Tractatus cui Titulus, An Enquiry into the right Use and Abuse of Hot, Cold and Temperate Baths in England, Imprimatur.  


Tho. Millington Praeses.  


Censores.  
Tho. Burwell.  
Rich. Torlesse.  
William. Dawes.  
Tho. Gill.     Dat. Ex Aedibus Collegii in Comitiis Censoriis. June 4. 1697.   

AN ENQUIRY INTO THE Right USE and ABUSES OF THE Hot, Cold, and Temperate BATHS In ENGLAND.  
In which  
I. The several Kind's of Baths are examined, and their Virtues explained by their sensible Qualities.  
II. The right Use and the Abuses of Hot Baths are discovered.  
III. The proper Use and Abuses of the Temperate Baths are described.  
IU. Cold Bathing, as it is used by the Ancient and Modern Physicians, is recommended, and the Injuries of it in some Cases are observed: With a particular Description of the Virtues and Use of Buxton-Bath in Derbyshire; being the most Excellent, Temperate, and safe Cool Bath in England.  
To this is added  
I An Extract of Dr. Jones' Treaty on Buxton-Bath; with some Additions, and Remarks on it.  
II. A Letter from Dr. Clayton of Lancashire, concerning the use of St. Mungus-Well.  
III. An Abstract of some Cures performed by the Bath at Buxton.  
By Sir JOHN FLOYER, Kt. M. D.  
B. V V Corrumpunt Corpora sana, conservant eadem. B. V V  
LONDON, printed for R. Clavel, at the Peacock in St. Paul's-Church-yard, 1697.   

To His Excellency, the most Noble Prince, WILLIAM Duke of Devonshire, Marquis of Hartington, Earl of Devonshire, and Baron Cavendish of Hardwick; One of the Lords Justices of the Realm of England during His Majesty's absence, Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household, Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter, Lord Lieutenant of the County of Derby, and one of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy-Council.  
May it please Your Grace,  
NOne of the extraordinary Rarities of the Peake surprised me with greater Admiration, than Your Grace's famous Baths at Buxton, which seemed to me like some rich Mineral concealed amongst the monstrous Hills.  
This Jewel of Nature is happily bestowed on Your Illustrious Family, who know best how to adorn such natural naked Rarities, with magnificent, pleasant, and convenient Buildings, and, by Your great Example, give encouragement to the frequenting of these excellent and useful Baths.  
Where such natural Baths have been wanting, great Princes, or Emperors have supplied their Defect by artificial ones; by which they express their Opinion of the usefulness of Baths to the Public; and by the erecting them, they designed to oblige the Multitude, who desired the use of them for their Pleasure, Beauty, or curing Diseases.  
In the most flourishing Times of the Roman Empire, the number of Baths was infinite at Rome. The Dioclesian Baths equalled four of the greatest Palaces in Italy. And the Antonine Baths contained Sixteen Hundred Seats; and by its spacious Building, Places for Exercise, Ponds, Walks, Porticoes, resembled a whole Province: And these Baths were adorned with Statues, noble Columns, Silver Pipes, and rich Gems.  
Your Noble Family did formerly erect these Baths at Buxton; and what is wanting for Pleasure and Convenience, is by all expected from Your generous Hand.  
Baths were always thought worthy of the Care of Statesmen; and Cato opposed the introducing the use of bot Baths in Rome, by which the Roman Manners might be corrupted, and their Bodies made more Effeminate: He discerned the Mistake of the Graecian Doctors, who recommended Hot Baths for the helping of Digestion, whereas it was evident, that they subverted and weakened the Stomach. I hope Your Grace will imitate the Counsel of this Noble Patriot, by incouraraging this prejent Age to leave of the imprudent Use of Hot Baths, and to regain their ancient natural viguor, strength and hardiness by a frequent Use of Cold Bathing.  
Your Grace's Bath at Buxton is so exactly tempered by a mild Heat, that it puts the nicest Constitutions in no fear of danger by the uses of it; but the benefit of it is extraordinary, by restraining the preternatural quantity of Perspiration, by strengthening the Nerves and natural Heat. By these it is easy to prevent all Inflammations, Pains, Rheums, Fluxes, and Gout, and all other Effervescences in our Humours.  
The benefit of Cold Water was anciently known to the Germane, who dipped their newborn Children into Rivers, to harden them; and the Northern People rub their frozen parts with Snow, to regain their natural Heat and Colour. But I will give Your Grace some Examples of Cold bathing from the Romans in the most flourishing time of their Empire; by which it will appear, that I publish no new Doctrine, but only design to revive the Ancient practice of Physic in using Cold Baths, amongst which, Buxton is the most temperate and safe.  
Antonius Musa first practised this Cold bathing at Rome, by which he cured the Emperor Augustus, who being subject to Distillations, had long despaired of his Health, till Musa observing the Hot Baths to do him injury, did try a contrary Method, and cured him by Cold bathing. After which, Suetonius relates, that Augustus used Hot Baths very rarely; but for his Nerves he used Sea-Water for a Bath, or the Albulae, which were the most temperate Baths in Italy; in Virtue and Heat most resembling that at Buxton. For this miraculous Cure, Augustus, nobly rewarded Musa, and placed his Statue next to Aesculapius.  
By this Success on Augustus, Musa was encouraged to try cold Baths in all Diseases: but as it happens to all Emperical new Methods, it was improperly applied by him in the Winter, to young Marcellus, whom Musa killed six Months after he had cured Augustus: and this rash use of cold bathing is described by Horace, which was exposing their Heads and Breasts to the falling of cold Springs on them, in the severe Cold of Winter. But this Accident did not discourage this practice, but obliged the Physician to be more cautious, and to found out the right use of Cold bathing; for Horace, by the Advice of Musa, left the hot Baths, which did injury to his inflamed Eyes, and went to the cold Baths at Clusium and Gabii; but finding those Countries too cold, he writes an Epistle to Vala about the cold Baths at Valie and Salernum.  
Seneca afterwards practised Cold bathing in the Sea, and cells it his old Art; and gave himself the name of Psuchrolontes, in his Epistle to Lucilius; and it appears that he was so great a lover of Cold bathing, that in the Calendss of January, he leapt into a Spring near Tybur.  
I could give more of the History of cold bathing from the Roman History; but I think it sufficient that their greatest Emperor, the wittiest Poet, and their most admired Philosopher, practised the Psuchrolusia.  
This practice of Cold bathing was certainly brought by the Romans into England; but it was known and practised also by the Germane, and from them it might come to their Neighbours. The Heathen Priests grounded their Worshipping of Wells on the Virtue of Medicinal Waters, attributing their cheap and sudden Cures to a present Deity. The bringing Alms and Offerings to Wells, was anciently forbidden by Edgar's Canons: And Dr. Hammond mentions the Injunctions against worshipping St. Edmund's Well without St. Clement's at Oxford. This Custom was afterwards imitated by the Romish Priests, who dedicated the Medicinal Springs to particular Saints: So one of the Wells at Buxton is called St. Ann's; and by the particular Offerings, Pilgrimages, and Devotions, the Common People were deceived, and attributed all their Cures to the Merit of that Saint, and their own Devotion, which was due to the Physical Virtue of cold Springs, and God's Blessing on a Natural use of them  
The Disuse of these Waters at Buxton I believe was owing much to the Reformation, which gave a general Aversion to the Romish Superstition, with which the People being out of Humour, they refused the good Use, as well as the Superstition of the Baths. And that Age being very ignorant in Philosophy, they discerned not the natural Virtue of Cold Water, such as is that at Holywell, and St. Mungus, the most excellent of the Coldest Baths, and the most used to this time.  
The Civil Wars have occasioned the neglect of many famous Waters. But I will add this most particular Cause of their disuse; As the Virtues of the Waters formerly supported the Reputation of the Saints, so now the want of a proper religious Office to be used by the Devout at the time of bathing and drinking Waters, leaves all to a general Debauchery of Manners in such public places, and does very much lessen the number of those who would come thither, if both the Ends of Devotion and Health were served by coming to those places. This neglect of our Church I could not but censure, being no lesle injurious to the Bodies, than the Souls of good Men.  
I have endeavoured truly to represent to my Country the Virtues of the Bath at Buxton; and it were to be wished, that the Church would propose some proper Devotions fitted to such Occasions; and we must depend on Your Grace's Munificence, for the Splendour and Ornaments of that place, on Your Presence sometimes, which will occasion a greater Concourse there: And I must humbly beg Your favourable Acceptance of what I here have writ concerning Buxton; who am,  
Your Grace's most Faithful, humble Servant, John Floyer. Lichfield, May 1. 1697.   

