D. JOAO. DE CASTRO THE FOURTH VICEROY OF INDIA.   portrait 
W. Faithorne sculp:    

THE LIFE OF DOM JOHN DE CASTRO, The Fourth Viceroy of INDIA.  
Wherein are seen the Portuguese's Voyages to the East-Indies; Their Discoveries and Conquests there; The form of Government, Commerce, and Discipline of War in the East, and the Topography of all India and China.  
Containing also a particular relation of the most famous siege of DIO, With a Map to Illustrate it.  
BY JACINTO FREIRE DE ANDRADA, Written in PORTUGUESE, AND By Sr PETER WYCHE Kt. Translated into English.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Hesio. 
London, Printed for Henry Herringman, and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the Anchor on the Lower walk in the New Exchange. 1664.   

TO THE QUEENS Most Excellent Majesty.  
May it please your Majesty,  
EVery Man's way of paying his Reverence and Devotion, being particularly his own, and as peculiar as any thing he derives from his Temper; and the Splendour of Your Majesty's Virtues and Perfections (of which to name any first were to fail in Ceremony to the rest) being as Glorious and Unquestionable as Light in the Sun, who, daily Prodigal of his Benign Aspects, is yet above being the Theme and Subject of Praises; I have thought it suitable to my Zeal, and first Employment had in Portugal, to tell my Fellow-Subjects in plain English, the Greatness and Glory of that Crown and Kingdom, which are Contractedly drawn in the Life of one particular Portuguese, since the Ministers Actions have their Spring in the King's Instructions, and the Prince's Zeal makes the Subject's Apostles. And now Madam, the Praises of your Native Country, will come with Advantage to the Eyes and Ears of the English, since your Majesty, so Endeared before, as to make them Hope in Despair, and Join (such is the Miracle of your Goodness) in one Form of Common-Prayer for your Happy Recovery, (when so many thousands so Sacrifice to their own Opinions as to be willing with their Lives and Fortunes to pay for their Nonconformity) will be now looked upon as the Queen of every particular Man's choice. The Life of the great Portuguese Dom john de Castro, Dedicated in the Original to Prince Theodosius of Happy Memory; Your Royal Brother, hath Suggested the presumption of Begging for the Translation, your Sacred and Auspicious Patronage, which only (in so Censorious an Age) can protect in Print, and in Safety,  
Madam, Your Majesty's most Loyal Subject and most Dutiful Servant, PETER WYCHE.   

THE Author's Dedication To Prince THE ODOSIUS, Of Happy Memory, Who was Heir of Portugal, and Eldest Brother to Our Most Excellent Queen KATHERINE.  
Most Serene SIR,  
THE Scipios have met with their match in their Actions, not in their Fortune; There were in Asia Darius' for Dom John de Castro to Conquer, in Europe not a Curtius or Livy to propagate his Fame. The Bishop Dom Francisco de Castro, persuaded me to write this History, (which the Press now publisheth) though in a Style inferior to the deserts of a Man, who came to be Great amongst the Greatest, whose Virtues blossomed so soon, that they seemed rather Hereditary, then Acquired; He Lived not out the Years of his Government, (in which almost the same Numbers stood for Days, and Victories) though he was long Lived to his Country; short to Nature. Yet now his Memory is under your Highness' Protection, 'tis a question, if he were Happier in his Life, or Posterity, being always a Conqueror, then over his Enemies, now over Time. I might here take an occasion to publish your Highness' Virtues, but an Epistle is too short, (as the Book would have been) for such a Subject. The general Cry of the World, is to be the Book where all shall read them in a more impartial Character; since our Hopes are, that your Highness' uniting to the Pleasantness of Study, the Glory of Arms, will for Fame and Courage be the first on the File amongst our Portuguese Princes. God preserve the most Serene Person of your Highness.  
Lisbon 15th of. March 1651. Jacinto Freire de Andrada.   

THE PREFACE.  
1. POrtugall, given by Alphonsus the sixth King of Castille (after a signal Victory obtained against the Mahometans, Anno 1089.) in Dowry with his Daughter Therasia to Count Henry, Grandchild to Robert Duke of Burgundy, (in Recompense of his extraordinary (though but personal) assistance in the Battle, and to have there so considerable a Strength, where the incursions of the Moors were most frequent and terrible) hath been maintained, enlarged (at home and abroad) and recovered, by Courage and Policy not below those Deserts which got so unusual a Match and Portion for a Stranger.  
2. Count Henry took Viseu and Lamego from the Moors, yet left Portugal with Neighbouring Frontiers, for Southward it was bounded with the River Mondego, (infested with the Invasions of the Infidels) Northward with the River Minho, towards the Rising Sun it had the Province Beira, and towards the Setting, on the Seaside the City Porto, which being the only Port, unpossess't by the Moors, and chiefly frequented by the French, seems more reasonably than some other Etymologies, to give the name to the Kingdom of Portugal.  
3. Alphonsus Henriques, Son to Count Henry (as the fatal greatness of Rome made its first King Romulus a Soldier) was not second to any in Story, in Courage and Action; He defeated Albucaran King of Badajos, and took the City, raised the Siege of Coimbra, besieged by King Eujunius, with three hundred thousand men: In the year 1139. at the Battle of Orique (where impartial and concurrent Histories count an hundred Moors for every Christian) he overcame Ismarus and four more Mahometan Kings, on which he was (as some affirm) after the Fight saluted King by his own Soldiers; from that Action also, the Virgil of Portugal Luis de Camoens (in the 53. and 54. Stanzas of his third Canto) derives the bearing of the Arms of the Kingdom, which are five small shields Azure, in a great shield Argent, left plain by his Father.  

53.  
Aqui pinta no branco escudo ufano,  
Que agora esta vitoria certifica,  
Cinco escudos azues esclarecidos,  
Em final destes' cinco Reys vencidos.   

54.  
En estes cinco escudos pinta os trinta  
Dinheyros, porque Deos fora vendido,  
Escrevendo a memoria em varia tinta,  
Da quelle de quem foy favorecido.  
Em cado hum does cinco cinco pinta,  
Por que assi fica o numero comprido;  
Contando duas vezes o do meyo  
Does cinco azues que 'em Cruz pintando veyo,   
Which the Right Honourable Sir Richard Fanshaw late Ambassador to Portugal, in his Excellent Translation of that Heroic Poem thus renders,  

53.  
In his broad Shield which he till then wore plain,  
A badge eternal of this glorious day,  
Five small shields Azure he doth now include,  
In sign of these five Kings by him subdued.   

54.  
In these five Shields he paints the Recompense,  
For which our Lord was sold, in various Ink,  
Writing his History who did dispense  
Such favour to him more than heart could think.  
In every of the five he paints five Pence,  
So sums the thirty by a Cinque fold cinque,  
Accounting that which is the Centre twice  
Of the five Cinques which he doth place crosswise.   
Though the more Venerable Testimony of a Latin Record made of the Oath Alphonsus Henriques took in the year 1152. (before the Bishop and Magistracy of Combra, and the Bishop of Braga) about the Vision he saw before the Engagement, saith, he was proclaimed King before the Fight, as was foretell by Christ, who at the same time commanded him to take for his Arms what he paid for the Redemption of Man, and what he was sold for to the jews, to which the King added for his Crest Moses' Serpent, A Type of Christ; The words under the King's Oath are, Gentem tuam invenies alacrem ad bellum & fortem & potentem ut sub Regis nomine in hac pugna egrediaris, Nec dubites, sed quicquid petierint liberè concede. Ego enim Aedificator & Dissipator Imperiorum & Regnorum sum; Volo enim in te & in semine tuo Imperium mihi stabilire ut deferatur nomèn meum in exteras gentes; Et ut agnoscant succ●ssores tui datorem Regni, insigne tuum ex pretio quo ego humanum genus emi, & ex qno ego à Judaeis emptus sum, compones: This Record also sets down a famous Prediction delivered at the same time by an old Hermit to Alfonsus (as he then affirmed upon Oath) concerning the Succession, Alienation and Restauration of the Crown of Portugal; Bono animo esto, Vinces, vinces, & non vinceris, Dilectus es a Domino, Posuit enim super te & super semen tuum oculos misericordiae suae usque in sextam decimam generationem in qua attenuabitur proles, sed in ipsam attenuatam ipse respiciet & videbit, which this Age hath seen fulfilled precisely and to the Letter, by the King of Spain's seizing on the Kingdom of Portugal after the Death of King Henry the Cardinal (who succeeded the unfortunate Sebastian) the seventeenth King, and by the happy Restauration of the Royal Family in King John the Fourth of Glorious memory, Father to our most Incomparable Queen Katherine. This Record was found engrossed in Parchment with five Seals annexed in the Royal Monastery of Alcobaca, the Original was carried to Philip the Second King of Spain, and is now in the Escurial; there remains in Lisbon an Authentic Copy, and Dom Antonio de Sousa de Macedo hath Printed it in the second Proem of his Lusitania Liberata, pag. 96, 97, and 98. This first King took Saint Iren from the Moors, and (by the help of the Northern Fleet sent to the Holy Land under the Command of William Longsword) got from them, after a long and bloody Siege, Lisbon: Afterwards Beja and Evora, and the greatest part of the Country on the Southside of Tagus, by the Portuguese called Allentejo, he Died in the year of our Lord 1185. of his Reign 73. and of his Age 91. a King so extraordinary in his own Person, in the unusual length of his Life and Reign was necessary for the fast Rooting that Monarchy, which was so gloriously to spread itself, as far as East and West extend.  
4 Alphonsus was succeeded by his Son Sanctius the first, from whom the Crown continued in the direct Descendency for above two hundred years, till John the first Brother to King Ferdinand, the last of nine Kings, who in continual Wars had employed their Pious and Victorious Arms in driving the Moors out of Europe, so long so stoutly did they defend their Possessions.  
5. King John (seeing all clear behind him) did then, Prudently and in Compliance with that Innate hatred the Crown of Portugal had against the Mahometans, pass over to Africa, where he took from the Moors the City of Ceuta, as Emulous and Troublesome a Neighbour and Competitor to Spain, as Carthage was once to Italy. After this advantage on the Africans, his third Son the Infante Dom Henrique Commander of the Cavaliers of Christ (an order founded by Dennis the sixth King of Portugal against the Infidels, on the Dissolution of that of the Knight's Templars) incited by the obligation of his Office and Family, set upon the Discovery of the Western Coast of Arabia, of which, in the expedition of Ceuta (cujus pars magna fuit) and other passages made over thither, he had got the best Information he could find amongst the Moors; He began his design Anno 1420. by sending forth every year two or three Ships, which were to pass Cape Non, the furthest of the Spanish discoveries, and by them so named, like Hercules' pillars, from their despair of passing further; In all the Voyages of twelve years they came but to the Cape Bojador, (so named from its Launching out) which no man had the boldness to double, because finding that Cape to shoot out Westward about forty Leagues further than the rest of the Coast, and at the beginning of the Cape a Bank of Sands to run the same way, the unexperienced and raw Pilots (used then to Sail by the Shore) durst not stand off ●ix Leagues (which had avoided the Flats) and go so far Westward. The Infante undaunted by the consideration of expense or danger, continually set out Fleets and gave Orders to the most skilful and stout Commanders to adventure the passing that then so formidable Cape; In these Voyages Porto Sancto was, after a great Storm, recovered and found out, (and so named from the Preservation), afterwards the Island Madeira, so called from the thick Woods upon it; with Resolute and Magnanimous perseverance, Vast and Prodigious expense, unheard of Suffering and Danger, he at last past the Cape, and in forty three years carried on his Discoveries from Cape Non in twenty eight degrees and an half, of Northern Latitude to Cape Sierra Lione in 7 3/4. of the same Latitude, which makes on the Shore 430. Leagues. In the Sea, besides those already mentioned, were found out in his time the Canary Islands, and those of Capoverde; He laid the foundation of that great Design, not thought of by any of the Ancients, but Semiramis, Bacchus, and Alexander the Great, and till now, above the narrow Souls of so many succeeding Ages; the 13th. of November in the year 1463. was the Day of his glorious Memory.  
6. Alphonsus the fifth, Grandchild to John the first by his Son King Edward, (who Reigned but five years) set to Farm at a certain Rate the Trade of Guinney for five years to Fermon Gomes, on condition, that beginning from the Cape Sierra Lione he should every year discover one hundred Leagues on the Coast; In January 1471. he first came to the place in Guinney; by him called (and yet of the same name) the Mine, and there began to truck for Gold; His discoveries fell not short of his agreement, for they reached to Cape Saint Katherine (so called because first seen on her Day) which lies in 2 and 1/2. of Southern Latitude. From this most famous discovery of the Gold Coast he had (according to the first rule of Surnames) by Patent from the King given him that of Da Mina, and for his Arms in a field Argent three Moors heads with Gold Rings in their Ears and Nostrils, and Chains of the same about their Necks. In this King's time were discovered in the Sea the Islands of Saint Thomas, of the Prince, and of Anno Bon; He went Anno 1458. in Person with a Fleet of 220. Ships, and about 25000. Men, and took Alcacer Leguer from the Moors; In a second expedition got Anafe, in a third Arzilla and Tangier.  
7. King John the Second took the Title of Lord of Guinney, and Built on the Gold Coast the Fortress called Saint George of the Mine, thereby to take Possession of the past and intended Discoveries, and to lay the first Stone of a Church for the Conversion of the Pagans. Diogo Cam by his Commission came in the year 1484. to the Kingdom and River of Congo, where (according to his Orders to raise Pillars of Stone (in stead of Woodden Crosses used before) in the most Eminent places of his Discoveries, fixing to them an Escutcheon Royal, and about it an Inscription in Latin and Portugese, declaring the King, the Time and Person employed in the Discovery) He set up a Pillar on the Southside of the River, (how much more Glorious than the Imaginary ones of Hercules) which was therefore called Rio do Padraon, (i. e.) the River of the Pillar; the Discovery of the Kingdom of Congo was so considerable, as Diogo Cam returned with the news to the King, who in a little time fitted him out again; in this Voyage he went 200. Leagues beyond Congo, and planted two Pillars, one called Saint Augustine's in 13. degrees of Southern Latitude, another which named the place Capo do Padraon, in 22. degrees of the same Latitude. About this time was discovered by Fernaon Do Po the Island yet called by his Name, and the Kingdom of Benim, whence the first Guinney Pepper came into Christendom.  
In the year 1486. there came into Portugal an Ambassador from the King of Penim, to desire some Priests to instruct that Kingdom in the Catholic Religion, this Ambassador told King John, that twenty Month's journey (according to the slow Travelling of their Caravans) Eastward of their Country was a Prince called Organé, who amongst the Pagan Princes of that Coast was esteemed as the Pope is in Europe, by whom (according to ancient Custom) the Kings of Benim were Confirmed in their Succession to the Crown, who instead of a Sceptre and a Crown, sent them a Staff, and to wear on their Head a Cover of Copper, like an Helmet, and a Cross to wear about their Neck; The King comparing this Relation with what some of his Friars had heard at Jerusalem, from the Abyssines, of their Prince's being a Christian, and his Kingdom Southward of Egypt, upon consulting with Ptolemy's Maps, and his own Discoveries, and the distance Eastward, concluded Ogané to be the Presbyter John then so much talked off, that by his means he might get into the Indies, and that by his Fleets following the Coast they might arrive at Ptolemy's Prasum Promontorium, now Mozambique.  
8. This Story heightening his hopes and desires of getting to the Indies, he sent May 1487. over Land Pero de Covilhaan to endeavour that way to come to India, and Alphonso de Paiva with Letters to Presbyter John; the first going from Grand Cairo in the Company of some Moors to Adem, (in the straits mouth of the Red-Sea) thence crossed over to the Coast of India, and was at Cananor, Calicut and Goa; at his return to Cairo, finding his Companion Dead, and meeting with fresh desires of the King that he should find out Presbyter John, he went again to the Red-Sea, and from thence got to the Court of Presbyter John, where the welcome Ceremony of his Reception was great, but his Return was (according to Custom there to retain Strangers) out of hope. The prosecution of the Discoveries on the Coasts was continued by sending out a Fleet, in 1486. under the Command of Bartholomew Diaz, he placed his first Pillar in the height of 24. degrees Southward, in a place then named Serra Parda, 120. Leagues beyond the last of Diego Cam's, pursuing their Voyage they came to Angra das Vottas, which lies in 29. After five days stay here putting to Sea again, bad weather kept them 13. days with their Sails half-Mast high; when the Storm ceased, concluding the Coast according to former Observation to run from North to South, they stood in for the Land with an Easterly course, but being some days without making it they went Northward, which brought them to Angra does Vaquieras, (North of the Cape) not having here any Intelligence for want of an Interpreter, and the fearful Moors leaving the Shore at the sight of so unusual men, returning to Sea with the same course, they came to an Island in 33 1/4. Southward, where they planted a Pillar called the Cross, which also gave the name to the Island. Here the Mariners weary and fearful of the great Seas they found, began to complain and desire not to be put to tempt Fortune further, but to return, having found a thing more considerable than any of the former Discoveries, which was, That the Land being now observed to run Northward, there must be in their Stern some great Cape which they ought to strive to discover: The Counsel of the Chief Officers of the Fleet rose in this Resolution, hardly granting Bartholomew Diaz's earnest request, to hold the same Course for two or three days, and then finding no encouragement to proceed, to Tack about; at the end of the Limited time, they came to a River 25. Leagues Northward of the Island of Cryz, in 32 2/3. called Rio do Infante, John Infante Commander of a Ship being the first who went on Shore. Hence, the Mariners renewing their Complaints, they returned and came in sight of that so famous Cape, hid for so many Ages, which now did not only Discover itself, but a new World; Bartholomew Diaz from the Storm and Dangers he met with in doubling it, called it Cabo Tormentoso, but the King at the return of the Fleet gave it the more Illustrious name of Bona Esperanza; They returned December 1487. having in sixteen Months seventeen Days discovered 350. Leagues on the Coast. In this King's time was the Astrolabe found out by two of his Physicians, (to whose thoughts he had recommended the Improvement of Navigation) and one Martim of Bohemia, Scholar to the Great Regiomontanus.  
