THE ROMAN HISTORY OF LUCIUS' J. FLORUS.  
Made English.  
Beginning with the LIFE and REIGN OF ROMULUS, THE FIRST King of the ROMANS, And divided into four Books.  
LONDON, Printed by T.J. for Samuel Speed, near the Inner Temple-Gate in Fleetstreet, 1669.   

To his GRACE THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.  
I Question not but some, minding only the small distance between the Illustrious Title at the front of this Epistle, and the obscure name at the bottom, will presently be apt to pass this Censure, That there is no confidence equal to that of a Dedicatory. A just reproach, I must confess, nor should I have any thing to retort, were not the necessity and justice which obliged me to this address, such as rendered my presumption the more pardonable. For finding this Treatise, at its first appearance in the English Tongue, dedicated to the glorious name of BUCKINGHAM, how just and unavoidable a motive was it to me, only reemb●llishing a Work first communicated by another, to recommend it to the World, under a Patronage not inferior to the precedent, save only in point of time?  
Nor does the apparent smallness of the Present, abate aught of the encouragement I had to make it, when I consider that it is not the bulk, but value, which gives the rarest productions of Art and Nature their admittance into the Cabinets of Princes. As such therefore, may your Grace be pleased to entertain this Tract, and in this Micrography of the Roman affairs, imagine the Iliad of that vast Empire represented as it were upon a Medal. And as some Virtuoso, attentively looking on an Antiquity, and meeting these four Letters, S.P.Q.R. reflects on it as in Hieroglyphic of the World's greatest Transactions, during several Centuries of years; So may it be inferred from this obscure and remote address, that the Many, upon what account soever recommended to your Grace's notice, amount not haply to a Square-Root of those, who, unknown, and a● a distance, send up their earnest wishes for your Grace's prosperity; of which number is,  
Your Grace's most humble, and most obedient Servant. Jo. DAVIES,   

Advertisement, Concerning the English Editions of FLORUS.  
THis Epitome of the Roman History, written by L. FLORUS, came first abroad in English, about the year .... rendered by a Gentleman, who would not be known to the world by any other name than that of PHILANACTOPHIL, upon what account, he gives not any. The said Person, afterwards falling upon some other Translations, declined the former Title, and subscribed himself thereto, thus, By the Translator of Florus, as conceiving his rendering of that Author the most considerable of his performances.  
That Edition wearing out, the Bookseller concerned therein, bethought himself of putting forth a second. In order to the coming forth of this, Dr. Meric Causabon took some pains, that is, he continued the first Translation, but with some alterations here and there, where he conconceived the first Translator might have rendered the places otherwise, that is, more to the sense and design of Florus, than he had done. He also illustrated several passages with learned Notes and Animadversions of his own, worthy productions of so eminent a person. This second Edition came forth during the late Troubles, that is, since the year 1651.  
The said second Edition also, in time, growing scarce, it was thought requisite to put forth a Third, which should not only comprehend the alterations made by Dr. Casaubon; but also be absolutely different, through the whole Book, from the first. And this is the attempt of this third Edition; with what success, will be obvious to those, who shall take the pains to compare the differences between them.  J.D.  

THE ROMAN HISTORY OF LUCIUS' FLORUS In four Books.  
The First Book.  

CHAP. I.  
The Birth of Romulus first King of the Romans, the actions of his youth, the foundation of Rome, the death of his Brother Remus, the establishment of a Sanctuary in Rome, the surprisal of the Sabine Virgin, Romulus his death, and translation among the Gods.  
WHen Romulus, being by order of Amulius, cast into the River, with his Brother Remus, could not be drowned. For not only the Tiber checked its current, but also a She-wolf, having left her whelps, and following the cry of the infants, suckled them, and became a mother to them. Found thus under a tree, Faustulus the King's Shepherd removed them to his cottage, and brought them up. Alba was then the Metropolis of Latium, built by Julus; for he had slighted the Lavinium, the City of his Father Aeneas. Amulius, the fourteenth of the race of these Kings, then ruled; having expelled his Brother Numitor, of whose daughter was born Romulus. Therefore in the first heat of his youth, he forced his Uncle Amulius out of his Fortress, and restored his Grandfather; but he himself, pleased with the River, and Mountains, wherein he had been b●ought up, was designing within himself the walls of a new City. They were Twins; and whether of them should first enter upon the Government, they thought fit to refer to the decision of the Gods. Remus took his station on Mount Aven●ine, the other on Mount Palatine. The former first saw six Praetors, but the latter, though afterwards, saw twelve. So having the better by augury, he laid the foundations of his City, great with hopes, that it would be a martial one; so those birds, accustomed to blood and prey, promised. For the securing of the new City, a Trench seemed sufficient, the narrowness whereof while Remus derided, and scornfully leaped over, he was put to death, whether by order from his Brother, is not certainly known. He certainly proved the first victim, and consecrated the fortification of the new City with his blood. He had framed rather the Idea of a City, than a City. Inhabitants were wanting. Hard by, there was a grove; he made it a Sanctuary; and immediately great numbers of men, Latins, some Shepherds, Tuscians, and some from beyond the seas, Phrygians, who came [into those parts] under the conduct of Aeneas, and Arcadians, under that of Evander, came into him. So, of divers principles he made up one body as it were, and was himself the founder of the Roman people. But a people of men only could last but one age. They therefore desired to intermarry with their neighbours, which not obtained by fair means, was effected by force. For pretending to show some exercises on Horseback, the Virgins who came to the show, became a prey; and that occasioned Wars. The Veientes are defeated, and put to flight: The City of the Caeninenses was taken and destroyed. Besides, the King himself, with his own hands, brought the rich spoils of their King, to Jupiter Feretrius. The gates [of Rome] were betrayed to the Sabines by a Virgin, not fraudulently; but she had desired for her reward what they had on their left arms; whether she meant their shields or bracelets is doubtful. They to keep their word, and be revenged of her, overwhelmed her with their shields. So the enemies being got to the walls, there was a sharp engagement in the very 
* In Foro.  Forum: so that Romulus prayed to Jupiter to put a stop to the shameful retreat of his people. Thence came the Temple, and [name of] Jupiter Stator. At length, the [Virgin's who had been] surprised, run in between the engaged parties, with their hair dishevelled. So a peace was made with Tatius, and a league entered into; and a strange thing followed, [to wit] that the enemies, leaving their own habitations, removed into the new City, and bestowed the wealth of their Ancestors on their Sons in law, as a portion [with their Daughters.] Their forces being in a short time increased, the most prudent King reduced the Commonwealth to this state, that the young men, being divided into Tribes, should be ready, with Horse and Arms, for any unexpected occasions of War; that the counsel of the Commonwealth should be managed by the old men, who, for their authority were called Fathers; for their age, a Senate. These things thus settled, while he was speaking to the people, without the City, near the Pool of Capra, he was of a sudden taken out of their sight. Some think him cut to pieces by the Senate, for the harshness of his disposition; but the tempest then rising, with an Eclipse of the Sun, were looked on as arguments of his Apotheosis. Which [opinion] Julius Proculus soon after confirmed, affirming that he had seen Romulus in a more Majestic form, than he had been in before; that he further commanded, they should honour him as a Deity; and that the Gods would have him called in Heaven by the name of Quirinus; and that so Rome should have the Sovereignty of the world.   

CHAP. II.  
Numa Pompilius succeeds Romulus; his Piety; his setlement of Religious affairs.  
NVma Pompilius succeeded Romulus. They of their own accord desired this man [for their King] for the greatness of his piety. He instructed them in sacrifices, and ceremonies, and what ever relates to the worship of the immortal Gods. He instituted Priests, Augurs, the Saly, and the other sacerdoral Functions; and distributed the year into twelve months, and appointed the days of pleading and vacation. He gave them the [sacred] Bucklers, and the Image of Pallas, as certain secret pledges of the Empire, as also double-faced Janus, the Symbol of peace and war. He first appointed fire to be kept in by the Vestal Virgins, that in imitation of the celestial constellations, the Guardian-flame of the Empire should be vigilantly continued. These things [he pretended he had received] by the inspirations of the Goddess Egeria, that his barbarous subjects might the more willingly submit thereto. In fine, he brought that uncivilised people to so much moderation, that an Empire acquired by violence and usurpation, was administered with piety and justice.   

CHAP. III.  
Tullus Hostilius succeeds Numa. He instructs the Romans about military engagements; declares a war against the people of Alba; The famous engagement between the three Horatij and the three Curiatij; The treachery of the Latins in the War against the Fidenates.  

A. V.C 82.  NExt to Numa Pompilius came Tullus Hostilius, on whom the Kingdom was freely bestowed, in acknowledgement of his virtue. This man introduced military discipline, and the art of war. Having therefore trained up the young men in these exercises, he presumed to provoke the Albani, a considerable, and for a long time, a sovereign people. But their Forces on both sides being equal after many engagements, to bring the war to a period, the fates of both nations were committed to the decision of the Horatij and Curiatij, three Brethren twins, chosen of each side. 'Twas a doubtful and noble conflict, and the issue of it admirable. For the three on the other side being wounded, on this two slain, the surviving Horatius, adding subtlety to valour, that he might distract the enemy, counterfeits flight, and setting on them one after another as they were able to pursue him, overcomes them all. Thus (a glory not easily found elsewhere) by the hand of one man, there was gotten a victory which the Victor soon stained with Parricide. Seeing his ●wn Sister bewailing to find about him the spoils of one indeed betrothed to her, but an enemy, he revenged that so unseasonable an affection of the Virgin with his sword. The Laws would have punished the act, but gallantry rescued the parricide, and his crime was much below his glory. Nor was it long ere the Alban broke his faith: For coming out as Auxiliaries to the Romans in the war against the Fidenates, according to the league, they stood between the two Armies, expecting whether of them Fortune would favour. But the crafty King perceiving his Auxiliaries ready to side with the enemy, takes courage as if he had commanded them so to do; whereupon our men were animated, the enemies cast down with fear. So the evil design of the revolting party proved fruitless. Therefore the enemy being defeated, he caused Metius Sufetius, the breaker of the league, to be fastened between two Chariots, and drawn to pieces by wild Horses. Nay he demolished the City Alba [treating it] though it had been a parent, now as a corrival [of Rome] having first translated all the wealth of the City, and the very Inhabitants, to Rome: that so an allied City might not seem to have been destroyed, but reunited to its own body.   

CHAP. IU.  
Ancus Martius, Numa's Grandson is advanced to the Throne, after Tullus Hostilius; he builds the Walls of Rome, and a Bridge over the Tiber, and sends a Colony to Hostia.  
THen reigned Ancus Martius, Grandchild, by a daughter, to Pompilius, of a disposition like that of his Grandfather. This Prince therefore compassed the ancient Fortifications with a wall, and made a Bridge over the Tiber, and sent a Colony to Ostia, seated at the falling of the River into the Sea; as it were then foreseeing it would come to pass, that the wealth and provisions of the whole world, would be brought to that maritime store-house of the City.   

CHAP. V.  
Tarqvinius Priscus, a foreigner, is for his virtue, advanced to Royalty; heightens the glory of the Senate; would have increased the order of Knights, but is diverted from it by the Augur Nevius; his military achievements; what ornaments of the Empire were of his invention.  
NExt Tarqvinius Priscus, although a Foreigner, courting the Sceptre, obtains it, for his industry, and accomplishments; for, born at Corinth, he had improved the Grecian inclinations, by the artifices of Italy. This man heightened the majesty of the Senate, by adding to their number, and augmented the order of Knights with three Centuries, though Actius Nevius, chief of the Augurs, opposed that augmentation. Whom the King asked, by way of trial, whether, that which he then thought of could be done? The other having consulted Augury answered, that it could. Now what I thought of, said he, was, whether I could cut that whetstone with the razor? Thou mayst, said the Augur, and he cut it. Hence came Augury to be sacred among the Romans. Nor was Tarqvinius less expert in war than peace; for by frequent engagements he subdued the twelve nations of Tuscia; and thence came the Fasces, the Robes used by Kings and Augurs, Ivory chairs, for Senators, Rings, Ornaments for the Knights, Herald's coats, the Robes bordered with purple [worn by children of noble families.] Thence also came triumphing in gilt chariots, drawn by four horses, painted and triumphal garments, in fine, all the Ensigns and Ornaments, which render imperial dignity the more conspicuous.   

CHAP. VI  
Servius Tullius comes to the Government by subtlety; He causes an estimate to be taken ●f the Roman wealth; and distinguishes the People into several Orders and Degrees.  
NExt Servius Tullius invades the Government of the City; nor did the meanness [of his extraction] hinder him, though descended of a Woman-slave. For Tanaquil, the wife of Tarqvinius, had brought him up nobly, encouraged by the excellency of his endowments; and a flame seen surrounding his head had portended his future greatness. Therefore upon the death of Tarqvinius, having by the assistance of the Queen, gotten the Lieutenancy of the Government for a time, he managed affairs so prudently, that he seemed lawfully possessed of a Kingdom, into which he had crept by fraud. By this man the Roman People were rejected in order to Taxes, distributed into several degrees, and disposed into Courts and Companies. By this King's prudence, the Commonwealth was brought to so good order, that all distinctions of Estates, Honours, Age, Professions, and Offices, were put into Tables, as if the government of the greatest City, should be as exactly regulated, as that of the meanest Family.   

CHAP. VII.  
Tarquin comes to the Crown by the Massacre of Servius; the horrid wickedness of his wife Tullia; His cruelty and pride render him odious to the People; he causes his own Son to be scourged, out of a design to abuse the Gabijs; and builds a Temple at the Capitol. Presages of Rome's continuance.  
TArquin, surnamed, from his deportment, the Proud, was the last of all the Kings. He chose rather violently to possess himself of, then patiently expect, the Kingdom of his Ancestors, held from him by Tullius: and having sent some to murder him, he no better managed his usurped power than he had acquired it. Of the same humour was his wife Tullia, who (to salute her Husband King) being in a Chariot, drove the startled Horses over the bloody Corpse of her Father. But he, grown insupportable to the Senate, by reason of the slaughters committed among them, to all, by reason of his pride (which to good men is more intolerable than cruelty) having glutted his inhumanity at home, at length turns against the Enemies. Whereupon Ardea, Ocriculum, Gabijs, Suessa, Pometia, strong Cities of Latium were taken in. Nay even then his own issue felt his cruelty. For he stuck not to beat his own Son with Rods, to the end that, pretending himself a Renegado among the Enemies, he might be credited by them. Who being entertained by the Gabijs, as he expected, and ask counsel by Messengers, of his Father what he would have done; the answer was (strange pride!) that he struck off the the tops of the highest Poppies with a Wand, intimating thereby, that the chiefest Persons among the Gabijs were to be put to death. Yet out of the spoils of the reduced Cities he built a Temple; which coming to be consecrated, all the other Gods complying (a thing hardly credible) only Juventas and Terminus opposed it. The obstinacy of the Deities pleased the Augurs, as promising all things should be firm and eternal. But what was dreadful, is, that, at the foundation of the Structure, a man's head was found; and it was the general persuasion, that the most favourable prodigy portended [that Rome should be] the Seat of the Empire, and supreme head of the World. So long did the Romans endure the King's pride, while lust was kept out; that insolency they thought intolerable in his Sons, one of whom having ravished Lucretia, a most accomplished Lady, the Matron, to avoid the infamy killed herself. Whereupon the Kings were deprived of their power.   

CHAP. VIII.  
A short account of the reign of the seven Kings, and a rehearsal of what was most remarkably done by them, in order to the advancement of the Commonwealth.  
THis is the first age, and as it were, infancy of the Roman People, while they lived under seven Kings, [persons] through a certain design of the Fates, so different in their inclinations as was requisite for the convenience and advantage of the Commonwealth. For what more daring than Romulus? such a person was necessary for the usurpation of a Kingdom. What more religious than Numa? such a one affairs required, that an uncivilised People might be softened by the fear of the Gods. What a person was that Author of military discipline Tullus? how necessary to men of warlike spirits, that valour might be guided by conduct? What did the Architect Ancus? How fit to dilate the City by a Colony, enlarge it by a Bridge, fortify it with a Wall. Again, what splendour acrewed to the supreme People [of the World] from the Ornaments and Ensigns of Tarqvinius, that is, from the very habits? What did the taxes imposed by Servius produce, but that the Commonwealth might be assured of its own strength? in fine, the insupportable Tyranny of the proud [Tarquin] was of some, nay very great advantage. For so it came to pass, that a People, exasperated by injuries, was inflamed with a desire of Liberty.   

CHAP. IX.  
The Regal Dignity transferred to the Consuls, Brutus and Collatinus; the latter of whom is deposed for his being descended from the Royal Family, Publicola is put into his place; Brutus disscovering his own Sons siding with the Tarquins, puts them to death.  
THe Roman People therefore moved by a certain inspiration of the Gods to rescue its liberty, and revenge the honour of [outraged] chastity, and putting themselves under the conduct of Brutus and Collatinus (to whom the noble Matron had at her death recommended her revenge) of a sudden forsake their King, spoil his goods, and consecrate the Land he was possessed of to their God Mars, and transfer the supreme power to those assertors of their Liberty, with an alteration only of the form Government and the Title. For where it had been perpetual, they would have it annual; in stead of a single person, two, lest the supremacy being in one, or too long continued [in more] might be corrupted: and in stead of Kings they called them Consuls, that they might remember they were obliged to consult, or procure the good of their Citizens. So excessive was the joy conceived a● this new [assertion of] Liberty, that they would hardly believe that change of Government, but displaced one of the Consuls, and forced him to leave the City, for no other reason than his name and extraction from the [ejected] King's. Whereupon Valerius Publicola, being put into his place, used his utmost endeavours to advance the majesty of a free People. For he not only caused the Fasces [the Ensigns of Consular dignity] to be bowed before them, at a public assembly, but also ordered appeals to the People from the Sentence of the Consuls. And that his House, built like a Citadel, might give no offence, he caused it to be built lower, in a plain place, But Brutus courted the City-applause, by the destruction and parricide of his own Family. For having discovered that his Sons endeavoured the restauration of the Kings, he dragged them into the Forum, and before the whole assembly, caused them to be scourged with Rods, and afterwards cut off their heads: that he might plainly seem, as a public Parent, in stead of his own Children, to have adopted the People of Rome. The Roman People being thenceforth free, first took up Arms against the Foreigners upon the account of Liberty, next about Territories, then for their Allies, and lastly for Glory ●nd Empire, the neighbouring Nations assaulted them of all sides. For having no Land of their own adjoining to the City, (all but Rome belonging to the Enemies) and lying as it were in a cross-way between Latium, and the Tusci, at which Gate soever they sallied out, they fell among enemies, [which continued] till that, as it were by a certain Contagion, they overrun all, and having possessed themselves of all the neighbouring places, they reduced all Italy under their Jurisdiction.   

CHAP. X.  
Porsenna King of Etruria, siding with the Tarquins, comes with a powerful Army before Rome, reduces it to extreme necessity, and is ready to force it; but astonished at the prodigious gallantry of Mutius, Horatius, and Clelia, he makes an alliance with the Romans. The Combat between Brutus and Tarquin's Son, wherein they both fell.  
AFter the expulsion of the Kings, the first arms the people took up, were for [assertion of] their Liberty. For Porsenna, King of Etruria, was in sight with a powerful Army, and brought along with him the Tarquins. However, though he pressed hard upon them by Arms and Famine, and having possessed himself of Janiculum, was lodged at the entrance of the City, yet they broke his attempts, nay beat him back; and at last put him into such amazement, that though he had much the advantage, he entered into a friendly League with those whom he had almost overcome. Then flourished those Roman Prodigies and Miracles, Horatius, Mutius, Clelia, of whom did not the Annals make mention, they would now seem Fables. For Horatius Cocles, finding himself not able alone to remove the pressing Enemies, the Bridge being broken down behind him, swum cross the Tiber, with his Arms about him. Mutius Scaevola attempted the King's person in his Tent; but finding his blow spent in vain upon one of his Courtiers, he thrust his hand into the fire, and heightens the King's terror by policy: That thou mayest be satisfied what a person thou hast escaped [know] that three hundred of us have sworn the same thing [thy death,] when in the mean time (a thing dreadful to relate) he [who spoke] was undaunted, the other [the King] trembled as if his own hand had been burning. Thus the Men. But that no sex might want its praise, see also the gallantry of Virgins! Clelia, one of the Hostages delivered to the King, having got out of custody, crossed the Tiber on horseback. So that the King startled at so many, and so great Prodigies of Valour, kindly dismissed them, and set them at liberty. The Tarquins continued the War, till Brutus killed Aruntes the King's Son, with his own hand, and died himself upon him, of a mutual wound he had received from his adversary, as if he would have pursued the Adulterer even to hell.   

CHAP. XI.  
The Latins engage in the quarrel of the Tarquins, give battle to the Romans, by whom they are defeated. The other neighbouring Nations disturb their quiet; The Romans fight for the dilatation of their Territories; Quinctius Cincinnatus taken from the Plough to be Dictator; He subdues the Aequi, and treats them as beasts.  
THe Latins also, out of emulation and envy [to the Romans] took up the quarrel of the Tarquins; to the end, that a people who commanded abroad, might at least be made slaves at home. Wherefore, the whole Country of Latium, under the Conduct of Mamilius Tusculanus, courageously undertake to revenge the King's quarrel. They engage at the Lake Regillus, a long time with a suspense of success, till the Dictator himself Posthumius cast one of his Ensigns among the enemies, (a new and remarkable stratagem) that it might be recovered again by running [upon them.] 
* Titus. A, E.  Titus Aebutius Elva, Master of the Horse, commanded the Bridles to be taken off (that also was strange) that they might charge with with the greater violence. In fine, so sharp was the engagement, that it is reported the Gods were present at it, [particularly] two, mounted on white Horses, whom none doubted but they were Castor and Pollux. Whereupon the General [of the Roman Army] worshipped, and, in case he had the victory, promised them Temples; which he afterwards performed, [accounting it] as due pay to the Auxiliary Gods. Hitherto all the wars were for Liberty. Afterwards they were in perpetual hostility with the same Latins, about their Confines. Sora (who would believe it) and Algidum were formidable places. Satricum and Corniculum were but Provinces. For the reduction of Veij and the Bo●illi [two wretched places] ('tis a shame to say it) but we triumphed. Tibur, which is now as it were the Suburbs [of Rome,] and Praeneste, a pleasant Summer-walk, were not attempted, till after Vows were made in the Capitol [for their reduction.] ●aesulae was then what Taphra is of late; the Grove of Aricinum, what the Hyrcinian Forrest was; Fregellae, as considerable as Gesloriacum [is now in our days.] 
* Or, as others, Tigris: the common Edition (not so well) Tiber.  Liris then, what Euphrates now, [to wit, the limits of the Empire.] The taking of Corioli (Oh shame) was thought so glorious, that C. Marcius Coriol●nus made the reduction of it part of his name, as if he had subdued Numantia or afric. There are also to be seen the spoils taken from Antius, which C. Maenius hung up in the most eminent place of the Forum, after he had taken the Enemy's Fleet, if that were one, for there were but six War-ships. But that number in those beginnings [of Empire] made a considerable Naval Force. But the most obstinate of the Latins were the Aequi and the Vosci, and, as I may say, perpetual enemies. But these were particularly subdued by L. Quinctius, that Dictator taken from the Plough, who by his incomparable Conduct relieved the Camp of the Consul L. Minucius, though besieged and ready to be taken. It happened to be then about the midst of Sowing-time, when the Lictor took the Patrician at his work, holding the Plough. He went immediately thence to the Army [where] ●hat he might do nothing disconsonant from his Rural Employment, he caused the subdued enemies, like beasts, to pass under the yoke. So the Expedition being over, the triumphant Husbandman returned to his Oxen. Oh ye Gods! With what diligence [was it done?] The War, from the beginning to its period, lasted but sixteen days; as if it should seem, the Dictator hasted to the Countrey-work he had left behind him.   

CHAP. XII.  
The Veiëntes' war with the Romans; the Family of the Fabiuses undertake the Engagement; they are unfortunately defeated by the Enemies; but that loss is recompensed by many Victories obtained against the Falisci, the Fidenates, and the Veiëntes.  
BUt our continual Enemies (by reason of their yearly Incursions) were the Veiëntes [a people] of Etruria; so that the single Family of the Fabiuses promised an extraordinary Assistance, and waged a private war against them. But the misfortune which befell them, was sufficiently memorable. There were killed of them near Cremerae, three hundred and six, a Patrician Army: and the gate, at which they went out to that Engagement is called the Unfortunate. But that loss was retrieved by great Victories, several strong places being reduced by divers other Generals, though with various success. The Falisci came in of their own accord. The Fidenates were burnt in the fire they had kindled themselves; the Veiëntes spoiled and utterly destroyed. The Falisci being besieged, admired the integrity of the [Roman] General, and justly, since of his own accord, he sent back bound unto them the Pedant, who would have betrayed their City, together with those children he had thence brought with him. For Furius Camillus, a pious and prudent person, accounted that a true Victory, which was obtained without breach of Faith or Honor. The Fidenates, finding themselves too weak to do aught by open hostility, to frighten [their enemies] marched, after a dreadful manner, with Firebrands [in their hands,] and Garlands of divers colours twisted about like Serpents; but the fatal Dress proved the forerunner of their destruction. How powerful the Veiëntes were, a Siege of ten years' shows. Then was our first wintering in Tents, and that the Garrisons were paid during that season; and the soldiers of their own accord obliged themselves by oath, not to return till the City were taken. The Spoils of Lartes Tolumnius, King [of the Veiëntes] were brought to Jupiter F●retrius. In fine, the destruction of that City was not compassed by Scaling-ladders nor Storming, but, by Mines and Stratagems. Nay, the prey was thought so excessive, that the tenths were sent to Pythian Apollo, and the whole Roman people was called to participate of the pillage. Such were the Veientes then; but now, who remembers they ever had a being? What remainders are there of them? what tract? History can hardly persuade us that there were any such people as the Veientes.   

CHAP. XIII.  
The Gauls overrun Italy; besiege Clusium, raise the siege and march directly towards Rome; by the way they fight the Roman Army, and defeat it; They fire Rome; massacre the Senators; besiege the Capitol, into which Manlius had retreated with the choice of the Roman youth. The besieged having held out long are at last forced to capitulate; As they are paying the sum agreed upon, Camillus charges the Gauls, who are forced from Rome, and extirpated.  
AFter this, either through the envy of the Gods, or by destiny, the swift current of the prosperous Empire was checked a little by the incursion of the Galli Senones, which time, whether it were more dismal in respect of the losses [which happened to the Romans,] or more memorable for the discoveries of their gallantry, I know not. So extraordinary was the calamity, that I think it sent from above, as a trial, whereby the immortal Gods would discover, whether the Roman virtue might deserve the Empire of the World. The Galli Senones, a Nation naturally savage, utterly unacquainted with morality, besides of great stature, and using arms proportionable thereto, were so terrible in all respects, that they seemed born, for the destruction of men, and desolation of Cities. These heretofore coming in great numbers from the utmost parts of 
* Et cingente omnia Oceano.  the Earth, and the all-surrounding Ocean, when they had wasted all lay in their way, having planted themselves between the Alps and the River Po, and not content there also, wandered up and down Italy, and besieged the City Clusium. The Romans intercede for their Associates and Allies. According to custom, Ambassadors were sent. But what justice [could be expected] among Barbarians? They grow the more insolent, and thereupon resolve upon a fight. Rising therefore from Clusium, and taking their march towards Rome, the Consul Fabius meets them with an army, at the River Allia. The defeat at Cremera, was not more shameful; and therefore Rome numbers that day among the unfortunate. The [Roman] Army being defeated, they approached the Walls of the City, wherein there was no Garrison. Then it was, or never, that the true Roman greatness of mind appeared. First the more ancient, who had exercised the highest charges of Magistracy, meet in the Forum, and the Priest performing there the ceremony of devowing, they consecrate themselves to the Gods presiding over the dead; and returning immediately thence every one to his own house, as they were then in their long Robes, and their richest ornaments, they seated themselves in their Ivory Chairs, that when the enemy came, they might die in their dignity. The Priests and Flamens taking what was most sacred in the Temples, bury part in the ground, put up in empty casks, and carry part along with them in Wagons. The Vestal Virgins also, barefoot, follow their sacred mysteries departing [from the City.] Then is it reported, that L. Albinius, one of the meaner sort of people, took in the distressed Virgins into his cart, putting out of it his wife and children. So far at that time, and amidst those extremities, did the consideration of public devotion smother private concernments. The choice youth (hardly amounting to the number of a thousand, as is certain) went into the Capitol, under the command of Manlius, praying Jupiter, whom they considered as there present, that as they were come thither to defend his Temple, so he would protect their valour with his Deity. In the mean time, the Gauls were approached, and finding the City open, entered it, at first with a certain fear, lest there might be some ambush, but afterwards, finding all quiet, they rush in, with shouting and violence. They go into the houses standing wide open, where at first having worshipped the venerable Senators sitting in their Ivory Chairs, having on their purple Robes, as if they had been Gods or Genii, afterwards finding them to be men, and those not deigning to answer them, they massacre them with a cruelty great as their former veneration, burn the Houses, and with fire, sword, and help of hands lay the whole City desolate, and even with the ground. Seven months (who would believe it?) the Barbarians found work enough about one mount, trying all the ways they could imagine, both day and night, to reduce it. Whom at length coming under [the Fortress] in the night time, Manlius, alarmed by noise of a Goose, forced down from the top of the mount; and, to discourage the enemies, though he was in great want of provisions, yet to express his confidence, he cast down loaves of bread from the Fort. And on a certain day, he sent Fabius the Priest out of the Fort, ordering him to pass through the enemy's guards, to perform a solemn sacrifice on the mount Quirinal. And he, by the protection of Religion, returned safe through the midst of the enemy's weapons, and brought word that the Gods were appeased. At length, the Barbarians wearied out with their own siege selling their departure at a thousand weight of gold, yet even in that insolent enough, when into their balance, though unequal, they also put a sword, with this proud exprobration, Woe to the vanquished; Camillus falling of a sudden upon the rear of them, made such a slaughter, that all tracks of the former conflagration were defaced by a deluge of Gaulish blood. Here we have reason to give thanks to the immortal Gods for the greatness of our misfortune. Since that the fire took away the cottages of the Shepherds, and that flame smothered the poverty of Romulus. For what was the effect of that conflagration, but that a City designed to be the mansion of Men and Gods, should not be destroyed or laid desolate, but seem rather cleansed and expiated. Being therefore preserved by Manlius, and restored by Camillus, it risen up against the neighbouring Nations with greater earnestness and vigour. And first, not thinking it enough to have forced that Nation of the Gauls from the walls of Rome, under the conduct of the same Camillus, it so pursued the wretched remainders of them straggling up and down Italy, that now there is no tract of their having been in the world. Once they were put to the slaughter at the River Anien, where Manlius having taken away from one of the Barbarians, (with whom he had fought hand to hand) among other spoils, a gold chain, gave occasion for the name of the Torquati. Another time in the Field of Pontinus, at such another combat, when M. Valerius, assisted by a sacred bird, brought away the spoils of the pursuing Gaul, derived to his family the name of Corvinus. And not many years after Dolabella utterly destroyed all that remained of them in Italy near the Lake of Vadimon, that there might not any one of that nation survive, who should boast that Rome was set on fire by it.   