THE PREFACE.  
Concerning the Nature, Causes, and Effects of Perspiration; and the Regulating of it by Baths.  
BEfore I discourse of particular Baths, it is very necessary to explain the Nature of Perspiration, which the Hot, Cold, and Temperate Baths do most evidently altar, as appears by increasing or diminishing the Weight of our Bodies; and this will oblige me to describe the several Effects or Qualities produced by the Elements, on both the solid and fluid Parts of Animals, for the explaining the Changes in our Perspiration by them; by the Fire we heat, by Water we cool, by the Air our Humours are made fluid, by the Earth, or rather the Vegetated part of it, as also by our Animal Food, we obtain the Consistence of our Humours, or the dryness or solidity of our containing Parts. These first Impressions on an Animal Body, and its Humours, I will, with the Ancients, call the first Qualities. The Heat and Cold, the Fluidity or Dryness, are perceived by our Touch; and these produce several other Qualities in our Bodies, as they are applied either to the solid or fluid Parts; so Heat raresies, and Cold compresses the Consistence of any Blood and Spirits. And there is a third sort of Qualities, which the old Writers mention, which depend on the second Qualities, as they produce Mechanical Effects on our organised Bodies; so Fire first heats, than rarefies our Humours, and thereby produces Sweat; and these several Qualities I will describe in the following Discourse, to justify and fully explain these useful Notions of our Ancient Physicians, which they observed from what occurred to their Senses.  
1. The external Effect of Fire on our solid Parts, is to heat; but we blister or cauterize them, to cure the Putrefaction, Fluxion, Pains, Convulsions in them: But its Effects on our Humours are to 'cause a greater internal Motion in them, and by its own actual Heat and diffused Motion, so to excite the Motion of the Aerial Spirits, as to quicken the Circulation, and thereby produce many mechanical Actions; and by expanding the Air, the Humours are rarefyed, or attenuated, as all Liquors boiled on the Fire swell, and are inflated by the expansion of their included Air.  
2. By the violent agitation in the Particles of Fire, and the Inflation mentioned, some heterogeneous Parts, like a Scum, may be separated from our Humours, as it appears by boiling or digesting of Juices.  
3. Fire attenuates, expands, and resolves the Humours, so as to turn our Humours into Vapour, and fit them for Perspiration. This Effect of Fire we observe in distillation of Vegetables, which turns the Watery Liquor into a humid Vapour, condensible into Liquor again: It dissolves the Gums and Turpentines lodged in the Vessels of Plants, and by the help of the Watery Vehicle, distils them, and melts them into the Form of an Oil; It turns the crude Tartar of Vegetables, partly into an acid Spirit, and partly calcines it into a fixed Salt; and the rest of the Terrene Parts into Ashes. After the same manner Fire will resolve Animal Humours: First, The Serous Part into Water. Secondly, The natural Armoniac Salt in the Humours into a Volatile Salt, and the Acid into a fixed Salt. The Oil is nothing but the Globuli of Fat melted, and the thin part of it distilled over by the help of Water. The Earthy part is the Ashes remaining. By this Explication it is evident that the Fire changes the natural States of the Principle by Distillation; but it produces no new ones, but every distinct Chemical Principle has its Parent both in the Animals and Vegetables which produced it; but the Difference and Virtue is from the Fire.  
4. External Heat attracts to the outward Parts; for by rarefying the Humours, it distends the Vessels, and opens the Pores, by expanding the included Air, and gives way to the Pulse to press the Humours outwardly: So in Cupping-Glasses, the Pressure of the external Air is taken of by the Heat of the Fire in them; and the same Heat rarefies the Air included in the Animal Pores and Juices, which produce the Tumour of the Part.  
5. Heat condenses or thickens the Animal Humours, by evaporating the Serous Vehicles.  
6. It colliquates fat Liquors, which coagulate by Cold, as Jelly Broths, all Fats, and Axungia's.  
7. There is another sort of Colliquation made by external Heat, which we call the Putrefaction of our Humours, when the natural Viscidity is so far dissolved or colliquated, as to want a sufficient tenacity or cohaesion of Parts, which is necessary to make the Bullulae Sanguineae, for retaining Aerial Spirits. Soap gives this viscidity to Water, which makes it fit to retain the Air blown into it. We observe all putrid Humours to be very thin and sanious, as it were colliquated like melted Oil.  
The Effects of Cold on our Humours, are contrary to that of Heat; and therefore as Fire acts by the agitation of its Parts, and diffusion of its Particles every way, so Cold, whose Seat is chief in Water, (for we naturally depend on that for extinguishing the common Fire, as well as all Animal Heats or Burn) affects our Sense of Feeling, and produces its several Effects by its lesle agitation in the Particles of Water, than there is in the Humours of a living Animal. Cold Water is heavier than our Humours, or any other fermented Liquors; that giving them a great plenty of Elastic Air, makes them lighter, and more easily agitated than Water. And the same Water may seem Cold or Hot, according to the different Degrees of Heat, or agitation of our Humours; so the Urine appears cold to a Person in a very hot Bath: Therefore I must attribute all the Effects of cold Water on our solid and fluid Parts, to its weight, pressure, or lesser agitation than that in our Humours.  
1. Cold chills the Nerves, by compressing the Animal Spirits, and checking their Rarefaction, or natural aerial Expansion; and hereby it occasions the Skin to contract and shrivel, and stops its Pores, and hardens the Skin.  
2. Cold Water compresses or condenses the Consistence of our Animal Juices, partly by its weight, or contact of Parts lesle agitated, and also by compressing the rarefyed Elastic Air in the Bullulae Sanguinis.  
3. By the stopping of the Pores, by the compressing of the Juices, the internal rarefyed Vapours which are only Watery Globuli expanded by rarefyed Air, are retained; and this may be observed by breathing upon a Magnifying Glass, on the side next the Object, and immediately looking through it, the Breath appears like a Congeries of large Water-Bubbles broken on the Glass. These rarefyed Bubbles in the Humours, and their natural hot Effluviums, produced by their Digestion, Motion, Circulation, or Fermentation; and if they be too much evacuated by hot Baths, they make the Body weaker, the Spirits exhausted; but if moderately retained, the Spirits are more invigorated, and all the Animal Actions depending on them, Digestion, Circulation, Perspiration, are well performed: And by this means Cold Water strengthens the natural Heat, Spirits, and Vigour or Tone of our Bodies; and for this reason the Northern Nations rub their Frozen Parts with Ice, and have always hardened their Bodies by bathing in Cold Water.  
4. Cold Water by overmuch compressing the fluid Parts of Animals may stop their Motion, and extinguish their natural Heat; but by a moderate compression, the Humours may be checked in their Motion; and if very viscid, the Globuli may cohere, and thereby become grumous, or coagugulate; and this way Rheumatic Blood may be made by excessive cold Wether, which causes the viscid Particles to cohere in the Pores when too much compressed. The good Effects of this Compression are to preserve the natural Consistence and Rarefaction of our Fluids, and thereby hinder Putrefaction; but excessive cold makes the external Parts pale, and at last mortifies them with a Gangrene, by hindering the Afflux of warm Nutriment into the external Vessels, and by congealing some of the Blood in its Vessels, which putrifies there for want of Nourishment or Motion.  
5. Cold Water repels the Circulation of Humours inwardly, and thereby it occasions Fluxes by Urine, Stool, or Spitting: The quantity of the perspirable Aerial Parts retained, causes Fevers or burning Heats. The Serous perspirable retained, give Matter to the Distillations or Fluxes. Cold Countries make our Bodies pale and white; but the hotter Climes black, swarfey, yellow, by drawing the Humours more outwardly, and tinging the Skin with their Colour: Choler makes the Face yellow or green; the well-digested Blood florid; the Vitriolic Spleen Juice, gives a blackness to the Countenances: And by those sensible Marks, our old Physicians truly judged of the preternatural State of our Humours. But our Moderns too much neglect the useful sensible Notions observed formerly; and through a Humour of Innovations, they reject all the Ancients have writ, tho' very useful, and as certain as our Senses, upon which they grounded all their Observations.  
The Operation of the Air on our solid Parts, is to compress them. We may easily discern that Effect, by taking of that Pressure by Cupping Glasses, or the Air Pump; for than the solid Parts swell by the force of the Air compressed in our Humours, which always expands itself by its Elasticity, according as the pressure of the Air, and its Weight are altered; but the great use of the Air is inwardly, by giving fluidity, which was formerly understood by the humidity of our Humours. This Effect of the Air on our Humours was not so well understood formerly; but now we allow that Air is included in all Liquors, and gives the following Alterations to the Animal Humours.  
1. It being included in the empty Pores of our solid Meats, as well as in the Bubbles of our fluids, by the heat of the Stomach, the included Air being rarefyed, it dissolves and separates the Particles of our solid Food, and agitates those of the Liquors we drink. By this internal Agitation and Rarefaction of the elastic Particles of the Air, the Food is dissolved, digested, and fermented in the Stomach, this Air becomes more elastic by a long Digestion in the Stomach, as is the Spirit of our Animal Juices in its first Origine, and was properly called by the Old Writers, The Natural Spirit, which helps the Digestion, Fluidity of Humours, and the Distribution of Nutriment; the more windy part is that which is too elastic, and goes of in the form of Wind, both upwards and downwards.  
2. In the Blood this Aerial Spirit is more purified, the windy Parts are thrown of by perspiration, or else by breathing. A violent Agitation or Rarefaction is produced in the Blood, by every Ferment which occasions a Fever, or Defluxion of Humours. It is rarefyed and compressed, according to the Heat, Cold, or Weight of the external Air; and a violent Circulation occasioned by any Passion of the Mind, causes the same Ebullition or Effervescence as in Fevers.  
By the Rarefaction of the Air, the Serous Humidities are exhaled by Perspiration; and by the stoppage of this, either Pains, Fevers, Defluxions, or Cachexies are produced; the continual Flux of this Humid aerial Part, is necessary to prevent Putrefaction in our Humours. This is usually called the Ventilation of them; for as the stoppage of the Fumes of wet Hay occasions an actual Fire, so the too free Evacuations of these aerial Particles, over-cool our Bodies, and weaken them.  
3. The greatest Effects of the Air is in producing of Animal Spirits, which consist of the purer Lympha, impregnated with a fine digested elastic Air. The Glands' of the Brain prove that some Lympha is strained through them into the Nerves; and because none comes forth upon cutting the Nerves, the greatest part of it must be aerial, by which I express the light fluid elastical Mixture of Air, Water, and the light Oily Parts of the Animal Juices, produced out of our Nourishment by Fermentation in the Stomach, and a long Digestion in the Blood-Vessels; and whilst it remains in the circulating Mass, it is properly called the Vital Spirit; but in the Nerves, the Animal, as it is the immediate Instrument of the Soul; and this does more immediately receive the Impressions of Hot and Cold in our Skins, and is variously affected, according to the change of Wether, and the pressure of the Air. These aerial Spirits are fit to represent the Agitation of the external Air in Sands; the Motion of the Oily Particles of Smells, will easily rarify the aerial Spirits, and thereby violently affect the whole: This gives Tension and Motion to all the Muscles, and frequently circulates into the Blood again.  
Windy moist Air hinders Perspiration, by altering the Tension of the Skin, or the Pressure of the outward Air, and by causing an Ebullition in the Humours; for in Fevers the Perspiration is very much stopped; and when the Blood is in a confused Motion, and quick Circulation, by an Inflation of the inward Membranes, the Skin is contracted.  
External Cold hinders Transpiration in weak Bodies, where the Fermentation is low; but it helps it in the strong, as all the Northern People experience, who are more lightsome; and their Bodies weigh lesle in cold Frosty Wether, by reason of a more plentiful Perspiration; and that the Change of Air from Hot to Cold in the Summer, hinders Perspiration about lb. j and this produces Fevers and Distillations, when we change our Clotheses too soon: This Perspirabile retained, makes the Spirits uneasy, till it is evacuated again by Urine, Stool, or Sweated within three days.  
We experience, that in our Bodies being heated, cool Air stops Perspiration; yet it is as certain that an excess of Cold heats strong Bodies, and makes them really lighter.  
I have described the Effects of Fire, Water, and Air in our Bodies, because they very much altar the Perspiration; and it is plain, that the Element of Earth taken in our Food, supplies part of the Perspirabile, and altars the Excretion of it, according to its different Qualities.  
From the time of our eating we perspire unequally, that is, about lb. j in the first five Hours, and from five to twelve lb. iij. and from twelve to sixteen but lb. ss. By this Observation of Sanctorius, 'tis evident, that our daily Food must supply the Matter transpired; that till there has been a full Digestion in the Stomach, and a Sanguification of it by Circulation, no considerable quantity perspires. And from this Observation it is easy to make a Rule for our Hot bathing and Exercise, That the Body will perspire more by them, after five Hours, which time the Meat is digesting in the Stomach; and that Cold bathing twelve Hours after Meat cannot stop Perspiration much, or occasion any Fever or Defluxion by shutting up the Pores, the Perspiration being finished.  
The liquid part of our Diet is the greatest and heaviest, and the solid lightest, being more filled with Air; and so it is in our Excrements; in the space of one Night we perspire insensibly forty Ounces or more. The quantity of Urine is about sixteen Ounces; and the hard Excrement but four Ounces.  
The quality of the Meat altars Perspiration; copious and crude Meats, as Melons, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, make the Body heavier; and all the vaporous and thin or fermented, lighter.  
Thin Meats perspire about forty Ounces, as Mutton does; but the thicker, as Swine's Flesh, eighteen Ounces, and in the space of a Night.  
Fasting perspires as much; which shows, that in good and convenient feeding, we perspire the eighteen Ounces from our antiquated Humours, and about twenty two from our new Diet.  
The Flatus in our Diet is, as Sanctorius affirms, rude quoddam perspirabile: and there are two parts of Perspiration, the one is flatulent aerial, the grosser part is serous; but sweeting is altogether unnatural, unless we eat or drink more than is necessary.  
The preservation of our Health requires, that we should add as much to our weight as we daily loose, and that we should return every Morning to the same weight again.  
By weighing before and after sensible Evacuation in a Morning, we found that if our Diet amounts to lb. viij. in a Day, lb. v. passes of insensibly; and that exceeds all the other sensible Evacuations.  
We than accounted ourselves most healthful, when we perspire every Day alike; and Sanctorius assures us, that we should live to extreme old Age, if our Bodies in the four Changes of the Year were preserved of an equal weight; but in the beginning of Autumn the weight of the Body increases, and that makes a Ferment for Winter Tertians; and from the Autumn Equinox till the Winter Solstice, we perspire lesle lb. j every day; and than we begin to perspire more till the Spring Equinox; and he observes that in the Summer our Bodies weigh lesle by lb. iij.  
In the hot Air of Summer, our Bodies are of lesle Strength; therefore in Summer it is necessary to concentre our Strength and Spirits by Cold bathing: And there is not any more certain way to preserve ourselves from this dangerous inequality of weight, than by these kind of Cold Baths, which by frequent use make the Skin lesle subject to the sense of Cold, and consequently to an unnatural Contraction, to stop Perspiration, when we suddenly found the Air to change from Hot to Cold; or to spend too much of our Strength, when it changes from Cold to Hot.  
That cold Water renders the Skin callous, or, as Pliny calls it, carneous, is apparent by the Skins of Fishermen, who can endure all the Extremities of Wether, the thickness of the Skin making it uncapable of different Tensions: But all the tenderness we keep ourselves in, makes the Skin more sensible of Air, and more subject to contract or relax, and thereby transpires inequally.  
The Causes which stop Perspiration are,  
1. After eating, the Circulation goes more inwardly, and the Stomach and Guts are more tinged with Blood, they growing more warm by their fermenting Contents, may occasion the Humours to flow thither; and their Contraction upon the Meat may stop the circulating Humours there; and for this reason eating in the Morning, in the time of the greatest Perspiration, is improper, till after twelve Hours, when it is over. Abstinence hinders Perspiration.  
2. All Evacuations by vomiting, purging, venery, stop Perspiration, by turning the Circulation from the Habit of the Body, and may be improper when Perspiration is necessary.  
3. Water-drinking hinders it; and cool, viscid, acid, mucilaginous, styptic Diet is neither easily digested, nor perspired.  
4. The Passions of Fear and Sadness, by stopping the Circulation hinders our Transpiration; and therefore Hypondriacks cannot be cured, till their Bodies are made transpirable by temperate Baths, and humid Diet.  
5. The pituitous Cacochymia, the serous, tartareous, or flatulent Constitution, and old Men, and all in whom there is a weak Heat, perspire least.  
6. Cold Air and Water, tossing in Bed, Wax, Oil, Fat, outwardly hinder Perspiration, and ruin malignant Ulcers.  
The Inconveniences which attend the stoppage of Perspiration are Pains, Fevers, Windiness, Lassitude, tumors, Gangrenes, Erysipela's, Sciatica's, Fluxes by Urine or Stool, and the Body is heavier.  
The Causes of too great a Perspiration will cure the Stoppage of it; and are as follow.  
1. All hot, vinose, acrid, aromatic, salt Tastes in Diet, the actual Heat of Tobacco, do injury to the Head and Spirits, which requited Cool things; that Heat over-digests the Humours in the Stomach, and occasions a quicker Circulation, and febrile Rarefaction of the Blood, whereby it produces great Defluxions of Serum; it depresses a preternatural Heat on the solid Parts and Spirits, if the Constitution be hot, choleric, salt, viscid, or putrefactive; and Tobacco can be only proper for the Cold Constitutions, as the serous, mucilaginous, and windy. I have often observed Smoking the Cause of Consumptions, and Scurvy, and Defluxions.  
Hypocrates tells us, that the frequent use of hot things, makes the Mind effeminate, the Nerves weak, the Spirits torpid, and occasions Haemorrhages and Deliquium's of the Spirits. This seems to me an occasion of the Vapours in Men and Women, which come by the use of too hot Liquors and Diet, with high Sauces. Many drink Tea, Coffee, and actually warm Liquors, which put us to continual Sweats, and evaporate the Spirits; but Pliny observes, that no Animal drinks hot Liquors besides Mankind.  
2. Hot Baths promote Perspiration, and so does hot Air: The warming of Beds, and the sitting by the Fire, and keeping in the Air of a warm House, disposes us to sweated; which being, as Sanctorius says, an unnatural Evacuation, they weaken the Spirits, and the Stomach, fill the Head with Vapours, occasion Defluxions, softness, and flaccidity of the Flesh.  
Many hot Clotheses, and wearing Flannel, promote Perspiration too much, and beget a Lassitude, which proceeds from lesle Strength, as as well as more Weight in our Museles.  
3. The violent Exercise of the Mind evacuates the aerial insensible Perspirabile; but that of the Body evacuates the serous Perspirabile, and that diminishes the Strength. Eating too much, makes Heat, and violent Exercise, always make the Perspiration visible; but the invisible is only natural and healthful, and that which follows a perfect Digestion.  
Too much Exercise kills more than too little, because of the Accident of stopping the Pores unwarily by cold Air.  
Going into cold Water after violent Exercise, Sanctorius condemns as dangerous; for by Exercise the Humours are much rarefyed; and by sudden Cold the heated Humours immediately coagulate; and for this reason we must not Exercise before cold bathing, tho' the Ancients prescribe it, and practised it. And the Ingenious Dr. Clayton of Wakefield, (to whom for his Observations on St. Mungus Well, I am very much obliged) gives me an account in a Second Letter, that the Americans make sweating-Ovens on the side of the Banks of their Rivers, which they heat as we do our Ovens, and when cooled again, they put the Patient to sweated in them for Fevers; and in the height of his Sweat, he runs into the River, and dives over Head; and these Ovens the Doctor has seen in Virginia and Maryland.  
This Practice being against the Reason of our Philosophy, and the Inclination of our tender Patient, it will not so readily prevail, tho' Experience stands on its side; neither would I recommend a Practice very hazardous, to which nothing should persuade me, till I am satisfied of some extraordinary Advantage by it, in curing some desperate Distemper.  
The Passion of Anger, Joy, as well as Exercise, enlarge the Circulation outwardly, and thereby propel the Perspirabile outwardly; and they also enlarge the Expansion of the Animal Spirits in the Cutis, to open the Pores thereof; so a Net, by only holding it gently, opens its Mashes, but by stretching of it, they close more.  
4. All hot Constitutions and Cacochymia's, such as the Scorbutic, the Choleric, the Salt states of Humours, perspire too much, their Bloods are like a Jelly, and the Habit of the Body dry and thin.  
In hot Countries, and the hottest Season, and Youth, these Constitutions suffer most; the Perspirabile is more acrid in these Constitutions, and in Summer; and if this be retained, it produces Malignant Fevers in Summer; for Perspiration hindered, produces a Putrefaction; and nothing hinders that more than a large Ventilation; for Gangrenes are cured, and all tumors, by restoring Perspiration: But all these Constitutions are fittest for cold Baths, and receive Injury by hot Baths.  
In Sleep we perspire about lb. iij. but in Watching about 20 Ounces; the Body will fully perspire by being ten Hours in Bed; and we found ourselves more lightsome in the Morning, because our Bodies are really more light, by the loss of the weight mentioned.  
The way to know what Perspiration is natural, is thus; if after a larger Supper we found by weighing in the Morning fifty Ounces to have perspired in twelve Hours time; and if we observe our weight in the Morning when we eat nothing at Night, and that be twenty Ounces, we must endeavour by the use of the several Causes which promote or hinder our Perspiration, to reduce it to come near the middle, betwixt fifty and twenty Ounces, viz. thirty five Ounces: And this will preserve our Health to a Hundred Years, as Sanctorius affirms; who also assures us, That that Health is most stable, which altars little in Perspiration.  
If by the hot Regimen I have mentioned, as Brandy, Spirits, strong Wines, smoking Tobacco, strong Ale, hot Baths, wearing Flannel and many Clotheses, keeping in the House, warming of Beds, sitting by great Fires, drinking continually of Tea and Coffee, want of due Exercise of the Body, by too much study or Passion of the Mind, by Marrying too young, or by too much Venery, which injures the Eyes, Digestion and Perspiration to a fourth part, and breeds Wind and Crudities, heats the Blood, and weakens the Nerves; for all the Effeminacy, Niceness, and Weakness of Spirits is produced in the Hysterical and Hypochondriacal: I hope my Counmen will pardon my Freedom of Correcting these Vices or Errors, when I show them the only Remedies to prevent or cure these Disorders in their Bodies and Minds, which is by hardening their Bodies in the experienced cold Baths, first at Buxton, for the most tender, and old infirm Persons; and afterwards at Holywell, or St. Mungus-Well; and the drinking of the Mineral Waters in Summer, will prepare their Stomaches for frequent drinking cold Water at other times, by which all hot Constitutions will receive more benefit, than by Tea, Coffee, Brandy, Spirits, or strong Liquors and hot Baths.  
Tacitus gives us the reason why the Germane Children enjoyed the Strength of their Parents. Sir a Juvenum Venus, eoque ienxhaust a pubertas. Dominum ac Servum nullis educationis deliciis dignoscas.  
A Languor Lassitude, and more weight, are Signs of immoderate Coition; old Men are made colder by it by the loss of Spirits, and heavier; but young Men hotter and lighter.  
I do not persuade my Reader to change those Errors of living, without having first done so myself; for by leaving of strong Liquors, and all hot Diet, Teas, Coffee, etc. and by Water-drinking, and bathing at Buxton, I have procured to myself better Health, and more Hardiness, than I have enjoyed for many Years before. And by the long use of this cold Regimen, I believe we may reduce our Bodies to an equal Perspiration; if we often weigh ourselves in the time of cold bathing every Morning, we shall found the most natural and healthful Degree of Perspiration; and we need not fear the stopping of our Pores suddenly by cold Water, for that for the present will strengthen our Natural Heat, and 'cause a more plentiful Perspiration: And by Sanctorius' Scales he found the Body to weigh lesle after bathing in cold Water: And that part of the Perspirabile which passed too much by the Skin, is either hindered from being bred in the Body, or else passes by Urine; for the more the Perspiration is promoted, the lesle are the sensible Evacuations, and è contra.  
The Inconveniences and Signs of the Perspiration too much, an languor of the Spirits, flaccidity of the Flesh, the quick Sense of cold Air, and Shivering with it, and a coldness of the external Parts: The aerial Perspirabile retained, disposes to Anger and Joy, but the serous to Fear and Sadness. All the hot Regimen and hot Baths have preceded the profuse Perspiration. It is Sanctorius' Assertion, that those who perspire too much through the Passions of the Mind, are hardly brought to a due Perspiration: for too much Motion of the Mind hurts more than that of the Body.  
I have more fully reckoned up the Causes and Signs of the stopped or profuse Perspiration, that by the use of the hot or cold Baths, we might regulate all Excesses, and by different Baths, make the Rules of Sanctorius practicable, in maintaining an equal just weight of our Bodies, and that the Addition by Diet, and Substraction by invisible Perspiration, may be proportionable and healthful.  
That I might farther encourage the use of Cold bathing, I will give an account from Jones, of what he writ concerning Buxton-Baths; and from the rest of our English Writers, which mention that and other cold Baths.  
Holinshed, concerning Baths, commends Buxton-Baths, and says, St. Vincent's Well at Bristol, and Holywell, have the same Virtue.  
He mentions King's-Newnam near Coventry, and calls the Water Aluminous, and that he found it to taste like Alum, but not unpleasant in drinking. There are three Wells, the biggest riseth out of a Hill, and from thence the Water is carried to divers parts of the Realm to be drank: It cures the Palsy, dimness of Sight, dulness of Hearing, the Cholic and Stone, old Sores, green Wounds: It Petrifies by gathering about Oak or Ash Sticks, fine Sand. At first Entrance it is cold, but after a while it warmeth, giving an indifferent Heat; no Man hath sustained Injury by the same: The Virtue thereof was found 1579. And the Fame of this Water in Hollingshead's time, equalled that of bath.  
Speed's Geography mentions these Wells, which he says are Sovereign against Imposthumes, Stone, green Wounds, Ulcers,; and he says it Petrifies.  
Cambden describes the Newnam Springs, near the River Avon in Warwickshire, as Fountains strained through a Vein of Alum; and that the Water carrieth both the Taste and Colour of Milk; and that it was reported to cure the Stone, and procureth Urine abundantly, and cures green Wounds. With Salt it looseth, and with Sugar it bindeth. And from these Experiments we have the hint of using Sal Mirabile, and Polychrestum, to increase the purgative Faculty of our Waters.  
Speed mentions Buxton-Wells, and saith, out of the Rock at Buxton, within the compass of eight Yards, nine Springs rise, eight of them warm, but the ninth very cold; these run from under a fair square Building of Freestone, and about sixty Paces of receive another hot Spring, from a Well enclosed with four flat Stones, called St. Ann's-Well: Near unto which, another Cold Spring bubbles up. The Report goes amongst the by-dwellers, that great Cures have been done by these Waters; but daily Experience showeth, that they are good for the Stomach, and Sinews, and very pleasant to bathe the Body in it.  
Holinshed mentions St. Neots, fifty Miles from Cambridge, where there are two Springs, the one fresh, the other salt: This is good for Scabs, Leprosy; and the other for Dimness of Sight; and these were very famous, and found out 1579.  
The Lord Bacon mentions the deficiency of imitating artificially the natural Baths, by dissolving the Salts, Sulphurs', Vitriol, in common Water. I believe we may try to imitate them; and the quantity of the Minerals must give a similitude of Taste to the natural Waters; the Heat must proceed, as in the Earth, from actual Fire: And the Quantities of the Contents described by those who have evaporated the Mineral Waters, show us also what quantity of the aforesaid Minerals we should dissolve.  
Dr. Lyster observed ℥ ij. of Salt in lb. viij. of a Salt Spring-Water. And Pliny says, Sextarius salis cum quatuor aquae sextariis, salsissimi maris vim & naturam implet. And this may be the proportion of common Salt in Salt Baths.  
In England we do not yet use the Copper-Waters, as the Ancients did, to drink; and we want also the use of the Salt Baths, which are very much commended by Pliny; and divers other bituminous Waters and Baths. In this Enquiry we have not yet equalled the Ancients, nor in our accounts of Cold Baths.  
Pliny mentions the Albulae near Rome, which healed Wounds, Egelidae ha', sed Cutiliae in Sabinis gelidissimae, actu quodam corpora invadunt, ut prope morsus videri possit, aptissimae stomacho, nervis, universo corpori.  
He mentions the Spiariae Ficis, Conceptus mulieribus repraesentat, item in Arcadia flumen elatum; and that the Fountain Linus hinders Abortion. And the like Virtue we may attribute to St. Winifred's-Well, and other cold Springs, which stop all Fluxes out of the Body.  
Vitruvius describes the Nature of many Springs and Fountains; and observes, that there were hot Springs without any taste of Minerals, and that Heat was from actual Fire, maintained by a bituminous or mineral Earth. We observe the Water in some Springs so rarefyed or inflated, as to be thrown up as it were by a Wind. He imputes the Coldness to Salt Petre dissolved in Water, and their petrifying Waters are coldest. He observes the cold nitrous purging Waters at Cutiliae, which diminish the Tumours of the Strumae. He observes the Virtues of the sulphureous Waters, to help the Nerves, the aluminous the Paralytic: But that all Mineral Waters, inconstant Diet, affect the Nerves and Limbs, by an Inflation, & nervi Inflatione turgentes contrahuntur, & ita aut nervicos, aut podagricos efficiunt homines.  
Pliny and Vitruvius mention the Tastes of Waters; that the River Hemera in Sicily, divides itself into two Parts; and that near Aetna is exceeding sweet; and the other part, by running through a Salt-Mine, very salt: And others uncti oleo erumpunt, as the River Lyparis in Cilicia: These Bitumen they used instead of Oil, for Lights; and they had the Consistence of either Oil, Tar, Pitch; and they mention one Bitumen of the smell of a Citron at Carthage. Many miraculous things are related by Pliny of Waters, as their inebriating Quality, and poisonous, and the changing the Colour of the Hair of Animals. And Vitruvius' mentions the smell of Metals in their melting; Gold has little smell, or more sweet; Silver is a little sulphureous; Led, Brass, Iron, more foetid. He mentions the bitter or ingrate Taste of Copper; and that the other Tastes of Metals were evident by the Water, to which they give a Tincture by standing.  
I desire leave to recommend the following Baths to the Consideration of our Country Practisers, the Virtues of which are the same as the other Cold Baths have; but the Specific Virtue depends on the Mineral.  
At Willowbridge in Stafford-shire, there is a bituminous Water, of a pleasant Oily Taste, somewhat bitterish: It is the smoothest Water I ever tasted or felt. It seems proper as a bituminous Cold Bath outwardly and inwardly.  
The bituminous Baths are useful for the Itch, Leprosy, Tetters, outward Ulcers; it discusses, and is good for Pains, Gout, dulness of Sight, heals Wounds, smooths the Skin, helps Lameness and Contraction of Sinews, by its Oiliness. Inwardly it cures Coughs, Asthmas, Hoarseness, Stone, Gravel, sharpness of Water, Gripes, Dysentery, by its Oiliness: And by its discussing warming Quality, it opens Obstructions of the Liver, Womb; and eases inward Pains, tumors, King's-Evil.  
I distilled a clear Oil out of the Water; and, in short, I do recommend this Water, as one of the best bituminous Baths I believe in England.  
At Godsall in Stafford-shire, there is a cold Sulphur-water, formerly famous for Leprosy; and this I may recommend for a Cold Sulphureous Bath, and may be used as a Sulphur Medicine.  
There are divers Salt Springs in our Country; and these, if mild, may be used both inwardly and outwardly.  
There is an exceeding cold Spring in Sutton-Park, called Routhen Well, which the Country use for Cold bathing in the Itch; and it may serve the uses of Cold bathing very well. Small Cottages were built there. The Taste of it is smooth and Oily.  
We have many Chalybeate Waters very useful, at Lichfield, Polesworth, Bromage, and Blurton; and those who would try the utmost of Cold bathe, must begin with Buxton, than go to Holywell, and at last try Willowbridge-Bath, which will Oil and lubricate the Skin; and by this we imitate the Custom of the Romans and Grecians, who used to anoint with Oil after bathing.   

THE Touchstone of Medicines; discovering the Virtures of Vegetables, Minerals, and Animals, by their Tastes and Smells. In two Volumes.  
The Preternatural State of Animal Humours described by their sensible Qualities, which depend on the different Degrees of their Fermentation, and the Cure of each particular Cacochymia is performed, by Medicines of a peculiar Specific Taste, described. To this Treatise are added two Appendices. First, About the Nature of Fevers, and Cure by particular Tastes. Second, Concerning the Effervescence and Ebullition of the several Cacochymia's on which all Inflammations, tumors, Pains, and Fluxes of Humours depend, especially those in the Gout and Astma, and the particular Tastes of the Medicines curing Ebullitions are described.  
By Sir John Floyer, of the City of Lichfield, Knight. M. D. of Queen's-College, Oxford.   

An Inquiry into the right Use and Abuse of the Hot, the Cold, and Temperate Baths in England.  

CHAP. 1.  
In which the Nature of Baths and their several Species are examined, and explained by their sensible Qualities.  
THE Occasion of my Inquiry into the Nature of Baths, was some Observations I formerly made at bath, about 3 Years since, and what I thought observable in a late Visit I made to Buxton's Bath in Derbyshire.  
I found these two Baths of different Use in curing Diseases; and I observed great Irregularity in the Use of both of them.  
I observed that many Persons came to the hot Baths at bath, without any good Advice; or they who came with it, indiscreetly and imprudently managed their Bathing (by using of it without due Evacuation, or continuing of it too long) that they went from thence worse than they came; some having inflamed their Blood, and thickened its Serum, so as to renew their Rheumatic Pains: Others died of Fevers, Consumptions, Convulsions, Bleeding, Imposthumes, not long after. I frequently reflected on what is also observed by the Ancient Writers of the particular Injuries done by Bathing; that healthful Persons receive much Prejudice by hot Baths, which colliquate the Humours, and occasion Fevers, and Defluxions of Humours, Pains, Inflammations, Obstructions.  
These Instances may convince all considering Persons, that we aught not to use hot Baths for Pleasure, especially where there is a fullness of Humours, and a hot Constitution; and since the following Accidents frequently hap upon Bathing, they will certainly overbalance all the Pleasure of it. These Inconveniences come by hot Baths, Thirst and Fevers, by raising the natural Fermentation or Rarefaction of our Humours into a putrified State, making them viscid and salt. Hence come the Pains and Rheums occasioned by hot Baths, and the Inclinations to much Sweeting, and profuse Haemorrhages. Many Diseases of the Brain are produced by hot Baths; as, Apoplexies, Sleepiness, Vertigo, Convulsions, Asthmas, Debility of the Sight, Swooning, a general Lassitude, and a Dejection of the Appetite, and Torpor of the Mind, and Effeminacy of the Flesh. Hot Bathing binds the Body, swells the Belly, if many Obstructions and inflammatory colics be there; and makes the Stomach weak, by diverting the Circulation of Humours to the Habit of the Body, and often occasions Vomitings, and Coughs, Hickup, and many other Inconveniences I shall hereafter mention.  
My Journey to Buxton-Well this last Year discovered to me a Bath very diferent from that at bath, it being a very temperate Bath, prod ucing no Sweeting after it, but rather a Coldness; and upon a due Consideration I found the Bath very useful in many Cases, in which that of bath did Injury; as in Consumptions, hot Scorbutic Pains, and all Defluxions of Humours, and Bleedings, and all the hot inordinate Flatulencies of the Animal Spirits in Hysteric and Hypochondriac Cases. And these I found used by the Northern Countries, chief for Pleasure, without any Method or Preparation, or Regularity of Diet; and as the Baths at bath are commended like a Medicine of some eminent Quack, for all Diseases, tho' they require a contrary Remedy to cure them; so these in the Opinion of the Northern People, cure all their Diseases, whether depending upon a hot or cold Cause.  
By the Observation of the different Nature of the two mentioned Baths, as well as the Contrariety of the Diseases incident to Animal Humours, I did believe that some short Treatise would be useful, which explained the Nature of the several kinds of Baths, and directed in what particular Case each might be useful, so that Physicians might not sand Persons to improper Baths; nor they incur great Hazard of their Healths by an indiscreet Choice, or Use of a Disagreeing Bath.  
I always believed our Senses were sufficiently acute to discern what was useful both to a diseased as well as a healthful Body: For by them, we, as well as the Brutes do examine both our Medicine and Diet.  
We perceive that all Odours show the hot Temper of our Medicines and Meats; That the cooler emit no Odour considerable.  
The Taste more evidently discovers the Virtue of all Liquids.  
The Astringent Taste discovers a Cooling, Condensating, Repelling, Obstructing Quality.  
The Acid attenuates, incides without Heat, and opens and repels.  
The Acrid heats, attracts, discusses.  
Bitters cleanse, open, attenuate thick Humours, without manifest Heat.  
Watery Tastes cool; thicken, obstruct, mortify, or stupefy.  
Salt Tastes dry without great Coldness or Heat, astringe; they preserve from Putrefaction.  
Sweet Tastes concoct; mollify, rarify, or ferment.  
Oily Tastes moisten; mollify and ease Pain.  
By the Experiments on particular Tastes, and the observable Modes of our Tastes, old Physicians, Galen, Aegineta, Orobasius, Aetius, as is evident by their Discourse upon the Tastes of Medicines, discovered the several Temperaments of Medicines, and the Effects of them; and by these Tastes they most particularly examined the Virtues of all Medicinal Waters and Baths. By them the most barbarous Nations, the Asiatic, African, European, and other Nations found out the Virtue and Use of their Baths, naturally produced in each Country, before any great Knowledge was got in Chemistry, Physic, or any general Philosophy.  
There was no other Physic for many Years than Bathing, Exercise, and Diet at Rome. They believed Bathing to empty all Superfluities; and that Bathing cured all Diseases depending on an ill Diet, and external Causes, by evacuating the Fumosum and Humidum, which aught to pass by Transpiration. It corrects the Heat of our Humours, and discusses the Salt Putrid Humours, producing cutaneous Effects; as, the Scab and Leprosy.  
We have many Senses to help in our Enquiry into the Nature of Bath Waters: The Touch inform us of those that are hotter than the natural Heat of our Humours; which are the hot Baths, the Heat of whose Water seems to me most probably to depend on some Neighbouring subterraneal Fire (as Baccius has most probably conjectured by the burning Hill near the Neighbouring Bay;) And he describes Places in the Field, called Sulphuraria, where the Water really boils as in a Cauldron; And he imputes the different Degrees of Heat in the Bath Waters to their being nearer to the Chimneys or Channels of Fire, when they are very hot; and that the tepid Waters are more remote from them; and he affirms that some Waters are so hot at Puteoli, that they can depend on nothing lesle than actual Fire for their Scalding Heat; because they burn, and blister, and excoriate as scalding hot Water does: And Baccius further observes, in quibusdam locis ignis & aqua cum fervore emergunt.  
The Neighbourhood of Vesuvius and Aetna to the hot Baths in Italy and Sicily give a sufficient Demonstration of the Cause of the Heat of them; and by Parity of Reason we may guests that the same Cause gives the like Heat to Baths of colder Climates, tho' the Actual Fires are not so evident there.  
There are in those Country's Sudatory Caves, where there is a violent actual Heat; and in some Places the Noise of boiling Waters; all which prove the Neighbourhood of Actual Fire, which has sufficiently manifested itself by frequent Eruptions, which burned to Ashes the most Celebrated Buildings of those Baths.  
The fervid Baths in the first Degree are intolerable by their Excess of Heat excoriating.  
The second Degree of hot Baths are very hot, yet fit for Baths, which are either more distant from the actual Fire, or made more mild by the Mixture of the cooler Minerals; as, Nitre, Alom or cool Springs. These have very good or bad Effects, according as they are applied to divers Constitutions and Diseases which I will describe in the following Chapter.  
The hottest Bath we have, is the long Bath at bath; and the King and Queen's Bath; and the Cross Bath is more mild, but much too hot for a temperate Bath, the Effects of which will be described in the next Chapter, to heat and dry, and not moisten.  
The second Degree of Baths which our Sense of Feeling discovers is the temperate Baths, which are near the natural Temper of our Humours; and these may be useful for the Preservation of our Healths, as well as our Pleasure, and the curing of some cutaneous Diseases; such are the Baths of warm Water, which mollify, discuss, concoct, strengthen, and warm.  
These are good in Ephemeras, Thirst, Lassitude and Itch.  
The third Degree of Baths, of which our Sense of Feeling informs us, is the cold Baths, which i'll our Humours, stop the Pores, and strengthen our Limbs and Spirits.  
The fourth does not only discover the Heat and Coldness of Water, but also the Roughness or Dryness and the Softness of Waters.  
That all these kind of Bathe are very useful, the Experience of all Ages testifies; and they always applied them to different States of our Humours: For if we be too hot, our Reason, as well as Experience, prescribes cold Bathing in Ephemeras and excessive Heats; But if our Bodies be i'll, and pained, we use hot Baths; and for Pleasure, cleansing the Skin, and Preservation of Health, the most temperate Baths.  
The other Senses which inform us of the Medicinal Nature of the Minerals dissolved in the Fountain Waters, are our Taste, and Smell and Sight.  
Fountain Water as such, only lubricates, cools, and mollifies; but the purging and altering Quality depends on the several Minerals dissolved in Fountain Waters. These Mineral Waters we artificially imitate, by dissolving several prepared Minerals in them; and by the Taste of the natural Mineral Waters, we may be best directed to the nearest Proportion and Mixture of our Artificial Baths in Imitation of the Natural. There is scarce any two Mineral Waters which have exactly the same Mixture of Minerals, as we may observe by their Variety of Tastes and Virtues.  
Our Taste shows us that all Mineral Waters dry: For they evidently dry the Tongue and shrivel the Skin: Thou most Baths have compounded Tastes, yet some one is most predominant; and by that I will distinguish the several sorts of Mineral Waters and Baths.  
1. The sulphureous foetid or stinking Baths: Sulphur is dissolved in these Baths, which is like the Soot of a Chimney, or Fuliginous Vapours from the inward inflamed Parts of the Earth. Metals burned, sand forth the Steam of Sulphur; and that is knownby its Putor, and the Taste of Sulphur, is evident in many Baths.  
The Sulphureous Baths are generally hot; but there are many Sulphureous Waters evidently cold and stinking; for which reason we believe the actual Heat depends not on the Sulphur alone.  
These Sulphureous Baths agreed with the cold Cacochymia's, and cold solid Parts; but are injurious to all hot Constitutions, Fevers and Defluxions of Humours; in which we prescribe to abstain from Wine, Venery, the Sun and Baths.  
It was observed by Aetius, that sulphureous and bituminous Baths very much offend the Head if it be pumped with them.  
The sulphureous Waters may be imitated by boiling Hepar Sulphuris, or Sulphur Flower in some Lixivium; or a Mixture of Sulphur and Filings of Iron moistened with Water till they grow warm; or by boiling the Pyrites in Water; the Quantity of the Water must be so much as to give it a Taste like oh the Sulphur Waters.  
2. Bituminous Baths.  
Bituminous Waters are known by their acutus Nidor (for the Smell of Bitumen is foetid) by this their Acrimony and Bitterness, they discuss and heat; but they mollify more than the sulphureous Baths; because Bitumen have an Oily Viscidity in them.  
All Places that burn in the Earth, have either a Bitumen or Sulphur in them.  
Bituminous Waters that have only the Nidor of Bitumen in them, may safely be drank to heal, dry and mollify; they heal Ulcers, cicatrize Wounds; but they fill the Head, cause Sleep, and hurt the Senses and Eyes.  
These may be artificially imitated by boiling the Pissasphaltus Stone in hot Water, such as is got in Shropshire, out of the Coal-Pits near bental; or the Matter of the Tar-Wells, may be mixed in Baths; or Ointments for mollifying and discussing, and the Pitch made of those Stones in Emplasters. Not Bituminous Waters are yet eminent with us in England; tho' I have been informed, that an Oil like Turpentine has been distilled from Willowbridge Water in Staffordshire, which has been much commended for external Maladies.  
It may be considered how far Barbados Tar, or the common Petrolaeum may be used for mollifying and discussing Baths, by boiling them in Water to make a Bath like the Hydrolaeum.  
I have heard of a Bituminous Mud in Lancashire, and in other Places, which would supply the Illutamentum used by the old Romans in External Parts.  
Dr. Plot examined the Water in Willowbridge Park, 
History of Staffordsh.  which gives an Oily Taste to the Glasses long used; and that upon Distillation, the Oil runs over upon the lest Heat before the Water, of a bright yellow Colour; and this must be of a Balsamic Quality inwardly, and have the Effects of a cold Bituminous Bath outwardly: And if this Water were heated by boiling in a Furnace it must have the Virtue of a hot Bituminous Bath.  
Carduan believes Bitumen to contain Sulphur and Niter; 'tis certain there is an Oily Part and an Acid in it.  
Speed mentions a Well at Itchford in a private Man's Yard, whereon floated a thick Bituminous Scum, not yet sufficiently experimented.  
3. Arsenic Acrid Waters, which burn, dry, absterge and depilate; they erode the Gums, hurt the Stomach, lose the Teeth, destroy the Horns and Hoofs of Beasts: Such is the Nature of Arsenic itself, which burns, eats, breeds crusts, like actual Fire.  
Baccius commends the Waters mixed with Sandaracha, if much diluted, for cleansing the Breast from purulent Matter, and helps the Suspirious, and short breathed.  
We imitate these Waters by a Mixture of Arsenic and Calx viva, boiled for a depilatory Medicine.  
All Acrid Waters corrode, penetrate, putrify, and absterge. Pliny mentions a Fountain in Germany, on the Sea-coast, of sweet Water, which occasioned the Teeth to fall; Stomace Medici vocabant, & Sceleterbe ea mala. These Putrefactions in the Humours were occasioned by that Fountain, which must depend on some such Mineral as Arsenie; and the Herb Britannica was it that curedit, which was not Scurvygrass; but by the Description, some kind of Dock.  
4. Salt Lixivial Baths from Ashes, as the Calces of Stones; especially Lime, Marble or Metals burnt.  
Where there are Natural Fires in the Earth, there these may be observed to be dissolved in the Neighbouring Waters; and these have the Virtue of Limewater, together with a Vitriolic Tincture from the calcined Metals.  
These Baths have the Virtues of a Lixivium, being inwardly Diuretic, and externally drying in Hydropical tumors and Ulcers, and may be imitated by a Lixivium of Vegetables, or Limewater.  
5. Salso acid Baths.  
Baths of Sea-Water are most in Use; which taste bitterish and salt, with a Dryness and Acrimony, by which it absterges and dries all Ulcers, Scabs, scaled Heads, Itching and Leprosy, Corns, tumors and Pains of the Limbs. It kills all Infects, Lice, Worms; and we bathe in it for the Cure of the Hydrophobia: These also prevent all Putrefaction in Gangrenes and putrid Ulcers, or venomous Bites. These salt Waters dry the Hands, and make them rough; and for that Reason are good for Over-Fatness, and prevent Cachexies and Dropsies.  
The salt Waters do not only dry and astringe; but heat, discuss, absterge and cleanse.  
They cure too great a Plethora of Nutriment, or Hydropical Serous tumors, according to the old Rule, Sale, Sole, & Siti curatur Hydropisis.  
Salt-Waters are good for all Inflammations in Baths, as the Gutta Rosacea, the Heat of the Feet, Inflammations of the Stones.  
It discusses the Inflation of the Womb, and is excellent in the Cure of the Tympany.  
If the salt Waters be boiled and pumped, they cure all Catarrhal Effects, Deafness, Stupors, Tinglings, Pains of the Head, Spasms, Resolution of the Nerves. Optimum est in aquâ marinâ assiduè natare, was Aetius' Advice for the loss of Smell.  
It helps the Dimness of the Eyes; being warmed, it is proper for Clysters in colics, Sciatica and Cholera; and in the Mola Vteri, let Women swim in salt Water, or apply the Steam of it in which Vterines' are boiled.  
The Spuma Matris used for Warts and other Diseases, is only the Sea-Salt naturally coagulating on the Rocks.  
Pliny observes the Saltness of Rains; and that in Autumn they are most salt; but lest in Winter.  
Inwardly, Salt binds in Diet, by drying; but being used more plentifully in Medicine, it purges, by pricking the Intestines; and a large Quantity of it vomits: It purges by Urine, as all Salts do; and is very useful in Clysters. In Diet it promotes the Flux of the Saliva; and thereby, as well as by promoting Fermentation, it helps Digestion. The Sea-Salt which is dissolved in the Bath-Waters, naturally excites Appetite, cleanses away all hot Humours from the Liver, Spleen, Womb, Kidneys and Bladder, and maybe usefully drunk all Summer in Nephritic Cases, for the Ardour of Urine.  
They are usually prescribed from lb. j to lb. iij. and so they help the Dysentery, kill Worms, cure the Putrefaction of the Mouth and Gums: They also cure the Flatulencies and the Pituitous, and Serous Cacochymia's in the Cachexies and Dropsies.  
They cure the Arthritic and Gouty, being used in Baths, and drank; and very much strengthen the Limbs, and preserve from the Cholic. They stop the Gonorrhaea, and Fluor albus.  
Salt-Waters are much commended for the Asthma, and they cure the Inflations of the Womb, bring out the Mola, or Dead Child. They help the Hypochondriac Inflations, cure the Humidity of the Eyes, the Oedemata of the Limbs, and all their Pains.  
All Salso-acid Medicines by their cleansing Faculties are proper for all the Cacochymia's, whether hot or cold: For Salt neither heats or cools much; but preserves the present State of whatsoever Liquor it is mixed with; but salt Waters are not without some Inconveniences: For the Sea-Water offends the Stomach, by its Acrimony: Wormwood much helps the Sea-sickness. The Sea-Water much offends the Eyes. Salt Liquors purge, and salt things fill the Head, and dispose to the Scab, corrupt the Blood, breed a Dysentery, or Consumption and Scurvy, as is manifest in Mariners; but Navigation is commended for some Diseases; as, Consumptions, Haemorrhages, Leprosies, Dropsies, Apoplexies, a cold windy Stomach, old Pains of the Head; and these it may cure by causing Vomiting. Sailing into Egypt was prescribed, not for itself, but the Length of the Journey.  
We may easily imitate these Waters by dissolving Salt in hot Water to a demi-Taste: For Baths, or Drinking the Sea-water will yield the best salt Bath; and the next to the Sea-water, is the Steam of the boiling Salt at the Wiches, which cures many Pains and Humours.  
There is a great Saltness both in the Bath-waters at bath and Buxton. The Degree of Saltness in both of them seems much alike. If there be any diffetence, I think Buxton more salt than the other.  
Thou Dr. Lister found not ℈ ij. in two Gallons of the Water, yet if I were to make an artificial salt Bath, ℥ ij. of common Salt or Sal Armoniac, seems not too much; and the Use of these seems very profitable. The Waters of Apani are so salt, as out of them they make common Salt.  
The salt Springs contain from a 4th to a 9th of Salt; and the Sea, as Pliny affirms, is one Part of Salt to four of Water. He commends Sea-water in the Quartan. He commends the Thallassomeli for purging pleasantly, which is made of equal Parts of Rain and Sea-water and Hony-botled.  
Aetius commends swimming in the Sea-water for the Elephantiasis, and for the Itch, twice in a Day, before Dinner and Supper.  
6. Salt Nitrous Waters.  
They taste salt, bitterish, and earthynauseous; by which they become Purgative and Diuretic, as all Salts be; and thereby cleanse away Gravel in all Nephritic Cases.  
These are proper inwardly for all the hot Cacochymia's, to carry of the sharp salt Choleric Humours, without Gripes or raising any Effervescencies, to occacasion new Defluxions in the Gout, Asthmas, Coughs, Inflammations.  
There is a Roughness in all the Waters at Epsom and North-hall, and other English Purging Waters, which will curdle Milk; and this therefore cools all our rarified Humours; and they strengthen the Stomach and Viscera by it, and the Gums.  
Nitre dissolved in cold Water makes it colder and fit for the cold Immersion; and by the Solution we must imitate Nitrous Baths to cleanse the Skin. The Ancients used to rich it with Nitre in their Baths.  
Niter, Ashes and Bitumen make the Waters of a bitter Taste.  
We observe a Bitterness in Ashes and Soot, and all burnt things. Sweet becomes bitter by Heat; and the Blood does bilescere, or become bitter, when overheated.  
In every Gallon of Water there is six Drachms, or eight or ten of the Sediment, which is compounded of a stony Matter, and common Salt, and Nitre Calcarium.  
In Feverish and Choleric Heats these Waters are most agreeable, and in all Defluxions on the Head, or Breast, and Hydropical tumors with a Hectic, and the Schirrus of the Viscera. They are proper in all Inflammations; Stone, Scabs, Tetters, hot colics, and all hot Pains; Scorbutie Rheumatisms, Nephritic Pains, Heat of Urine or Suppression, Jaundice; In Distempers of the Head; as, Mania, Melancholia, Headaches, Vertigo, in the Itch and Binding of the Body.  
These Nitrous Purging Waters have a mixed Salt of Nitre and common Salt, by which they purge.  
The artificial bitter Salt of Epsom Waters is bitter, and hath a remarkable Pungency. ʒ j dissolved in lb j of Water, imitates the Taste of the natural Water. It is usually prescribed ʒ ss. to ℥ j dissolved in lb iiij. of any Liquor.  
This Water is proper for Vomiting and Heat in the Stomach, dejected Appetite, colics at the Stomach, Heartburning, Hypocondriac and Hysterical Inflations, Worms.  
This is injurious in Fevers, Green-sickness, Paralyticks, Women with Child, the Hydropical, where the native Heat is decayed, and in all violent Evacuations and Haemorrhages; as the Cholera Morbus, Suppression of Urine from a great Stone or Ulcer.  
7. The Acid Waters.  
These taste cool, and sour or sharp, by which they cool, penetrate, absterge, excite Appetite, cleanse the Kidneys; they make lean, and keep long incorrupt; and they resemble Vinegar in Virtue, and kill Worms, and resist Putrefaction.  
The Acid seems to be from Sulphur, and may be joined with Nitre, Salt, Copper or Steel.  
We found the Germane Spaw-Waters to taste sharply Acid, as if it were sulphurated, which none of our chalybeated Waters do.  
We imitate this sort of Waters by Gas Sulphuris, whether for outward or inward Use, putting so much into Fountain-water as to make it tart.  
Vitruvius commends Acid Waters for curing the Stone. We by Experience found, that Vinegar dissolves Eggshells, Led, Copperas, Margarites, and burnt Flints; and this explains the dissolving Virtue of Acids in soft Stones. Outwardly we use Fomentations of Vinegar for the Gout.  
8. The Styptic Waters, as such, do strengthen the Viscera; and the Ancients called them hard or rough Waters, and believed them to be from Alom; but our Moderns call it a Nitrum Calcarium; and such is the Nature of our Well-Waters, and all our Bath-Waters have a Roughness.  
There are these several sorts of rough Waters.  
1. Petrifying Waters which are called Gypseae, which contain a Gypsum or Lapis Calcarius; as the Albulae in Italy.  
Mineral Stones have an earthy, drying stopping Faculty. They look whitish, and have a thick Sediment after Evaporation: They stop Sweated, contract the Skin, and all the Vessels and Pores, and stop Diarrhaea's and Diabetes'; but are not commonly wholesome: For Gypsum itself has a drying choking Faculty, coagulating Humours, stopping the Urine and Breath, and produces Swelling in the Throat; but they cure Ulcers.  
Cool Waters from Marble are compounded for curing Sterility in those Women who miscarry through Laxity of the Uterus, and a hot and moist Fluxion.  
Dr. Lister observed in 60 lb. of a petrefying Water ℥ ij ss. of the Lapis Calcarius, and ʒ j of Salt.  
2. The Aluminous Waters cool and astringe without Acrimony. The Aluminous Taste strengthens the solid Parts. by its Stypticity, and stop all Evacuations of Humours.  
All Astringents are of an earthy Nature, cool.  
In Baths these are proper for the Itch, Leprosy, Ulcers, Apthae, Ulcerate Gums, and Tonsillae, Haemorrhoides, Herpes', Ulcers of the Wombs.  
They stop all Haemorrhages of the Lungs, Womb, Abortion, too much Sweeting, and Varices, and Vomitings.  
But these hurt the Breast, as all Astringents do, both in drinking and bathing, particularly in Asthmas and Peripneumonia's; they injure the Voice, and those that be very thin.  
Aluminous Water's curdle Milk by their Stypticity, and so they may altar, fix, precipitate, or curdle the Humours of Animals. They will not bear Soap, but fix on the Salt, and separate the Oil from it, by which they found they will fix all the Animal Volatile Salts; and the Spirit of Urine turns Alom-Waters milky. By these Experiments we know Alom-Waters, and demonstrate their Virtues.  
3. The Vitriolic Calybeate, which are Astringent with an Acerbity.  
These by their Stypticity strengthen the Viscera, and are therefore good in Fluxes, Spitting of Blood, Cholera, Whites and read Diabetes, Abortion, Nocturnal Pollutions, Obstructions of the Spleen, Liver, Cholic, Hestic Fevers and Quartans. They cure Vomitings, Stoppage in the Kidneys, Womb and Bladder.  
They cure the Hydrophobia; for which let them drink through a Cloth, that they may not see the Water: They are also proper for Scabs, Ulcers, Consumptions; and cure all the hot Cacochymiae, the choleric, salt, viscid, muriatic, vitriolic, and putrefactive State of our Humours; but they are injurious sometimes in Fluxes of Humours, in Coughs, Asthmas, Gouts, Schirrhus', and Fevers.  
These Chalybeates are most specifically proper for the Stomach and Spleen.  
These have a mixed Quality, and operate according to the Virtue of the prevailing Quality of the Mixture: For the Chalybeate heats and opens, tho' the Waters cool.  
These we imitate by putting ʒ j of Vitriolum Martis to two Quarts of Water or ℥ j of Dr. Willis's Steel infused into a Pint of Water, thus;  
℞. Chalibis Willis ℥ j fiat Infusio frigida per triduum, in aq. lactis lb. j colaturae, capiat coach. j in haustu aquae quolibet mane per mensem unum vel alterum in Aestate.  
The Water in which Gold is quenched, leaves some Impression from the Heat of the Fire, but no Metallic Vitriolic Taste; neither does Silver heated and quenched.  
The Chalybeate Waters are from the Pyrites, and are good Eye-Medicines, being Acrid and Styptic in Taste.  
Raddle, Bole, Lapis Haematitis, Smirum, Schistos, have something of the Iron Tincture: Lapis Haematitis gives a dry cooling styptic Quality to Water: Lapis Schistos is found in Iron Ours.  
All Waters that look read, or tincture the Earth with a Rust, have another.  
Other Waters incide, and are Diuretic, abstersive, and differ according to the Metals amongst which they grow.  
Marle makes Water styptic, and makes Cider into which it is thrown of a Vitriolic Taste. Marle-Waters bind much.  
Our salt Springs are observed by Dr. Lister to turn with Galls.  
4. The Copper Waters have an Acrimony with an Acerbity, as other Waters have.  
Copper Waters are the Atramentosae called so by the Ancient Writers, Omnis Atramentosa aqua tenet Aeris naturam.  
They are very styptic and hot, or acrid; They dry, thicken and contract, and are unfit for drinking; They corrode the Stomach, and purge by their Acrimony.  
Calcitis is the Stone; Calcanthum is the Rust of it.  
These Water's astringe lesle than the Iron; but have a Virtue of Healing and drying, and cleansing by their Acrimony. Outwardly they cleanse the Leprosy, discuss Oedematous tumors, stop Bleeding both by the costic and styptic Quality; and by the same they cure the Scab and scald Head.  
Aetius recommends Copper-Waters for the Mouth, the Tonsils, Wula and Eyes, when ulcerated: They are also useful for the Diseases of the Breast, Senses, Sterility, dejected Appetite, Fluor albus, Scab, Asthma, Ulcers, Dropsy, Apthae, Flatus,  
Chrysocolla grows in Coppermines, and partakes of that Mineral; as, Lapis Armenius and Lazuli do.  
By these the Waters may be impregnate: Chrysocolla may be wholly dissolved in Water, and give a hot drying abstersive Quality to them, sometimes offensive to the Stomach.  
The Factitious Borax is made from Nitre and Urine, agitated in a Copper Mortar. And this is the Factitious Chrysocolla. Dioscorides.  
Chrysocolla is the Rust of Copper and Gold, as the other is of Lead, Aerugo of Copper, and Ferrugo of Iron.  
We may imitate Copper Waters by putting some sort of the Vitriol to them in such a Quantity as may give the Tastes of the Natural Waters impregnated with Copper, which is about ʒ j or ʒ ij. to every Gallon of hot Water.  
Punice found in any Waters is a Sign of a Copper Mineral.  
All purging Waters have either Nitre, or Salt, or Sulphur, or Copper or Bitumen in them, and most a Mixture of them, and are proper for different Cacochymia's.  
Cardan commends Copper Waters for the Atra bilis, if they have a Mixture of Gold, and are moderately hot, as Viterbium.  
In Italy and the Piperinae in Germany these purge, that Humour; these clear the Senses, conduce to Cheerfulness and long Life.  
Dr. Grew affirms, that Spirit of Nitre affused to the Calamy-Stone, and both put into Water, give a very acerb and very bitter Taste like the Crystals of Silver,  
That the Taste of Copper is bitter, ingrate, Vitruvius affirms.  
5. Lead-Waters are very cooling: For Water agitated in a Lead-Mortar, and any Ointment in the same manner, becomes more cooling.  
These Waters dry Ulcers, the Leprosy and Cancers, and the Piles, and are proper for all those Cases in which we use Lead-Medicines; but they are esteemed injurious to the Breast, the Nerves, Stomach and Intestines, which they oppress, and seem heavy, and they are said to weaken the Joints.  
Saccharum Saturni dissolved, may imitate these Waters, about ℥ j to every Gallon; but the Taste must determine the Quality, till we have exactly adjusted the Strength of the Artificial and the Natural Waters by the Similitude of Taste.  
The Water at Holy-well is believed to come from the Lead-Mines, and to receive its extraordinary Coldness from thence; by which it becomes a famous cold Bath in many Diseases.  
6. Quicksilver Waters.  
Such have been observed in Spain at the River Minium, where the Waters are hot and sulphureous, with a native Minium. These Waters are impregnate with Sulphur and the noxious Vapours of Quicksilver. The factitious Cinnabar may probably imitate the native; because they both contain Sulphur and Quicksilver; and either may be boiled in Water to supply these natural Baths. These are used for Scabs and all Ulcers, and will do whatsoever Sulphur and Quicksilver can effect: But these Waters are described as acrid, by Baccius, who recommends them for the Itch Leprosy and pocky Ulcers.  
7. Antimonial Waters. Those are reckoned amongst the Steel Waters, styptic and astringent; and must be also accounted sulphureous.  
How far the Decoctions of Antimony, or the Preparations of it may imitate the Natural, may be easily tried.  
Pliny recommends Antimony for a Medicine for the Eyes.  
8. Waters are mentioned by Baccius impregnated by the Minerals of Gold and Silver. Those we cannot expect in our Country, where we can only quench Pieces of those Metals in saline Water, to which they only give an Impression from the Heat of the Fire, and probably rarify the Air contained in fair Water; but they give no metallic or vitriolic Taste to the Water, as I have tried by tasting the Water; But the Metals must be purely refined; but the natural Waters must have a Vitriol, by which they are esteemed useful to the Splenetic and heal Ulcers.  
9 Tin certainly impregnates some of our Waters in England; but I have not any Account of their eminent Virtue, which must have the Medicinal Virtue of that Metal.  
We cannot but admire the great Wisdom as well as Kindness of Providence in preparing so many Mineral Medicines for the Use of the Diseased Part of Mankind. The great Creator only, knows the infinite Variety of Diseases, Constitutions, and the great Necessities of Mineral as well as Vegetable Medicines. Them he has prepared in as great a Variety as the Diseases and Constitutions themselves.  
For which I need no other Instance to prove my Assertion than the Variety of the Baths and Mineral Waters I have mentioned; which are so eminently impregnated with Variety of Minerals, Salts, Vitriols, Sulphurs', Stones, etc. which evidently prove a distinct Nature of every one of those Waters; and to apply these, the great and wise Architect has required no more of Mankind but to use his Senses to discover by their Impression how each Mineral Water affects their Tastes, Smells, and altars their Bodies upon Man's external Experiments made of them.  
By these means our Reason, and Sense, and Experience directs us to a right Use of these Waters; therefore nothing can be more irrational, as well as prejudicial to Mankind, than to use any one Bath, as the narrow-souled Physicians do for all sorts of Diseases.  
Nature seems so concerned to unlock the Mysteries of her Chemistry, that by the Colours of some Waters we may discover their Contents, as well as by their Tastes.  
Okre makes the Mineral Water's yellowish, Sandaracha, Stybium, Mehuteria, Molibdena, livid and raddle, reddish Nitre, clear Gypsum, whitish, the Sediment after Distillation. The Curious of this Age have tasted and observed their Colour, and Quantity, and made many Experiments with them to observe their Virtues; but since there are so great a Variety of Mineral Tastes mixed in Bath Water, and many of them so volatile, as to evaporate upon Distillation, I cannot confided in these Experiments as certain Trials to discover the Contents of Mineral Waters; But in the curious Tasting of them by a Palate Experience and internal Preparations; for that Sense takes the Object in a perfect State; but after Evaporation, all the Volatile Mineral Particles exhale; so that by that Means it is impossible to discover the true Contents of Mineral Waters, which have so great a Variety of Tastes, and Virtues, that scarce any Two have the same Mixture of Minerals in them.  
By the Microscope we have in this Age attempted to improve the Knowledge of the Ingredients of Mineral Waters, by observing the Figures of the Chrystallizing Salts: And this Method may succeed well enough where there is only Salts dissolved in a Mineral Water, and that but of one sort; but since most Waters have other Minerals besides Salts, and frequently a Variety of Salts; such as the Microscopical Observations want a Name for; and therefore call it Sal sui generis.  
For this Reason I should never trust the Microscope for giving a full and satisfactory Account of any Waters, without an Appeal to our Senses of Taste, Smell, Feeling, and many practical Experiments, both inwardly and outwardly. All the Advantage by Microscopes is, to confirm our other Senses, and help them to discover the Figures of the Mineral Salts which affect the Taste.   