9 King John Dying without Lawful Issue, the Kingdom came to Emanuel Son to the Infante Dom Ferdinand, Brother to Alphonsus the Fifth, This was that great Fortunate and only Emanuel of Portugal, so called not only from being Born on Corpus Christi Day, 1469. but from his Mother's being delivered (after a sharp and dangerous Labour) as the Procession came before her Palace; 
* On which 'twas said, If at Christ's Birth the Angels, at Emanuels, Christ himself assisted.  He was Born, with Arms so long, as standing upright, and holding them down, they reach't to his Knees, on which the Astrologers concluded his coming to the Crown, and the extent of his Dominions, according to their Axiom, Brachia usque ad genua extenta imperare desiderant, & aliquando imperant. Some pretend without any force to the words to apply to him the Sibylla Cumea 's Prophecy in Virgil's fourth Eglogue; He began to Reign at 26. years Old 1495. and Fired with the high design of his Predecessors to Sail through the Ocean to the Indies, he the next year concluded to send the great Vasco do Gama to try for them; This year was spent in Councils and Preparations, and in the following 1497. in the beginning of July, an unseasonable time, (but that great Actions expect not Opportunities) the Fleet consisting of three Ships and a Victualler, (after a solemn Procession of Prayers and Tears and general Benediction) set Sail, the first Land they came at was (after five Months) the Bay of Saint Helena lying in 32. degrees Southward; On the 20th of December, they doubled the Cape of Good Hope; On Christmas day they passed by the Costa do Natal, not arrived at before, and so called, from the time they came to it; On Twelfth day they entered into a great River, therefore called Rio does Reys; following on their Voyage they came to another great River 50. Leagues Northward of Sofala, where the Natives freely and friendly Conversed with the Fleet, furnished them with fresh Provisions, and told them that Eastward there were men of their Colour who Sailed in such Ships, whom they often saw pass by that Coast. On which Vasca do Gama called the place Rio does bons Sinaes, and set up a Pillar there called Saint Raphael, with this good news and security (the best Warrant they ever had of their Hope) they came to Mocambique, where they were at first well received by the Xeque, after assaulted by his Permission, and betrayed by his Pilot; Palm-Sunday they came to Mombaza, thence went for Melinde, where they made Peace with that King, and had from him a Pilot who carried them in 22. days cross that great Gulf of 700. Leagues, which is betwixt this Coast of Africa and that of Malabar; the first place he arrived at was Calcutta, the design of his Voyage and end of his Instructions, having particular Letters and an Embassage for the Samorin (i e.) Emperor, who (as Portugal was informed) was the greatest Prince and Lord of all the Spices of those Parts; Vasco damn Gama had twice Audience of the Samorim, settled the Trade with him, and having placed five Pillars in his peculiar discovery of 1200. Leagues from West to East, returned safe to Lisbon, 23 August 1499.  
10. The news Vasco da Gama brought from the Indies of the hopes to recompense so many passed difficulties, by the propagation of the Gospel, and the Spices and jewels of the East, encouraged the King to set out in the year 1500. a Fleet of thirteen Ships, under the Command Pedralvarez Cabrall, who meeting with a Storm at Capo Verde went out to Sea, to make sure of doubling the Cape of Good Hope, and after a Month's Voyage, came first to the other great Continent of America, where (from the solemn Planting of a Cross) he named his new discovery Sancta Cruz, but the common discourse of Interest, prevailing against Devotion, the profit of the Wood brought from thence called it Brasilia. Pedralvarez setting out from Porto Seguro, (so called by him from the goodness of it) lost by foul Wether four of his Ships, in that great Ocean between Brazil and the Cape, and after the extremities of a bad Voyage, came but with six torn Ships to Sofala, thence Sailing along the Coast got to Quiloa and Melinde, where he took two Pilots, with whom he crossed over for India, delivered his Letters to the Samorim, Laded two Ships there, the rest in Cochim and Cananor, (where he began Factories) and from those two places brought Ambassadors to settle a Peace and Trade, arriving safely with them in Portugal. After so great Discoveries, the probability of a Trade, and a Resolution to set out every year a Fleet for the Discovery and Commerce of India, King Emanuel enlarged the Title of the Crown, by Styling himself Lord of the Navigation, Conquest and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India.  
11. In the year 1502. this now so great a King, knowing Protection not to be less glorious than Conquest, made Vasco da Gama Admiral of all the Seas in the East, and sent him with twenty Sail to the Indies, whereof five were as a settled Fleet to continue there, to protect the new Factories, and to go some Months in the year to the Mouth of the Red-Sea to hinder the Moors of Mecca from coming out, who were the fiercest Enemies the Portuguese had, and who most Laboured to hinder their progress in India; for these getting into their hands the Trade of Spices, the Moors who before furnished Christendom, by the way of Cairo and Alexandria, foresaw the ill consequence of their loss. This Voyage made Tributary the King of Quiloa, placed new Factories, revenged Injuries, protected Allies, and made the Portuguese so famous in the East, as their coming thither was not in a few Kingdoms and Provinces taken for the Aera.  
12. The Acquisitions and Trade arrived to that height, as in the year 1505. Dom Francisco d' Almeyda, was sent thither with the Title of Viceroy, the first so eminent Title given in these Parts; with him went divers Gentlemen to serve there, with the Obligation then begun and always continued to stay there three years; in his Voyage he took Quiloa, built a Fortress, and left a Commander there, burnt Mombaza, built also a Fortress in Anchediva, he sent his Son Dom Lorenzo to find out the Island Zeilan, and the Maldives, which he performed, and to intercept the Moors, who after the Portuguese coming into India, and keeping a Fleet on the Coast of Malabar, carried the Spices laded at Symatra, a new way they had found out, South of Zeilan, and through the Islands, whence to avoid the Coast of India they crossed over the Gulf, till they came to the Mouth of the Red-Sea, or Persian Gulf: Dom Lorenzo was afterwards Killed in a Sea-Fight, which the Viceroy's Vengeance made dear to the Infidels.  
13. On Palm-Sunday in the year 1506. Tristaond' Acunha, parted from Lisbon with a Fleet of fourteen Sail, and on it thirteen hundred Soldiers, after a great Mortality caused by a Plague which happened among the men, the bad Air was observed to cease, and the Sick and Infirm to recover in their crossing the Line; in the Voyage they made Cape Saint Augustine in Brazil, and crossing the great Ocean before they came to the Cape, discovered the Island then named, and yet called Tristaon d' Acuna; One of the Ships, parted from the rest by a Storm, first put in at a Port of Madagascar, called Matatana, where he got so good Information of the place, as the News put Tristaon on the Discovery, which he perfected, and going afterwards for the Indies, in his way took from the Moors a Fortress in Socotora.  
14. After the business of Socotora, the great Alphonso d' Alboquerque (who came with the Fleet from Lisbon) with seven of the Ships designed to go along the Coast of Arabia, and after so many Ages to revenge on the Arabs their Incursions and Possessions on the Continent of Spain; the first place he arrived at in the Kingdom of Ormus was the City Calayate, where he accepted of their Friendship, and forced four more to take his upon his own Terms, went on pursuing his Victories, and sending fear (his Harbinger) before him, till he came to Ormus, where he made Peace with the King, upon condition to turn Tributary to the King of Portugal, and permit him to Build a Fortress on the Island; By the great Fleet which parted 1509. the Viceroy received orders to return, and Alboquerque was possessed of the Government, which he Eternised by taking the Cities of Calicut (the greatest and most powerful Enemy the Portuguese had in India) and Goa, seated in the heart of India, (therefore judiciously made the Residence of the Vice-Roys and Governors) went in Person to Sumatra, and possessed himself of Malaca, so famous among the Ancients for its Situation in the Aurea Chersonesus, and then the great Mart of all the Eastern Merchants; In the time he spent here, he received Embassies and Offers of Friendship from the Kings of Campar and Java, and from the King of Siam upon the Continent, sent an Ambassador to the King of Pegu, and Ships to discover the Spice Islands of the Maluccoes and Banda; He made the first expedition into the Red-Sea, and entered that Straight, Coasting Arabia till he came to the Island of Ceibam, in the middle of that Gulf, being returned from settling Ormus, he Died full of Glory and Deserts on Shipboard, at the Bar of Goa, in the year 1515. and his own Climaterical.  
15. The same year King Emanuel designing an honourable Repose, for Alboquerque after so much Sweat and Toil in War and Victory, had sent Governor to the Indies Lopo Soarez d' Albergaria with a Fleet of thirteen Ships, and Instructions to make a Fortress upon the Island of Zeilan, whence according to his Intelligence came all the Cinnamon of those parts. At his first coming to the Island in 1518. the King of Columbo, on the noise of the Portuguese Arms and justice, readily consented, but altered by the jealousy and Interest of the Moors of Calicut and Malabar, was afterwards forced to yield a Fortress, and become Tributary; In his Government Perez d' Andrade with four Ships went to discover the Gulf of Bangala, and the Coast of China; He was succeeded at the end of three years, by Diogo Lopez de Sequeira, who made a Voyage to the Red-Sea, according to his Instructions from the King, to find out the Coast of Presbyter John, he came to the Island Macua, Inhabited by Christian Moors, and to Arquico a Fort of Presbyter john's, where with mutual Tears and other Expressions of joy was the first solemn meeting of the Eastern and Western Christians, of which, (that it was to come to pass) the Abissine Friars, said, they had by them, ancient Prophecies.  
16. King Emanuel Died in December 1521. after a glorious Reign of 26. years. The first sent to the Indies by his Son King John the Third, was he who discovered them, Vasco da Gama made Conde da Vidigueira, he went with the second Title of Viceroy, which was not given of course to those who went to Govern India, but (as the Romans chose their Dictator's) bestowed on Men of Eminent worth, or for extraordinary Emergencies and Achievements, so the Turks preparations at Sues, and giving out, he would drive the Portuguese out of India, were the cause Dom Garcia de Noronha was sent thither 1538. with the Relief of four thousand men on twelve Ships, and the Majesty and Terror of the Third Viceroy, as our Dom John de Castro was made the Fourth, upon his signal Victory against the King of Cambaya, and raising the second so famous Siege of Dio.  
17. Dio famous for twice Baffling the Power and Policy of the East, and situated at the entrance of the Sea of India, and in the passage thither from Africa, Arabia, and Persia, was (according to some) Built by Alexander the Great, intended to be the Mistress of the Sea and Land, and so called from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which his Flatterers gave him as the Son of Jupiter Ammon, others (without Searching into the reason of the Name) give it a more Ignoble beginning, by saying it was only anciently Inhabited by Fishermen, but afterward, like Venice grew great, rich, and formidable; It was a constant part of King Emanuel's Instructions to those who served him in the Indies, (knowing a Fortress here would be to India such a Curb as Argos in the hands of Strangers was once to Greece) to try always to get footing in this place. It was accordingly often (but in vain) attempted by all the ways force or stratagem could suggest, but was only that, the Fortune and Grandeur of so great a King could not achieve; Dom John the Third, not so Covetous of the Kingdoms, as Virtues and Victories of his Father, commanded the Governors not to lay aside the design, without engaging for it in whatsoever expense or difficulty, who were all so blindly obedient as to lie with great Fleets before it, observing the places of advantage, sometimes falling on by open Force, sometime by Design, yet all unsuccessful; On which advice the King ordered the War to be carried on in other places of Cambaya, that by desolating his Cities, annoying his Ports, and obstructing the Trade, that King might be forced to purchase his quiet by granting him a Fortress there; The Execution of the Portuguese's Arms, and Cries of his Subjects, brought him to seek Peace by giving, first the City Bacam, with its jurisdiction and Revenues to the Governor; afterwards being pressed by so terrible an Enemy as the Mogul, and the Rebellion of his own Subjects, he bought Protection and Assistance from the Portuguese, by giving them leave to choose a place there, to Build a Fortress on, which Martim Alphonso de Sofa Admiral of the Seas of India, employed by the Governor to complete the Treaty, placed on the point which commands the Haven; This was in the year 1535. It was not long before the King of Cambaia perceived the Portuguese by their possession here to have their Feet upon his Neck, and all the East to complain of the interruption of their Pilgrimages, and the loss of their Trade and Commerce to Mecca, upon which the King listened greedily to Coge-Sofar's persuasion of Besieging the place, on the security of being assisted, by a great Fleet from the Turk, who designed to drive the Portuguese out of India. This Siege began (Antonio da Silvera being Governor of Dio) July 1538. the first Army which came against the place consisting of six thousand Horse, and thirteen thousand Foot, under the Command of Alucan, and Coge-Sofar; and in September, Solomon Bashaw Admiral of the Turks came to their Relief, with a Fleet of seventy six Vessels, full of Choice men, and a suitable preparation of all other necessaries. There was not wanting by Sea or Land, the personal and constant gallantry of Assaults, the subtlety of Stratagem, and uninterrupted Battery of great Guns, against a few men taken unprovided; yet did the Enemy raise the Siege himself, at the end of October, and the Viceroy Dom Garcia de Noronha found him gone when he came to their Relief with one hundred and sixty Sail.  
17. The subjection all India was in, under the Fortress of Dio; the old Animosities for the first Baffle received at that place, and Sultan Mahumed's revenge for the Death of his Father Badur, killed by the Portuguese, begot the second Siege of Dio 1546. the chief Story of our History, which, (if not much prejudiced by a lessening Translation) may probably appear one of the greatest Actions on Record. Here Envy cannot fasten that, with which she so disparagingly blasted Alexander's Expeditions and Conquests in Asia, That he had to do with unarmed and unpolisht Men, mastered to his hand by Vice and Luxury. Courage, Discipline, Design and Arms were here in that height, as they seemed not to be newly learned in the East, and must have prevailed against any one but a Dom John de Castro, one so singular in all Virtues as he might Cope with any of the ancient Heroes, and challenge a place in the Calendar of Saints, whose constant Carriage and Influence over all India, is (besides the universal consent of History) a strong argument for some successes, which might be otherwise startled at as improbable; if any can be so, to that Magnanimous and Hereditary preseverance in difficulties, which we have showed to be Entailed for above an Age upon the Portugese. To Atone the imperfections of the Translation, and help the Reader in the passages of so famous and memorable a Siege, I have procured, (and gratefully acknowledge it as an eminent favour) the Ma●● of Dio, from his Excellency the Marquis of Sandé, now extraordinary Ambassador in England from the King of Portugal, which I have inserted in the proper place.  
18. The Death of our great and glorious Dom John de Castro, left not India so destitute, but the following Governors added Conquests to the State, Converts to the Church; King John the Third was succeeded by his Grandchild Posthumus Sebastian, Born with such restless desires to enlarge his Conquests against the Moors and Infidels, as his thoughts had no other object. The wonderful success of his Arms in the Indies, in getting ground on his Enemies; the defence of Goa Besieged by Idalcan with 35000. Horse, and 60000. Foot; the keeping Chaul against a Siege of nine Months, reinforced with one hundred thousand Foot, and 45000. Horse, managed with all the horror, resoluteness, and policy of War, and the Counsel of the most Prudent about him, could not so defend him against the subtle persuasions of his admiring Flatterers, as to stop his fatal Voyage into Africa, Anno 1578. where after a hard March in the hea●s and deserts, (second only to that of Resolute Cato's) engaging with incredicle numbers of the Enemies, he is by some supposed to be the third King slain in the Battle; though others, fond of their own Grief, and his Memory, tell compassionate and tender Stories of his disguise and escape, and thinking, so great a Light could not go out with out its last amasing Blaze, believe Sebastian not yet Dead.  
19 Henry the Cardinal, Son to King Emanuel, and great Uncle to Sebastian, was on his Death by the civilians, Nemine contradicente, asserted King, and accordingly received by the Kingdom; his old Age, (which allowed him but the Reign of one Year and five Months) and the Character of his Spiritual orders, (beautified in him by the chaste and exemplary Austerity of a Prince) obliged him to endeavour to settle the Succession, by appointing a meeting of the States at Almeirim, there to hear the pretensions of those five Rivals, who Courted the Crown; The Competitors were,  
Antonio, Prior of Crato, natural Son to the Infante Dom Lewis, second Son to King Emanuel, who for some Weeks carried himself as King at Lisbon, by coining Money, and conferring Honours, till forced away by the Duke of Alva, fled to Porto, thence got into France, and in the year 1589. (assuring Queen Elizabeth, That all the Portuguese would unanimously acknowledge him if he got Footing there) the Fleet designed for the West-Indies, under the Command of Captain Drake, appeared in his Favour, but the Portuguese answered not his expectation; His only prejudice was his not being Legitimate.  
