancing, ps. winning ground. 9 furl, or roll up your Colours. Now followeth those small Maps which I promised in the Preface, of small and greater bodies, that such things which I have written, may be the better conceived, and fixed in the memory of all: Observe these letters following, for each Officer, standing in their right places, and for the Front, rear, and flanks. C captain. L lieutenant. E ensign. S sergeant. D drum. Fr. Front. Re. rear▪ Rf. Right flank. Lf. Left flank. P. Pikes. M. musketeers. The captain leading before the Front, into the field, or advancing towards the enemy. Out of the field, or skirmishing in the rear, or marching from the enemy, at the rear, at all times nearest the enemy. The lieutenant his place is at the rear if the captain be at the front, or in the front, if the captain be at the rear. The ensign before the head of the Pikes, and sometimes in a battalia between the half Files of Pikes. The sergeants on the outside of the flanks, and in skirmish leading up the ranks or Files of musketeers to give fire. The Drums in a march, hearse form, betwixt the third and fourth ranks. In a battalia, on the corners, flanks, and in the midst with the Colours. Observe, that in the Maps are plain squares, Oes and small pricks. The plain squares are the Pikes, the Oes and small pricks the musketeers; the Oes, leaders, bringers up, and middlemen. Observe, when many companies are united or joined together, making an entire body: the sergeant Major directeth every Officer what part of the body he shall be at, to make good that place. The Table at the end of this Book, directeth unto all the special things contained in this book. These squares that you see on the other leaf, are 1000 divided into four Battalions: in every Battalia you may perceive their number of figures placed at such distance as they may best second on the other if need require, with 100 horse on both the flanks, with 100 firelocks in two parties, scouting out before, for the approach of the enemy. The P. stands for Pikes, the M. for musketeers. On the other side of the leaf, as you may observe a greater Army divided into many Battalions with their number, in each square, with their horse on the flanks, and their forlorn hopes before; and the distance as you may perceive from one Battalia unto the other, standing removed one from the other, in the best and surest manner for the relieving of one the other, or for any other exploit when the superior Commander shall see fit occasion, with Ordnance and Wagons. The Table. THE Officers of a foot company page 1 The use of the Drum 2 The names of all the beats of the Drum ibid. For what use each several found is 3. 4, 5. Instructions how to beat the March ibid The March 6 Instruction for the unskilful in arming and disarming, in laying down and taking up of their arms 7. 8. 9 10 The preparation unto the postures 11 The postures and motions of a musketeer, first standing, then marching, with the beginning and ending of the postures, and their names. 12. 14 The marching postures divided with some observations concerning giving of fire in front, flank and rear ibid. 15 The postures and motions of a Pikeman, standing and marching. ibid. 16. 17 The postures of a Pike divided. The performing of all by the Drum and signs 18 The several sorts of distances 19 20 The words of command ought to be right delivered. ibid. What Files and ranks are 21 The body distinguished. ibid. 22 Of facing and doubling of ranks, Files, half Files, and bringers up. 23. 24 Countermarches, half Files, entire doubling ibid. The body wheeling 25 Of conversion ibid. The reason why some things are repeated again 26 Each Officers place ibid. Of facing, and ranks and Files doubling. 27 Why half Files, and why middlemen are named 28 Middlemen and bringers up, doubling the front ibid. Half Files and leaders, doubling the rear ibid. 29 Half ranks doubling the flank ibid. Countermarches, maintaining, losing and winning ground ibid. Ranks and Files entire doubling 30 Files advancing and doubling ibid. Middlemen entire doubling the front 31 Half Files entire doubling the rear ibid. Half Ranks doubling the Flank ibid. Flank advancing entire doubling 32 The body wheeling ibid. The use of wheeling the Front into the centre. 33 Files and Ranks closing and opening 34 Ranks and Files by inversion and conversion 38 Files in sequence, and Files and ranks ranking. 39 Such words of command as are not explained in one place, are in another unfolded. 40 In facing, what foot to remove 41 In facing, marching, standing, or trooping, how to bear their arms. ibid. Observations in all sorts of doublings 42 All sorts of countermarches performed by signs 43 How to perform ranks filing by inversion and conversion. 45 Files ranking by conversion 48 Files filing in sequence 50 Files ranking few or many ibid. Ranks ranking few or many 51 In what form to march few or many 52 How to bear their arms at special times. 53 The uniting of many Companies into one body. 54 How the Battalions should march 55 Musketeers giving fire in Front, rear, or Flanks, how to fall off 56 The authors reason why he doth not enlarge himself in this Subject, and the cause why he writes nothing of the exercising of the troops of Horse 60 The office and duty of the ensign-bearer, and the displaying of the Colours 61 The reason why the Maps are placed at the end of the Book 64 A Table of the Maps of several forms of Bodies small and great, Marching, Exercising, Skirmishing, and in battle. Letters for the Officers in their places 65 A company of 100 marching 67 A company of 200 marching 68 A company exercising with all their Officers in their places 69 A body standing in batt●ll form 70 A Battalia of 200. approaching toward the enemy, giving fire in Front. 71 A Body marching from the enemy, giving fire in the rear. 72 A Body marching, giving fire in both the flanks 73 A second form of a Body marching, giving fire in both the flanks 74 A third form of a Body marching, giving fire in both flanks. 75 A Battalia giving fire in front with three files at once 76 A Battalia giving fire in front with four files at once 77 A hollow Body for several uses 78 A Sconce battalia, ready for all assaults of the enemy 79 A Battalia giving fire in front and rear both at once 80 Another form of giving fire in front and rear, or on both the flanks at once 81 A Battalia marching, being prepared to receive an enemy in front, rear, right and left at one time 82 A Battalia fronting every way, prepared for battle 83 A Battalia fronting every way, giving fire under the Pikes, the Pikes charging over their heads 84 A Battalia fronting every way, each division of Pikes being on both hands flank with Muketteers, with a diamant of Pikes in the midst 85 A very strong from of a Battalia for night or day, against horse or foot, having Muskeeteers in the front, flanks, and rear. 86 A Battalia of five companies in one body, all the Officers in their right places giving fire in front 87 A Battalia of 500 marching from the enemy, giving fire in the rear 88 Instructions for the better understanding of the two following armies 89 A small army divided into four Battalions, with their distances each from other, as you may perceive in the figures between each Battalia, the number of paces, with horse on the flanks, and firelocks before. Of this, read more, page 89 90 A great army divided into many Battalions with their horse on the flanks, with firelocks, forlorn hopes, Ordnance and Wagons, as you may read more of this, page. 89 90. 91. ERRATA. IN the preparation to the march, in the first rank of the March, if there be an r, make it an i. In the second line or ra. k, where there is no r, make the fourth i an r. Page the 10. the Ingravers error, placing the cock on the wrong side of the Musket, and the Tr●cker too high. Pag. 68 the Ingravers error, the Drummers place should be a rank forwarder. In the first division likewise, a rank too many. The eldest S. between the division of Pikes. FINIS.