CHAP. II.  
Concerning the right Use and Abuses of the hot Baths.  
HOT Baths both by being drunk or used outwardly, heat the Humours, and raise the Pulse, and quicken the Circulation, Agitation of the Blood, and its Compression by the Pulse, the Heat expands the Aerial Spirits contained in the Humours, which is the immediate Instrument of Digestion, Fermentation, and the Feverish Ebullition of the Animal Humours to produce the several kinds of Defluxions.  
I call those hot Baths which have very hot Water, and some Tincture from the Sulphur or Bitumen.  
The Waters at Bath have not only a considerable actual Heat, by which they produce their Effects; but they have a Saltness to cleanse, as well as a Roughness, to strengthen. The Sulphur in them, has also particular Effects by its discussing Faetor: And I remember the Cross-Bath Pump-Water tastes evidently Vitriolic.  
The Roughness in the Water depends on the Nitrum Calcarium. The Saltness on common Salt, which is in double Proportion to the Nitre. The Lapis Calcarius is double in proportion to the Salts; but the other evaporates by boiling.  
From all these sensible Qualities, we may deduce very easily all the Effects of the hot Baths at bath, as well as the Injuries they do when they are used improperly.  
1. The Actual Heat makes these Baths agreeable to all Constitutions that are Pituitous, Serous, Cold, Flatulent, or have any Acerbity in their Stomaches, or Gachexies in their Bodies, or are very cold fat Constitutions. To all these Diseases of the fluid Parts the hot Baths are contrary, and effectually altar them.  
2. In an Obesity, or too full a Habit, we evacuate the Succus Nutricius by sweeting in these Baths.  
3. These hot Baths by rarifying the Humours and relaxing the Parts, open all the Obstructions in the Blood-Vessels or Nerves, dissolving the scirrhous, serous, oedematous and flatulent tumors and the Obstruction of the Chyle-Vessels in the tumors of the Abdomen.  
The Reflux of the Blood is promoted by these hot Baths, at the latter end of all Inflammations, of any inward or out Part, in the Varices and Haemorrhoides.  
4. The Secretion of Humours through their Glands is promoted by hot Baths.  
First, In the Jaundice.  
Secondly, In Hypochondriac Obstructions of the Spleen.  
Thirdly, In the cooler Scrophulae not inflamed.  
Fourthly, In the Secretion of the Animal Spirits through the Brain in Stupidity, their Expansion through the Nerves in the Palsy and Rickets,  
Fifthly, These hot Baths cure the Suppression of the Excrementitious Humours by agitating the aerial Spirits in them, as well as by opening the Pores by their actual Heat.  

1. In a Suppression of Urine.  
2. Want of Stools by Purging, if drank to two or three Quarts: to which usually common Salt formerly or of late Sal Polychrestum, Sal Mirabile Glauberi, Sal Catharct Epsom are added.  
3. The Stoppage of Transpiration is immediately helped by these hot Baths, and the Pains and Fevers depending on it if used in the Beginning.  
4. The Suppression of the Menses.  
5. The Retaining of a Mola.  
6. The Suppression of the Haemorrhoides.  
7. The tumors of the Limbs and Anasarca are discussed by Sweat.   
Sixthly, Hot Baths promote the Motion of the Animal Spirits through the Nerves and their due Expansion.  

1. In Palsies, Apoplexies, Lethargies, towards the latter End.  
2. In Blindness, or Gutta Serena, after due Evacuations.  
3. In Deafness, being pumped on the Ear.  
4. In Loss of Speech, and Taste, and Smell.  
5. In the want of Appetite.  
6. In Venere languida.  
7. In Difficulty of swallowing.   
Seventhly, Hot Baths relieve all Pains depending on the cold Cacochymia's, or external Accidents; as Wounds, Bruises, Fractures.  
1. Old Headaches. 2. Pains at the Stomach. 3. colics. 4. Tooth Aches, ear-ache. 5. Strangury, from the Gravel, and the Pain of the Stone. 6. Joynt-Pains; as, the Sciatica, Rheumatism, and old Gouts in cold Constitutions.  
In all these Pains it eases very much, if no Fever nor Inflammation attend them, if the Fluxion of Humours be over, and the Body well cleansed by bleeding and purging.  
Eighthly, There is a detersive Faculty in the Bath-Waters from the Salt and Sulphur, by which they are also Diuretic; and by their Stypticity they heal all Ulcers.  
As,  

1. A Varica and Pthysis.  
2. A Dysentery and Tenesmus.  
3. Ulcers of the Eyes, Ears, Stomach, Mouth, Womb, Arms, Gums.  
4. Ulcers of the Viscera, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Lungs, Ulcers of the Glands' in the King's Evil.  
5. Gonorrhaea, or Ulcers of the Prostatae, Elephantiasis.  
6. The Itch and spots in the Skin.   
Ninethly, Hot Baths 'cause a Revulsion of Humours, and so stop the Evacuations.  

1. By Vomiting.  
2. Diarrhaea's and Fluxes after strong Purges.  
3. The Fluor Albus.  
4. Incontinence of Urine through Weakness.   
Hot Baths turn the Circulation outwardly into the Skin; And in Poisons these Baths by rarifying the Humours and opening the Pores, occasion the Circulation to be enlarged more outwardly.  
Tenthly, Hot Baths discuss the Humours in the Pores of the Skin, as in the Itch, Leprosy, and are good in the Use of the Psylothra.  
Eleventhly, Hot Baths may be used in a depauperate state of the Spirits, depending on pituitous, serous, flatulent Cacochymia's, and in all Flatulencies of the Womb after Miscarriages.  
Purging is proper for old Diseases affecting the Head, Nerves, and Joints. The Top of the Head must be pumped in Cepha●…a Hemicrania, Memory lost, Melancholy, Lethargy, Stupor, Deafness, Blindness. Let it be done in the Morning, and it is usually prescribed at Midnight for 20 Days, but in Spasms, Palsies, Trembling of the Head and Hands, Pump the Neck and spinal Marrows.  
This Pumping only agrees with cold Diseases and cold Constitutions; but for the hot Head no bituminous or sulphureous Waters do well; but the Aluminous and Fountain or cold Waters.  
The End of the Spring and Beginning of Summer in the best time for Bathing in hot Baths; because the Summer following continues the Pores open. Autumn Bathing occasions the Pores to be so open towards Winter, as to tender all Persons subject to the Changes of Wether, and makes them sensible of Cold all Winter. And this let my Countrymen consider, who are used to the contrary.  
Bath-Waters are best drank when most free from Rain; but the best time is in May: For the Water's heat, and cause Transpiration.  
Hot Bathing and drinking Waters is improper for hot Wether.  
The Injuries done by the hot Baths are,  
1. The Vehemency of Heat in the Baths are over dry, heats body, and thickens their Humours: Therefore they are unfit for Children, and delicate tender Persons, whose Flesh is easily dissolved by excessive Heat, which also over-drys and decays old Men, dissipating their languid Spirits; and all thin languid Persons are much decayed by them; and the thin Hypocondriac are over-dryed by their Heat, and made subject to Ephemeras, Fluxes and hectic Fevers.  
2. Hot Baths are injurious to choleric Constitutions, by exciting intermitting Fevers and Ephemeras.  
3. This sort are injurious to all viscid Constitutions of Humours, which produce Rheumatisms, Inflammations and Pains during the Effervescence of Humours, and the Defluxions.  
4. The Saltness of Blood is increased by hot Bathing, which raises the Digestion of Humours, and promotes a violent Circulation of them.  
But the drinking the Bath Waters is not injurious to these Constitutions; because they cleanse away the Choler, dilute the Viscidity, and wash away the Saltness of Humours.  
6. The Putrefaction of Humours is promoted by hot Baths. For this Reason we condemn such Baths in Fevers intermitting and malignant, in the Hydrophobia, and Poisons and Pox. Some Minerals are dissolved in that Water, convenient for the Itch, Leprosy, scald Head, such as Salt and Nitre which kill Worms and Lice that are the Effects of Putrefaction.  
7. In a general Leanness tho'they spend the Succus nutritius; yet they open the obstructed Pores, and restore the Circulation to a Paralytic Member in an Atrophy of it.  
In very great Fullness of Humours, hot Bathing occasions the Breach of a Vein, by rarifying the Aerial Spirits in the Blood.  
If Thirst be troublesome, Bathing increases it, and Drinking allays it.  
8. The Defluxion of all Humours is promoted by hot Baths, which colliquate or rather rarify the Aerial Spirits in our Humours, and open the Glands' through which they may flow. And for this reason we forbidden hot Baths duing all Defluxions in Catarrhs, Gout, Asthmas or Pains; Inflammation and Cephalic Diseases depending on a Defluxion, Ephemera, or intermitting Fevers, and in all sorts of Inflammatious and hot Pains, with Fevers, as, Erysipelas, Phlegmons, colics, Headache, Strangury, Stone, Gout, Rheumatism, Quinsy, Parotis, Inflammations of the Piles, Intestines, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Phrenitis, Opthalmy, Inflammations of the Lungs, Pleura, Breasts of Women, Testicles of Men, and all running Ulcers succeeding them. All Ulcers and Inflammations receive Prejudice in the Beginning by hot Baths, and also by drinking the Waters very hot; but in the Declination, the Bath discusses the Inflammation and cleanses the Ulcers; but all necessary Evacuations aught to precede.  
Hot Baths ripen all inward Imposthumes in the Lungs, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Womb, Intestines, Bladder. These Baths are injurious in all Putrefactions; as, Fevers, especially Hectics, Apoplexies, Frenzies, Carbuncles, Cancers.  
Hot Baths excite Venereal Pains, as all Fevers do, and make all Coughs and Catarrhs worse; for which we better prescribe cool Diet, Air and cool Drinks, which better agreed with them.  
9 In all Haemorrhages these hot Baths are mischievous; as in that by the Nose, Womb, Anus, Vomiting, or pissing Blood, and Coughing it up, or in the Hepatic Flux.  
10. These Baths are injurious in Fluxes of Humours out of the Body as Diabetes, Gonorrhaeas, Abortions and too much sweeting.  
11. They are mischievous in Evacuations of the Semen into the Cavity of the Body, as in Ascites, Dropsy of the Thorax, Hydrocephalon; they promote the greater Flux of the Rheum into the Cavities.  
12. The great Expansion of Spirits producing Watching, usual to old Men, and salt Constitutions are made worse by Bathing.  
13. The great Explosion of the Spirits in Convulsions is much irritated by the Heat of Bathing; as in Epilepsies, Hysteric Passions, and other Convulsions, Palpitations, Singultus, Coughs, Sneesing.  
14. The irregular Motions of the Spirits in the Brain is promoted by hot Baths. In the Melancholia, Mania, Hydrophobia.  
15. The Flatuosity of the Spirits is too much rarified by hot Baths, in Vertigoes, Asthmas, Tympanites, Incubus, and Hysteric tumors.  
Sulphur Baths, and the Bituminous offend hot Spirits by their strong Smell, and so occasion Fluxes.  
Hot Bath-Waters cool by Accident, by opening the Pores, for evaporating of the Heat; or if they purge, or be very Diuretic, and have a Tincture from Lead, Nitre, Alom.  
Hot Baths after Meat occasion Rigours, Horrors, Fevers; and after Bathing we must not eat till all Disorders are over, and than the Stomach will not be disordered, nor the Head filled. Sleep after Bathing, and Abstinence digests and evacuates Humours, and composes the Disorders of Bathing.  
Vini potus à Balneo tanquam venenum habendum, was the Observation of the old Physicians. A Horror at the Beginning of Bathing, which may be produced either by the hot or cold Baths, by the Constriction of the Pores, or Fullness of Humours, shows the Profitableness of that Bathing.  
Those that have Fevers, Pains, Fluxes, or any great Evacuations are not fit for hot Baths; and we must take care of the Injuries of Wether after Bathing.  
We are more secure in Night-Bathing, when after the Exercise of the Day, we bathe, and sup after Bathing: And the Gentlemen who go to Bath for Pleasure may practise this.  
The Time of continuing in the Bath, is an Hour, or according to strength; and after 7 Hours, the ancient Prescription was to return to the same. Young Men may bathe oftener than old Men; who are too dry; Once in a Day, or every other Day is enough for them.  
The salt, nitrous, sulphureous, aluminous Baths purge, by which they cure Obstructions and Dropsies; and the Drinking the Water is necessary for 14 Days before Bathing.   

CHAP. III.  
Of Temperate Baths.  
THE more temperate Baths have only a mild Heat, like that of our Bodies, and are therefore lesle beneficial for cold Diseases, and lesle injurious to the Healthful, who use them chief to wash their Skins, to temper the natural Heat, to take of Weariness, and strengthen the Limbs; but these Baths are frequently prescribed by the Ancient Physicians for Preservation of Health after Exercise, in an empty Stomach; and after a Stool in full strength; and they aught not to sweated after them; but they were dried and anointed, and eat after the Disturbance of the Bath was over; and a regular Diet was used for some time after Bathing, avoiding Repletion of Meat or Drink, too much sleep, Watching, great Exercise, Passions, Injuries of the Wether; after Excess and Venery, they avoided Bathing, and after Bathing avoid Wine, which offends the Head.  
But these Baths have many Physical Uses, besides Cleanliness, and Beauty, and Pleasure, and are observed to be useful in the following Cases.  
Tepid Baths moisten and warm; if more tepid, they cool and moisten; if more hot, they heat, and moisten lesle.  
Temperate Baths are proper for Children who are moist and hot; but all Minerals dry them too much.  
Wash the Infants after long Sleep, when most empty, and rub them.  
This cures their Coughs, stuffing in their Heads, their Scurf and Itching, and breeding Teeth.  
In the breeding Teeth the Ancients bathed when the Fever remitted, and prescribed Water-drinking to the Nurse.  
Bathing Infants does Injury to their Ruptures.  
Since old Age is cold and dry, by hot Baths we relieve them, which by their temperate Heat warm and moisten; and Wine is allowed them after Bathing, and than Sleep. Ut lavit, sumpsitque cibum det membra sopori.  
Temperate Baths cure all hot Intemperies, and are proper for all the hot Cacochymia's, the bilious, viscid, vitriolic, corrosive state of Blood, especially if Nitre, Alom and Steel be dissolved in them, and are usually prescribed for the Choleric and thin Hypocondriac at the End of the Spring; but all hot Baths injure those Constitutions.  
A Plethora without a Fever is helped by Bathing frequently and long in these temperate Baths; and much Exercise is to be used before Bathing as well as Friction; and after Bathing anoint with hot Oil in these full Bodies.  
Dry Constitutions may bathe after eating, and that will feed them: They may bathe again after 4 Hours, and be fed with As●es Milk, and anointed with cool Oils before they be clothed. The Ancients used this Method to cure the dry Intemperies, and prescribed a convenient Diet, and Friction; and they cured a hot Intemperies, if joined with a dry, by Water-drinking.  
By Baths of temperate Heat we cure Ephemeras, which depend on Heat, Lassitude, or Cold; but if a Catarrh attend them, that is not convenient till the Declination.  
In a Diary of many Days, after three Days, bathe, if no sign of Crudity remains.  
Hectic Fevers require temperate and cooling Baths; and unless the Head be put into cold Water, bathing does them no good.  
Baths are injurious in Fevers, if there be Pains, or Inflammations in any part, or the Fever be putrid. Sometimes in the Declination, after the concoction of Humours, they may promote Sweat. In these acute Diseases Rhasis condemns them. Nunquam vidi Balnea in aliqua dispositione febricitantibus esse utilia.  
These Baths are useful in Hemicrania's, and all other Pains; as that of the Spleen; and is very proper in the Declination of Inflammations, as in a Phrenetic, if that Disease has lasted long, and the Body be thin; and the same Bath agrees with the Lethargy in the Declination.  
These are proper in Melancholic cases, in the declination, where they are to be moistened, or nourished.  
In young Men and Lovers they help the Melancholy.  
After fourteen days the Pleuritic may use it.  
After the Inflammation and Pain of the Gout is over, and sometimes in the vigour of the Fit, when Watching, and Pain are excessive: But the use of much bathing relaxes the Parts, and excites a new Flux in all Pains and Inflammations, and Rheumatisms, by opening the Pores, and heating the Humours.  
Temperate Baths help the passing both Urine and Stool, even in Fevers. In the Cholera they are good in the declination, and for Diarrhaea's.  
Dysenteries, Inflammations from Crudities, the Jaundice, and the Stone, the suppression of the Menses, and Strangury from a hot Cause.  
They are proper for all Priapisms, and Inflations of the Womb, and that dryness of it which causes Sterility.  
It facilitates the birth for them that have hard Labour, by relaxing and mollifying.  
It brings away a dead Child, and Mola, and false Impregnation; especially a Bath of temperate Salt-Water.  
For Poison from Cantharideses, we use a Bath of Hydrolaeum.  
It cures all the Diseases of the Skin, Itching, which Opium gives.  
It helps Ulcers, Scabs, Bruises, Strains, Pimples, wounded Nerves, after the Flux is over, and all Heats of the Viscera, and several Parts, by exhaling the fuliginous Vapours through the Pores.  
Bathing cures Watching, and causes Sleep.  
Emaciate Limbs must not sweated, but be pumped, or wet with the Water.  
These Baths help weakness of Digestion, weak Memory, Sadness, Apoplexies, Palsies, and Tremble after the Flux is over. It cures the Scurvy, and corroded Gums.  
In short, these Baths open and discuss by their heat; they promote the digestion of the Stomach, the distributing of the Nourishment, the circulation and digestion of Humours, the secretion of the excretory Juices, and discuss all Infirmities out of the Pores of the Skin.  

Bitter detergent Baths.  
We may make these Baths of Marine-Water, and impregnate them with Bean or Lupin-Flower, which is bitterish; or with Fenugreek, to cleanse the Skin, and bitter Almonds.  
Briony-Root, or the Bulb of Narcissus, are used for bitter deterging Baths; and Bran is useful to cleanse as well as Soap.  
Anodyne Mucilaginous Baths are made of the Decoctions of Althaea, Mallows, Mercury, Linseed, Fenugreek-seed, Fleaban, Violets, Bran, Thistles, Chickweed, Duck-meat; to which may be added Narcoticks, Cynogloss, Poppy-heads, Henbane, Solanum.   

Nutritive Milky Baths.  
A Bath of Milk and Water twice in a Day, or else the Decoction of Sheehead, or Capon-Broath, is proper for the Consumptive. Or else a Decoction of Barley, and sweet-Almonds in Water; to which may be added the Cold Seeds; or the Decoction may be made of the whole Gourd, to cool and moisten.  
For the Leprosy a Bath of Blood is commended.   

Wine Baths.  
These heat, strengthen, dry, ease Pains, discuss Swell, strengthen the relaxed Parts, cleanse Ulcers, heal Wounds.  
As the Wine inwardly hurts the Brain, Nerves, and Joints; so it makes amendss to these Parts outwardly: And we experience the Bath of Must to be more useful to the Joints, by its fermenting heat; and the fervour of the Wine heats, opens, discusses, comforts the Limbs, and removes Pains, and is profitable to Oedematous Swell and Inflations.  
Oil Baths may be placed under this Title, useful in Convulsions, Pains, Suppression of Urine; the fifth part of the Oil being heated, and added to the rest; and this used in a Tetarus twice in a Day; but a long Stay in a Bath of Oil, does much spend the Spirits, as Aegineta observes.  
Baths of Hydrolaeum moisten the dry and weary Members, ease Pains, Headache, and Wounds, with Convulsions, Colic, Pains, difficulty of Urine, Wounds of the Nerves, and hard Labour.  
The Cross-Bath at bath aught to be kept of a more temperate Heat than it is usually managed, that it might have the Benefit abovementioned; but it appeared to me of a Heat above that Temper; and is made very hot, to answer the Effects of the hot Baths, by letting in hot Water through Pipes from other Baths: For which reason it becomes very injurious in all the Cases I have mentioned, and particularly to Plethoric hot Constitutions, and Hysterical Women.  
I have sometimes observed it moderate; but generally it is abused, so that it cannot answer the Design of a temperate Bath, fitted for healthful Persons, or the Diseases mentioned.  
I could not but observe another great Absurdity practised there, which is the drinking the Water very hot from the Pump, to have more of the Mineral-Virtue thereby; for that Gas of the Mineral too much affects the Head, and causes Sweats, and is injurious to the Hysterical, Asthmatic, and all hot Constitutions.  
Healthful Men may bathe according to Custom in moderate Baths.  
Trallianus tells us, that bathing after Meat does thin Bodies more good than Morning-bathing, if the Bath be of a moderate heat; such as that of Aqua-Dulcis.  
Studying and Sleeping much is very injurious in the use of Baths.  
Bathing till the Parts begin to swell, nourishes them; but longer continued it wastes them.  
The Injuries done by the Temperate Baths are the same as by Hot Baths, but in a lower Degree; for if the Body be not prepared, Baths produce Fluxes of Humours, especially if there be any inward Inflammation, they are mischievous, or if there be a Plethoric Body, they may occasion an Asthma, Apoplexy, Vertigo, Convulsions, Pleurisy, Peripneumonia.  
If any inward Part be infirm, as the Lungs, Heart, Stomach, Liver, or any disposition to the Gout, or any other Flux, these Baths colliquate the Humours, and open the Glands' or Pores to receive the Flux: It is like applying Fomentations before Evacuatives; these weaken the Spirits by Evaporation, and fill the Head, occasion the Epilepsy, Vertigo, and other Convulsions.  
These Baths ripen all Impostumes, and are therefore dangerous in Obstructions of the Liver, Consumptions, weak Kidneys; and they promote all unnatural Evacuations, as Haemorrhages, Whites, Gonorrhaea's.  
In the time of the Plague they occasion the Infection to be more easily taken, and prepare the Humours to receive any other Infection.  
Hysteric Women aught to abstain from bathing, which fills the Head.  
The Asthmatic receive much prejudice by bathing; it ripens the Tubercula in the Lungs.    