Raynusius Duke of Parma, Grandchild to Edward (the fourth Son to King Emanuel) by his eldest Daughter Mary, excluded, because the Fundamental Laws of the Kingdom, provide (in case a Daughter Marry out of Portugal) against a Strangers pretending in her Right.  
Catharine, Duchess of Barganza, second Daughter to Edward, but with the Legal advantage of having Married in the Kingdom.  
Philip the second, King of Spain, Grandchild to King Emanuel by his eldest Daughter Elizabeth, Married to the Emperor Charles the Fifth.  
Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, Grandchild to King Emanuel by his second Daughter Beatrix, Married to Charles Duke of Savoy.  
Philip the second, King of Spain, having chased Prior Antonio out of Lisbon, was acknowledged King of Portugal, and went in Person to Lisbon in June 1581.  
20. The Restauration of King John the Fourth, to the Kingdom and Crown of Portugal, Anno 1640. is eminently observable; That the Possession of the King of Spain for threescore years, had not made the Portuguese lose their Courage, or Hopes to effect their desires; That the King of Spain should make the Duke of Braganza, (whose pretences to the Crown and affections of the People he very well knew) Grand-master of the Artillery, who in dischage of his trust seemed to refuse the offer of the Crown; That a secret entrusted with six hundred should not miscarry; That the design should be perfected with only the Death of the Secretary: And that its influence should be so general and powerful, as the castilians were every where, and almost at the same time laid aside particularly in Brazil, where they were totally extirpated; And where afterwards the States of Holland found this policy of the Portuguese, seconded by the Courage of their Ancestors, in taking the Reciffe in Pernambuck, january 1654. a place the States with a Fleet of fifty Ships had taken from the Spaniard 1630. of such consequence, That whilst the Crowns were united in one, the Recovery of it, was the great Debate of the Councils, attempted by the Admiral Dom Antonio de Oquendo, 1631. Afterwards for many years, by the greatest Preparations and most eminent Persons of both Kingdoms; yet the complicated Strength of Nature, and the Hollanders Fortifications (whom their Experience had made the great Masters of that Art) made it impregnable against all Attaques. The taking in of this by the Portuguese alone, when a King of their own made them act like and for themselves, and the keeping of it against the Force and Fleet of Count Maurice of Nassau, may at the end of a long Preface excuse the Recital of many more performances of the Portuguese, (after their Restauration) Notorious for the Wisdom of the Contrivance and Gallantry of the Execution.  
Peter Wyche.   

WHITEHALL, Aug. 12. 1663.  
Let this Translation be Printed.  
Henry Bennet.   

THE LIFE OF DOM JOHN DE CASTRO.  
The First BOOK.  
I Am Writing the Life of Dom john de Castro, a Man greater than his Name, greater than his Victories; whose Memory is yet fresh in the East, descending from Father to Son, a successive Book, wherein the Fame of his Actions is preserved always Alive; and we will add to the general Acclamations of his Glory this little shout, since Records keep not so well in Tradition as Writing.  
1. Dom john de Castro, 
The first Studies of Dom john de Castro.  was, a Renowned Branch of an Illustrious Family: But first we will tell his Virtues, than his Stock; the Nobility a man raiseth by his Actions, being greater than that he acquires from his Ancestors. He spent his first Years in that Learning and Virtue, his Age was then capable of; being so naturally inclined to Learning, that he needed not be forced, but only put in the way. Dom john, not being the Heir of his House, was intended for Study; Learning being always the second Birthright amongst the best Houses of this Kingdom. Dom john obeyed, not having then Liberty to refuse, or a School to take another Lesson in.  
2. He Learned Mathematics of Peter Nonnius, 
He learned the Mathematics.  the greatest Man Portugal knew of that Profession, and came to be such a Master in the Science, as if he had intended to profess it. In this School he was Companion to the Infante Dom Lewis, whose Familiarity he got into, both by his Quality and Ingenuity: but as Dom john embraced Learning out of Obedience, and Arms by Destiny, he looked upon the glory of the Schools as small, finding himself intended for the Wars, both by his own Inclination, and by his forefather's Example.  
3. The repute of Dom Edward Menezes, Governor of Tangiers, was at that time great, whose Name the Africans heard with terror, and we with respect; Dom john looked more upon his Victories, than the Schemes and Circles of Euclid, loving the Arts only as they waited on Courage.  
4. Being eighteen years Old, 
He goes to 〈◊〉.  finding himself more grown in Spirit then in Age, making an escape, he Embarked for Tangiers, where (contrary to the Custom of such places) he bore Arms nine years, as if he intended to spend his Life, in what was only a beginning: on all occasions, in that War he behaved himself with Courage equal to his Blood, and above his Years, deserving the joy of it from his Friends, and envy from the Soldiery.  
5. Dom Edward de Menezes respected him, 
Dom Edward de Menezes Knights him,  as if he had then read in this History, his Victories in Asia we are now Writing; he would needs with his own hands give and receive the honour of Knighting him, being proud so long before of this Son of his Discipline; and considering, that so great Bravery deserved to be encouraged by the favours of Princes, desiring that Valour should have due Rewards, equally favouring the King, and Subject, he writ to the King Dom john the Third, that Dom john de Castro had so served, 
and informs the King of his Desert.  that now no Place or Reward could be too great for him; that his Highness ought to confer some honour on him, because Kings make Soldiers by taking notice of them, and it was just, that in the sight of so great a Prince, Virtue should not remain unrewarded.  
6. The King immediately sent for Dom john, 
The King sends for him, and rewards him  by so honourable a Letter as if he had intended him no other recompense, with that Dom john came to the Court, where he was as much Envied for his wounds as for the favour shown him; The King made him Commendatory of Salvaterra, awaking Deserts in others by the Value he had for them in him.  
7. Dom john spent some time in Court, 
His behaviour at Court.  without being drawn away to any youthful Vice, either by his Years, or Example, appearing truly a Man all along, taking so well his Measures, that neither his Maturity made him ill-humoured, nor his Civility facile: He knew how to play the Philosopher amongst the Varieties of the Court; shunning in that kind of Life what had any show of Idleness, not any thing that arguesd Discretion.  
8. He altered his course of Life by Marrying the Lady Leonore Coutinho, 
He marries Leonore Coutinho.  his Cousin German once removed, the Daughter of Leonel Coutinho, a Gentleman of the Illustrious House of Marialva, Nobility so known and so ancient, that our knowledge of that and the Kingdom bear both the same Date: He had no other Portion but the Qualities and Virtues of his Bride; yet without the props of an Estate, did so maintain his Honour, that he was by all treated with the respect of a Rich, and the pity of a Poor man.  
9 Then presented itself the Battle of Tunis, 
The Battle of Tunis.  an Action more famous for the Victory, than Advantage, in which, Dom john de Castro had no little share, in the Honour of Danger. We will give a larger relation of its success, The King Dom john having engaged in it his Forces, 
The occasion of it.  the Infante Dom Lewis, his Person. That notorious Rover Barba-Rossa had infested all the Mediterranean with more Strength and Boldness than is ordinarily heard of in a Pirate, finding Fortune so ready to assist his Daring, that, amidst the Triumphs of Charles, only Barba-Rossa was the scandal of his Victories; Seeing himself every day more advanced in Opinion, and Forces, he went to serve the Turk, with whom, the report of our injuries had given him credit; and buying his favour with the most Valuable things he had, got to be Admiral of the Seas; coming often with great numbers of Galleys, he very much infested the Ports of Naples and Sicily; the Valour of the Natives, or the Protection of the Empire, (to which they were Vassals) not being able to defend them; He made Slaves of infinite numbers, (whereof divers trucked their Faith for their Liberty) laid waste Provinces, and burnt Ships, getting a very great Name amongst the Infidels, by the miseries of the Christians, till forgetting his beginning, his Prosperity made way for his ambition of Reigning, and he usurped the Kingdom of junis by divers Artifices, which Story belongs not to our History. Charles, looking upon this Tyrant, having so much force of his own, that he was abetted by a far greater Power, and that his Kingdoms lying so near, it was not fit he should root himself at the Gates of his House; that the Moors (who wanted not ●alour, but Discipline) being set on work by so experienced a Soldier, would come to know their own Strength to the prejudice of his Kingdoms; resolved with a very strong Navy to find him out, and to divest him of the Protection of Tunis, because at the best scaping from thence he must to Sea again, where, as a Pirate, he could only offend with straggling Forces, which the weather, and fortune, might more easily Destroy. He drew his old Soldiers from the Garrisons of Italy, (whom he supplied with new) made great Levies in High Germany and Flanders, Listed Italians and Spaniards, besides Gentry and Nobility which served without Pay, and the Enterprise being so useful and justifiable, and where the Emperor ventured his own Person, there came many Volunteers to join with so pious and valiant Arms. The Emperor Mustered the men he raised, in Sardinia, and found five and twenty thousand Foot on the List who received Pay, besides very many others who served without it, who made up a great part of the Army; every day he received divers Succours which increased his Camp.  
10. The Infante Dom Lewis, 
The Infante Dom Lewis is there in Person.  a Prince worthy of designs matching his Courage, resolved to accompany the Emperor his Brother-in-law in the expedition, and though very much dissuaded by the King Dom john, with divers Arguments, some taking in his affection to a Brother, others the care for his Person; yet the Infante apprehending the King's inclinations forwarder to excuse his Courage, then to accept his Obedience, did with some Gentlemen depart privately; which when the King knew, he sent him to Barcelona (where the Emperor than was) large Credit, and ordered the Equipping 25 Carvels, and some other Ships, amongst the rest 
* This was the Vessel which in the invasion 1588. was c●ll'd the Caca-foogo.  one Galleone, which carried two hundred Brass pieces; the greatest that till than ever Road in our Seas: that, under the Command of Antonio de Saldanha, they might be in readiness for the Fight, and out of respect to the Infante all the Vessels of the Fleet were entrusted with Gentlemen of eminent Quality, of whom Dom john de Castro was one, who in this Action did equally despise Danger and Covetousness, as will presently appear by the ensuing relation.  
11. Those Gentlemen who Embarked in this expedition, 
Gentlemen who were at the Fight.  and who are come to my knowledge, were (besides Dom john de Castro) Dom Affonso of Portugal, Son and Heir of the Earl of Vintioso, Dom Affonso de Vasconcellos, Son of the Earl of Penel●a, Lewis Alvarez de Tavora, Lord of Mogadoura, with his Brother Ruy Lorenco de Tavora, who was afterwards Vice-King in the Indies, Dom john de Almeyda, Son of the Earl of Abrantes, Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, who also was Vice-King in the Indies, Dom Diogo de Castro Governor of the Castle of Evora, Dom Fernand● de Noronh●, Dom Fraucisco de Faro, Dom Francisco Pereira, Ambassador from King Dom Sebastian to Castille, Dom Affonso de Castelbranco, Lord High Bailiff of Portugal, Pero Lopez de Sousa, john Gomez de Sylva, Page of the Lance, and Dom Lewis de Attayda, afterwards Earl of Attouguia, and Died in the Indies, being the second time Vice-King there. All these Gentlemen served at their own Charge, carrying with them Servants and Soldiers without any pay; their clothes also and Liveries showed with what delight they went to the Warr. All the Fleet came to Anchor in the Port of Barcelona, and saluting the Emperor's Admiral, made a warlike and pleasing sight. The Emperor came to the Portugal Ambassadors House, (Alvero Mendez de Vasconcellos) which being on the Seaside was fitter to honour and entertain the Entry.  
12. The Dukes of Alva and Cordova, with many other Lords, came to the Seaside to find out the General, and the Gentlemen with him, they all went to Kiss the Emperor's hands, who received them with all the honour and welcome befitting his place, very glad to be accompanied with our experienced and stout Soldiery, to whom the half Moons, and Lances of Africa were no strangers. The Emperor acquainted the Infante Dom Lewis with all his weighty Resolutions, not only out of respect to the greatness of his Person, but to that of his Judgement, well seen both in Court, and State; of whom I must here tell a pass of Civility, for the value the castilians put on it. 
Civility betwixt the Emperor and Infante.  The Emperor and the Infante were together one Night, and at the going in of a Door both Complemented for the precedency, the one would have the Stranger go foremost, the other would put it upon Majesty; The Emperor taking him by the Arm forced him to enter first, The Infante not willing to accept the honour, nor able to refuse it, snatched a Torch from a Page. The Infante knew so well how to please the Emperor, as he resolved to give him the State of Milan, finding in him Qualities to deserve it, Valour to defend it. But the claims of France, made the Dominion of that State so uncertain, as it lay many years under the Decision of Arms.  
13. I will not tell the success of that War, because the Story is from my purpose, though Dom john de Castro behaved himself so in't, 
The Emperor would have Knighted Dom john de Castro, who refused it.  as the Emperor would fain have Knighted him; an Honour, from which he justly excused himself, as having had it before from other Hands, which, though not so Royal, supplied that defect by their stoutness. The Emperor Commanded two Thousand Crusades should be given to every Captain of the Fleet, 
A Crusade worth 3 s. 8d.  which Dom john alone accepted not, serving more Ambitiously for Renown than Reward. 
As the reward of Money.   
14. Charles now Triumphing, like an other Scipio, after the War of Africa, saw Himself at rest, amidst the Applause and Acclamations of Europe, styling himself more fitly the Founder, than the Heir of his Empire. Our Fleet returned to the Port of Lisbon, where Dom john found in the Embraces of the King, and Salutations of the People, a greater reward than he had refused from Cesar; and as one who knew how to despise his own Fame, he retired to his Country House at Sintra, 
He retires to Sintra.  desiring to Live to himself, having so carried himself in his Country's Service, that he neither forsook it, as an Unprofitable, nor Courted it as an Ambitious Person: Here he passed his time in a strange and new kind of Husbandry, Cutting down Fruitful Trees, and Planting in their stead Wild and Barren ones; by this perhaps showing, that in all he did he was so disinteressed, that from the Earth he Tilled he looked for no return of benefit: but 'tis not much, if he so little valued what the Rocks of Sintra could produce, when he scornfully Trampled upon the Rubies and Diamonds of the East.  
15. Dom john in the prime of his Age, found himself put upon Service by the Examples of his own 
He goes the first time for the Indieses.  Family; and, as the War in Africa, by the new Conquests in the East, 
See Iohn de Barro's History of India, Decade 5. Lib. 3. Cap. 8. No. 10.  was either slighted or forgot, (the World most Valuing the Fame which is far fetched) He resolved to go for the Indies, whose Conquests stored the Kingdom with Glory and Victories; He went on Board, without ask any employment or reward, counting that Honour more his own he went to win, than that he might carry with him.  
16 In that expedition, Dom Garcia de Noronha, his Brother-in-law, went Governor to the Indies, who looked upon Dom john de Castro as one fit to succeed him, though he then passed but for a private Soldier; as soon as the King knew Dom John's resolution, 
The King proffers him a Reward, and ●ow he accepts it.  he ordered him a Thousand Crusades yearly all the time he served in the Indies, and by his Letters Patents the Government of the Fortress of Ormus, which he, I know not if with greater ambition or temper, 
Ibid.  refused; the Memory of rewards rejected being rarer than of those accepted: an Action more easily praised than imitated.  
17. Dom john de Castro 
He carries his Son Dom Alvero.  took Shipping with his Son Dom Alvero then about thirteen, giving him for the pass-time of that Age the Dangers and Tempests of so long a Voyage. Dom Garcia's Fleet arrived prosperously at the Indies, where he found the Governor Nuno de Cunha going with a Fleet to the relief of Dio, and to Fight the Turks Galleys which lay before it; in that famous siege, Antonio de Sylveira held out. Dom Garcia at once with the possession of the Government took on him the Obligation of succouring the place, in which service Dom john de Castro offered himself, 
He embarks himself for the relief of Dio.  and as a Soldier of fortune earnest upon't, put himself on the first Ship, as if he foresaw those future Triumphs Dio called him to: but the retreat of the Turks lost Dom Garcia the Victory, or rather gave it him without Bloodshed, if less glorious, more secure.  
18. Dom Garcia Died in a little time, to whom succeeded Dom Estevaon da Goma, one who had in the Indies the Reputation of his Family, 
History of India, Dec. 5. Lib. 7. Cap. 1.  and was likely to have had the Fortune, had not his Government been so short; He engaged in an Action, great in the danger, and the glory of it, which was to pass the straight of the Red-Sea, and burn the Turks Galleys which were Building at Sues, with intent (as 'twas given out) to drive the Portuguese out of India: a design the Turk thought worthy his Power.  
19 When all the Fleet was under Sail, there was not any Soldier of Courage not inspirited by the hazard of so extraordinary an action of as much Fame in the undertaking as Victory. 
History of India, Dec. 5. Lib. 7. Cap. 5.  Dom Estevaon de Gama set Sail with twelve great Ships, and sixty small Boats the first of january 1541. here Dom john de Castro had the Command of a Gallione, and pursuing their Voyage with Easterly winds, they all, though scattered, saw the Coast of Arabia. The Governor Dom Estevaon da Gama 
He goes to the Red-Sea with Dom Estevaon d● Gama.  made it about Monte Felix, and arrived at the mouth of the Straight, expected the other Ships of his Convoy; here they had notice that the Enemy's Galleys were drawn on shore, 
Ibid.  and so watched that there was no Burning 'em without open force; which (for the Flats and Shelves of that Port) would be impossible to our Round-bottomed Ships. Yet Dom Estevaon da Gama slighting the advice and danger, went forward with some small Barks, (one of which, Dom john de Castro, (leaving his Ship) Commanded.) 
Ibid.  They passed by the Primero Islands, which lie in twelve degrees and ½ and by the Bay of Velha which is in almost thirteen, they Anchored in the Bay of Fortune, which is in the same height. In all the Creeks and Bays from the mouth of the Straight to Sues, was Dom john taking the height of the Sun, and making a Journal, discoursing, sometimes like a Natural Philosopher, sometimes like a Seaman; showing how blind the bare Experience of Pilots is, without the rules of Art; here with as much Judgement, as he had Courage, he Learnedly canvased the Reasons why the Red-Sea was called so, and the Natural causes of the overflow of Nile in the Summer; a Theme which hath kept many Wits awake, yet hath Nature for so many years kept her own secret; but we reckon as the least part of this Man's greatness, that which the Romans with so swelling Rhetoric write of their Cesar, that he managed a Pen as Judiciously, as he did a Sword Courageously. This and other Tracts, (of which we promise you more Light) writ at Sea in Storms and Winds, he Dedicated to the Infant Dom Lewis, 
Ibid.  presenting him with the Fruits of that Learning they sucked in together.  
20. From this Harbour they had a sight of Mount Sinai, where the Angels laid the Relics of St. Katherine in a famous Repository of their own Building; 
Dom Estevaon Knights Dom Alvero.  at the sight Dom Estevaon da Gama Knighted Dom Alvero de Castro, who in memory of so great a Sanctuary took for his Crest the Katherine-wheel, which his Family doth Religiously give to this day; 
History of India, Dec. 5. Lib. 7. Cap. 8.  we will give no particular account of that design, because the Vigilancy of the Turks hindered it from taking effect.  
21. Dom john 
Dom john returns to the Kingdom.  returning to the Kingdom, (as if designedly giving the Palms of the East time to grow, which were afterwards to Crown his Victories) brought no other Riches on shore but the Fame of his Actions; and being yet in his Sea-cloaths, (those too scarce dry) was by the King chosen to be Admiral of the Navy of the Coast; 
Is made Admiral of the Coast.  putting him on new Employment in recompense of his former Services. Dom john immediately put to Sea in the year 1543. to Convoy those Ships which were expected from the Indies, and plying too and again in his Station, spied a French Corsaire, who had with seven Ships infested those Seas, and had made Prize of some of ours, which had Emboldened and Enriched him; as soon as Dom john saw him, with his Fleet before the Wind he made up to him, and setting on the Enemy's Admiral, Boarded him, 
Defeats seven Ships of the Corsaires.  and after a brave Defence made him yield, two Ships he sunk, the rest by the advantage of the Night saved themselves; the Circumstances of this Fight are not to be found in Writing, the Carelessness of other excusing our silence.  
22. Dom john in a few days saw our Ships, 
Brings in the Indian Fleet.  when by Saluting one the other they rejoiced for the overthrow of the Corsaire; they came together over the Bar of Lisbon, the applause of his reception being so general, that he seemed to have already weathered the storms of Hatred, or Envy; an Happiness, or Misery, which Great men in their Graves only purchase or avoid: In this success Dom john had no other reward than that of the Victory; for when the Debt is great, Kings, not to be thought Niggard's, choose rather to appear Ungrateful, being more willing to confess the Vices of their Person, than their Majesty.  
23. 'Twas but a little time Dom john had to rest in the content of his Victory, being forced for a business of greater moment, to put on his Arms again, as I will (though against my Custom) more largely relate, taking it higher, not to Disjoint the History. That famous Pirate Haradin Barba-Rossa, found himself almost quite broken with the loss of Tunis and Goleta, and more after the loss of his Galleys, losing by Land the power of a Tyrant, and by the Sea the strength of a Pirate; yet was not this Arch Enemy so much shaken, but that Italy many years after sighed under his Lash; He had laid up in divers places the best part of his Booty, as an other plank to save himself upon; this he presented to Solyman the Grand Signior, of Value enough, to efface, or excuse, the disgrace of his Fleet, and Flight at Tunis; which was yet fresh in Soliman's grief, and memory; withal represented what he could do against the Christians, that taking the Sea at first with only two Galliots ill fitted out, his Valour and Success had made him so formidable and powerful, that with their own spoils he entertained them with a sharp War, that the Jaols of Africa would not hold the Slaves; that in the Kingdom of Naples, in all Apulia, and the Terra de Lavoro, he had committed such Outrages, that neither their Blood, or Tears were yet dry; that the Galleys of Sicily out of fear rotten at Anchor; That, that Andrea Doria (so much sought to by the Princes of Europe) could not but confess how oft he was forced to Row for't, to escape Barba-Rossa, that he feared not to Cite his Enemy's witnesses of his Actions; that the Emperor Charles (Nettled with so many Losses, seeing Barba-Rossa only overcast his Victories) did more like the impatient Man, than the Soldier, join all the Forces of Germany, Italy, Spain, and Flanders, to Destroy him, rashly exposing the best of his Kingdoms, to the chance of his either losing or getting the Day, and though his Old Fortune left him not, he only got the credit of the Battle without any pro●it, (for Dispossessing one Enemy of Tunis, investing an other in't) neither was the Victory so entire that it Cost him not Ships and Men, and with the expense of so great a force he had exhausted the Exchequer of Spain; that now was the true time to ruin Christendom, weakened with a great War, and grown careless with a seeming Victory; that in the Straight of Gibraltar was the famous City of Ceita, (the Port whence heretofore the Africans with Victorious Arms entered on their Conquest of Spain) which the Portuguese held with weak Walls, and a poor Garrison, more bend upon Disturbing their Neighbours, than securing themselves from 'em, because heightened with their prosperity in the East, they slighted things at home, like Rivers that are largest at their greatest distance from their Springhead; that if the Grand Signior's Majesty were inclinable to bring under his Dominion that so considerable a part of Europe, He would underatake with a reasonable number of Galleys to possess him of Ceita; by which those who were farthest West should Live in awe of his Empire. Thus discoursed the Corsaire, endeavouring with an others force to recover the Credit and Station from which he was fallen. And as in Prince's Courts, great Designs more than possible are listened to, and Barba-Rossa's Experience and Valour had so good security, proud and warlike Solyman began to give ear to a design of so great Importance, and so well laid for the peace and prosperity of his Empire: He willingly heard Barba-Rossa persuading him that the Benefit of this Action would outweigh the Difficulty; The Moors of Africa too kindled the Turks indignation, who Lamented they could not breathe quietly in peace with us, some bewailing their lost Liberty, others the Effronts of their Prophet in their ruind Mosques; for the remedy of these grievances, they strive to engage the Turk upon his Zeal, and Greatness, which Motives concerning Religion, and Majesty, might veil over the Ambition, and justify the Action.  
24. Charles the Emperor Solicitous what Barba-Rossa did in Constantinople, 
The Emperor adviseth the King.  knowing that that Stock (whose Branches he had Lopped) was not so Dry, but that it might with another's warmth, produce fresh Poison, did all he could to know what the Turk resolved about the invasion of Spain, and though the first Blow was aimed at Ceita, yet (Victory never stopping where it begins) and unwilling to be crushed in our ruins, He ordered the providing of Ships, Listing men, and the doubling those Garrisons which were in the Ports of the straits mouth, writing to the King Don john his Brother-in-law the News he had, that they might jointly provide for the resisting the common Enemy.  
25. The news coming to Portugal, the King immediately fell upon Fortifying Ceita, whose Defence was only after the rate of those Times; and we being conquerors in Africa, kept our Garrisons by our Neighbours fear. Dom Affonso de Noronha was then Governor of Ceita, 
Desire's aid of him against the Turk.  who was by the King entrusted with the Fortifications, and had sent him Men, Materials, and Engeneers. The Emperor desired the King, that our Fleet might come forth and join with his at Cales, under the Command of Don Alvero Bacaon, and so expect the Enemy in the straits mouth, where, happen what would, the protection of his Ports would secure their Retreat; upon Debate, the joining of the Fleets seemed reasonable, that all the weight of the War might not lie upon our Forces.  
26. The King was busy in finding out one to Command the Fleet, and though there were men enough in our Kingdom, whom the Experience and Dangers of our Conquests had made Soldiers, yet Dom Iohn de Castro's Name made itself room amongst the first; 'twas his Pride neither to ask or to deny any Service for his Country: We know that though King john loved his Valour, he cared not for his Right, so that what he got by one Virtue, he lost by an other; and we observed not that he had any Place or Preferment about the King, because so free a Spirited man might be endured as a Subject, 
The King mak●s Dom john General.  not as a Favourite. The Fleet was ready to Sail, a great part of the Nobility of the Kingdom on Board, and the Soldiers expecting who should Command in so considerable an Expedition, when on a sudden Dom john de Castro was named to be the Man, to the general satisfaction even of his Competitors.  
27. The King sent for Dom john, acquainting him with the News from the Emperor, and with the Designs of the Turk, expressing to him with what Envy he sent him upon so Honourable an Employment; but since it was the Royal Prison of Kings, to confer Honour, and not to be in a condition to deserve it; He entrusted him with that Fleet, in confidence he would, with the Arms of the Castro's quarter the Banners he won from the Turks; and leave them more Honourable to his Posterity, than he received them from his ancestors; Dom john kissed the King's hand with a sense of his Favours, knowing how much better it was to be esteemed, than countenanced by Princes.  
28. 
He joins with the Emperor's General.  On the Twelfth of August 1543. all the Fleet set Sail, and in few days with favourable Winds came in sight of Gibraltar, where they found the Emperor's Fleet at Anchor, which received ours with all the Ceremony of the Sea, by their often repeated Salutations Rejoicing and Affrightnings of the place. Dom Alvero Bacaon with the Chief Officers of the Fleet, came presently to Visit Dom john de Castro on Board, where (when the Compliments were ended) he gave him an account of what he heard of the Enemy, and that according to Intelligence, his first Onset would be upon Ceita; they than fell upon't, that the Fleets of two such great Princes being joined, it lay upon both their Honours to Fight the Enemy, 
They discourse about the Battle.  though he should be much stronger; that we Fought in our own Seas, and in sight of our own Ports, which would be able in the Fight to furnish us with fresh men, and our battered Ships would have a refuge at hand; that though the Turks should get the Victory, they would be so broken, as not to be able to set upon any place in the Straight, which, by Fight, let the success be what it would, they should secure; Besides, the Orders they had under Seal to find out the Enemy, could not be understood otherwise with safety to their Honour and Obedience. Having taken this so precise and bold Resolution, the Soldiers were all on Fire, and the Chief Commanders Solicitous in giving out their Orders, 
Resolve to Fight.  and disposing for so great an Affair; when on a sudden advices came thick, that Barba-Rossa with his whole Fleet was coming towards the Straight. Dom john de Castro presently sends for his men who were on shore, Commands the Captains to fit and trim their Ships, and sends word to Dom Alvero he was weighing, who cooled of his first heat by an imaginary fight of the Enemy, writ to Dom john, 
The Spanish General changeth his mind.  that new accidents must have new Counsels; that by the Spies intelligence, he knew Barba-Rossa's Fleet was double to the Armadas; that 'twas neither according to the Intention or for the Service of their Princes, to lose themselves in so apparent a Danger; that while their Fleets were entire, the Enemy could undertake no great matter, 
Endeavours to bring off Dom john.  and if in the Fight they should have the worst of't, all the places of the Straight would be the reward of the Victory; that 'twas much against his humour to desist from Fight, but the Service of Cesar was to be minded before the Gallantry of particular Persons; that he desired him to bring all his Fleet into Port, and as the Turk moved, they would more safely conclude what was to be done. 
He persists in Fight with the Turks.  Dom john de Castro answered the Spanish General, that he altered not his Opinion at the fight of the Enemy, that their appearing timorous would encourage the Turks, whose design being to get footing in Spain, the Fleets ought out of honour to engage, much more out of a sense of the Effront; what would the World say, if the Forces of two such great Princes joined only to manage a defensive War against Barba-Rossa, letting the Turkish Banners Lord it in our Seas, in sight of the Eagles of the Empire, and the Cinques of Portugal; that he was resolved to expect the Enemy, not fearing to be Blamed however the day went, because, if worsted, lost men answered nothing, and no body would call Conquerors to question.  
29. But neither had this Resolution force enough to sway the Spanish General Dom Alvero Bacaon; we are not certain whether he thought it the better or the more secure way. 
And stays for 'em three days in the Straight.  Don john de Castro put himself in the straits mouth, where he lay three days: here he had advice, that the Enemy's Fleet steered another course, by Dissensions of the Chief Officers, or (as other Memorials have it) Barba-Rossa had received new Orders from the Turk, to bring back the Fleet; yet the Gallantry of Dom Iohn de Castro's staying in the Straight, deserved envy from the Living, glory from Posterity, since for the obtaining a memorable Victory, not Courage, but Occasion was wanting; though this so generous resolution was diversely taxed in Spain, those Branding it, who call all extraordinary actions Temerity; yet I believe, those who most condemned it, would have been content to have it themselves.  
30. Dom john seeing, by the Enemies retiring, those places above their fear, went to Ceita, to communicate some part of his instructions to Dom Affonso Noronha, who received him with so many Shot, as the Spaniards in Gibraltar thought the Fleet had been engaged, yet would they not weigh Anchor and come forth; so alterable were they in their first, so firm in their second resolution. Here Dom john had news that the Moors had laid close siege to Alcacere Ceguer, 
He sends his Son to relieve Alcacere Ceguer.  a place our men kept in Africa at an unnecessary charge and danger; the Governor was a Gentleman of the Family de Freitas, he immediately sent his Son Dom Alvero with part of the Fleet, and Orders to put relief into the Town, and to continue in the Port till the Enemy sailed out first, which he did, providing the place with Victuals and Ammunition; and the Moors Army consisting of hotheaded men, the heat of their first Onset being cooled, 
He returns to Lisbon, and retires to Sintra.  they raised the siege. Dom Alvero returned to the rest of the Fleet, which, (having secured Ceita, and freed it from fear of the Turks) returned to Lisbon, where the Fame of both his adventures was arrived before, which was the greater, by lighting on Valour so unquestionable; but Dom john who counted nothing great, and despised his own Actions, avoided popular applause by retiring to Sintra, either out of Modesty, or Height, not Valuing any thing he did worthy of himself.  
31. The King Dom john was about finding out one to Govern the State of India, Martin Affonso de Sousa having stayed out his Time, and instantly desiring a Successor, the affairs of the East, upon divers Emergencies declining, and he unwilling that the glory of his Actions should be foiled by a miscarriage in the War, very well knowing that the People's ignorance might occasion such a disgrace as might discredit many Victories; for so considerable an employment, the King looked upon men differently qualified, upon some, who for the antiquity of their Blood, without respect to their Deservings, used to Inherit the great places, a second piece of Tyranny of the Nobilities invention, upon others, who were mean in their Birth, but famous in Themselves, who lost what was due to their Merits, because others had none; so as for so eminent an employment deserts not well Born, or a bare Title would not do.  
32. The King on these reasons irresolved whom to choose to trust withthe weight of so great a Government; 
Is proposed by the Infant fo● Governor in the Inlies'.  asked the Infant Dom Lewis, whom, (as affairs now stood) He should make Governor in the Indies: He told him the opinion he had of Dom Iohn de Castro's Temper, that, though in the business of the straits, many thought he had behaved himself too Daringly; yet 'twas certain, there's no Soldier but would be glad to have been guilty of so Honourable a fault; that, though those who envied him, accused him of being High and Cynical, because he begged no Rewards, or Courted the Ministers of State, these faults were of so good a kind, that Dom John's Vices might be more Valued than others Virtues; 
See Iohn de Barro's Hist. of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 1. Fol. 1.  that he knew none but Dom john de Castro, who could keep up the first Discipline of the Indies, who served so unconcerned for his own interest, as if he despised all earthly Rewards, and his Majesty were not a King of Men, but a God of Vassals; that he did very much love Dom john de Castro for his Qualities, but so impartially, that he should Value his Deserts (though separated from his Person) in any other.  
33. The King, (with whom the Infant's opinion had no little credit, seeing him prize Dom john with a Zeal for his Prince, and Knowledge of his Friend) liked the Hint the Infant gave him, 
The King chooseth him, and speaks to him.  (whose Authority too had an influence over the minds of others) and sending for Dom john de Castro to Evora, where the Court was, in the public Hall, told him, I have of late been Solicitous to provide one whom I might send Governor to the Indies, and was of opinion I might find him in the Family of the Castros, from whose Stock the Kings my Predecessors have always ta'en Generals for their Armies, and Regent's for their Provinces; I too flatter myself that the Fruit of so generous a Root cannot degenerate; and that the rather, by guessing what you will do by your former Actions, which have given you so just a repute in the Kingdom's opinion, and my esteem, and for which I confidently put into your hands the Government of the Indies, expecting that you will so carry yourself there, as I may give what you do, for a pattern to those who succeed you. Dom john kissed the King's hand, better pleased with the Honour, than the Employment, in so great a charge only Valuing the not seeking it: There were divers Opinions in the Court about this Election, some found fault with it out of Envy, others out of Custom, and where they could not tax any Defect in parts, they charged the excess; yet was it so liked of the most, and best, that the King was glad he had pitched upon one, who so much pleased every one.  
34. The King gave him Orders presently to provide the Fleet, not letting any Body else have to do with it, as is falsely writ by one Author, who tells us, that Dom john went Discontented to the Indies, because he was not Complied with in some particulars; a thing so thwarting our certain information, and the little ambition of this Gentleman, who was more busy in what to deny, than what to ask, as if the King had met with one he was not to entreat but obey.  
35. He resolved to carry with him his Sons, 
He finds fault with his Sons rich clothes.  Dom Fernando, and Dom Alvero, who being the Eldest, had bespoke some rich clothes, allowed of by his Years and Quality; Dom john passing by chance through the jubiteria, 
A street in Lisbon where the Whole-sale-men sell clothes.  saw a pair of Embroidered Breeches hang out, and stopping his Horse asked whose they were? the man answering, that Dom Alvero the Governors' Son of India bespoke 'em, Dohn john asked for a pair of Scissors, and cut 'em in pieces, leaving this word with the Master of the Shop: Bid the Boy buy Arms. We read not that the Discipline of the old Romans was more exemplary or severe.  
36. Dom john quickly made ready the Fleet, 
The Ships and their Commanders.  without the oppression and complaints of the Poor, the Extorsion which great Officers carry out by their Prince's favour, being than not used, or not known; the main of the Fleet was six great Ships, on which went two thousand paid men. The Admiral called the Saint Thomas, on which the Governor went, who gave her that name which he afterwards called upon in the Field, justly imploring the protection of the Apostle of the Indies in all his undertake; the other Captains of the Convoy, were Dom jeronimo de Menezes, Son and Heir of Dom Henrique, Brother to the Marquis of Villa Real; jorge Cabral, Dom Manoel da Silveyra, Simaon de Andrade, and Diego Rebello.  
37. 
What time they set Sail.  All the Fleet set Sail the seventeenth of March 1545. and in a few days they had been at Sea, 'twas told the Governor, that in his Ship there were about two hundred who had their allowance of Diet, and nothing to do there; some were not received because useless, others were offenders who got on Board by stealth: The Officers were importunate with the Governor to put them on Board the Hospital Ship, so to rid his own, and keep their Provisions for the Casualties of so long a Voyage; but the Governor (more Compassionate than Cautious, making his and the poor men's case the same) followed on his course; in a little time Provision began to be scarce, on which the Mariners and Soldiers were forced to complain of the Governor, 
The Governors' compassion.  who with so Venturous compassion would to save a few, hazard all; most were of opinion to Land those men on the Cape de Verde Islands, where the Offender's would be out of the reach of Justice, and the Necessitous kept from Starving; but the Governor upon Reflection, that the Air and Soil of the Islands at that time of the Year, 
When the Winds do not blow.  were in every one's opinion unhealthful, resolved to protect the poor men in his own Ship, hoping to preserve both himself and them, saying in their behalf, It would be unhumanly done to deny them the Sea who fled from the Land; They had but little Winds, till they met with the Trade winds on the Coast of Guine, where the Governors' Ship striking upon the ground, 
The danger his Ship was in.  was like to overset, those Seas, in the judgement of Mariners being clear, and where the Card marked no Sands. Every one's Confusion was like his who drinks in Death unexpectedly▪ the season and fear too heightened the danger, when the Ship being all on one side, 
Not feeling the Rudder.  and not feeling the Rudder, began to be on float again; it might be chance, but seemed a miracle. The Governor commanded 'em to shoot off three Pieces, that the Ships which were on stern him might avoid the Sands, which, not understanding the Warning came upon 'em; but with better Luck, than Skill, though of the same Burden with the Admiral, scaped the Sands, finding in the same place other Fortune, the cause of which puzzled the Seamen.  
38. The Governor, 
He arrives at Mocambique.  with the whole Fleet got together, pursuing his Voyage arrived at Mocambique, where the Landing of, and the procuring conveniencies for, the sick men was what he chiefly minded, being in that assisted by his two Sons, Dom Alvero, and Dom Fernando, who then were Heirs apparent of his Charitableness, afterwards of his Valour; the time he stayed at Mocambique, he observed, the Fortress the State hath there to be ill contrived in being too far from the shore, by which, with difficulty it provided and relieved our Fleets, and being in a bottom was commanded by many Hills, which also hindering the good Air, made it unwholesome; He put this to those who either by Study, or Experience, had any Skill in this Science, 
Changeth the Fo●●●● seating it better.  and all agreed that the faults in the Fortification were judiciously observed; what was Debated was immediately put in hand, and with the choice of a convenient Situation he ordered Materials and Workmen for a new defence; and this going on in the Governors' sight, the Gentry as well as others carried Stones, some for Flattery, others to promote the Building.  
39 The Fortress made tenable, and the Sick recovered by the fresh Air and fresh Provisions on shore, 
He departs for Goa.  the Governor set Sail again, and having the Winds always favourable, cast Anchor on the 10th. of September at the Bar of Goa; where, Martin Affonso de Sousa, (by a Ship which went before) having had notice his Successor was near, provided to receive him with such Jollity as might show the content he had, in welcoming his Guest, and leaving his Government; he went presently in a Rich Brigantine to meet him at Sea, whence he carried him to Antoni Correa's House of Pleasure, whilst the Solemnity of his reception was preparing; there he Feasted the Governor, Gentlemen, and Captains of the Fleet, with so much Exquisiteness in the manner, and abundance in the meat, that it seemed he was doing the last honour to his expiring charge. That night there were Balls and Dancing, rejoicings which the simplicity of old Portugal carried to the East. Here the Governor stayed two days, attended by all the Gentlemen of the place, who forsook Martin Affonso de Sousa, even those who were his Favourites, and he had raised from nothing, disciplined in the Oriental ingratitude of the Indians, who cast stones at the setting Sun, and adore him rising.  
40. When the Entry was to be, the two Governors were in a Faluque with gilded Oars, and an awning of diverse-coloured Silks; the Castles and Ships entertained 'em with the horror of reiterated shootings, the Vivas and expectation of the common people did without any cunning flatter the new Government; 
His arrival, and reception.  they came to Land at a great place where the Common-Councel in a body expected them, and when they were placed with all the Ceremony vanity for that purpose hath invented, one of the Magistrates made an Elaborate speech, in which the State expected a great deal of happiness in the new Minister; after the Governor had heard the public Flatteries, he listened to the private ones of a great many, who with them made way for their particular Interest.  
41. When the Solemnity was ended, 
What condition he found his Government in  and Don john possessed of the Government of India, Martin Affonso went to Cochim, to provide for his return into the Kingdom; the Governor immediately was engaged in the care of quieting the People, who were all in an Uproar for the alteration of the Money, which the King's Officers had raised, to the prejudice of the Subjects, and the scandal of the Neighbouring Pagans; I'll tell the occasion begun it.  
42. There is current in India a low sort of Money, 
by the Alteration of the Bazaruccos.  which they call Bazaruccos, which amongst Christians, Moors, and Pagans, had always the same Value; this being of Copper, (which then came from Portugal and bore no price) the Officers thought fit for the King's profit to raise the price, the alteration of the Money was solemnly Proclaimed, and it began to pass at the new Rate; but, as this Legal worth was not intrinsical, (the Value coming from the Law, not from the weight) the Pagans (not subject to stranger's Laws) brought not in the usual Provision, and the people seemed to suffer by their own orders; the Chief Officers backed it as the King's cause, standing for the King's profit, in the People's destruction; the whole City cried out, that the Kings of Portugal never increased their Treasuries by their miseries, nor used to Drink in Gold plate their Subjects tears; that the Pagans and Moors made their Brags that not being able by the Sword to ruin the Portuguese, by their own Laws they Destroyed 'em, arming against 'em the ambition of their Governors. The hunger and liberty of the Petitioners grew high, justified by a good cause, and the Conformity of the common oppression; 
He hears the City and People.  with these grievances the Magistrates of the City, with the poor, Women, and Children, (some full of Complaints, the other of Arguments) went to the Governor, who Commanding the people to be quiet, heard, as a Judge the Magistracy, as a Father the rest, and hunger admitting of no long Cures, ordered the next day for determining the business; thus he sent them away satisfied, some believing that (as was the custom of India) it being his predecessors Act, it would by him be counted unjust. The same evening he sent for the King's Officers, 
His resolution about it.  and after hearing what they had to say for themselves, referred the matter to the ablest Lawyers, and those best skilled in the policy of that State, who unanimously agreed the decree to be Cruel, and very contrary to the Pious intentions of our Princes; this opinion too was countenanced by Custom, and the People's privileges, besides other Legalties, which (not to make our History tedious) we lay aside. This Law being revoked by the Governor, Provisions began to come in from the Inland-Country, and the people made him a present of those Lives he had by the indulgent remitting the Tax redeemed.  
43. 
Hidalcaon's first Embassy.  This business made an end of with so much repute to the King's Clemency, Ambassadors came to him from Hidalcaon, who (after the Customary salutes and giving him joy of his Office) desired the Delivery of a Prisoner on the terms agreed on with his Predecessor, and this business coming to that height as to engage the State in an open War, we will not leave its beginning unrelated.  
44. Bazarb Prince of Balagate Dying, 
Meale's is the better cause.  when Nuno de Cunha was Governor, Meal, though in his Cradle, was Heir apparent to the Crown, than was Hidalcaon the second Person in the Kingdom in Power, and the first in Courage, having in the late War with the Neighbour Princes given a large testimony of his Actions; Hidalcaon (as amongst this so Barbarous a people Men reign oftener by making use of their Opportunities, than by observing what's Right) seeing his own strength, and the Heirs incapacity, pave his ambition's way to the Crown, began to try the hearts of the great Ones, before whom with a great deal of Artifice he deplored the miseries of the Kingdom, in so Infant a successor, under whom they must obey or endure, as so many Kings all those he fancied; that the Princes with whom they had now Wars would not let slip this occasion of ruining 'em, when they saw him who should defend 'em in the Cradle; that where, there were so many, they ought to find out one to save their Country; that he would be the first should obey him, because the Government of the Kingdom could not wait those slow motions, by which Nature gives a little one first Strength, than Understanding; that if with unprofitable obedience they should adore Meal in his Nurse's arms, he did not doubt but by keeping their King, they would lose their Kingdom. He was affable to the People, liberal to the Soldiers, as if he desired to Reign not for himself, but for them: Ambitiously making use of, the whole Chain of Virtues, not as necessary for Living, but Reigning. The great Ones at last offered him the Crown, believing, he would always remember he was his Subject's Creature, and ●etain constantly in his Memory so signal a grace.  
45. Hidalcaon was Liberal and Stout, and without doubt would have been a great Prince, had he kept the Kingdom by the same Virtues he put on to achieve it; but seeing himself obeyed, those affected Artifices not having any natural motion, were at an end, and broke out into ambition and pride, the Vices of his Person; He did not then speak of kill Meal, either out of a counterfeit Clemency, or an unheard of Cruelty, intending perhaps that the poor Prince should by a servile obedience confirm the Sceptre he had usurped from him. The Nobility of the Kingdom (repenting when 'twas too late, and seeing they now could not without danger, be either Traitors or Loyal) consulted how Meal might secure himself from the Tyranny of Hidalcaon, as if the unfortunate Prince had had more right to his Life then his Kingdom; some years passed in these contrivances, in which Meal arrived at Age to apprehend his danger, and considering that his presence reproached the Tyrant's guilty Conscience, (who plotted with his blood to quiet the memory of his usurping the Crown,) by the Counsel of those who took the Kingdom from him, He went to Cambaya, where he was well received, both King and People showing, how much they resented the miseries of the Blood-Royal; but, as such favours have more ambition in them, than charity, they lasted not long, for, only the first days they treated him as a King, the rest as one Persecuted, but Meal still continued in Cambaya, counting more tolerable, the sleights of a Stranger, than the injuries of a Tyrant.  
46. In the mean time, Hidalcaon's great design was, to destroy those who gave him the Crown, whom, for all they had a just title to his favour by being complices in his Treason, he hated, because they put him in mind, either of his Obligation, or faults, and being now jealous of his own Actions, he found that Cruelty would root him faster than Clemency, so that his own Vice, and necessity together made him doubly so; upon pretence of correcting faults, either imputed, or forgot, (covering his Tyranny with a veil of Justice) he inchroached upon the Estates of the great Ones, to Levelly 'em with the common people, Confident, by pulling down the Nobility, to get into the poorer sort, who (out of a natural dislike of their own Fortune) do always delight in the fall of those above them; and they (seeing their patience worked not their quiet) consulted how they might restore Meal, some were for Revenge, others for Calling him in; they had their private meetings, where they took divers Resolutions, which fear, or the difficulty of the business, (harder to execute then design) every day altered; their forced obedience being at last wracked to the utmost stretch by new oppressions, they endeavoured by Hidalcaon's Death to redress their Error, and hide the shame of their former Treason; the Desperate, not the Bold were of this opinion, because now Hidalcaon lived with the strength of a King, and the circumspection of a Tyrant; He was assisted by the people, who hating the King, loved the Cruelties he used against the Gentry, who, for the disproportion of theirs, and the others Fortunes are always obnoxious. The Plotters fearful of themselves, and that their hatred would cool by delay, their base servitude too, turn Customary, seeing their own Force not equal for the enterprise, laid out for assistance from abroad; they bethought themselves of imparting the business to Martin Affonso de Sousa, (than Governor of the State of India) desiring him to send for Meal from Cambaya, and let him be at Goa; that though he refused the glory of restoring him, he thereby would keep Hidalcaon in awe, and inclinable to serve the State's occasions.  
47. Martin Affonso being persuaded, that 'twas more convenient to increase then extinguish this Flame which begun to burst out, 'twixt Hidalcaon and his Subjects, and that the weakening of a Warlike and Powerful neighbour would turn to the State's advantage; (Cloaking these conveniences with more plausible pretences, as the sheltering under our Arms a dispossessed and persecuted Prince, an Action glorious abroad and profitable at home) resolved to find out Meal at Cambaya, 
See Iohn de Barro's Hist. of India, Dec. 5. Lib. 10. Cap. 11.  giving him notice of his Subjects inclinations for his Restauration, who would be more eager when they saw the State protected both his Cause and Person. The Moor upon the receipt of so unlooked for a message, (counting the pity, of men not only different but contrary in Religion, extraordinary) betook himself to the faith and favour of the State, and with his poor Family embarking himself, arrived at Goa, where he was by the Governor received, with honours more befitting his Blood then Fortune, by some construed to be done him, more for effronting the Neighbour then respecting the Guest. Meale's arrival (who begun now to Reign in the hearts of a great many) being voiced all along that Coast, his party began to be stronger among the Plotters, who now saw, his cause sheltered under the protection of our Arms, and his name sounding better in the people's Ears.  
48. Hidalcaon upon consideration, 
Hidalcaon's Embassage.  that the State (whose victorious Arms were the more dreadful by their nearness) did not send for Meal only to secure his Person, but defend his Cause, dispatched Ambassadors to Martin Affonso de Sousa, giving him notice that he understood Meal was in his power, whom, he thought Fortune preserved, to disturb the peace of the East; that he knew what Title some Seditious spirits gave him, who being weary of Obeying, strove to set up new Lords whom they might Command; that Hidalcaon would not tell what moved him to seize on the Crown, because if Princes were bound to give account of their Pretensions, there were no difference 'twixt King and People; that the right of Princes was to be judged of God, not of Men; that 'twas the World's opinion now that there was no difference in Princes titles, but only in their Persons; that he denied not, that Contemptible and Cowardly Meal was of the Royal blood, but, that, the fault Nature committed, Fortune would correct by giving the Kingdom to him who was Daring and Stout; that nature to Lions only gave a Crown by their Birth, Men she let win it and wear it; that many things appeared injust to the World, because besides Custom; that for a man who was worthy of it, to possess himself of a Kingdom, would at first be looked upon as a Scandal, afterwards as a Law; that Meal was the basest Fellow ever Born in his Kingdom, and he the most Fortunate, and naturally all men hated natures Monsters, and loved Fortunes prodigies: that we should examine ourselves, how we came to Lord it in Asia? what Kin we were to Sabayo, that he should leave us Goa? how near we were Sultan Badour to Inherit Dio from him? whether Achem left us Malaxa by his Will? and all the places which pay us Tribute all over the East? that he desired us not to quarrel at that Title in him, that made us absolute Lords of the World; that, we should let God alone with the Government of the World, and being Born farthest West, not busy ourselves to compose the Disorders of Asia; that he would have us know, he had in his Kingdom Mines of different Metals, that some furnished him with Gold for his Friends, others with Iron for his Enemies; that in the last place, he desired the Governor to deliver him up Meal, that, by the mercy he should use him withal, the World might see how worthy he was to Reign, who so treated his greatest Enemy; that, his Ambassadors had order to settle all that concerned the State.  
49. Martin Affonso having received the Letters, and given Audience to Hidalcaon's Ambassadors, understood by 'em, that they proffered for Meals person an hundred and fifty thousand Pardaos, and the main Land of Bordez and Salsete, very considerable to the State for its Revenue and Nearness to Goa. Martin Affonso looked upon the business, as very weighty, and either Face promising great advantages; the restoring of a Prince, and pulling down a Tyrant, was a design worthy the Arms of Christians, by which the State would purchase no ordinary reputation, letting the World see, that our Banners were not displayed in Asia, either to usurp Kingdoms, or get Riches, since their employment was that the Pagans and Moors of the East, should keep the true Faith towards God, and Justice amongst themselves: On the other side 'twas said, that if Meal after a long War should come to Reign, he could not give the State more, than now without it Hidalcaon offered, and that the Moors by their hatred and Religion being Enemies, the World would laugh to see us with our own Blood, destroy one Infidel and set up an other; when too our happiness depended on both their ruins, besides that our Arms came not to India to defend the Enemies of the Faith, but to destroy 'em; that if Meal found no Protection from the King of Cambaya, his near Kinsman, why should he look for't from the Portuguese to whom he was an Enemy? that when he found himself restored, and strong, the first Lance that was hurled against the State would be his, because the Neighbourhood of so brave men who made him King would be suspicious to him, and the Memory of so great a good turn was enough to make him Hate us.  
50. Martin Affonso, on grounds not throughly weighed, resolved at last to deliver up Meal, dispatched the Ambassadors; and with them Galvaon Viegas an Honourable Gentleman, with full Power, to settle the Contract, in the manner it hath been related, sending with the consent of the Ambassadors to take immediate possession of the main Land, in virtue of Hidalcaon's proffer.  
51. In this condition did Dom john de Castro find the affairs of Meal, and was sued to by a new Embassy from Hidalcaon, in confidence of the Capitulation made with his Predecessor; 
The Governors' answer.  but Dom john with different maturity answered Hidalcaon, that the Portuguese were faithful to their Enemies, much more to their Guest; that the propositions of his Predecessor, were more for a right understanding of the cause, 
See Iohn de Barro's History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Cap. 2.  then to determine it; that the main Land belonged to the State by more ancient Grants, and that it was just out of its Revenue to maintain Meal, in gratitude to the Kings his Predecessors, who annexed it to the State, that he should suffer him quietly to enjoy this little memory of his Right; that the States securing his Person, was not yet Protection but Charity; that he should not with overhasty Arms disturb the Peace, for than he would make sure what he feared, provoking the State to take in hand the revenging of both; and because his Ambassadors had hinted that, the denying Meal would necessarily make a Breach, He put 'em in mind that most of the Fortresses we had made in India, were founded on the ashes of destroyed Kingdoms; that the Portuguese were like the Sea, which raiseth itself and grows greater in Storms; that for his part as he sought not a War, so he could not deny one.  
52. With this answer the Governor dismissed the Ambassadors, who, by his firmness in delivering it, understood that neither fear or advantage would bend him to give up Meal; Immediately he put himself in readiness to make or expect a War, which coming from a neighbour Prince we might sooner feel the Blow, then see the Sword. He gave orders for the raising of Horse, which were to be about two hundred, and to serve under the same Colours, a more stout, then orderly Militia: He entrusted the Guard of the City with the Train-bands, and had Soldiers in pay ready for any sudden invasion of the Enemies. He set upon the making ready the Fleet out of hand, which by the Voyages and Wars of his Predecessor, and the poverty of the State, he found all in pieces, and the strength of the Navy, being what is most considerable, here he wholly laid himself out; He new fitted the Vessels which lay in the River, made three Galleys, and six Round-bottomed Ships with wonderful speed, not failing the Officers in their pay, or his thanks; by which means the work went on, diligence overcoming time; He named Captains of those Galleys and Ships, who intended the work as their own business, an expedient, which did a great deal towards the quickness of the dispatch, the goodness and plenty of Ammunion and Provision, with which (in an opportune and short time) the Fleet was ready, with this he so bridled the Neighbour Princes, as he hindered 'em from joining with Hidalcaon, who had already solicited them to shake off the yoke, as an advantage to the common Liberty.  
53. Hidalcaon, 
Hidalcaon's first motion.  having notice of the Governors' resolution, appealed to the Justice of his Sword, endeavouring to carry the War from home, before Meale's presence raised the people, who by their commands, and advantages in the War, would make the cause their own: He presently on severe penalties forbid the Victuallers carrying the ordinary Provision to Goa, which, having it all from the Inland, was not furnished to endure so sudden a War; after this he sent Acedecaon a stout Turk with ten thousand men, to take in, that part of the main Land, which Lived under our Obedience.  
54. But Dom john de Castro knowing, that first successes give reputation to a War, 
The Governor goes in Person.  went out with two thousand Foot, and the Horse of the place to resist the Enemy, and being persuaded by a great many Gentlemen, that he should not engage his person in so unequal a party; that it was not for the honour of a Governor of India to put on his Sword against one of Hidalcaon's Captains, nor to let the World know he looked so much upon this War, especially having Gentlemen who deserved the honour and danger of the Action; it was not possible to dissuade him from his first resolution, saying with more confidence than his Forces would bear, that he went out to Chastise, not to Overcome, and marching two Leagues from Goa he came in sight of the Enemy, who, lodged at the foot of a Hill with a River in their front, (which was to them instead of a Ditch and Trench) with the advantages of their numbers, and Encamping, expected ours, who though wearied with their March, reinforcing themselves by the presence of the Governor, or sight of the Enemy, begun to pass the River with more Resolution, than Discipline, the Commanders could not stay, or order them, the most daring cast themselves into the River, and the more cautious were by this put upon a necessity; as to most of 'em to follow their Comrades example, passed for Discipline.  
55. The Governor with admirable prudence commanded those who stayed behind to go over the River, knowing, that what was in the beginning a fault, was now the Cure; and because that day he had not room enough to Order as a Commander, 
He fights and routs the Enemy.  he Fought as a private Soldier. Our men run upon the Moors so furiously, that discouraged, with the first Onset, they gave ground, and their Ranks, being confused and broken by themselves, were disordered and overcome; Our men (which seldom happens) seeing an Army routed without loss. The Moors loss was great in their Flight, none at all in their Resistance; Ours were two Leagues executing the Liberty, and cruelty of Victory, gathering up the Arms those poor men flung away, as a burden, not a defence. The pursuit lasted as long as the Day, the horror of the Night freeing the Enemies from that of the Victory; Our Soldiers retreated, full of Blood, Honour, and Booty; the Governor kept the Field till the next day, without censuring the Soldiers for that Disorder which gave them the Victory, following the course of human judgements, which never speak well of Losses, or blame Victories.  
56. The Governor, 
He returns to Goa.  at his Entry into Goa, was received with an extraordinary applause, from that people, so used to see, and slight Victories; and because, in this and many other Fights which Dom john won, he called upon the name of St. Thomas, the Apostle of the Indies, we believe they were got by the favour of so great a Padrone, who, to recompense the piety, and honour the memory of Dom john de Castro, was pleased, in the days of his Government, to discover that miraculous Cross, found at Meliapor on the Coast of Choromandell; the wonderful Cross and the Body of the Saint being as it were covered with the same Earth, 
His veneration to the Cross.  and as Dom john de Castro worshipped this sign of our Redemption, with a due, but a strange Reverence, (lighting always from his Palanquim or Horse when he met the Cross, 
A kind of Sedan in the Indies, carried on men's Shoulders.  and putting himself on his Knees) this discovery will not seem to have been by chance, since the mercies of Heaven come not by accident. We will give you the relation of the Mystery, because it carries with it a successive miracle in testimony of the faith of the East, cultivated in those Countries with the Blood and Doctrine of our Portuguese.  
57 After the wonderful finding the Body of this holy Apostle in the City, 
The finding St. Thomas' Cross.  or rather ruins of Meliapor, (then called Calamina) the Kings, Dom Manoel, and Dom john, being with a pious Zeal inflamed to revive those dead Ashes, which had been there from the first planting Christianity by the Apostle, (though now corrupted by the Doctrine of the Armenian and Chaldean Priests, who separated from the Roman-Catholick Church, did make those well-meaning Christians swallow dangerous Opinions, which by the pains of our Missionaries have in part been reformed) set upon Building a Church in the same place where the Venerable Body of the Apostle was found, and opening the Foundations for the Fabric, found a Cross (wrought in a Marble Pedestal) of four Spans long and three broad, besprinkled with drops of Blood, which might be thought to be newly done, (the Cross was like that of the Knights of Aviz;) on the bottom of the Pedestal were lesser Crosses of the same fashion with the biggest, sprinkled with the same spots of Blood; on the top of the great Cross was a hover Pigeon, there was Old writing about it, which, (being in an unknown Tongue, and not in one continued sense) the Natives understood not; the oldest and most knowing Antiquaries in different Languages were consulted with, but none could make out the Character or meaning of the Writing, till a while after was brought a Bramene from Narzinga, who expounded it in current Sense, and said thus;  
Thirty years after the Law of the Christians came into the World, on the 21 th'. of December, the Apostle Saint Thomas Died in Meliapor, where was the knowledge of God, change of Laws, and the destruction of the Devil; This God taught twelve Apostles, one of whom, with a staff in his hand, came to Meliapor where he Built a Temple, and the Kings of Malabar, Choromandell, and Pandi, with others of different Nations and Sects freely submitted themselves to Saint Thomas' Law; time was when the Saint was put to Death by a Bramene, and with his Blood made this Cross.  
This Exposition, being an hired Interpreters, in a matter of so great moment, our Nation did not too confidenly believe, but sent for an other Pagan Learned in all the Oriental Languages, who, knowing nothing of the other Exposition, deciphered the Letters in the same manner, without any difference, the Copy of the Print (as you see it here) was brought to the King Dom Sebastian in the Year 1562.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Our Nation (with the greater expense in reverence to that place, which had been the Depository of so Sacred a pledge) went on in Building the Church, the Piety and Conflux of the people of Malabar was great too, at the sight of so notable a Testimony of their Faith. The Church was in a short time perfected, the Cross engraved on Marble (as we have said) served in place of Altar-piece. Divine Service began to be said there, with the Decency so remote a place would permit; and on the 18. of December, (the day of our 
* A peculiar Feast in Spain and Portugal, when the B. Virgin looked to b● brought to Bed.  Lady's expectation) as Mass was saying in a full Congregation, when the Priest began the Gospel, the Holy Cross too began to be covered with a great Sweat, 
A famous Miracle of the same Cross.  letting fall no little drops on the Altar. That the signs of the Miracle might be more Visible, the Priest stopped in the Sacrifice, wiped off the Humidity the Cross breathed with the Corporals, which (before a great many there present immediately seemed dipped in Blood); the Holy Cross began presently to change its Alabaster to a paler Colour, which turned to an obscure black, that too changed to an unusual bright Azure, which lasted as long as Mass, when that was done it came to the natural Colour of which 'twas found.  
58. The same Miracle hath successively for many years been seen on the same day, and we know by good Authors and faithful Relations that it yet happens sometimes, by which means, those Christians with a stronger Faith receive our Doctrine. This Miracle, after much arguing on both sides, was cleared before the Bishop of Cochim in open Court, the proceedings came to this Kingdom, in the time of the King Dom Henry, the Cardinal, who, by the consent of Pope Gregory 13 th'. confirmed the Miracle, which is now divulged in our own Chronicles and foreign Authors. Dom john de Castro received 
How the Governor was affected with the News.  the news of this Miracle with no ordinary show of Piety, protecting Saint Thomas' Christians, oppressed with the slavery of Pagan Princes, who had taken from 'em certain Grants and Privileges, which by the intercession of the Holy Apostle had by the Kings their Predecessors been indulged 'em, but, by the hatred of the Infidels, and corruption of the times were only remembered.  
59 Hidalcaon gave not over infesting us on the main Land with his usual incursions, which kept us on continual Duty, and hindered the Husbandmen from Tilling, upon which the Governor resolved to strike where the Blow might be most felt; 
He sends his Son Dom Alvero against Hidalcaon.  He presently Commanded his Son Dom Alvero to go out with the Fleet, he had provided, with Orders, to do all the hurt he could in Hidalcaon's Ports, giving the Soldiers all free Pillage, that the hopes of Plunder might make 'em not mention some Arrearages the State owed 'em; and put by others from playing the Merchants, a Corruption which stole upon a great many by the foul example of their Superiors.  
60. Dom Alvero put to Sea with 900. Portugese and 400. 
He goes out with six Ships.  Indians on six Ships and some long Boats with Oars, and after a few days Sailing spied four of Hidalcaon's Ships going with Stuffs and other Commodities to Cambaya. Dom Alvero presently commanded his Captains to come on Head him, and the Boats to keep close to the shore, for fear the Enemy should out of Desperatness run a ground; the Ships were Merchant men, and but few Soldiers in 'em, who, seeing they could neither fly, 
His prize.  nor defend themselves, sent aboard the Admiral two Moor Merchants, who, with reasons and tears, showed themselves not concerned in the difference 'twixt Hidalcaon and the State, and proffered a reasonable present toward the expense of the Fleet; but neither the covetousness of the Soldiers, or the policy of War would let them be heard, but the Ships were Boarded and sent to Goa, that the Prize might be divided according to the Governors' Proclamation. Upon the arrival of those Ships at Goa, the people was stangely transported, seeing Victories so got one upon the neck of an other; in the first they praised the Courage of the Father, in the second the Fortune of the Son.  
61. Dom Alvero, 
Dom Alvero proposeth the Entry into Cambre.  seeing opportunity and weather on his side, and that the Soldiers were contented because they had in hand the fruit of their late Enterprise, commanded his Pilot to steer to the Port of Cambre, where, since the breaking out of the War, Hidalcaon kept double Garrison; there were two Forts with Ordinance planted at the entrance of the Bar, and the Channel was so narrow that without eminent danger our Ships could neither pass through, or ride there. The General Dom Alvero, put to the Captains of the Fleet the apparent difficulties, which every one concluded of moment enough to be considered of, alleging that voluntary undertake ought not to be set upon with so certain danger; that they should more to purpose carry on the War against Hidalcaon, by Lording it in his Seas, and in his sight, taking away his commerce; that there was more hazard than profit in what could be done by Land; that (as they saw) the Channel was so begirt with those Forts, our Ships must pass by the mouth of the Canon; that the first Ship they should shatter, would hinder the rest from passing. But Dom Alvero urging, 
He resolves to invest.  that he was resolved to execute his Orders, which were, to get on shore and burn the Enemy's Ports; the Council replied by proposing, that he as General should stay to Command at Sea, and that most of the Commanders of the Ships would strive to pass the Bar, because if any thing should happen amiss to the Admiral of that Fleet, Son and Heir to the Governor of India, what greater Damage could the State receive, than the necessity of engaging in so just a Vengeance? On which Dom Alvero in a great deal of passion broke off the consult, saying, that he cared for no Victories where his danger was not as great as the least common Soldiers; that, out of obedience he was their General, and in danger their Companion; that, he had instructions from the Governor, to venture his own Person on every occasion, his Soldiers but upon necessity; that he looked upon the Dangers they represented to be less than those he came in chase of, because Honour was not to be purchased without hazarding; that he came from Portugal to find out this Day, which he hoped would be glorious for them all, and that in this Resolution he asked not their advice, only that they would consult about the manner of the falling on. The General's Gallantry, and Youth, did then excuse his Rashness, afterwards the Success; 'twas agreed that the men should go into the long Boats, and that at the beginning of the Dawning when Daylight was not well broke, and so the Enemy not sure of his aim, they should get on shore; 
He gets on shore.  they all that Night provided themselves, seeing in the General's looks hopes of Victory. The General (having left sufficient Guard on the Ships) got on shore, with 800. Choice men, and with Fortune so declaring for him, that of a great many Shot that lighted on the Boats, not one either killed or wounded a Soldier, this accident being a Disposition to, or beginning of the Victory.  
62. The City (which ran along a great Plain) contained five thousand Families, the Houses by themselves, and not leaning on one an other, without any other policy, 
The largeness and strength of the place.  union, or share of ground, than what every one took for his pleasure or ability; and yet the Turrets and Balconies of every House, did altogether present a rude Stateliness, as if Built with more Pride than Art; it had on the North-side a little Mountain, whence ran some small Rivulets, with no name, which, contributed both to the pleasantness and fertility of the Soil. The City was anciently Inhabited by the Bramenes, now by Merchant Moor, a place amongst the Eastern people always famous, then for Superstition, now for Wealth; it was not defended by either Walls or Works, the Inhabitants being secure by the Power of their Lords, or the Peace they preserved with the Neighbouring Princes; but at present, the War we had with Hidalcaon beginning Victoriously, the Moors, saw the danger they were in, by example, and had drawn two thousand paid Soldiers to Guard the City, who with the standing Militia, were (according to their computation) sufficient for their Defence.  
63. These came, with their Colours flying, and with so much resolution to hinder our men from Landing, as for a good while they retarded us, obliging us to Fight at a stand, 
The Enemy's resistance.  and so close as our Soldiers could not make use of their Muskets, whose first charge only, they received with notorious resolution. Here Dom Alvero notably showed his Valour and Conduct, encouraging his men to Fight, sometimes by Speeches, sometimes by the Example of his own Actions. Ours at last saw themselves so straightened as they fought more for Life then Victory. The success, for an hour hung doubtful, till a great many of the Inhabitants, wounded with their own fear, and our Swords, quitted the Field, showing in the first encounter, Valour, above Men, in the second, below womans, a thing very ordinary in raw Soldiers, where the greatest fear follows the greatest daring; the rest by this example were getting off, in fear and disorder; here the Moors received great loss, falling with little or no Resistance, those who dropped too were so many as they hindered the rest from Flying.  
64. Ours entered the City mingled with the Moors, 
Ours enter,  where the poor men stopped, o'ercome with the fondness and tears of Wives, and Children, who then with useless compassion bore 'em company, rather Witnesses, than Defenders of their Lives; some there were, who embracing their Husbands let themselves be run through with our Lances, inventing fresh sadness by a new remedy; Of our Soldiers, some Robbed 'em, some Defended 'em, some following the disposition of the Season, others of their Nature; Out of desperate Love some of those Women ran amongst our armed Squadrons to seek their Dead, seeming not to value their Lives; full of tenderness for others Wounds, without any for their own; 
and gain the City.  at last we gained the City with less loss, than danger, because resolving to enter under the Enemy's Canon, Dom Alvero was more lead on by Courage, than Discipline; the greater part of the Moors was Destroyed, some in the Fight, most in the Flight; the Women showed more Courage, than their Husbands; These lost their Lives, they could not defend, the others despised theirs they might have saved; of ours there Died twenty two, the Wounded were more, of whose number was the General hurt by an Arrow. 'Twas necessary to end one Cruelty to begin an other, their Anger ceased, and their Covetousness began; Dom Alvero gave order to Plunder the City, where the Booty was as great as the Victory, 
The Destroying and Plundering of it.  because, either out of Confidence or Carelessness the Moors had saved nothing, and kept in the City those who were useless for the Defence of it, out of contempt of our Forces, or not to dishearten their own. In fine, the Prize was so great, that it could not all be carried aboard, the Soldiers took the best, leaving the rest as Fuel for that Fire which was to Consume the City, by Dom Alvero given up to the merciless Flames; which did not a little strike the Neighbouring Colonies, that place being the Richest and most Tenable of all the Coast, once, as it were, the Bulwark of the rest, now their Lamentable example.  
65. The General with all the Fleet weighed Anchor, and steered for Goa to unlade the Ships, 
Dom Alvero returns to Goa.  (put out of their trim, by too great a Burden;) resolving to leave there the Sick and Wounded, and return to carry on the War, which the Soldiers, content with the Liberality, and Fortune of their new General, very much desired. The news arrived at Goa before the Ships, the Governor very much valued the Victory, the people the Plunder; not long after came intelligence, that those who had scaped the Rout had been to acquaint Hidalcaon with the lamentable Destruction of their City, who, while they vented their first grief for their Children and Kindred, could not keep in the second calamity of their Goods and Houses, where the devouring Fire had so mingled the Ashes, they could not with peculiar tears, weep over their Dead; they told Hidalcaon, that if he resolved to continue the War with such a people, they would go and Inhabit the Deserts, where they should be out of sight of those Western Beasts, Born for the reproach and ruin of Asia, they told and cursed our Victories one after the other, which looked bigger in their Fears, than our Books.  
66. Hidalcaon, considering the fortune of our Arms, the complaints, 
Hidalcaon proffers Peace.  and calamities of the Inhabitants, and many disaffected to his Service, whom the War, and those Successes would more embolden, was inclinable to Peace, thereby to remedy the Dissensions and Seditions at home, which might grow stronger by the liberty of men in Arms; and communicating to his Council the present condition of things, all were of opinion, they ought by a feigned peace to cloak their grievances, expecting till time offered 'em a fairer opportunity to set upon the State, joining their Forces with other Kings who were offended. And the Moors fight more for their conveniency then quarrel, Hidalcaon sent Ambassadors to the Governor, frivolously excusing the War he made, and minding him of the benefit the State might receive by his Friendship.  
67. The Governor, in public and in great State, gave audience to the Ambassadors, 
The Governor accepts it.  answering them, that as he sought not for War, so he could not deny it; that the felicity of the State consisted in having many Enemies, because with Spoils and Victories it grew always greater; but, that he never denied Peace to any one, who by his Actions, and faithful Friendship deserved it; that he would deprive his Soldiers of the conveniences they looked for from that War; but Hidalcaon must know the first day he was to pass for a King, was that in which he treated Peace with the Portuguese. Thus did he dispatch the Ambassadors, awed with so great a Courage; with the same neglect did he always manage the Wars in the East, in which his Valour was equal to his Fortune.  
68 He presently betook himself to the dispatching particular business, 
He looks to the affairs of the State,  rewarding the Soldiers who had served him, whom he parted with as well satisfied with the rewards he gave them, as his acceptance of their Service; He put Commanders into the void Forts, which were unprovided by the King; making so just an estimate of Deserts, that he was Debtor neither to conveniency, or the State, a virtue hardly arrived at by Princes, and very rare in their Ministers.  
69. He was not less fired with zeal for the honour of God, then for that of the State, in the confusion of War, and the noise of Arms, applying himself to matters of Religion, 
and matters of Religion.  as if he had been only sent to stickle for them. And the King Dom john, knowing his Piety, as well as his Valour, commended to him the propagation of the Faith, and Divine worship. Out of a Letter, which on this Subject the King writ him, is well gathered, how both King and Minister were inflamed in God's cause, of which we will here give a Copy, that the World may see our Arms in the East, brought more Sons to the Church than Vassals to the State.  
The King's Letter to Dom John de Castro.  
FRiend and Governor. The great Concernment, which lies upon Christian Princes to look to matters of Faith, and employ their Forces for its Preservation, makes me advise you how sensible I am, that not only, in many parts of India under our Subjection, but even in our City of Goa, Idols are Worshipped, places in which our Faith might more reasonably be expected to Flourish; and being as well informed with how much liberty they celebrate Heathenish festivals, we command you, to discover by diligent Officers all the Idols, and to demolish and break 'em in pieces where ere they are found; Proclaiming severe punishments against any one who shall dare, to Work, Cast, make in Sculpture, Engrave, Paint, or bring to light, any Figure of an Idol, in Metal, Brass, Wood, Plaster, or any other matter, or bring them from other places; and against those, who publicly, or privately, Celebrate any of their sports, keep by them any Heathenish Frankincense, or assist and hide the Bramenes, the sworn Enemies of Christian Profession; whosoever of the forenamed shall run into the like Crimes, 'tis our pleasure you Punish 'em, with that severity the Law in that case, or our Proclamation requires, without admitting any appeal or dispensation in the least. And that the Pagans may submit themselves to the yoke of the Gospel, not only out of Conviction of the purity of its Faith, and fed with the hopes of Eternal Life, but be advantaged too, by some temporal favour showed 'em, (which doth very much work upon Subject's hearts) you are with all Diligence to see that the new Christians, may henceforward have and enjoy all the Exemptions and Liberties from Taxes, enjoying those Privileges, and places of Honour, which the Pagans did hitherto use to do. We have too been informed, that many Indians are forced to go in our Fleet, and are for that at charges against their wills, desiring that so great Exorbitancy should be remedied, we order that the Christians be exempt from that Oppression, and in case the necessity be very pressing, you shall if they go, (with that trust we look for, from your care, and diligence) provide, that they be every day satisfied for their Labour; Having known too, from grave and credible Persons, (and what we particularly resented) that some Portuguese buy Slaves for little, that selling them to the Moors and other Infidel Merchants, they may get by 'em, which is done to the great Damage of their Souls, they being easily to be Converted to the Faith, we command you to employ all your power for the preventing so great an evil, by hindering such Sales, for the great service which by it is done to God, and you will do to us, if with the rigour the case requires, you remedy a thing which appears so foul to us. You are to take care for the kerbing the excessive liberty of some Usurers, who as we are informed, are amongst you under the protection of an old Law of Goa, which we do at this present, and you are also to revoke, taking it away from the Body of the rest, as contrary to Christian Religion; you are to give order for the speedy Building a Church in Bacaim, which is to be Dedicated to St. Joseph, and upon our account to assign it rend for a Rector, some Beneficiaries, and Chaplains who may officiate there; and because the Preachers, and Ministers of our Faith, by going about to Convert the Pagans, are in Necessity, we think it fitting, and 'tis our will to give 'em something towards defraying their Charges, and only for that you are to lay a yearly Tax of three thousand Pardaos on all the Mosques the Moors have in our Territories. You shall too out of our Customs and Rights for ever give three hundred Bushels of Rice for the maintenance of those whom the Vicar Miguel Vaz either hath or shall Convert about Chaul, which quantity we order to be put into the Bishop's hands, that he (as he sees necessity) may distribute it. We have too been informed that about Cochim, Saint Thomas' Christians are cheated in their weights and measures by our Merchants who sell Pepper there, and that they take from 'em the Surplusage they (according to an old Custom) ought to have over and above the just weight, and measure, whom for many respects, 'twere better to favour then oppress; for that end you are to give order, they may enjoy their old Customs; you are also to treat with the King of Cochim, that he cause to be ta'en away certain Pagan Rites and Superstitions which his Soothsayers use to practice in the sale of Pepper, his advantage by 'em being very little, and the Scandal to the Christians who contract there very great; and because we have been advised of the Cruelty that King useth against those Indians who receive our Faith, by seizing on their Estates, you must zealously endeavour the said Kings (to whom we have writ about it) leaving that so Barbarous cruelty, which so much injures the Souls and Bodies of his Subjects, which, being our Friend, he will do; you on your part employing that care we charge you with. For that, which by your Letters and Advises we have, concerning the delivering the people of Socotora from the miserable Slavery in which they Live, we are of opinion so to remedy it, that the Turk (whose Subjects they are) shall not with his Fleets infest those Seas, you are to look how that is most conveniently to be done by the advice of the Vicar Miguel Vaz, whose Experience, both in that and all other business of moment that shall occur, will very much help you. We know that those who Fish for Pearl, besides other wrongs and oppressions they lie under, suffer in their Estates, our Sea-Captains out of their little fear to God, forcing 'em on very hard terms, only to Fish for them, upon which, (desiring that none of our Subjects should suffer any Violence or Oppression) we order you to see that those people be not so hardly used, and that our Captains usurp not so unjust a Power; and further, for the avoiding the like grievances and cruelties you are to look if those Coasts be sufficiently Guarded, and, if 'tis possible for us to recover our Deuce without having a Fleet there: and finding it Feasible, you are to withdraw thence our Captains, commanding none to Sail along those Coasts, by that means the Natives may enjoy their Estates, and Cruelties and Extorsions be prevented; above all we recommend to you the consulting with the Father Francisco Xaverius in what ever occurs, chiefly what is to be done for the increase of Christianity on the Fishing Coast, that those who are newly Converted may not be employed in the Fishing, if they be, it may be upon knowledge that with their new Religion they have got new Manners, and the great abuses they use in it may be Curbed. We have been likewise informed, that those who from Paganism are Converted to our holy Faith, are ill used and despised by their Kindred and Friends, who, with so great Outrage and so high an Hand banish 'em their Houses, and seize on their Estates, that they are forced to Live miserably in great want and necessity; that such things may be redressed, you are (with the Counsel of the Vicar Miguel Vaz) to see they be relieved at our Charge, putting, what is to be given 'em, in the hands of the Rector who hath care of 'em, that he may every year distribute it as is most convenient. We know too that from Ceilaon, there came a youth to Goa, flying the fury and anger of his Kindred, and being (as he is) of the Royal Family, that he ought to succeed in the Kingdom, upon which, (for the encouragement of those already, and those yet to be Converted) we have thought good that you accommodate him (now he●s a Christian) in Saint Paul's College in the City, where, at our Charge, such Lodgings, and necessaries may be provided him, as are sit, not only for his maintenance, but pleasure, that our Grandeur with Persons of his quality may be seen; besides, you are to endeavour to clear his claim to the Kingdom; and what you find in the business, send us with the proofs, that we may according to conveniency provide; in the mean time 'tis our pleasure, that with all imaginable severity you call the Tyrant to account for his Cruelties against those who are Converted to our holy Faith; obliging him to give satisfaction for so great insolence, that all the Princes of India may see our love to justice, and how we put upon our own score the protecting those who cannot help themselves. And because, 'tis not fit Pagan Artificers should (as hitherto hath been allowed 'em) Cast, Paint, or Work any Images or Figures of our Lord Christ, or his Saints, to sell 'em; we command you to use all diligence, for the hindering it, laying Penalties, that he, who shall be proved to make any of the forementioned Images, shall (besides the having two hundred Drubbs) lose his Estate, because without doubt it looks not well that Images representing so holy Mysteries should pass through the hands of Pagan Idolaters. We have it from the same hand, that the Churches newly begun to be Built at Cochim, and Coulaon, want finishing, being uncovered and exposed to all the injuries of the Wether; which is not only an ill sight, but prejudices the Building; you shall therefore give Order, that (without sticking at the charge) they may be gone on with, till Finished, by the work and design of the best Architects and Overseers; you are too, to cause a Church to be Built in Naraon, in Honour of, and with the Dedication to, the Apostle Saint Thomas, and to look to the finishing of that already begun in Calapor, by the name of the holy Cross; you are too, to make another in the Neighbouring Island of Coraon, for design and stateliness as you shall think convenient, there being nothing, which, in the Pagans will more stir up Devotion for the matters of our holy Faith, than the affection they see on our part. Besides which, we do more straightly charge you with the founding Schools and Houses of Devotion, in all places fit for't; whether, on certain Days, not only the Christians, but Pagans may resort to Sermons, and Spiritual exercises, that so they may come to the Love of our holy Faith, and the Knowledge of the errors in which they Live, being illuminate with the Light of the Gospel; for which you are to choose Ministers with those parts such a Ministry requires. And above all, earnestly desiring that the Name of God may be known and worshipped, and his holy Faith received in our State, we will, and 'tis our pleasure, that in the Territories of Salsete and Bardez all the Idols, and infernal Worship, which hath hitherto been practised there, be utterly rooted out; and that it may be done with the less difficulty, and without the necessity of using any force or violence, we command the Preachers in their Sermons and Disputations, to manage the hearts of the Pagans with such prudence and zeal, that (by God's blessing) they may be sensible of the good intended them, by bringing 'em to the knowledge of their Errors, and delivering 'em from the miserable servitude of the Devil in which they are, out of which, they only are to be freed by closing with our holy Faith, the sole way to know that blindness in which Satan leads 'em, not to consider how much the Salvation of their Souls concerns 'em; and because it very much imports this business, that the undertakers of it be Men of a good Life and Conversation, and able Scholars, you are to pick out such, from whom we may expect the Effect we desire, and to recommend to 'em the care and diligence requisite on their part; and on yours, you are to endeavour the drawing of, and favouring all men, especially the Nobility and Great ones, (whose example the multitude follows) and who being once reconciled to our holy Faith, the difficulty will be but little to Convert the common people, who will immediately be doing, what they see done by the Grand●es. Let them who turn, he well used, (that more may be won) having favour showed 'em, not only in the general, but in their particulars, be they never so poor and miserable. Of all this, we thought fit to inform you, that, for the confidence we have of your care and diligence, you might remedy all, from which, great Glory will result to our Lord God; and we will reckon it to you as a peculiar service.  
Dated at Almeirim the eight of March in the year of our Lord jesus Christ 1546. By the KING.  
70. Dom john put as much of this Letter in Execution, as his being always in Arms would permit him; for the time of his Government was one continued Battle, and the Soldiers, by the Licence of War, were readier to ruin the Laws, then reform their Manners; yet will the History show us no slight Arguments of his Zeal, recompensed extraordinarily by Heaven with signs and miracles, one of 'em, which happened in the Molucca's, (annexed to his Government,) I'll relate with my Customary brevity.  
71. The light of the Gospel had shined in those Islands; (Saint Francisco Xaverio as a faithful Labourer in the Lord's Vineyard, having in a great part cleared those places of the Thistles and Briars of Infidelity) though we owe the first Cultivating to that great Portuguese Antonio Galvaon, the most Courageous Governor and Zealous Apostle of those Pagans, whose Prowess was answered by its Fruits in the wonderful Conversion of Souls, who with their Baptism received the easy Yoke of Christ, the Princes and great Ones, as well as the People, being all Tuneable to the Obedience of the Gospel. The Devil perceiving that, in that Cessation of Paganism, 
A miraculous success in the Mocuccas.  a Light appeared from Heaven discovering the ways of Life, armed against the innocent Christians a Pagan thereabouts called Tolon, who had usurped the Island of Moro. He with infernal Zeal began to persecute the new Converts, forcing them by new Torments to turn Renegadoes from that Faith they had professed; for which, many chose to shed their Blood in a happy Martyrdom, others of weaker Faith yielded to the Torments. The Tyrant's boldness increasing to the Affronting of our Arms, obliged 'em out of obedience to the Faith, and for the service of the State, to Chastise that Idolater. The persecuted, and fearful, came with complaints to the Portuguese, in Ternate, who resolving to bring down the Infidel, with more zeal than strength went to find him out at his own Home. Their motion could not be so secret, but the Tyrant had notice of it; who, by fortifying the entrance of the Island with Trenches and strong Barricado's, provided for his Defence; and in case our men should get those, he had strewed Splinters and long poisoned Crows-feets in all the Avenues which led to the City, o'er which, whilst ours in the heat of Anger, and Victory, past, they must necessarily lose themselves. It happened, that after winning the first Stacade, (which the Infidels probably quitted without any hot dispute, in confidence of their second Stratagem) whilst ours, baited with the flight of the Enemy, were incautelously passing on, there fell on a sudden, (a thing miraculous) such a quantity of Ashes from the Sky as made ours stop, till, after the Air was cleared, they pursued their Victory over the Crows-feets, where the Ashes had made the way hard and sure; so the astonished Infidels afterwards related it, making use of the Miracle, for an argument of the truth of that Doctrine they persecuted.  
72. Thus did Asia yield to the Faith and the State in the time of Dom john de Castro, who had in one hand the Gospel, in the other a Sword, and filled the East with the discourse of so great an Action, as was, the Voluntary undergoing a War for the defence of Meal, a persecuted Moor, whose Subjects had refused him their Obedience, and the Princes his Allies their Protection.  
73. Asia gave him but little time of rest in the Triumphs of his Victories, Cambaya beginning immediately to rouse him with the Alarms of a new War; the noise of it was already in the State's intelligence; but being the most notable piece of our History, we will relate it in a Book apart.   

THE LIFE OF DOM JOHN DE CASTRO.  
The Second Book.  
THE Portuguese were more feared, then loved by the Princes of Asia, on the Death of Sultan Badur King of Cambaya, whose private Faults and public Punishments got him (by the Prerogative of the Blood-Royal) the people's affection, either out of the natural Commiseration to Sufferers, or reverence of Majesty, and hatred of our Government, not less abhorred as Foreign, then Powerful.  
2. Mahumud King of Cambaya, Heir to the Crown and wrongs of Badur, (who Died in the Government of the great Nunho de Cunha) equally fired with glory, 
The King of Cambaya consuls how he may take Dio.  and revenge, did (as our Chronicles relate) design to take Dio from the Portuguese; and (by the Confederacy of other Princes) to drive 'em out of India, an undertaking, (as some of his own were of opinion) not very difficult; their Arguments were, that the State was a monstrous Body, whose Head being in the West, fed the Members so infinitely distant from it, by the interposition of so much Sea, and Land; that Cambaya's strength was so great, that as well by its Ruin, as Victories, it could crush the State, already weakened with so many accidents. The great Ones, and Nobility of the Kingdom, were divided in their Opinions; some, arguing from the first Siege, (their Wounds at it, and Memory of it, being yet fresh) thought the Portuguese Arms fatal to Cambaya, and though they took to heart the Death of Badur, yet by others patience in taking Affronts, did they excuse their own; they taxed those, who were the first Authors of making peace with the State, and those who now would have it broken; the last, because they kept not their Faith; the first, because they were not sensible enough of injuries. Others, (as when things are uncertain, it frequently falls out) discoursed to the contrary; and found as many arguments for War, as Victory.  
3. Amongst all the rest, 
Is persuaded by Coge-Sofar.  the most Powerful and Obnoxious man of Cambaya, and who had got the best share in the King's favour, with a great deal of Caution spurred on the War, believing, the Heart-burnings which were against his Fortune, and the Envy of the great Ones, would, being the fruits of Peace, cease in the common danger; and by his Command and Power in the War, he should prefer others, who being his own Creatures would be true to him; I'll give a short relation of the man, because his name will often occur in his History.  
4. Coge-Sofar was by Nation an Albanese, and the Child of Catholic Parents, 
What Coge-Sofar was.  though the Fruit degenerated from the Stock. He had served some time in the Wars of Italy, more taken notice of for a brave, than a Soldier; in all Mutinies and Tumults, picked out as the worst; for some years he led this loose Life, without, either reward, or punishment; until, like a restless man, who had rather seek then expect his Fortune, he changed his Profession; of a Soldier becoming a Merchant, for being Cunning and Covertous, this was the nearest and surest way to what he aimed. He begun in a little time, (knowing the opportunity and seasons of Commerce) to grow great by his business, being at once Liberal, and Covetous, for his own ends cunningly making use of both Vice and Virtue. His Stock and Credit was at last so considerable, as Trading up and down the straits, with three small Vessels of his own, of different Lading, he was met with by Rox Solyman, Admiral for the Sultan of Cairo, who Boarded him, made him yield, and took what he had. The Prize was greater than the Victory, and Solyman for the credit of his own reputation, treated him Honourably, presenting him to the Sultan as a Prisoner of Quality, valuing more his Person then his Booty. Coge-Sofar began to be as content with his misfortune, as if it had been of his own seeking; He was experienced Soldier enough by his Service in the Armies in Italy and Flanders; He spoke of the Forces of the Christians with malice and undervaluing, as if intending to teach the Sultan to know his own strength. The Sultan was by these Arti●ices brought to look on the Slave as capable of great things, and begun first out of curiosity to listen to him; afterwards out of affection. Coge-Sofar with so sly a flattery commended what ere he did, well, or ill, as it passed but for freedom, because making a show to be only zealous, not acceptable, he kept to himself, the Souldan's favour, and avoided all public honours more out of cautiousness than modesty. He came to be Treasurer of Cairo, a place of very great trust, which he managed with prudence, and fidelity, Virtues so prized by the Sultan, as if not till then known amongst the Infidels. At the Counsels of War his Vote weighed most, sometimes for his experience, sometimes for the reason of it; in all designs against the Christians, particularly in those which were to be carried on by others, He declared his sense with a great deal of confidence, and by this means grew so great that he could not bear his own Fortune, till, not minding the preserving himself by the same Arts he was advanced, his Ambition and Pride burst forth; He possessed what places he could, and more solicitously looked after Preferments than Friends, whose help or company he now Valued not, he desired to be known, only for the Souldan's Slave, and for Master of the rest. He plotted the Destruction of the great Ones on public pretensions, as if he aimed that two only were to Govern, till the Moors, wearied of so base a patience, began publicly to complain and disturb the Souldan's inclinations to favour Coge-Sofar, they very feelingly acquainted him with their grievances, saying, they might now be very well excused from setting out Galleys against the Christians, if their Slaves were to be made their Master, when Turks of the best quality were by the Christians so cruelly used, as to go up and down Italy and Spain dragging their Chains after 'em, and had their Faces stigmatised with infamous Letters, in token of their Captivity, that 'twas not to be born for so many great Bashaws to receive Laws from a despicable Slave; that, though every day they with their eyes saw their own Outrages, they could not digest those which were offered to their Prophet, by a vile, irreverent and haughty Christian, not so much as going into their Mosques; that now nothing more was to be done then the setting up Crosses in the streets of Cairo, and commanding 'em to be adored.  
5. These things were said with so much freedom, as they looked more like conspiracy then complaint, and with particular grievances involving the cause of Religion, (which ordinarily carries with it, it's own Justification, and the affections of the People) were willingly listened to by the Sultan, who put Coge Sofar out of his Office, with command to change his Religion; so frail do even the greatest Favourites find their Prince's favour.  
6. Coge-Sofar seeing himself fallen, put on again his first Humility, and those Artifices the necessity of the times taught him, and having now only the name and memory of a Christian, easily changed, for the Poison of the Alcoran, Evangelical Salvation, quitting the name given him in Baptism for that of Coge-Sofar, by which we before hand called him, not knowing the first he had▪ Coge-Sofar being a Mahomitan, began to win upon the Moors in their confidence in him; healing by gifts the hatred of those who envied him; by his new Apostasy, (by which he Cancelled the suspicion of his fidelity) the malice of the people; carrying on his designs with a more sly ambition, which made him more affable to his Enemies then to Strangers; but knowing the Souldan's Fickleness, 
How he come to Cambaya.  fearing too a second complaint, not reckoning on reconciled favour as secure, He treacherously one night Killed his mortal enemy Rox Solyman and his Son, and putting together all the Jewels and Money he could, went away secretly for the Service of the King of Cambaya, of whose Grandeur and Liberality he had had full information, and how he valued Strangers, those especially who had any experience in the Wars and Policy of Europe; the success answered his forecast, for in a little time, either by his Fortune or Indudustry, he came almost to engross Badur's favour, being his Companion in his Victories and Losses, being in the last which befell him at his Death. So that now grown by the King's bounty, to be in Power and Authority the greatest Subject, holding also with Mahumed Heir of the Crown the same repute, for the reasons we have already related, and to deserve the favour of the new Prince, by the love and fidelity he showed to the Ashes of him who was Dead, he urged him to revenge Badur's Death; 'tis reported, that he spoke to this purpose before the King and Nobility of Cambaya.  
7. The favours which for ten years I received of Sultan Badur (for which those abroad admired his Grandeur, those at home envied my Fortune) are known to every one. He cast his Eyes upon me, and like a Vapour raised me from the ground, preferring me, a Stranger, and a Vagabond, before those who were born in his Palace; of a Subject he treated me like a Friend, and loved me as a Son. From this most Gracious Prince, (whose Ashes I reverence as my Lords, and weep o'er as my Fathers) have the Portuguese under the sacred show of peace ta'en away his Life, to the great Scandal of all other Kings, and no less Outrage of his Subjects, unworthy to have been so, to so mighty a Prince, since we so insensibly and ungratefully behave ourselves; Feeding at our own home the Murderers of our Monarch, who enjoy, as Inheritance, a place, which by so heinous an offence they made their own, lately Strangers, now Patrons. You! Oh Prince, Heir and Lord of this Empire, see your Subjects every day receive Laws from these Insulter's, 'tis for you to decide, whom we are first to Obey, our King, or our Enemies; their boldness will grow greater by our patience, after committing the foulest fault, what will they count little? where no Vengeance is ta'en on injuries, who will stick to be the Offender? Le's at last awake out of this so mortal a Lethargy. Le's put our Arms up to the Elbows in the Blood of these so unhuman Usurpers. Le's bathe our Semitars in this Poison, that with their Lives they may lose the glory of their so great boastings. The Portugal Arms by the Blood of Badur, received the greatest repute, by the foulest crime, and we suffer that Sword in their hands still, which cut off our King, that with the same, they may usurp his Kingdme; Le's cast from amongst us those Vipers bred furthest West for the infecting all Asia, as will be evident by running over their Outrages, by them call●d Victories. And to begin with the first of them, 
a 
The Portuguese, having, with infinite danger, difficulty and expense employed 75 years in discovering the Western Coast of Africa, Bartholomew Diaz in the year 1486. and in the Reign of King john the second, discovered the Cape of Good Hope, (so called by the King after the return of the Fleet, from the hopes he had after that to discover the Indies so long designed; but by Diaz at first named Capo Tormentoso, from the Storms and foul Wether he met with there) K. Emanuel (who succeeded King john) in the year 1497. sent Vasco de Gama with a Fleet to the Indies, who past the Cape, and Sailing by the Island of Mocambique, the Kingdom of Quiloa, Mombaca, and Melinde, doubling the Cape Guardafu, (at the mouth of the Red-Sea, and Cape Rasalgate, at the Persian Gulf) arrived at Calcutta the chief City of Malabar, Camoens, Cant. 1. St. 12. of his Lusiade, says of him, 
Do●vos tambem aquelle illustre Gama  
Queen para sy de Aeneas' toma à fama.  
The illustrious Gama in the rear I name,  
Who robbed the wand'ring Trojan of his Fame.   
So rendered by the Right Honourable Sir Richard Fanshaw, (Ambassador to Portugal) in his excellent Translation of that Poem.   Gama, (to whom, for the disturbing the peace of the East, the Seas gave so fatal a passage) the Samorim of Calcutta was the first his Sword cut off; the Fleet of Mecca, which under the protection of our Prophet, and the peace they enjoyed by Sea, Sailed securely, was by this successful Rover set upon, and made to yield, who for so many years like a Sea-Monster had for his House the Waters, and for his shelter the Winds, and Tempests. After him came 
b 
Dom Francisco de Almeyda went (with a great Fleet, and the first Title of Viceroy,) to the Indies in the year 1505. April 6. His Son Dom Lourenco D' Almeyda obtained against the Samorim of Calcutta in ●ight of Cananor an eminent Victory on the 26, of March 1506. The King of Calecut's Armado consisted of 208 Sail, 84 great Ships, and 124 others Vessels (by 'em called Paraos) on which were vast numbers of Moors and Naires; The Portuguese had but eleven Sail, and on 'em 800 men, with whom they Destroyed the whole Fleet, w●ich was well furnished with Artillery. See the relation of this Fight, History of India, Dec. 1. Lib. 19 Cap. 4.  
The Samorim to revenge this loss, sent to the Sultan of Egypt, and the King of Cambaya to assist him against the Portuguese, and joined with their Fleets, set upon Dom Lourenco's in the River of Chaul, who (after his Ships striking and springing a Leak) was Killed by a Canon shot, History of India, Dec. 2. Cap. 8. Campens Can. 10. St. 29, 30.   Dom Francisco de Almeyda, who, in one day, and with the same stroke shattered the Fleets of Egypt and Cambaya, who so behaved himself, as if in 
c 

Eyes vem ò pay come Animo estupendo  
Trazendo furia, & magoa per antolhos  
Com que ò paterno amor lhe est a movendo  
Fogo no coracaon, aqua nos olhos  
A nobre ira lhe vinha promettendo  
Que o sanque faran dar pelos giolhos  
Nas inimigas naos: Sentiloha ò Nilo  
Podelo ha ò Indo ver, & ò Gange ouvilo.   Camo. Can. 10. St. 33. 

Behold! the Father comes a Mad man like,  
In whom for Mastery, grief with fury strives,  
Whilst at one time paternal Love doth strike  
Fire on his heart, pumps water from his Eyes.  
A noble anger whispers him, his Pike  
Shall blood his Foes so that the Tide shall rise  
In their drowned Decks Knee-deep; Nilus shall bear,  
Indus shall see his blows, and Ganges hear.   Sir Richard Fanshaw's Translation.  Vengeance of his Son's Death, he would have drunk up the Blood of the whole East, if 
d Dom Affonso D' Albuquerque went from Lisbon for the Indies, was Commander of a Squadron designed for the Coast of Arabia. See his taking Malaca, History of India, Dec. 2. Lib. 5. Cap. 9 His reducing Ormus, see History of India, Dec. 2. Lib. 10. Cap. 3. How he got Goa, see History of India, Dec. 2. Lib. 5. Cap. 3.  Albuquerque who succeeded him in his Cruelty, 
See Camoens Can. 10. Sta. 40, 41, 42, 43.  and Government, had not ta'en the Sword out of his Hands; this Man was Born to affront all our Monarchies, for by Conquering Malaca he Curbed all the South-Seas; he reduced Ormus the Mart of all the Riches of the World; 
See Iohn de Barro's Dec. 2. Lib. 6. Cap. 5.  took Goa from the Sabayo to make that the seat of his usurped Empire, and without the Armies of Xerxes or Darius, made Tributary more Kingdoms than he had Soldiers; He was puffed up with the thoughts of taking the Body of our Prophet from Mecca, debated the changing the course of Nilus to drown Egypt, undertaking out of his ambition the doing two such notorious Outrages, one against Heaven, the other against Nature. I will not go about to relate the ambition of so many, as by our wrongs have grown famous, because I fear neither my time or memory will allow it, do but look with your sight or judgement on the remotest parts of the East, and you'll see so inconsiderable a Power giving Laws to the greatest part of the World; they Sailed from that part of Africa which runs along from the Cape of Good Hope to the straits mouth of the Red-Sea, possessing on that shore Mocambique, Sofala, Quiloa, and Mombaca, and passing the Cape of Guardafu, looking into the mouth of the Red-Sea, go in sight of Adem, Xael, Herit, Caxem. The Cities of Dofar and Norbete on the Cape of Fartaque, first dreaded their Fleets, afterwards, Curia, Muria, Rozalgate; here lies the City of Ormus, not far off the Island of Quexiome, Curiate, Calayate, Mascate, Orfacaon, and Lima; then they come to the Capes of Mocandoon, and jasque, which form the mouth of the Persian Gulf, which reacheth to the River Indus; next pass by the Cape of Guzarate, and Cinde, in our Cambaya, whence as far as Cape Comori their Fleets sail all along India, for the space of three hundred Leagues, beginning from our City of Cambaya, they rove by Madigaon, Gandar, Baroche, Surrat, Reyner, Moscarin, Damaon, Taraper, Bacaim, Chaul, Bandor, Cifardaon, Galanci, Dabul, Cortapor, Corepataon, Tamega, Banda, Chapora; they first got Goa the residence of their Governors, now they have the Coast of Canara, with Onor, Baticala, Bracalor, Bracano, and Mangalor; then got they that Chief part of Malabar, which their Fleets alarm, where is the Kingdom of Cananor, and in that Catecoulaon, Marabia, Tramapataon, Maim, Parepataon; with no less insulting they keep in awe the Empire of Calcutta, with its Havens of Pandarane, Coulate, Chare, Capocate, