THE DIFFERENCES, causes, AND judgements OF urine: ACCORDING TO THE BEST WRITERS THEREOF, BOTH OLD and new, summarily collected. BY I. Fletcher. LONDON, Printed by John Legatt. 1641. The contents of this book. AN admonition to the Reader of the order of the book, and authors from whence it was gathered. A preface wherein the judgement by urine is preferred before that by the pulse. Also the generation of urine in man's body. Cap. 1. General considerations in judgement of urines, how many things hinder judgement in respect of the urinal, physician, and urine itself to the 5. page, and how many things alter the urine in respect of age, sex, complexion, time of the year, kind of life, &c. to the 10. page. 2. Of the substance of urine thin to the 14. page, thick to the 17. page, and mean to the 19 3 Of clearness and darkness of urine to the 24. page. 4. Of 21. colours of urine, pag. 25. where the reader must add after pale, subspicous, subpallidus, these words. If you seethe a piece of the rind of pomegranate, and then put to it thrice as much clean water, it will make a pale colour. Also at flaxen, spiceus, add these words. But if you put thereto a little or none of clean water, it will be flaxen colour. 5 Of substance and colour jointly together, and first of thin urine with his colours, to the 34. page, thick with his colours to the 44. page. 6 Quantity of urine much to the 48. page, little to the 49. page. 7 Of the contents of the urine in general, and first where contents want, the division of the contents, page 53. of their colour, 53. substance thick, 55. thin, 56. quantity, 57 8 Of contents in special, and first of the 15. deformed contents in the sediment to the 77. page. In the middle region, page 77. in the uppermost region, pag. 79. and here of the colours, 80. deformed contents, 81. of the crown, 82. his colours, 83. of foam, froth, bubbles, 85. and 3. differences, 89. Drops of fat, 90. 9 Smell of urine, 90. 10 Manner of pissing, 95. 11 Suppression of urine, 98. 12 Of what parts of the body urine giveth signification, 101. 13 Of concoct, crude, and dangerous urines, 101. 14 A methodical practice in judgement of urine, 107. 15 Of the qualities, commodities, and medicines of urine, and of diseases touching urine, and the remedies thereof, 117. An alphabetical Table to the whole book. An admonition to the READER. THis Treatise following I first digested into tables for mine own private use, which afterwards was by my friend converted into this form to fit the press. And therefore the studious reader must still remember how one part followeth another in order: and that which is spoken generally before a division, to be understood of all the members following under that head according to the law of method. A word is enough to him that is acquainted with tables. The Treatise itself is an abridgement wholly gathered out of other men's writings, I challenge nothing to myself but the collection and disposition hereof. Wherein for better satisfaction of the Reader, I have many times cited the Author, whose testimony I use, and now and then I have quoted the page of such books as I then followed, and whereof I set down the catalogue, where, when, and in what form they were printed. Willichius and Reusner Basileae, 1592. 8. Argenterius de urinis, 1591. 8. Record in English. London. 8. Actuarius, Parisiis, 1548. 8. Aegidius Basileae, 1506. 8. Weckers Syntaxis, Basileae, 1582. fol. Fernelius. Francofurti, 1593. 8. Montanus de Excrementis. Venetiis, 1554. 8. Cappivaccius de urinis. Servestae, 1595. 8. Vassaeus de urinis. Lugduni, 1645. 16. Io. Hasfurtus. Venetiis, 1584. 4. Salvianus. Romae, 1587. 8. Blosii Hollerii theorica medicina. Argentinae, 1565. 8. The Preface. AMongst all signs of sickness or health whereby the skilful physician is led into the knowledge of the state of the body, two are of most general and certain signification which are taken from the pulse and urine, without which all the knowledge of physic besides, is obscure, doubtful, and uncertain. Whereof the first showeth the estate of the heart and arteries, the second of the liver and veins. Both of such special use in signification of diseases incident to man's body; that joined together, they certainly instruct the physician whether the disease tendeth to health or death, but whether of these two severally considered doth give more certain signification, I had rather leave it to be determined of others who can better do it then myself: yet under their correction me think that the urine giveth the most manifest certain and general signification of all diseases; because with the blood it is conveyed into all parts of the body, and from thence returneth back again in the veins to the liver and vessels of urine, bringing with it some note of the state and disposition of all those parts from whence it cometh. Neither is there any other excrement that hath so many differences as the urine, neither from which so many significations may be taken as from it, in the substance, colour, quantity, contents, smell, manner of pissing, &c. in which the physician may with more profit exercise himself then in the six differences of pulses, the art whereof Hippocrates either never knew, or neglected. And Galon confesseth of himself, that he spent 20. years in study that way, before he could attain the knowledge of the (systole) or contraction of the pulse in the arteries, which being unknown, the pulse also must remain unknown; and yet it is uncertain whether Galen indeed ever did attain thereto. From Galen's time for 1200. years after, this knowledge lay buried in the black dungeon of ignorance, until Josephus Struthius brought it to some light: and no marvel; for the continual mutability and alteration of the pulse cannot be comprehended by art. For as the affections of man's mind, anger, fear, joy, sorrow, love, hatred, springing from the heart do vary; so the pulse differeth in every moment. So we read that Erasistratus the physician perceived by the pulse of Antiochus son to the King of Syria and Persia, that he was in love with Stratonica his stepmother. And Galen saith that he perceived by the often change of the pulse of a woman, that she was in love with Pylades. Besides that, the tunicles of the arteries, the skin and flesh in the wrest of the hand where the pulse is felt, and the skin and flesh of the physician's hand feeling the pulse, are in some harder and in some softer. Again, the patient's hand differing in heat or cold, or manner of position, higher, lower, or on the one side, and the physician's hand touching the arteries softly, or pressing them, and infinite other circumstances which make such sudden and momentary alteration of the pulse that as in ancient time, so at this present amongst us there be very few skilful in this part of judgement. But on the contrary side in urine there is no such labour or cause of doubt, for we may see it, and consider well of it, for many hours together, and find no alteration therein. And of this Hippocrates, Galen, Aegideus, Actuarius, Avicen, and infinite others in all ages have delivered precepts, and gathered judgements, and therefore as a part of physic better known, and of more certainty than the pulse, I have in this short Treatise handled, divided into his differences, and to every difference I have added his judgement together with a reason thereof. And in many places I have more especially distinguished it, not only by other differences of the urine, but also by other accidents of the disease itself. As for example, pag. 47. one signification of much urine is a consumption of the whole body, whereto I have added other signs by the urine, as that it is somewhat fatty, in colour palew, reddish, high coloured, and without other signs of concoction. And hereof I presently annex this cause; for so the profitable fat, moisture, humours, and substantial parts of the body are molten, dissolved, and voided by urine. The rest I leave to the diligence of the studious reader, who with small consideration may easily conceive the same. And here I would make an end, but that I think it not amiss in few words to show the generation of urine in man's body, and the vessels thereto belonging. The meat and drink received by the mouth, and descending down into the stomach, and there concocted together, incorporated and made one substance (chylus) and thence passing by an issue in the bottom of the stomach (pylorus) to the first gut (duodenum) and from thence to the hungry gut (ieiunum) from thence again five of the eight mesaraical veins suck so much as is profitable nourishment (the rest being unprofitable for nourishment is voided by stool) which again is conveyed into vena porta, and at length after many purifications and concoctions in the parts before mentioned; to the liver, where it is converted into blood, and thence sent into the hollow vein, where it is again more purified, the excrementitious parts being sequestered, separated, and sent to other places, as the choler to the gall, melancholy to the spleen and the watery or wheyish part to the emulgent or sucking veins, from whence again it is drawn of the reins where it is altered perfectly into urine, which as unprofitable descendeth into the water-conduits (ureteres) and thence into the bladder which at length at a man's pleasure by help of the muscle shutting the neck of the bladder is voided out by the yard. Yet some part of this thin wheyish humour is not after this sort conveyed from the liver to the bladder, but as I have showed, cap. 12. is together with the blood in the veins derived into all parts of the body, and at length returning back again the same way, is expelled by the yard. Seeing then urine passeth through so many vessels, and receiveth so many concoctions and preparations before it can be expelled, it must needs admit many alterations. And yet we see by daily experience that great drinkers, those which drink some diuretic potion, and especially those who are troubled with the pissing evil, do piss out presently after drink not concoct, nor much altered from the drink received. Hereof Galen 3. de facult. nat. cap. 15. yieldeth these reasons. The great desire of the stomach to receive drink, the thin, piercing, and subtle substance of the drink speedily running into all parts: the wideness of the passages, and lastly the strong attractive faculty of the reins, all which concurring together, do cause the drink received so quickly to pass through the parts of the body without any great alteration. Yet some the better to satisfy these doubts have devised, and by arguments laboured to confirm a readier and shorter course for the drink received to pass to the reins by the windpipe, great artery (aorta) emulgent veins, and bladder. But because this opinion is so contrary to the reputed and received truth of Hippocrates, Galen, and all physicians, as also that it imagineth another free passage (beside the meat-pipe, through the windpipe and lungs: whereas we find by experience that a little dust in travelling, or a crumb of bread in eating falling into the same is ready to choke a man, as a kernel of a raisin did Anacreon the Poet; and that therefore nature hath ordained a cover for the windpipe (epiglottis) lest in eating or drinking something should pass that way. And the physicians do forbid much talk or disputation at meat, lest the cover being opened thereby should let something pass that way. I cease further to commend it. Of the instruments and parts by which urine is engendered and passeth, mark this figure following. A. is the liver. B. the hollow vein. C. veins by which the reins do draw the urine, and therefore be called the sucking veins, venae emulgentes. D. the reins. E. The water-pipes ureteres. F. is the bladder. G. the spout of the yard. All other parts beside, appertain to generation and seed. A perfect form of the urinal, wherein the urine according to his height is divided into three regions for the distinction of the three contents mentioned, Chap. 7, 8. 1, 2, 3, 4. the lowest region for the sediment. 5, 6, 7, 8. the middle region for the swim. 9, 10, 11, 12. the uppermost region for the cloud. In the top whereof the black line going through the thickness of the urinal is the circle or crown CHAP. I. Of general considerations in judgement of Vrines. IVdgements of an urine are considered in respect of the urinal of the physician, & of the urine itself. 1. The urinal In respect of the urinal, which ought not to be of any colour, for so it would alter the apparent colour of the urine. Not straight or broad beneath, which alter the contents. Not open in the top, for so dust or other filth might fall in: air, cold, or heat might soon alter it. Not stopped with Woollen or linen, for so lint or Cotten might fall in. Not too near, nor too far off, for the substance too near might appear thicker: and too far off, thinner. Aegid. 10. Argent. 91. contrariwise in Wine and vinegar. Capivac. 88 Not unclean within. The urinal therefore ought to be a clear glass, or pure crystal, without any colour at all or notable thickness. Broad, round, and oblonge below, and straiter above, conically ascending like to a man's bladder which it representeth; that a fit place may remain for the fashion of the sediment: and stopped at the top with leather, paper, &c. that nothing fall in, nor air easily get in. physician. 2. In respect of the physician, who may not see the urine in a place either too dark, or by candlelight, for so the colour will appear altered. Or else too light, as the sunbeams make the colour more remiss. Therefore put your hand or a black cloth betwixt the light and the urinal on the opposite part of the urinal, that the colour and contents may be the better discerned, and your eyes be not dazaled with the light. urine. 3. In respect of the urine itself: wherein are considered, 1. Collection. 2. Things that hinder judgement. 3. Differences. 1. Collection. Collection. 1. When nourishment is perfectly digested, which is commonly that which is first made in the morning after the night's sleep. For that which is made lately after eating or drinking, or fit of an ague, hath neither colour, consistence, nor contents, being not concoct. Argent 91. 2. Take the whole urine and not the part, so much as is made at one time; but mingle not urines made at several times, but keep them several both for quantity, colour, and contents. 3. When the urine is new made and yet warm, it is best to see the colour, substance, and perspicuity; at what time you may see also the quantity and smell. 4. When it is settled in the urinal fully it is best to see the contents and bubbles. You may well also then see the substance. Actuar. Fernel. 452. 5. Let it not be kept past six hours, for being longer kept it waxeth corrupt. Arg. 91. ex Auicenna. 6. Yet it is good to see the urine lately made, and oftentimes after to observe the perseverance or alteration of the substance, froth, and perspicuity, &c. Salvian. 222. Things which hinder judgement. 1. Much shaking of it, or pouring it out of one vessel into another. Things which hinder judgement. 2. Cold or wind to congeal it and make it turn thick as in Winter: but being chafed at the fire it returneth again, except it be too long kept. Cap. 2. 3. Wind to move or shake it. 4. Placed in the heat of the sun, or near the fire, whereby that which is thin and subtle is drawn out, and the rest remaineth thick, dreggy: and so sometimes the urine that was made thick and troubled, by great heat of the fire waxeth clear, and the spume or bubble vanisheth away, which otherwise would continue. Salvian. 227. 5. Meats and drinks lately taken before alter the colour, quantity, substance, and smell sometimes. 6. Medicines taken, as rhubarb, Saffron, Cinnamon, broth of Cherries, make the urine yellow; Cassia, blackish; oil of Bay, Henbane, or Vnguentum Martiatum anointed, sena rubia maior, Cantharides▪ applied to any part of the body, radish. 7. Exercise, fasting, watching, labour, anger, fear, vomiting, sweating, purging, &c. alter the colour, substance, quantity, contents. 8. Reins or Bladder affected hinder the judgement of the inner parts. Fernel. Differences are either principal in the urine, or less principal. principal differences of the urine. principal are, 1. Substance. Cap. 2. 2. Quality, and that either first as heat exceeding perceived by the patient in making it, as in inflammation of the liver, or by the physician touching the urinal with his hand. 2 heat moderate or temperate. 3 Deficient or under temperate. Or second quality perceived. 1. by sight, as perspicuity, light through, or dark and troubled. Cap. 3. Colour. Cap. 4. Taste, but that being too base for the physician, we leave to speak of it. Smell. Cap. 9 3 Substance and colour jointly, Cap. 5. 4 Quantity, Cap. 6. 5 Contents wanting three regions, sediment, swim, cloud: where we also consider substance, colour, quantity. Cap. 7. 8. Contents deformed. Contents duly knit. less principal differences. less principal, which though they do not immediately help to judge of the urine, yet they declare the nature of the urine and griefs of the body. Such arise from the causes; as choler, melancholy, sleep, watching, diseases. From the effects, signifying health, death, griefs of the stomach, head, liver, breast, veins. From the manner of pissing. Cap 10. From suppression of urine. Cap. 11. The best urine simply. The best urine simply in a perfect and absolute temperate whole man, which is the rule of all the rest, is that which is made without heat, as in burning agues. Capivac. 83. without cold, Capivac. 11. pain, or stinch. Of colour palew or light saffron, perspicuous moderately, Capivac. 113. Of substance mean. Of quantity likewise mean, like to the former day's urine, and proportionable to the drink received yesterday and other days before, and somewhat less because some is spent and wasted in the body. Having contents white, smooth, equal, settling down to the bottom of the urinal, not having bubbles, filaments, or any other evil contents. Having sediment likewise white, smooth, equal, pyramidally ascending, nor tattered, ragged, or dispersed, neither cleaving together, so but that they depart asunder, the urinal being shaken, and ascend lightly without trouble of the urine. And all these thus continuing long. Montan. 46. B. The best urine in respect of age The best urine in respect of age, sex, time of the year, kind of life, complexions, is as followeth. 1 First for children, urine is best of substance thick. For thin is lethal. Salvian. 33. 206. 2 Of quantity much. 3 Of colour white a little by continual feeding on milk, Salv. 204. or because choler or blood to colour the urine resteth or is drowned by too much moisture. Also by debility, long sleep, much rest, which because they cannot well move, increaseth moisture and decayeth heat. 2 The best for springalls, hath sediment heaped and increased, substance thick, but rather inclining to thin. Colour yellow or light saffron: black deadly Salvian. 93. contents moe than in men. 3 For men that which is set down first for a perfect rule of the rest. 4 For old men with substance thin, colour white, sediment little. sex. 5 For women whole. In substance rather thick then thin, dark, troubled, with many things swimming in it, not so clear as in men. In colour declining from light or palew towards white with some darkness. Quantity much. Sediment impure, much thicker and whiter than in men's urine. Distinction between men and womens' urine is easily known by often comparing them together. Fernel. Time of the year. 6 In respect of the time of the year, best urine beginning in the spring, of colour white and pale, quantity greater, contents more thicker and more raw. In the spring proceeding, colour from pale and flaxen to palew and light; contents mean, substance equal. In summer beginning, colour palew and light saffron, substance thinner, sediment thinner, white, smooth, equal. In Summer proceeding, colour yellow saffron, substance very thin, sediment little, thin and declining to white. In autumn beginning, sediment little yet without fault. In autumn proceeding all mean. In Winter beginning, colour white, substance thicker. Fernel. Contents moe and rawer. In Winter proceeding, colour white, quantity greater, contents more and cruder. K●nde of Life. 7 In respect of the kind of life, as wherein there is much exercise, fasting, anger maketh commotion of spirits and humours, watching, meats of hot operation, the urine is more coloured, and sediments fewer at the beginning as long as those passions do inflame the heat of the body, and there is moisture which may be kindled; but that failing, and the heat languishing and decaying, the colour waxeth more and more remiss again. Argent. 36. Salvian. 71. so in agues beginning, the urine is white, after that (Heat increasing) yellow, and red; and in declination the heat decaying, more remiss again. So urine voided after large drinking is first white, after more coloured, and at length returneth to his former colour again and consistence. And where there is much idleness, gluttony, surfeits, sleep, drunkenness, use of cold meats, the urine is white and thick, sediment much and crude, natural heat being oppressed and suffocated. Complexion. 8 In respect of complexions, the phlegmatic hath urine of colour white, substance thick, quantity increased, and the sediment more raw. The choleric yellow as pure gold, much coloured, and of substance thin. The melancholic white, with a certain dimness, because melancholy is in quality cold and dry. But if melancholy be voided, in substance the urine is black, as in critical evacuations of melancholy. Aegid. 37. The sanguine radish with a certain darkness, substance indifferent thick CHAP. II Of the substance of urine. THe substance of urine is either thin, Thick, or mean. Thin substance. urine thin as water, such as every urine is of it own nature, neither can it wax thick by seething having little earthly substance: neither congeal through cold in our bodies, which be hot as long as we live, is not of so good signification as thick urine, because it signifieth crudity and debility: whereas thick urine signifieth some separation and beginning of concoction, as also strength of the expulsive faculty to expel gross matter, and mixed with urine: but thin urine doth signify either. Obstruction. 1. Obstruction in the veins or liver with an ague, of the reins and vessels of urine without an ague by tough and clammy humours, clods of blood, tumours, stone, flesh growing, whereby the thicker part of the urine is stayed, and the thinner in small quantity, as it were through a colander or strainer is let pass, and may be known by the pain in the obstructed part. Salv. 11. Crudity. 2. Or crudity and lack of concoction and separation, through cold and want of natural heat, or abundance of unnatural heat in an ague, and other signs of heat, as in simple distemperatures without mixture of humours, as is seen in cold, much drinking of wine, water and drink. Pissing presently after drinking, and especially which provoketh urine, and staying not in the body until humours be concocted to issue with it to give it substance and tincture: for the second urine staying longer, is thicker and more coloured, and so the third and the fourth, as sooner or later, more or less thick and coloured, as concoction and heat is more or less strong. Capiv. 103. and at length returneth to his former substance. In the beginning of diseases when all humours are raw and unfit to be concoct, the urine is white and thin, and after that heat increasing is yellow and red, and in declination the heat decreasing more remiss again, until he return unto his former state of health. In furfetting, drunkenness, gluttony, and especially pissing presently after. When the stomach is cold, whereby meat and humours are raw, and so sent to the liver. When the liver of itself is cold and weak, receiving them raw from the stomach, and sendeth them so to the reins. For the error of the first concoction is not taken away in the second. When the reins and vessels of urine through weakness are not able to draw or expel any humour but thin. Capiv. 86. Colour white in children signifieth death. Salvian. 24. Likewise in weak persons. And in sharp diseases. Argent. 24. Continuance of the disease, in intermitting agues, or strong persons. Recidivation or returning again of the disease, being made on the critical day. Conclusion of the humour. 3. Or thin urine signifieth conversion of the humour another way with signs of concoction, and more coloured urine precedent, as to the whole body with pain in the whole body, and thin water long continuing, the humour regurgitating into all places, as in the small Pocks, measles, Impostumes, dropsy, Botches, and Felons. Aegid. 230. Into the stomach, and causeth upbraidings and vomitings. To the brain in a frenzy with a burning ague, and is mortal. Galen never knew any escape, Mont. To the Liver with pain in the right side. To the pores of the skin in sweat. To the short ribs, armholes, neck, privy parts, gathering to an head, making an impostume. To the belly in dropsies beginning. For after the matter increasing, the urine waxeth thicker. To the reins in Nephritide. To the seat in the hemorrhoids. To the joints, as to the hucklebone in sciatica, knees, feet, hands in the gout, drawing humours to them. Argent 24. To the guts, as in dyssenteries, flixes, lasks, looseness. To the cod in Hydrocele. To the mother, as immoderate flux of the terms. Record. To other parts that are weak and grieved whither humours fall. Or being inflamed, draw humours to them much like cupping-glasses. Thick substance. urine thick as syrup boiled to his height, or yellow choler in the gall. Aegid. 23. is always made by mixture of other humours, as blood, choler, phlegm not natural, abounding melancholy, raw humours, purulent matter, seed, gravel, or filaments. The farther placed from you the thinner it appeareth, and hath always moats stirring up and down contrary in both to Wine or vinegar, besides the smell. Argent. 29. which either may be cleared externally, being chafed at the fire, returning again, (except it hath stood too long, or stood too long by the fire or in sun, Arg. 47. or such as wax thick, and are turned by standing in the cold extinguishing the heat and spirits of the urine:) or may be cleared of itself in the urinal, the thicker and grosser part settling down to the sediment: and this hath always a good signification that good concoction now beginneth in the liver, and that which is concoct hath now some form though unperfect: but while the heat is fervent in the veins, some terrestrial matter is mixed therewith, which is not yet perfectly separated by the heat. Look after in the declination of the disease. Wecker. Or this thick urine may not be clee●ed though chafed at the fire, which cometh either from the vessels and passages of urine, as the reins, bladder, yard, be●ng too open and large. Fernel. 449. or ●xulcerated and apostumated, whereby the urine is tronbled, and with purulent matter, raw humour, or seed is white, of ●loud red, and sometimes with gravel and ●laments. All to be known by smell and ●riefe in the part. Fern. 39 Arg. 22. Or else it cometh from some supe●our member, as liver, spleen, veins, stomach, where it is always an argument ●f heat oppressed and crudity; not that natural heat is distempered, but suffocated through abundance of humours. Fern. 449. and is to be understood either of one urine made at the same time, or many, urines made on several days, and several times of the sickness. As in the beginning, where it showeth abundance of gross, raw, and phlegmatic humours: which cause headaches in tertian and quotidian agues, and such urine now made, when as nature hath made no concoction or separation, it is through weakness of nature, of unnatural heat (Symptomatical and ill) and other ill signs joined withal, as feeble pulse, old age, Winter weakness: it is mortal, except in diseases of choler, and blood, which are soon concocted. Arg. 29. but with good signs, as youth, strength, good sediment, continuance of the disease not desperate Weck. 13. Sal. 36. 138. Cap. 100 State, a better sign, because now natural heat beginning to prevail, doth separate and expel humours, which nourish the disease in strength of the patient, and other good signs; otherwise, that unnatural heat putrefactive beginneth to move the humours, as chanceth often in pestilential agues, Weck. 13. Declining, if thin water was made before some days, and after it is made, it cleareth in the urinal. Sal. 201. when as natural heat hath made some concoction, and so expelleth the humour offending, especially being made on the critical day, it is a very good sign, for thus many diseases are cured, as the sciatica, gout. Sal. 37. pain in the joints. And when the humour offending is expelled, and the patient recovered, the urine returneth to his colour and mean consistence again. Arg. 25. But if it wax thin and white too suddenly, or hastily, before the humour be expelled, and the patient recovered, it seemeth the humour is converted another way, where it makes an impostume drawing to a head, or to the brain as before in thin urine: look immediately before in thick humour which cleareth of itself. Mean substance. mean urine, neither so thin as water, neither so thick as beasts water, but as white Wine or clear Ale: which waxeth thick in the glass, through cause external, as cold or longer standing: for so in Winter urines turn sooner than in Summer: and being near the fire or heat return again, except the natural heat of the urine be totally extinct by too long, standing, or by being in too hot a place as the sun, or too long by the fire, or in warm water, whereby the heat and spirit of the urine is dissipated, rarified, and evaporated out of the urine, Argent. 47. These two return not. Or through cause internal, Videl. 1. want of natural heat: as old men's urines and those that are in recovery of their health, do easily change and wax thick, and being chafed at the fire return again, except they have stood long, &c. 2. Abundance of humours which nature can neither concoct nor detain, but is almost suffocated therewith, as their urines which have crammed themselves with meat & drink are more easily turned and wax thick. And both these in whole men do signify health impaired, because heat hath entered into some raw matter in the veins, and cleareth it by rarifying the parts thereof, which heat and spirits being expelled by external cold, the urine becometh thick, Wecker. In sick men in the beginning, ill, because the concoction is of unnatural heat. After the beginning with other good signs, concoction of natural heat: but with ill signs crudity of unnatural heat. But if the urine continue mean in the glass, and yet after it hath settled, the thicker part falleth to the sediment, it signifieth good concoction in the stomach, liver, veins, and lively natural heat. Fernel. 449. CHAP. III. Of clearness and darkness of urine. clear urine. urine is also either perspicuous, light through or clear, through which a man may discern his knuckles. Record. and is not all one with thin urine: for white wine is thin, and yet often dark, and not light through. Distilled wine is thin in substance, yet troubled and dark. This signifieth in whole men (if it be moderately perspicuous) perfect digestion, good humours, abundance of natural heat, which at length doth separate and distinguish the hypostasis. In sick men if it be too clear and saffron colour, signifieth yellow choler, unnatural heat, as in agues. Weck. More remiss, or darker, crude, and white, phlegmatic, and watery matter, and signifieth cold, crudity, and continuance of the disease, and the more coloured the better. Cappivac. 113. But in judgement of clear and perspicuous urine in sick persons, we must always consider how their urine was in their health. For if it be the same urine that was in their health, it signifieth no ill: but if it change from less clear to more clear, and in colour saffron; then choler is augmented: in white colour phlegm, and contrariwise. Dark urine Or that is dark, troubled, not light through, through which one cannot see his knuckles, is not all one with thick urine, as Galen thought. Salvian. For fish-glew, horn, white of an egg, oil, and glass molten, and blackish wine are thick in substance, yet clear perspicuous, or light through. Fern. 450. 1. Hereof are three kinds, whereof the first is dark accidentally by outward cold after it is made, as by cold air, cold water, winter: and this of all other is most thick and dark, and doth stain the urinal, especially in the crown or top, with a certain white clammy thin humour, which being chasted at the fire, or in warm water, returneth to itself again as it was made (except it hath stood too long, Cappivac. 107.) whereby the inward heat of the urine is wholly extinguished. But that some urines more, some less, some sooner, some later, some scarcely at all wax dreggy, thick, troubled, and dark, is to be imputed to the impurity and want of heat in the urine itself, and outward cold extinguishing the internal heat, rarifying, dispersing, and drawing out the spirits and natural heat of the urine, which being dissolved the urine waxeth troubled, thick, and dark, Argent. 47. and this hath small signification in judgement of urines, saving in sharp diseases it signifieth beginning of concoction. Fernel. 450. The other two kinds are dark when they are first made. Dreggy urine, and confused urine. 2. Dreggy urine is, whose substance of itself, or by some internal mixture is thick, and such as come often from filthy and unclean reins: and this by chafing at the fire or other heat, cannot be altered and made clear, and hath many meats flying, floating, and swimming in the urine, which by standing settle down to the bottom, and becometh a thick residence, whereby the rest of the urine waxeth clear. And this is like to wine troubled with mixture of dregs, such cometh from the reins, or bladdder, troubled with humours, which urine bringeth forth with it new ulcer, blood: old ulcer, rotten, purulent, and filthy matter. Those which be troubled with ache in their reins, make usually such urines through blood, matter, or other filthy impurity. Veins abounding with gross humours, which natural heat can scarcely concoct, and so some part is voided: hereof rise long diseases, headaches, present or to come, and if it continue long lethargy or veternus. Critical evacuation suddenly made after long obstruction of the veins, liver, reins, spleen, in whole men after exercise, in sick men in declination of diseases, especially in long continuing agues, as quartan, and in diseases of the liver, spleen, and breaking forth impostumes with ease of the patient. Symptomatical evacuation of humours raw, and superfluous from the veins, spleen, liver, as in jaundice, and so voiding with the urine, being in colour red or yellow, as in the beginning of continual, and intermitting agues. 3. Confused urine is dark, wherein no moats are perceived to swim, or any other thing without distinction, but the whole urine and every part thereof is all alike; neither by standing settleth any residence, or other thing to the bottom, whereby it may wax clearer; and so continueth without alteration: yea, though it be chafed at the fire, and in warm water, and is like to wine which is changed and become dead with thunder, or with age is waxed sour or tart, without clearness and brightness, and this never riseth of diseases in the reins, nor only of the inner parts, but always cometh from diseases of the veins, neither doth it signify abundance of raw humours, but properly confusion, putrefaction, and corruption, and that remediless (malignam) of the blood and humours in the greater veins: for putrefaction doth confound and shuffle all things together: wherefore it is found only in continual, dangerous, and malign agues. By these I would have you to understand that such urine (although it be not polluted with unclean reins) doth not always show the state of the blood and humours. For oftentimes it is yellow, thick, and troubled, and yet the blood coming out of the veins by blood-letting is perfectly pure, and red, as it often chanceth in a quartan and tertian intermitting, as also in the jaundice, when superfluous choler doth issue out of the liver, and gall, and other places, and falleth into the veins, and is not mixed with the blood, but only with the urine: whereupon they are greatly deceived, which in thick and red urine do presently command blood-letting, as also it happeneth many times, that the urine in colour, substance, and sediment is natural, and yet blood let out is faulty, both in colour and substance: such as are for the most part in the state, vigour, and before the critic day of continual agues, when the urines are perfectly concocted, but the humour offending not at all, moved and voided. Fernel. 451. & 452. CHAP. IV. Of colours of Vrines. Colour's of urines are 21. which argue and show crudity and concoction. Crudity, both dark white, as milk white (Lacteus) as white of milk horn-white, Glaucus, as the clear part of a lantern horn, Gray, Charopus, blandus colour, like the white part of a man's nail next the joint. But Galen saith, Charoppus is like the colour of lion's eyes. And light white, crystalline, Chrystallinus. snowy, Niveus. Watery, Aqueus. Concoction, but little or somewhat lacking, yet more than the former colours, pale, subpiceus, subpalidus, flaxen, spiceus. Perfect and absolute, best, palew, or partly saffron, subrufus, subaureus, subsulvus. Lighter than crown gold, yellow as pure gold, Aureus. Actuar, Fulvus, rufus, Citrinus. All degrees of colours following after yellow, do signify heat. Sal. pag. 88 ex Avicon. Exceeding the perfect and absolute concoction in these degrees in heat. Salvian. 88 1. Light saffron (subcroceus, subflavus) like water wherein bastard saffron is dissolved. Saffron (flavus, croceus) like to water wherein the flower of saffron is dissolved. 2. Claret (subrubeus, palmeus) like to bowl armoniac. Red (rubeus, puniceus) as red blood, cherries, red apples, saffron itself. 3. Crimson (purpureus vineus) like blackish red wine, liver colour, water wherein flesh new killed hath been washed. Purple (passeus, cyaneus) of the colour of raisins of the sun, cherries waxing black, like wine boiled, Salvian. 81. Blue (venetus, fuscus, caeruleus, brunus, blavus) half white and half black mixed. 4. Greene (viridis, porracius, prassinus) as leek leaves, emerald, cool-wort. Oily green (oleaceus) popinjay green. Ash colour, colour of lead (lividus plumbeus.) Black (niger.) ¶ In colours of urines we must always consider whether better succeed worse or contrary, that so we may know the working of nature. CHAP. V. Of substance and colour jointly together. Thin substance, joined with colour white, privately without mixture of humours, as snow-water, or crystal signifieth either crudity, obstruction or conversion of the humour. Crudity. Crudity through decay of natural heat, and then the urine is made freely without pain, which cometh either by (Salv. 75.) Resolution of cause external, great hunger, long fasting, or watching, great exercise or labour, which if they be all moderate the urine is all more coloured and thicker, vid. cap. 1. under kind of life. So in old men which by age are melancholic, and other cold conditions of the body. Argent. 25. some large evacuation swooning▪ Weck▪ Or of cause internal, as the ill quality of the humour offending, malign and pestilent with other evil signs. Or else unnatural heat overcoming the natural heat, as flesh seething in a pot, being set in the sun is less boiled▪ the heat of the sun drawing out the heat of the water. Such heat is in the whole body, in the beginning of diseases, especially agues, when unnatural heat prevailing, the humours are raw and not concoct, and as in a consumption and lingering ague, the moisture of the body is resolved and molten, which maketh the urine white, Aegid. And in the reins and vessels of urine, as in the pissing evil (Diabetes) when through unnatural heat and strength of the attractive faculty of the reins, urine is drawn too fast from the liver and stomach before it can receive any substance and colour: and the retentive and digestive faculties of the reins, being feeble, and the expulsive strong, the urine is presently voided often and much; whereupon followeth great thirst▪ heat in the reins, wasting of the body, costiveness, and if the grief continue, death. Aegid. Crudity through suffocation Or suffocation, and that either of cause external, as eating or drinking immoderately, surfeiting, quaffing, liberal feeding, small exercise, urine made shortly after meat and drink received, especially much, or diuretic, whereby the urine is made before it be concocted in great and large quantity, without substance or colour. Or of cause internal, as multitude of humours offending nature, smothering and choking the natural heat, as too much oil extinguishing the lamp, and too great quantity of green wood the fire, as in all humoral diseases before concoction appeareth, urine is white and thin, but after as the matter is concoct, and heat increaseth, urines vary. Wecker, such as appear in great crudity of cold in children, a mortal sign. Salvian. 24. Not a good sign in declination of a disease, both for the substance and colour, but either showeth conversion of the humour another way, or relapse and reciduation, except the urine was made afore in great quantity, for so it is a good sign. 31. Holler. Dropsy of cold distemperature of the liver at the beginning, for afterward the matter increasing, the urine waxeth thicker. Apoplexy. Falling evil with leadish dark, and diverse colour. Swimming in the head with a certain greenish colour. Palsies. Diseases of phlegm, want of appetite. Diseases of melancholy of his cold, and dry quality, but being voided in substance thick and black. Aegid. 37. Gout with little moats in the sediment. Diseases of the mother, whereunto womens' cold constitutions are subject. Obstruction of some parts of the body, Obstruction. in, near, or about the passage of urine; as the liver, reins, water, conduits, the urine made with pain and little in quantity. Such obstruction ariseth of melancholy, raw, gross, and indigested, descending to the conduits of urine, as in a quartan with certain rods or lines in it, and the spleen distent with melancholy maketh the passages of urine straight. Aegid. Phlegm gross and glassy, descending to the water conduits, as in women flowers stopped, and regurgitating to the vessels of urine, with scales or black dust in the sediment, but sometimes blackish, and a red purulent matter. Choler mixed with grossy and clammy moisture, whereby it cannot issue out with the urine, as in the jaundice sometimes. Sand, gravel, as in the stone of the reins and bladder, partly stopping the passages, as also receiving nourishment, and increased of tough, viscous slime, which otherwise would issue with the urine, and make it thicker. Slimy matter, as in the strangury. Tumours, impostumes, growing either in the liver, or betwixt the reins and the bladder, or in places near to the passages of urine, whereby they are made straighter. Colic or Iliate, the wind distending the guts, and straightening the reins obstructing them, and continuing above seven days is mortal. conversion of the humours. Conversion of the humour which should give substance and colour another way, and so the vessels of urine are more destitute of heat and humour, as to the brain in frenzies mortal, except there be other good signs. Argent. 30. To impostumes under the short ribs, armholes in the neck, about the privy parts. To the spleen inflamed in ill sign. Weck. To other parts of the body as before in thin urine. See there. In all these, if more coloured urines went before, and ceasing too suddenly and no evacuation succeeded. Arg. 87. Actuar. Milk white. milk white hath the same signification as was before of snow-water, seeing they differ not in kind but in degree, but here is less hurt, by reason of better colour and tincture. Health in sharp diseases, if the colour of gold went before. Death, consumption of the lungs, if the colour of gold went not before, and accompanied with other bad signs. Pale flaxen Pale flaxen, the beginning of concoction. Exulceration of the lungs and consumption if it be little, and have leadish oily pale we; which is mortal with a laske. Phlegmatic complexion in a young man being often made in thickish substance. Palew, yellow, citrine Palew, yellow, citrine, in whole men perfect health, and if the sediment be good in young men, by comparison of this all other are to be judged. Phlegmatic complexion if the substance be some what thick. In sick men, hot and sharp diseases imminent. In old men as a double tertian. In children as a quotidian. In young men phlegmatic, melancholic or crude contents if they continue long so, because their urine should naturally be more remiss for abundance of moisture. Diseases of the breast, the region full of bubbles. Of the spleen, when many rods or strikes appear like meteors. Of the liver if it be much in quantity, the body lean, the belly bound. Light saffron, saffron. Light saffron, saffron, of cause external, much watching, great labour and travel, especially in the heat of the sun, simple distemperature of heat without mixture of humours, if it be pure and perspicuous, medicines purging choler, as rhubarb, also saffron, cinnamon, broth of cherries. Of cause internal, as choler abounding as in a tertian. Distemperature of humours, especially blood if it be thickish dark. Melancholic complexion in thick substance, and choleric in thin. End of a sickness being made on the critical day. Blue, melancholy. ¶ Vrines yellow, saffron, red, do signify exceeding heat of simple distemperature, if they be pure and perspicuous, but mixture of humour withal, if they be thick and troubled, Fer. 447. thick substance. thick substance joined with colour. White. White positively with mixture of humours, betokeneth abundance of raw humours, phlegm, glassy, salt, unsavoury. Consumption in a wasting ague, so the fatty nourishment of the body, is molten and voided. Impostumes breaking out, as in grievous agues, so rotten matter is voided, settling to the bottom and stinking, Salvian. 77. End of an ague, if blood issue out of the nose, and being made on the judicial day in great quantity, and then no impostume followeth. Milk white. milk white like water wherein a little meal is cast, is good in the end of an ague, and rather if great quantity of urine was made before, B. Holler. Matter of the stone voided out of the reins and bladder, look more in the sediment in raw humours and matter of a sore. An ulcer in the instruments of urine, if it be thick like a mushrone, and mattery, stinking and falling to the sediment; separation of raw and phlegmy matter without corruption or stinch. Flux of seed in a man or woman, carnal copulation if it be without corruption and stinketh not. Dropsy if the yellow jaundice continue through great crudity in the veins. horn white. horn-white, like the horn of an old lantern, dark through smoke, or grey, like the dark colour of an ox liver, not troubled, betokeneth that the body is full of gross humours, and phlegmatic diseases of the whole body if it be troubled, which is like a beasts water, and so continuing long, or always, yet sometimes being chafed at the fire, it cleareth when it is broken by cold air, signifieth that the veins are full of ill humours, headache through agitation of humours ascending. If it wax clear above, and cloddereth in the sediment, if it be much in quantity, than it betokeneth the end of an ague: if little in quantity, an ill sign in an ague. All white urines signify some good, if the patient be strong. Claret. Claret, continuing of the diseases, yet without danger, if it hath a sediment of like colour and substance. Red like cherries. Red like cherries, or red apples, of cause external, foreshoweth that the loins or reins are beaten and bruised, or some vein near the reins open or broken, with pain in the place grieved, Actuar. receipt of some purgation of rhubarb, &c. as pag. 4. died with priver, Avicen. which Mont. 19 believeth not. Internal, wideness, rarity, thinness, or laxity of some veins near the reins, through which blood issueth, and sweateth out in great quantity, and weakness of body, Actuar. the reins or bladder fretted, until blood cometh, as in the stone, especially after labour, with gravel. Abundance of blood, as rotten agues especially. Abundance of choler, as in agues tertion, partly troubled with an unclean and rough sediment, or semitertian with a leadish colour, and green cloud. Abundance of heat unnatural, wasting and melting the moisture of the body into urine made in great quantity, with fat swimming aloft, as in a consumption. Urine staying too long in the body, being not provoked to issue either by sharp quality, which lacketh in cold diseases, or by great quantity being converted another way, and so at length by delay in the body, waxeth more coloured, and concoct: such happeneth in the palsy, apoplexy, epilepsy, phtisicke, cramp, mortal, Haff. dropsy mortal, or else the liver through debility, is not able to separate the blood from the urines, as in hepatica passione, Salvian. 87. Arg. 38. Such also happeneth in the laske, bloody flix, Argent. 38. mortal, Haff. cholike, iliac, mortal, Haffurt, pain in the reins, or else to the place grieved, blood and heat are drawn, or else choler not descending through the passage betwixt the liver, and the guts being obstructed with phlegm, and wind, issueth with the urine, Aegid. 11. Agues decaying, Fer. Obstructions, inflammations scirrous tumours of the gall (being the natural receptacle of choler) obstructed, the choler issueth at other parts, or else that portion of choler, which should be voided by stool, is here voided by urine, Argent. 37. as in the jaundice, with pain in the neck and short ribs, and will colour a linen clothe put into it. Of the spleen, and liver, as in the dropsy, so choler goeth to the urine. Relapse, or recidivation of the disease, if it be made thick, and straight after thin, before and after, the critical day, because the heat which did at the first expel the disease now is overcome. In young men without danger, with a good sediment through length of the disease, but in old men death, not able to detain the blood, Actuar. Crimson. crimson betokeneth great labour and travel in whole men, especially in the heat of the sun or the fire, &c. whereby the blood is inflamed and roasted, so in an ague. Burning ague with thirst, watchings, cough, and other accidents of an ague, Actuar. Adustion of choler and turning into melancholy, yet not so ill if there be a good sediment: but ill, if the contents be ill or none at all, and the urine thick, and gross like a cloud. Purple. Purple betokeneth the yellow jaundice if it continue long, if there be signs of concoction, it betokeneth health because the cause of the grief is voided. Affection of the reins only after Fer. and not of weakness of the liver, whether the urine be red, bloody, or crimson, and like to the washing of raw flesh, which Reus. misliketh. Abundance of blood sometimes in young men, with some heaviness or weight about the liver, and up to the channel bone, or neck bone, and here it is not a very evil sign, but in old men very evil, yea often mortal, because they are not able through debility to detain the blood. blue. blue, beating, bruising, stripes, where it is a good sign, because the humour is voided. But Vasseus was deceived by a woman, mixing an ox gall, Reusnerus. Extreme cold, and mortification, extinction of natural heat, if the strength be weak, and no signs of concoction besides. Great exercise, and labour, great heat, and roasting of the blood. Melancholy arising of a dust colour. Changing of the bladder from his natural disposition in old men. Strangury at hand in those that have the stone. Recovery and health where the patient is mending in declination of the disease, or being made on the critical day. Greene alone. Green or rather greenish, Argent. alone seldom of good hope, Mont. Cold, extreme, mortal: if leadish colour and black follow successively at divers times, pulse feeble, in thirst, or short breath, Cappiv. 147. contrary to Reusn. 136. Quotidian ague, melancholy a dust, yellow jaundice especially with an ague. Heat and adustion of humours a long time: if green hath black immediately succeeding, and not leadish coming between, and accompanied with great heat in the body, thirst, ague, short breath, and some splendent glistering in the urine. Green oily oily, not such wherein fat like spider's webs float, but such whose substance is clammy and thick, as oil or fat molten, and being shaken is clammy and heavy as oil, Fernel. Good, if it be made only after black urine, as better succeeding the worse. Made on the critical day, in great quantity, for so the matter is voided. After pain of the reins without an ague, especially appearing suddenly with great quantity. Dropsy, vehement cholike. This urine Galen hath often seen without any great hurt following, Cappiv. 92. Ill, in a consumption of the body remediless through great imbecility of the parts of the body rising of great distemperature of heat, that they cannot contain nourishment, which voiding, doth give this colour to the urine. Reusner. And in consumption of the lungs. Tertian ague in fat and soft tender bodies, Argent. Convulsion of dryness, madness, vomiting continual thirst, heat, the tongue scorched, &c. going before, yet if better colours follow, better hope, Actua. Ash colour Ash colour leadish, good in beating, bruisings, if it settle to the sediment, in black jaundice, because the cause of the grief is evacuated. Ill, extreme and mortal heat in hot agues, if green colour was made before at other times. Contra Cappivac. 145. Especially without sediment and other signs of heat. Mortal, strangury, following in a burning ague. Extreme and mortifying cold, if the colour before was pale and other signs of cold, Cappivac. 149. The same judgement is of blue colour, but that here all things are greater and augmented. black. thick substance with colour black, of cause either external or internal. External, eating of Cassia, Argent. 40. &c. as before pag. 4. cap. 1. Fall, bruisings, beatings, purgers of melancholy. Internal by mixture of some humour, as melancholy, blood adust, or choler adust, Mont. 17. Critical evacuation with ease of the patient after great diseases. Quartan declining or rather burning ague, long or sharp diseases with bleeding at the nose and sweat on the critical day, else death, Actua. childbirth, or with child, Cap. 151. womens' flowers heretofore stopped, and now voided if white or such like went before. Splenetike diseases with a tumour in the spleen. Chronical diseases of the back and matrix of melancholy. Melancholy, black jaundice, Wecker. Madness, fury, hemmoraudes. Reins and bladder troubled with the stone, with stink, by breaking some little veins in the reins. Other griefs of gross humours, but if there be great heat, pain, ague, want of appetite, a posy, some dangerous canker, carbuncle, or naughty ulcers, Sal. 97. Symptomatical extreme and mortal, heat and adustion, as in sharp agues, if green urine went before or red, with heat, leanness and thirst, stink of the urine and small quantity, Cappiv. 111. 161. 169. Fern. Actuar. which may cause a dangerous cramp or convulsion after great labour, except it be made on the critical day. Cold, if blue, green, or ash colour urine made before, with cold, and without stinch a little sediment, and united, Cappiv. 146. Selv. 94. but in this case the urine is rather dark then black indeed, Mont. vide mercurial. varia. lect. lib. 2. cap. 11. Black urines are mortal in all ages and persons, unless they come of some cause external, or critical evacuations, Salv. 93. 96. Cap. 157. A general note. ¶ There be four elementary qualities, whereof two be called active, and two passive: the active be heat, and cold, and these give colour unto the urine: for heat maketh the urine red and tinct with high colours (which by moistness are obscured and darkened, by dryness quickened & made far more lightsome:) and cold maketh the colour of the water more remiss, as white and such like. Now the two passive qualities, are moistness and dryness, which cause substance in urines: whereof moistness thickneth the urine, dulleth the colour, and augmenteth the quantity: dryness clarifieth and ratifieth it, and that either by diminishing the quantity, contents, and substance, or by increasing the thinness, clearness, and brightness thereof, with mean colour and grosser sediment. CHAP. VI Of the quantity of urine. Much quantity. QVantity of urine. Much of cause external and internal. External, moist, and rainy weather, and all things increasing moisture in the body, as sleep, idleness, want of exercise, moist meats, or broths, or other things which do moisten the body. Long and much drinking and quaffing of wine, water, colour white, substance thin, Salv. 106. Medicines diuretic which provoke urine, break the stone, or make the urine sharp and salt. For by their heat they draw much urine, and by subtlety of their parts they attenuate gross humours for expulsion▪ the sediment being slender and glistering Actua. Salv. 101. Internal evacuation, critical or symptomatical. Critical, by strength of nature, ease of the patient, and other signs of concoction as in dropsy, anasarca, or great crudity, repletion of humours, when the humour hath been long shut up in a place and now findeth issue, Weck. Fern. so abundance of raw humours made thinner are voided by urine as Fernelius observed, a drunkard, gross, fat, and well liking in 8. days' space by continual evacuation became slender and lean without any sickness at all. Other diseases colour, whither, substance thinner, sediment mean, and where thick urine went before, else not good except nature be strong, so in diseases declining. Record. Symptomatical, through weakness of nature without ease of the patient, and other signs of crudity, as when the retentive faculty is decayed in dangerous diseases, or nature is wearied, dissolveth humours and voideth them suddenly by sweat, stool, or urine, Actua. 116. as in lasks, flixes, want of appetite, chronical diseases, convulsion of heat and dryness in sharp agues. Consumption of the whole body somewhat fatty, in colour palew, reddish, high coloured, without signs of concoction, for so the profitable fat, moisture, humours, and substantial parts of the body are molten, dissolved, and voided by urine. Sal. 109. Fern. 445. Cause internal, heat of the liver drawing abundance of juice from the stomach too fast, and not able to digest it. Heat of the reins drawing the urine too fast from the liver and emulgent veins, speedily expelling it as in the pissing ill, colour white, substance thin, sediment lacking, Actua. Cold of the stomach breeding waterish juice, and sending it to the liver, for error in the first concoction is not taken away in the second. Cold of the liver not able to convert the profitable juice into nourishment, as in all habit of the body, dropsy, anasarca, the urine waterish with raw and diverse sediment, Bl. Hollerius. Other excrements not evacuated either by stool, colour mean sediment thicker and greater. Actuar. or by sweat, or by pores of the skin, by insensible perspiration, &c. so the moist and thin parts are voided more abundantly by urine, so Arist. 4. de gener. animal. 4. reporteth a cow (whose paunch-hole being shut up) had her excrements turned into wind and urine, Salv. 111. Little quantity. Little of cause external or internal. External, as dry meats, colour palew, sediment small and thicker. Little drinking, tart, styptic, thick, or drying drink. Much sweat, vehement exercise, or other things whereby the moisture of the body is dried and made less. Internal, vessels of urine stopped or obstructed by inflammation of the water conduits and neck of the bladder, tumour or swelling, tough, grossy, and clammy meats, as in the strangury, medicines, humours phlegmatic, stone, see gravel in the sediment, with pain and grief about the place affected. dolour ostendit locum, see suppression of urine. Vessels of urine hurt or weakened by old age, palsy, ill distemperature, or some instrumental diseases of the parts whereby the urine cannot be attracted, receireceived, expelled, Salv. 113. Internal cause, as translation of the urine another way, as to the belly, feet, and nether parts in the dropsy. To the guts in lasks, flixes, purgations sediment little, substance thin, colour white and waterish, cap. 12. To the Hemeraudes, menstrual evacuation of the flowers. To the pores of the skin in sweat and in sensible perspiration. Cod in the rupture, Hydrocele. To the whole body, in the small pocks, measles, impostumes, see thin substance. And in recovery of health after sickness, so moisture is turned into nourishment of the body, Fer. Internal causes, sharp burning agues wasting the moisture of the body, colour tending to black, Cappivac. 111. Consumption of the body of long continuance whereby the moisture is dried, as in sharp agues, consumption of the lungs, &c. mean quantity. mean, proportionable to the drink received the same day, and other days before, or somewhat less, because some is spent in the body, Health. CHAP. VII. Of the signification of the contents of the urine in general. COntents are, whatsoever is to be seen in the urine beside colour, substance, quantity, perspicuity, and darkness, and they occupy sometime the top of the urine, as spume, bubbles, circle, sometime the highest part, or region (the whole urine according to his height being divided into three equal parts, which are commonly called regions) as the cloud (nubes.) sometime the middle region, as the sublation, or swim: and lastly sometime, and that most often, the lowest region, or sediment; as gravel, blood, seed, dust, &c. as hereafter follow. Contents are sometime lacking in the urine, and sometimes present. Contents wanting for five causes. Contents want in the urine for five causes. 1. For want of matter, which should make the contents. As in great exercises, sweat, insensible perspiration, hunger, fasting, lasks, purgations, either by vomit, or stool, emerauds, flowers, &c. also in meats which increase choler, or choleric diseases. 2. Corruption of the matter, and humours in the body, whereby cometh neither nourishment nor excrement, Actuar. 3. Crudity, and lack of concoction in whole men, by much quaffing, or thin, small drink, or by diuretic potions, which provoke urine. Also pissing shortly after drinking, before it receive any concoction, or mixture with meat, whereof contents come. In sick men, in whom, though humours do abound, yet they do not issue with the urine, but lurk in the veins, overloading nature, as in chronical diseases. Also in sharp agues in their beginning, or increasing great weakness of nature, not able to expel the contents. And indeed in all humoral diseases beginning, and increasing the contents are none at all, or little, because nature as yet hath made no concoction, or separation, and in the state of the disease commonly contents are very few. But in declination, nature recovering herself, and prevailing against the disease, the contents, cloud, swim, and sediment also return, except in choleric diseases, where the cloud is sufficient, Cappivac. 67. 67. Also in deficient agues beginning, the contents want, as in a tertian, in thick substance, and yellow colour: but if ash colour, death followeth. In a quartan the urine is thin, and white. In a quotidian, thin, white, and waterish. 4. Conversion of the humour another way, as, in impostumes, in cold weather, weak bodies, and injudicable state of the disease. In inflammations, which draw the contents and humours to them. In parts weak, or grieved whether humours fall, as before in thin urine. Look there cap. 2 pag. 13. 14. 5. Obstruction in white, and thin urines with signs of concoction, or without crudity. See cap. 2. pag. 13. 14. ¶ less to be dispraised, if the colour and substance be good, according to which, the humour abounding, strength of nature, and quantity of the disease are to be judged, as before in substance and colour, Actua. 94. But diseases of choler are ended if the cloud only appear. But in phlegmatic, and of repletion the sediment present must argue their dissolution, Capiv. 67. 164. Contents sometimes good and sometimes ill. ¶ Contents appearing in the urine are of two sorts: for they are either partly natural, partly unnatural, sometimes good and sometimes ill. Or else, they be altogether unnatural, and always ill. In contents which are partly natural, partly unnatural, we consider (as in the whole urine before) colour, substance, and quantity. Colour of the Contents. White. White duly knit, or hanging together equally, signifieth good concoction in the liver, and veins, health, rule of all other. Not equally knit, but thicker in one part then in another, signifieth weak digestion, crudity, windiness. White not duly knit or hanging together, but ragged, tattered and broken asunder equally, crudity, windiness. Not equally, but thinner in one place then in another, signifieth the falling evil, windiness, gross humours abounding in the body, measles, or small pocks, where the colour waxeth red. White as snow; signifieth phlegmatic humours and crudities. Pale. Pale, flaxen, blood turned into choler and evacuated. saffron, &c. Light saffron, saffron, red, claret, signify crudities, also blood thin and waterish, yet wherein concoction is to be looked for shortly. Also choler abounding in sick persons, Reusn. 178. Continuance in tertian and quotidian agues especially bastard. A good sign in agues, which rise of abundance either of blood or ill humours, in which the sediment is necessary before recovery can be looked for. But in agues caused through heat of the Sun, much labour, or hunger, the swim or cloud is sufficient to signify recovery of health, although the sediment doth not appear.¶ For radish look substance following. Bloody. Blood, like to the washing of raw flesh, signifieth abundance of blood. Or else flux of blood issuing out, as out of some vein broken. But yet we must not be hasty in judgement by this colour, but rather look after under the title of pure blood voided, Reusn. 181. Also it signifieth imbecility, or obstruction of the liver, which cannot concoct the blood, and so it runneth to the bladder. blue. blue, leadish, signifieth natural heat extinguished or mortified, and therefore great danger. Greene green blackish signifieth great exceeding heat, or consumption and pining away. black. black signifieth either great cold, if leadish colour went before, and then the outward parts are cold, Salvian. 128. or great heat if green colour went before, and then heat, thirst, and other tokens of heat accompany it. Both these are mortal, as you may see in thick substance and black colour. Or else black contents signify melancholic diseases, or melancholy, critically evacuated: where it is a good sign of health because the humour is voided. If signifieth also consumption of the reins with an ague, the sediment oily and fatty, Reusn. 188. Lastly, it signifieth beating, bruising, stripes, and so come corrupt, black, and rotten blood is voided. Substance of the contents is either mean, thick or thin. mean. Substance mean, is a good sign of health, because it is according to nature. thick. thick contents generally signify gross, and raw humours much abounding▪ or imbecility of the second concoction. And in diseases beginning, and increasing an ill sign, because they signify abundance, and trouble of humours before natural heat hath concocted, and attenuated them. But in diseases declining a good sign, if the colour, and other signs be good, nature being now of strength to make separation, and expulsion of humours. Thick contents, and of colour claret, signify abundance of blood, or good and strong operation in digestion, Reusner. 203. but contents of colour black, signify great store of blood, and the more black, the greater adestion of blood, Reusner. 204. Thin. Thin contents which do not easily arise, nor trouble the urine, when the urinal is shaken and moved, Reusner. 186. signify raw humours, or want of heat in the second concoction in whole men. But in diseases rising of cold, or ill juice, thin substance, showeth great danger. Because natural heat is choked, and oppressed, that it cannot expel the humour offending. Contrariwise in sharp diseases, or in diseases which rise of simple and bare distemperature without mixture of humours. They are not very ill, seeing humours are not the cause of the disease, which voiding with the urine, should make the contents thick. If the sediment lightly arise, the urinal being shaken, it argueth more heat, Vass. 71. ¶ If they continue either thick, or thin, they signify weakness of nature, which should change them, Argent. 71. Quantity of contents is either much, little, or mean. Much. Much signifieth. 1. Lack of sufficient heat to attenuate and concoct the grosser parts so in winter, drunkards, sleepers, idle persons, women and children contents are moe, Reusn. 64. 2. Much nourishment, good and strong digestion. 3. Other evacuations suppressed, as ordure, sweat, &c. and especially in phlegmatic bodies, which are grieved with some disease, which will end well. Little or few contents. Little. 1. Want of matter, as in hunger, great heat, summer, lusty age, great exercise, quartan and quotidian agues beginning for want of heat, Argent. 72. but afterwards much. Contrary in tertians. 2. Obstructions and stoppings of the emulgent veins, water conduits, reins, bladder, &c. Salvia. 120. As in thin urine see there. 3. Crudity and slow concoction. 4. All causes which do attenuate and make thinner any matters in the body, that so the thinner part may evaporate out, and the grosser stay within, and make obstruction, also all causes which do wast and consume the body. mean. mean contents of good signification because they are according to nature. CHAP. VIII Of contents in special. OF deformed contents, altogether unnatural, and always ill; which appear either in the sediment or lowest region, or in the swim or middle region, or lastly in the cloud or upper region. And first of unnatural and deformed contents in the sediment, which are commonly reckoned fifteen. Popinjay green. 1. Popinjay green or oily sediment signifieth. Colliquation of the whole body, with pain, an ague, and pissed slowly by little and little: or else collaquation of the reins or bladder only with pain in the reins, no ague, and pissed fast. Spider webs. 2. Spider webs or fatness swimming in the urine, signifieth Consumption of the whole body with an ague. Red vetches. Red vetches or fitches, ervaceum, orobeum, signify 1. Great inflammation of the liver. 2. Colliquation of the whole body: or of the reins only, with conditions as before in popinjay green. 4. Plates, scales, (folium, laminae, squamae) having breadth and length only, like scales of fishes, especially a gogeon. Plates, scales. 1. Consumption or colliquation of the whole body, with an ague, slow pissing, stinch, and crudity in the rest. All concurring together. 2. Exulceration of the bladder, pissed thick and fast, with stink, purulent matter, pain, and concoction, Salvian. 176. 3. Inflammation of the bladder or liver. 5. Gross and course bran, Fursur. Thin. 1. Consumption of the whole body with crudity and thin urine. 2. Scabbedness of the whole body, without ague or other pain, Hasfur, or of the bladder only, with concoction, no ague. And pain of the bladder, thick and stinking, an itch about the root of the yard, and purulent matter was pissed before, Salv. 175. 3. Great heat wasting the substance of the liver, and burning the blood, if the bran be red. 6. Fine bran, fine meal or flower (simila, Fine meal pulls, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}.) 1. Colliquation of the solid parts, if they be white. 2. Extreme adustion of the blood, if they be red, and therefore long sickness, Salvian. 179. 3. Sharp sickness, and for the most part mortal. 4 Women with child have fine meal or starch in the swim, or settling to the sediment of their urine, like fine carded wool, the rest of the urine a little troubled, and greenish, or ash colour, Fernel. look motes in the sediment. 7. Raw humour (crudus humour) clammy but not stinking like snevil of the nose, or white of an egg. Raw humour. 1. Exulceration of the reins and bladder without pain. 2. Impostume or stone of the reins and bladder with pain. 3. Multitude of raw humours sometimes causing an ague, and appearing in the sediment, signify ache in the reins, sciatica, gout, strangury, tenasmus. In the swim, crudity and windiness in the stomach, with a noise, and vomiting. In the cloud, grief in the spiritual parts, shortness of wind, pursiveness, spitting of blood, Hacfur. Aegid. 4. Eating of meats hard to digest, in sore labouring men, Vass. 74, 75. 8. Rotten and purulent matter. Matter of a sore (pus) stinking, but not much clammy, which when the urinal is shaken, disperseth itself into fatty and oily resolutions, and signifieth, Rotten matter. 1. Exulceration of the reins without pain, Fernel. of the bladder with pain about the bladder. Of the liver with pain under the right short ribs, and doth not always stink liver putrefied, if it be very dreggy, Aegid. 69. 2. Inflammation or impostume of the lungs, whose purulent matter passeth by the left cavity of the heart into the great artery, and thence into the emulgent veins, and so to the reins. 3. Pleurisy, whose matter passeth as before. As also by the vein without a fellow ({non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}) rising on the right side of the hollow vein, near the heart and by the backbone, nourishing eight ribs on either side: and so to the midriff, and at length by divers turnings into the left emulgent vein, and thence to the rain. 4. Rheum, which if it be thick, coming to the bladder it maketh difficulty in pissing by drops. 5. Also the frenzy. 6. or squinsy, whose purulent matter of these three is conveyed through the jugular veins into the hollow vein, and thence into the emulgent veins, and so to the reins, if there be pain and grief in the lungs, liver, bladder, in these griefs aforesaid, otherwise if purulent matter be voided, and no pain in these members, it is certain that nature voideth it rising of inflammations. 7. or venerous and contagious flux of seed, Fernel. 9 Hairs like pieces of flesh, long, slender, and hairy) poli, carunculae, filamenta) only in thick urine, Salvian. 182. and signify. hairs or filaments. 1. Dissolution of the whole body, with an ague, colour oily or green, Hasfurt. or of the reins only without an ague, the hairs fatty and gross, and may be felt betwixt the fingers, like a small, slender, fleshy substance. 2. Obstruction of the reins, with gross and clammy humours, as in the strangury, dysury, pissing ill, &c. with numbness of that foot, which is on the same side the reine is, right left. 3. Exulceration of the reins or bladder, whence cometh purulent matter. 4. Flux of seed after carnal copulation, venerous pollutions on the night: or filthy and exulcerate gonorrhoea, Fernel. 5. womens' white flowers issuing, or women having unclean matrices, Fern. 10. Gravel sand, (Arenula, sabulum) red, white, or duskish brown, signifieth. Cravell sand. 1. Stone breeding or dissolving either in the reins, if the gravel be red, (yet sometimes white by filth enclosing the gravel, Fernel.) and pain about the reins in the back, no ague, and the gravel being taken out of the urinal and dried in a shadowy place, are hard in touching. Or in the bladder if the gravel be white and pain in the bladder, about the share where the hair groweth. ¶ Yet those men whose passages of urine are wide and open, and expulsive faculty strong, and making such sandy urine freely, and without pain, in good quantity, are seldom troubled with the stone, because their reins and bladder are hereby cleansed, and the gravel not suffered to stay so long to unite and gather together to make the stone, but such gravel doth argue great heat of the liver or reins, and abundance of raw and gross humours fit to breed the stone, if the passages of urine should be obstructed, or expulsive faculty, weakened, Salv. For abundance of tough and viscous superfluities, straightness of passage, and weakness of the expulsive faculty, are three especial causes of the stone, Aegid. A profitable history of the stone. ¶ But least the contents mixed with urine, which for the most part come from the vessels of urine, should deceive him that would rightly judge of other parts of the body, I will repeat the whole cause, and order of the effects from the beginning. Red gravel come from the reins, which being many, and thick do threaten the stone, of those growing together, groweth a stone as big as a grain of millet, or barley corn, which being extruded out of the substance of the reins, into a larger place, doth make the urine thick, troubled, red, or blackish, a forerunner of the disease of the reins, the same being thrust into the head of the water pipe (ureter) causeth great pain, and then the urine is white and thin as in obstructions, the same growing bigger, is sometimes so fastened in the reins, that it cannot be removed, and then after great labour and exercise by fretting of the reins with the stone, the urine is not only thick, and troubled, but also bloody, and sometime clods of blood settled down: such urines are sometimes made after a fall, or beating, and seldom after great labour: when the ulcer is thus made, in rest, and quietness, the urine is thick, and white: after labour more coloured, with a thick sediment: after that the urine is thick, white, and stinching, and purulent, not much unlike milk in which purulent matter settleth, when as the ulcer is hollow and filthy; such urine hinder judgement of all other parts of the body, save the reins, and when as the ulcer groweth very filthy, and cometh to a fistula in this white, thick, troubled, and stinking urine, oftentimes a thick, slimy, tough matter, like the snevil of the nose, or white of an egg settleth, and such oftentimes issueth when the stone is in the bladder, for though the matter thereof cometh from the reins, yet it groweth and wrappeth about the stone through fault, or weakness of the bladder, which may appear, for that the urine continueth so when the stone is voided: moreover filthy ulcers of the neck of the bladder, and yard, and flux of seed in the French disease, do cause such urines: but at the first certain slender filaments appear, then more gross, whereof the whole urine waxeth thick, and lastly this filthy sediment that now we speak of. And although the ulcer be cured, yet certain filaments remain through imbecility of the bladder, and spermatic vessels, Fernel. 455. 2. Adustion of humours. As in diseases of choler, as burning agues, Salvian. 183. tertian agues, single and compound. Also in diseases of melancholy, as quartan ague long continued. Gout after long drying and thickening of the humour. Pain of the joints and reins. Leprosy, morbus Gallicus confirmed, emeralds▪ costiveness, Aegid. Also heat of the liver, if there be no pain nor heaviness about the reins. A gr●vell note against such sand. ¶ Such sandy gravel floateth in the whole body of the urine, like motes in the sunbeams, and after settling to the sediment, covering the bottom of the urinal, or in colour brown, or duskish red, and cleaveth to the sides of the urinal, and being dried in a shadowy place are somewhat soft and tractable. Look after for gravel in the swim. 3. Receipt of sharp diuretic medicines which provoke urine, which scouring the reins, do bring such gravel with them. worms. 11. Worms, little dragons. (vermes, dracunculi.) 1. Putrefaction, whereof they be engendered, Argent. 12. Blood, pure, thick, gross, or cloddy, (sanguis, grumus sanguinis) when the vessels of blood and urine have their Blood, clods of blood. 1. Orifice opened ({non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}) whereby blood issueth, either because that the blood exceedeth in quantity, as in sanguine men. Or in critical evacuation, though seldom, so womens' flowers voiding by urine are gross and cloddy, settling to the sediment, and no pain in any part of the body. So in declination of diseases of the spleen, with much residence and dregs, Hasfurt. Or else when the blood exceedeth in quality, as when it is too thin, sharp, or salt, tickling the vessels, and provoking them to expulsion. Or else when the vessels of blood and urine are either too large, wide, and open, as the veins emulgent carrying the urine from the hollow vein to the reins, being too open, do receive blood from the hollow vein, Wecker. Or when the said vessels are too weak in their retentive faculty; as when the veins be too weak, so in the small pocks (exanthemata) blood stayed in other places, and overloading nature, is voided by urine, which if it stink, and the pocks be blue or leadish, mortal. Or the liver too weak, so pure blood is voided by stool, or urine, as the hollow or round part of the liver is affected, with pain under the right short ribs, and stinketh not. Has. or the hollow vein too weak, so pure blood is voided with pain about the seventh joint in the back, from os sacrum upward. Aegid. Or lastly, the reins and bladder too weak and feeble, as in old men at the pits brink. 2. Membranes or tunicles of the veins, lax, thin, and full of pores, so thin, watery, and warm blood running between the skin and the flesh, sweating out ({non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}) in process of time gathereth together into black and leadish clods. 3. Substance and membranes hurt ({non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}) by a fall, beating, bruising, leaping, violent exercise, great burdens, so cloddy blood voideth. Or by medicines, which are corrosives and caustics or openers of obstructions, or by the stone in the reins or bladder after exercise: so the reins or bladder being wounded and exulcerated, filthy and cloddy blood voideth with stink and pain about the places grieved. dolour ostendit locum. Record. ¶ If blood issue by any of these ways in the vessels of the lungs, breast, arteries, stomach, belly, or guts, there followeth vomiting of blood; but in other parts by the two first ways, it gathereth into clods. Janus' Cornarius in Gal. lib. & {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, 74. 13. Seed (sperma, semen) which lightly floateth and ascendeth, the urinal being shaken. And issueth with the urine either for that the Seed. 1. Seed aboundeth in quantity, as after carnal copulation, desire of carnal copulation, or venerous dreams, &c. Or when the seed in quality is either too sharp, hot, or salt, than the yard is extended, and issueth with some delight in good quantity, and stinketh, Wecker in gonorrhaea. Or when the seed is too thin or waterish, which issueth without sense almost and unwillingly, the yard not extent, and then the whole body waxeth lean, especially the loins. Or lastly, when the seed is virulent and contagious, as in morbo gallico, with stinch of the urine, and sometime gravelly or sandy contents. 2. Vessels spermatic are either too slippery; or else weak in their retentive faculty, with wasting of the whole body, as in Apoplexy, palsy in the genitors, falling sickness. For in these diseases, stool, urine, feed, &c. are involuntary. Dust. 14. Dust, (cineres) black or leadish and heavy, like a black powder rising of melancholy, and signifieth, 1. Flux of the emeralds present or shortly to follow, the colour of the urine remiss. And sometime vomiting of blood. 2. Pain and diseases of the spleen, especially after purging of melancholy. The dust being somewhat brown or purple. 3. Stopping of the flowers. In substance, thick, colour pale, flaxen, or white, sediment little or lacking. And sometime vomiting of blood, and the dust gathered and heaped together in the sediment or bottom. 4. Pain in the reins, loins, and other inferior parts, by which the melancholic blood passeth in the hemorrhoidal veins to the seat. 15. Motes (atomies) such as appear in the sunbeams, little and round, red or white, little flocks. And these appearing in the urine signify, 1. Putrefaction as in the plague, Motes. morbus gallicus, with stinch. 2. Great agitation and commotion of the humours, as in the small pocks and measles. In these two the motes float all over the urine yet warm, and during t●e natural heat thereof; and after settling to the sediment, do signify a doubtful strife betwixt nature and the disease, to be decided by age, strength of the patient, and other signs, Montan. 50. 3. Rheum in the whole body, if the said motes do appear in the whole urine. Or in the superior parts of the body only, if they appear only in the upper region of the urine. Or in the middle parts of the body, if they appear in the middle region. Or lastly, the lowest part of the body, if they appear only in the lowest region or sediment of the urine, the motes are rough and the urine troubled. 4. Gout with conditions, as before in rheum. 5. Diseases of the mother. 6. Conception in women, settling down to the sediment, which if they be red, through greater abundance of heat and blood, a male child is conceived. If white through less abundance of heat and blood, a female is conceived. More signs of Conception. Because physicians vary in judgement, what urines do signify conception (yea Io. le. Bon. in his treatise de therapeia puerpurarum. Forestus in his book de incerto & falaci urinarum iudicio, lib. 2. cap. 3. and divers others, do deny that any certain judgement thereof can be gathered by urine.) I thought good therefore not only to set down their several opinions thereof by urine, but also add more signs besides urine. Both generally of conception, and specially whether it be of male or female. Signs of conception by urine. Divers opinions about womens' conception. 1. Generally womens' urine with child is less concoct, white, thin, with a little sediment, yet the nearer they draw to childbirth, it waxeth more coloured. 2. Some say there appeareth in the urine, like fine flower or starch, which after the urine is settled, hath a sedimentor swim somewhat thick, like fine carded wool, and the rest of the urine troubled, and somewhat green or black. 3. Other hold that their urine is white with a cloud, swimming aloft, and many motes floating in the whole urine, such as are in the sunbeams and especially in the first month; and when the urinal is shaken or moved they depart asunder, like carded wool. In the months following, the urine is red or yellow, and at length black, with a red cloud swimming aloft. 4. Other some take their judgement by the sediment only, which they affirm is like cotton or fine carded wool; or raw silk. Reusner thinketh that they be little flocks or motes, &c. as before in motes. Other signs of conception, besides the urine. 1. The terms are stayed without grief after they have issued eight or ten days after copulation. 2. They feel a wring, beating, and moderate pain about their navel, womb, loins, stomach, back, and thighs. 3. Their appetite to meat somewhat decayeth, yet longeth after strange things which affection is called Citta or pica, Aegid. 74. 4. They have sometime bitter belchings, vomitings, hardness of the paps, and redness of the teats, swelling of the veins and arteries, especially within the nose and eyes, pain, or swimming in the head, dimness of sight, red pimples in the face, costiveness, no desire of copulation, though before they had great delight. 5. If a very clean needle be put into a woman's urine with child in a brazen basin all night, and on the morrow be coloured and died with red spots, she hath conceived: but if it be black and rusty, she hath not. 6. If after supper going to bed, she drink water and honey sodden together (Hydromel) and feel a wringing in her guts she hath conceived, else not, Hippoc. 5. Aphoris. 57 Special signs of conception whether it be of male or female. Whether male or female. 1. Motes in the sediment red and round, signify a male: but motes white and round, a female. 2. Milk (in conception of male) cometh sooner into her breasts, which being milked, and set in a glass in the sun, it waxeth hard into a stone, not unlike a bright pearl. 3. All her right side is better and more lusty than her left, right eye fairer, right pap greater with milk, the pulse of her right artery swifter. If milk be cast upon the woman's water with child, it will sink to the bottom, neither will it depart asunder, though salt be cast in. 4. If a woman's urine be kept three days in a glass bottle stopped, and after strain it through a fine, clean linen cloth, if there appear, little quick living creatures, and red, a male is conceived, if white a female. 6. Terms flow after the fourteenth day, and the child is felt to stir, and move after the fifty day. To be short, all things are more quick, lusty, and strong in the male, then in the female, Reusn. And to be short, because the seed of the male is hotter and livelier than of the female, therefore all things in the male are sooner performed, as the male receiveth all the lineaments of his body, and perfect shape of a man in his mother's womb in thirty days: the female in forty. The male beginneth to stir in the womb in three months: the female in four. The male is borne and cometh forth of the womb in nine months, the female in ten. And the mother herself after birth of a male, hath forty days assigned for her purification; but after the birth of a female, fourscore days, Levit. 12. 4, 5. And that men are hotter in constitution than women, may easily appear in that they have fewer excrements, larger veins, blacker colour, greater and lustier members, greater voice, more audacity and courage than women, Bertinus. Contents in the middle region of the urine. Contents in the middle region or swim The middle region of the urine, sublation, or swim, ({non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}) is the middle distance of the urine divided into three equal parts: and here, (as before in contents in general, and in the sediment in special) are considered. Colour, substance, quantity, contents, &c. All which have the same signification for the most part, as before in the sediment, save in these six differences following. 1. Contents in the swim, signify some windiness, whereby they are elevated so high. 2. Good contents in the swim, which signify health (as white, saffron, claret, light, and equal) are not so good as in the sediment, yet in agues of choler, heat of the sun, hunger, labour, anger, &c. Presence of the swim, is a sufficient sign of health, but of phlegm or melancholy, (which are not so soon concocted) the presence of the sediment is necessary before there can be any security of recovery, Cappivaccius, 67. 3. Ill contents in the swim, which are signs of sickness, as black, green, leadish, solid, and deformed contents, are not so ill, as in the sediment, Cappivac. 171. 4. Contents in the swim give signification of the affections and diseases in the middle parts of man's body, as about the short ribs, hypocondria, inward entrails, as the spleen, liver, heart, lungs, bowels, &c. viscera, breast, stomach. Vas. 81. As also contents in the cloud, signify diseases of the highest part of man's body, and the sediment of the lowest parts. Yet divers mislike this application of the three regions of the urine, to the three parts of man's body, Aegid. 5. Sand or gravel, (not in the sediment, but in the swim) in colour reddish, and sticking to the sides of the urinal, as though the urine should thicken, or congeal into stones, signifieth Adustion of the liver, Vas. 90. 6. Motes (atomies) floating through the whole urine, and being elevated and puffed up by unnatural and flatuous heat, and after it be cold, settling to the sediment, or troubling the urine, signifieth a great strife in the veins, betwixt natural heat and the disease, to be determined by age, strength, diet, complexion, and good order of the patient, Mont. 50. Of the cloud or uppermost region of the urine. Cloud. The highest or uppermost region of the urine (being as I said before divided according to his height, into three equal parts) is called the cloud (nubes, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}) wherein we consider (as in the two former regions, substance, quantity, colour, contents, &c. which have the same signification as before: save that contents here in the cloud, compared with other regions, have least signification of good, in good signs: and contrary, lest signification of ill, in ill signs. Colours of the Cloud. White. White. 1. Not of very evil signification, because all contents are naturally white. 2. In perfect tertian agues abundance of choler, and so continuance of the disease. 3. In rotten agues (synochus) great danger through pain and grief in the forepart of the belly about the short ribs, Reusner. 236. Red. Red. 1. Changing of the sickness into a quartan. 2. Concoction of humours, beginning to be on the seventh day or critical day, if this red colour appear on the fourth day or judicial day. 3. Headache, through wind and flatuous spirits ascending up into the head, and so continuance of the disease. black. black. Long watchings, and lack of sleep whereof followeth the lightness of the brain, raving, doting, which in old men is mortal. Deformed contents in the cloud. Deformed contents of the cloud are of three sorts, according to the places which they occupy, for 1. either they appear in the whole region of the cloud. 2. or occupy only the edge, ring or circle round about the urine. 3. or lastly they slote all over the top of the urine. And to begin with the first. Deformed contents appearing in the whole region of the cloud are three. White cloud. 1. Little white cloud (nebula) signifieth phlegmatic matter to be elevated by strong heat, and for the most part, a good sign and signification of concoction, and which will shortly, as the disease declineth, settleth down to the sediment, by orderly proceeding of nature. smoke. 2. Smoke, in colour, blackish, reddish, or yellow, signifieth viscous and tough matter adust, choleric. Abundance of unnatural heat, puffing up, and elevating some raw matter, and therefore continuance of sharp diseases not without danger. 3. Small grains, kernels, drops or motes dispersed, ragged (granula divulsa) which if they appear near to the top of the urine, especially if they be blackish, they signify adustion of the matter, and wasting of the solid parts, as also that they are violently puffed up by unnatural heat of malign agues, which oftentimes are mortal, Mont. 51. Deformed contents appearing in the circle round about the urine, commonly called the crown (corona) which sometime is wanting, and signifieth, Equal conflict betwixt nature and the disease. The crown appearing round about the urine signifieth generally. 1. Some windiness, whereof the crown is made. 2. Affections and griefs of the head. 3. If the colour of the crown differing from the rest of the urine be better, it is a good sign, that nature overcometh, but if it be worse an ill sign, that nature is overcome. The placing of the urinal, and difference of the sight, may cause divers colours in the crown, because it consisteth indifferently in the confines or common concourse of three diverse transparent mediums (media) the urinal, the urine, and the air; and therefore the colours of the crown may be variable according to the diverse position of the urinal, the urine, the air, and the eye of a physician beholding it. Like other apparent and not permanent colours, which are made of diverse mixture of light and dark. (Lucidi & umbrosi) as colours of the rainbow, of a Doves neck, a peacock's tail, changeable taffety, and morning clouds lightened with the sunbeams, infinitely variable, according to their diverse positions and placings, taught in the precepts of optikes. Therefore Actuarius counsel is, to look into the crown with one eye. Colours of the crown. Leadish. 1. Leadish, blue, and black, signify the falling sickness, or mortification of the brain, whereby the sinews do not their duty in sense and motion. 2. First leadish, then red certain days after, signifieth headache, or recovery of the animal power. Greene. 3. Greene signifieth choler green like leeks (porracea) or frenzy of green choler, if it be in a sharp ague: or adustion of hot choler assaulting the head. 4. Black is of the same judgement that black water is of. For it signifieth mortification, if leadish colour went before: or adustion, if green. Thick crown joined with colours. Saffron. 1. Saffron signifieth choler in the head, and headache thereof. White. 2. Waterish and white, phlegm in the hinder part of the head. Claret. 3. Claret, or crimson, abundance of blood in the head, pricking pain of the temples, fullness of the veins, and the patient supposing himself to see little red motes flying before his eyes. Or headache through abundance of blood. Thin crown joined with colours. Flaxen. 1. Flaxen, signifieth ache in the left side, of the head of melancholy. Or the head, to be of cold and dry constitution. Or melancholic complexion, and therefore suspicious, fearful, covetous. Yellow. 2. Yellow, headache of choler pricking in the side of the head. Crown trembling, shaking, quivering, signifieth crown trembling. 1. Paine all along down the backbone. 2. Windiness. 3. Thin humour. 4. Stopping of the flowers. Deformed contents floating in the top of the urine; either in the crown, or all over the top, as spume, froth, bubbles, drops of oil, or drops of fat like spiderwebs. foam▪ froth▪ bubbles. foam, froth, bubbles, is an extension, swelling, or puffing up of a viscous moisture in a thick and gross vapour through agitation: either of heat, as in water seething. Or motion, as in the sea. Or both, as in running waters. In urine they are made as Montanus thinketh, of natural or unnatural heat rarefying and dissipating, some tough, viscous, and phlegmy matter in the veins resisting, whereupon the heat not finding ready issue, doth puff up and extend it, making froth or bubbles. But Argenter misliketh this opinion for that, in bastard agues, quotians, and tertians, where both phlegm and unnatural heat abound, which might stir and puff it up, and yet froth doth not always accompany these agues. Therefore he thinketh that froth in the urine, is always caused of motion, and gives signification of rheums and destillations, descending from the head into the inferior parts, &c. They appear in the urine, being caused either of cause external, or internal. External cause of foam, froth, and bubbles. external cause. 1. Eating of pulse or fruit, surfeiting, Fernel. 2. Pissing with some violence into the urinal. 3. Shaking of the urinal, Aegid. 68 Salvian. 144. internal cause. internal cause of foam froth, or bubbles, wherein are considered (as in other contents) colour, quantity, substance, time of their appearance, and their differences. Colour of the foam, froth, and bubbles. Diverse. 1. Diverse. Signifieth crudity, Aegid. 68 White. 2. White. Raw and phlegmatic matter. Saffron. 3. Saffron. Jaundice. But mixed with some whiteness in the middle, diseases of the lungs. 4. Lead colour or blackish, Leadish. matter adust. black. 5. Black. Extinction of natural heat. Quantity of the foam, &c. Much. Much, many, or thick together, long continuing, and scarcely to be abolished with a rods end, wrapped about with flax▪ and put into the urine, Aegid. 66. and signifieth In whole men. Some tough and viscous matter which natural heat stirreth: wherefore good diet must be used, lest more matter be increased, or natural heat hindered. In sick men (if they appear in the crown or circle) abundance of raw tough matter mixed with ventosity and agitation thereof, which may signify colic, headache, surfeit. But if they appear over the whole face of the urine, they signify weakness of the head, flux of seed, weakness of nature, through obstructions and raw humours. Also if they appear in the beginning of diseases, an ill sign, because such agitation, is of unnatural heat, and accompanied with other ill signs, as weakness, old age, feeble, pulse, winter, &c. mortal. But appearing in the urine after the beginning of diseases with other good signs, it is a good signification of health, because such agitation is of natural heat now prevailing against the disease. But with other ill signs, as ill colour and contents, &c. it giveth ill signification that such agitation is of unnatural heat, and in weak persons, Death, but in strong persons, Long sickness, and great danger, Week. Little. Little quantity of the spume, froth, bubbles. Little or few, and dispersed, two or three together signify less headache and ventosity, &c. except the colour be yellow, for so choler increaseth the grief. Substance of the spume, &c. thick. thick, a better sign. Thin. Thin, a worse sign especially in agues signifying great grief, Blas. Holler. 162. Time of appearance. Time of appearance Not appearing at the first, and afterwards appearing, signify concoction or declination of an ague. As in thick urine. See there. Differences of spume, froth and bubbles, be three. 1. Little bubbles (granula) like pinne-heads, Granula. or little drops of quick-silver, descending downwards towards the swim under the crown into the body of the urine, signify griefs of the head, as rheum, which distilling down into the inferior parts of the body, as to the nose, maketh the pose, to the eyes, and causeth ophthalmie. To the ears, making a singing noise, and deafness. To the palate of the mouth, and maketh the uvula to fall down. To the throat, and causeth hoarseness. To the mouth, and causeth exulcerations. To the jaws and mandible, toothache. To the windepipe, the cough. To the lungs, shortness of breath: to the guts, the colic, iliac, whereof sometime followeth a laske or flix. To the stomach, crudity. To the hucklebone, sciatica. To the joints in the hands, knees, and feet, the gout. To the reins, the nephresy. Also the passages by which the rheum distilleth, are many, as the arteries, backbone, and veins: also the meat-pipe, windpipe, and sinews. But the rheum descending from the head by any of these three last, doth not necessarily cause bubbles in the urine. We●. 2. Great bubbles (Ampullae) signify grief in the reins (nephritis) for the reins being cold and far distant from the heart the fountain of heat, Ampullae. and rhewmatike matter also cold and heavy, and descending downward, is also drawn by the reins, and there for want of heat remaineth unconsumed, and so breedeth grief in the reins, in urine thin, and white bubbles. Also according to Rhasis flux of blood at the nose. If they be round, pleurisy, Gout with rheum and an ague. Spume, foam. 3. Spume, froth, signify grief in the middle members of the body, as heart liver, spleen, &c. rising of such causes as the colours of the urine show, Fern. 453. Windiness, colic. In yellow colour, the jaundice. In leadish oily and palew, the phthisicke. Note. ¶ But of foam, spume, and bubbles, we can safely gather no general precept, save only that they signify abundance of gross and raw humours, which being moved in the body, do cause such spume and bubbles, and so consequently length of the disease in strong and lusty persons, and death in weak and feeble, especially the spume and bubbles long continuing in great quantity, Salvian. 152. Drops of oil or fat. Spiderwebs. drops of fat like spider-webs, drops of oil swimming aloft, signify 1. Colliquation or consumption for the most part mortal of the whole body, with an ague, and then this fat is pissed slowly by little and little, at several times, and in small quantity, and well mixed or incorporated into the urine, but at the later end of the consumption when the patient is almost spent, this fat ceaseth to issue with the urine, being already dissolved and voided, and the body decaying lean and dry, Salvian. 2. Colliquation of the reins and bladder only without an ague, the fat being pissed fast, suddenly, in good quantity, at once, and not so perfectly mixed with the urine, and with pain and heat about the reins. Yet Cardan saith, that he himself observed small slender spider-webs in his own urine every day for 40. years together, and likewise in many other urines without any hurt at all, and therefore he thinketh that these spider-webs which signify colliquation must be greater, Salvian. 164. 3. Inflammation of the liver. 4. Critical evacuation in concoction and declination of the disease of some humour offending, whereby some fat member receiveth hurt, and so part of his fat is dissolved, Salvian. 5. Oil drunken, Fernel. CHAP. ix.. Of the smell of urine. No smell. SMell of urine is either none at all. 2. or sweet. 3. or stinking. No smell at all signifieth extreme and mortal cold in sharp diseases, especially if stinking▪ urines were made before, and no ease of the patient succeedeth, Salvian. 60. Vassae. 60. Argent. Montanus. 2. Sweet smell of the urine is either of cause external, or internal. External cause, as Sweet smell. 1. Perfuming of the urine after it, is made with musk, junipet, sylphium, laserpitium, styrax, rosin of larch tree, or other perfume, Fernel. Bertin. 2. Eating of turpentine, &c. because it is not easily changed in the body by reason of his viscosity, nor draweth any store of matter with it, Argent. 60. Salvian. 60. &c. Montanus thought, that by eating of sweet smelling things, the urine should stink, and contrariwise by eating of stinking things, the urine should have a sweet smell, whom Argenterin confuteth. For garlic stinketh, and being eaten, maketh the urine also stink, and contrary turpentine, hath of himself a good smell, which being taken into the body, giveth the same smell to the urine. Internal cause, as Dominion of good blood not putrefied. Ill or stinking smell. 3. Ill, or stinking smell, is likewise of cause external, or internal. External cause, as 1. Perfuming it with stinking perfumes, as assafoetida, galbanum, sagapenum, smoke of burnt feathers, brimstone, &c. 2. Eating of Carduus benedictus (because it doth move and stir up the humours, and converteth them to the passages of urine:) of rue, onions, aniseed, garlic, rotten cheese, stalks of sparagus, fennel, fengreeke, &c. Argent. Salvian. 98. Aegid. 11. Fernel. vide P. upon. in problem. Arist. 2. 14. Internal cause. Men's urines according to the diverse constitutions of the bodies from whence they come, are in several degrees of better or worse smell: for those who have abundance of pure blood and other humours according to their natural disposition, free from putrefaction, and expel their excrements both universal and particular, in due time and quantity, and have a moderate use of the six things not natural, do make urine (as all other excrements) less stinking, yet somewhat ordinarily, because urine, as all other excrements, come of impure matter, and in men's bodies, which be moist, and subject to putrefaction. Yet not in all bodies stinking ill, seeing it is concoct, Argent. And though it is too base for the physician, yea sometimes dangerous to put his nose to the urine, to discern the stinch thereof: yet the knowledge hereof hath good use amongst other differences of urine, yea, in demonstrating putrefaction, ulcers, and impostumes in man's body, is to be preferred before all other, Argent. But to come to the matter again. Stinking urines are evermore an argument of putrefaction, 1. either of the humours, 2. or solid and substantial parts of man's body. Which you may distinguish thus, for if the putrefaction be in the humours only, the stink began lately, and the urine is thick or troubled, and chanceth by one of these three ways: either for that the humours Putrefaction of humours. 1. Breed crudity, through want of heat, as in those which are full of ill humours, as phlegm and melancholy, because they make the urine thicker, and being cold, not provoking the vessels to expulsion, they stay longer in the body, and breed putrefaction. 2. Stay too long in the body, as in the strangury, dysury, stone, when the sediment is full of filth, and pain in pissing, so in exulcerations or impostumes of the reins, or bladder and gonorrhoea, the urine white and thick, and the sediment full of matter, Fernel. Salvian. 99 so in creticall evacuations of impostumes, and inflammations, with ease of the patient, and signs of concoction. 2. Are infected with the plague, in a confused and troubled, red urine, with little motes much dispersed. With morbus gallicus, with sandy and gravelly red contents. Putrefaction of solid parts. But if the putrefaction be in the solid and substantial parts of man's body, as the liver, spleen, veins, &c. it is with pain, and in urine rather thin then thick; and the stinch of long continuance, for which causes there is great danger: for thin urine seldom stinketh, for want of putrefied humours and excrements. And stinch long continuing, showeth that the putrefaction is entered into the habit of the body, Cappivac. 112. Argenter. ¶ Some say that the urine stinketh in some sharp agues, Note. and diseases, which Salvian denieth, save only in the plague. CHAP. X. Of the manner of pissing. MAnner of pissing, is either hard and uneasy: or else involuntary. painful pissing. painful, hard, and uneasy pissing is either because that the 1. Urine is too sharp (as in the strangury) by mixture of some sharp humours, as salt, phlegm, choler, purulent matter: or by ill diet, or some hot distemperature in the veins, as in sharp and continual agues, or some critical evacuations. Or when the glandulous parts about the bladder are dried up by immoderate venery, disease, or medicine, which should mitigate the sharpness of the urine. 2. Vessels of urine, reins, bladder, yard, either too weak, or troubled with exulcerations, by which urine passing causeth pain and smarting. 2. Also with impostumes, swellings, gatherings, in which the urine is first white, then filthy, and lastly rotten. 3. With inflammations, whereof followeth vomiting of choler, continual ague, and pain in the reins, Bertin. 4. With obstruction of the stone and gravel (as you may read, pag. 64.) Of tough and clammy humours, and ventosity distending the vessels. 5. With distemperature of heat and dryness. 6. With convulsion of (sphincter) the muscle shutting the neck of the bladder, or of the sinews adjoining. 3. Blood, or the womb is inflamed. 4. Guts, or the womb distended with tumours or ventosity, as in the colic, whereby the reins and emulgent veins are pressed and straightened. In voluntary pissing, when one maketh urine unwittingly, or against his will, which happeneth either for that the Involuntary pissing. 1. Vessels of urine, bladder, reins, &c. have their retentive faculty hurt, weakened, or decayed, as in the Apoplexy, falling sickness, dropsy. Or when the muscle (sphincter) shutting the neck of the bladder; Or sinews coming from the back, serving thereto are hurt, by fall, beating, wound, &c. Or made feeble and weak by cold distemperature, or by too much moisture in children, or dryness in old men, whereby the aforesaid muscle and sinews cannot detain their urine, but many times they bepiss their bed. So in great and sudden fear, when the blood, heat, and spirits, fly to the heart, and inward parts, whereby the outward parts, and those which be far distant from the heart, are destitute of blood, heat, and spirits, so men suddenly terrified and astonished, not only void urine, but other excrements against their will. Likewise in the pissing ill, the urine white and much, and the patient thirsty, and the body decaying. See before, cap. 5. 2. Principal Agent the brain not directing the animal faculty, nor communiting it the sinews and muscles of the vessels of urine, whereupon they cease from their function, and let the urine pass away by drops, as they receive it, as in mad men, raving, doting, in sharp diseases, but if there be other signs of concoction, it signifieth critical flux of blood at the nose, because the matter being drawn up to the brain, and yet signs of recovery, must be voided at the nose, Salv. 113. CHAP. XI. Of suppression of urine. Urine is suppressed in whole men being occupied in some importunate business, as pleading at the bar, preaching, reading, &c. Also sleeping, whereby they cannot be at leisure, or else forget, and so for a space their urine is wholly suppressed, but in process of time must needs have issue, neither is it in man's free choice always to suppress his urine, though for a time he may. For it is not simply a voluntary action, as speaking and walking is, &c. but mixed partly voluntary, partly natural, as cough, sneezing, vomit, belching, sighing, respiration, &c. whereto we refer, evacuation by stool, and urine, &c. but seeing this suppression of urine doth neither give signification of sickness nor health, we leave further to speak of it. Suppression of urine in sick men. Suppression of urine in sick men is either because the, 1. Vessels of urine are weak and not able either to draw the matter of urine, or to expel it being made. 2. Watery humour the material cause of urine is wanting, as in want of drink or moist meats. 2. Or else is converted another way, as in the dropsy, Argenter. lasks, &c. But in these cases the urine is rather little than none at all. See little quantity of urine before, cap. 6. 3. Or is obstructed and stopped that it cannot have issue either by some tumour or inflammation accompanied with swelling, pain, an ague, &c. or of schirrous swelling without pain or ague: or impostume with pain or an ague, or lastly, some fleshly substance, descending from some ulcer, with some blood and small fragments of flesh voiding with the urine, and a syringe put up at the yard into the neck of the bladder, and removing the fleshy fragments away, the urine presently issueth: or with the stone, and then gravel was voided before: or by clods of blood, remaining after some issue of blood, or by some purulent matter proceeding from an ulcer, or lastly by some thick and gross humours, or filth and corruption descending from the veins, liver, or other superior members, which suppression of urines in agues especially continual, signifieth death more certainly, than any other sign in the urine. In this case Argenterius scarcely ever knew any escape death; unless the fault be in the reins or bladder, Arg. 89. 4. Or when the bladder is so distended, by too great quantity of urine too long kept, that it cannot unburden itself thereof, Wecker in Ischuria, and therefore it is convenient to piss, as often as need requireth, and not to keep it too long, for thereof ariseth suppression of urine (that we speak of) and sometime the stone, or difficulty in pissing, and sometime the dropsy; neither on the other side do I commend their practice, who like dogs are still pissing, for besides many other inconveniences, they bring their vessels of urine to such an ill custom, that in old age (when the retentive faculty through want of heat decaying) they can scarcely hold their urine, but it will issue from them against their will. But I wish all men to void their excrements both by stool (for being too long kept in the body, they annoy the head by their stinking fume ascending, breed ventosities, wringing in the guts, cholike, &c.) and by urine, that they may follow their ordinary course of life, for therefore nature hath appointed muscles to the neck of the bladder, and seat, that men may at their pleasure detain their excrements for some space. Placotomus de tuenda valitudine. 2. Sometime the greater guts are so obstructed through tough and viscous phlegm, that the meat and drink concocted in the stomach, cannot come to the liver to receive further concoction and separation of urine, Holl. lib. 1. cap. 47. de morbis internis. 4. Sometime the backbone is bruised, broken, or hath some dislocation in the joints: that thereby the vessels of urine cannot perform their duty, Wecker. CHAP. XII. Of what parts of the body urine giveth signification. Urine giveth signification of diseases of such parts of the body, 1. Whence it receiveth matter whereof it is made colour, substance, contents, darkness, perspicuity, smell, as the stomach, guts, mesaraical veins, and all other parts of the body, for the material cause of urine is drink, or other liquour, which in the stomach is accurately mixed and incorporated together with the meat, and made one substance and white juice called of the physicians Chylas, which descending into the winding capacity of the guts is separated partly into excrement, and partly nourishment. For the purer part thereof is sucked of the mesaraical veins, and conveyed thence to vena porta, and at length to the liver, where being converted into blood, and the excrementitions parts thereof, sequestered and sent to their proper receptacles, as choler to the gall, melancholy to the spleen, and the watery thin part to the reins, but not all, for some part thereof together with the blood (which it maketh thinner for more easy conveyance) is distributed into every member of the body. From whence so much as is not spent in the body, or evaporated out by sweat, or insensible perspiration, returneth back again the same way to the liver, whence it is drawn of the emulgent veins, and descendeth to the reins and bladder. Therefore urine is not only made of that watery substance which is drawn from the liver, but also from the greater and less veins, and from the whole body. As he may easily and plainly perceive by experience, who will for three or four days together, either receive no drink at all, or but little. The urine therefore, that is neither too thin by much quaffing, nor otherwise polluted by mixture of other impurities, doth manifestly show the state and constitution of the humours which are in the liver and greater veins. And also, though not so manifestly, in the smaller veins and all other parts of the body, Fernel. 2. Where it is made, as the liver, and the hollow vein. 3. By which it passeth, as the emulgent veins, reins, and water conduits. 4. Wherein it stayeth, as the bladder with his muscles and sinews. 5. By which it is expelled, as the yard. 6. Which do deprive it of any colour, substance, perspicuity, darkness, quantity, contents or smell, as when it is not made, or being made is not attracted, or not expelled, or obstructed and stopped in the vessels that it cannot have passage to be voided, as by rumours, gross humours, stone, gravel, inflammations, ulcers, impostumes, flesh growing, wind, or through weakness, distemperature, fractures, ruptures, dislocations, wounds of the vessels of urine, either primary in themselves, or by consent of others, &c. Or being made, is converted another way, as to the head in frenzies, to the stomach in vomitings, to the belly in dropsies, to the guts in lasks, to the mother in flux of terms, to the cod in ruptures, to the joints in sciatica, gout, to the parts weak, grieved, inflamed, apostomated, &c. 7. Which do exonerate themselves by urine, as the head in rheums, frenzies, &c. The throat in the squinsy, the lungs in inflammations, the solid parts in a consumption, the spleen in melancholic diseases, the veins or arteries broken, in pissing of blood, the spermatic vessels, in flux of seed, the mother in terms suppressed and voided by urine the hemorrhoidal veins in the emeralds, the joints in the sciatica, or gout, and diverse other parts of the body in evacuation, critical, symptomatical, or artificial. Of all these you may find several examples in this treatise precedent. CHAP. XIII. Of crude, concoct, and dangerous urines. BEcause mention is often made heretofore, of crude, concoct, and dangerous urines, as also that they be very needful to be known perfectly, & always had in memory; seeing they comprehend in few words, the sum of all that hath heretofore been spoken. I thought good in the end to add the description thereof. Concoct urine. Concoct urine, such as men only make who are in some latitude of health, is in colour palew, light saffron. substance, mean. contents Equal, white, light. smell, not stinking. pissing in due time without Pain, Heat, cold. Crude urine. Crude urines only. Such as men make inclining to sickness, or recovering after sickness, is in colour white, pale, saffron, claret, substance thicker, thinner. contents whitish, pale, somewhat unequal. smell, not much stinking. pissing not in due time. Urines▪ mean betwixt crude and concoct, are of two sorts. 1. For either they incline more to concoct. Such as have a good colour, but thin substance. Also a white and light sediment, but not equal. 2. Or else they incline more to crude. Such as have reddish colour, like to water wherein raw flesh hath been washed, which are made of blood not perfectly concoct. urine crude and dangerous. urine, Crude and dangerous, such as men make who are grievously sick and in danger not to recover, is in colour Green, ash colour, Black. substance very thin, very thick, Oily. contents Green, ash colour, Oily, Black, very unequal, deformed. smell very stinging. pissing altogether out of due time. Or not at all, B. Holler. 270. Cappiva●. 195. CHAP. XIV. Of methodical practice in judgement of Vrines. Considerations fit for practise. BEfore you give judgement of the urine; it is needful that you meditate with yourself on these precepts following in order. 1. Remember the general considerations in the first chapter, both concerning the urinal and the urine. As also which be the best urines simply, and in respect of age, sex, complexion, time of the year, kind of life, &c. which you may have so perfectly in memory, that you can presently tell how far that urine which is brought unto you, differeth from a good urine, in colour, substance, contents, &c. 2. Whether the urine be altered by some external cause mentioned in the first chapter and throughout the book; or else through default of the reins and bladder by which the urine passeth. For these two impediments either several or concurring, hinder the judgement of the inner parts, Fernel. 443. 3. Consider what diseases are incident to the country where the patient dwelleth, or what common disease is their stirrings: as for example, if the patient be an old man, and in winter, rainy weather, and in a moist and fennish country, it can hardly be otherwise, but that he is troubled with a cough, rheum, pose, and lack of digestion, and the rather if he be given to surfeiting, much drinking, and be of a phlegmatic complexion, and heretofore troubled with rhewmatike diseases. But contrariwise, if he be a young man, and choleric, in the middle of summer, hot weather, hot climate, after hot diet and immoderate exercise, it is very likely, that he is troubled with a burning ague, tertian, flix, or pleurisy, to which of these he is most subject, or which at that time is most stirring in that country. After this sort you may judge of other diseases without help of the urine. Three causes of internal diseases. 4. If the urine be faulty, and yet neither through external cause, nor of the reins, than it must needs show some distemperature of the inward parts, heart, liver, spleen, lungs, veins, or other part of the body. Which distemperature is either simple, without mixture of humours, which colour of the urine in thin substance will show, or with mixture of humours in a thick and troubled substance, or else putrefaction, in a confused urine. Which three be the internal causes almost of all diseases, whereby you have already attained no small knowledge, what to do, or what evacuation is convenient for the cure of the disease, although you cannot as yet, particularly understand the same. Fernel. 5. Of all differences of urines colour is most mutable and uncertain of signification, Which difference of urine is to be preferred in certainty of signification, and wherein. as being subject to many alterations of light cause. As by much drinking, thin drink, as water, white wine, or by eating of hot spices, senas, cassia, &c. yea in one day every urine that a man maketh is unlike an other in colour, so that here especially the infamy that urine is a lying strumpet, hath some appearance of truth. Contrariwise the contents of urine are of most certain and true signification of all other, and least subject to alteration, for that they are either fragments of the parts of the body, or contained in the parts. Of these Hippocrates and Galen especially make mention, not greatly regarding the rest. The other differences of urine, substance, perspicuity, darkness, quantity, smell, &c. are of mean signification betwixt colour and contents. And yet every difference hath special signification above the rest in some diseases: Smell. for stinking smell of urines giveth more perfect signification of putrefaction, ulcers, or impostumes, than either colour, substance, or contents. Suppression of urine, in agues especially continual, Suppression. giveth more certain signification of death, then thin substance, ill colour, or want of contents: for these show one crudity, which in time is curable: but the other happeneth through great obstructions of the reins, liver, or other superior member, which at that time are incurable. Colours. Colours of urine collected in due time, from an orderly patient, giveth better signification of the humour loffending in the body, than any other. Last●y, Contents. contents issuing with the urine, do especially signify strength of nature, which in time will prevail against the disease. For when the digestive faculty is weak, the matter whereof contents arise, cannot be overcome and prepared to be voided. So that every difference of urine hath some special signification above the rest, Arg. 89. 6. Also you must often see the patient's urine on divers days and divers times of his sickness, and diligently mark the perseverance or alteration of the urine from time to time, and whether it change from worse to better or otherwise. How the urine altereth in diseases. For as the patient recovereth, nature proceedeth orderly and by degrees from unperfect to perfect, from sickness to health, and so by little and little changeth the urine: first, the colour, which is easiest: secondly, it waxeth clearer; thirdly, the substance waxeth mean betwixt thin and thick; fourthly, when concoction is stronger, contents appear. And therefore if contents appear first before colour, clearness or substance, there is the less security of health: because this is not the orderly course of nature, but some symptomatical fit of the disease, which will soon vanish away and decay. And therefore to good purpose must you always remember this theorem commonly received of the physicians, that nature ordinarily first conformeth the colour, than the substance, and lastly the contents, Mont. 52. How the colour altereth. This is the orderly course and proceeding of nature in respect of the colour. In the beginning of diseases, when all the humours are raw, the urine is white. In the increase and state of the disease, higher and deeper colours. In the declining, more remiss again, until at length it returneth to his mean colour again. How the substance altereth. In respect of the substance, in the beginning it is thin, for nature hath yet made no separation. In the increase and state it waxeth more thick and troubled, through natural heat now beginning to work some separation and expulsion of the humour, in declining it waxeth clearer and thinner again, when natural heat doth attenuate, rarify; and desipate the flatuous and gross humours, and so the urine waxeth less troubled. To conclude, for substance of urine mark these four differences. 1. First thin, and so continuing, is worst of all, signifying extreme crudity. 2. First thin, and afterwards waxeth thicker, and more troubled, better than the former both for heat and strength of nature. 3. First troubled and thick, and so continuing, better than the two former, for better heat, and more lively strength of nature. 4. First thick and troubled, and afterwards clearing and waxing thinner, the thicker part settling down to the sediment, best of all in diseases, as now almost returning to a mean substance, such as is in whole men's urines. How the contents alter. In respect of contents not altogether unnatural. In beginning of humoral diseases through crudity there appear no contents at all▪ in increase and state, the disease continuing strong, and natural heat weak, some though few in declination, when nature waxeth stronger prevailing against the disease, more contents appear, and first in the cloud or uppermost region, then in the middle region or swim, and lastly in the sediment. ¶ And this is the ordinary alteration of urine in all humoral diseases wherein is good hope of recovery (except it be accidentally hindered by obstruction or conversion another way, and which have distinction of time of beginning, increase, state and declination. For sharp diseases through their vehement and furious assaults, do not admit such special distinction. 8. Lastly, it is good for him that now beginneth to practise, and hath not as yet attained to some good measure of skill, to exercise himself in these three, as principal guides of all his judgements, &c. The best urine, pag. 6. Crude, concoct, and dangerous urines, pag. 105. and especially mortal urins which have signification of death, wherein the credit of the physician chiefly consisteth. For which purpose in the alphabetical index under death I have collected all mortal diseases, whereof urine giveth signification in this treatise. But yet it is not the safest way resolutely to prognosticate death by them, especially in a young and lusty man, except other ill signs concur, as want of strength, pulse, feeble, and inordinate ra●ing▪ breathing with difficulty, lack of rest, hollow eyes, sharp nose, in voluntary weeping, gathering of straws and flocks, want of sleep and appetite, cold sweat, trembling of the nether lip, excrement by stool, black, green, or stinking, &c. But contrariwise▪ if the patient draw his breath with ease, have a good pulse, be strong, lie in bed decently, have a cheerful countenance, his sleep and appetite not much decayed, and his excrements not altogether unnatural, do confirm good hope of recovery. And in like sort in all significations of urine be not too confident, but add other pathog●●monicall signs for better confirmation and more certain signification of the kind, nature, and quality of the disease. Et qu● non prosunt singula, multa i●va●t. CHAP. XV. Of the qualities, commodities, and medicines of urine: and of diseases touching urine, and the remedies thereof. HItherto we have compendiously handled the differences, causes, and judgements of urine. But that the treatise may be more absolute, we will add something more of the qualities, and benefit of urine which it hath either inwardly received, or outwardly applied to man's body. The quality of urine. All urine (as Galen saith, lib. 10. de simple. medie. facult. de urina) is hot and sharp (as Aegineta thinketh) but yet differing in degree according to them that make it. For the hotter they are that make it, in complexion, age, time of the year, and diet, the hotter it is also; yet man's urine (Whereof we speak) is the weakest of all other, except tame barrow-hogs, which in many points agree with man, yet it is also of a strong cleansing or abstersive virtue, as any thing else, which Galen proveth by the example of fullers, who use it to scour and cleanse their cloth. The commodity and medicines of urine being taken inwardly. A man's own urine drunken is good against the biting of vipers, and poison, and against the dropsy lately begun. Diosc. lib. 2. cap. 27. A child's urine under the age of 14 years being drunken, helpeth those that are troubled with straightness of breath (orthoponea) which though Galen reporting derideth as insufficient and loathsome, yet Avicen. lib. 2. can. cap. proprio. doth greatly commend, for that by experience in many diseased persons he found it true. A man's urine is good for diverse diseases of the womb and bowels, especially for the colic: because that partly with provoking of vomit, and partly by occasion of sieges, it expelleth strongly all noisome humours, and for the same cause do common practitioners keep it still in daily use. Recordè Marcello. Vldericke Hutten also witnesseth, that he did drive away the ague above eight times with the only drinking of his own urine, at the beginning of his sickness, which practise many still do use, and it proveth well. Likewise Galen, Paul Aegin●ta and Marsilius Ficinus write that diverse drinking urine did think themselves preserved and cured from the pestilence. Urine as Cardan saith, through his heat is of a thin and piercing substance, so that it is lighter than some water, notwithstanding his saltness, for which cause it is good against the colic and ventosity in the guts far above salt water, for through his subtle and piercing substance it findeth passage to the inward parts, and through his saltness it scattereth, breaketh, and disperseth the ventosity, and strengtheneth the inward parts. But to this purpose a child's urine under fourteen years old, and lately made is best, for that is most piercing and hot. Cardan de subtilitate, lib. 17. Medicines of urine outwardly applied. Urine is good against the itch, and cleanseth the leprosy, mixed with salt-petre: stale piss cleanseth running ulcers of the head, scurf, manginess, and hot breakings out, it stayeth eating ulcers especially in the privy members, and being put into the ears, it cleanseth the rotten and purulent matter, and being sodden in the rind of a Pomegrante killeth the worms thereof, sodden in a brazen vessel with honey, doth cleanse the scars of the eyes, and cleareth the dimness thereof, the dregs of urine is good for Saint Anthony's evil, if it be anointed thereon, so that (as as Galen doth wisely add) the sore being cooled first with some other thing, and be not burning. If it be heated with oil of privet, and laid to the womb of a woman, it will assuage the grief of the mother, and cureth the rising of the same, it cleanseth the eyelids, and scars of the same, Dioscor. lib. 2. cap. 17. Galen almost to the same purpose saith thus of urine: men's urine is of a strong cleansing virtue as any thing else, and therewith do fullers use to scour and cleanse their cloth, which abstersive faculty physicians perceiving, did use it to soak, and wash manginess and scabbedness, and running sores that are full of corruption, and filth, and especially if they have in them putrefied matter, & for such sores on the privy members it is good, and for mattering ears, and for scales and scurf, if the head be washed therewith. I have healed with it many times sores on the tooes, namely which came of bruises, and were without inflammation, and that in servants and husbandmen, which had a journey to go, and no physician with them, bidding them to wet a small clout with it, and put it into the sores, and then to bind a cloth about it: and as often as they listed to make water, to let it fall on their sore toes, and not to take the cloth away till it were quite whole. That medicine which is made of child's urine, called chrysocolla, or gold souder, which Galen there teacheth to make, is exceeding good for sores that are hard to heal: for this medicine do I use for the chiefest, mixing therewith such other things, as are good for such like sores. Galen, lib. 10. de simply. med. facult. cap. de urina. Child's urine will heal the sting of a Bee, wasp, and Hornet, if the place be washed therewith. It is good for travellers when they go to bed to wash their thighs therewith, that they may be able to continue their journey the next day, and the rather, if afterwards they anoint them with oil and juice of rue. Man's urine is also good against the gout, which may appear for that fullers are never troubled with the gout, by reason that their feet are so often washed with it, and some who have had good experience thereof with great success, do highly commend it for this purpose. Seeing then urine hath so many commodities, and was in ancient time in so great use (as Dioscorides, Galen, Pliny, Columella, and all those that have written of cure of horses, do sufficiently testify) it came to pass, that the Emperors of Rome got yearly revenues by urines, as Suetonius reporteth of Vespasian, who answered Titus reprehending him for seeking after gains by such stinking wares, in this proverbial sentence, Bonus est odor lucri ex requalibet. Of diseases touching urine, and the remedies thereof. REcord in the latter end of his judicial of urines, setteth down certain simple medicines for some diseases which hinder urine, by whose example not altogether impertinent to this treatise: I have likewise collected a brief history of the said diseases with some medicines thereof. And first of the stone. The stone is engendered in man's body, as a brick which is first made of tough clay, and put into an hot furnace where it waxeth hard; so a stone is made of tough, viscous, and slimy phlegm in the reins or bladder, where through heat thereof it is parched and baked together into the hardness of a stone. But that I may speak somewhat fullier thereof, and yet briefly, the material cause of the stone is, as I said, a tough slimy phlegm, and all causes which increase the same, as all crudities and surfeits, all meats gross, slimy, and hard of digestion, as milk, new cheese, all white meats made of milk, all crusts of flower wherein meat is baked, bread not well baked, unleavened. All flesh of great beasts, especially old, as beef, venison: and all water-fowl. Great fishes, especially those who abound in slimy moisture, as eels, all shellfish, oysters, cockles, lopsters, crevices. All fruits which engender gross humours, pears, apples▪ gourds. Roots which breed wind, as parsnips, turnips. Also all new and thick wine and drink. Likewise because heat of the reins doth bake and harden the said phlegm, and all causes which increase heat in the reins, as too warm apparel whereby the back and reins are kept too hot, running, leaping, violent exercise: also riding especially with his back towards the sun, standing against the fire with his back, and meats, drinks, and spices which increase heat. Also when the vessels of urine, the reins, &c. have too strait passages, whereby that slimy phlegm cannot have issue to be expelled, but stayeth within, and through heat waxeth hard, whereupon fat men through moistness, and old men through dryness, having straight passages in the reins, are more subject to the stone in the reins, and less in the bladder: contrariwise, children though they are hot and abound with phlegm through ill diet, yet because their reins are wider and expulsive faculty strong, whereby that flegmy matter is voided, are less troubled with the stone of the reins, neither lean men for the selfsame cause, but both of them are rather troubled with stone of the bladder, Hippor. 3. Aphoris. 26. Lastly, an especial cause of the stone are the parents, from whom this grievous hereditary disease doth descend upon the child: and this of all other is hardest to be cured. Now with like brevity to come to the cure, seeing there be four causes which help to breed the stone, tough and slimy phlegm, heat to parch and dry it, straightness of the passage, and weakness of the expulsive faculty. So many things as take away any of these, help for the cure thereof, as first a good diet, broths wherein borage, fennel, parsley, endive, or succory is sodden, bread well baked and leavened, hens, capons, partridge, mutton. Of fish, soles, plaice, trouts, salmons. Of herbs, borage, endive, succory, sparagus, beets. And to come to the cure. A vomit at the beginning and diverse times, is of especial use to draw the flegmy matter away from the reins and bladder: then a suppositary, to draw some superfluous excrements downwards, and a clyster is to be preferred before a purgation because it draweth the excrements downwards from the reins, whereas a purgation taken by the mouth doth always draw some impurity downwards to the reins, but yet the clyster may not be too great in quantity, lest it fill the guts, and distend the reins, and so increase the pain, and stop the passage. After that, if the body be full of blood, open the vein under the ankle and not in the arm (as some would) for all parts of the body grieved above the liver, would be eased by opening a vein in the arm, but under the liver, by opening the vein under the ankle or under the knee. Galen Comment. lib. 9 Hippoc. de morbis vulneribus. Galen de vena sectione, and then if the body abound with other humours a purgation is convenient, but not strong at the first, lest it stir the humours too much out of season before the passages be open. After this seek to open the passages of urine about the reins partly with clyster, partly outwardly by some fomentation, lineaments, insessions, but yet too much use of these doth effeminate the reins, and make them more subject to the humours descending. Then at length you may minister medicines which provoke urine, break and expel the stone. Of which medicines there is great diversity. For some help to mitigate the heat of the reins, assuage the inflammation, and hinder the gravel to grow together into a stone, and such be cooling, senifiers of roughness, but not astringent, as the four less cold seeds. 2. Some provoke urine either for that they augment it by attenuating the blood, and separating it from the wheyish substance, and carrying it to the reins, & these are hot and dry towards the third degree. 3. Or some provoke urine, because they minister much watery and wheyish moisture to the body, which the reins drawing to them, do also draw some humours out of the veins, as white wine, plantain, and melons seed. 4. Or some again provoke urine, not by augmenting the quantity, but by cleansing, scouring the reins, and dissolving and expelling gravel now beginning to grow together. As turpentine, root of rest-harrow, betony, fennel seed and root, sparagus, juice of limmons, root of sorrel, maiden hair, ceterac. 5. Some again provoke urine by both these qualities, in ministering much wheyish matter, & also by cleansing the passages. 6. Some provoke urine by their roughness, cleansing the reins, and robbing or fretting on the stone or gravel, as glass burned and beaten into powder, eggeshels, gromill, the stone itself which came from a man beaten into powder. 7▪ Lastly, some provoke urine by an hidden and secret property, as lapis Judaicus, cassia, rhubarb. Those medicines which provoke urine in the second signification by augmenting the quantity, are never to be used in any disease of the vessels of urine as emulgent veins, reins, water-conduits, bladder or yard, for thereby they are more hurt and obstructed by much quantity of urine passing that way. But such medicines which do cool the heat of the reins, or which do cleanse and mundefie them from impurity, already gathered, and neither exceed in heat or dryness, but in subtle and piercing quality. Or which by propriety of their substance help that way, as those in the fourth and seventh signification, and yet these are not at all, or seldom to be used, when the body is lean or in a consumption, or full of blood and ill humours, neither when the vessels of urine are exulcerated or obstructed, or the passages straight, or when the womb or privy members have any swelling or ulcer; or when the urine is suppressed, the bladder being full, or issueth with smart burning. For in all these the medicines bring more impurity to the places grieved, and so increase the disease, neither are they to be used in swellings or breakings out of the skin, lest they draw the grief to the inward parts. Of the strangury. The strangury is caused either for that the urine is too sharp, which doth provoke the expulsive faculty to expel it, before any quantity be gathered together. Or for that the retentive faculty to the bladder is weakened through some distemperature, especially of cold. Or else through some ulcer or inflammation of the bladder, to which the urine coming doth extimulate the expulsive faculty. Or lastly, when the womb or bowels being inflamed, or swollen, do trouble or distend the bladder, as in women great with child, who oftentimes piss little and often. Now as the cause of the grief is diverse, so the medicines is likewise diverse for sharpness of the urine, whether it come of hot and salted meats, too much heating the liver and reins, or of medicines which burn the blood, or of exercise which likewise heat the reins and bladder, or lastly, that the moisture in the glandulous parts is dried up by too much use of venery, leanness or dryness of the body, must be cured with contrary diet, and medicine which moisten, take away the sharpness and cool the blood as new laid eggs, chickens, veal, meats made of wheat and barley meal, also lettuce, purslane, endive, sorrel, prunes, cherries, sweet apples, cucumbers, melons, but mix not here with too much salt, vinegar, or other hot spices, and if the body abound with sharp humours a gentle purgation is good of cassia, manna, whey, diesebasten, also decoctions of lettuce, violets, sorrel, purslane, adding thereto some licorize or prunes, the flowers or leaves of malowes, the root of holihoke. And if the pain be raging, it is good to make an injection by a syringe, of the white of an egg, with rose water or woman's milk, or the juice of purslane, or plantain, &c. But if the glandulous moisture be too much dried up, you must use such meats and medicines inwardly and outwardly as do moisten the parts, as oil of violets, almonds, hens grease, new butter also to make plasters to be applied to the places about the privy members or injections, to be squirted up into the yard or clysters to the same purpose. Of the pissing evil. The pissing evil is called, when the patient pisseth as fast as he drinketh, and in like quantity. Or when he pisseth against his will, and it chanceth either through default of the bladder or reins. As when the retentive faculty of the bladder is decayed through distemperature of cold and moistness: for too much cold doth extinguish the natural heat of it, which is of a cold and sinewy substance, and without blood, and too much moistness doth loosen the small strings, serving to the retentive faculty, or when the expulsive faculty is hurt through quantity or quality of the urine. Or lastly, when the muscle (sphincter serving for voluntary motion, is decayed or weakened either through cold or moistness, loosening, or obstructing or benumbing the muscle, as in the palsy, or is rent or wounded that it cannot do his duty, as some time happeneth to those, who are cut for the stone in the bladder, where either the unskilful Surgeon doth make too great incision, or the stone too big doth rent the muscle in coming out. Whereupon though the wound groweth whole again, yet the weakness of the muscle remaineth: this grief is almost familiar to children who bepiss their beds in sleep through weakness and looseness. Or this grief happeneth through default of the reins being too hot, and so draw the urine too fast from the liver and veins, and the retentive faculty weak cannot hold the urine, but sendeth it as fast to the bladder. Now for the cure (but I can say nothing of the cure of the muscle of the bladder, for that being cut or wounded, &c. incurable.) First the humour offending must be removed, and then the distemperature corrected, the humour offending if it be heat, must be removed by opening the liver vein in the right arm, or by a gentle purgation of manna cassia, tamarinds, syrup of roses solutine, diasebesten, and diaprunon, but all without scammony and rather often to be used, then much at once, that thereby nature by little and little may be framed to void those humours by stool which descend to the reins, also a vomit stronger for to draw the humours from the reins, and a sweat is not inconvenient to draw them to the skin, and lastly to correct the distemperature, and strengthen the parts, use some of these cooling medicines, as lettuce, endive, suckory, forrell, also decoctions and sirups of the same, and besides of purslane, roses, violets, and cooling meats and drinks. For strong wines, and which have power to provoke urine are not good. Also a cerecloth applied to the back, loins and veins to cool them, ceratum refrigerans, unguentum rosaceum & santalinam mesue. But if the cause came of cold, a vomit and sweat is likewise good, also clysters, wherein oil of camomile, dill and bitter almonds must be used. And now and then it is good to use pills of aloes and rhubarb. The diet must be of hot things, and wherein some hot spices are put. Lastly, use of cupping glasses without incision, friction of the outward parts, and moderate exercise is convenient, both because they heat the body, as also draw the humour away from the inward parts. And thus much briefly of these diseases, not intending fully to handle the same. FINIS. THE TABLE. A Ache in the backbone, 85. Ache in the reins, 22, 61, 71, 90. Adustion of blood, 40, 56, 60. Adustion of choler, 39, 64, 84. Adustion of humours, 40, 64, 87. Adustion of liver, 67. Adustion of melancholy, 40, 64. Agitation of humours, 72. Ague, 11, 13, 19, 35, 36, 40, 43, 51, 52, 59, 62, 90, 99 Ague beginning, 9, 28, 51. Ague burning, 6, 13, 49, 66. Ague continuing, 22, 66. Ague continual, 22, 23. Ague dangerous, 23, 82. Ague intermitting, 23. Ague lingering, 28. Ague malignant, 23, 82. Ague of choler, 78. Ague of the heat of the Sun, 178. Ague quartan, 22, 24, 43, 52, 64. Ague quotidian. 33, 40. Ague rotten, 80, 37. Ague semitertian, 37. Ague sharp, 43, 47. Ague tertian, 24, 33, 34, 37, 41, 52, 64. Agues mortal, vide death. Ague with a good sign, vide sign. Anasarca, 46. Animal faculty recovered, 85. Apoplexy, 30, 73, 66, 96. Apoplexy mortal, vide death. Appetite wanting, 43, 46. Appetite wanting with death, 46. B Backbone pained, 85. Bladder altered, 40. Bladder exulcerated, 15, 61, 59, 65, 66, 68, 69. Bladder too open, 15. Bladder weak, 66, 69. Blood abounding, 37, 39, 55, 56, 70, 86. Blood adust, 40, 56, 60. Blood cloddy, 13. Blood good, 90. Blood inflamed, 96. Blood too thin, 68 Blood turned into choler, and evacuated, 54. Bloody flix, 37. Brain mortified, 83. Breast diseased, 33. Breath short, 40. Bruising, 40, 55, 65, 68 Business importunate. C Canker, 43. Carbuncle, 43. Cassia eaten, 42. Children pissing their beds, 96. Choler, 19, 31, 84. Choler abounding, 34, 37, 54, 81. Choler adust, 39, 64, 84. Choleric complexion, 10. Choleric diseases, 51. Choleric meats, ibid. Colic, 38, 41, 90, 96. Colic mortal, vide death. Chronical diseases, 43, 47, 52. Cold, 11, 20, 40, 44, 55, 90. Cold mortifying, 40. Cold of the liver, 12, 45. Cold of the stomach, ibid. Colliquation of the bladder, 59, 90. Colliquation of the reins, ibid. Colliquation of the solid parts, 60. Colliquation of the whole body, 59, 90. Colour of urines how they may be changed, 110. Colour of urine of what it gives best signification, 111. Complexion, 9 Complexion choleric, 10. Complexion phlegmatic, 9, 33. Complexion melancholic, 10, 34. Complexion sanguine, 10, 68 Conception, 72, 42, 60, 63, 74, 75. Conception of male, 72, 73, 75, 76. Conception of female, 72, 73, 75, 76. Concoction, 19, 125, 53, 80, 88, 93. Concoction absolute best, 25. Concoction beginning, 21, 32. Concoction exceeding the perfect, 26. Concoction second weak, 56. Concoction strong, 56, 57 Confusion, 23. Consumption, 28, 34, 37, 55, 59 Consumption of the lungs, 32, 41. Consumption of the reins, 55. Consumption of the whole body, 55, 41, 47, 49. 60. Consumption mortal, vide death. Contents in urine, of what they give best signification, 111. Conversion of the humour, 14, 17, 32, 51, 79, 99 Conversion of the humour to the belly, 14, 49. Conversion of the humour to the brain, 14, 17, 32. Conversion of the humour to the breast, 79. Conversion of the humour to the cod, 14, 49. Conversion of the humour to the emeralds, 49. Conversion of the humour to the fret, 49. Conversion of the humour to the guts, 14, 49. Conversion of the humour to the joints, 14. Conversion of the humour to the liver, 14. Conversion of the humour to the lower parts, 49. Conversion of the humour to the parts grieved, 14, 51. Conversion of the humour to the parts inflamed, ibid. Conversion of the humour to the parts weakened, ibid. Conversion of the humour to the pores of the skin, 14, 49. Conversion of the humour to the reins, 14, Conversion of the humour to the spleen, 32. Conversion of the humour to the short ribs, 14, 32, 79. Conversion of the humour to the stomach, 14, 64. Conversion of the humour to the whole body, 14, 49. Convulsion, 42, 44, 47, 96. Corruption, 23, 51. Cough, 39 Cramp, 37. Cramp mortal, vide death. Critical evacuation, 10, 22, 42, 46, 68, 90, 93. Critical flux of blood at the nose, 97. Crudity, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 29, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 61, 86, 93. Crudity mortal, vide death. D Death in agues, 90. Death in agues burning, 40. Death in agues hot, ibid. Death in agues malign, 82. Death in agues sharp, 43, 47. Death in agues teatian and quotidian, 16. Death in agues when urine is suppressed, 95. Death in apoplexies, 37. Death in appetite wanting. 46. Death in children, 7, 12, 29. Death in colics, 38. Death in consumptions, 32, 47. Death in cramps, 37. Death in diseases beginning, 16, 88 Death in diseases chronical, 47. Death in diseases sharp, 12, 60, 90. Death in dropsies, 37. Death in epilepsies, ibid. Death in exulcerations of the lungs, 32. Death in flixes, 37, 46. Death in frenzies, 32. Death in iliakes, 37. Death in lasks, 37, 46. Death in old men, 37, 39, 81. Death in palsies, 37. Death in the pissing evil, 28. Death in the ptisike, 37. Death in small pocks, 68 Death in springals, 7. Death in stranguries, 41. Death in suppression of urines in agues, 99 Death of cold, 40, 43, 55, 84, 90. Death of heat, 40, 44, 55. Death of weakness in old men, 37, 39 81. Disease and heat striving in the veins, 97. Disease and nature equal in conflict▪ 82. Diseases beginning, 12, 28. Diseases declining, 29. Diseases continuing, 13, 16, 32, 20, 36, 55, 82. Diseases coming again, look recidivation. Diseases internal whereof they all arise, 109. Diseases of choler, 66. Diseases of phlegm, 30. Diseases of melancholy, 30, 66. Diseases of the breast, 33. Diseases of the liver, 22, 23. Diseases of the lungs, 86. Diseases of the mother, 30, 73. Diseases of the spleen, 33, 22, 43, 71, 68 Diseases of the veins, 23. Diseases sharp, 43. 33. Diseases mortal, vide death. Discenteries, 14. Dissolution of the reins, 63. Dissolution of the whole body, ibid. Distemperature of heat, 34, 46. Distemperature of humours, 34 Distemperature of blood. 34 Drinking too much, 29, 45, 51, 52. Drinking too little, 48. Dropsy, 13, 30, 35, 37, 41, 46, 99 Dropsy mortal, vide death. E Eating dry meats, 48. Eating immoderately, 29, Eating of turpentine, 90. Eating of strong smelling things, 92. Emeralds, 14, 51, 66, 71. Epilepsy, 37. Epilepsy mortal, vide death. Evacuation, 28, Evacuation critical, 10, 22, 43, 46, 68, 90, 93. Evacuation symptomatical, 22, 43, 46. Exercise great, 28, 50, 40. Exercisesmall, 29. Exulceration mortal, vide death. F Falling evil, 53, 71, 83, 99 Fasting, 50. Fear, 96. Felons, 13. Fistula, 66. Flixes, 34, 37, 46, 49. Flixes mortal, vide death. Phlegm abounding, 20, 34, 81, 86. Phlegmatic complexion, 9, 33. Phlegmatic diseases, 36. Flowers issuing, 63. Flowers stopped, 43, 71, 85. Flux of seed, 35, 62, 63, 66, 93. French pocks, 66, 70, 71. Frenzy, 13, 32, 33, 62, 84. Frenzies mortal, vid. death. G Gall obstructed, 38. Gall inflamed. 38. Gout, 14, 16, 30, 66, 72, 90. Gluttony, 12. Gravel, vide sand. H Head cold and dry, 83. Head affected, 89. Head weak, 88 Headache, 36, 80, 82, 83, 87, 89. Headache present, 22. Headache to come, 22. Headache by abundance of choler, blood or melancholy, 83. Health impaired, 18, 33. Health, 32, 39, 40, 50, 49, 78. Heat natural plenteous, 19, 47, 81. Heat natural wanting, 18, 27, 56, 57 Heat natural extinct, 16, 40, 54, 87. Heat unnatural, 16, 19, 28, 37, 55, 81, 87. Heat natural in the liver, 47. Heat natural in the reins, 28, 47, 66. Heat natural in the vessels of urine, 28. Heat natural in the whole body, 28. Heat mortal, 40. vide death. Humours abounding, 18. Humours adust, 40, 66. Humours clammy, 13. Humours good, 19 Humours moved, 60. Humour phlegmatic abounding, 20, 34, 81, 86. Humour offending malign, 28. Humour raw abounding, 34, 57, 61, 86, 90. Humour thin, 85. Hunger, 28, 51. Hydrocele, 14, 49. I Jaundice, 23, 86, 90. Jaundice yellow, 39 Jaundice black, 40. Jaundice black with a good sign, 40. Iliac, 38. Iliac mortal, vide death. Inflammations, 5. Inflammations of the gall, 38. Inflammations of the liver, 38, 59 Inflammations of the bladder, 59, 48. Inflammations of the water-conduits, 48. Inflammations of the spleen, 38. Impostumes, 13, 27, 31, 49, 51, 39, 95. Impostumes breaking, 22, 35. Impostumes of the lungs, 62. Judgement of urines how to be given, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111. L Labour, 28, 33, 38, 40. Laskes, 14, 37, 46, 49, 51. Laskes mortal. Leprosy, 66. Lethargy, 22. Liver cold 12, 47. Liver diseased, 22, 33. Liver exulcerated, 61. Liver hot, 47, 66, 69. Liver obstructed, 13, 55. Liver pained, 96, 69. Liver weakened, 37, 55, 68 Loins bruised, 36. Looseness, 14. Lungs diseased, 86. M Madness, 42, 43, 81. Matter adust. 87 Matter tough. 87 Measles, 13, 49, 72. Melancholy, 39, 42. Melancholy adust, 40. Melancholy indigested, 30. Melancholy evacuated, 55. Melancholic complexion, 10, 83, 34. Mother diseased, 30, 73. N Nature. weakened, 16. Nephresy, 13. O Obstructions, 51, 96. Obstructions of the bladder. 58 Obstructions of the emulgent veins. 58 Obstructions of the gall, 38. Obstructions mortal, vide death. Obstructions of the liver, 13, 30, 38, 55. Obstructions of the reins, 13, 30, 58 Obstructions of the veins, 13. Obstructions of the vessels of urine, 13, 30, 58, 96. Oil drunken, 90. P Paine in the joints, 66. Pain of the heart. 90. Pain of the liver. 90. Pain of the middle-parts. 90. Pain of the spleen. 90. Palsy, 30, 37, 48, 71, 96. Palsy mortal, vide death. Perfuming, 91. Pissing evil, 26, 47, 63, 97. Pissing what motion, 97. Plague, 72, 94. Pleurisy, 62. Pocks french, 66, 78, 72. Pocks small, 53, 49, 33, 68 Pocks mortal, vide death. Pose, 43. Pthisicke, 37, 90. Pthisicke mortal, 37. Purgations, 49. Purgations by stool, 51, by vomit, ibid. Pursines, 6●, 91. Putrefaction, 23, 92. Putrefaction of the humours, liver, solid parts, spleen, veins, 94. Q Quartan ague, 22, 24, 43, 52, 64. Quotidian ague, 33, 50. R Recidivarion, 13, 30, 37, Reins affected, 36. bruised, 36. distempered, 96. exulcerated, 15, 22, 61, 63, 66, 93, 96. fretted, 37, 65. hot, 28, 47, 66. obstructed, 13, 31, 63. too open, 15. too weak, 12, 69. troubled with humours, 22. with ache, 22, 66, 71. unclean, 15, 68 Rheum, 62, 72, 89. S Sand, 23, 63. Sanguine complexion, 10, 68 Scabbedness of the bladder. 60. Scabbedness of the body. 60. Sciatica, 17, 14, 61. Scirrous humours of the spleen, 38. Seed abounding, 70. flowing, 35, 62, 63, 66, 63. sharp, 70. virulent, 70. waterish, 70. Semitertian, 73. Separation of raw humours, 35. Sickness continuing, 60, 88 ending, 34. sharp, 60. Sign best in an urine to judge by, 110. Sign evil in beginning of sickness, 18, 56. Sign evil in a thick substance, 56, 41. Sign evil in ash colour, 40. Sign evil in the cloud of the urine, 80. Sign good in agues, 55. Sign good in agues ending, 35. Sign good in the cloud of urines, 80. Sign good in jaundice black, 40. Sign good in state of a disease, 33, 16. Sign good in sickness declining, 56, 88 Smell of urine whereof it gives best signification, 110. squinsy, 62. Slimy moisture, 31. Spermatic vessels slippery. 71. Spermatic vessels weak. 71. Spleen diseased, 22, 33, 42, 71, 94. Spleen pained, 90. Stomach cold, 12, 47. raw, 61. windy, ibid. Suppression of urine of what it gives best signification, 110. Stone, 13, 35, 37, 43, 48, 63, 64, 65, 66, 63, 96, 99 Stone in the bladder, 43, 61, 64, 66, 68 Stone in the reins, 43, 61, 63, 68 Strangury, 40, 61, 63, 93, 95. Strangury mortal, vide death. Surfeiting, 12, 29. Sweat much, 48, 50. Swimming in the head, 30. To Tenasmus, 61. Tertian, 24, 33, 34, 37. 41, 52, 68 Thirst, 99 Tongue scorched, 42. Turpentine eaten, 90. V Veins abounding with gross humours, 22. broken, 36, 55, 68, 96. diseased, 23. obstructed, 13, 31. orifice opened, 67. thin, and full of pores, 68 too open, 36. too weak, 67, 96. widened, 36, 68 Veternus, 22. Ulcers, 9 Upbraidings, 13. Vomiting of blood, 70, Urine of which part it gives signification, 101, 102, 103. Urine how it is made in the body, ibid. Urine conduits obstructed, 13, 30, 58, 96. Urine instruments exulcerated, 35. Urine vessels benumbed. Urine vessels exulcerated, 17, 61, 56 65, 66. Urine vessels to open, 15. Urine vessels to weak, 12, 48, 98. Urine staying too long in the body, 37. W Want of matter, 50, 57 Wasting of the body, 28. Watching, 27, 33, 39, 50, 81. Weakness of the body, 37. Weakness of the head, 88 Windines, 54, 78, 80, 83, 85, 90. Y Yard too open. 15. Yard exulcerated, 15. FINIS.