CHAP. XIV.  
The war against the Latins, who en●y the glory of the Romans. Manlius Torquatus put his Son to death for fight contrary to his orders; Decius devotes himself to death, for the safety of the Army.  
Manlius' Torquatus and Decius Master being Consuls, the people of Rome turned ●heir arms from the Gauls, upon the Latins, a people always indeed troublesome, out of envy to their Empire and Magistracy, but now somewhat the more out of a contempt, upon the burning of the City. So that they demanded to be made free Denizens of Rome, and to participate of the Government and Magistracy, and (if they did not) presumed they could do more than fight the Romans. But who will wonder that at that time the enemy should give way; when one of the Consuls put his own Son to death, though Conqueror, for fight contrary to his orders, as preferring Obedience before Victory? The other, as it were by an instinct of the Gods, having covered his face, devoted himself to the Dii Manes, at the head of the Army; whereupon rushing in among the thickest of the enemy's weapons, he opened a new way to victory by the tract of his own blood.   

CHAP. XV.  
The war with the Sabins; the Romans waste all their Territories, under the conduct of the Consul Curius Dentatus.  
AFter the Latins, they set upon the Sabines, who, unmindful of the Alliance entered into under Titus Talius, had, by a certain contagion of war, joined with the Latins. But Curius Dentatus being Consul, they wasted with fire and sword all that Tract, compassed by the Nar and the springs of Velini, as far as the Adriatic Sea. By which victory, so great a multitude ●f people, and so great an extent of territory was reduced under their jurisdiction, that whether were more considerable, even he who had subdued them was not able to judge.   

CHAP. XVI.  
The war with the Samnites siding with those of Capua; the Soil whereof is commended; The Romans spend fifty years in that war; they are defeated at the straight of Arpaja; they revenge that affront upon the Samnites.  
Moved at the petitions of Campania, they engage against the Samnites, nor upon their own, but, which is most glorious, the account of their Associates; There was indeed a league between the Romans and both those Nations; but the Camp●nians had treated first, and confirmed what they had done, by an absolute surrender of all they had. So that the people of Rome managed the war against the Samnites, as if they had been themselves concerned. Campania is the noblest region, not only of Italy, but even of the whole world. Nothing more pleasant than its Air; in a word it produces Flowers twice a year. Nothing more fertile than its Soil; whence it is called the Theatre of Ceres and Bacchus. Nothing more hospitable than its shores. Here are those noble harbours, Caieta, Misenus, and Baiae, famous for its baths, Lucrinus and Avernus, which are as so many with-drawing-rooms of the Ocean. Here the mountains are clothed with vines, as the Gaurus, Falernus, Massicus, and the most pleasant of all Vesuvius, Aetna's competitor in casting out fire. The maritine Cities are Formiae, Cumae, Puteoli, Naples, Herculaneum, Pompeij, and Capua, the chiefest of all these Cities, heretofore accounted one of the three greatest, Rome and Carthage being the other two. For this City, for those Regions, the Roman people invaded the Samnites, a Nation, if you inquire after its wealth, armed with gold and silver weapons, and clad in garments of divers colours even to excess; if you respect their subtlety in laying ambushes, straggling in the recesses of Woods and Mountains; if their rage and fury, exasperated for the destruction of Rome, by horrid imprecations, and humane sacrifices; if their obstinacy, the more enraged and irreconcilable by their misfortunes, after six breaches of the League between them and the Romans. Yet, in the space of fifty years, the Roman people subdued and tamed these people, by the Fabiuses and Papirij, the Fathers and their Children, so far that they laid waste the very ruins of their Cities, that at this day Samnium may be looked for even in Samnium, nor can it easily be seen, what should give occasion for four and twenty Triumphs. But the greatest and most remarkable overthrow we received from that Nation, was at the straight passage near Caudium, under the Consulship of Veturius and Posthumius. For the Army being shut up by surprise within that wood, whence it could not get out, Pon●ius, General of the enemies wondering at so fair an opportunity, consulted his Father Herennius, who wisely, as an experienced man, advised him, to set them all at Liberty, or put them to the Sword. He chose rather to make them pass disarmed under the Yoke, that they might not think themselves obliged by his kindness, but be the more eager enemies after that affront. The Consuls therefore, by a voluntary surrender of themselves, took off the dishonour of the Treaty, and the Soldiery crying for revenge (a thing strange to relate) under the conduct of Papi●ius, expressed their being enraged, with their Swords drawn all along the way, before they ●ame to engage, and the enemy himself related, that in the engagement, the eyes of the Romans sparkled as fire. Nor was there any end of the slaughter, till they had brought the enemies, and the General of them under the yoke.   

CHAP. XVII.  
The nations of Italy conspire against Rome; Fabius Maximus defeats their Army; His fellow Consul, Decius, following the example of his Father, devoted himself to death.  
HItherto the people of Rome warred against particular nations one after another, but now it hath to do with them combined, yet is able to deal with all. The Etrusci, divided into twelve several people; the umbri, as yet untouched, the ancientest of all Italy, the remainders of the Samnites, all these upon a sudden conspire together the utter 
* Etruscorum 12. populi▪ Vmbri in id tempus intacti, antiquissimus Italiae populus, Samnitium reliqui, in excidium Romani nominis repent conjuring. Thus V●netus▪ and other Editions  ruin of the Roman name. The conjunction of so many and so considerable Nations struck a great terror. There marched up and down Etruria the Ensigns of four hostile Armies. The Ciminian wood lying in the midst, as unpassable before, as the Caeledonian or Hercynian Forests, was so great a terror then, that the Senate ordered the Consul not to expose himself to so great a danger. But nothing of all this startled the General, or diverted him from sending his Brother before, to inquire into the Avenues of the Forest. He having put on a shepherd's habit, observed all in the night time, and brings an account of it. Thus then did Fabius Maximus without any hazard, terminate a most hazardous war. For falling upon them surprised and in disorder, and possessing himself of the most eminent places, he galled, as he pleased himself, those who were underneath. For the Engagement was such, as if the Darts were thrown from the Heavens and the Clouds, at the Giants upon earth. Yet was it not an unbloody Victory; for Decius, one of the Consuls, being pressed upon by the Enemy in the bottom of the Valley, after his Father's example, devoted himself to the Dii manes, and so purchased a Victory by that kind of Consecration which was ordinary to those of his Family.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
The Tarentines affront the Romans, who arm against them. Divers people of Italy assist the Tarentines. Pyrrhus' King of Epirus engages in their quarrel, is victorious at the first Engagement against the Romans; and defeated at the two ensuing Battles. At last he is forced out of Italy, and driven back into Greece.  
NOw follows the Tarentine war, accounted one particular war, as to the name, but containing several, if we repeat the Victories. For this war involved the Campanians, Apulians, and Lucanians, and the Authors of it, the Tarentines, as also the whole Country of Italy, and with all these Pyrrhus, the most famous King of Greece, in one and the same ruin, that the Romans might at the same time complete the reduction of Italy, and begin their transmarine triumphs. Tarentum also, built by the Lacedæmonians, was heretofore the Metropolis of Apulia and all Lucania, famous for its Greatness, Walls, and Port, and admirable for its situation; for it lies at the very entrance of the Adriatic Sea, and sends ships into our Coasts, as also to Istria, Illiricum, E●irus, Achaia, Africa, Sicily. Upon the Port, which hath a Prospect towards the Sea, stands the City-Theatre, which proved the occasion of all that City's calamities. They were celebrating some solemn Sports, when they thence see the Roman Fleet sailing by, and taking them to be Enemies, they hurry out, and disorderly fall upon them, not knowing either who the Romans were, or whence they came. Whereupon an Embassy was sent from Rome with Complaints; this they violate by a disgrace, obscene, and not decently to be mentioned. That occasioned a war. Dreadful were the preparations, when so many Nations engaged in the quarrel of the Tarentines, especially one more violent than all the rest, Pyrrhus, who to defend a City half-Greek, as built by the Lacedæmonians, brought along with him the whole strength of Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia, and (till then unknown) Elephants, coming upon us by Sea, by Land, and menacing us with the multitude of Men, Horses, Arms, and moreover the dreadfulness of wild beasts.  
The first fight was at Heraclea, and Siris, a River of Campania, Levinus being Consul; which was so bloody, that Obsidius, Commander of a Party of Tarentines, setting upon the King, put him into disorder, and forced him to cast away his Royal Ensigns, and shift out of the Field. He had been clearly defeated, if the Elephants, the 
* Converso in spectaculum bello.  Engagement being turned into a show, had not come into play; by whose bulk and deformity, as also by their scent and noise, the Horse being startled, and imagining the Beast's to them unknown, had been somewhat more than they were, occasioned the first flight and defeat [of the Roman Army.] Afterwards at Asculum in Apulia, we engaged with better success, Fabricius and Aemilius being Consuls. For the terror of the Elephants being spent▪ C. Minucius, a Spear-man of the fourth Legion, having cut off the trunk of one of those beasts, made it appear they were mortal Whereupon darts were cast also at them, and firebrands being also thrown into the tower● [upon them] overwhelmed the whole forces o● the enemies with burning ruins. Nor was th● overthrow at an end, till night divided th● engaged; and Pyrrhus, last of all retreating was carried away armed and wounded in th● shoulder, by his guard. The last fight was i● Lucania, in the Aurusinian fields, as they cal● them, under the same Consuls. And the● chance put a period to that victory, which valour should have decided. For the Elephant being again brought into the front, one o● them, a young one, grievously wounded in th● head with a dart, turned back, and bemoaning its self by its noise, as it run over those o● the enemies whom it had thrown down, the damn knew it, and broke out of the rank, as it were to revenge the injury done it. Which put the enemy's Camp into confusion; and so the same beasts which had gained the first fight, balanced the second, made the Romans victors in the third, without any dispute. But they fought against Pyrrhus not only by force of arms and in the open field, but they had to do with him also in their Counsels, and at home, within the City. For after the first victory, the crafty King, assured of the Roman valour, soon despaired of effecting aught by arms & betook himself to artifices. He therefore burned those who had been slain, treated the Prisoners kindly, and dismissed them without ransom. And afterwards sending Ambassadors to Rome, he endeavoured all he could to be received into friendship. But both in war and peace, abroad and at home, the Roman valour was remarkable upon all occasions, nor did any thing make a greater demonstration of the Roman prowess, the wisdom of the Senate, and the gallantry of their Generals, than the Tarentine Victory. What brave persons were those whom we find overrun by the Elephants at the first battle? Their wounds were all in their breasts, some found dead upon their enemies, all swords in their hands, terror appeared in their countenances, and a lively draught of indignation even in thei● death. Which Pyrrhus so far admired, that he said, Oh how easy were it for me to possess m● self of the World's Empire, having Romans t● my Soldiers, or for the Romans to do it, having me for their King! What expedition did they who survived use in reinforcing the Army? when Pyrrhus said, I see plainly that I was born under the Constellation of Hercules, against whom the heads of so many slain enemies will start up out of their own blood, as if they issued out of the Lernaean Serpent. But what a glorious Senate was that? When, upon the remonstrance of Appius the Blind, the Ambassadors were sent away from the City with their Presents, and their King ask them, wha● they thought of the habitations of their enemies, they acknowledged, that The City seemed to them a Temple; the Senate, a Consistory of Kings. Moreover, what persons were the Generals either in the Camp? When Curius sent back the Physician, who exposed the head of Pyrrhus to sale; when Fabricius refused part of the Empire profferred him by Pyrrhus. Or in peace? when Curius preferred his earthen Dishes before the Gold of the Samnites; when Fabricius, with a gravity beseeming a Censor, condemned Ru●inus, a Consular person, of superfluity, for having silver-plate to the weight of ten pound. Who therefore can wonder that the people of Rome should be victorious, being endued with such manners, so eminent in virtue, and such exact observers of Military Discipline? And that by this very war with the Tarentines, they should in the space of four years, bring under their Jurisdiction the greatest part of Italy, most powerful Nations, most wealthy Cities, and most fruitful Countries? Or what would be more incredible, if the beginning of the war be compared with the final issue of it? Pyrrhus, victor at the first Battle, having wasted Liris and Fregellae in Campania, 
* T●tâ t●emente Ita●iâ Campaniam, etc.  all Italy trembling, had a fight of Rome, then almost taken, from the fortress of Praeneste, and at twenty mile's distance filled the eyes of the startled City with smoke and dust. The same Pyrrhus being afterwards twice forced out of his Camp, twice wounded, and driven by Sea and Land back into his own Country, Greece, a deep Peace ensued, and the spoils of so many most wealthy Nations were so great, that Rome could not contain its own Victory. Nor did ever a nobler, or more magnificent Triumph enter Rome, when as before that day it had seen only the cattle of the Volsci, the Sheep of the Sabines, the Wagons of the Gauls, and the shattered Arms of the Samnites. Then if thou hadst beheld the Captives, thou mightst have seen Molossians, Thessalians, Macedonians, Bruttians, Apulians, and Lucanians; if the pomp; gold, purple, statues, pictures, the delicacies of the Tarentines. But the people of Rome was pleased at no sight so much, as that of those beasts with towers on their backs (whereof they had been so much afraid) which, out of a sense of their captivity, bowing down their necks, followed the victorious Horses.   

CHAP. XIX.  
The Romans engage in a war against those who had favoured the Tarentines; Ascoli taken; Sempronius' vow.  
NOt long after, Italy enjoyed an absolute peace. For who durst attempt any thing after Tarentines? had it not been that the Romans thought good, of their own accord, to make war on those who had associated themselves with their enemies. Whereupon the Picentes were subdued, and the Metropolis of the nation, Asculum, under the conduct of P. Sempronius, who, upon occasion of an Earthquake, which happened during the fight, appeased the Goddess Tellus, by a vow of building a Temple to her.   

CHAP. XX.  
The war with the Sallentini; Brundisium taken; a Temple vowed to Pales, Goddess of the Shepherds.  
THe Sallentini followed the fate of the Picentes, and the chief City of the region, Brundisium, a place famous for its Port, was taken, under the conduct of M. Attilius. And in that engagement, Pales, Goddess of Shepherds, earnestly desired a Temple might be built to her, in acknowledgement of the victory.   

CHAP. XXI.  
The Vulsinians implore the assistance of the Romans, against their slaves, who are brought to their duty by Fabius Gurges.  
THe last of all the several peoples of Italy that did yield themselves into the trust and tuition of the Romans, were the Vulsinians, the wealthiest of Etruria, imploring assistance against some, who, having formerly been their slaves, and set at liberty by them, had risen up against them, and assumed the Government to themselves. But these also were chastised [for their insolence] under the conduct of Fabius Gurges.   

CHAP. XXII.  
Of the Seditions which happened at Rome; Posthumius General of the Roman Army is killed with stones; The insolence of the Soldiery refusing to fight; an insurrection of the people, who banish the chiefest of the Nobility; the unworthy treatment of Coriolanus and Camillus; dissensions between the Senate and the people.  
THis is the second age, and as it were adolescency of the Roman people, and in which they were freshest, warm and vigorous in the flower of their strength. There remained yet a certain tincture of the pastoral savageness, which betrayed somewhat of incivilization. Thence it came that the army raising a mutiny in the Camp, stoned to death Posthumius the General, who denied them that part of the prey which he had promised; that under Appius Claudius they would not overcome the enemy, when they might; that, Valero being their Leader, the Fasces of the Consul were broken to pieces, most refusing to enter into the service. Thence it came, that they condemned to banishment the most eminent of the nobility, when they opposed their desires; that they would have done the like by Coriolanus, who ordered they should follow Husbandry. Which injury he had as sharply revenged, had not his Mother Veturia, with her tears disarmed her Son, when he was ready to fall upon them. The same treatment had Camillus himself, upon pretence that he had not made an equal dividend of the Veientine prey, between the Soldiery and the Citizens. But he, a better person, provided for the besieged, the City being taken, and soon after, at their suit avenged them of the Gauls their enemies. They contended also with the Senate, about equity and right, so far as, tha● deserting their habitations, they menaced solitude and destruction to their Country.   

CHAP. XXIII.  
A civil discord occasioned by the Usurers, and appeased by an Oration of Menenius Agrippa.  
THe first discord was occasioned by the tyrannical exactions of the Usurers, who exercising their rage even to the beating of their debtors on the back, the common people drew up in arms to the Sacred Hill, and was with much difficulty persuaded thence by the authority of Menemius Agrippa, an eloquent and wise man, yet not till they had got Tribunes. There is yet extant the story of that ancient Oration which was so prevalent to induce them to concord; wherein it is reported, that heretofore, the members of man's body fell out among themselves, alleging, that, all of them executing their charges, only the belly was free from any; that afterwards, being ready to perish by the difference they were reconciled to it, when they were made sensible, that by its means, the nourishment being reduced into blood, they were sustained and kept in vigour.   

CHAP. XXIV.  
Another civil discord occasioned by the insolence and tyranny of the Decemvirs; Appius Claudius would have ravished Virginius 's daughter; who is killed publicly by her Father. The Decemvirs displaced.  
THe second discord broke forth in the midst of the City, occasioned by the licentiousness of the Decemvirate. Ten of the most eminent of the City had, by order from the people, written down the Laws brought out of Greece; and the whole course of the administration of Justice was set down in twelve Tables; which done, they would still keep the power once delivered to them in their hands, out of an humour which betrayed somewhat of tyranny. Above any of the rest, Appius Claudius came to that height of insolence, as to attempt the dishonour of a Virgin nobly descended, having forgotten Lucretia, and the Kings, and the Law which himself had set down. Therefore when Virginius, her Father, saw that his daughter was, by an unjust sentence, to be condemned to bondage, he immediately stuck not to kill her in the midst of the Forum, with his own hands; whereupon the bannerr of his Fellow-Soldiers being displayed, he carries away those insolent Magistrates, surrounded with arms, from Mount Aventine, and disposes them into prisons and fetters.   

CHAP. XXV.  
The third civil Discord.  
THe third discord was raised upon occasion of the dignity of Marriages, that the Plebeians might intermarry with the Patricians: which tumult broke forth in Mount Janiculum, Canuleius a Tribune of the people, being the Author and fomenter of it.   

CHAP. XXVI.  
The fourth discord occasioned by the people's desire to be admitted to dignities; the jealousy and vigilancy of the Romans in what concerns their liberty; upon which account Spurius Cassius, Melius, and Manlius are put to death.  
AMbition of honour occasioned the fourth discord, that the Plebeians might be admitted into the Magistracy. Fabius Ambustus, Father of two daughters, bestowed one on Sulpicius, a person of Patrician extraction, the other, on Stolo, a plebeian, who took it as an affront, that his wife frighted at the noise of the Lictor's rod (a thing not known at her own house) had been scornfully laughed at by her sister. Being therefore advanced to the Tribune-ship, he extorted from the Senate, though against their wills, a communication of Honours and Magistracy. But in these very seditions, a man may find sufficient reason to admire the people of the world; in as much as one while they vindicate liberty, another, chastity, than the nobility of extraction, and then the marks and distinctions of honours. And among all these, they were not more vigilant in the assertion of any, than in that of Liberty, which they could never by corruption be induced to betray, though in a people already great and growing daily greater, there must needs be some turbulent members. They put to present death Sp. Cassius, suspected of affecting sovereignty, by his publishing of the Agrarian Law; and Maelius, [charged with the same ambition grounding their jealousy] upon his liberality [towards the people.] Of Spurius indeed, his own Father had ordered the punishment: but Servilius Ahala, Master of the Horse, run the other through, in the midst of the Forum, by order from the Dictator Quinctius. Nay that Man●ius, who had preserved the Capitol, demeaning himself more insolently and uncivilly [than he should have done] upon this account, that he had freed most of the debtors, they cast him down headlong from the Fortress which he had defended. Such was the people of Rome at home and abroad, such were they in peace and war. Thus did they pass through the straight of their Adolescency, that is, the second age of their Empire, during which they by their arms subdued all Italy, from the Alps to the Seaside.    

THE ROMAN HISTORY BY L. JULIUS FLORUS.  
The Second Book.  

CHAP. I.  
The greatness of the people of Rome; they subdue Europe, Asia, and afric, in the space of two hundred years.  
ITaly being brought under and subdued, the people of Rome was arrived near its five hundredth year, and to the height of its Adolescency; for if there be any strength, if any youth can be imagined, then was it truly vigorous, young, and in a condition to deal with all the world. That people therefore (a thing prodigious and hardly to be credited) which hath spent five hundred years in Contestations near home, (so great a work was it to give Italy a Head) in the ensuing two hundred years, overran Europe, afric, Asia, nay the whole habitable World, with their wars and victories.   

CHAP. II.  
The war between the Romans and Carthaginians, grounded on the relief of those of Messina: The victories gained at Sea by the Romans, against Hieron King of Sicily, and the Inhabitants of Carthage. The Lacedæmonians send assistance to the Carthaginians. The Commander in chief of the Romans taken prisoner, and unworthily treated: Th● destruction of Carthage.  
THe Victor-people of Italy, having reduced all, quite to the Sea, met with a little check, like a fire, which having consumed the woods lying in its way, is stopped by some interposing river. Soon after, perceiving at no great distance a most wealthy prey, which seemed in a manner forced and torn off from their [own Territory] Italy, they were so extremely desirous of it, that in regard they could not come at it by the means o● 
* Mo●e  Moles, or Bridges, they resolved to join it to Italy, by arms and war. But see, the Fates themselves making way for them, there wanted not an occasion, when Messina, an allied City of Sicily, complained of the Tyranny of the Carthaginians, who, as well as the Romans, would gladly have been Masters of Sicily: nay they both at the same time, with equal earnestness and force, designed to themselves the Empire of the world. Under pretence therefore of assisting their Allies, but indeed lured by the prey, though startled at the strangeness of the Attempt (yet so great confidence is there where there is courage) that simple people, descended from Shepherds, and wholly accustomed to the Land, made it appear, that it was indifferent to Valour, whether the Engagement were on Horseback, or in Ships, on Land, or at Sea. Appius Claudius being Consul, they first went into a Sea, infamous by reason of the fabulous Monsters within it, and of an impetuous Current; but they were so far from being frighted, that they entertained that Violence of the rolling Sea as a kindness, in so much that they overcame Hiero, King of Syracuse, with such expedition, that he acknowledged himself conquered before he saw any enemy. Duilius and Cornelius being Consuls, they had another Engagement at Sea. And then indeed the expedition, used in building the Navy was a presage of the Victory. For within sixty days after the felling of the Timber, there was a Navy of a hundred and sixty Ships at anchor; so that they seemed not built by Art, but that the Trees, through a certain design of the Gods, had been turned into Ships. Now the relation of the Engagement is admirable, when those heavy Slugs [of ours] took the fleet 
* Lo●ge illis nauticae artes detergere remos, etc. So Lipsius.  Brigantines' of the Enemies. Little availed their skill in Sea-fight, either to justle a whole side of Oars, or avoid the Beak of their Enemies, by you're or ready turning. For the Grapling-irons being fastened, and other Engines cast into the Ships, though they scornfully laughed at them, yet were they by their means, forced to engage as it were upon even ground. Having therefore obtained a victory at Lyparae, the Enemy's Fleet being sunk and fled, occasioned the first Naval Triumph. Whereat how great was the Joy? when Duilus the General, not satisfied with one day's Triumph, as long as he lived had Torches lighted, and some Music playing before him, as soon as he risen from Supper, as if he triumphed every day. The loss at this Engagement was small, considering the greatness of the Victory. Cn. Cornelius Asina, one of the Consuls, was surprised, and, called out under pretence of a Parley, was carried away, whereby we had an instance of the African perfidiousness. During the Dictatorship of Calatrinus, most of the Carthaginian Garrisons were forced out of Agrigentum, Drepanum, Panormus, Eryx, Lilibaeum. We were once at a loss near the Camarinensian wood; but we recovered ourselves through the extraordinary Conduct of Calpurnius Flamma, a Military Tribune, who taking a Party of three hundred choice men, possessed himself of a small piece of Ground, where the Enemies were lodged to our annoyance, and kept them play, till the whole Army had marched away: and so by a most happy issue of his attempt, he gained as great a reputation, as that of Leonidas at Thermopylae. Only in this ours is more illustrious, that he survived the Expedition, though he made no Inscription with his blood. L. Cornelius Scipio being Consul, when Sicily was become a Suburb-Province to Rome, the war spreading farther, they crossed over into Sardinia, as also into Corfica, which is adjoining to the other. The 
* Annex●mque Corsicam tr●●siit: Olbi ● hic, Aleriae ibi urbis excidio incol●s terruit. Thus restored by Salm●sius.  Inhabitants of the one they terrified by the destruction of the City Olbia, those of the other by that Oleria: and by Sea and Land so defeated the Carthaginians, that there remained only afric to make an absolute Conquest. Under Marcus Attilius Regulus, the war sailed over into afric. Yet were there some who trembled at the very name of the Carthaginian Sea, the Tribune Mannus adding to the fear; but the General threatening him with the naked Axe, if he obeyed not, encouraged him to embark, out of a fear of death. Whereupon, they made all the haste they could with the advantage of Wind and Oars▪ and the Carthaginians were so much startled at the arrival of their Enemies, that Carthage had been almost surprised with the gates open. The first Booty gained by that war, was the City Clypea; for, on the Carthaginian shore, that was the first Fort and place of discovery; and so that and three hundred Fortresses more were laid desolate. Nor had we to do with men-onely, but also with monsters, when, as if bred for the revenge of afric, a Serpent of extraordinary bulk infested our Camp at Bagrada. But Regulus, whom nothing withstood, having spread the terror of his name far and near, and either slain a great number of their young men, and divers of their Commanders, or made them prisoners, and sent the Navy home before him loaden with prey, and full of triumph, had also besieged the Source of the war, Carthage itself, and lay close to the very gates of it. Here fortune met with a check, that there might be more demonstrations of the Roman Gallantry, the greatness whereof, for the most part, required the test of calamities. For the enemies being forced to make use of foreign Aid, the Lacedæmonians sent them Xantippus for a General, who being a most experienced person in Military Affairs, gave us so foul an Overthrow, that the most valiant General [of the Romans] fell alive into the hands of the Enemies. But he was a man to support so great a misfortune. For neither Imprisonment among the Carthaginians, nor the Embassy they forced him upon, could abate his constancy. For [being come to Rome] he urged things much different from what the Enemies had enjoined him, to wit, that no Peace should be made with them, nor any exchange of Prisoners. Nay his voluntary return to the enemies, nor the extremities of imprisonment and ignominious crucifixion, took off nothing of his gallantry; but rather being the more to be admired in all these, what may be said of him, but that being vanquished, he triumphed over his vanquishers, and, because Carthage had not yielded, of Fortune itself? And the people of Rome were more eager and exasperated to prosecute the revenge of Regulus, then to obtain the victory. The Carthaginians growing so much the more insolent, and the war being brought back into Sicily, the Consul Metellus gave the enemies so great an overthrow at Panormus, that there was no contestation afterwards in that Island. An argument of the greatness of the Victory, was the taking of about a hundred Elephants; which had been a great prey, had they not been taken in war, but in hunting. P. Claudius being Consul, the Romans were not worsted by the enemies, but by the Gods themselves, whose auspexes they had slighted, the navy being there sunk, where he had commanded the birds to be cast overboard, because they would have diverted them from engaging. M. Fabius Buteo being Consul, they defeated, in the African Sea, near Aegyniurus, the enemy's Fleet then bound for Italy. O what a great triumph happened then! when their navy fraught with wealthy prey, being forced by contrary winds, filled afric, and the Syrteses, and the coasts and shores of all nations and Islands, with their own wrack. Great was the loss, but without any derogation from the dignity of the supreme people, that their Victory was intercepted by a Tempest, and a wrack deprived them of their triumph. And yet, while the Carthaginian spoils floated up and down, cast upon Promontories and Islands, the people of Rome triumphed. Lutatius Catulus being Consul, there was a period put to the war, at the Islands called Aegates. Nor was there any greater Sea-engagement than this; for the enemy's Fleet, being over burdened with provisions, soldiers, military engines, ammunition, as if all Carthage had been there, it proved the occasion of its ruin. [On the contrary] the Roman Fleet was clean, light, and nimble, and as it were resembling a Land-Camp, or an engagement of Horse, and guided by the Oars as with reins, and directed their beaks, here and there, as occasion served, as if they had been animate. So that the enemy's ships being shattered of a sudden, covered the whole Sea between Sicily and Sardinia with the remainders of their wrack. In fine, so great was the Victory, that there was no thought then of razing the walls of their enemies, since they thought it frivolous, to express their rage against Towers and Walls, when Carthage had been already destroyed upon the Sea.   

CHAP. III.  
Several Nations make incursions upon the Romans; but they are all brought under subjection.  
THe Carthaginian war being over, there ensued a short time of repose, as much as sufficed to take breath, and as an assurance of peace, and a cessation of arms in good earnest, then was Janus' gate first shut, ever since Numa's time. But it was soon open again. For the Ligurians, the Insubrian Gauls, as also the Illyrians, began to be troublesome, and with them the Nations inhabiting under the Alps, that is, seated at the very entrance of Italy; some god or other perpetually egging them on, to prevent the moldinesse and rusting of the Roman arms. In fine, a sort of daily and as it were domestic enemies exercised the young soldiery, nor did the people of Rome make any other use of them, then as of a whetstone, to set an edge on their valour. As to the Ligurians, who were seated on the lower parts of the Alps, between Varus and the River Macra, it was a harder task to find them out, then to vanquish them, as being lodged among wild thickets. They were a hardy and active people, secured from our attempts by the places they lived in, and their convenience of flight, and rather committed robberies, then waged a war. Therefore when the Deceits, the Oxybii, the Euburiates, the Ingauni [all Nations of Liguria] had a long time amused and eluded us, by the advantages of their woods, ways, and lurking-holes, at length, Fulvius compassed their recesses with fire, Baebius forced them into the Champion, and Posthumius so far disarmed them, that he hardly left them a piece of iron to till ground withal.   