CHAP. IU.  
Of Cold-bathing; the Benefits and Injuries of it: To which is adjoined an account of the Bath at Buxton in Derbyshire.  
THE use of Cold bathing is very Ancient; for Pliny relates that Carmis, a Massilian Physician, condemned the Custom of Hot bathing, and persuaded the Romans to bathe in Cold Water; in the midst of the Winter, Months during the greatest Cold, he dipped the sick in the Lakes of Water. Videbamus senes consulares in ostentationem usque rigentes.  
This Cold Demersion was used in Augustus' time, by Antonius Mysa, and his Brother Euphorbius, to astringe the Pores, to unite the Heat, and to strengthen the Limbs; and Galen was so much of their Opinion, that he thought the Hot Baths were only preparatory to Cold bathing; and on that, the greatest Benefit depended.  
Bathing in Rivers, and the Sea, was most Ancient for Exercise, Pleasure, and curing Diseases.  
A place for swimming in Cold Water was provided for in the Roman Baths, and was more Ancient than they.  
The manner of the Romans was to conclude their Hot Bathing with the Cold Water; which shows the good Opinion they had of Cold Immersion.  
Galen's Method of Bathing was thus; first they exercised in a Morning; than they entered the Laconicum, where the Air was warm or hot by the Steams of the Water, or Fire; and there the Pores are opened, and they sweated; the tensity of the Skin relaxes, and the Humours more rarified to pass the Sudatory Glands', through which the Pulse being raised by the heat, or the lesle pressure of the external humid Air, propels the attenuated Serum.  
From the Laconicum they descend into the Lavacrum, or into hot Water, where they sweated as much as they please: And from thence they came to the Cold Water, that what was overheated by exercise or bathing, might there be cooled, and the Strength confirmed by thickening the Skin, that the innate Heat might not transpire too much, and thereby make the Body cold; for Cold bathing constringes the Pores, and hardens the Body, as hot Iron is cooled and hardened by cold Water. By these it is evident, that they invented the Hot Baths to prepare weak Bodies for the Cold. From the Cold Bath they went into the Tepidarium or Apodyterium, where the Air was tepid, and they were rubbed from Sweat; and anointed. Afterwards Meat and Drink, and Sleep were prescribed.  
It was the Custom of the Germane to carry the newborn Child to a River, there to dip it in the Water, to strengthen the Body, and to try their natural Vigour; for if it were very weak, it often died; for which reason Galen condemns this Custom as barbarous and dangerous. This Custom he says is more fit for Beasts, to procure them a hard Skin, insensible of Cold; and he believes it not necessary for Men to have a thick and hard Skin; for according to Hippocrates' Observation, a rare thin Skin is necessary for those who transpire out many hot Vapours and Fumes; for if they be retained, the Body suffers by them: And a thick Skin is useful against the Injuries of the Wether: Both Excesses are to be avoided; the Skin is not to be thickened so far as to hinder transpiration; or to be kept so rare, that by all Accidents of Wether it may be much affected.  
Virgil takes notice of the Custom of bathing Children in cold Water, in these Verses;  
Durum à stirpe genus natos ad flumina primum,  
Deferimus, saevoque gelu duramus & undis.  
This is the Method Galen gives for Cold bathing, for the preservation of Health in Persons fully grown, for strengthening the Limbs, and thickening the Skin against the Injuries of Cold, he advises this Method in the beginning of it, in the hottest time of the Year, in the middle of the Day, and in fair Wether, when the Water is not perfectly Cold, but Tepid, and the Person be fasting and empty, than he must use this Bath, having first exercised, to excite a natural Heat, to resist the Coldness of the Water: And after Exercise, and Friction, let him demergere into Cold Water. The Demersion aught to be sudden, and not gradual, to prevent a Horror.  
The Person who must be used to Cold Water, aught to be in the midst of the fourth Seven Years, in perfect Health, and to be well rubbed with Linen, and after well rubbed with Oil. The first time the Water must be Tepid, not very Cold; but the second time he may use it very Cold; and at his going out let him be rubbed with Oil till he is very hot. Continued this Three or Four Days; than after an Interval, if he approves of a Second, but not a Third bathing for the same time.  
They stay a moderate time in the Water who come out well-coloured after Friction; but if they be lesle warm, and pale coloured, they have stayed in too long, which must be avoided.  
After Clothing, let the Person rest an Hour at lest, and than eat more than he drinks; for after this Cold Immersion, the Appetite increases, the Thirst abates, they concoct better, their Muscles are stronger, and the Skin is more hard and dense.  
These Baths unite the Heat, turn the fuliginous Vapours into Sweat, excite the Expulsion of the Excrements, and loosen the Body: It cures Lassitude if used by intervals, and the Heat occasioned by travelling in the Sun; the Caninum appetitum ex immodicâ transpiratione.  
Thus far Galen has instructed us in the use of Cold Baths.  
Hypocrates gives us this Aphorism concerning Baths.  
A Salt Bath heats and dries; a Hot Bath extenuates the Person that is fasting, but heats and moistens him that has eat: And Cold Baths effect the contrary. By which Aphorism we perceive he knew the Virtue of Cold bathing, that it warmed and hindered the extenuation of our Body when empty, by closing the Pores, and restraining the evaporation of our Aerial Spirits; but the Cold Baths cool and dry them that have eaten: It cools by checking the Fermentation of the Humours, and their rarefaction: It dries by repelling the nutritious Humours from the Skin, as Hot Baths are said to plump it up by relaxing it, and rarefying the Humours contained in the Vessels of it.  
From Hippocrates' Aphorisms about the use of Cold Water in Fomentations, we may learn the Benefits and Injuries of Cold Water; for Fomentations are bathing particular Parts only.  
This is the use of Cold Things, or Water; we must apply them to the place that bleeds, or about them; and they may be used to extinguish the ardour and burning of Inflammations, which have a Sanguine Colour at the first, but if the Inflammation have continued long, it causes a livid Colour: It also helps an Erysipela not ulcerated, but is very dangerous to them that be ulcerated. He also recommends Cold Water to foment the hot tumors, and Pains of the Gout, or Joints, which are without Ulcers, and for Convulsions. In these he prescribes the affusion of much Cold Water, which mitigates the Pain, and extenuates the Part; and a moderate Stupor allays the Pain.  
By these Aphorisms we are plainly taught, that the Cold Baths may be profitable for all Haemorrhages, Inflammations, Erysipela's, Pains, Gout, Convulsions; and he deals thus Ingenuously in giving an account of the Injuries of cold Fomentations: And the same are of cold Baths.  
Cold is injurious to Ulcers, for that hinders the Evacuation of their Sores, and the Nutrition of the Part. It thickens the Skin by contracting the Parts.  
Cold hinders pained Parts from Suppurating, by checking the Flux of Blood to it. It produces Livors or Blackness in the Parts if too long continued, by stopping the Circulation of the Blood, and Transpiration of Vapours. It occasions Febrile Rigours, from the Irritation of the Nerves, by hot Vapours retained in the Body. It occasions Cramps from the same Cause; and the Stoppage of the Circulation through the Muscles.  
All these Inconveniences hap in Cold Bathing, which I will give an Account of.  
Aetius mentions the famous Albulae, quae sapore subsalse & tactu lactei teporis. He says they were Aluminous, Sulphureous, and that by their Nitrous Salt they cleanse Ulcers; and that they were drank the first day three Hemina's, viz. thirty Ounces; the second Five Hemina's; the third Six Hemina's, to purge and cleanse: They promote Sweated and Urine, stop Bleeding, strengthen the Parts, stop all Fluxes of Women and Men, heal the Ulcers of the Bladder and Kidneys, prevent Abortions, Fluxes of the Belly, Laxity of the Stomach, Vomiting; they excite Appetite, cure all hot Intemperies, an ill Habit of the Body, and Dropsy, discuss Flatus, and cure colics.  
Galen mentions the Injuries of the Albulae, that one by Stoppage of the Skin fell into a Fever by the use of them: And tho' they be eminently petrifying Waters in their own Springs, yet they produce no such Effect in the Bodies of Men.  
Aetius commends Cold Baths for curing all Diseases depending on Defluxions of Humours, especially if they have any Medicamental Taste, viz. from the Minerals (of Lead, Iron, Alum, Nitre; for these are all of them the Cool Baths, as Bitumen, Sulphur, and Salt make the Hot Baths.) He commends the Albulae to be drank, as very profitable against all Defluxions.  
Caelius Aurelianus commends Cold bathing in all Fluxes of Blood in the Asthma, and acquaints us with Asclepiades' Opinion, that Water-drinking and the Pseuchrolusia were necessary for the preservation of our Health.  
Thus far I thought necessary to transcribe from the Ancient Writers, to show their Opinion and use of Cold bathing; and from hence I suppose our English Physicians did formerly direct the use of the Cold Immersion in England. Such I must call the bathing in St. Winifred, St. Mungus, and Buxton Baths, by which many particular Diseases are cured, or the Health preserved: But the Niceness and Effeminacy of this Age, has much neglected their Use; and the reason of this may be the absurd Advice given to Patients, to frequent the Baths at bath for all Diseases; and the use of them will tender all Persons more Effeminate: But I hope all prudent Men will in time consider the disingenuity of that Advice, and endeavour by the use of the Cold Bath, to tender their Bodies strong, and their Skins lesle subject to the changes of Wether. It is the Hot Countries which want Hot Baths, to evaporate the extreme Hot Particles of their Blood; but in our Northern Climes, we must close our Pores, preserve our native Heat, and, if we will live long, and healthful, we must tender our Skins dense and close, by Cold Water, that the sudden and frequent Changes of the Air may not give us so many intermitting Fevers, and so many Defluxions of Humours, which tender the English People unhealthful; nor upon all Occasions let the Air affect the Spirits of Hysteric and Hypochondriacal Persons.  
Cold Baths in England may be distinguished into Two Degrees;  
First, The extreme Cold, such as that at St. Winifrid's-Well, and the other at St. Mungus-Well, in Yorkshire, near Knaresborough. The Experience of our Countrymen has approved of these Baths, as very useful in the Rickets, and many other Diseases, which depend on Transpiration in too great a measure; and the High Fermentation, the quick Circulation or Digestion of Humours, or the frequent Defluxions or Evacuations of them through the Glands'.  
The Second Degree of the Cold Baths is the Bath at Buxton, for that being one of a Milky Tepor at the first feeling, and by being long felt, renders the Body more cold and shivering; and by this chilling of the Body I may easily infer, that tho' it has an actual Heat, and boils up with Bubbles, as the Baths do at bath, yet it has not a Heat equal to the Rarefaction and natural Warmth of our Humours; and for this reason I cannot but reckon it as one of the Cold Baths: And a most excellent Contrivance Providence has shown in it, by giving it so much Heat as to hinder the sudden or violent Constriction of our Pores, so as to occasion Fevers or Defluxions, and to endue it with such Ingredients of Salt and Nitre, or Alum, as to cool, strengthen, cleanse the solid Parts, and close up the natural Heat of our Humours, by constriction of the Pores.  
The Effects of these two kinds of Cold Baths may very probably be guessed at, because these Baths have contrary Qualities and Effects to the Hot Baths, and therefore it is very just to assert, that where the Hot Baths disagree with our Patients, the Cold ones will be proper.  
According to this Rule I will describe the Virtues both of the extreme Cold, and the Tepid Bath at Buxton; they all have the same Effects, but Buxton is more mild and safe, because of its actual Tepor.  
Children, Women, and old Men faint in the Hot Baths; but the Cold ones agreed with every Age and Time; but the Coldest Baths agreed best with young Persons in perfect Health, whom they make more robust; but they must be brought to the use of them by degrees; and the best time to use them is in the Summer, not in the Winter.  
The use of the Bath at Buxton being very safe, it is fittest for all infirm Persons to use first, before they try the colder kinds; for by the use of this, they may be safely and by degrees used to Cold bathing. And this is proper for Autumn-Bathing, to close the Pores against Winter, and after the use of the Hot Baths.  
The Constitutions or Cacochymia's in which the Cold Baths are most agreeable, are the Cacochymia's which are Hot, as the Choleric, which may be very much cooled, and altered by drinking of Cold Water, especially the Water of St. Ann's Well at Buxton, for that will cleanse away all the Choleric Sediments from the Stomach, Guts, Liver, and Blood; and by bathing long, check the Pulse and high digestion of the Blood; for that does not occasion any Sweat after bathing, but we stay in the Bath till we are very i'll, and than go to a warm Bed, and lie there without sweeting, till we become dry and warm again.  
Hot Baths make the Pulse vehement, great, quicker, and by this the Humours are more attenuated, the Aerial Bullulae in the Blood agitated, rarified, and by compression propelled through the Glands' of the Skin, because the Pressure of the external Air is much lessened by the Humidity and Heat of the Bath.  
But in all the Cold Baths the contrary happens; the Pulse becomes slow, small, rare, languid; the Bullulae in the Blood are more compressed, and the external solid Parts shrink, and are constringed, and all Evacuations are stopped.  
Because of these Effects I infer, that the use of Buxton Baths externally and internally, are proper for all the Hot Intemperies of the solid Parts, and all the Hot Cacochymia's, viz. the Choleric, the Salt, the Viscid, the Muriatic or Corrosive, the Vitriolic or Melancholic and Putrid State of Animal Humours.  
But as the temperate hot Baths cool by opening the Pores, and evaporating the Hot rarified Humours, or Aerial Bullulae, so the Tepid Baths, or moderate Cool Baths, a little stop the Pores, and for some time after the use of Cold Baths of that temper, we observe Persons to be warmer sensibly to themselves, as I have heard them to complain, from their Observation of their own Temper.  
But as the hotter Baths at bath do wonderfully inflame all Persons, and thicken their Serum; so on the contrary the coldest Baths produce a full Stoppage of the Pores, and occasion a Redness in the Skin; and after they are put to Bed, great Sweats, Fluxes of Urine, and Stools; so that the use of the coldest Baths put all Persons into an Ephemera, and that occasions the Defluxions by Stool, Urine, and Sweated observed after cold bathing.  
We aught nicely to distinguish between the permanent Effects of the Hot and Cold Baths, upon the fluid Parts of Animals, viz. the Blood and Spirits, and the Alteration which the use of them gives, by a sudden Evacuation, or stoppage of Transpiration; for the permanent Effects of the Hot Bath is the Volatilization of the Oily and Acid parts of the Blood, and the raising the Digestion of our Humours, as well as more invigorating the Pulse and Circulation, and rarefying the Aerial Bullulae or Spirits in an Animal, tho' for the present they evacuate some hot Particles, and by accident cool us, as is evident by using Hot Baths in Feverish Dispositions, Defluxions of Humours; and we observe all Hot Constitutions to complain of their Heat; so that Cold Baths, they heat by Accident, by stopping the Hot Humours from transpiring; but cool and stop the Agitation of the Aerial Particles; and they agreed with Fevers, Hectics, and all Hot Constitutions depending on the over-digestion of Humours.  
The Reason of the Heat following Cold Baths, may be given from the hot rarified Particles being straitened from evaporating, which act like a Ferment in the Blood; or else may be explained by the Changes in Water upon its freezing; for the Vertuosis inform us, that by applying of Salt and Ice for freezing of it, it first subsides, and afterwards rises again in the Bottle in which it is froze; and this Effect probably depends on the Air included in the Water.  
That Cold bathing cools the Humours appears by the following Instances, in which Galen experienced it.  
In a very hot burning Fever Galen advises as soon as the Signs of Concoction appear, if the Strength be strong, and a young Person, boldly to give him cold Water to drink; and if he be corpulent, and the Season hot and dry, to put him into cold Water, which he says may be done without Injury; and thereby he will universally Sweated, and some Persons will have bilious Stools: But if the Fever be mild, and the Strength weak, and there appear signs of Concoction, he advises the temperate hot Baths, and Wine: And concludes that of Fevers, as Fevers, Cold Water is the Remedy, unless there be a Putredo, an Obstruction of the Pores, a Fullness or Debility of Strength, or Stomach, or some Tumour in any Part.  
He prescribes all bathing for Fevers in the Declination, not in the Beginning.  
He gives the Cold Water to drink, as much as the Patient pleases, in all continent Fevers, by which all Sweat, Vomiting, or Looseness was produced; and this was the general practice in Continent Fevers, by bleeding, drinking Water, and Cold bathing. But in Lassitudes, heat upon Travels, Pimples, and Transpiration stopped, bathing in temperate warm Water was used.  
In Hectics Galen affirms that the temperate Bath does no good, but the Cold, to which the hot Water only prepares them; and this he confidently prescribes, if there be no putrid Fever, or Inflammation of the Lungs; but he condemns the drinking Cold Water in Fevers, as injurious to Hectics.  
The manner of bathing Hectics was thus; Let him be carried in a Sheet by Four Men, and dipped twice or thrice in the hot Water, and after let him be dipped in the cold once; than put him into other Linen, and dry him, and remove him to Bed; let him stay but little in the cold Water, and be dipped but once, and anointed with Oil.  
All the Ancient Writers commend bathing in Cold Water for the Hydrophobia; and hence comes our Custom of Dipping Persons bit by Mad-Dogs in the Sea-Water.  
Not only the frequent throwing of Persons into the Water may cure the odd Fancy against Liquids', but the Coldness may prevent the Fever attending that Venom; and as Salt outwardly is used to the Bites, so that Water may check the putrefaction of our Humours by that Poison. In this Disease the Water at Buxton may profitably be drank and bathed in for one Month's time, till the Change of the Moon is over; for this Water is salt and styptic; by both which Qualities it may be useful.  
That the Water at Buxton is profitable for the Salt Cacochymia, is evident by the cure of the Itch; and Wiseman commends the swimming in Rivers for scabby Soldiers; the saltness cleanses the Skin from its putrid Ferment; and the stypticity heals its Ulcerations.  
It is also observed, that the drinking of St. Ann's Water is useful for the Scurvy by its cleansing salt Quality; and it heals the putrid Gums.  
These Salt-Waters at Buxton are useful in the Morphew, Scald-head, Tetters, and all other Diseases depending on external putrid Ferment; they may ease the Pains in the Venereal Diseases, for all hot Baths irritate them.  
These Buxton Baths are useful also for the Leprosy, after general Evacuations.  
The drinking the Water, because of its evident Saltness, is good against the Worms.  
The experiencing this Bath, and the two colder at St. Winifred, and St. Mungus, is not irrational; for the Cancerous Humour, whose Putrefaction they may probably more effectually check than any other Method yet known; for if these Cold Baths can check Putrefaction, they must be used as well as a cool Diet, against this State. In a Putrefaction the viscidity of the Blood is destroyed, and the Consistence of the Blood is made fluid, because the natural viscidity of the Cake being dissolved, the Liquor thereof cannot be made into Bullulae, to contain the Aerial Spirits, and that gives the great languor in all putrid states of Blood, as the Scurvy and Malignant Fever; we commonly observe, that a viscid Liquor, such as Soap and Water, or new Beer, may be easily raised into Bladders or Bubbles, by mixing Air in it; but in stolen Liquors the Consistence wants a Viscidity to retain the Air in Bubbles: And all Gangrenes, Cancers, and very putrid Ulcers, have a thin Sanies; we observe a Rheumatism Blood in the Cancerous; but that is only the Chyle coagulated by the Vitriolic Blood; not withstanding that the Cake of the Blood often appears than putrid. And since the Hot Baths increase all Putrefactions, the Cold ones may probably do the contrary.  
Plato was cured of a Fever by an Egyptian Priest, who ordered him a Bath of Sea-Water, as Diogenes Laertius affirms.  
Cold Water is used in Kent for the cure of the Quartane, as some of that Country have informed me, standing in it before the Fit.  
A Bath of Tepid Water is useful for the cure of Ephemeras; and the Bath at Buxton is used by them that frequent it, the same Night they come thither, to cure their lassitude, heat, and thirst: I may therefore commend this Water in Ephemeras, to cool in their Declination, and to be drank in the beginning.  
This Water at Buxton is useful in too great an Obesity, or Tumour of the Viscera; by its saltness it cleanses by Urine; and its stypticity externally shrinks the Flesh.  
The drinking those Buxton Waters may be useful in many Obstructions of the Viscera, as Jaundice, Obstructions of the Mesentery, Spleen, Kidneys, by reason of their Saltness; but their Stypticity makes them fit for all Fluxes of Humours, in which old Authors most commend them: And since the Hot Baths do that Effect of Deobstructon sufficiently, we may leave Obstructions to their cure.  
Aetius de seminis profluvio recommends bathing or swimming for that Infirmity, and affirms that the Cold Water cures all Diseases depending on Defluxion of Humours, especially if they have any Physical Quality, as the Albulae in Italy, which being drank, are profitable to all Defluxions; and those he describes as Sapore subsalsae, & tactu lactei teporis; and there was a Mixture of Alum in them, as the old Writers guessed, by their stypticity, by which they astringe all the solid Parts both outwardly and inwardly; and that renders them lesle subject to Defluxions.  
The Effects, Heat, and Taste of the Waters at Buxton being so like the Albulae, I cannot but compare them with one another; and by Analogy to them, explain the Virtues of Buxton Waters.  
When they are drank, they must by their Humidity dilute the viscid Humours, by their saltness they cleanse away the precipitated Salts, or Sediment of our Blood, by Urine; and by their stypticity they stop the rarefaction of the Bullulae in the Blood, and the violent agitation of the Aerial Spirits enclosed in them. I compare Blood to other fermenting Liquors, which have large Aerial Bullulae contained in them after a demi-fermentation, which gives the briskness and pungency to such Liquors.  
By the Taste we observe these Effects of the Buxton Waters on both the fluid Parts, viz. the Blood and Spirits; and the solid Parts, or hollow Pipes, which contain the other; and we do from thence rationally infer, that they are useful in the following Defluxions; and Experience has confirmed the same, in these following Species of Defluxions.  
1. The Flux of Blood by the Nose, Anus, Uterus, Vomiting, Spitting, Urine, and in the Hepatic Fluxes and Dysentery, and all Haemorrhages.  
2. In the preternatural Evacuations of the Nutritious Humours by Vomiting, Looseness, Diabetes, Plyalismus, Gonorrhaea, Fluor albus, Abortion, weeping of the Eyes; in all these Buxton Waters are convenient; and in all incontinence of Urine, and in all Catarrhs and Asthmas, these Bath-Waters of Buxton may safely be drank and bathed in; and they most particularly stop too much Sweeting by their stypticity and coolness: They both thicken the Humours in the Glands', and constringe the Excretory Vessels in the Skin; and inwardly they, like other cool Diet, thicken or check the rarefyed Humours and Air; for if Fluids be a Congeries of Bubbles, with Air included, the Matter we expire and transpire, (which the old Authors call another sort of Respiration) is some of those Globuli or Bullulae, which are the Integrant Parts of Fluids'; and the Air being rarefyed by Motion and Heat, make the Bullulae too light for the gravitation of the other Parts, and more fit to be forced out of the Animal Liquor, both by the Pulse, and Gravitation of the other Globuli, to which the Rarefaction of the external Warmth contributes, by weakening the Pressure on the Fluids in Animals.  
That Aluminous Baths condense the Skin, is evident by the tanning of Leather; the Skin is frequently condensed by the Blast of cooler Air, which occasions its Constriction by a sort of a Convulsion we call a Horror; by both these ways externally we may condense the Skin, and constringe the Pores by bathing in Buxton Waters.  
The density of Skin is known by its pale Colour, hardness, and its Pores appearing as the Skin does in Winter, like a Goose-Skin: They are difficultly heated by Exercise, and sweated little, and have no great Colour after it in the Skin. If this Constriction be too much, we must cure it by Hot Baths, anointing with Dill-Oil, or that with Horseradish, with a soft Friction.  
In Dropsies the use of Salt Water outwardly, and inwardly, such as that at Buxton, may do very well; and by the Saltness, to cleanse by Urine; and by the stypticity to strengthen, or heal the Lymphaticks, in the Ascites and Anasarca.  
In the cure of the Motion of the Animal Spirits, the Cold Baths have these Advantages.  
1. In Palsies they stop the Pores, and accidentally occasion an Ebullition in the Humours; that is, first by a subsidence of the Aerial Bullulae, and after that by a kind of Spring natural to the Air, a Restitution or Expansion again to their Natural Vigour, Motion, and Extension, by which a Distension is made in the Nerves, and an Ephemera in the Blood; and by these means a Deobstruction is made in the Nerves in Paralytic Persons; and this has been sufficiently experienced in the Palsy and Rickets.  
As to the Palsy, I heard a Relation of a Cure done by my Ingenious Friend Dr. Barnard, upon Dr. Gold's Son-in-Law, who told me a Story, the Particulars of which I cannot well recollect, more than that a young Boy being Paralytic, with the loss of Speech, by a few times being put to the Cold Bath, recovered his Motion and Speech, when he had tried all other Hot Methods, and the Hot Baths, without any Success. This was related to me by Dr. Gold himself at bath.  
As to the Rickets, I have annexed the Letter of Dr. Clayton, concerning the Virtues of St. Mungus-Well, near Knaresborough in Yorkshire; and it seems to me that an Ephemera occasioned by Hot bathing, does the same thing as a preternatural Heat, or an Ephemera from an Annual or long use of Hot Medicines, which are Nervine. The cure of the Rickets and Palsy both by cold bathing, shows the Rickets to be a Species of the Palsy in Children, whilst they are increasing, which makes the Bodies unequally nourished, the Pulse of the Arteries being very deficient in the Paralytic Parts, and the Humours unequally circulated, the Head is too big for the Proportion in Embryo's, because the Bones are made before the Muscles; and the Muscular Flesh does not so well increase in any Bodies, as in those that have due Spirits, to give a Stop to the Circulation of the Blood in the Muscles, which probably is the Cause of their Motion; and the Muscular Parts by Motion, Friction, Cold bathing, grow robust, plump, and of a due proportion to the rest of the Body; and for the increase of the Muscular Flesh and Strength, Cold Bathing is used at St. Mungus-Well.  
In the want of Appetite, the drinking St. Ann's Well at Buxton may be useful both by the Saltness to stimulate and cleanse, and the stypticity to strengthen the Stomach.  
The effect of the coldest Baths may be tried in the Gutta Serena, Syncope's, Deafness, in the loss of Smell and Taste, in Weakness of Erection, or Venere languidâ, in the Weakness of Swallowing; for if the Cold Baths can cure an universal Palsy, why may they not cure the Palsies of particular Parts, which I have mentioned?  
In the want of Sleep, the Bullulae of the Serous Humours which fill the Nerves, are too much expanded, and this causes the Vigiliae: This elasticity of Spirits is abated by the humidity, coolness, and stypticity of Buxton-Waters, both drank, and used for Baths; and for this reason we bathe in them going to Bed.  
2. Pains depending on Inflammations, and Viscidity of Humours may be corrected or prevented by these Baths, as hot Headaches, Gouts, Scorbutic Rheumatisms, Pain at the Stomach, Cholic, Tooth Ache, Strangury, Stone, Quinsy, Inflammations of the Mouth, Wula, Tonsils, Gums, Glands' about the Ears, Stomach, Intestines, Anus, and Haemorrhoids, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Phrenitis, or the Inflammations of the Spirits; Inflammations of the Eyes, Lungs, Pleura, Breast, Stones, Muscles, of which all the former Inflammations are only Species', which are distinguished by the Effects the Inflammation causes in each Part, the drinking and bathing in these Water, at Buxton, being the chief Remedy to prevent them, but not to cure them, unless in particular Circumstances.  
As to the Ulcers inwardly and outwardly, the Bath at Buxton being drank cleanses and heals, a Vomica, Phthisis, Empyema, Dysentery, Tenesmus, Ulcers of the Eyes, Kidneys, Bladder, Anus, Viscera, Spleen, Liver, Glands, in the King's-Evil, the Ulcers of the Mouth, Throat, Nose, Ears, Gums, Stomach, prostatae in a Gonorrhaea.  
3. The Third Species of Fluxes is that through the Nerves, and the Glands' they arise from, as the Epilepsy, Hysteric Passion, Chorea St. Viti, Convulsion of Children, Palpitation of the Heart, Singultus, Coughing, Sneezing, Priapismus; in all these Cases the Coldness and Stypticity of the Water both drank and bathed in, as that at Buxton, may do good by cooling the Humours, and strengthening the Glands'; and in these Cases the Hot Baths do Injury, and for that reason the Cold Baths must be most agreeable.  
4. The Motion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain, is best relieved by the coldest Baths, which considerably overcome the Animal Spirits, when too much rarified, by thinking, or Passion, or Fevers in the Maniac or Phrenctic Persons.  
In Melancholicks the Vitriolic Water near Buxton may be most agreeable to drink, and the Bath to use outwardly for cooling the Humours, and strengthening the Spirits, by constringing the Pores.  
In this Bath we aught to bathe for the Furor uterinus, and all kinds of Deliriums, to abate the exceeding Rarefaction and Motion of the Aerial Spirits included in the Bullulae, in the Nerves, and Blood.  
5. The Animal Spirits produce the Flatuosity in the Nerves, when too much rarefyed; and this Rarefaction is checked, by drinking and bathing at Buxton, in the Vertigo, Tympanites, for which we aught to bathe in Sea-Water, as the Ancients prescribe.  
6. This Cold bathing is much commended in the Asthma; and in that Disease I and divers others have observed it useful. And I met with a Lady at Buxton, who had used that Bath for some Years, for an Asthma, and found benefit by it; and I found Caelius Aurelianus has much commended the Pseucrolusia for the Asthma. And this is agreeable to my Notion, that it depends on an Ephemera, as a Symptom in the Nerves. But I cannot commend this Bath in cold Flatulencies, as that of the Vterus, and particular Parts: But for all Flatulencies depending on the Hot Cacochymia's, as the Choleric, Salt, Vitriolic, putrid, it seems very profitable, by cooling the Rarefaction of the Aerial Bullulae, both outwardly and inwardly used. Those that be of a hot, bilious, and dry Constitution, have their Halitus, which pass by Transpiration lesle humid, but more acrid, and fumose, as as Orabasius calls them, and that renders them more subject to Ephemeras and Defluxions; and for those Hot and Dry Constitutions Water-drinking is absolutely necessary; for all fermented Liquors agitate and rarefie the Bullulae in the Humour, and cause Defluxions through the Glands'.  
7. Drinking Water in the Morning cools the Blood, prevents Defluxions, and washes of the bilious and salted Recrements by Urine.  
Drinking Water after Dinner cools the Digestion, and stops the high Fermentation and Windiness in the Stomach.  
Drinking it at Night stops the Fever produced by the mixture of the Chyle and Blood, as it happens in Hectical People.  
The Waters at St. Winifred's-Well, and St. Mungus, I never heard were proper to be drank, because of their excessive Coldness: But the Bath-Water at Buxton may be drank to two, three, or four Pints, without occasioning any Vomiting; but it will 'cause vomiting if it be drank hastily, because of its Warmth and Saltness.  
The Injuries by cold Baths are the following; but I must except the Bath-Water at Buxton, because of its natural Tepor, from them.  
Very Cold Water may do as much Injury as Hot Baths, tho' it strengthens and collects the natural Heat in strong healthful Bodies. It may extinguish the innate Heat, (that is, the natural Tepor arising from the Motion, and Mixture of our Humours) in Persons that are weak, infirm, or very old.  
Cold bathing is injurious to Infants and Boys; for Galen observes, that it hinders their increase, and is not allowed by him till 25 Years of Age; or the middle of the fourth seven Years. From this Observation I believe our English Physicians learned the advantage of Cold bathing the Rickety Children, to hinder the growth of the distorted Part, and strengthen the Muscles.  
It agrees not with thin, lean, tender Persons; and those of a Cold Constitution, or that have some of the Cold Cacochymia's, as the Pituitous, the Serous, Cold, Windy, or Acerb Humours; and those who have not used it, must be brought to it by degrees, and not in the Wintertime.  
Since Cold Baths astringe and stop Fluxes, as Cold Diet, Cold Air, and cool Liquors do, they cannot be convenient in any Obstructions of the Secretion of the Animal Humours, and therefore improper for all tumors of the Viscera, as Jaundice, Tumour of the Spleen, Kernels, and inward Inflammations: And Caelius Aurelianus dislikes it in Lethargies, because it stops the Passages. And he also condemns it in a Pthysis; and by Analogy it is easy to guests that Cold-Water-Baths stop more the suppression of Water, but may occasion at first a great Flux, by stopping Transpiration, and exerting an Ebullition in the Blood.  
It may help in the binding of the Body by the same Accident, turning the Circulation inwardly; for as Hot Baths are used for Revulsion, as turning the Circulation more into the Habit of the Body; so the Cold act contrarily to them; in other Evacuations suppressed, as the Menses, Haemorrhoids, Mola, Loathing, they are injurious; and in an Ascites they seem injurious, except the Water be salt.  
In the beginning of Fevers, or Defluxions of Humours, or violent Pains, they are dangerous; but in the Declination, or to prevent them, very useful; as in Pains of the Head, and a Phrenitis, Stone, Strangury, Gout, Rheumatism.  
In a Tertian Cold Water is esteemed dangerous; and it's known to be very offensive in all Ulcers.  
It may produce cold Pains; but cures the hot ones, or those depending on the hot Cacochymia's, after due evacuation; but it seems improper in the Cholic-Pains, and in all in ward Ulcers, cold bathing is improper, tho' the drinking the Water is useful.  
Cold bathing is much condemned in the Epilepsy, or Convulsions, by occasioning a Flux of the Serum into the Nerves; but in many hot Inflations, it is evidently useful, tho' they be Nervous Effects, as in a Priapism, Asthma, Tympany, Mania, Melancholy, Vertigo, Incubus, and Hysterical Fits.  
The Preparation for the Bath is to be by due evacuation of the Humours abounding in quantity, or purging, or altering their ill quality, to avoid the great Ebullition or Heat occasioned by Cold Baths at first.  
We may vomit with St. Ann's-Well at Buxton, by drinking the Water hastily, to two or three Quarts; and this is useful in the Gout, Sciatica, Obstructions of the Mesentery, Spleen, Liver, Dropsy, Inflations, Asthma, Melancholy, Epilepsy, Hydrophobia; in all these Cases Vomiting is by experience found profitable; and this may safely be done by that Water at Buxton.  
Purging may be recommended in other full Bodies, by dissolving ℥ ss or ℥ j of the Epsom Salt, or Sal Mirabilis, in the Water of St. Ann's-Well, which is of itself a little laxative.  
Aetius orders that we should observe an exact Diet in cold bathing; and it is safest when empty, for than it cannot occasion so great a Flux upon any infirm Part. He advises it not to be used after Venery, great Lassitude, nor on a full Stomach; not after Vomiting, Purging, or any Weakness of Spirit, or natural Heat; and that the Person be twenty five Years Old, and be used to it by degrees; and at first not to absolutely Cold Water, but that which is Tepid: And by parity of Reason I may recommend Buxton Bath as the best Preparative to Cold bathing.  
He advises the Friction with Linen, the Rubbing with Oil, and after that Exercise: Than to leap into the Cold Bath; and when he came forth, they rubbed the Body again with Oil, till the Skin was warm, and than gave them Meat.  
The Ancients anointed with Oil after Rubbing, to mollify the Skin, and take away its Tension and Dryness, they stopped Sweats by it; and for that end used Styptic Oils, as Oleum Omphaceum.  
By Oils they defended the Skin from the Injury of the ambient Air; and for the same end it is probable the Indians paint the Skin.  
I believe some Practice of this kind may be useful in dry and tender Bodies.  
Those who are extenuated by a long Disease, were only washed in the hot Bath, and went immediately into the Cold Water, and after were anointed; and those that were tired with a Journey, they anointed before and after bathing.  
If Sweeting be designed, no Oil was used either before or after bathing.  
We may imitate the Ancient bathing by putting our Patients first into a warm Bath, in a Tub of hot Water, in a warm Chamber, thence into a hot Bed, to Sweated and Sleep; and when he has returned to his natural Temper, we may put them into a Cold Bath, or a Tepid one; and after rubbing him with Oil or Butter, or use him to swimming in cold Water, or at the going out of the hot Bath, Persons are to be sprinkled with Tepid Water, if the Cold be offensive.  
My Ingenious Friend Dr. Baynard will in some time give us his Experience about Cold bathing, and how he prepares his Cold Baths artificially from Pump-Water, Nitre, or Pond-Water, with Sal Armoniac, and Nitre.  
He uses this Cold bathing to cure Hectic Fevers, Itch, Convulsions, Weakness or Tremor of the Limbs, Rickets, Palsies, Rheumatisms; but dissuades this Cold bathing in Epilepsies and Haemiplagia's.  
The particular use of this bathing he gave me in Writing three Years since, which occasioned my Curiosity of reading Galen, and the old Writers on that Subject; and I cannot but believe that we had the practice of Cold bathing from the Romans, when they governed here, as well as the method of using the Hot Baths.  
All that has been writ on that Subject is by the Greeks, and Romans long since; only the Religious Men in our Kingdom have preserved the Practice of bathing at Holywell, and St. Mungus, and gave the credit of curing to the Saints Merits, which may probably be accounted for by the natural Effects of Cold-Water.  
I was once informed of an old Catholic, who staying too long in St. Winifred's Water, died there, the extremity of the Cold extinguishing the natural Heat: Therefore these Cold Baths are only fit for Summer, and young Persons.  
The old Writers believed that Cold Water gave Foecundity to Women; and this is much ascribed to Holywell, and for that cause may be frequented in hot Constitutions, and Hysterical Women; and it will stop all Evacuations that are injurious to the Womb.  
This Water I have no particular knowledge of as yet, for its Cures, but I found it most used for Devotion, and Pleasure, by young Persons, who have told me, that it had no effect on them, more than to make them very lightsome, and that they never sweated after it, nor catched cold.  
The time of staying in these, is according to our easy bearing the coldness of the Water; and it is very proper to dip over Head divers times, in the use of these Baths.  
We have yet a greater Prejudice to Cold Baths than to the Hot, because they occasion Cramps, Febrile Rigours.  
Cold is found to be an Enemy to the Teeth, Nerves, Spinal Marrow, and Brain; and the old Aphorism runs thus, Nix & glacies pectori inimica, tusses mounct, & sanguinem, & distillationes: We commonly are sensible of the Injuries of Cold Air, when we are hot; and the sudden change of the Air affects us with Distillation; the same we fear from Cold Water, and therefore we believe it dangerous, and not so safe as the Hot Baths. But to this I may answer, that we use the Cold Baths only in Summer; that for preservation of Health the robust Persons only use them: And the Servants near Holywell and Buxton, make it a part of their Agreement with their Masters, that they may have leave to go to those Waters every Year for their Health. But in the hotter Constitutions which occasion Diseases, as the Choleric, Scorbutic, Vitriolic, Salt, and Putrid; these want the extreme Coldness, to reduce the excess of Heat, Fermentation, Digestion, or Motion of the Globuli, call it as you please, to their natural Temper; and Experience has sufficiently satisfied us, that Holywell, St. Mungus, and Buxton-Waters, are not only innocent, but also very useful, for the Cure of many Diseases.  
Aetius commends the swimming in Sea-Water Cold twice before, Dinner and Supper, for the Itch and Leprosy.  
We may make ourselves artificial Cold Baths of Pump-Water in the Summer; and the Person that uses them must be prepared by bleeding and purging, as the Disease and Constitution requires. In the Morning it must be used, being empty, and dip over Head in the Water, in which he must continued up to the Neck, from two or three Minutes to half an Hour, as the Patient can bear it; and than be dried, and put to a warm Bed, with a Flannel Shirt on, and there sleep. This Immersion may be repeated thrice or oftener; and the first time sit in the Tub but two or three Minutes, and longer afterwards; and convenient Medicines may be given, as well as a suitable Diet to the Disease; that is, the coolest Diet is most agreeable to Cold bathing, which is used for the Hot Diseases, as Hectic Fevers with Phrenitis, and all Rheumatic Bloods. And for more particular Directions, it is necessary to consult a Physician, who has found out by Experience the best Method of Cold bathing. I never yet heard of any who has made any successful Trials of it, but Dr. Baynard in Surrey-Street in the Strand; to whose Management I would recommend those who want the benefit of a Cold Bath.    

A Letter from Dr. Clayton, concerning the Virtues of St. Mungus. Well, near Knaresborough in Yorkshire.  
SIR,  
ST. Mungus Well abounds with very little of a Mineral, unless it be something of a Nitrous Salt, and a little Vitriol, which tender it particularly Cold, wherein chief consists its Virtue.  
Therefore the Operations that it has on the Body, is to make the Pores of the Body contract and close, so as to keep in that natural Heat which should strengthen and invigorate the Body, and so particularly strengthens the Nerves: For you must know, as there are many Thousand Pores we constantly transpire thereat, so that they are as so many Chimneys to the Body, through which the Heat of the Body constantly passes, and which is called, (because these Fumes that so pass are insensible,) Insensible Transpiration. And tho' this Transpiration be insensible, yet in a Day's time it is so considerable, that at all the Pores of the Body we transpire very nigh twice as much as we voided either by Stool or Urine, or even both; for a Man that eats and drinks in twenty four Hours forty Ounces of Meat and Drink, voids not by Stool and Urine passed fifteen Ounces; the other twenty five Ounces pass by this insensible Transpiration. Therefore this being so considerable, when these are too open, it must needs enfeeble and waste the Body as well as a constant purging, and a too great evacuation any other way. Therefore the bathing in these Cold Waters makes the Pores contract themselves; particularly it also cleanses them of that foul Sweat that clogs them, and renders them unapt for the Performance of the Duty they are designed for, which is to contract or dilate themselves proportionably to the external Heat or Cold; and if they be defective either way, too remiss, or too rigid, proportionably various Distempers hap: As when too remiss in Children, the Rickets, generally in the Extremities a Wasting; so their Legs and Arms grow lean and emaciate; but that part of the Body that is next the Heart, which is the Fountain of Heat, is supplied with Heat sufficient, and therefore that part of the Body continues pretty plump; but generally the Head, that is fortified with a Scull, and not liable to this preternatural Transpiration, grows extraordinary big in such Children.  
Fools and heavy-spirited People are little liable to this Distemper; but the witty Children, whose Spirits are the most refined and subtle, are the aptest thus to a preternatural Transpiration.  
This bathing likewise upon the same account is good for some Hectical thin People, whose Distemper is owing to the same Cause.  
But there is a Hectical Distemper that is owing to the contrary Cause, the too rigidness of the Nerves, that keeps in the Heat too much. And this is the Cause of many Fevers; and therefore as bathing in these Cold Waters is good for the Rickets, so is Sweeting extraordinary good in such Fevers; for as the one contracts the Pores, the other dilates them.  
Therefore the Distempers it is good for is particularly the Rickets above all others; as likewise Hectical Persons, of a flaccid soft Flesh; and for some windy Pains in Persons likewise of a flaccid Flesh, and the like.  
The manner of bathing is only as we do commonly in a River. Children they swill and dip them, and so frighten and stir up the Spirits, by a particular Agony the more. Often pop them over the Head, and carry them to a Bed, or the like, to sweated gently after it, that so the Pores may be brought to the due Tone of opening and contracting, as they aught to do; and therefore they do the same three or four Days, that the Dilation and Contraction may be the more perfect.  
I am Your most assured Friend, and humble Servant, Clayton.   

An Extract of what is useful from Dr. Jones 's Treatise of Buxton-Bath; writ 1571; with some Additions and Remarks upon it.  
THis Bath is in the high Peake in Derbyshire, 10 Miles from Chatsworth, 16 Miles from Manchester, 16 from Chesterfield, 20 from Derby, 30 from Westchester, 30 from Lichfield, and 20 from Stafford.  
It is observed that no Baths have a healthful Air about them, because these Baths, viz. Buxton and bath, are situated very low, in a Valley, betwixt two Hills; and the Country near Buxton standing so very high, frequent Rains are observed to fall there: But in the Summer it is frequented by many Persons of Quality, for Hawking; the Moors thereabouts being very large like a Wilderness; the Poots are so plentiful there in their Seasons, that a Person of Quality killed twelve Brace in a Day for one Week he stayed there last Summer.  
This Country being in the Winter unpassable, because of its Snow, is frequented only for the Bath's sake in the Summer time, and out of Curiosity by others, to admire the Wonders of that Place; amongst which that Bath is much esteemed as one, by all its Northern Neighbours, who visit it once in a Year.  
The Wells have the Name of the Town, and that of some Saxon or Dane. It bath for many Years passed been frequented for the Health of Thousands, for bathing, as well as it is now in these our Days: For between Burgh and it, there is a Highway forced over the Moors, all paved, of such Antiquity as none can express, called Bath-gate.  
Moore came out of a Superstition they had in the Well, than for any assurance they had in the Property, Quality, or Temperature of the Bath; for of it, and the use thereof, they were ignorant.  
And to this Day the Common People frequent it for Pleasure, now they have disused any Devotion to St. Ann, by whose Name one of the Wells is called.  
Cambden observes, that at the Rise of the River Wye, there were Nine Springs of Hot Water, called at present Buxton-Well, which he says were found by Experience good for the Stomach, the Nerves, and the whole Body; and the most Honourable George Earl of Shrewsbury had lately adorned them with Buildings; and they began to be frequented by great Numbers of the Nobility and Gentry: About which time the Heroic and Unfortunate Princess, Mary Queen of Scots, took her farewell of Buxton, in these Verses, 
Buxtona quae calidae celebrabere nomine lymphae,  
Forte mihi posthac non adeunda, val●.  And from this Queen, the Pillar in Pool's-Hole, which is near Buxton, may have its Name.  
That these Baths were anciently known to the Romans, the Roman Causey, called Bath-gate, which continues Seven Miles to the Village Burgh, evidently shows; and from them we learned the use of bathing.  
But the Priests of the following Age did not understand how the great Effects of that Bath could be produced by so Tepid a Water; that according to the Humour of the Age, it was attributed to the Merit of St. Ann, to whom the Sick made a religious Visit.  
The Bath at Buxton has a fiery Heat evident to the Sense; but it is in a moderate Degree, or Tepor rather than Heat.  
It contains no sign of Brimstone; but it boils up with Bubbles, as at bath; so that its Heat comes from some actual Fire: There is the same depression of the Earth into a deep Valley at Buxton, which appears at bath; and that Contrivance was probably necessary, to come nearer to the Central Fire, for the boiling of the Water.  
Buxton-Bath hath not the Fourth part of the Heat as the Baths at bath, nor the Minerals that be there; viz. the Sulphur.  
Buxton-Water is much like as if a Quart of boiling Water were mixed with a Gallon of cold Water: But Bath-Water is as if to a Gallon of seething Water a Quart of cold Water were put; by reason whereof it attracteth and dissolveth more speedily, but Buxton more sweetly, and more temperately, not bringing so many grievous Accidents as Bath does. This operates effectually, tho' not so speedily as Bathe Waters do; but for many Infirmities more commodiously, by restraining all unnatural Evacuations, and strengthening the feeble Members, assisting the Animal, Vital, and Natural Faculties, dispersing Oppilations, and qualifying Griefs.  
There was no necessity of Sulphur in Buxton-Water, nor no great Heat, because Buxton-Waters were designed by Nature for a Cold Bath, and that the most moderate and safe; for which End it was prepared with a lacteal Tepor, to prevent any fear of a sudden stoppage of Pores, and to be lesle offensive to the nicest Constitutions.  
The Well-Springs are situate in a Valley hard by a running Brook, and run into it, where you may perceive the Hot Water on the one side of the River, and the Cold on the other, which hinders the River of freezing in coldest Wether, for a quarter of a Mile; which is an Argument of the Power of the Heat of those Springs, or else of the Saltness of them.  
There be five or 6 other Springs not so good as that first mentioned. If the Mineral Men bored to found the Cold Springs, and turn them away, the Springs would be more excellent.  
This depends on the common Vulgar Error, that these Baths were designed for Hot Baths; and that there can be no good Effects from cold Temperate Baths; and upon this Prejudice there have been divers Inquiries made, to found out the cold Springs, and divert them from the hotter; but we may thank God, who has not permitted the Mistakes of Men to injure his Blessings.  
I designedly enquired of all the old People I could meet with in Buxton, about the Heat of the Bath-Water, who assured me, that it has been the same many Years past; which I may confirm by the Writing of Dr. Jones, who led the People into this Mistake, who would have it made more hot, that more cold Infirmities might be cured by it; but this is unreasonable that Cold Baths should be made fit for Cold Diseases, nor the Hot Baths for the Hot. Let proper Baths rather be chosen for every particular Disease; Cold for the Hot, as those at Buxton; and the Hot for the Cold, as those at bath.  
Seeing God hath bestowed on us these Baths for our great Benefit, if so be there be nothing that can more readily take away Distempers, (as Galen saith, de usu partium) of Heat and Cold, or evacuateth by the Pores the superfluous Humours, than a Dulce or pleasant Bath of warm Water, or that maintaineth Health more; for whereas it is by Nature moist, and moderately Hot; by its humidity it humecteth, it drieth, heateth, all cooled or congealed Humours; it strengtheneth the loosed by insensible Transpiration; it discusses and mundifies the Skin; all which is proved by daily Experience.  
I found the Taste of St. Ann's Well-Water and Buxton-Bath to be the same as to Heat and Minerals. It is evidently of a Milky Tepor, very Salt and Rank, which the Ancients called Aluminous; but I will translate Dr. Lister concerning them, who gives the Ingredients of these Waters, and says out of 32 th'. of both Fountains boiled to dryness, he had scarce two 3 of Salt, without any Flakes of Stone, tho' he observed in the boiling the Brass Vessel to be infected with the Powder of an Ash-coloured Stone. The Salt coagulated into Crystal of Common Salt; amongst which were some Crystal of a Lapis Calcarius.  
This Spring at Buxton runs plentifully; and the Bath may be emptied in a Quarter of an Hour, and is immediately filled again in the space of an Hour, or lesle.  
This Bath is contained in a Room built over it, the Air of which is very warm; and a Fume rises from it like boiling Water.  
The Water does not feel very Tepid upon our first Immersion into it; but after some time, you may found it warmer; and in some particular parts of the Bath more warm to your Feet; and it fumes most in the Winter.  
Their stay in this Bath is an Hour or more, till every one feels themselves very cool; and than they are wiped, and put to a warm Bed, to lie half an Hour, and sleep; but no Body sweats with it, nor catches cold, tho' they go in naked: But I think the Men aught to use Drawers, and the Women Shifts of Linen or Flannel. But Custom hath taught the Sexes to have separate times of bathing.  
The Bath-Water is so clear, that we may see to the Bottom, tho' the Water be usually up to the Neck.  
It is convenient to dip the Head all over in these Tepid Baths, or lay a wet Cloth on it; for it cools the Head much, and checks the arising of Fumes.  
The Times of bathing are Morning and Night; fasting in the Morning, and after Supper.  
They usually swim and walk about in the Bath; for it is impossible to stand still without chilling too much.  
The Well of which we drink is St. Ann's Well; and of that some drink two, three, or four Pints, which may 'cause Vomiting if drank hastily; but I and some others drank it without any great offence, except its stypticity and saltness, or Tepor, make it nauseous to some.  
I could not found any Vitriolic Taste in the Waters, but can fairly give an Account of their Virtues from their cooling effects on our Bodies; for they are made cooler by the use of it; and the actual Heat has not any considerable Effect on us; for by that we are neither heated, nor sweat; therefore no more Heat was necessary, but to prevent the inconveniences of too sudden a coldness by the Water.  
The Saltness of the Water cleanses, and has an effect as well as all Salt Baths have, as a Diuretic, etc. Vide the account of Salt-Baths.  
The stypticity of the Water helps the Coldness to stop the Pores, to strengthen the solid Parts, and stop Fluxes; so that from the moderate coolness, the saltness, and stypticity, I may give a fair account of the Virtues of this Water.  
Buxton Water, by reason that it rarefies the Parts, it provokes Transpiration, and wipeth away the Filth of the Skin; and it also confirmeth, joineth, consolidateth the loosened, severed, and weakened Parts, qualifying the Overheated Members, drying such as be over moist; therefore good for all Diseases as come of overmuch contrary heat, and for such as come of overmuch Moisture; for all Choleric and Salt Humours.  
If these be the Effects of Buxton-Baths, they are the same as in all Cold bathing at St. Winifred's, and St. Mungus'; for they strengthen, and cool, and constringe the solid Parts, and cure the hot Cacochymia's of our Blood; for which reason I may esteem Buxton one of the most temperate and safe Cool Baths in Europe, as Experience has confirmed it.  
The Diseases it cures are Rickets, Inflammations, Fevers, and Rheums; headaches, weak Sinews, old Scabs, Ulcers, Cramps, Numbness, Itchings, Ringworms, Impostumes.  
These Wells help Women, who by reason of over-moisture be unapt to Conceive. Also all such as have their Whites too abundant: Also weak Men that be unfruitful: Likewise for all that have a Priapismus, and that be parboiled in Venus 's Gulf; all these it cools, cleanses, and strengthens by its coldness and stypticity.  
It beautifies the Skin, and cleanses it.  
It is profitable for those that have the Consumption of the Lungs. It cools them, and stirs all Evacuations, or Looseness, Haemorrhages.  
It cureth Apoplexies, Palsies, Tremble, Vertigo, King's-Evil, Redness of the Face, St. Anthony ' s-Fire, Melancholy, Hypochondriack Winds, Jaundice, Dropsy, Pains in the Breast and Stomach, the Scurvy and Night Pains, Rheumatism, Sciatica, Gout, Stone, Ulcers, Cancers, Schirrhus, Cholic, Hysteric Passions, Catarrhs, Asthmas, Leprosy, Dysentery.  
It is beneficial to all such as vomit Blood, as hath been well proved.  
It is very good for the Inflammation of the Liver, and excellent for overmuch Heat, and stopping of the Veins, and for such as have burning Urine, or Tenesmus.  
In stoppeth a Gonorrhaea, Haemorrhoids, Piles, Menses.  
It stoppeth Vomiting, Hickup.  
It openeth Obstructions of the Milt and Liver.  
It is good for the Short wound.  
It stops the Fluxes of the Milt and Liver.  
It cureth the Green-sickness perfectly.  
It cureth the Morphews, and defends from the Stone. And,  
It preserveth the Health in a good State.  
By this Catalogue of Diseases we may see how great and numerous the good Effects of this Bath are in all the hot Cacochymia's, in all hot Defluxions, Pains, Evacuations; so that it equals the Bath Waters in the Virtues and good Effects, but has no ill Effects on any Person, because of that exact Temper of its Heat, which wants but little of the Natural Tepor in Animal Humours.  
As to that long Discourse about Diet and Exercise, in Jones, I think them not necessary, nor fit to be printed, because there is nothing new in them, but what occurs in Galen, Aetius, Avicenna, and many more, Jones quotes; by which we may be convinced he was as well read, and of as good Judgement, as any of that Age.  
He recommends both Dinner at Eleven a-clock, and Supper about Five; and that the Persons who come from the Southern Parts be well clothed, because it is a much colder Air, but very pure; and that good Fires do well; and he says you may use a more plentiful Diet at Buxton than at bath: And I see no reason to altar our ordinary Diet at these Baths; for as we use more cooling Diet in hot Bodies and Baths, so in the cooler Baths we must use a more heating Diet; and that is an ordinary Diet of Flesh-Meats, and moderate Drinks. In the Morning after bathing drink either St. Ann's-Well, or 2 Quarts of the Vitriolic Chalybeate Water lately found out there: And Water-drinking does not only cool and strengthen the inward Viscera, but hinders the breeding of hot Fumes, Vapours, or Spirits in the Body, which could not safely be stopped in the Body; and both together seem to me powerfully to altar the hot Cacochymia's in Animals.  
At Dinner eat of your accustomed Diet: Herbs, Fruits, Legumen, Milk-Meats, and Salt Meats are usually condemned at Baths, being at all times but indifferent Food. But if the Diet must be Physical, it must be ordered as the Strength, Custom, Disease, and the Nature of the Bath requires. And since the Bath cools, and the Diseases be hot, the Diet here may be made as for all hot Cacochymia's; more cold and moist, if the Disease require it: And the weak and thin are to be more plentifully nonrished, and the Quality of the Diet contrary to the hot State of Humours; but in healthful Persons the ordinary Diet is most convenient in these Baths.  
Bath-Waters seem improper with Meats, because Diuretic.  
In the use of those Baths, we must avoid all Excess, Lassitude by great Exercise, and Retention of Excrements, or Evacuations too much, by Venery, Stools, Sweats.  
The Ancient Writers prescribe Exercise before these Cold Baths; and Persons commonly bathe as soon as they come thither. The design of the Exercise was to excite a greater Heat, to conflict with the cold Water; but cannot be necessary here, because the Bath is Tepid.  
Jones orders to tarry two or three Days before you enter the Bath; and truly this time might be well spent in Vomiting with St. Ann's Well-Water, for those it is convenient: And after purging with Epsom Salt, or Sal Mirabile, dissolving ℥ ss or ℥ j in two Quarts of that Water.  
The time of bathing Jones orders to be in the Morning and Evening, but after your Exercise and Purging, and altogether before Meat, in the Summer Season, between the beginning of May, and the latter End of September.  
In the Bath you may tarry two or three Hours if you please, and the Body be fit for it, and the Disease require it.  
But I think the Time is to be discerned by every Person's own Sense; for when they are very much I'll, they aught to go forth.  
After you come forth, your Clotheses well aired (in the next Room) your Bodies well dried, and especially your Head, they may go to Bed, and Sweated, with two Bladders of Water applied to them hot.  
This Practice is disused; for it is not rational to Sweated when we come to close our Pores, and cool our Humours; but we go to Bed only to keep ourselves warm.  
The Diet, Exercise, Friction, Purging, Bleeding, mentioned in Jones, are not more than common Rules writ by Galen and others.  
He advises to continued at Buxton Fourteen, Twenty, or Forty Days; the common practice is a Week.  
All the Exercise necessary is what is usual at any other time for our Healths; he who when he is very hot, would go into the Water to i'll him; that is, to created hot Fumes, and stop the Pores; and will certainly produce a Fever or Defluxions.  
He proposes a Register of the Patient's Name, Disease, Country, coming and going thence, paying for it according to the Quality of the Person, some to the Poor, and the rest to the Book-keeper.   


An Abstract of some Cures performed by Buxton-Bath; taken from Divers Certificates and Letters sent to me by Mr. White, the Keeper of that Bath.  
IN the Gout the Virtues of this Water have been well experienced; and were successfully tried by Caleb Pott, Schoolmaster of Audlem in the County of Chester, who came thither on his Crutches, and went away very well, and testified this under his hand, 1689.  
I met with an old Divine there last Year, who constantly frequents that Bath every Summer, and acknowledged to me, that he had received great Benefit by that Bath against the Gout.  
I met with a Person who had been there for a Scorbutic Rheumatism, and he assured me, that after general Evacuations, his Pains immediately ceased by frequent bathing.  
Mr. Stephen Kaye, Rector of Marton in Lincolnshire, who used the Baths four Years successively, was cured of the Gravel in the Kidneys, which tortured him for several Years: And also of the Gout, to which he was subject. Of this he gave his Testimony in writing.  
This Bath hath had good success in Lameness, and Pains of the Limbs, as appears to me by a Certificate under the Hand of Edmund Horncastle, of Clarbrough, in the County of Nottingham, who by the use of this Bath recovered of his Lameness and Pains, and went away without his Crutches.  
The Statute of 43 Eliz. provided for the passing of crippled or sick Persons to Buxton as well as bath; which is a sufficient Testimony of its being eminent for curing Lameness in those Days.  
Mr. White the Bath-keeper gave me many Instances of Cures done on the Scurvy, Leprosy, Dropsy, Lameness, Pains, Gravel, Stone; and in the Gravel it had great Effect on Robert Downs, Bath-keeper there; and another Person from Hull. And he farther gave me an Account of a young Woman from Vttoxeter, who long languished under a Consumption, and was there cured.  
It is very useful in Distillations and Asthmas, by which I believe I received much Benefit; the Pseuchrolusia is not lesle beneficial than the Hydroposia. And here we drink the same kind of Water we bathe in, as they do at bath. And we altar the Humours by drinking, which helps the Effects of the Bath-Water externally.  
Mistress Tripp of Weston-Vnderwood, in the County of Bucks, was cured of a high Scurvy, and of a Consumptive Cough, Ann. Dom. 1689.  
Mr. Fauler of Southwells in Nottinghamshire, 1691. was cured of a Rheumatism mixed with the Dropsy and Scurvy.  
Thomas Redford of South-Wingfield, in the County of Derby, was cured of an Universal Leprosy, 1696. And, Elizabeth Cruchbow of the same Town, was also cured of the same.  
Josiah Stock of Sheffield in Yorkshire, was cured of an Ague about thirty Weeks standing.  
This Water did not curdle Milk, as I tried by boiling; nor did it much precipitate White with Spirit of Hartshorn; but it turned a little.   

A brief Description of divers rare and admirable Cures (from Lydia Morewood) and the same perfectly effected by the Virtue of Buxton-Bath.  

MRs. Elizabeth Dorley in Yorkshire, was by Sickness and Pains almost deprived of the use of her Body for Five Years; and by the Application of this Bath, in one Week she regained her Strength so much, that she could walk abroad, and within Sixteen or Seventeen Days, she perfectly regained her Health and Strength of Body.  
One Manforth of Yorkshire was brought by three Men, who in one Week regained his Strength so much, that he could walk abroad, and by a continued Application of the same, he perfectly recovered.  
Mr. Bateman's Son of Youlgreave, who had lost the use both of his Speech and Limbs, was perfectly cured by this same Bath.  
A Stationer's Daughter of Nottingham, which had her Body wholly overspread with Scurf and Scales, regained a pure and free Flesh by this Bath.  
Mr. Gill, near Ragby in Yorkshire, was seized with a Tumour in one side, which the Physicians and Surgeons failing to cure, he came to this Bath, and thereby received an absolute and perfect Cure.  
Dr. Wheatly near Barnsley having for several Years frequented this Bath, but having this last Summer omitted the same, acknowledged a decay of his Health through his omission; which within the same Year gave an Exit to his Life.  
Several People, which being Strangers to me, I cannot express their Names; but I can assuredly testify, that many who have had Read Spots within their Flesh, wholly defacing their Body, were taken away by this Bath.  
And very many lame and impotent People, which have come hither, some by the help of Crutches, others born by Men and Horses, have regained their Strength, and the use of their Limbs, by the same Bath.  
These were truly penned by Thomas Bishop, Schoolmaster in Buxton, from me Lydia Morewood.   

A Boy having his Hands and Feet overspread with an obdurate scaly Matter, regained a pure, soft, and free Flesh by this Bath. Attested by Lydia Goodwin of Buxton.  
Mr. Low of Arraslee in Derbyshire, having very dangerously hazarded his Life by excessive drinking, with other Companions, which died thereupon, continued in this Bath for Twelve Hours, and from the same received a Cure. By Roger Goodwin of Buxton.  
Sarah Middleton of Buxton having a Lameness in one Knee, so that for half a Year she was supported with Crutches, was by this Bath perfectly cured.  
A certain Man which came from Nottingham, went by Crutches; in one months' time by this Bath regained his full Strength. By Sarah Middleton of Buxton.  
Mistress Hill from York was so lame that she went by Crutches; in one Weeks time regained her full Strength and use of Limbs, by this Bath.  
A Gentleman from York having a Relapse of a cold Palsy, in two Weeks time was cured by this Bath.  
A certain poor Man near Warrington in Lancashire, having many Sores and Run upon his Body, in two Weeks time received a perfect Cure from this Bath.  
Ralph Saxon of Buxton, having several Sores and Run of his Body, was cured by this Bath.  
Mr. Jackson, a Minister of the Gospel, having left a Place of considerable Value, came and served at this mean Place of Buxton, in expectation of the benefit of this Bath; and received a perfect Cure for the Stone from the same By Anthony Cleaton Sen. of Buxton..  
These are all impartial Accounts, as testified by Cornelius White. 23 Jan. 1696.    

New Improvements at Buxton-Baths, Anno Domini 1695 and 1696, by Cornelius White, an Attorney of his Majesty's Court of Kings-Bench at Westminster, and one of the Society of Clement ' sin, London; present Tenent to the Premises, under his Grace William Duke of Devonshire.  
BY taking of some of the cold Springs from the hot, the ancient Bath repaired and paved, and new one made, for the better conveniency of the poor and impotent; And a Seek about 200 Yards in length, to drain both, for the cleansing thereof every Day; with more private Apartments for Lodgings, new Stables, new Gardens, new Bowlinggreen, and several Green Walks; a cold Mineral Spa now discovered within 200 Yards of the warm Spaws, the warm Springs being separate, and about 40 Yards distant from the Bath, approved of by the most eminent Physicians. About the middle of the Seek a Cistern of of Lead was found two Yards square, and one Foot deep, being four Yards within the Earth, supported by several Oaken Planks: Something higher, in the same Seek, was found a place seven Yards wide, and twenty Yards long, being smooth and even on both sides and at the bottom, two Yards deep in the Earth, and made of Stone.   
FINIS.