CHAP. IU.  
Britomarus' Leader of the Insubrian gaul's is overcome by Aemilius; the defeat of Astrionicus; Marcellus kills King Virdomarus; and consecrates his arms to Jupiter Feretrius.  
THe Insubrian Gauls, and the next adjoining Inhabitans to the Alps, as to their minds, resembled wild beasts, as to bodies exceeding the ordinary stature of men. But it was found by experience, that as at the first onset they behaved themselves beyond men, so at the second, their performances were below those of women. The bodies bred about the Alps in a moist air, have somewhat in them resembling the snows; for as soon as they are grown hot by fight, they are all of-a-sweat, and are spent by the least motion, as if they were melted by the Sun. Now these (as they had often done before) commanded by Britomarus, had sworn, that they would not put off their belts, till they had got up to the Capitol. It happened accordingly; for being vanquished by Aemilius, they were taken off in the Capitol. Soon after Astrionicus being their Leader, they vowed a chain out of the prey of our Soldiers to their God Mars. Jupiter prevented the performance of their Vow; for Flaminius erected a golden Trophy out of their chains to Jupiter. Virdumarus being their King, they had promised the arms of the Romans to Vulcan. But their vows were performed the contrary way; for their King being slain, Marcellus hung up the rich spoils taken from him, to Jupiter Feretrius, being the third [offering of that kind that had been made] since the time of Romulus the Father [and founder of the City.]   

CHAP. V.  
The Roman Ambassadors barbarously massacred by the Liburnians; the punishment inflicted on them and their Prince by Cneus Fulvius.  
THe Illyrians or Liburnians, live at the very bottom of the Alps, between the Rivers Arsia and Titius, spreading themselves all along the Adriatic Sea. These under their Queen Teuta, not satisfied with the incursions they made [on the Romans] added an execrable crime to their insolences. For they put to death our Ambassadors, calling them to account for their misdemeanours, not with a sword, but, as victims, with an axe, and burned the masters of our Ships; and this was done, to heighten the dishonour of it, by the command of a Woman. But Cn. Fulvius Centumalus being General, they are brought under absolute subjection; the heads of their Princes struck off with the axe, were made expiatory sacrifices to the ghosts of our Ambassadors.   

CHAP. VI  
The second Carthaginian War; Hannibal bes●eges Saguntus; the Romans to be revenged arm against the Carthaginians; Hannibal's oversight after the great Victory at Cannae; Fabius and Marcellus make it appear by their conduct, that Hannibal was not invincible; the same Hannibal besieges Rome, thinking thereby to raise the siege before Capua; Roman Armies sent into divers Provinces; the first Scipios, after they had been victorious in Africa, are at last defeated; Publius Scipio undertakes the war, and comes off with success and renown.  
AFter the first Carthaginian war, we had hardly four years' rest, ere another breaks forth, less indeed, as to the space of time, (f●● it lasted not above eighteen years) but so far the more terrible, in respect of the cruelty of the overthrows, that the losses of both people being balanced, the Conquerors might be taken for the conquered. 'Twas a shame to a gallant people [the Carthaginians] after their loss of the sovereignty of the Sea, and their Islands forced from them, to pay tribute where they were wont to demand it. Hereupon Hannibal, yet very young, made a vow at the Altar, in the presence of his Father, that he would revenge [his country,] nor did he delay i● long. To occasion a war, Saguntus was destroyed, an ancient and wealthy City of Spain, a great indeed, but sad monument of fidelity towards the Romans: which City though agreed to continue in its liberty by the common league between them, Hnnibal, seeking a pretence of new disturbances, lays desolate with his own hands and the help of the Inhabitants, that, having broken the league, he might open a way into Italy. Alliances were most religiously observed by the Romans: Upon intelligence therefore that an allied City was besieged, calling to mind the league made with the Carthaginians, they do not presently arm, but chose rather after a legal way to make their complaints. In the mean time the Inhabitants of Saguntus, wearied out with famine, and all the extremities of a siege, in fine their fidelity being heightened into exasperation, made a great pile in the midst of their City, upon which being got, themselves, their relations, and all their wealth perished by fire and sword. Hannibal is demanded as Author of so great a calamity. The Carthaginians seeming at a loss what to do, What means this delay? said Fabius, the principal person of the Roman Embassy, in this bosom, I bring war and peace, whether do you make choice of? Take which you think best. Whereto it being replied that he should produce which he pleased. Take war then, saith he, and thereupon letting down the forepart of his garment, in the midst of the Councel-room, he did it with such a dreadful noise, as if he had really brought war in his lap. The period of the war was suitable to the beginning of it. For as if the last imprecations of the Saguntines, at their public self-slaughter, and conflagration, had commanded such obsequies to be performed for them, their ghosts were appeased by the desolation of Italy, the reduction of afric, and the destruction of those Kings and Generals, who managed that war. When therefore that sad and dismal violence and tempest of the Carthaginian war, had, in the fire at Saguntus, forged out the thunderbolt long before designed against the Romans, immediately, as forced by some whirlwind, it broke through the middle of the Alpss and fell down upon Italy, from those incredible heights of snow, as if it had descended from the Heavens. The first eruptions of the storm broke forth about the Po and Ticinus. Scipi● being then General, our Army was defeated, and he himself had fallen wounded into the hands of the enemies, if his Son, then but young, had not relieved and rescued his Father from death itself. This was the Scipio, who afterwards grew up for the destruction o● afric, and had his surname from its misfortunes. Trebia had the same fate as Ticinus. Here raged the second tempest of the Punic war, Sempronius being Consul. At this time, the crafty enemies, having pitched upon a cold and snowy day, after they had warmed themselves at the fire, and anointed themselves with oil, though people coming from the southerly and Sunny parts of the world (a thing hardly creditable) made their advantage of our own Winter to overcome us. Hannibal's third thunderbolt fell at the lake Trasimanenus, Flaminius being General. There also they made use of another knack of Punic artifice. For the Horse being shadowed by a mis● arising from the Lake, and the Osiers growing there abouts, fell upon the rear of us being engaged. Nor can we complain of the Gods. For, swarms of Bees sticking to the Ensigns, and the unwillingness of the Eagles to march out, and a great Earthquake happening at the joining of the battle, had forewarned the temerarious General of the approaching defeat; unless that Earthquake might proceed from the trampling of Men and Horses, and the over-violent handling of arms. The fourth, that is, in a manner the last wound of the Empire, was at Cannae an obscure village of Apulia; but the greatness of the overthrow and the slaughter of forty thousand men hath made it famous. There the General himself, Earth, Heaven, the day, in fine, the whole course of nature combined to the destruction of an unfortunate Army. For Annibal, not contenting himself only with counterfeit fugitives, who fell upon the rear of us, but the most subtle General, having in a most spacious champion, observed the situation of the place, as also that the Sun shined very hot, and much dust arose, and that the East-wind blew constantly, as if it had been designed to do it, so ordered his Forces, that the Romans were exposed to all these inconveniences, and he, favoured by Heaven, engaged them with the advantage of wind, dust, and Sun. Whereupon ensued the slaughter of two very powerful Armies, till the enemies were glutted with killing, and Annibal said to his Soldiers, Give over. One of the Generals made his escape, the other was slain, whether expressed greater courage, is doubtful. Paulus was ashamed, Varro despaired not. Demonstrations of the great slaughter were, that the An●idus continued bloody for some time; that by the command of the Enemy, there was a bridge of carcases made over the torrent Gellus; that two bushels of rings were sent to Carthage; and so, by measure, it was known wha● number of Roman Knights were slain. Then was it not doubted, but that Rome was come to its period, and that within five days Annibal might feast it in the Capitol, if (as was said by the Carthaginian Maherbal the Son of Bomiliar,) Annibal had known as well how to use a victory as gain it. But then (as is commonly said) either the fate of that City which was to be Empress of the world, or his own evil Genius, or the God's averse from Carthage, carried him another way. When he might have pressed on his victory to the utmost advantage, he chose rather to content himself with what had been done, and leaving Rome, took a progress into Campania and Tarentus, where, in a short time, both he and his army languished, so that it was truly said, that Capua had been as fatal to Annibal, as Canna to the Romans. For, the warmth of Campania, and the baths of Baiae (who would believe it?) overcame him whom the Alps and arms had found unconquerable. In the mean time the Romans took breath, and seemed as it were to rise out of their graves. Arms being wanting, they took down those which had been set up in the Temples. There wanted young men [to ●ear them] they set free their slaves, and give them the military oath. The Treasury was exhausted; the Senate brought in their wealth, reserving to themselves nothing of gold, but what was in Jewels, Belts, and Rings. The Knights followed their example, and the Commonalty theirs. In fine when the wealth of private persons was brought into the public stock, Levinus and Marcellus being Consuls [the contributions were so great that] there were hardly Registers or Writers enough to set them down. But what did they in the election of Magistrates? How great was the prudence of the Centuries? When the younger asked Counsel of the ancient about the creation of Consuls. For it concerned them to fight against an Enemy, so often Conqueror, and so subtle, not only by valour, but also by their Counsels. The first hope of the recovering, and, as I may say, reviving Empire, was Fabius, who found out a new way of vanquishing Hannibal, which was, not to fight. Thence he got that new name; so beneficial to the Commonwealth, of Cunctator, or Temporizer. Thence that other given him by the people, the Buckler of the Empire. He therefore so wearied Annibal, [by leading him] through the whole Country of the Samnites, and through the woods of Falernus and Gaurus, that he, who could not be overcome by valour, was broken and harassed by delay. Afterwards, Claudius Marcelius being General, the Romans ventured to engage him: they drove him out of his [dear] Campania, and forced him to raise the siege from before Nola. Nay Sempronius Gracchus being General, they presumed to pursue him through Lucania, and press hard upon him in his retreat, though then (o what shame) they fought with servile hands. For the concurrence of so many disasters had forced them to it. 
* Sed libertate dona i; fecerat de ser●is v●tus Romanos.  But they were made free [afterwards] though their own valour had made them Romans [before.] O the prodigious constancy in so many adversities! O the extraordinary courage and gallantry of the Romans, in the midst of so many extremities! when they were not assured of Italy, they have the confidence to aim at other places; and when the enemies marched up and down Campania and Apulia, ready to cut their throats, and had brought afric into the midst of Italy, they at the same time kept Hannibal in play, and sent Forces into Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, and other parts of the world. Sicily was the charge of Marcellus, nor did it hold out long; For the whole Island was reduced in one City. syracuse, that great, and till than conquered Metropolis, though defended by the skill of Archimedes, yielded at last. It was compassed at a good distance, by a triple wall, and had so many Fortresses; the port was built all about with marble, there was also the famous Fountain of Archusa: but what avayled they, save only that they occasioned the sparing of the vanquished City, for its beauty sake? Gracchus' reduced Sardinia, nor did the savageness of the Inhabitants, nor the excessive height of the Mad Mountains (so they call them) stand them in any stead. The Cities were treated with the extremities of hostility, especially the chiefest of all Caralis, that an obstinate Nation, which contemned death, might be brought down by the desolation of their native soil. Cneus, and Publius Scipio being sent into Spain, had once deprived the Carthaginians of all hope; but, surprised by their artifices, they lost all again; even after they had beaten the Carthaginian Forces, in very great fights. But the Punic treachery proved so successful, that they killed one of them as he was encamping, and the other having escaped into a Tower, they set it a fire about him. Therefore to revenge his Father and Uncle, there was sent thither with an Army, Scipio, for whom the Fates reserved the great surname derived from afric. He recovered all Spain, that martial country, famous for men and arms, the seminary of the enemy's Army, and the Tutoress of Hannibal himself, all I say (though hardly to be credited) from the Pyrenean Mountains to Hercules Pillars, and the Ocean, whether with greater expedition, or less difficulty, is not known. With what expedition it was effected, four years' witness: with how little difficulty, may be deduced from one City, for it was taken the same day it was first besieged; and it was an omen of our victory over afric, that Carthage in Spain was so easily taken. Yet is it certain withal, that what most contributed to the reduction of the Province, was the admirable Sanctimony and continency of the General, who returned back to the Barbarians, young lads that had been taken, and Virgins of extraordinary beauty, not having suffered them to be brought into his sight, that he might not seem so much as with his eyes to have blasted the flower of their Virginity. Thus did the Romans do in foreign Countries, yet could they not remove Hannibal, lodged in the heart of Italy. Several Nations had revolted to the enemy, who being exasperated against the Romans, made his advantages of the artifices of Italy. Yet had we forced him out of several Cities and regions. Tarentus was come in to us. We had also almost recovered Capua, the seat, and mansion, and second Country of Hannibal, the loss whereof gave him so much trouble, that he thereupon brought all his Forces against Rome. O people worthy the world's Empire, worthy the favour and admiration of Men and Gods! Being reduced to the greatest extremities, they desisted not from their attempt, and while they provided for the safety of the City, they neglected not Capua; but part of the Army being left there under the Consul Appius, part having followed Flaccus to the City, they fought both present and absent? What therefore do we wonder at? Hannibal, encamped within three miles of Rome, and ready to come on, the Gods, I say the Gods (nor is it a shame to acknowledge it) once more prevented him; for there fell such excessive rains at every motion of his, and such extraordinary winds, that it should seem they had been sent from above, to remove the enemy, not from Heaven▪ [as the Giants sometime were] but from the Walls of the City and the Capitol. He therefore departed, fled, and retired to the extremities of Italy, leaving the City when he was just upon the point of assaulting it. This is a thing hardly worth mentioning, yet a pregnant argument of the magnanimity of the people of Rome, that during the time the City was besieged, the ground on which Hannibal was encamped, being publicly set to sale, met with a purchasor. On the contrary, Hannibal desirous to imitate our confidence, proffered to sale the Goldsmith's shops of the City, but found no buyer: whence it may be seen, that the destinies had also their presages. But there had yet been nothing done answerably to so great valour, and favour of the Gods. For Asdrubal, Hannibal's brother, was upon his march from Spain with a fresh Army, new-raised Forces, and other requisites for the prosecution of the war. We had, no doubt, been ruined, if he had joined his Brother; but Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator defeat him as he was encamping his Army. Nero was employed about the dislodging of Hannibal in the most remote part of Italy. Livius was gone into the contrary part, so vast, that is, the whole territory of Italy, where it is longest, lying between them. By what intelligence, with what expedition the Consuls joined their forces, and jointly engaged the enemy, and all without Hannibal's knowledge of any thing done, it is hard to give an account of. This is certain, that Hannibal, being assured of it, when he saw his Brother's head cast into his camp, said, I now see the unhappiness of Carthage. This was the first acknowledgement of the man, not without a certain presage of the fate hanging over him. Now it was taken for granted, that Hannibal, even by his own confession, might be vanquished. But the people of Rome heightened by so many prosperities, thought it a noble attempt to subdue that most irreconcilable enemy in his own Country afric. Scipio therefore being General, they removing the main stress of the war into afric, began to imitate Hannibal, and to revenge the miseries of Italy upon afric. Good Gods! what forces of Asdrubal, what Armies of Syphax did he defeat? How extraordinary were the two Camps which he destroyed in one night by fire? In fine, he was not only within three miles, but shook the very gates of Carthage with a siege. By which means he forced Hannibal out of Italy, where he would have sat brooding and settled himself. This was the greatest day since the beginning of the Roman Empire, when the two greatest Generals of any that ever went before them, or came after them, one Conqueror of Italy, the other of Spain, were disposing their Armies in order to an engagement. But there passed a Conference between them about some conditions of peace: They stood still a while, fixed by mutual admiration; but not agreeing upon a peace, the signal was given. It is apparent from the confession of both, that the Armies could not be better marshaled, nor a battle more sharply fought. This acknowledgement Scipio made of Hannibal's Army, Hannibal of Scipio's. But Hannibal was worsted, and the reward of the victory was afric, whose example the Universe, soon after followed.   

CHAP. VII.  
The Romans enter into a war against the Macedonians who had assisted Hannibal: The Macedonians defeated, King Philip makes a peace; the Romans give liberty to the Grecians.  
CArthage being subdued, none thought it a shame to be so. Macedonia, Greece, Syria, and all other Nations, as if carried away with the torrent of Fortune, followed the fate of afric. But the first were the Macedonians, a people that sometimes aspired to the Empire. Therefore though at that time Philip had the Government, yet the Romans seemed to fight against King Alexander. The Macedonian war was greater in name, 
* Quam spectatione gentis.  than for any consideration of the Nation itself. It took its rise from the League between King Philip, and Hannibal, while he lorded it in Italy: the occasion of its prosecution was that Athens implored assistance against the injuries done it by the King, who exceeding the limits of victory, wreaked his rage upon Temples, Altars, and the very Sepulchers of the dead. The Senate thought fit to relieve suppliants of that consideration. For now Kings, Generals, Peoples, Nations, sought Garrisons from Rome. Under the Consulship of Levinus, the Romans first took the Ionian Sea, and sailed by the Grecian shore, with a kind of triumphant navy; for they had then aboard the spoils of Sicily, Sardina, and afric. And the Laurel growing at the stern of the Admiral promised no less than certain victory. Attalus King of Pergameus came in to our assistance. There came also the Rhodians, a people well versed in Sea affairs; and these doing their work by Sea, the Consul with his Horse and Men put all to the rout on Land. The King was twice overcome, twice forced to fly, twice driven out of his Camp, and yet nothing was more dreadful to the Macedonians than the very sight of the wounds, which were not made with darts, or arrows, or any light Grecian weapon, but with huge Javelins, and as weighty swords, forcing their way even beyond death. Nay Flaminus being General, we made our way through the till-then unpassable Chaonian Mountains, and crossed the River Pindus, passing through abrupt places, and so got into the bowels of Macedonia. To have got in was a victory. For afterwards the King durst not meet us, but being worsted at one, and that no equal engagement, near the Hills, called the Cynocephalae, the Consul granted him a peace, and left him his Kingdom. Soon after, that there might be left nothing thereabouts to oppose us, he subdued. Thebes, and Euboea, and the Lacedæmonians, committing insolences and depredations under their Captain Nabis. To Greece indeed he restored its ancient state, that it might live according to its own Laws, and enjoy its former liberty. What rejoicing, what exclamations were there, when this was published by the Crier at the Quinquennial Games, in the Theatre at Nemea? What an emulation of applause was there among them? What flowers did they cast upon the Consul? And they commanded the Crier, again and again to repeat that expression, wherein the liberty of Achia was declared. Nor did they take less pleasure in that sentence of the Consul, than they wnuld have done in a concert of most pleasant music.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Antiochus' King of Syria demands a City of Thrace of the Romans, who thereupon take occasion to enter into a war against him. He is overcome by Aemilius Regulus; A s●cond defeat of Antiochus, upon which he accepts of a peace.  
NExt the Macedonians and King Philip, a certain chance brought in Antiochus, things being purposely so disposed by Fortune, that the progress of the Empire, as it had been out of afric into Europe, so it should now (causes of war coming in unsought) march out of Europe into Asia, and that the order of victories should keep on its course according to the situation of the world. As to the report of it, there was no war more formidable than this; to wit, when the Romans reflected how they had to do with the Persians, the Inhabitants of the East, Xerxes and Darius; when they heard of ways to be cut through inaccessible Mountains, and that the Sea was covered with Ships. Besides they were terrified by celestial menaces, when Cumaean Apollo was in a continual sweat. But that proceeded from the fear of the deity, who had a kindness for his [dear] Asia. There is not certainly any place better furnished with Wealth, Men, and Arms, than Syria is; but it was fallen into th● hands of a King so unactive, that Antiochus'● greatest reputation was, his being vanquish'● by the Romans. He was forced upon this war, on the one side by Thoas Prince of Aetolia, dissatisfied that the Romans had not rewarded hi● assistance against the Macedonians: on the other side, by Hannibal, who conquered in afric, droven thence, and impatient of peace, sought up and down the world to raise enemies to the people of Rome. And how dangerous might it have been, if the King would have been guided by his advice? If wretched Hannibal had had the management of th● whole strength of Asia? But the King relying on his own power, and priding it in the Title of King, thought it enough to have begun a war. By this time, Europe belonged to the Romans without any dispute. But Antiochus demanded the City Lysimachia, seated on the Thracian shore, as his by right from his Ancestors. By the influence of this constellation the tempest of the Asian war was raised, and the greatest of Kings, 
* Contentus  contenting himself, that he had gallantly declared a war, and having marched out of Asia with a mighty noise and train, and possessed himself of the Islands and shores of Greece, minded his divertisement● and luxury, as if he had been already Victor. The Euripus, by its intermissive waters, divided the Island Eubaea from the continent only by a small space which let in a small Arm of the Sea. Here Antiochus had his Tents of Gold and Silk, pitched within the noise of the water, and wanted not also his music of flutes and other instruments amidst the waves, nor his Roses, which were brought from all parts, though it were Winter; nay that he might seem in all respects the General of an Army, he had also companies of Virgins and young Lads. Such a King therefore, already vanquished by his own luxury, the Romans, under the conduct of M. Acilius Glabrio, assaulting in the very Island, forced him to forsake it upon the first news of their approach. Thence they went immediately into Asia. The Royal Navy was commanded by Polexenes and Hannibal; for the King himself could not endure to look on the fight. Therefore Aemilius Regullus being General, it was absolutely defeated by the Rhodian Galleys. Let not that Athens flatter itself; in Antiochus we overcame Xerxes; in Aemilius, we matched Themistodes, and in taking Ephesus, we have gained as much honour, as they in taking Salamis. Afterwards, Scipio being Consul, (whose Brother surnamed Africanus, late Conqueror of Carthage, went along with him, voluntary, as his Lieutenant-General) it is resolved that Antiochus should be absolutely subdued: and indeed he was already beaten out of the Sea; but we proceed further. We encamp at the River Maeander, and the Mountain Sipylus. There the King had taken up his post, with what Forces of his own, and Auxiliaries is incredible. He had three hundred thousand Foot, and about the same number of Horse and Chariots of war. Besides, he had surrounded his Army with huge Elephants, glittering in Gold, Purple, Silver, and their own Ivory. But all these preparations were obstructed by their own greatness: besides a sudden shower of rain that fell, had, to our advantage, made the Persian bows useless. First, their consternation, than flight, made way for our triumph. To Antiochus vanquished and submitting himself, they granted peace, and part of his Kingdom; and that the more willingly, the more easily he had been defeated.   

CHAP. IX.  
The Rhodians and Athenians use their mediation with the Romans on the behalf of the Aetolians, Cephalenia and other Islands subdued by the Romans.  
THe Aetolian, as it ought, succeeded the Syrian war. For Antiochus being vanquished, the Romans pursued the incendiaries of the Asian war. The revenge is committed to the charge of Fulvius Nobilior, who immediately with his engines batters the Metropolis of the Nation, Ambracia, sometime the abode of K. Pyrrhus. Whereupon it was surrendered. The Athenians and Rhodians came thither upon the entreaty of the Aetolians: [upon their mediation] remembering the assistance we had received from them, it was thought fit they should be pardoned: But the war crept into the adjacent parts, and spread all over Cephalenia, and Zacinithos; and all the Island's scattered up and down that Sea, between the Ceraunian Mountains, and the Promontory of Malaeum, came in occasionally by the Aetolian war.   

CHAP. X.  
The Istrians plunder Manlius' Camp, but afterwards being surprised in the midst of the jollity are defeated, and their King taken prisoner.  
THe Istrians follow the Aetolians; for they had assisted them not long before in their war: and the beginning of the fight was fortunate to the enemy, and proved also the occasion of their ruin. For after they had plundered the Camp of C. Manlius, and possessed themselves of a rich booty, C. Claudius Pulcher falls upon them as they were feasting and sporting, nay many of them so overcome with drink, that they knew not where they were. So they cast up their surprised Victory, with their blood and breath. The King himself, named Apulo, being set a Horseback as not able to stand through gluttony and lightness of the head, was with much ado persuaded that he was taken, even after he had recovered himself.   

CHAP. XI.  
The Gallo-grecians are subdued by the Romans; the great courage and gallantry of a Lady, in revenging herself of a Centurion who had done her violence.  
THe Gallo-grecians were also involved in the ruins of the Syrian war. They had been among the Auxiliaries of King Antiochus. Whether Manlius were over-desirous of a triumph, or that he maliciously charged them [with that offence] is doubtful: certain it is, that, though a Conqueror, a triumph was denied him, because the occasion of the war was not approved by the Senate. Now the Gallo-grecians, as appears by the very name, is an intermixed and mongrel people, the remainders of the Galls, who under Brennus had wasted Greece, going further Eastward, had after sometime planted themselves in the midst of Asia. But as the seeds of fruits degenerate, by change of soil, so that innate savageness of theirs was abated by the delicacies of Asia. They were therefore at two fights quite broken and defeated, though upon the approach of an enemy, forsaking their own habitations, they had retired to the highest Mountains, which the Tolistobogii and the Tectosagae were already possessed of. 
* Vtrique  Both of them being galled with slings and arrows, accepted conditions of a perpetual peace. But being bound, they gave us occasion to wonder at them, when they proffered to by't off their chains, and offered their throats one to another to be strangled. And yet the wife of Orgiagon, a King among them, having been ravished by a Centurion of ours, got out of custody by a memorable example, and brought the Soldiers head to her [injured] husband.   

CHAP. XII.  
The second Macedonian or Persian war; the alliance between the Macedonians and the Thracians; the policy of K. Perses, who yet is overcome by P. Aemilius. The description of a magnificent triumph; the news of the Vitory brought to Rome, the very day of the Engagement, by the means of two young men, who were thought to be Castor and Pollux.  
WHile Nations after Nations follow the fate of the Syrian war, Macedonia risen up a second time. The remembrance of thei● former nobility stirred up that most valiant people: and there had succeeded Philip, hi● Son Perses, who thought it a dishonour to the Nation, that Macedonia, being overcome once, should ever continue so. The Macedonians, rise with greater animosity under this man, than they had done under his father. For they had drawn in the Thracians to join with them. 
* A●qu● ita ●dustriam Mac●donum, vi●ibus Thracum; fero●i●m Thracum, disciplina Macedonum t●mperavere.  And so they had balanced the dexterity of the Macedonians by the robust valour of the Thracians, and the brutality of the Thracians by the discipline of the Mecedonians. What added to this, was the prudence of the chief Commander, who having observed the situation of his countries, from top of Aeonus encamping his Forces in abrupt places, had so fortified Macedonia with Men and Arms, that he seemed not to have left the enemies any way to enter into it, unless they should fall down from the Heavens. For Q. Martius Philippus being Consul, the Romans, having learned out the avenues, got into that Province, by the way of the marshes of Astrudes, through harsh and dangerous places, nay such as seemed inaccessible to birds, and by that means terrified the King, who lay secure and feared no such thing, wi●h an unexpected alarm of war. Whereat he was so startled, that he commanded all his money to be cast into the sea, that it might not be lost, and that the navy should be burnt, to prevent the firing of it by the enemy. Paulus being Consul, when the Garrison were better manned, and lay closer one to another than they had done before, Macedonia was surprised by another way, through the great policy and industry of the General, who offering to get in at one place, and breaking in at another, the King was so startled at his coming, that he durst not be present, but left the war to be managed by his Commanders. Being therefore vanquished in his absence, he escaped to Sea, and so to the Island of Samothrace, promising himself protection from the sanctity of the place, as if Temples and Altars could secure him, whom his own Mountains and Arms could not. None of the Kings longer regretted his loss of Fortune. Writing to our General as a suppliant, from the Temple into which he had fled, he set down to the Epistle with his own name, his quality of King. But no man could express a greater respect towards captivated Majesty then Paulus did. As soon as the enemy came into his sight, he brought him into his Tent, and treated him with banquets, and admonished his Sons, that they should submit to Fortune; who was able to do so great things. Of all the most magnificent triumphs which the Romans had seen, this from Macedonia was one of the chiefest; for the show of it lasted three days. The first day, were brought in Images and Pictures; the second, Arms and Money; the third, the Captives, and among them the King himself, having not recovered out of his astonishment, as if the disaster were but newly befallen him. But the people of Rome had received the joyful news of the Victory, before they had it by the General's Letters. For the very day that Perses was vanquished in Macedonia, the thing was known at Rome. Two young men mounted on white Horses, were seen washing off dust and blood at the Lake of Suturna. These brought the news. The common persuasion was, that they were Castor and Pollux, because there were two of them; that they had been present at the fight; because they were yet bloody; that they came out of Macedonia, because they seemed as it were out of breath.   

CHAP. XIII.  
The Illyrians are vanquished by the Praetor Anicius; Scodra, the chief City of their Country, laid desolate.  
THe contagion of the Macedonian war drew in the Illyrians. They were Mercenaries under King Perses, and should have fallen on the rear of the Romans. They are without any trouble subdued by the Propraetor Anicius. It was thought sufficient, to lay Scodra, chief City of the Nation, levelly with the ground. Whereupon there ensued an absolute surrender of themselves to bondage. In fine, this war was at an end, before it was known at Rome that it was engaged in.   

CHAP. XIV.  
The third Macedonian war occasioned by the usurpation of a mean person, named Andriscus; the Praetor Juventius is overcome by him, but sufficiently revenged by Metellus, who brings Andriscus captive to Rome.  
THe Carthaginians and Macedonians, as if there had been some agreement between them, that they should be a third time vanquished, by a certain disposal of destiny, took up Arms at the same time. But the Macedonian shook off the yoke first, and was reduced with the more difficulty, because he had been slighted. The occasion of the war almost forces a blush; for one Andriscus, a person of mean descent, whether a slave or free is doubtful, but certainly a Mercenary, invades the Kingdom, and undertakes the war. But because he was commonly known by the name of Philippus, by reason of his likeness in the face to that Prince, he was called Pseudo-Philippus, and as he had the resemblance, and had assumed the title of a King, so he wanted not a courage beseeming a King. Therefore while the Romans slight these things, thinking it enough to send the Praetor Juventius against him, they rashly engage against a man grown powerful not only by the strength of the Macedonians, but also by the great additional Forces of Thrace, and are with much regret worsted, not by real Kings, but by that imaginary and personated Prince. But Metellus being Praetor, they were fully revenged for the former loss of a Legion and the Praetor, who commanded it. For Macedonia was made subject to bondage, and the chief Commander, delivered up by that Prince of Thrace to whom he had fled, was brought to the City in chains; Fortune doing him a kindness even in his disasters, that the people of Rome made a triumph upon his account, as much as if he had really been a King.   

CHAP. XV.  
The third Pudick or Carthaginian war; the deplorable destruction of the City of Carthage, by young Scipio.  
THe third war, with afric, was short, both as to time (for it was completed in four years) and in comparison of the former, of less difficulty: for our business was not so much against men as against the City itself, but if we consider the event, it was of great consequence: for by that means Carthage was destroyed. And if a man consider the circumstances of former times; in the first, the war was only begun, in the second, almost dispatched, in the third, quite ended. But the occasion of this war was, that, contrary to the Articles of the Treaty, they had, but once indeed, prepared a Navy and Army against the Numidians, but had several times alarmed the territories of Masinissa. For the Romans had a kindness for that good King, their Ally. When the war was resolved upon, it what proposed, what should be done after it were ended. Cato, out of an irreconcilable animosity, gave his vote for the destruction of Carthage, even while other things were under debate. Scipio Nasica alleged that it should be preserved, lest the fear of the Rival-City being once taken away, the prosperity of Rome would be apt to break forth into debauches. The Senate took a course between both, to wit, that Carthage might be removed from the place where it stood. For they thought it a glorious thing there should be a Carthage, but such as should not be feared. Whereupon Manilius and Censorinus being Consuls, the Romans set upon Carthage, and having the Navy, upon some overture of peace, surrendered to them, they set it afire in sight of the City. Then the chiefest among the Citizens being sent for, were commanded, if they would save their lives, to quiet Carthage. Which command seeming too cruel, so incensed them, that they would rather endure the greatest extremities. Whereupon they made public lamentations, and unanimously cried out Arms: and they were absolutely resolved to stand it out by force; not that they had any hope left, but out of a desire that their country should be destroyed rather by the enemies, than themselves. How great the fury of the discontented was, may be inferred hence, that they pulled down ●heir houses to build a new Fleet, that about ●heir Arms, gold and silver was employed instead of iron and brass, and the Matrons par●ed with their hair to make cordage for the engines. Afterwards, Mancinus being Consul, the siege was closely carried on both by Sea and Land. The Haven, and the first and second walls were already dismantled, when the Castle notwithstanding, called the Byrsa, made such resistance, as if it had been another City. But though the destruction of the City was in a good forwardness, yet [was it considered, that] the name of the Scipio's was fatal to afric. The Commonwealth therefore, pitching upon another Scipio, was desirous the see an end of that war. He was the Son of Paulus surnamed Macedonicus, and had been adopted by the Son of the great Scipio Africanus, presuming he would be an ornament to his race; it being designed that the Grandchild should absolutely lay desolate that City which the Grandfather had brought near its destruction. But as the bitings of dying beasts are most dangerous, so we found more work with Carthage half ruined, than when it was entire. The enemies being forced into one Fortress, the Romans had also besieged the Port. Whereupon, the Carthaginians made another Port, on the other side of the City, not with any design to get away: but even from that place, whence no man imagined it possible they should escape, a new Fleet starts up. In the mean time, no day, no night past, but some new work, engine, or forlorn did appear, like sudden flashes of fire out of the embers, after some conflagration. At last, things growing desperate, forty thousand men surrendered themselves, and (what is hardly credible,) Asdrubal being their Leader. How much more gallantly did a Woman, and that the same Asdrubal's wife, behave herself? when taking her two children, she cast herself down from the top of the house into the midst of the fire, therein imitating the Queen who founded Carthage. How great a City was destroyed, to omit other things, the very continuance of the fire makes apparent: for during the space of seventeen days, they could hardly quench the fire, which the enemies themselves had been the occasions of, by firing their own houses and Temples, purposely, that since the City could not be rescued from the triumphs of the Romans, it should first be burnt.   

CHAP. XVI.  
Corinth, the Metropolis of Achaia declared an enemy to the people of Rome, for the affronts done to their Ambassadors; it is destroyed, and consumed by fire.  
COrinth, Metropolis of Achaia, the ornament of Greece, and seated for the delightfulness of the prospect, between the Ionian and Aegaean Seas, immediately followed the fate of Carthage, as if that age had been designed for the destruction of Cities. This City (●● thing unworthy) was destroyed, before it was certainly known to be of our enemies. Critolaus was the cause of the war, who employed the liberty given him by the Romans against them, and affronted the Roman Ambassadors, if not by blows, at least in words. The revenge therefore was put upon Metellus, then settling Macedonia; and hence came the Achaean war, whereof the first action was, that the Consul Metellus had the slaughter of Critolaus' party, in the spacious Fields of Elis, all long the River Alpheus. And the war was ended in one battle; and soon after the City was besieged: but the fates so ordering things, after Metellus had fought, Mammius came in to complete the Victory. This latter, by the advantages gained by the other General, defeated the Achaean Army at the very entrance of the Isthmus, and both the Ports [of Corinth] were stained with blood. At length, the Inhabitants having forsaken the City, it was first plundered, afterwards by sound of Trumpet destroyed. What abundance of statues, what garments, what pictures were taken, burnt, and cast about the streets? What wealth was burnt and brought thence may be hence computed, that all the Corinthian brass, now celebrated over the world, was only the remainders of that conflagration. Nay the desolation of that most wealthy City enhanced the price of the brass, in as much as an infinite number of Statues and Images being burnt, the Gold, Silver, and Brass, melted together, flowed in joint veins.   

CHAP. XVII.  
An account of Transactions in Spain, which is set upon by the Romans, and the Provinces of it subdued by several Commanders; the policy and valour of a Spanish Captain, he is afterwards killed by a Roman Soldier; Viriathus a Portuguez compared to Romulus; Pompilius order him to be murdered.  
AS Corinth followed Carthage, so Numantia followed Corinth. Nor was there afterwards any part free from war all over the world. After the conflagration of those two famous Cities; there was a general war all over, at the same time; as if those Cities seemed, like violent winds, to have spread the conflagrations of war into all other parts of the world. Spain never had any design to make a general insurrection against us, never thought ●●t to unite all its strength, nor yet to dispute the supremacy with us, or attempt a public assertion of its liberty; which if it had, it is so fortified all about by the Sea and the Pyrenaean Mountains, that the very situation secured i● from an invasion. But it was straitened by the Romans before it knew itself; and, of all the Provinces, it only knew its own strength after it was conquered. The contestation about this Province lasted near two hundred years, from the first Scipio's to Augustus Caesar, not by a continued war, but as occasions started. Nor had we to do at first with the Spaniards, but the Carthaginians. Thence proceeded the contagion, and series, and cause of the wars. The first Roman ensigns that passed over the Pyrenaean Mountains were under the conduct of the Scipio's, Publius, and Cneus; and they, in memorable fights, defeated Anon, and Asdrubal, Hannibal's Brother, and Spain had been carried as it were by the first attempt, if those gallant men, supplanted in the height of their victory, had not fallen by Punic treachery, after they had got the better both by Sea and Land. So that Scipio, the revenger of his Father and Uncle, who was soon after surnamed Africanus, invaded it as it were a new and entire Province. And he in a short time, having taken Carthage and other Cities, thinking it not enough to have forced the Carthaginians thence, made it a tributary Province, and reduced to the Empire all on both sides of the Iberus, and was the first of the Roman Generals who prosecuted his victory to Gades, and the entrance of the Ocean. But it is a greater matter to retain a Province then to make one. Generals were therefore sent into several parts, sometime to one, sometime to another; and they, with much difficulty, and and many bloody engagements, brought into subjection those savage Nations, which till then were free, and impatient of bondage. Cato, the Censor, after some fights, worsted the Celtiberians, that is, the strength of Spain. Gracchus, the Father of the Gracchis, plagued the same people by the desolation of a hundred and fitty Cities. 
* Metellus ille, cui ex Macedonia cognome● (meruerat & Celtibericus fieri) quam Contrebiam memorabili cepisset exemplo, Vertobrigis majori gloriâ pepercit.  That Metellus, who had his surname from Macedonia (he also deserved that of Celtibericus) having, by a memorable exploit, taken Contrebia, gained more glory by not taking Vertobrigae. Lucullus reduced the Turduli and the Vaccaei, from whom the latter Scipio, having, upon a challenge, fought a duel with the King, brought away rich spoils. Decimus Brutus went somewhat further, brought in the Celtaes, and the Inhabitants of Gallicia, and crossed the River of Oblivion, so dreadful to the Soldiers; and having taken a victorious progress all along the Ocean, he turned not back his Ensigns, till, with a certain horror and apprehension of having committed some sacrilege, he beheld the Sun falling into the Sea, and its torch quenched in the waves. But the sharpest engagements were with the Lusitanians and Numantians; and justly, for they only of all the [Spanish] Nations, had excellent Leaders. We should also have had work enough with all the Celtiberians, if the Author of that insurrection, a person of extraordinary subtlety and confidence, had not been killed at the beginning of the war, I mean, that Solundicus, who brandishing a silver spear, as if sent from Heaven, had, Prophet-like, gained the affections of all. But presuming, out of a boldness equal to his extravagance, in the night, to approach the Consul's Camp, he was taken off hard by the very Tent, with the dart of the Sentinel. The Lusitanians were stirred up by Vi●iathus, a man of incomparable subtlety, who of a Huntsman became a Robber, of a Robber, he got to be Captain and General, and, if Fortune had favoured, might have been the Romulus of Spain. For not content to maintain the liberty of his own people, but f●r the space of fourteen years he used all hostile extremities at all places both on this side and the other of the Rivers Iberus and Tagus. Nay he attempted the Camp and very Guard of our Praetors, he had in a manner quite destroyed the Army under the command of Claudius Vnimanus, and had erected, in his own Mountains, memorable Trophies made of the [Roman] Ornaments and our Fasces. But at length the Consul Fabius Maximus had crushed him; but the victory was soiled by his Successor Servilius Caepio, who, desirous to put a period to the war, out of baseness and treachery, got the defeated Captain assassinated by some of his own menial servants, even while he was contriving how to make a surrender of himself; and did thereby the enemy so much honour, as that it might seem he could not otherwise have been overcome.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
The City of Numantia opposes the Romans for many years; Hostilius Mancinus the Roman General defeated by the Numantians, and by order of the Senate delivered into the hands of the enemies; The constancy, and cruel resolution of Numantia exercised on itself.  
THough Numantia was inferior to Carthage, Capua, and Corinth, in point of wealth, yet in honour and reputation of gallantry, it was equal to them all, and, if we consider the Inhabitants of it, the greatest ornament of Spain; in as much as being a place unwalled, unfortifyed, and seated only upon a small ascent, near the River Durius, it held out, for the space of fourteen years, only with a garrison of four thousand Celtiberians, against an Army of forty thousand men, nay did not only hold out, but sometimes also gave us great overthrows, and forced us to dishonourable treaties. In fine, the reduction of it was thought so far impossible, that there was a necessity of employing the same person against it who had destroyed Carthage. To say the truth, we must acknowledge, that haply there was no war of ours, whereof the cause was more unjust than this. The Numantians had entertained into their City the Segidenses, their Allies and Relations; the mediation used on their behalf prevailed nothing; and while they would have absolutely disengaged themselves from having aught to do with the war, they were ordered to lay down their Arms, so to secure the Alliance desired by them. This was so heinously resented by the Barbarians, as if their hands were to be cut off. Whereupon, Megara, a person of great courage, being their Leader, they Arm, and having fought Pompey, they chose rather to enter into a League, even when they might have defeated him. They had afterwards an engagement against Hostilius Mancinus; him also they so worsted with continual overthrows, that scarce any one could endure to look upon, or hear of an Inhabitant of Numantia: and yet they thought fit to make a League with him also, contenting themselves with the spoils of the Arms, when they might have put all to the sword. But the people of Rome being no less incensed at the infamy of this Numantian Treaty, than they had been at that of Caudium, expiated the dishonour of the present miscarriage, by the surrender of Mancinus; and afterwards under the conduct of Scipio, whom the ruin of Carthage had improved for the desolation of Cities, they resolved to revenge it. But then we had a harder service in our own Camp, than in the Field, more to do with our own Soldiery, than with the Numantians. For being orepressed with continual, unnecessary, and for the most part, servile employments, they of our Soldiery who knew not how to handle their arms, were commanded to fill trenches, and they who would not be sprinkled with hostile blood should be [ignominiously] daubed with dirt. They were moreover deprived of their common prostitutes, the boys, and all unnecessary baggage. 'Twas truly said, that such as the General is, such is the Army. So the Soldiery being reduced to discipline, the Armies engaged, and that happened which no body hoped to have seen, that the Numantians were seen to run away. Nay they would have surrendered themselves, if things fit to be endured by men had been enjoined them. But Scipio, desirous of a true and absolute victory, they were reduced to the utmost extremities, so that their first resolve was to fight it out to the last man, having beforehand glutted themselves with a kind of funeral-banquet consisting of half-raw flesh, and a drink made of Corn, by the natives called Caelia. The General having intelligence of their resolution, permitted not an engagement with persons defying death: but want of provisions so pressed upon them, being surrounded with a Trench, a Counterscarp and four Camps, that they begged an engagement of the General, to the end they might die like men. But that not obtained, they resolved upon a Sally, wherein many were killed, by which means the survivers lived a while longer, the famine still continuing. Afterwards, they resolve to make an escape; but that was prevented by their wives, who committing a heinous offence out of their affection, cut their horse-girts. Whereupon reduced to despair, and exasperated into fury and rage, they at last resolve upon this kind of death. They with the help of weapons, and a general conflagration destroyed their Captains, their City, and themselves. Well! I should 
* Asserverim.  affirm it the most valiant, and in my judgement, the most happy City even in its greatest calamities, since it hath with so great constancy towards its Allies, by its own strength, and for so long time, held out against a people backed by the forces of all the world. In fine, the City being forced by the greatest General that ever was, left the enemy nothing to satisfy his vanity; for there was not a man of all Numantia to be brought home in chains; spoil none, because they were poor; their Arms they had burnt themselves; and so we had only the name of a Triumph.   

CHAP. XIX.  
A summary of the Roman wars for the space of two hundred years.  
HItherto the Roman people seemed to express a certain Nobleness, Gallantry, Sanctity and Magnificence in their actions. 
* Reliqua saeculi.  The remainder of that age, as it produced achievements equally great, so did they exceed in turbulence and infamy; vices improving with the dilatation of the Empire. So that if any one divide this its third age, employed in foreign acquests, he will acknowledge the former Century thereof, wherein afric, Macedonia, Sicily and Spain were subdued, justly to have deserved (as the Poets speak) the name of Golden; and the ensuing Century to have been of Iron, and sanguinary, or if any thing can be more inhuman; as comprehending the Jugurthine, the Cimbrian, the Mithridatick, Gaulish and German wars (whereby the Roman glory ascended up to the skies) together with the Gracchian and Drusian massacres, as also the Servile wars, and, to complete our infamy, our engagements even with the Gladiators. At last, the Commonwealth arming against itself, by the commotions of Marius and Sylla, and in fine by the wars between Caesar and Pompey, as if possessed with a spirit of madness and fury, became (
* Per rabiem & furorem, nefas! semet, etc.  o horror!) it's own executioner. Which transactions though ravelled and confused together, yet that they may the better appear, and that there may be a difference between their Heinous and Heroic actions, they shall be set down a part. And in the first place, we shall as we have already begun give an account of those pious and just wars with foreign nations, that the continual augmentation of the Empire may be made manifest. And then we shall return to the horrid actions, and the foul and execrable broils of our own people.   

CHAP. XX.  
Attalus King of Pergamus makes the peoples of Rome his Heir; Astronicus takes occasion thence to enter into a war against them; Crassus defeated and taken Prisoner; Astronicus subdued and put into chains; the unworthy procedure of Aquilius, in poisoning the springs, and by that means blasting the reputation of the Romans.  
SPain being subdued in the western part of the world, the people of Rome were at the East; nay they not only enjoyed peace, but by an unwonted and unknown kind of prosperity, wealth left by regal bequeasts, and whole Kingdoms came into them. Attalus King of Pergamus, Son of King Eumenes, heretofore our Ally and fellow-soldier, left this Will, Let the people of Rome be the Heir of my estate. Of which these were part. Entering upon the inheritance, the Romans became possessors of the Province, not by war, or force of Arms, but (what was more just) in right of the Will. But it is not easy to affirm, whether they more easily 
* Occupaverit.  possessed themselves of, or lost that Province. Aristonicus, a fierce young man, of the blood Royal, easily draws in some of the Cities formerly subject to Kings, and take● some others, which stood out by force, as Mindus, Samos and Colophon. He also defeated the Army of the Proconsul Crassus, and took him. But he reflecting on his Family, and the reputation of the Romans, struck out the eye o● his barbarous Keeper with a wand; and so he incensed him, as he would have it, to his own destruction. Not long after, Aristonicus was subdued and taken by Perpenna, and upon surrender of himself kept in chains. M. Aquilius put an absolute period to the Asian war, poisoning (o wicked act!) the springs, in order to the rendition of certain Cities. Which action as it hastened the victory, so it rendered it infamous; in as much as, contrary to all Religion, and the customs of our Ancestors, the Roman Arms, till then continued sacred, were defiled by detestable compositions.    

THE ROMAN HISTORY BY L. JULIUS FLORUS.  
The Third Book.  

CHAP. I.  
Jugurth, King of Numidia, wars against the Romans; he endeavours to overcome them by artifices and presents; At last, after several defeats, he is betrayed into the hands of Sylla by the means of Bocchus.  
THus went things in the East. But there was not the like quiet in the Southern parts. Who would expect any war should break forth in afric, after the destruction of Carthage? But there was no small disturbance in Numidia, and there was, next Hannibal, what might be feared in Jugurth. For when the Romans were glorious, and unconquerable by the way of Arms, this most subtle Prince engages against them by that of wealth; and yet it fell out beyond expectation, that a King famous for his artifices should be ensnared by artifice. He being Grandchild to Massinissa, and Son by adoption to Micipsa, designing the murder of his Brethren, incited thereto by a desire of Sovereignty, and yet fearing not them so much as the Senate and people of Rome, under whose tuition and protection the Kingdom was, compassed his first mischief by treachery; and having taken off Hiempsal's head, while he would have done the like to Adherbal, who had fled to Rome, he with the money sent by his Ambassadors brought even the Senate to side with him. And this was his first victory over us. Afterwards he in like manner treated those who had been sent to divide the Kingdom between him and Adherbal, and having in the person of Scaurus [who suffered himself to be corrupted] overcome the integrity and customs of the Roman Empire, he prosecuted the wickedness he had begun with greater confidence. But wicked actions lie not long concealed. The wickedness of the corrupted Embassy [of Scaurus] came to light, and a war was resolved upon against the Parricide. The Consul Calpurnius Bestia was the first sent into Numidia. But the King knowing by former experience, that gold could do more against the Romans than Iron, brought his peace. Of which heinous action being guilty, and summoned upon a safe-conduct to appear before the Senate, he with equal confidence both came and got Massina, Grandson to Massinissa, his competitor to the Government, assassinated. This was another cause of the war against the said King. The ensuing revenge is recommended to Albinus. But (o dishonour!) he in like manner so corrupted his Army, that by a voluntary flight of ours, the Numidian overcame, and became master of our Camp: and by a dishonourable treaty, he suffered the Army, which he had before corrupted, to escape. About the same time, not so much to revenge the Roman Empire, as its honour, risen up Metellus, who craftily set upon the enemy with his own artifices, while the other eluded him one while with entreaties, another, with threats, making also his advantage of a feigned as if it had been a real flight. Not content with the devastation of Fields and Villages, he made attempts against the principal Cities of Numidia, and a long time endeavoured the reduction of Zama, but without, effect. But Thala he sacked, a place well furnished with ammunition, and where the King's treasure wa●. Afterwards having deprived the King of his Cities, he pursued him as a fugitive out of his own territories, through Mauritania and Getulia. At last Marius, with a considerable recruit, after he had taken into the Army persons of mean extraction upon an oath administered to them, setting upon the King already defeated and wounded, yet found it as hard a task to overcome him, as if his Forces had been fresh and entire. This man with extraordinary success reduced Capsa, a City built in honour of Hercules, seated in the midst of afric, and surrounded with Sands and Serpents, and by the assistance of a certain Ligurian, forced his way to the City Mulucha, built upon a rocky Mountain, a place in a manner inaccessible. After which he gave a signal overthrew not only to Jugurth, but also to Bocchus King of Mauritania, siding with the Numidian upon the score of kindred, near the City Cirta. Bocchus distrusting his affairs, and fearing to be involved in another's ruin, made King Jugurth the price of his agreement and friendship with the Romans. So the craftiest of Kings was ensnared by the artifices of his Father in law, and delivered into the hands of Sylla. And at length the people of Rome beheld Jugurth loaden with chains led in triumph; but he also, though overcome and bound, saw the City, which he had falsely prophesied was to be sold, and should be ruined, if it met with a buyer. But if ever saleable, it had a Chapman in him, and seeing he escaped not, it will be an assurance that it shall never perish.   

CHAP. II.  
The victory obtained by the Romans beyond the Alps, over the Salii, the Allobroges, and the Aruerni; Domitius Aenobarbus, and Fabius Maximus erect Towers of stone, and set up Trophies on them.  
THus the Romans demeaned themselves in the South. In the North the troubles were greater and more bloody; there being nothing more insufferable than that Coast, where the Air is very piercing, and the Inhabitants savage. All along that quarter, an implacable Enemy broke forth on all sides, on the right, the left, and out of the midst of the North. The first who felt our Arms beyond the Alps were the Salii, upon complaints made of their Incursions, by the most faithful and friendly City Massilia. Afterwards, the Allobroges and Aruerni, upon the like complaints of the Aedui, who desired our assistance and relief against them. Varus is a witness of the victory, and Iscara, and the River Vindelicus, and the swiftest of Rivers the Rhone. The greatest terror to the Barbarians were the Elephants, whose bulk was answerable to that of the Inhabitants. There was nothing so remarkable in the Triumph as the King himself, Bituitus, in his Arms of divers colours, and a silver Chariot, such as he had fought in. For both which victories, how great the rejoicing was, may be imagined hence, that Domitius Aenobarbus, and Fabius Maximus erected Towers of stone upon the very places where they had fought, and fastened Trophies thereon, adorned with the Arms of the Enemies, a thing not usual with our people. For the Romans ever upbraided those whom they subdued with their victory.   

CHAP. III.  
The Cimbri and Teutones design an Incursion into Italy; they defeat several Armies of the Romans, but are at last defeated themselves by Marius; The strange resolution of their Wives. A miraculous thing happened at Rome after the defeat.  
THe Cimbrians, the Teutones, and the Tigurians, fugitives from the extremities of Germany, upon the Sea's overrunning their Country, sought new habitations all the world over: and being kept out of France and Spain, as they were returning into Italy, they sent Ambassadors to Silanus' Camp, and thence to the Senate, desiring the martial people [of Rome] would assign them some Country or other, by way of pay, which if granted, they should dispose of their hands and arms. But what Lands should the Roman people give, then ready to fall into a Civil War, about the Agragrian Laws? Being therefore repulsed, what they could not obtain by entreaty, they resolve to get by force. For neither could Silanus hold out against the first irruption of the Barbarians, nor Manlius against the second, nor Caepio against the third. All had been lost, if Marius had not lived in that age. Nor durst he presently engage them; but kept in his men within the Camp, till that invincible rage and violence, which the Barbarians account valour, were somewhat remitted. They therefore retreated from ours, insulting, and (so great was their confidence of taking the City) ask them, whether they would any thing to their wives. Immediately, upon those threats, dividing themselves into three Bodies, they marched over the Alps, that is, the Bars of Italy. Marius presently, with extraordinary expedition, taking the nearer ways, prevents the Enemy, and pursuing the foremost Body, the Teuto●es, at the descent of the Alps, at a place ca●led Aquae Vitae. Oh heavenly powers▪ what an overthrow did we give them? The enemies were possessed of the Valley and the River, our people wanted water. Whether the General did it purposely, or made advantage of his Error, is doubtful. Certain it is, Valour heightened by necessity, occasioned the Victory. For the Army calling for water. Ye are men, said he, there it is to be bad. The Engagement was so sharp, and the slaughter of the enemies so great, that the Roman Conqueror drunk not so much water out of the river as Barbarians blood, which ran down with it. Nay the King himself Theutobocchus, who was wont to vault over four or six horses, could hardly get up one, when he was to make his escape; and being taking in an adjoining Grove, he was a remarkable Spectacle, in as much as being a person of extraordinary stature, he was higher than the very Trophies. The Teutones being utterly destroyed, they march towards the Cymbrians. These had already (who would imagine it?) in the wintertime which raises the Alps to a greater height, by the Mountains of Trent made a descent, as if they had fallen down into Italy. They crossed over the river Athesis, not by the help of Bridge or Boats, but upon Trees cast into it, after they had out of a barbarous stupidity in vain attempted to stop its course, first with their own bodies, and afterwards with their hands and shields: and if they had immediately taken their march to the City, the case might have been very dangerous. But about Venice, the most delicious part of Italy, their fierceness was softened by the very mildness of the Air and Soyl. Besides Marius opportunely falls upon them, effeminated by the use of bread, boiled flesh, and sweet wines. They soon desired Marius to pitch upon a day to fight, and he appointed the next. They metri●● a most spacious field, called Claudius; on their side there fell a hundred and forty thousand, on ours, not three hundred. They had the slaughter of the Barbarians for the space of a whole day. Our General also had helped our valour with artifice, imitating Annibal, and his Conduct at Cannae. Fi●st having got a cloudy day, that he might charge the enemy ere he expected it; besides a windy, that the dust raised might fly into their eyes and faces; then having his Army drawn up towards the East, that, as was soon known by such as were taken, the Air might seem to be on fire, by reason of the glittering of our Helmets, and the Sun's reflection on them. Nor was the Engagement with their wives less than with them: when being surrounded with Carts and Wagons, they fought from them as it were from Towers, with Clubs and Lances. Their death was equally gallant with their way of fight. For when, upon an Embassy sent to Marius, they could attain neither liberty, nor the privilege of celibate (which it was not lawful to grant them) having strangled and dashed their children's brains out, they either fell by mutual wounds, or, with strings made of their own hair, hung themselves on trees, or their Cart-tayls. Their King Beleus died fight gallantly in the field, and fell not unrevenged. The ●●ird Body was that of the Tigurians, which as a relief to the others had possessed itself of the hills of the Alps towards Noricium, dispersing, some basely running away, others betaking themselves to robberies, mouldered away. The joyful and happy news of Italy's liberty, and the Empire vindicated, came not to the people of Rome by men, as is wont, but (if credible) by the Gods themselves. For the same day the thing was done, before the Temple of Castor and Pollux, young men crowned wi●h Laurel, were seen delivering Letters to the Praetor, and there was a common report in the Theatre of a happy Victory over the Cimbrians. Then which what could be more miraculous, what more remarkable? As if Rome, raised above her mounts, had been Spectatrix of the war, as it had been at the Duels between Gladiators; since at the same time the Cimbrians fell in the field, the people made acclamations in the City.   

CHAP. IU.  
The Thracians revolt, commit many insolences and inhumanities'; Portius Cato defeated by them; at last they a●e defeated by divers Roman Generals; The Victory obtained by Lucullus.  
AFter the Macedonians (the Gods so pleased) the Thracians rebelled, although heretofore Tributaries to the Macedonians; nor were they content to make incursions only into the adjacent Provinces, but they got into Thessaly and Dalmatia, even to the Adriatic Sea, where stopping, as if Nature interposed, they cast their darts at the very waves. In the mean time they were so inhuman as to leave no cruelty unexercised on such as they took prisoners. For they offered man's blood in sacrifice to the Gods, they drunk in men's sculls, and by such insolences, they aggravated their punishments, whom they put to death with fire and 
* Ferro.  sword; nay they forced by tortures the infants out of their mother's wombs. The most savage of all the Thracians were the Sordisci, a people as subtle as stout. The situation of their woods and mountains was correspondent to their dispositions. Accordingly, the whole Army commanded by Cato, was not only defeated by those people, and put to flight, but, what is prodigious, all cut to pieces. Didius, finding the Thracians straggling and dispersed in prosecution of booty, forced them back into their Country; Drusus drove them yet further, and kept them from crossing the Dannow; Minucius destroyed all along the ●iver Aebrus, with the loss indeed of many of his men, while the Horse passed over the Ice of that traitorous river. Piso forced his way through the mountains of Rhodope and Caucasus. Curio went as far as Dacia, but w Ps frighted at the obscurity of the woods. A pius got even into Sarmatia; Lucullus, to the, extremities of the world, the River Tanais and the Lake of Maeotis. Nor were the most bloody of our enemies subdued by any other treatment than was suitable to their own disposition; for such of them as were taken felt the extremities of fire and sword. But nothing seemed more in-supportable to the Barbarians, than that, having their hands cut off, they seemed to outlive their punishment.   

CHAP. V.  
Mithridates' wars against the Romans, and takes Bythinia from them, and brings all Asia into an inclination to revolt; He causes all the Roman Citizens to be massacred in the Provinces of Asia; Sylla defeats him in two battles; Mithridates raises a greater Army, besieges Cyzicum, and is overcome by Lucullus; The signal Victory of Pompey over both Mithridates and Tigranes; He overruns all Asia, and brings it in subjection to the Romans.  
THe Pontic Nations are seated Northwards, towards the Euxine Sea, which is on the left hand, so called from the Pontic Sea. Of these Nations and Countries the most ancient King was Atheas, afterwards Artabazes, descended from the seven Governors of Persia. After him Mithridates, the mightiest of them all; since that whereas Pyrrhus was defeated in four years, Hannibal in seventeen, this man stood out forty years, till that being subdued in three great Battles, he was brought to nothing, by the happy conduct of Sylla, the gallantry of Lucullus; and greatness of Pompey. His pretence of war, as he alleged to the Praetor of Asia, Cassius, was, that Nicomedes King of Bythinia invaded his Territories. But indeed being transc●dently ambitious, his design was to become Master of Asia, and if he could, of Europe too. He derived his hope and confidence from our vices. For we being divided by civil wars, gave him the occasion; and Marius, Sylla, and Sertorius showed him at a distance the naked side of the Empire. Amidst these wounds and distractions of the Commonwealth, an opportunity being taken of a sudden, the storm of the Pontic War broke forth, as it were out of the uttermost den of the North, upon a people then wearied & minding other things. The first eruption of the War took away Bythinia from us. Afterwards Asia was subject to the same terror. Nor was it long ere the Cities and Nations thereof revolted from us, to the King. He was himself present, importuned them, and exercised cruelty in stead of valour. For what more insupportable than that one Edict of his, whereby he commanded all the free Denizens of Rome that were in Asia, to be put to death? Whereupon Houses, Temples, Altars, nay all divine and humane Rights were violated. But this terror of Asia opened the King a way into Europe. Having therefore sent Archelaus and Neoptolemus, his Lieutenants, the Cyclados, Delos, Euboea, nay the very ornament of Greece, Athens were taken only Rhodes remained, which stuck closer to ●● than any of the rest. Nay, the terror of the Kings advance was come into Italy, nay even to the very City of Rome. Whereupon L. Sylla, an excellent Soldier, and no less daring, gives a check to the Enemies further advance, as if he had shoved him with his hand. And immediately thence (who would believe it?) he went and pressed the City of Athens, the parent of Corn, with a Siege and Famine, so far as that they were forced to eat man's flesh; and afterwards having destroyed the Port of Pyraeum, and Walls, to the extent of six thousand 
* Sex quoque & amplius M p●m●ris.  paces and more, after he had subdued the most ungratesul of men, as he said himself, yet in honour of their deceased Ancestors, he restored them to their Temples and Reputation. Afterwards having forced away the King's Garrisons from Euboea and Boeotia, he defeated all his Forces in two Battles, one near Cheronaea, the other near Orchomenos: and thereupon passing over into Asia, he worsts him himself; and he had been absolutely ruined, if Sylla had not been more desirous to hasten, than complete his Triumph. To this posture Sylla reduced Asia. He made a League with the Inhabitants of Pontus. Of King Nicomedes he received Bythinia; of Arioborzantes, Cappadocia; and so Asia became ours, as before. Mithridates was only forced out of his Territories. So that the Inhabitants of Pont●s were not broken by these transactions, but incensed. For the King, as it were lured by the wealth of Asia and Europe, endeavoured the recovery of it by the Right of War, not as belonging to another, but because he had before lost it. Therefore as fires not fully put out, break forth into greater flame●; so Mithridates, having gotten greater Forces together, came as it were with the whole strength of his Kingdom again into Asia, by Land, by Sea, and by Rivers. C●zicum, a famous City, is the Ornament of the Asian Coast, as having a Fortress, Walls, a Port, and Towers of Marble. Against this place, as if against a second Rome, he directed all the stress of the War. But the Citizens had the confidence to stand out, upon intelligence of Lucullus' advance brought by a messenger, who (a thing strange to relate!) supported by a Goatskin under the arms, and guiding himself with his feet, seeming to such as saw him at a distance a kind of Sea-monster, had escaped through the midst of the enemy's ships. Whereupon, the posture of affairs changing, the besieging King being first pressed with famine, and afterwards with the pestilence, Lucullus falls upon him as he was departing thence, and gave him so great an overthrow, that the Rivers Granius and Aesapus were all bloody. The subtle King, and acquainted with the avarice of the Romans, commanded baggage and money to be scattered by those that fled, whereby to retard the pursuers. Nor was his flight by Sea more fortunate than that by Land. For a Fleet of above a hundred Ships, well stored with Ammunition and Provision, met with a Tempest in the Pontic Sea, and was so shattered, as if it had been in some engagement, as if Lucullus, having a certain correspondence with the Waves and Storms, had recommended the King to be subdued by the Winds. By this time were all the Forces of a most powerful Kingdom spent, but the King's courage was heightened by his misfortunes. So that addressing himself to the adjacent Nations, he involved in his ruin in a manner all the eastern and northern parts. The Iberians, the Ca●pians, the Albanians, and both the Armenia's were courted, and through all places Pompey's fortune sought him matter of glory, reputation, and titles. He seeing Asia inflamed by new Commotions, and that Kings sprung out of Kings, thinking it not fit to delay things till the strengths of several Nations were united, a Bridge of Ships being of a sudden put together, he first of any crossed the Euphrates, and having overtaken the retreating King in the midst of Armenia (so extraordinary was the man's success?) he utterly ruined him at one battle. The engagement happened in the night, and the Moon seemed to take our part, in as much as she stood behind the Enemies, and appeared in her full lustre to the Romans, whereby the Ponticks deluded by their longer shadows, made at them, as at the bodies of their enemies. So that Mithridates was subdued in that one night. For afterwards he could do nothing, though he essayed all things, like serpents, which having lost their heads, move their tails to the last. For having escaped the enemy, he would by his sudden advance, have frighted Colchos, as also the Cicilian Coasts, and our Campania; then having destroyed the Port of Pyraeum, he would have had the Bosphorus reach to Colchos, and marching thence through Thrace, Macedonia, and Greece, he thought to have made an unexpected invasion into Italy. But prevented by the revolt of his subjects, and the impiety of his son Pharnaces, he with his sword thrust out that soul, which poison could not force out of his body. In the mean time, the great Cneus, prosecuting the rebellious remainders of Asia, traversed divers Nations and Provinces. For following the Armenians eastward, having taken the Metropolis of the Country Artaxata, he ordered Tigranes, upon his submission, to reign over them. But towards the North, a Scythian Expedition, wherein he had, as if at Sea, no guide but the stars, he destroyed Colchos, pardoned Iberia; spared the Albanians; having pitched his Camp at the descent of Caucasus, he commanded Orodes King of Colchos to come down into the plains; Artoces, who ruled over the Iberians, to send in even his own children as Hostages; nay, he also requited the liberality of Orodes, who had of his own accord sent him a Golden Couch, and other presents from Albania. And turning his Forces towards the South, having past Mount Libanus in Syria, and Damascus, he led the Roman Ensigns thorough those odoriferous Forests, and Woods of Balm and Frankincense. The Arabians were ready to obey his commands. The Jews assayed to defend Jerusalem against him; but he forced his way into that also, that great Mystery of an impious Nation, lying open as it were under a golden roof. Being Arbitrator between two Brothers in competition for the Kingdom, he appointed Hyrcanus to reign; Aristobulus, not complying, he put into chains. Thus under the conduct of Pompey the Romans overran all Asia, where it is of greatest extent, and made that a Middle-province of the Empire, which had been the extremity of it. For they only excepted, who preferred a League, and the Indians, who are not yet known to us, all Asia, between the Red-sea, the Caspian, and the Ocean, was under our Jurisdiction, either subdued or reduced by the Pompeian Legions.   

CHAP. VI  
The Cilician Pirates scour the Seas, and hinder Commerce; Pompey's miraculous success in the reduction of them in forty days.  
IN the mean time, while the Romans are dispersed into several parts of the world, the Cilicians invade the Seas, and taking away all Commerce by a breach of the Bonds of humane Society, they had made the Seas as impassable by the War, as they might have been by a Tempest. The desperate and enraged pirates derived a confidence from the unquiet state of affairs in Asia, by reason of the wars with Mithridates, and making their advantages of another's war, and the envy of a foreign King, they roved up and down without control. And at first, commanded by one Isidorus, they kept within the next Seas and exercised their piracies between Crect and Cyrenae, Pyreum, and Achaia, and Maleus, which, from their booties, they named The Golden Gulf. And P. Servilius being employed against them, though he worsted their light and nimble Brigantines, with his heavy and well appointed Ships of War, yet was not the Victory without bloodshed. Nor thought he it enough to force them out of the Sea, but he also destroyed their strongest Cities, and such as daily Spoils had enriched, to wit, Phaselis, and Olympus, and Isaurus, the greatest Fortress of Cilicia; whence imagining to himself he had done a great Exploit, he assumed the surname of Isauricus. Yet could they not keep ashore after so many defeats; but as certain creatures, whose double nature gives them the advantage of living upon land, or in the water, so they, upon the first retreat of an enemy, impatient of being a shore, got into the waters, and ventured somewhat farther out, than they had done before. So that Pompey, who had been so successful before, was now thought worthy this Victory, and it was looked upon as an addition to what he had done against Mithridates. He, desirous to give an absolute check to a plague, which had spread itself over all the Sea, set upon it by a certain divine forecast. For having a great number of Ships of our own, and our Allies the Rhodians, he possessed himself of both sides of Pontus and the Ocean. Gellius was to guard the Tuscian Sea; Plotius the Sicilian; Gratillius, the Ligurian Gulf; M. Pomponius had charge of the gallic; Torquatus, of the Balearick; Tiberius Nero, of the straits of Gades, which is the first entrance of our Sea; Lentulus, the Lybian; Marcellinus, the Egyptian; the young Pompey's, the Adriatic; Terentius Varro, the Aegean and Pontic; Metellus, the Pamphylian; Caepio, the Asian; Portus Cat● guarded the Entrance of Propontis, blocking it up with Ships, as if it had been a gate. Thus all Seaports, Gulfs, Bays, Creeks, Promontories, straits, Peninsula's being secured, the Pirates were surrounded as in a toil. Pompey himself took his way toward Cilicia, the source of the war. Nor did the enemies decline an Engagement; not that it proceeded out of any confidence, but being surprised, they would seem to dare something, yet so as that they endured only the first Onset. For perceiving themselves surrounded of all sides by our Ships, casting away their Sail and Oars, and giving a general shout, which is a sign of submission, they begged quarter. We never before had a victory with less bloodshed, nor indeed was there any Nation so faithful to us. And that was to be attributed to the General's prudence, who transplanted those who had been used to the Sea, to a gr●●● distance from it, and obliged them to cultivate the Inland part of the Country. Thus with the same labour; he gave Ships the freedom of Navigation, and restored to the Land its Inhabitants. What occurs to be first admired in this Victory? the expedition of it, in that it was completed in forty days; or the extra-ordinary success, in that it was done without the loss of a Ship? or the perpetuity, in that they never afterwards became pirates.   

CHAP. VII.  
The Cretians set upon by the Romans defeat the Army of M. Antonius; Metellus revenges the affront, and treats them most cruelly.  
THe Cretian war, if we would know the truth, we ourselves began, only out of a desire to reduce that Noble Island under our Jurisdiction. It seemed to have favoured Mithridates; and we thought fit to revenge it by force of Arms. M. Antonius first invaded the Island with a great confidence of victory, insomuch that his Ships were better furnished with Chains, than Arms. He therefore was punished for his presumption; for the enemies intercepted many of his Ships, and hung up the bodies of the prisoners at the Shrouds and Tackling, as if they returned to their Ports in Triumph. Afterwards Metellus laying the whole Island desolate with fire and sword, confined them within their Fortresses and Cities, Gnofon, and Erythraea, and (as the Greeks are wont to call it) the Mother of Cities, Cydonia: and so great cruelty was used on the prisoners, that many poisoned themselves, others sent to Pompey, then absent, an acknowledgement of their surrendering themselves. Upon which he carrying on the affairs of Asia, and sending Octavius to Crect, as his Lieutenant, he was derided for concerning himself in another man's Province, and occasioned Metellus to exercise greater cruelties on the enemies; and having overcome Lasthenes and Panares, Captains of Cydonia, he returned Victor, yet brought home with him, after so notorious a Victory, only the surname Greticus.   

CHAP. VII.  
The Inhabitants of the Balearick Islands turn Pirates, and engage with the Roman Fleet, by which they are defeated.  
THe House of Metellus Macedonicus was so accustomed to Military Surnames, that one of his sons having obtained that of Creticus, another of them came soon after to be called Balearicus. The Bal●ares Islands had, about that time, infested the Seas with Piracies. One would wonder that a savage people, living in Woods, should have the confidence so much as to look on the Sea, from their very Rocks. On the contrary, they ventured out in Boats built without any design, and frighted such as sailed by with their unexpected surprisals. Nay, when they saw the Roman Fleet at a distance making towards them, conceiving it to be purchase, they ventured to meet it, and at the first Onset, covered the Ships with a shower of stones of all sorts. Every one had three Slings to fight withal. That they did execution, is no wonder, when the Nation hath no other Arms, and is brought up to that exercise from their infancy. A child has no meat from his mother, but what he strikes down from a place shown him by her. But the Romans were not long ●●rified at that shower of stones. Upon the close, when they felt our Beaks, and the Darts falling on them, crying out like beasts, they made what haste they could to the shore, and having sheltered themselves among the rocks, they were to be sought out ere they could be overcome.   

CHAP. IX.  
Cyprus sacked by the Romans, and the wealth of it brought to Rome by Porcius Cato.  
THe fate of Islands was come, and so Cyprus was taken without any war. ptolomey had the government of this Island, a place abounding in wealth, and for that reason dedicated to Venus; nay, the report of its wealth was so great, and that withal true, that the very people, which subdued Nations, and was wont to bestow Kingdoms, upon the solicitation of P. Clodius' Tribune of the people, confiscated the estate of that King, then alive, and their Ally. And he indeed upon the report of it poisoned himself. Whereupon Porcius Cato brought the wealth of Cyprus in small light Vessels along the Tiber; which thing filled the Roman Treasury more than any Triumph had done.   

CHAP. X.  
A memorable Exploit of Caesars among the Gauls, and in Great Britain; He builds a Bridge over the Rhine; Vercingetorix submits to him.  
ASia being subdued by the Forces of Pompey, fortune transferred what remained to be done in Europe to Caesar. There were yet unreduced the most cruel of all Nations, the Gauls and Germans, and Britain, though divided from all the world, yet met with one that conquered it. The first commotions of the Gauls began among the Swissers, who, seated between the Rhone and the Rhine, their Lands being too narrow for them, came to seek out other habitations, after they had fired the walls of their Cities, and taken an oath never to return. But time being required to consider of it, and Caesar, having in the interim, by breaking down the Bridge over the Rhone, deprived them of all means of flight, he drove back that most warlike Nation to their former abodes, as a Shepherd does his Flocks into the fold. The following fight with the Belgae was far more bloody, they being a people who fought for their liberty. Though the Roman Soldiery did many great actions upon this occasion, yet this of Caesar himself their General was highly remarkable, when, the Army being inclined to flight, he took a Buckler from one that was running away, and running to the very Front, reinforced the fight with his own hands. Afterwards there was an Engagement at Sea with the Veneti; but we had a harder task with the Sea, than with the Ships: for these were rough, unshaped, and soon sunk as soon as they felt our Beak-heads. But the shallows hindered the fight, as if the Ocean withdrawing itself by its ordinary refluxes during the Engagement seemed to intercede in the Quarrel. He had also to do with difficulties arising from the disposition of Nations and places. The Aquitanis, a crafty people, retired into Caves underground; he commanded them to be penned up in them. The Morini wandered into the Woods; he ordered them to be burnt. Let not any one say the Gauls were bruitishly simple, they manage their business with subtlety. Induciomarus brought in the Treviri; Ambiorix, the Eburones. Having entered into a conspiracy, in Caesar's absence, they met with his Lieutenants. But the former was gallantly defeated by T. Labienus, who brought away the King's head. The latter having laid ambushes in the valley, overcome us by craft; whereupon our Camp was plundered, and all the Gold carried away. We there lost Cotta, with the Lieutenant Titurius Rabinus. Nor could we ever after be revenged of that King who got over the Rhine, and could never be seen. Nor did the Rhine therefore escape, it being not just a place that entertained and protected our enemies should be free; but of the first Fight between Caesar and the Germans, there were just causes of his side. For the Bequani made complaints of their incursions. What an haughtiness was that of King Ariovistus, when the Ambassadors of Caesar said to him, Come to Caesar, replied, But who is Caesar? And, If he will, let him come to me; And, What does it concern him what is done in our Germany? Do I meddle with the Roman affairs? So that there was so great a terror of this new Nation in the Camp, that many made their Wills before they took up their Bucklers. But those vast Bodies, the bigger they were, the more open did they lie to the Swords and Darts. What gallantry the Soldiery expressed in the fight, cannot be reduced from any thing so much as from what they did, when the Barbarians having lifted their Bucklers over their heads, covering themselves as under a roof, the Romans leaped up on the very Bucklers, and thence stooping down cut their throats. Afterwards, the Menapii, making their complaints to Caesar ●gainst the Germans, he thereupon crossed the Mose●, nay the Rhine itself, upon a Bridge o● Boats, and seeks out the enemy in the Hercynian Forests. But all were fled into the Woods and Marshes, so great confusion had the Roman Force brought along with it, to that side of the river: nor was the Rhine crossed only once, but several times, and that by Bridges. But there was a greater astonishment; for perceiving their Rhine taken, and as it were yoked with a Bridge, they again fled into the Woods and Marshes, and what most troubled Caesar was, that there were not any to be overcome. Being Master of all both at Sea and Land, he looked upon the Ocean, and as if this world were not enough for the Romans, he bethought him of another. Having therefore got a Fleet together, he sails towards Britain. He crossed over with marvellous speed; for weighing from the Port of Morinum at the third Watch, he got the next day before noon into the Island. The shores were full of hostile tumult, and the chariots, trembling at the sight of a strange thing, went disorderly up and down. Their fearfulness was looked on as a presage of our victory. He received their arms and hostages from the timorous, and he had made a further progress, had not the Ocean chastised his bold Fleet with a wrack. Returned thereupon into Gaul, and having reinforced his Fleet and Forces, he comes again into the same Ocean, and pursues the same Britain's into the Caledonian Woods, and puts Cavelianus one of their Kings into chains. Content with these things, (for the design was not to get Provinces, but Glory) he returned back with a greater booty than before, the Ocean itself being also more calm and favourable, as if acknowledging itself inferior to him. But the greatest and last conspiracy of all, was that of the Gauls, when that Prince so dreadful for stature, martial skill, and courage, and whose very name was made to strike a terror, Vercingetorix, brought together into one body, the Aruerni and Biturigae, as also the Carnutae and the Sequani. He, upon Festival days, and days of Assembly, when great numbers of them met in the woods, heightened them by his haughty expressions, to a recovery of their former liberty. Caesar was then absent, raising of new Forces at Ravenna; and the Alps had so risen in the winter, that they thought his passage stopped. But what a fortunate temerity did this Message force him upon? Over till then unpassable crags of Mountains, through unbeaten ways and snows, taking his march with a choice light-armed party, he comes into Gaul; he brought together his winter Garrisons, though at great distances, and was got into the midst of Gaul, ere it was feared he might be coming from the remotest part of it. Then assaulting the Cities that were the causes of the War, he destroyed the Avaricum, though defended by forty thousand men; he fired Alexia, although maintained by two hundred and fifty thousand young men. The whole stress of the War was about Gergovia. For that vast City having fourscore thousand men to defend it, with the help of its Walls, a Castle, and its precipices, was by Caesar compassed with Works, Palisades, and a Trench, through which he drew the River, besides eighteen Bastions, and a kind of huge Counterscarp, by which means he first reduced it to a famine; afterwards killed those, who attempted to make sallies, in the very Trenches with swords and palizadoes, and at last forced the besieged to a surrender. Nay the King himself, the greatest Ornament of the Victory, coming as a Suppliant to the Camp, cast his equipage and arms at Caesar's feet, saying, Thou hast, O most valiant of men, a valiant man before thee, whom thou hast overcome.   

CHAP. XI.  
Crassus' vanquished and killed by the Parthians; the indignity exercised by his enemies upon him after his death.  
WHile the Romans, by Caesar, subdue the Gauls in the northern part of the world, they receive a grievous wound in the East from the Parthians. Nor can we complain of Fortune, our disaster admits not that comfort. The covetousness of this Consul Crassus, (a vice hateful to Gods and men) while he minds nothing but Parthian Gold, was punished with the loss of eleven Legions, and that of his own head; for that the Tribune of the people Metellus, had made horrid imprecations against him at his departure from Rome. And when the Army was past Zeugma, the Euphrates swallowed our Ensigns forced into it by sudden whirlwinds; and when he had encamped at Nicephorium, the Ambassadors from King Orodes pressed him to call to mind the Leagues made with Pompey and Sylla. But he, bend upon the King's Treasures, without the least imaginary cause, made them only this return, That he would give them his answer at Seleucia. Wherefore the Gods, avenger of Leagues, promoted the Artifices and Valour of the Enemies. And first, Crassus left behind him the Euphrates, the only river whereby he could be supplied with provisions, and which served him for a Rampart. Then he gave credit to a counterfeit Renegado, a Syrian, named Mazaras, by whose advice the Army being brought into a spacious Champion, lay open to the enemies of all sides. So that he was hardly got to Carrae, but the King's Generals, Syllaces and Surenas, displayed their Ensigns glittering with Gold and Silk. Then without any more ado, the Parthian Horse falling on of all sides, pelted them with Darts so fast, as if it had been showers of Hail or Rain. So the Army received a dreadful overthrow; Crassus himself cajoled into a parley, had, upon a signal given, fallen alive into the enemy's hands, if the resistance of the Tribunes had not moved the Barbarian General to prevent his escape by killing him. So having carried away his head, the enemy made sport with it. His son they had killed with the same weapons, in his father's sight. The remainder of that unfortunate Army, every one shifting for himself, was dispersed into Armenia, Cilicia, and Syria, so that there was hardly one left to bring the news of this defeat to Rome. His head and right hand being cut off, were carried to the King of Parthia, who justly made sport therewith. For melted Gold was poured into his gaping mouth, that his dead and breathless body should be burnt with Gold, whose mind had been inflamed with an insatiable desire of it.   

CHAP. XII.  
A Recapitulation, comprehending a Description of the Misfortunes of the Romans, proceeding from plenty; and that their arming against themselves, is to be attributed to the same cause.  
THis is the third Age of the Roman people, spent in foreign parts, during which, assuming the confidence to go out of Italy, they displayed their Ensigns all over the world. Of which age, the former Century was sacred, just, and, as we said, Golden, not stained with any wickedness or impiety, while there yet remained the sincere and innocent integrity of that pastoral origine, and the imminent fear of our Carthaginian enemies kept up the ancient Discipline. The latter Century, which we have deduced from the destruction of Carthage, Corinth, and Numantia, and the inheritance left us in Asia by King Attalus, to him who succeeded them, Augustus, of whom we shall speak hereafter, as it was more magnificent in respect of Military Exploits, so was it lamentable, and to be blushed at, in respect of the domestic Disturbances that happened therein. For as it was noble and praiseworthy to have reduced Gaul, Thrace, Cilicia, wealthy and powerful Provinces, as also the Armenians and Britain's, though not so much for the advantage, as the greater reputation of the Empire; so to have at the same time broke forth into civil distractions, and fought with our Allies, our Slaves, and Gladiators, and that the Senate should be divided into Factions, is shameful and to be lamented. And I know not whether it had not been better for the Roman people to have contented themselves with Sicily and afric, or indeed to have been without them, and confined their Government to Italy, than to arrive at so much greatness, as to be destroyed by their own strength. For what but an excess of prosperity bred those civil Distractions? Our first corruption proceeded from the Conquest of Syria, the next from the Inheritance left us by the King of Pergamus in Asia. That excessive wealth corrupted the manners of that time, and proved the destruction of the Commonwealth, then sunk into its own vices as into a common Shore. For whence should it proceed, that the people should desire Lands and Food, but from the famine which luxury had occasioned? Thence therefore proceeded the first and second Gracchane, and the third Apuleian sedition. Whence came it that the Knights dissented from the Senate, to assume to themselves the cognizance of judgements in Law, but from avarice, that the tributes of the Commonwealth, and the very judgements in Law might be converted to private lucre? Hence again came both the promise of communicating the freedom of Rome to all Latium, and by the means the wars with our Allies. What occasioned the servile wars, but the abundance of Families? What occasioned the Gladiators to raise Armies against their Masters, but the profuse liberality used to court the favour of the populace, who, being excessively taken with shows, made that a profession which was at first the punishment of our enemies? And now that we may come to some more specious vices, did not that ambition of honours take its rise from the same cause, Wealth? Thence also came the storms of Marius and Sylla's times. The magnificence of entertainments, and excessive profusions, were they not the effects of wealth, which must in time bring in want? That also made Catiline an enemy to his Country. Lastly that insatiable desire of principality and rule, whence came it but from excessive riches? Nay these armed Caesar and Pompey with fatal firebrands to the destruction of the Commonwealth. We shall in order give an account of these domestic distractions of the Roman people, distinct from their foreign and justifiable wars.   

CHAP. XIII.  
Of the Sedition occasioned by the power bestowed on the Tribunes.  
THe power bestowed on the Tribunes was the source of all the seditions; in as much as under pretence of asserting the rights of the people, for whose ease it was established, they made it really their business to assume authority to themselves, and courted the favour and applause of the people by the Agrarian, the Frumentarian, and the Judiciarii Laws. There seemed to be in all of them a kind of equity. For what so just as that the common people should receive their right from the Senate; that the people which had conquered all Nations and was possessed of the world, might not be like vagabonds without Houses or Temples? What so just, as that a people reduced to want should live upon their own treasury? What more conduced to the equality of freedom, than that the Senate having the Government of Provinces, the Order of Knights, should have the advantage of Judicial proceed? Yet these things became pernicious, and the wretched Commonwealth proved the reward of her own overthrow. For the management of Judicial proceed being transferred from the Senate to the Knights, suppressed the tributes, that is, the patrimony of the Empire; and the buying of corn exhausted the Treasury, the very sinews of the Commonwealth. And could the people be put into possession of their Lands, without the ejecting of those that were in actual possession, and themselves a part of the people? And yet these were possessed of their habitations left them by their Ancestors, as it were by prescription of time and right of inheritance.   

CHAP. XIV.  
The sedition occasioned by Tiberius Gracchus, who is opposed and killed.  
THe first firebrand of sedition was kindled by Tiberius Gracchus, a person highly eminent for his extraction, comeliness and eloquence. But this man, whether fearful of being involved in the surrender of Manci●●● (for he was surely for our part of the league at Numantia) and thereupon desirous to ingratiate himself with the people; or proceeding with a good intention, as pitying to see the common people turned out of their Lands, that they who had conquered Nations and were Masters of the world, might not be banished out of their own habitations; or whatever design he had, attempted a very remarkable thing; when that, the day for propounding the Law being come, attended by a great number of people, he ascended the Rostra, nor wanted there on the other side all the Nobility with armed force to oppose him, and some of the Tribunes were also against him. But when Gracchus finds M. Octavius opposing the Laws he would have had enacted, contrary to the dignity of Colleagueship, and the right of his authority, he thrust his Colleague out of the Rostra, and put him into such a fright of present death, that he was forced to quit the Magistracy. By which means being created Triumvir for the distribution of the Lands, when to complete what he had begun, he would, upon an assembly day, have had his authority continued for longer time, meeting a party of the Nobility and of those whom he had put out of their Lands, the slaughter began at the Forum. He escaped thence to the Capitol, and putting his hand to his head, as it were to exhort the people to endeavour his safety, he seemed as one desiring Royalty and a Diadem: and so the people having taken up arms, by the encouragement of Scipio Nusica, he was cut off as it were by a due course of Justice.   

CHAP. XV.  
Caius Gracchus attempts to prosecute the design of his Brother Tiberius; and is murdered by Opimius upon Mount-Aventine.  
CAius Gracchus attempted with no less violence to revenge the death and Laws of his Brother. And with equal tumult and terror inviting the people to their ancient Lands, and promising them for provisions, the newly-fallen inheritance of Attalus, and being grown too high and powerful upon a second Tribuneship, he was absolutely assured of popular favour. So that Minutius the Tribune presuming to abrogate his Laws, having got together a party of his Complices, he invaded the Capitol, a place fatal to his Family. Whence being forced with the loss of his friends, he got to Mount Aventine, where met with by a party of the Senate, he is defeated by Opimius. Nay they insulted over the dead carcase, and the most sacred head of a Tribune of the people was sold by those who killed him for its weight in gold.   

CHAP. XVI.  
Apuleius Saturninus renews the quarrel of the Grachii; he is assisted by Marius, and commits many outrages; Marius is forced to desert him; He gets into the Capitol, and surrenders himself to the Senate. The people tear him to pieces.  
NOtwithstanding these things, Apuleius Saturninus forbore not to assert the Gracchane Laws. So much was he encouraged by Marius, who was always an enemy to the Nobility, and withal presuming upon his Consulship; after he had caused his Competitor A. Nonius, to be openly murdered, at a general Assembly, endeavoured to get into his place C. Gracchus, a person without tribe or name, and one who had by a foisted pedigree adopted himself into the Family. Thus while he triumphed by these affronts without any fear of punishment, he was so earnest to have the Gracchane Laws established, that he forced the Senate to a compliance, threa●●ing the refusers with banishment. One of them made it his choice. Whereupon after the departure of Metellus, all the Nobility being discouraged, Saturninus being in the third year of his Tribuneship, grew so insufferably impudent, as to disturb the Consular Assemblies with new slaughters. For, that Glaucias, the instrument of his fury might be made Consul, he caused C. Memmius his Competitor to be slain; and he gladly understood from some of his followers, that in that tumult he had been called King. But at length, the Senate conspiring against him, and Marius the Consul opposing, as being no longer able to defend him, army's were drawn up in the Forum, whence being beaten he got into the Capitol. But while he was besieged (the conduit-pipes being cut off) and by messengers would have assured the Senate of his repentance, he came down out of the Castle, and was with the Ringleaders of the faction received into the Curia. Being there the people broke in, and fell upon him with stones and staves, tearing him to pieces even as he was dying.   

CHAP. XVII.  
Livius Drusus would enforce the Gracchane Laws; Cepio violates the Senate; The Consul Philippus opposing him is unworthily treated; the sudden death of Drusus.  
LAstly, Livius Drusus, not only with the strength of the Tribuneship, but also with the authority of the Senate, and the consent of all Italy, endeavours the establishment of the same Laws, and, attempting one thing after another, caused so great a conflagration, that the first eruptions of it could not be endured, so that taken away by a sudden death, he left a hereditary war to his posterity. According to the judiciary Law, C. Gracchus had divided the Roman people, and made that a double-headed City, which was but single before. The Roman Knights invested with so great power, as to have the fates and fortunes of the Senators, and the lives of Princes in their power, intercepting the tributes, robbed the Commonwealth at their pleasure. The Senate being weakened by the exile of Metellus, and the condemnation of Rutilius, had lost all the lustre of Majesty. While things were in this posture, Servilius Caepio, and Livius Drusus, two persons equal as to courage, wealth, and dignity (which begat the emulation in Drusus) stood up for, one, the Knights, the other, the Senate. The Ensigns, Standards, and Banners were ready to advance. But they were divided in one and the same City as if they had been in two distinct Camps. Caepio first assaulting the Senate, pitched upon Scaurus and Philippus, chief persons of the Nobility, as chargeable with ambition. Drusus, to oppose these commotions, by the Gracchane Laws, got the common people to join with him, and drew in the Allies by a hope of being made free of the City. His saying, upon this occasion, is extant, That he had not left any one ought to give away, unless he would distribute dust or air. The day for the promulgation of the Law was come, when of a sudden, so great a multitude came in from all parts, that the City seemed besieged by enemies. Yet the Consul Philippus had the boldness to oppose the enaction of the Laws; But the Viator taking him by the throat, let him not go, till the blood gushed out his mouth and eyes. So the Laws were enacted by force. But our Allies immediately called for the reward of their assistance, when in the mean time death took away Drusus, unable to keep his word, and troubled at the commotions he had rashly caused, a seasonable death, in so great a danger: and yet the Allies ceased not by Arms to demand of the people of Rome the performance of Drusus' promises.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
All Italy in a commotion; a general conspiracy, which after great destructions of men, is at last appeased.  
THe war between us and our Socy, or Allies, I may call the Social War, to make it less odious; but the truth is, it was a Civil war. For the Roman people, having shuffled together the Etrusci, the Latins, and the Sabines, and deriving one blood out of them all, of several members it made up a body, and is but one consisting of all the parts. Nor did the Allies less wickedly rebel within Italy, than the Citizens did within Rome. The Allies therefore justly demanded the freedom of that City, to whose greatness they had contributed, to which hope, Drusus, out of a desire of dominion, had raised them; and he afterwards destroyed by the perfidiousness of his domestics, the same firebrand that consumed him, inflamed the Allies into Arms, and a design of besieging the City. What more lamentable than this destruction? what more calamitious? when all Latium, and Picenum, ●ll Etruria and Campania, lastly Italy, risen up against its Parent and Mother-City? when the flower of our most valiant and faithful Allies had those municipal prodigies each under their Ensigns. Popedius led the Marsians, and Latins, Afranius the umbri, the whole Senate and Consuls those of Samnium, and Telesinus those of Lucania: when that people which judged Kings and Nations could not govern itself, and that Rome the Conqueress of Asia and Europe might be assailed from Corfinium. The first scene of the war was to have been upon Mount Albanus, it being resolved, that on the Festival day of the Latins, the Consuls Julius Caesar and Martius Philippus should have been offered up amidst the Sacrifices and Altars. But that treachery being discovered, the whole fury broke out at Asculum, the Ambassadors who had been sent from the City being murdered at the assembly of their solemn sports. This was the engagement of that impious war. Popedius the Author and Ringleader of the war posting up and down spread the insurrection through several Nations and Cities. The desolations committed by Hannibal and Pyrrhus were not so great. Behold Ocriculum, behold Grumentum, Faesulae, Carceoli, Nuseriae, and Picentes, are wafted with slaughter, fire, and sword. Rutilius' Forces are defeated; Coepio's defeated. Nay even Julius Caesar himself, after the loss of the Army, being brought all bloody into the City, the lamentable spectacle of his funeral was carried through the midst of the City. But the great fortune of the Roman people, and ever greater in extremities, risen up a fresh with all their Forces, and sending out several Commanders to engage against the several Nations, Cato defeats the Etruscans; Gabinius the Marsyans; Cardo, the Lucanians; Sylla the Samnites. But Strabo Pompeius having laid all waste with fire and sword, never gave over destroying, till that by the destruction of Asculum, he had appeased the Manes of so many Consular Armies, and ransacked Cities.   

CHAP. XIX.  
An insurrection of the Slaves; Sicily under the Government of a Syrian, who feigns himself a Fanatic; They are at last overcome and punished by the valour of Rupilius; A second insurrection of the Slaves quieted by Aquilius.  
THough we fought with our Allies (dishonour enough!) yet we had to do with free persons and well educated. But who can brook that the Sovereign people of the world ●●ould arm against their Slaves? The first servile war happened at the infancy of Rome, and ●●●y'd within the City, Herdonius Sabinus being the Leader, when, the City being busied ●y the seditions of the Tribuneship, the Capi●ol was besieged and taken by the Consul. But that was rather a tumult then a war. Soon after, the Forces of the Empire being employed ●n several parts, who would believe that Sicily was more cruelly desolated by the Servile then by the Punic war? Being a Country plentiful in Corn, and in a manner a Suburb-Province, was possessed by Roman Citizens who had great inheritances there. They had there many prisons full of chained Slaves for the cultivation of the ground, and these occasioned the war. A certain Syrian named Eunus (the greatness of the destruction makes us remember him) counterfeiting a fanatic distraction, while he boasteth of the 
* C●mas.  hair of the Syrian Goddess, animated the Slaves as it were by a command of the Gods to assert their liberty, and take up Arms. And that he might prove it done by Divine inspiration, having a nutshell in his mouth, which he had filled with Brimstone and fire, when he breathed gently, the flames came forth with his words. This miracle at first drew together two thousand of such as were next met, but after breaking open the prisons, he made up an Army of above forty thousand. And being adorned with Royal ornaments, that our miseries might be complete, he made a lamentable desolation of Castles, Towns, and Villages. Nay for an absolute dishonour, the Camps of the Praetors were taken, nor are we ashamed to name them, the Camps of Manilius, Lentulus, Piso, Hypsaeus. They therefore who should have been reduced as fugitives, pursued our Praetorian General, whom they had defeated in fight. At length, P. Rupilius being General, they were punished. For having overcome them, and at last besieged them at Euna, after he had wasted them with famine, as if it had been with a pestilence, he put the remainders of the villains into chains and fetters, and crucified them. For his Victory over the Slaves he was content with an Ovation, that he might not derogate from the dignity of a Triumph, by a servile inscription. The Island had hardly taken breath ere we return from the Slaves and the Syrian, to a Cilician. Athenio, a Shepherd, having killed his Master, puts the Family delivered out of prison into Arms. He himself clad in a Purple garment, and having a silver staff, and his forehead bound about after a Kingly manner, got together an Army not inferior to that of the formentioned Fanatic, and with greater violence, as if he would avenge him, plundering Castles, Towns, and Villages, he exercised his cruelty upon Masters, but more insupportably upon Slaves, as so many Renegadoes. By this fellow also were Praetorian Armies slain, the Camps of Servilius, and Lucullus taken. But Aquilius, following the example of P. Rupilius reduced the enemy, debarred from provisions, to extremities, and easily destroyed by famine the Forces he had worsted by Arms: and they had surrendered themselves, if they had not preferred a voluntary death, to avoid torments. Nay the Ringleader of them missed the punishment he should have had, though he came alive into our Lands, for that while the multitude strove about the taking of him, the prey was torn to pieces between them.   

CHAP. XX.  
Spartacus a Gladiator heads an Army of Slaves, and puts many affronts on the Romans, at last Licinius Crassus vindicates the honour of Rome by the death of the Gladiator.  
A Man may support the dishonour of a war with Slaves, for though fortune hath made them subject to all things, yet are they as it were a second kind of men, and capable of the same happiness of liberty with us. But I know not by what name to call the war raised by Spartacus: as where the Soldiery were Slaves, and the Commanders Gladiators, those the meanest of men by their condition, these added to their calamity by the scorn of their profession. Spartacus, Crixus, and Oenoma, breaking Lentulus' Fencing-school, with seaventy or more of the same quality, got away from Capua, and having called the Slaves into their assistance, and put them under their Ensigns, when they had got together above ten thousand men, were not content only to have made their escape, but would also be revenged. The Vesuvius was the first refuge these men were pleased to pitch upon. Where being besieged by Clodius Glaber, they slipped down the rifts of the hollow mountain with the help of cords made of vine branches, and got down to the very foot of it, and at the same time of a sudden surprised the General's Camp, who feared no such thing. They afterwards took another Camp. Then they wander up and down Thora, and all Campania. And not content with the devastation of Villages and Hamlets, they destroy all in Nola and Nuceria, and Metapont. Forces coming in daily, they became a complete Army, and made themselves Bucklers of twiggs and the skins of beasts, and swords and other weapons of the Iron about the prisons. And that nothing might be wanting to complete the Army, they get horse by taming those they met with wild, and the Ensigns and Fasces taken from our Praetors they brought to their General. Nor did he refuse them, though a person who of a mercenary Thracian, became a Soldier; of a Soldier, a Renegado, than a Robber, and at last upon the presumption of his strength, a Gladiator. He also celebrated the funerals of his Commanders killed in fight with Princely exequys, commanding such as he had taken prisoners to fight about the funeral pile, as it were to expiate all Praetorian dishonour, by becoming, of a Gladiator, a rewarder of those who found him that divertisement. Afterwards engaging with Consular Armies, he defeated that of Lentulus in the Apennine, and destroyed the Camp of C. Cassius at Mutina. Puffed up with these victories, he designed to invade the City of Rome, which was shame enough for us. In fine, we rise with all our Forces against this wretched Fencer, and Licinius Crassus vindicated Rome's honour, by whom the enemies being put to flight, escaped to the extremities of Italy. Being there shut up into a corner of Brutium, they prepared to escape into Sicily, but wanting vessels to transport themselves, and having tried to supply that defect with boats of hurdles and barrels fastened together with twigs, but vainly, by reason of the swiftness of the current, at last sallying out, they died like men, and (as was fit under the conduct of a Gladiator) fought without reprieve. Spartacus behaving himself gallantly in the front of the battle, fell like a General.   

CHAP. XXI.  
The Civil War of the Romans occasioned by the ambition of Marius and Sylla.  
THis only wanted to complete the misfortunes of the Romans, that they might have a parricidial war amongst themselves, and that Citizens should engage one against another, like Gladiators, in the midst of the City and Forum, as in a Theatre. Yet would it grieve me the less, if the wickedness had proceeded from Plebeian Leaders, or if from Noble persons, bad ones. But (o indignity, what men, what Generals were they!) Marius and Sylla, the glory and ornaments of their age, promoted that execrable evil with dignity, and it was carried on by three different constellations, as I may say. The first was mean and slight, and rather a tumult then a war, the cruelty being only between the Leaders: the next was more cruel and bloody, the victory spreading through the Bowels of the Senate: the last exceeded in point of rage, not only a civil but even a hostile fury, when the horror of the war engaged all the Forces of Italy, the animosities being exasp●ted so far, till there were not any to be killed. The beginning of the war proceeded from Marius' insatiable desire of honours, while he laboured to deprive Sylla of the Province designed him. But Sylla impatient of the injury, brought about his Legions, and deferring the war with Mithridates, poured into the City at the Esquiline and Colline gates, with two great bodies. Whence Sulpitius and Albinovamis opposing them with their Forces, and as also with poles and stones, and darts cast of all sides from the walls, Sylla also falls a throwing, and forced his passage by fire, and possessed himself as Conqueror, of the Fortress of the Capitol, which had escaped the Carthaginians, and the Gauls. Then by an edict of the Senate, Sylla's adversaries being adjudged enemies to the State, they exercised their fury on the present Tribune, and others of the contrary faction. Marius by a servile flight escaped, or rather fortune reserved him for another war. Cornelius, and Cn. Octavius being Consuls, the fire not well quenched broke forth again, and that proceeded from their not agreeing among themselves, when it was referred to the people, whether those whom the Senate had condemned should be recalled. They came to that assembly with their swords about them; but they who desired quietness prevailing, Cinna, leaving his Country, fled to the contrary party. Marius' returns from afric grown greater by his loss, in as much as imprisonment, chains, flight, and exile had heightened his dignity. At the name of so great a person they flock to him from all parts; Slaves, and persons condemned to prisons (o horror!) are put into Arms, and the unfortunate General easily got an Army together. Whereupon returning to his Country by force, as he had by force been driven out of it, he might seem to have proceeded with some Justice, if he had not stained his cause with cruelty. But returning hateful to Gods and Men, at the first eruption of his fury, Ostia, a place under the tuition and oversight of Rome, is with a horrible destruction pillaged. Afterwards, with four Battalions he enters the City, the Forces being commanded by Cinna, Marius, Carbo, and Sertorius. Here all the Forces of Octavius were beaten off at the Janiculum, whereupon a signal was given for the murdering of the Senators, which was effected with greater cruelty, than was exercised at the sacking of Carthage, or the City of the Cimbri. The head of the Consul Octavius is exposed on the Rostra: that of Antonius a Consular person is served up to Marius' table. Caesar and Fimbria are murdered in their own Houses. The two Crassus' Father and Son were killed in fight one of the other; Baebius and Numitorius were drawn through the midst of the Forum by hooks of the common Executioners. Catulus avoided the sport his enemies would have made with him, by swallowing burning coals. Merula, Jupiter's Priest in the Capitol, opening his veins made the blood gush out into Jupiter's eyes. Ancharius' was run through the body in the presence of Marius, because when he saluted him, Marius did not reach to him that fatal hand of his. All these massacres of the Senate happened between the Calends and Ideses of January, in the seventh Consulship of Marius. What had been done, had he completed the year? Scipio and Norbanus being Consuls, the third tempest of that civil rage, broke forth with greatest fury, there being of one side eight Legions, on the other five hundred Cohorts standing to their Arms, besides Sylla returning from Asia with a victorious Army. And certainly, Marius having been so cruel, what cruelty must Sylla needs use to be revenged of him? The first engagement was at Capua, near the River Vulturnus, where Norbanus' Army was soon defeated, and soon after all Scipio's Forces, baited with a hope of peace, worsted. Whereupon young Marius and Carbo being made Consuls, as it were despairing of the victory, yet not to die unrevenged, celebrated their own funerals with effusion of the blood of the Senators, brought forth, as it were out of a prison, to be killed. What funerals were there in the Forum, in the Circus, and in the open Temples? For Mutius Scaevola, the Priest, flying to the Altars of the Vestals, hardly escapes burying in the same fire. Lamponius and Telesinus, the Leaders of the Samnites, waste Campania and Etruria with greater cruelty than Pyrrhus and Hannibal had done, and, under pretence of siding with Marius, revenged themselves upon the Romans. At Sacriportus and the Colline-gate all the Forces of the enemies are cut off; at the former Marius, at the latter Telesinus was defeated: yet did not the war end with the massacres. The sword was drawn even in the time of peace, and they punished those who had voluntarily surrendered themselves. It is no less remarkable, that at Sacriportus and the Colline gate, Sylla slew above seventy thousand men. Then it was a war. But he commanded four thousand unarmed Citizens, who had surrendered themselves, to be killed in the place called Villa Publica. Are not these a great number considering it was in a time of peace? But who is able to compute those whom any one that would might kill about the City? till Furfidius advising, that some should be left alive, that there might be some over whom they should rule, that great table was hung out, whereby two thousand out of the order of Knights and the Senators were condemned to die. A strange kind of Edict. It grieves me to relate after these things, the opprobrious treatment of Carbo, Soranus, the Praetor and Venuleius after their death. Boebius died not by a sword, but was torn to pieces as they do wild beasts. Marius, the General's Brother, having his eyes put out, and his hand and legs cut off; at the Sepulchre of Catulus, was kept a while, that he might die by degrees. The punishments of particular persons being over, the noblest municipal Cities of Italy were exposed to sale, Spoletium, Interamnium, Praenesto, and Fluentia. But Sulmo, that ancient and friendly City in Alliance with us, not yet reduced, Sylla (o heinous fact!) commanded it to be utterly destroyed, as Hostages condemned by the Law of Arms and Sentences to death, are commanded forth to execution.   

CHAP. XXII.  
The valour of Sertorius, banished Rome by the proscription of Sylla; He makes an insurrection in Spain; and after many gallant exploits, is killed by treachery.  
THe Sertorian war, what was it but a consequence of Sylla's proscription? Whether I should call it Hostile or Civil I know not, as being managed by the Lusitanians and Celtiberians, under the conduct of a Roman. That person, a man of great but unfortunate virtue, being an exile upon the account of that fatal table of Sylla, communicated his misfortunes to Sea and Land, and having tried his fortune in afric and the Balearick Island, got into the Ocean, and passed into the Fortunate Islands. At last he put Spain into Arms; where the gallant man easily prevailed with such as were so; nor was the vigour of the Spanish Soldiery ever so remarkable as under this Roman Commander. Nor was he content with Spain, but had also an eye to Mithridates, and the Inhabitants of Pontus, and assisted the King with a Navy. And what would have sufficed so great an enemy? The Roman affairs were not in such a posture as to be able to oppose him with one General; Cn. Pompeius was joined with Metellus. These weakened his Forces a long time, and with doubtful success; yet was he not overcome by war, till he was betrayed by his own domestics. Having pursued his Forces all over Spain, they had many, and those doubtful engagements. The first were managed by Lieutenants, when, of one side Domitius and Thorius, and the Herculians on the other, met as forlorns. Soon after, the latter being defeated near Segovia, the former at the River Ana, the Generals themselves approaching one the other had another trial near Lauro and Sucro, and the loss was equal on both sides. Whereupon one side minding the desolation of the Country, the other, the destruction of Cities, wretched Spain rued the differences of the Roman Generals: till that Sertorius, being murdered by his servants, and Perpenna vanquished and having surrendered himself, the Cities also reacknowledged the jurisdiction of the Romans, to wit, Osea, Term, Tutia, Valentia, Auxima, & Calaguris, after it had endured the extremities of a famine. So Spain being restored to peace, the victorious Generals would have it accounted rather a foreign than a civil war, that they might have the satisfaction of a triumph.   

CHAP. XXIII.  
Lepidus raises new commotions; he is vanquished and dies in Sardinia.  
MArcus Lepidus, and Q. Catulus being Consuls, there broke forth a civil war which was extinguished in less time than it had been begun. But how far soever the firebrand of that commotion spread, it was a spark arising from the funeral pile of Sylla. For Lepides, insolently desirous to see some alteration, would abrogate the acts of so great a person; not unjustly, could it have been done without injury to the Commonwealth. For the Dictator Sylla having prescribed his enemies by the Law of Arms, those who survived, to what end should they be called together but to war? And the estates of the condemned Citizens being bestowed by Sylla upon others, though it were a thing unjustiable in itself, yet, done with a certain form of Justice, the restitution thereof to the former proprietors, must no doubt disturb the tranquillity of the City. It therefore concerned the Commonwealth now indisposed and wounded, to rest, though upon any terms, that the wounds of it might not be opened in order to its cure. Lepidus therefore having startled the City with seditious remonstrances, as with an alarm, he went into Etruria, and thence brought an Army against Rome. But Lutatius Catulus, and Cn. Pompeius, the Captains and Promoters of Sylla's tyranny, had already possessed themselves of Milvius bridge and mount Janiculus, with another Army. By whom being forced back at the first onset, and declared an enemy by the Senate, he retreated without any bloodshed to Etruria, afterwards into Sardinia, and there of sickness and grief died. The conquerors, a thing rarely seen in any of the other civil wars, contented themselves only with the peace.    

THE ROMAN HISTORY BY L. JULIUS FLORUS.  
The Fourth Book,  

CHAP. I.  
The detestable conspiracy of Catiline against his Country; he is assisted by several persons of the Noblest Families in Rome; Cicero discovers the design; the punishment of the Conspirators; Antonius gives Catiline and his Army an absolute overthrow.  
FIrst luxury, and, what is the effect of that, the want of things necessary, and withal opportunity, in regard the Roman Armies were distant as far as the uttermost parts of the world, forced Catiline upon these heinous designs of oppressing his Country, murdering the Senate, killing the Consuls, firing the City, robbing the Treasury, overturning the whole Commonwealth, and doing what Hannibal seems not to have wished. What complices had he to compass that horrid act? He himself was of the order of the Patricii, but that amounted to little. There were engaged with him in the same design some of the Curii, the Porcii, the Sylla's, the Cethegi, the Antronii, the Vargunteii, and Longini. How great Families were these? What ornaments of the Senate? Nay Lentulus also, then Praetor, had entertained all these as instruments to carry on his most horrid attempt. The conspiracy was sealed with humane blood, which carried about in goblets they drunk one to another, a crime the most enormous in the world, that only excepted upon the account of which they drunk it. There had been an end of the Noblest Empire in the World, if that conspiracy had not happened in the time of the Consulship of Cicero and Antonius, of whom the one discovered it by his industry, the other quashed it by force. The discovery of so great a wickedness came from Fulvia, a common Strumpet, but not guilty of the intended parricide. Whereupon Cicero, assembling the Senate, made an Oration against the Parricide Catiline, present than among them; but that proceeded no further, then that the enemy might escape, openly professing, that he would extinguish the conflagration of the City by the utter destruction of it. He goes to the Army raised by Manlius in Etruria, with a design to bring it against the City. Lentulus' prophesying to himself the Government designed his Family by the Sibylline verses, disposes, at set places about the City, Men, Firebrands, and Arms, against the day appointed by Catiline; and not content with a civil conspiracy, he drew into Arms the Ambassadors of the Allebroges then casually at Rome. And the fury had spread beyond the Alps, if, upon another discovery of Vulturius, the Praetor's letters had not been intercepted Whereupon by the order of Cicero, the Barbarians were secured. The Praetor is openly convicted in the Senate. Being in consultation about their punishment, Caesar would have had him spared upon the account of their quality; but Cato would have them punished, according to the horridness of the crime. Which opinion the rest fellowing, the Parricides were put to death in prison. Though some part of the Conspiracy were smothered, yet Catiline persisted in his design, and upon his march from Etruria with an army against his country, he is defeated by Antonius. How sharply they fought, the event made appear: not one of the enemies survived the encounter; that place which every one fought upon proved that whereon his body reposed after death. Catiline himself was found at a great distance from his own people among the carcases of his enemies, a most noble death had he so fallen for his Country.   

CHAP. II.  
A Relation of the War between Caesar and Pompey, which was rather an universal one, than a civil; The league between Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar; the distrust between Caesar and Pompey, upon which ensued an open war; Pompey flies out of Italy; Caesar's exploits; he besieges Marseils, passes over into Spain, defeats Pompey's Lieutenants, and follows him into Epirus. The courage and fortune of Caesar; Pompey vanquished by him in Thessaly; his deplorable death in Egypt; Caesar utterly destroys the Army of Pharnaces; Scipio defeated Cara and Juba; the bloody fight against Pompey's Sons; the valour, conduct, and incomparable fortune of Caesar; his clemency; the great honours attributed to him; he is envied at Rome, and murdered.  
THe whole world being now in a manner overcome, the Roman Empire was grown too great to be destroyed by any foreign Forces. Fortune therefore, envying the Sovereign people of the world, armed it to its own destruction. The rage of Marius and Cinna had kept within the Walls of the City, as it were to make a trial; the storm raised by Sylla spread farther, yet went not out of Italy; but the fury of Caesar and Pompey, as it were a deluge, or genetal conflagration, overran the City, Italy, Countries, Nations, and at last the whole Empire, so that it cannot rightly be called a civil, nor social, nor foreign war, but somewhat comprehending all these, and indeed more than a war. For if we consider the Generals, the whole Senate was divided into factions; if the Armies, we find on the one side eleven Legions, on the other, eighteen, both consisting of the flower and strength of Italy; if the assistance of confederates, there was on the one side the choice of the Gauls and Germans, on the other Dejotarus, Ariobarzanes, Tarcondimotus, Cothus, the whole Force of Thrace, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Macedonia, Greece, Italy, and all the East; if the continuance of the war, we find four years, a small time, considering the destructions; if the space and stage, on which it was acted, we and it begun in Italy, and spread thence into Gaul and Spain, and returning from the West, it seated itself with its whole burden in Epirus and Thessaly; thence it made a sudden sally into Egypt, then returned into Asia, and stuck a while in Asia; at last, returning into Spain, there after some time received its period. But the animosity of the factions ended not with the war. For they rested not till the malice of those who were conquered had satisfied itself with the murder of the Conqueror, and that done in the very City, nay in the midst of the Senate. The cause of this so great a calamity was the same with that of all the rest, to wit, excessive prosperity. For Quintus Metellus, and Lucius Afranius being Consuls when the Majesty of Rome was spread all over the world, and the City celebrated the late-gained victories, and the Pontic and Armenian triumphs of Pompey, in the Pompeain theatres, the over great power of that person, raised a jealousy (as it is often wont) in some busy Citizens. Metellus, discontented at the abatement of his triumph over Crect, Cato, ever an enemy to the powerful, calumniated Pompey, and found fault with his actions. The grief he conceavid thereat stuck like a dart in his bosom, and forced him to endeavour the support of his authority. As chance would, than flourished Crassus, a person eminent for his extraction, wealth, and dignity; yet thought he not himself wealthy enough. Caius Caesar was in great repute for his eloquence, wit, and his being then Consul. Yet was Pompey more eminent than either. So that Caesar being desirous to attain greater dignity, Crassus to increase his, and Pompey to retain his, and all equally aiming at power, they easily conspired together to invade the Commonwealth. Making therefore every one of them his advantage of their mutual Forces, Caesar invades Gaul; Crassus, Asia; Pompey, Spain, with three very great Armies, and so the Empire of the World was divided among three Princes. That Government lasted ten years. They had till then been balanced by a mutual fear of each other; but upon the death of Crassus among the Parthians, and that of Julia, Caesar's Daughter, who, married to Pompey, maintained concord between the Father and Son-in-law, emulation soon discovered itself. Pomp●y was jealous of Caesar's wealth, and Caesar could not brook Pompey's dignity; the one could not endure an equal, nor the other a superior. O horror! they so disputed for principality, as if the fortune of so great an Empire could not suffice two. Whereupon, having, during the Consulship of Lentulus and Marcellus, made the first breach of the conspiracy, the Senate, that is Pompey [by whom they were guided] moved the appointing of a successor to Caesar; nor was Caesar himself against it, if in the first Assembly for the election of Consuls there were a respect had of him: which honour ten Tribunes had decreed to him though absent, and that with Pompey's approbation, but now upon the same person's indifference, it is denied; alledginig that he should come and demand it after the ancient form. On the contrary Caesar was earnest for the passing of the decrees, protesting he would not disband the Army, if they performed not their promises. Whereupon they decree against him as an Enemy. Caesar moved at these things, resolved, by Arms, to maintain the rewards of Arms. The first scene of the civil war was Italy, the Fortresses whereof Pompey had supplied with slight Garrisons; but all, upon Caesar's sudden advance, were reduced. The First encounter was at Ariminum; Whereupon Libo was forced out of Etruria, Thermus out of Vmbria, Domitius out of Corfinium. And the war had been at an end without any bloodshed, if Caesar, as he had attempted it, could have surprised Pompey at Brundisium. But he made his escape by night through the closures of the besieged port. A shameful thing to be spoken, that he, who not long before had been chiefest of the Senate, and the umpire of peace and war, should venture himself in a torn and unarmed vessel into that Sea, on which he had triumphed. Pompey had no sooner got out of Italy, but the Senate left the City, which almost emptied by fear, Caesar entering into, makes himself Consul. He also commanded the sacred Treasury to be broke open, because the Tribunes were tedious in the doing of it otherwise, and violently seized the revenue and patrimony of the people, before he assumed the sovereignty. Pompey being forced to flight, he thought fit to settle the Provinces, then follow him. Sicily and Sardinia, he secured by his Lieutenants, that he might be assured of provisions. There was no hostility among the Gauls, he himself had made a peace there. But he passing through it against the Pompeian Armies in Spain, Massilia presumed to shut her gates against him. Wretched Massilia, out of a fear of war, falls into a war. But having strong walls, he ordered it to be reduced in his absence. That half-Greek City, not so delicate as the name might intimate, presumed to force the enemy's Trenches, fire their Machine's, and give them a Sea engagement. But Brutus, who managed the war, overcame it both by Sea and Land. At length surrendering themselves, all was taken from them, their liberty only excepted, which they valued above all. Caesar's war in Spain with Petreius and Afranius, Lieutenants under Cneius Pompeius was various, doubtful, and bloody, whom having their Camp at Illerda he attempts to besiege at the River Sicoris, and to shut up in the Town. In the mean time by the overflowing of the River, happening commonly in the Spring, he was reduced to a want of provisions. So his Camp began to be sensible of famine, and the besiege himself was in a manner besieged. But the River returning within its channel, he scours the coasts with devastation and fight, and fiercely plays upon them, and pursuing them in their retreat into Celtiberia, he compassed them in so with Trenches, that thirst forced them to a surrender. Thus the hither-part of Spain was reduced, nor did the further stand out long. For what could one Legion do, after the defeat of other five? Wherefore Varro submitting of his own accord, Gades, the straight adjoining to it, the Ocean itself, all things complied with Caesar's prosperity. Yet fortune would do somewhat in opposition to the absent General, on this side of Illuricum and afric, as if of purpose to make his prosperities the more glorious by cross accidents. For Antonius and D●labella being commanded to guard the entrance of the Adriatic, and the one having encamped on the Illyrian shore, the other on the Corcyrean, Pompey being then master of the Sea all thereabouts, Octavius his Lieutenant, and Libo compass them about with a great force of Sea-soldiers, so that want of provisions forced Antonius to a surrender. The boats sent to their relief by Basilius for want of better vessels were taken as in a toil by a new stratagem of the Cilicians, on Pompey's side, by fastening rops under water. Yet the Tide got off two of them, one, wherein were the Opitergins, running aground wrought an effect worthy to be transmitted to posterity. For a party of somewhat less than a thousand young men, held out a whole day against the force of the whole Army, surrounding them of all sides; and finding they could not extricate themselves by their valour, to avoid a surrender, upon the encouragement of their Commander, Vulteius, they slew one another. In Africa also, a balancing of success and misfortune attended Curio, who being sent to reduce the Province, and glorying in his defeating of Varus, was not able to stand the sudden advance of King Juba and the Mauritanian horse. The conquered had the convenience of flight, but shame persuaded him to die with that Army, which his temerity had lost. But fortune desirous to quit scores, Pompey had chosen Epirus for the seat of the war. Nor did Caesar stay long behind; for having settled all things behind him, though it were the depth of winter, he embarked in order to the prosecution of the war: and having encamped at Oricum, and part of the Army being left with Antonius for want of Ships and so forced to continue at Brundisium, he was so impatient, that to get them over, though the winds and Sea were very high, he ventured out alone at midnight in a small scout-vessel. His saying to the Master frighted at so great danger is extant; What art thou afraid of? said he, thou carriest Caesar. Having brought all his Forces together, and the two Camps being near one the other, the designs of the Generals were different. Caesar naturally daring, and desirous to complete his work, embattell'd, challenged, provoked the enemy, one while besieging their Camp with a trench of sixteen miles (but what injury could a siege do those who having the Sea open, had plenty of all things?) another while by offering to assault Dyrrachium, though in vain (as being a place by its situation inexpugnable) and besides with daily skirmishes, as the enemy sallied out (at which time the extraordinary valour of Scaeva the Centurion was remarkable, in whose Buckler were the marks of a hundred and twenty darts) and at length by plundering the Cities associated with Pompey, desolating Oricum and Gomphi, and other Fortresses of Thessaly. On the contrary, Pompey hung off, and delayed what he could, hoping to frighten the enemy, compassed of all sides, with want of provisions, and that the violence of that most daring General might abate. But he could make no longer advantage of that prudent resolution. For the Soldiery blamed the sloth, the Associates, the tediousness, and the Senator, the ambition of the General. So the fates hastening his misfortune, he resolved to fight it out in Thessaly, and there in the Philippian Fields, the fates of the City, the Empire, nay of mankind are disputed. The people of Rome never saw so great Forces in any one place, nor fortune, persons of so great dignity engaged. There were on both sides above three hundred thousand men, besides the assistance of Kings and the Senate. Never were there more apparent prodigies of an imminent destruction: victims ready to be sacrificed getting away, 
* Examina in signis.  swarms of Bees pitching upon the Ensigns, darkness in the day time. Pompey himself dreamt over night that he heard the clapping hands in his own Theatre at Rome sounding like the noise made in mourning, and in the morning, he was seen before his t●nt (unlucky fate!) in a black garment. Caesar's Army never was more lively and cheerful. The charge came first from Pompey, 's, the darts from Caesar's. The Javeline of Crastinus, who gave the first onset, was observable; for he being afterwards run into the mouth with a sword, and so afterwards found among the Carcases, showed, by the strangeness of the wound, with what earnestness and rage he had fought. Nor was the issue of the war less admirable. For Pompey having so great a number of Horse as that he thought to have surrounded Caesar, he himself was surrounded. For having fought long without advantage of either side, and Pompey having commanded the Horse out of the right wing, of a sudden, upon a signal given, the Germane Cohorts, gave them so fierce a charge, that they seemed to have been foot, and these mounted on Horses. Upon that execution of the retreating Horse ensued the overthrow of the light-armed men. Thereupon the terror spreading farther and farther, and the whole Forces put to the rout, the remaining destruction was completed with little trouble. Nor did any thing contribute so much to the overthrow, as the very greatness of the Army. Caesar did nobly that day, not only as General but also as Soldier. His speeches were heard as he rid about; the one bloody but witty, and powerful for gaining the day, to wit, Soldier, strick at the face; the other discovering a certain ostentation, Spare our own Countryman, while he himself pursued them to the utmost. Yet had Pompey been happy in his misfortunes, if the same fortune had befallen him as had his Army. But he survived his dignity, that, being forced from Larissa, he might with greater disgrace make his escape on Horseback over the Thessalian Tempe; that upon a solitary rock of Cilicia he should consider whether it were best for him to fly into Parthia, afric, or Ae●ypt; in fine, that being upon the Pelusian shore, he should, by order of a most unworthy King, the Counsel of his Eunuches, (and, to complete his misfortune) fall by the sword of his own treacherous servant Septimius, and die in sight of his Wife and Children. Who would not have thought the war had been ended with Pompey? But the embers of the Thessalian conflagration broke forth again into a much more violent flame; and in Egypt there was war, without any of Pompey's party engaged in it. For Ptolemey, King of Alexandria, having committed the most heinous act of any during the civil war, and assured his Alliance with Caesar by the means of Pompey's head, fortune desiring the manes of so great a person should be revenged, there wanted not an occasion. Cleopatra, the King's sister, falling at Caesar's feet, demanded a restitution of one part of the Kingdom. The young Virgin was beautiful, and what heightened her beauty was, that, being such, she had suffered an injury; besides he could not but have a horror for the King himself, who had murdered Pompey, not so much out of love to Caesar, as out of compliance with the present conjuncture, and would have treated him after the same manner, if it had been expedient. Caesar therefore having commanded that Cleopatra should be restored to her own, was immediately besieged in the Palace by the same persons who had murdered Pompey, and yet with a small force stood out against the attempts of a vast Army. And first, firing the next Houses and Ships, that were in the Port, he avoided the darts of his importunate enemies; then he got off of a sudden into the Peninsula of Pharos; and thence being forced into the Sea, by a strange good fortune he swum to the Navy, that lay hard by, leaving behind him his Soldiers coat in the water, either by chance or out of design, that that might receive the darts and stones cast by the enemies. Being thus received by his own Fleet and Soldiers, assaulting the enemies of all sides, he performed the last obsequies to the manes of his Son-in-law, by being revenged on that cowardly and perfidious Nation. For not only Theodorus, the King's Tutor (occasioner of the whole war) but also those men-monsters, the Eunuches, Photinus and Ganymedes, making their escape differently by Sea and Land were consumed by exile and death. The King's body was found covered with slime, known only by the gaudiness, of a golden breastplate. In Asia also, there broke forth now Commotions in Pontus, as if fortune had designed the period of Mithridates' Kingdom, that as the Father was overcome by Pompey, the Son should be by Caesar. King Pharnaces presuming more upon our distractions then his own valour, with an offensive Army invaded Cappadocia. But Caesar engaging him defeated him at one, and (as I may say) that not a complete Battle: taking him like a thunderbolt, which in the same moment, comes, strikes, and is gone. So that it was no vain assertion of Caesar's, That the enemy was overcome ere he was seen. Thus went affairs with foreign enemies. But he had a harder task with our Countrymen in afric then at Pharsalia. Into these parts had some flux of fury forced the remainders of the wracked party; not remainders, but an entire war. The Forces were rather scattered than defeated. Nay the misfortune of their General engaged them to a stricter prosecution of the war, nor did the succeeding Commanders degenerate from those who had gone before them. For Cato and Scipio sounded full enough in stead of Pompey's name. There were brought in additional Forces by Juba King of Mauritania, to the end Caesar's conquests might spread the farther. There is therefore no difference between Pharsalia and Thapsus, save that in the latter the efforts of the Caesarians, were greater and more violent, as being incensed that the war should have increased after Pompey's death. Lastly, what never happened before, the trumpets sounded a charge, before the General gave order for it. The overthrow began with Juba; his Elephants not accustomed to war, and not long before brought out of the woods, were startled at the sudden noise of the trumpets. Whereupon the Army was put to flight, and the chief Commanders could do no otherwise then endeavour an escape, when all were cut off nobly before them. Scipio was got away in a Ship, but the enemies having overtaken him, he fell upon his own sword; and one ask, where he was, he himself returned this answer, The General is well. Juba being got into his Palace, and having magnificently treated his companion in flight Petreius, proffered himself to be killed by him in the midst of the entertainment. Petreius dispatched both the King and himself; and so the half-eaten meats and the funeral messes were mixed with the blood of a King and a Roman. Cato was not in the fight, but having encamped at Bagrada, kept Utica, as another main Fort of afric. But hearing of the defeat of his party, without any further delay (as became a Wiseman) he cheerfully hastened his own death. For having dismissed his Son and Companions with embraces, he went to bed, and after he had, by a light, read a while in Plato's Treatise, concerning the Immortality of the Soul, he took a little rest: then about the first watch, having drawn his sword, he thrust it twice into his uncovered breast. After which the Physicians would needs by violence trouble the man with plasters. He bore with them till they were gone, but then opened the wounds afresh, and there came forth such abundance of blood, that his dying hands were congealed to the place. New Armies, and parties arose, as if there yet had been no fight, and Spain exceeded afric, as much as afric had done thessaly and wha● gave a great advantage to the parties, was, that there were two Brothers Generals, and instead of one Pompey, there were two. Never was there a more cruel, and withal a more doubtful encounter. The first engagement happened between Varus and Didius, the Lieutenants of the several parties, at the very entrance into the Ocean. But the opposition they both met with from the Sea was sorer than that of the several Fleets. For as if the Ocean would chastise the fury of enraged Country men, both Fleets were wracked. What horror must there be, when at the same time there was a confused conflict between the 
* Fluctus, ●raecellae, viri, naves, armamen●a.  waves, the storm, Men, Ships, & Arms? Add to this the dreadful situation of the place itself, the shores on the one side of Spain, on the other, of Mauritania, as it were closing, the Mediterranean Sea and the Ocean joining together, and Hercules Pillars hanging over; and with this all the extremities of a fight and tempest. Afterwards, both sides fell to the besieging of Cities, which, between both, miserably smarted for their friendship with the Romans. The last of all the engagements was at Munda. Here, not answerably to former prosperity, there was so doubtful and lamentable a fight, as if Fortune seemed to be in suspense what to do. Nay Caesar himself seemed dejected before the Army, not as he was wont to be, either out of a regard of humane frailty, or a mistrust of a too long continued prosperity, or fearing Pompey's fate, since he began to be what Pompey was. But in the midst of the fight, there happened an accident which no man could remember he had heard before, when the two Armies were upon equal terms, and busied in a mutual execution, in the greatest heat of the work, there was of a sudden a deep silence on both sides, as if it had been by consent. This was the general conceit of it. At last happened a misfortune which Caesar had not seen before, the choice band of Veterans gave ground. And though that they had not fled, yet was their resistance to be attributed rather to a certain shame, than valour. Whereupon Caesar, lighting off his Horse, runs like a distracted person to the front of the Battle. There he stayed such as were shrinking, encouraged them, and finally by his eyes, hands, and voice assures the whole body. It is reported that in that disturbance, he was thinking of killing himself, and that it was apparent in his countenance, he would have hastened his own death, if five Cohorts of the enemies, crossing the Battle, being sent by Labienus, to reinforce the Pompeian Camp then in some danger, had not seemed as if they fled. Which Caesar either really believed, or cunningly laying hold upon that occasion, and charging them as a flying party, he both heightened the courage of his own people, and gave the enemy an overthrow. For the Caesarians, imagining themselves Conquerors, pursue the more eagerly; on the other side, the Pompeyans, supposing their party ran away, began to fly. How great the slaughter of the enemies was, and how great the fury and animosity of the victorious, may be guessed hence. When such as had escaped out of the fight, had retreated to Munda, and Caesar had given order that the vanquished should immediately be besieged, there was a rampire made of the carcases brought together which were fastened and kept in with spears and Javelins; a spectacle would have been abominable, even amongst Barbarians. But Pompey's Sons despairing of the victory, Cneus escaping out of the fight, wounded in the leg, and going towards the deserts and unfrequented places, was overtaken at the Town of Lauro by Cesennius, who there killed him fight, so that he had not as yet despaired. In the mean time fortune kept Sextus undiscovered in Celtiberia, and reserved him for other wars after Caesar's time. Caesar returns victor into his Country. His first triumph over Gaul was brought in by a representation of the Rhine and the Rhone, and the captive Ocean in gold. The second, the Egyptian Laurel. In that was represented the Nile, Arsinoë, and the Pharus on fire. The third triumphal Chariot, brought in Pharnaces and Pontus. The fourth Juba and the Mauritanians, and exposed Spain twice subdued. Pharsalia, and Thapsus and Munda, appeared not amongst his triumphs. And how many greater victories had he obtained, for which he triumphed not! Here at last, arms were laid down, the rest of the peace was without bloodshed, & Caesar's clemency made amends for the cruelties of the war. No man was put to death by his command but Afranius, ('twas enough that he had been pardoned once) and Faustus Sylla, (he had learned to fear his Sons-in-law) and the Daughter of Pompey with her Cousin-germen descended from Sylla. This was to secure his posterity. His Citizens, not ungrateful, bestow all honours upon this one Prince; his Images are set up in the Temples, he hath in the Theatre a Crown surrounded with rays; a Chair of State in the Senate; a Terret upon his House top, and is assigned a month in the Heavens, and withal this is entitled, Father of his Country, and perpetual Dictator; lastly, it is a question whether with his consent, regal ornaments were proffered him before the Rostra by the Consul Antonius: all which honours were done him, and seemed as the garlands set about a Victim designed to die. For the clemency of this Prince was envied, and the great power he had to confer benefits was insupportable to free persons. Nor did they delay it any longer; but Brutus and Cassius, and others of the Senators conspired the Prince's death. How inevitable is the blow of fate! The conspiracy was known to many; nay a paper, discovering it, was presented that very day to Caesar himself, and of a hundred victims sacrificed, not one propitious. Yet he went to the Senate thinking on the Parthian expedition. There the Senate set upon him sitting in his Chair of State, and laid him on the ground with three and twenty wounds. So he who had filled the world with the blood of his Citizens, at length filled the Senate with his own.   

CHAP. III.  
Sextus Pompeius demands his Father's estate, Octavius resolves to revenge Caesar's death; Mark Antony a slave to Cleopatra.  
CAesar and Pompey being slain, the people of Rome seemed to have returned to the state of their former liberty, and had really done so, if Pompey had not left children, and Caesar, an heir, or, what was more pernicious than either, if Antonius, heretofore Colleague, and since a competitor of Caesar's power, the firebrand and disturber of the ensuing age, had not survived them. For while Sextus demands what had been his Father's, his fear spreads over all Seas; while Octavius revenges his Father's death, Thessaly must into arms again: while Antonius, a person of a fickle disposition, disdains that Octavius should be Caesar's successor, or for the love of Cleopatra would basely have condescended to accept the title of a King; the people of Rome could not otherwise have been safe, without returning to servitude. In so great a disturbance we had this to rejoice at, that the Sovereign authority was devolved to Octavius Caesar Augustus, who by his prudence and conduct reduced to order the body of the Empire then so shaken and disturbed on all sides, that no doubt it could never have been reunited, had it not submitted to the authority of one Governor, as unto one and the same soul and mind. Marcus Antonius and Publius Dolabella being Consuls; fortune transferring the Roman Empire to the Caesar's, there happened divers commotions in the City. And as it comes to pass in the annual revolution of the Heavens, that the motion of the Stars cause Thunder, and discover their periods by the weather: so in the change of the Roman Government, that is, that of mankind, the body of the Empire in a manner shook, and was distracted with all the misfortunes consequent to civil insurrections and wars, as well by Sea as Land.   

CHAP. IU.  
The quarrel between Octavius Caesar and Marcus Antonius; the siege of Mutina raised.  
THe first occasion of the civil Commotions was Caesar's Will, whose second heir Antonius, enraged that Octavius was preferred before him, undertook an irreconcilable war against the adoption of that most forward young man. For seeing him not fully eighteen years of age, apt to be wrought upon, and receive affronts, he derogated from Caesar's dignity by calumnies, and purloined his inheritance, and ceased not to persecute him with opprobrious speeches, and by all imaginable artifices to oppose his adoption into the Julian Family. Nay at last to oppress the young man, he broke forth into open hostility, and having raised an Army in that part of Gaul on this side the Alps, besieged Decimus Brutus, who opposed his designs. Octavius Caesar, favoured upon the account of his age and the injury done, him as also the Majestical title he had assumed, got together the Veterane Bands, and though but a private person, (who would credit it?) engages against a Consul, relieves Brutus besieged at Mutina, and forces Antonius out of his Camp. Besides he behaved himself ver● gallantly upon that occasion; for being all bloody and wounded, he brought back upon his own shoulders the Eagled Ensign, which had been delivered to him by the dying bearer of it.   

CHAP. V.  
The confederacy between Octavius, M. Antonius and Lepidus; the proscriptions and great cruelties exercised at Rome.  
AS if Antonius had not been a sufficient obstructer of peace, and burden to the Commonwealth, Lepidus, as an additional fire, must needs join with him; so that to secure himself against two Armies, it was of necessity that Caesar entered into that bloody association. These conflagrations proceeded from different designs. Lepidus' thoughts were wholly bend upon wealth, which he hoped to acquire by the disturbance of the Commonwealth; Antonius' upon his being revenged of those who had declared him an enemy; and Caesar minded his unrevenged Father, and his Manes unappeased by the survivance of Cassius and Brutus. Upon this association there is a peace concluded between the three Generals; they shake hands between Perusia and Bononia, and the Armies salute each other, at the place where the two Rivers meet. So they enter upon the Triumvirate against all right. The Commonwealth being oppressed by an armed force, the Syllanian proscription is revived, the fury whereof included no less than one hundred and forty Senators; shameful, cruel, and miserable were the ends of those who fled into all parts of the world. For whom who can do less, considering the heinousness of the thing, than condole? When Antonius, with Caesar's consent, proscribed his Uncle, L. Caesar, and Lepidus did the like with his own Brother L. Paulus, At Rome, to expose the heads of those who had been killed, on the Rostra, was a thing had been usually done. But the City could not forbear tears, when they saw the head of Cicero exposed at that very place; and they thronged no less to see that spectacle, than they had sometime done to hear him there. These impieties proceeded from Antonius and Lepidus. Caesar contented himself with the murderers of his Father; the slaughters of whom might be accounted just enough, had they not reached so great a number of persons.   

CHAP. VI  
Brutus and Cassius charged by Octavius and Antonius; the memorable fight in Thessaly attended by prodigies; the death of Brutus and Cassius.  
Brutus' and Cassius imagined to themselves that they had put Caesar out of the Government as King Tarquin had been: but that liberty which they thought to have restored they lost by that very parricide. Being therefore afraid, after they had committed the murder of Caesar's Veteranes, they fled out of the Senate into the Capitol. The Soldiers had a desire to be revenged, but they wanted a Commander. When therefore it was apparent what destruction hung over the Commonwealth, all thoughts of revenge were laid aside, upon an act of oblivion put out by the Consul. However to be out of the eye of public grief, Brutus and Cassius went into Syria and Macedonia, the Provinces which had been bestowed on them, by that Caesar, whom they had murdered. So Caesar's revenge was rather put off for a time, than quit smothered. The Commonwealth therefore being settled rather as it could, than as it ought, upon the Triumvirs, and Lepidus left for the defence of the City, Caesar and Antonius engage in a war against Brutus and Cassius. They having got very great forces together, pitched upon the same scene which had been fatal to Cneus Pompeius; nor wanted there at this time the manifest presages of a decreed destruction: for those birds which are wont to feed on dead carcases were already seen flying about their Camp. A Negro meeting them as they were going to engage, was an apparent sign of a dismal event. And Brutus himself being retired after night, and a light brought him according to his custom, a dreadful apparition stood before him, which being by him asked what it was? replied, Thy evil Genius. This said, it vanish'● leaving him amazed. In Caesar's Camp, all the presages, the Birds, and the Victims, promised prosperity: but nothing more remarkable, than that Caesar's Physician was admonished in a dream, that Caesar should departed out of his own Camp, which were in danger to be taken, as it afterwards happened. For the Armies being engaged, when they had fought some time with equal eagerness, and though the chief Commanders were not then present, one by reason of sickness, the other through fear & cowardice, the invincible fortune both of the person revenging and him whom he revenged, declared which was to be the victorious side. At first the danger was doubtful and equal on both sides, as the event of the battle made appear; on the one side Caesar's Camp was taken, on the other, Cassius'. But how far more prevalent is fortune than virtue? and how true is that which Brutus said at his death, That virtue was but a name, no real thing? The victory in this battle proceeded from a mistake. Cassius observing a wing of his Army to give ground, and seeing his Horse retreating in full speed, after they had taken Caesar's Camp, upon an imagination that they were upon the rout, got to a Hillock, where the dust and noise, and the approaching night, not permitting him to see what was done, and the scout he had sent, to bring him an account, coming later than he expected, looking on his party as lost, got one that was near him to strike off his head- Brutus having lost all courage in the loss of Cassius, that he might keep his promise with him (for so they had agreed to be equal survivors of the war) got one of his companions to run him through the body. Who cannot but admire, that these wise persons would not dispatch themselves with their own hands? unless it may be out of this persuasion, that they might defile them; but that, in the surrender of their most sacred and pious souls, the directions should be theirs, and the crime of the execution another's.   

CHAP. VII.  
A commotion raised by M. Antonius, who shut up in Perusia by Octavius Caesar, is forced to surrender it.  
ANother war was occasioned by the distribution of the Lands which Caesar assigned the Veteranes, as a reward for their service. Antonius, a person, upon all other occasions, of a lewd disposition, was now egged on by his wife Fulvia, who with a sword by her side served in the wars as a man. Wherefore animating those Husbandmen, who had been forced out of their Lands, she occasioned another war. In this case, Antonius is set upon by Caesar, not upon any private account, but as one adjudged an enemy by the suffrages of the whole Senate; and being shut up by him within the Walls of Perusia, he forced him to the extremities of a surrender, after a famine, wherein even the filthiest things were fed upon.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Young Pompey possesses himself of Sicily and Sardinia; his flight and shameful death.  
CAesar's murderers being taken out of the weigh, there remained only the House of Pompey. One of the young men died in Spain, the other had escaped by flight, and rallying the remainders of an unfortunate war, and put Slaves into arms, was possessed of Sicily and Sardinia. He had also a Navy at Sea, o how different from his Father! for he had destroyed the Cilicians, but this man had pirates under his command. With these so great preparations of war was the young man quite overthrown in the Sicilian Sea, and he had carried along with him into the other world the reputation of a great Captain, if he had attempted nothing afterwards; but that it argues a noble mind, ever to be in hope. Being defeated, he fled, and set sail for Asia, where he must fall into the hands of his enemies, and chains, and what is most insupportable to gallant men, be adjudged, at the discretion of his enemies, to die by the hand of an Executioner. There was not a more deplorable flight since that of Xerxes. For he who ere while had three hundred and forty Ships under his command, fled only with six or seven, having put out the light at the Admiral's stern, and cast his rings into the Sea, trembling, and looking back, yet fearing nothing less than that he should perish. See the remainder of this Chapter at the beginning of the Tenth, as D.C. would have it placed.   

CHAP. IX.  
The incursions of the Parthians under the Conduct of young Pacorus; They are defeated by the prudence of Ventidius; Pacorus' death.  
THe Parthians, upon the defeat of Crassus, had reassumed greater courage, and gladly received the intelligence of civil commotions among the Romans: so that upon the first opportunity, they stuck not to break out, being withal animated thereto by Labienus, who, sent thither by Cassius and Brutus, (how implacable is mischief!) had importuned our enemies to their assistance, and they, under the conduct of Pacorus their young Prince, dismantle all the garrisons of Marcus Antonius. Saxa, Lieutenant to Antonius, to avoid falling into their power, was obliged to his own sword. At length Syria falling off from us, the mischief had spread still further, the enemies, under pretence of assisting Brutus, conquering for themselves, if Ventidius, another Lieutenant of Antonius, had not, with incredible prosperity, defeated the Forces of Labienus, and Pacorus himself, and all the Parthian Cavalry, all along the Champion between the Rivers Orontus and Euphrates. There fell twenty thousand men. Nor was the work effected without the prudence of Ventidius, who pretending fear, suffered the enemies to come up so close to his Camp, that being within reach of our darts, they could make no advantage of their arrows. The King was slain fight valiantly; and his head being carried about to the Cities which had revolted, Syria became ours again without any war. So by the death of Pacorus we were even for the overthrow given to Crassus.   

CHAP. X.  
The Alliance between the Romans and the Parthians broken through the vanity of Marcus Antonius; The inconveniences endured by the Roman Army, and the generous resolution of the Soldiery; the insolence and brutality of Antonius.  
THough in Cassius and Brutus Caesar had smothered the factions, and in Pompey taken off the very name of them, yet had he not proceeded so far as to settle a firm peace, in as much as the shelf, the knot, and obstacle of public security, Antonius was still alive. Nor did he want vices to bring him to his ruin; nay having out of ambition and luxury made trial of all things, he delivered in the first place his enemies, than his fellow-Citizens, and at length the age he lived in, from the terror he gave them, [by procuring his own death.] The Parthians and Romans having made trial of each other, and Crassus on the one side, and Pacorus on the other being testimonies of their valour, there was a league made between them with equal reverence and absolute friendship, and that by Antonius himself. But the excessive vanity of the man, while out of a lust to enlarge his titles, he was desirous to have the Araxes and the Euphrates written under his Images, made him leave Syria of a sudden, and, without any cause, or advice, or so much as any imaginary pretence of war, (as if it had been the part of a great Captain to steal upon his enemies) make an unexpected incursion among the Parthians. That Nation, besides the confidence they repose in their peculiar Arms, [is subtle] and pretends fear, and flight, cross the Fields. Antonius, as if already victorious, immediately pursues them, when of a sudden, an unexpected, yet no great party of the enemies, fell upon our men wearied with marching, and in the evening, as it had been a shower, and shooting their arrows of all sides, two Legions were in a manner covered therewith. Yet was not this any thing in comparison of the overthrow which was to have been the next day, if, through the clemency of the Gods, one who had survived the defeat of Crassus, riding about the Camp in a Parthian habit, after he had gained credit with the Commanders, acquainted them with what was to happen; to wit, that the King himself withal his Forces was coming upon them, that they should retreat, and get into the Mountains; and that so doing they should not haply be to seek an enemy. And so it happened that a smaller force of the enemies pursued them, than was designed to do it. Yet they came on, and the remainder of our Forces had been destroyed, had it not been, that, when the Parthian arrows fell like hail upon, the Soldiers luckily fell on their knees, and lifting their Bucklers over their heads seemed as if they were slain. Then the Parthians gave over shooting with the bows. Whereupon the Romans rising up, the thing was thought so miraculous, that one of the Barbarians said, Go and do well, oh ye Romans; justly does Fame speak you the Conquerors of Nations, who are able to endure the darts of the Parthians. We suffered afterwards as much through want of water, as we had done by the enemies. First the Region itself was oppressed with drought; then to some of us the water of the River Salmacis proved more destructive; and lastly, being drunk excessively, by such as were unhealthy, even sweet waters proved hurtful to us. Afterwards, the sultrinesse of Armenia, and the snows of Cappadocia, and the sudden change of air from one to the other, were a kind of pestilence: So, hardly a third part of sixteen Legions being left, Antonius, that gallant General, after his money was cut to pieces with chizzels [by the mutining Soldiery] and he himself had in the interval begged death at the hands of his Gladiator, fled at length into Syria, where, out of an incredible stupidity, he became more insolent than before, as if he who had made his escape, had gained the victory.   

CHAP. XI.  
Antonius' besotted with the love of Cleopatra, promises her the Roman Empire; the preparations for the war; a Naval engagement between Octavius and Antonius, the death of him, and Cleopatra.  
LUst and Luxury put an end to Antonius' fury, though ambition could not. For after the expedition against the Parthians, detesting war and giving himself over to sloth, he fell in love with Cleopatra, and as if he had managed things excellently well, he enjoyed himself in the embraces of a Princess. This Egyptian woman, desires of the besotted General for the reward of her lust, no less than the Roman Empire. And Antonius promised it her, as if the Romans were more easily overcome than the Parthians. He therefore began to plot Sovereignty, not covertly, but, having forgot his Country, Name, Habit, and Dignity, he absolutely degenerated into that monster, (a tyrant) not only in his thoughts, but also in his inclinations and attire. He walked with a golden staff in his hand, had a Cimitar by his side, was clad in a purple garment, beset with large Pearls; nay he wanted not a Diadem, that he might enjoy a Queen as a King. Upon the first intelligence of these new commotions, Caesar crossed the Sea at Brundisium, to prevent the approaching war; and having encamped in Epirus, he surrounded the Island Leucades, and the Mount Leucates, and the points of the Ambracian Bay with a powerful Fleet. We had above four hundred Ships, the enemies about two hundred, but their Bulk made up their number. For they had from six to nine Banks of Oars, besides being raised up high with turrets and decks, like Castles and fortified Cities, they made the Sea groan, and put the winds out of breath to carry them; and that excessive Bulk proved the occasion of their destruction. Caesar's Ships had from three to six banks of Oars, and none beyond: so that they were in readiness to take all advantages, whether to charge, recharge, or turn about; and divers of them at the same assaulting those heavy and unwieldy slugges, with their beaks, as also with darts, and fire cast into them, they dispersed them as they pleased themselves. Nor did the greatness of the enemy's Forces appear in any thing so much as after the victory. For that prodigious Fleet having been wracked in the engagement, was scattered all over the Sea, became the spoil of the Arabians, the Sabaeans, and a thousand other Nations of Asia, and the Waves continually stirred by the Winds, cast up Purple and Gold upon the shores. The Queen, beginning the flight, made to Sea with her Ship all gilt at the stern, and purple sails, and soon after Antonius followed; but Caesar was not far behind him. So that neither their designed escape into the Ocean, nor the two points of Egypt, Paretonium and Pelusium, which they had fortified with Garrisons, stood them in any stead, in as much as they were in a manner within his reach. Antonius' killed himself first. The Queen falling at Caesar's feet, endeavoured to dazzle his sight; but in vain, for her beauty prevailed not upon that Prince's chastity. Her suit was not for her life, which was proffered her, but to obtain part of the Kingdom. Which when she was out of all hope to obtain, and perceived she was reserved for a triumph, taking advantage of the negligence of her guard, she fled into the Mausoleum (so they call the Sepulchers of their Kings.) And there having put on her most sumptuous garments, as she was wont, and seated herself close to her Antonius, in a Throne filled with rich perfumes, she applied Serpents to her veins, and died as it were in a slumber.   

CHAP. XII.  
A war raised by the Germans in Augustus' time; his exploits in the Northern Provinces; the valour and conduct of Drusus, who is surnamed Germanicus; his death; Quintilius surprised by the Germans; his defeat. A war in Armenia; the attempt of a Barbarian on the person of Caius; Augustus' conquests in Spain; a general Peace; the most remote Nations submit to the Roman Empire; the Parthians return the Ensigns taken from Crassus; Octavius Caesar shuts Janus- Temple; He is named Father of the Country and Augustus.  
HEre ended the civil wars, what followed were against foreign Nations, who, du●ing the Empire's conflict with his own miseries, began to stir in divers parts of the world. For Peace was a new thing, and the necks of those proud and insolent Nations being not accustomed to the curb of bondage, they slipped out of the yoke not long before imposed upon them. That part of the world which is towards the North, the Inhabitants whereof are the Noricians, the Illyrians, Pannonians, Dalmatians, Mysians, Thracians, and Dacians, Sarmatians and Germans, was the most violent. The Noricians were encouraged by the Alps and snows, thinking the war could not get over them. But Augustus quieted all those parts, to wit, the Brenni, the Senones, and the Vindelici by his Step-Son Claudius Drusus. How strangely barbarous these Nations were, may be easily seen by their women, who having spent their weapons, fling their grovelling infants at our Soldiers races. The Illyrians also live under the Alps, and guard the lower Valleys and certain passages thereof, where they are secured by impetuous torrents. Caesar himself engaged against these, and ordered a Bridge to be made [to get over into their Province.] Being here put to a stand by waters and the enemy, he snatched the Buckler out of the hand of a Soldier who seemed loath to get up on the Bridge, and marched in the front of the Forces, when 
* Oum lubricus multitudine pons succidisset.  the untrusty Bridge shrinking down by reason of its being o'repressed with multitude, he was hurt in the hands and legs, yet so as that deriving Majesty from the danger, and the blood he had lost rendering him the more amiable, he had the pursuit of the retreating enemy. The Pannonians are compassed by two Forests and three Rivers, Dravus, Savus and Ister. These having wasted their neighbouring Countries, retreated within the banks of their Rivers. He sent Vibius to reduce them; and they were destroyed upon the two Rivers: the Arms of the conquered were not burnt, according to the custom, but were taken and thrown into the Rivers, to assure the rest, who stood out, of our victory. The Dalmatians live for the most part in woods, and so lie most conveniently for Robberies. Marcius, having fired the City Delminium, had already given these a great blow. Afterwards Asinius Pollio had punished them with the loss of their Flocks, Arms, and Fields. But Augustus recommends the subduing of them to Vibius, who forced those Savages to dig the Earth and fetch pure gold out of its veins, which that most covetous Nation is sufficiently inclined to do itself, as if they seemed to keep it for their own use. 'Tis a horrid thing to relate how savage and inhuman the Mysians are, nay how they exceed the barbarism of other Barbarians. One of their Commanders coming up to our Army, desired silence, and said, Who are you? Answer was made, Romans, Masters of Nations. Whereto they reply, It shall be so, if you overcome us. Marcus Crassus took it for a good omen. Whereupon the Mysians offering up a Horse before the Army, made a vow, That they would sacrifice to their Gods the entrails of such Captains as they killed of ours, and afterwards eat them. I am apt to believe the Gods heard them: They could hardly endure the sound of the Trumpets. The Barbarians were not a little startled at an action of the Centurion Domitius, a person guilty of an extravagance barbarous enough, yet prevalent upon people like himself, for having fastened a firebrand to his Helmet, the agitation of his body caused such a flame, as if his head had been on fire. Before these, the most mighty people of the Thracians had revolted. These Barbarians had learned the custom of carrying military Ensigns, understood discipline, and the use of the Roman Arms. But being subdued by Piso, they showed their madness even in their captivity, when, attempting to by't off their chains, they punished their own brutality. The Dacians live in the Mountains. Under the command of their King Cotiso, when the Dannow is frozen over, they are wont to make incursions, and destroy the bordering Countries. Caesar Augustus thought it the best course, that a Nation so hard to come at should be removed. To that end, he sent Lentulus, who forced them beyond the further side of the River, and left Garision on this side. If Dacia were not then conquered, it was at least removed to a great distance from us. The Sarmatians ride up and down spacious Champions; Caesar thought it enough, by the same Lentulus, to keep these from crossing the Dannow, as having nothing but snows, and here and there some woods. The barbarism is so great among them, that they know not what peace is. I wish Caesar had not thought it so glorious a design to conquer Germany. It was lost with more shame than it was subdued with honour; but in regard he knew that his Father Caesar had twice caused Bridges to be made over the Rhine, for the prosecution of that war, he was desirous, for his honour, to reduce it into a Province: and it had been done, if the Barbarians could as well have born with our vices, as submitted to our commands. Drusus being sent into this Province first subdued the Vs●petes, then overran the Tenctheri, and the Cattis. For of the richest spoils of the Marcomanni, he made up a kind of mount af●er the manner of a Trophy. Afterwards ●e in like manner set upon those most valiant Nations, the Cherusci, the Suevi, and the Sicam●tians, who having burnt twenty of our Centurions, undertook the war as it were upon ●hat engagement, and that with so great a confidence's of the victory, that by agreement they divided the prey beforehand. The Cherusci were to have the Horses, the Suevians the Gold and Silver, and the Sycambrians, the prisoners. But all happened quite contrary. For Drusus, being Conqueror, made a prey of their Horses, their cattle, their Gold-chains and themselves, and sold them. Besides for the security of the Provinces he appointed garrisons and guards at all places. All along the River Meuse, the Elbe, the Visurgis, and on the banks of the Rhine, he caused to be erected above fifty Forts. At Bonna and Gelduba he caused Bridges to be built, and secured them with Ships. He made his way through the Hercynian Forest, till that time unpassable and inaccessible. In fine, there was so great a peace in Germany, that the men seemed changed, the soil different from what it was, and the air milder and calmer than it was wont to be. At length that young Prince of incomparable valour dying there, the Senate gave him a surname from the Province, (an honour it had never done any other) not out of flattery, but in acknowledgement of his merit. But it is more difficult to keep a Province than to make one: they are subdued by Arms, they are kept by Justice. That joy was accordingly but short: the Germans, while Drusus was General, were rather overcome than absolutely brought under subjection, and had rather complied with our manners, than submitted to our Arms. After his death they began to hate Varus as well upon the account of his dissolutions and pride, as his cruelty. Nay he apappointed them an assembly, and would have administered Justice to them in the midst of his Camp, as if either the Lictors rods, or the voice of the Crier could give a check to the violence of the Barbarians. But they who were long before 
* Moererent.  troubled to find their swords grown rusty, and their Horses foggy for want of exercise, thinking our habits and Laws more insupportable than our Arms, break forth into open hostility, under the conduct of Arm●nius. When in the mean time Varus was so confident upon the peace, as not to be moved even by a previous discovery of the conspiracy by Segestes, one of their Princes. Whereupon they fell upon him unprovided and fearing no such thing, nay (o strange security!) while he was citing them to appear at his Tribunal, they set upon him of all sides, ●urprise his Camp, and three Legions are destroyed. Varus seeing all lost, took the same ●ate and resolution, as Paulus had done after ●he fight at Cannae. Never was there any thing more bloody than the slaughter they made through the Woods and Marches, nothing more intolerable than the insulting of the Barbarians, especially upon the Advocats, putting out the eyes of some, and cutting off the hands of others. One of them had his mouth sowed up, after they had before cut out his tongue, which one of the Barbarians holding in his hands, said, O viper, give over hissing at length. Nay they digged up the Consul's body, which the Soldiers had out of piety put under ground. The Barbarians have yet in their possession the Ensigns and Eagles of two Legions; the third was saved by the Ensign-bearer, who, to prevent its coming into the enemy's hands, took it off, and hide it within the folds of his belt, and so escaped by skulking in that bloody march. The effect of this overthrow was, that the Empire, which had not stopped at the Ocean, met with a check on the banks of the Rhine. Thus went things northward. In the Southern parts, there were rather tumults than wars. The Musulanians, and the Getulians, bordering upon the Syrteses, were reduced by Cossus, whence he had the surname Getulicus. Nay the Victory spread farther; Caesar ordered the Marmarides and the Garamantes to be subdued by Furnius. He also might have returned with the surname Marmaricus; but his modesty set not so high a value on his Victory. In the East there was more to do with the Armenians; thither Caesar sent one of his Nephews. They were both short-lived, but one died ere he had gained any honour. For Lucius died of a disease at Massilia; Cajus, in Lycia, of a wound, while he was employed about the reduction of Armenia then ready to revolt to the Parthians. Pompey having vanquished King Tigranes had brought the Armenians to this point of bondage, as to receive Governors from us. That right of ours being interrupted was by this Caius reasserted, after a bloody though short engagement. For Domnes, whom the King had made Governor of Artaxata, pretending he would betray his Master, runs him with his Sword into the Temples while he was earnestly perusing a scroll, which he himself had presented to him, containing the accounts of the Treasures. But the Barbarian pursued on all sides by the incensed Army was destroyed by a sword and a fire, into which, being wounded, he cast himself, and so made some satisfaction to Caesar not yet dead of his wound. In the West, all Spain was quiet, save only that part of it which is adjacent to the rocks of the Pyrenean Mountains, and lies upon the hither Ocean. Here were two most valiant Nations, the Cantabrians and the Asturians, who acknowledged not jurisdiction of the Empire. The Cantabrians were the first, the more insolent, and more obstinate in the revolt; nay not content to maintain their own liberty, they attempted to rule over their neighbours, and harrassed the Vaccaeans, the Curgonians, and the Autrigonians with their frequent incursions. Against these therefore, as such as were reported to be the most daring, Caesar did not put the expedition upon another, but went in person. Being come to Segisama, he encamped; afterwards dividing his Army, he compassed the whole Country of Cantabria, and subdued that savage Nation, like wild beasts taken in a toil. Nor had they any quiet at Sea, where our Navy charged the enemies in the rear. The first engagement with the Cantabrians was, under the Walls of Vellica. Thence they fled to the most steepy Mountain Vindius, where they thought the Ocean would ascend sooner than the Roman Armies. Thirdly, the City Arracillum made great resistance; but at last was taken, by the Siege of the Edulian Mountain compassed with a trench of fifteen miles, by which means the Romans falling on of all sides, and the Barbarians being reduced to the utmost extremities, they anticipated their own deaths, some by fire, some by the sword, in the midst of their banquets, and some by poison, which is there commonly extracted out of the Yew-trees, and so the greater part of them prevented that captivity, which they saw coming upon them. Caesar wintring at Tarracon, a Sea-Town, received an account of these things done by Antistius, Furnius, and Agrippa, his Lieutenants. Being come to the Army he forced some out of the Mountains, engaged others by Hostages, and according to martial Law exposed some to sale as slaves. The Senate thought the expedition worthy a Laurel, worthy a triumphal Chariot. But Caesar was already so great, as to slight Triumphs. The Asturians having about the same time got a vast Army together were come down out of their Mountains; 
* Nec temere sumptus, ut Barbari, impetus.  nor was their attempt inconsiderate, as is ordinary with Barbarians; but having encamped at the River Astura, they divided their Forces into three bodies, and designed to set upon the three Camps of the Romans at the same time. It had been a hazardous and a bloody bout, (
* Et uticnam mutua clade certamen.  I wish the loss on both sides had been but equal) we having to do with people so valiant, and coming upon us so unexpectedly, and with so much deliberation, if they had not been betrayed by the Brigaecini, by whom Carisius being forewarned came with the Army and frustrated their designs. Yet was not that done without much bloodshed. The remainders of that most valiant defeated Army escaped to the City Lancia, where there was so sharp an encounter, that the Soldiry desiring ●hat the City, being taken, might be fired, the General with much ado prevailed with them, That it should be a monument of the Roman victory rather as it stood, than burnt. Here Augustus put a period to his warlike exploits, and this was the last rebellion of Spain. From that time there was constant fidelity and a continual peace, which proceeded partly from the inclinations of the Inhabitants then more bend thereto, and partly from Caesar's prudence, who fearing the confidence they derived from their Mountainous habitations, into which they retreated, commanded them thence forward to inhabit in the plains, where his Camp was. 
* Ingentis ecce cousilii ●llud. Observa●i caepit natuae, etc.  Behold, that indeed was an act of great policy. Men began to make observations into the nature of the Country, which was full of Gold-mines, and well stored with borax and vermilion, and other colours. He therefore commanded the ground to be cultivated. So the Asturians began to understand the wealth they had lying under ground, while they digged it out for others. All Nations to the West and South being quieted, as also to the North (only within the Rhine and the Dannow) and in like manner to the East, between 
* Tigris.  Tigris and Euphrates, those others also which were not subject to the Empire, were yet sensible of its greatness, and looked on the Roman people as Conquerors of the world. For even the Scythians and Sarmatians sent their Ambassadors to us, desiring our friendship. The Seres also, and the Indians, who live under the very Sun, came with gems and precious stones, and bringing also Elephants among their presents, complained of nothing so much as the greatness of their journey, which they completed in four years; and yet the very colour of the men argued their coming from under another Sun. The Parthians also, as if it repent them of the Victory, of their own accord, returned the Ensigns at the overthrow given to Crassus. So was all mankind reduced to a firm and uninterrupted peace, either by conquest or compact. And Caesar Augustus, in the seven hundredth year from the first building of the City, presumed to shut the Temple of double-faced Janus, which had been shut but twice before him, under King Numa, and after the first reduction of Carthage. Thence forward, giving his thoughts to peace, he reformed an age bend to all enormities, and inclining to dissolution, by many prudent and severe edicts. For these so many transcendent Actions, he was denominated Perpetual Dictator and Father of the Country. It was debated in the Senate, whether he should be called Romulus because he had established the Empire. But the name of AUGUSTUS was thought more sacred and more venerable, that, even while he lives on Earth, he might, in name and title, be ranked among the Gods.    

A TABLE Of the several CHAPTERS contained in the whole Book.  

The first Book,  
CHAP. I. THe Birth of Romulus first King of the Romans, the actions of his youth, the foundation of Rome, the death of his Brother Remus, the establishment of a Sanctuary in Rome, the surprisal of the Sabine▪ Virgin, Romulus his death, and translation among the Gods. Page 1.  
CHAP. II. Numa Pompilius succeeds Romulus; his Piety, his setlement of Religious affairs. 5  
CHAP. III. Tullus Hostilius succeeds Numa. He instructs the Romans about military engagements; declares a war against the people of Alba; The famous engagement between the three Horatij and the three Curiatij; The treachery of the Latins in the War against the Fidenates. 6  
CHAP. IV. Ancus Martius, Numa's Grandson is advanced to the Throne, after Tullus Hostilius, he builds the Walls of Rome, and a Bridge over the Tiber, and sends a Colony to Hostia. page 8  
CHAP. V. Tarqvinius Priscus, a foreigner, is for his virtue, advanced to Royalty; heightens the glory of the Senate; would have increased the order of Knights, but is diverted from it by the Augur Nevius; his military achievements; what ornaments of the Empire were of his invention. 9  
CHAP. VI Servius Tullius comes to the Government by subtlety; He causes an estimate to be taken of the Roman wealth; and distinguishes the people into several Orders and Degrees. 10  
CHAP. VII. Tarquin comes to the Crown by the Massacre of Servius; the horrid wickedness of his wife Tullia; His cruelty and pride render him odious to the people; he causes his own Son to be scourged, out of a design to abuse the Gabii: and builds a Temple at the Capitol. Presages of Rome's continuance. 11  
CHAP. VIII. A short account of the reign of the seven Kings, and a rehearsal of what was most remarkably done by them, in order to the advancement of the Commonwealth. page 13  
CHAP. IX. The Regal Dignity transferred to the Consuls, Brutus and Collarinus; the later of whom is deposed for his being descended from the Royal Family, Publicola is put into his place; Brutus discovering his own Sons siding with the Tarquins, puts them to death. 15  
CHAP. X. Porsenna King of Etruria, siding with the Tarquins, comes with a powerful Army before Rome, reduces it to extreme necessity, and is ready to force it; but astonished at the prodigious gallantry of Mutius, Horatius, and Clelia, he makes an Alliance with the Romans. The Combat between Brutus and Tarquin's Son, wherein they both fell. 17  
CHAP. XI. ●he Latins engage in the quarrel of the Tarquins, give battle to the Romans, by whon they are defeated. The other neighbouring Nations disturb their quiet; The Romans fight for the dilatation of their Territories; Quinctus Cincinnatus taken from the Plough to be Dictator; He subdues the Aequi, and treats them as beasts. 19  
CHAP. XII. The Veientes war with the Romans; the Family of the Fabii undertake the Engagement; they are unfortunately defeated by the Enemies; but that loss is recompensed by many Victories obtained against the Falisci, the Fidenates, and the Veientes. age 22  
CHAP. XIII. The Gauls overrun Italy; besiege Clusium; raise the siege and march directly towards Rome; by the way they fight the Roman Army, and defeat it; They fire Rome; massacre the Senators; besiege the Capitol, into which Manlius had retreated with the choice of the Roman youth. The besieged having held out long are at last forced to capitulate; As they are paying the sum agreed upon, Camillus charges the Gauls, who are forced from Rome, and extirpated. 24  
CHAP. XIV. The war against the Latins, who envy the glory of the Romans. Manlius Torquatus put his Son to death f●r fight contrary to his orders. Decius devotes himself to death, for the safety of the Army.  
CHAP. XV. The war with the Sabins; the Romans waste all their Territories, under the conduct of the Consul Curius Dentatus.  
CHAP. XVI. The war with the Samnites siding with those of Capua; the Soil whereof is commended; The Roman spend fifty years in that war; they are defeated at the straight of Arpaja; they revenge that affront upon the Samnites. page 31  
CHAP. XVII. The nations of Italy conspire against Rome; Fabius Maximus defeats their Army; His fellow Consul, Decius, following the example of his Father, devoted himself to death. 34  
CHAP. XVIII. The Tarentines affront the Romans, who arm against them. Divers people of Italy assist the Tarentines. Pyrrhus' King of Epirus engages in their quarrel, is victorious at the first Engagement against the Romans; and defeated at the two ensuing Battles. At last he is forced out of Italy, and driven back into Greece. 36  
CHAP. XIX. The Romans engage in a war against those who had favoured the Tarentines; Ascoli taken; Sempronius' vow. 42  
CHAP. XX. The war with the Sallentini; Brundisium taken; a Temple vowed to Pales, Goddess of the Shepherds. 43  
CHAP. XXI. The Vulsinians implore the assistance of the Romans, against their slaves, who are brought to their duty by Fabius Gurges. page 34  
CHAP. XXII. Of the Seditions which happened at Rome; Posthumius General of the Roman Army is killed with stones; The insolence of the Soldiery refusing to fight; an insurrection of the people, who banish the chiefest of the Nobility; the unworthy treatment of Coriolanus and Camillus; dissensions between the Senate and the people. 44  
CHAP. XXIII. A civil discord occasioned by the Usurers, and appeased by an Oration of Menenius Agrippa. 45  
CHAP. XXIV. Another civil discord occasioned by the insolence and tyranny of the Decemvirs; Appius Claudius would have ravished Virginius' daughter; who is killed publicly by her Father. The Decemvirs displaced 46  
CHAP. XXV. The third civil Discord. 48  
CHAP. XXVI. The fourth discord occasioned by the people's desire to be admitted to dignities; the jealousy and vigilancy of the Romans in what concerns their liberty; upon which account Spurius Cassius, Melius, and Manlius are put to death. ibid.   

The Second Book.  
CHAP. I. THe greatness of the people of Rome; they subdue Europe, Asia, and afric, in the space of two hundred years. page 51  
CHAP. II. The war between the Romans and Carthaginians, grounded on the relief of those of Messina; The victories gained at Sea by the Romans, against Hieron King of Sicily, and the Inhabitants of Carthage. The Lacedæmonians, send assistance to the Carthaginians. The Commander in chief of the Romans taken prisoner, and unworthily treated: The destruction of Carthage. 52  
CHAP. III. Several Nations make incursions upon the Romans; but they are all brought under subjection. 55  
CHAP. IV. Britomarus' Leader of the Insubrian gaul's is overcome by Aemilius; the defeat of Astrionicus; Marcellus kills King Virdomarus; and consecrates his arms to Jupiter Feterius. page, 57  
CHAP. V The Roman Ambassadors barbarously massacred by the Liburnians; the punishment inflicted on them and their Prince by Cneus Fulvius. 58  
CHAP. VI The second Carthaginian War; Hannibal besieges Saguntus; the Romans to be revenged arm against the Carthaginians; Hannibal's oversight after the great Victory at Cannae; Fabius and Marcellus make it appear by their conduct, that Hannibal was not invincible; the same Hannibal besieges Rome, thinking thereby to raise the siege before Capua; Roman Armies sent into divers Provinces; the first Scipios, after they had been victorious in Africa, are at last defeated; Publius Scipio undertakes the war, and comes off with success and renown. 59  
CHAP. VII. The Romans enter into a war against the Macedonians who had assisted Hannibal: The Macedonians defeated, King Philip makes a peace; the Romans give liberty to the Grecians. page 72  
CHAP. VIII. Antiochus' King of Syria demands a City of Thrace of the Romans, who thereupon take occasion to enter into a war against him. He is overcome by Aemilius Regulus; A second defeat of Antiochus, upon which he accepts of a peace. 75  
CHAP. IX. The Rhodians and Athenians use their mediation with the Romans on the behalf of the Aetolians, Cephalenia and other Islands subdued by the Romans. 79  
CHAP. X. The Istrians plunder Manlius' Camp, but afterwards being surprised in the midst ●f the jollity are defeated, and their King taken prisoner. 80  
CHAP. XI. The Gallo-grecians are subdued by the Romans; the great courage and gallantry of a Lad●, in revenging herself of a Centurion who had done her violence.  
CHAP. XII. The second Macedonian or Persian war; the alliance between the Macedonians and the Thracians●; the policy of K. Perses, who yet is overcome by P. Aemilius. The description of a magnificent triumph; the news of the Victory brought to Rome, the very day of the Engagement, by the means of two young men, who were thought to be Castor and Pollux. page, 82  
CHAP. XIII. The Illyrians are vanquished by the Praetor Anicius; Scodra, the chief City of their Country laid desolate. 85  
CHAP. XIV. The third Macedonian war occasioned by the usurpation of a mean person, named Andriscus; the Praetor Juventius is overcome by him, but sufficiently revenged by Metellus, who brings Andriscus captive to Rome. 86  
CHAP. XV. The third Pudick or Carthaginian war: the deplorable destruction of the City of Carthage, by young Scipio. 88  
CHAP. XVI. Corinth, the Metropolis of Achaia, declared an enemy to the people of Rome, for the affronts done to their Ambassadors; it is destroyed, and consumed by fire. 91  
CHAP. XVII. An account of Transactions in Spain, which is set upon by the Romans, and the Provinces of it subdued by several Commanders; the policy and valour of a Spanish Captain, he is afterwards killed by a Roman Soldier; Viriathus a Portuguez compared to Romulus; Pompilius order him to be murdered. page 93  
CHAP. XVIII. The City of Numantia opposes the Romans for many years; Hostilius Mancinus the Roman General defeated by the Numantians, and by order of the Senate delivered into the hands of the enemies; The constancy, and cruel resolution of Numantia exercised on itself. 79  
CHAP. XIX. A summary of the Roman wars for the space of two hundred years. 101  
CHAP. XX. Attalus King of Pergamus makes the people of Rome his Heir; Astronicus takes occasion thence to enter into a war against them; Crassus defeated and taken Prisoner; Astronicus subdued and put into chains; the unworthy procedure of Aquilius, in poisoning the springs, and by that means blasting the reputation of the Romans. 103   

The Third Book.  
CHAP. I. Jugurth, King of Numidia, wars against the Romans; he endeavours to overcome them by ar●ifi●es and presents; At last, after several defeats, he is betrayed into the hands of S●lla by the mea●●●● Bocchus. page 105  
CHAP. II. The victory obtained by the Romans beyond the Alps, over the Salii, the Allobroges, and the Aruerni; Domitius Aenobarbus, and Fabus Maximu● erect Towers of stone, and set up Trophies on them. 109  
CHAP. III. The Cimbri and Tentones design an Incursion into Italy; they defeat several Armies of the Romans, but are at last defeated themselves by Marius; The strange resolution of their Wives. A miraculous thing happened at Rome after the defeat. 110  
CHAP. IV. The Thracians revolt, commit many insolences and inhumanities'; Porrius Cato defeated by them; at last they are defeated by divers Roman Generals; The Victory obtained by Lucullus. 115  
CHAP. V Mithridates' wars against the Romans, and takes Bythinia from them, and bring all Asia into an inclination to revolt; He causes all the Roman Citizens to be massacred in the Provinces of Asia; Sylla defeats him in two battles; Mithridates raises a greater Army, besieges Cyzicum, and is overcome by Lucullus; The signal Victory of Pompey over both Mithridates and Tigranes; He overruns all Asia, and brings it in subjection to the Romans. page 117  
CHAP. VI The Cilician Pirates scour the Seas, and hinder Commerce; Pompey's miraculous success in the reduction of them in forty days. 124  
CHAP. VII. The Cretians set upon by the Romans defeat the Army of M. Antonius; Metellus revenges the affront, and treats them most cruelly. 127  
CHAP. VIII. The Inhabitants of the Balearick Islands turn Pirates, and engage with the Roman Fleet, by which they are defeated. 128  
CHAP. IX. Cyprus sacked by the Romans, and the wealth of it brought to Rome by Porcius Cato. 130  
CHAP. X. A memorable Exploit of Caesars among the Gauls, and in Great Britain; He builds a Bridge over the Rhine; Vercingetorix submits to him. 131  
CHAP. XI. Crassus' vanquished and killed by the Parthians; the indignity exercised by his enemies upon him after his death.  
CHAP. XII. A Recapitulation, comprehending a Description of the Misfortunes of the Romans, proceeding from plenty; and that their arming against themselves, is to be attributed to the same cause. page 139  
CHAP. XIII. Of the Sedition occasioned by the power bestowed on the Tribunes. 142  
CHAP. XIV. The Sedition occasioned by Tiberius Gracchus, who is opposed and killed. 143  
CHAP. XV. Caius Graachus attempts to prosecute the design of his Brother Tiberius; and is murdered by Opimius upon Mount-Aventine. 145  
CHAP. XVI. Apuleius Saturninus renews the quarrel of the Grachii; he is assisted by Marius, and commits many outrages; Marius is forced to desert him; He gets into the Capitol, and surrenders himself to the Senate. The people tear him to pieces. 146  
CHAP. XVII. Livius Drusus would enforce the Graachane Laws; Cepio violates the Senate; The Consul Philippus opposing him is unworthily treated; the sudden death of Drusus. 148  
CHAP. XVIII. All Italy in a commotion; a general conspiracy, which after great destructions of men, is at last appeased. page 150  
CHAP. XIX. An insurrection of the Slaves; Sicily under the Government of a Syrian, who feigns himself a Fanatic; They are at last overcome and punished by the valour of Rupilius; A second insurrection of the Slaves quieted by Aquilius. 152  
CHAP. XX. Spartacus a Gladiator heads an Army of Slaves, and puts many affronts on the Romans, at last Licinius Crassus vindicates the honour of Rome by the death of the Gladiator. 155  
CHAP. XXI. The civil War of the Romans occasioned by the ambition of Marius and Sylla. 158  
CHAP. XXII. The valour of Sertorius, banished Rome by the proscription of Sylla; He makes an insurrection in Spain; and after many gallant exploits, is killed by treachery. 164  
CHAP. XXIII. Lepidus raises new commotions; he is vanquished and dies in Sardinia. 166   

The Fourth Book.  
CHAP. I. The detestable conspiracy of Catiline against his Country; he is assisted by several persons of the Noblest Families in Rome; Cicero discovers the design; the punishment of the Conspirators; Antonius gives Catiline and his Army an absolute overthrow. page 168  
CHAP. II. A Relation of the War between Caesar and Pompey, which was rather an universal one, than a civil; The league between Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar; the distrust between Caesar and Pompey, upon which ensued an open war; Pompey flies out of Italy; Caesar's exploits; he besieges Marseils, passes over into Spain, defeats Pompey's Lieutenants, and follows him into Epirus. The courage and fortune of Caesar; Pompey vanquished by him in Thessaly; his deplorable death in Egypt; Caesar utterly destroys the Army of Pharnaces; Scipio defeated Cata and Juba; the bloody fight against Pompey's Sons; the valour, conduct, and incomparable fortune of Caesar; his clemency; the great honours attributed to him; he is envied at Rome, and murdered. page 172  
CHAP. III. Sextus Pompeius demands his Father's estate, Octavius resolves to revenge Caesar's death; Mark Anthony a slave to Cleopatra. 194  
CHAP. IV. The quarrel between Octavius Caesar and Marcus Antonius; the siege of Mutina raised. 194  
CHAP. V The confederacy between O●tavius, M. Antonius and Lepidus; the proscriptions and great cruelties exercised at Rome. 195  
CHAP. VI Brutus and C●ssius charged by Octavius and Antonius; the memorable fight in Thessaly attended by prodigies; the death of Brutus and Cassius. 197  
CHAP. VII. A commotion raised b● M. Antonius, who shut up in Perusia by Octavius Caesar, is forced to surrender it. 200  
CHAP. VIII. Young Pompey possesses himself of Sicily and Sardinia; his flight and shameful death. 201  
CHAP. IX. The incursions of the Parthians under the Conduct of young Pacorus; They are defeated by the prudence of Ventidius; Pacorus' death. page 203  
CHAP. X. The Alliance between the Romans and the Parthians broken through the vanity of Marcus Antonius; The inconveniences endured by the Roman Army, and the generous resolution of the Soldiery; the insolence and brutality of Antonius. 205  
CHAP. XI. Antonius' besotted with the love of Cleopatra, promises her the Roman Empire; the preparations for the war; a Naval engagement between Octavius and Antonius, the death of him, and Cleopatra. 209  
CHAP. XII. A war raised by the Germans in Augustus' time; his exploits in the Northern Provinces; the valour and conduct of Drusus, who is surnamed Germanicus; his death; Quintilius surprised by the Germans; his defeat. A war in Armenia; the attempt of a Barbarian on the person of Caius; Augustus' conquests in Spain; a general Peace; the most remote Nations submit to the Roman Empire; the Parthians return the Ensigns taken from Crassus; Octavius Caesar shuts Janus-Temple; He is named Father of the Country and Augustus.    

An Advertisement TO ALL Gentlemen, Booksellers, or others.  
WHereas Samuel Speed Bookseller, hath lately undertaken a Wholesale Trade for Books, not making any appearance of that Employment by Retailing in a Shop as formerly he did, These are to certify, That those persons that please to apply themselves to him for Books, shall be as well used as by any person whatsoever; And whosoever hath any Study, or Library of Books, or Copies, either in Manuscript, or such as have been already Printed, to dispose of, shall receive from him the full value thereof, to the said Parties ample Satisfaction.   

BOOKS Printed for Samuel Speed Bookseller, between the Two Temple Gates in Fleetstreet.  
PH●ramond, the famed Romance, written by Author of those other two Eminent Volumes, Cassandra and Cleopatra, in Folio.  
Palmerin of England, in three Parts, in Quarto.  
The Destruction of Troy, in three Parts, in quarto.  
Quintus Curtius his life of Alexander the Great in English, in quarto.  
Montelion Knight of the Oracle, in quarto.  
Primaleon of Greece, in quarto.  
The Jewel-House of Art and Nature by Sir Hugh Plate, in quarto.  
The Woman's Lawyer by Sir John Dodridge, in quarto.  
Divine Law; or the Patron's Purchaser, by Alexander Huckston, in quart.  
The complete Parson, by Sir John Dodridge, in quarto.  
Star-Chamber Cases, in quarto.  
Actions of the Case for Deeds, by William Sheppard Esq in Folio.  
The life of Henry the Great in English, written by the Bishop of Rhodes, in Octavo.  
The Villain: a Tragedy, by Tho. Porter Esq in quarto.  
Observations of the Statesmen and Favourites of England, since the Reformation, their Rise, and Growths, Prudence, and Policies, Miscarriages, and Falls, during the Reigns of K. Henry the Eight, K. Edward the Sixth, Qu. Marry, Qu. Elizabeth, K. James, and K. Charles the first. By David Lloyd, A.M. in Octavo.  
The Precedency of Kings, by James Howel Esq in Folio.  
The Description of Tangier, with an account of the life of Gayland the Usurper of the Kingdom of Fez. in q.  
The Golden Coast, or a Description of Guinney, in quarto.  
An Abridgement of the Reports of Sir George Crooks three Volumes, in oct.  
An Abridgement of the Reports of Sir Francis More, in Octavo.  
The Complete Lawyer, by William Noy of Lincoln's Inn, in Octavo.  
The Tenant's Law, a Treatise of great use for Tenants and Farmers of all kinds, and all other persons whatsoever. Wherein the several Natures, Differences, and Kinds of Tenors, and Tenants are discussed, and several Cases in the Law touching Leases, Rents, Distresses, Replevins, and other Accidents between Landlord and Tenant, and Tenant and Tenant between themselves, and others, especially such who have suffered by the late Conflagration in the City of London; with Rules for Determination of Differences, without troubling the most Honourable Court of Judicature by R.T. Gent. in Twelve.  
Memoires of the Lives, Actions, Sufferings, and Deaths, of those Noble, Reverend, and Excellent Personages, that suffered by Death, Sequestration, Decimation, or otherwise, for the Protestant Religion, and the great principle thereof, Allegiance to their Sovereign, in our late intestine Wars; by David Lloyd A.M. in Folio.  
Arithmetical Recreations by W. Leybourn, in Twelves.  
The Reports of Sir Henry Hobart, in Folio.  
The Complete Copy-Holder by the Lord Cook, in quarto.  
Machiavels Discourses, and Prince, in Twelves.  
The Roman History of Lucius Florus, in Octavo.  
The City and Country Purchaser, and Builder, with Directions for Purchasing, Building, and improving of Lands, and Houses, in any part of England, by Stephen Primate Gent. in Octavo.  
A brief Chronicle of the late intestine War, in the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ir●land. From the years of our Lord 1637. to the year 1663. by James Heath Gent. now reprinting in Folio.  
The new Academy of Compliments erected for Ladies, and Gentlemen, containing Variety of Compliments and Letters fitted to the occasions of all persons of both Sexes, with an exact Collection of the Newest and Choicest Songs A lafoy mode, both Amorous and Jovial, in Twelves.  
Systema Agriculturae: Being the whole Mystery of Husbandry, made known by J.G. Gent. in Folio.  
FINIS.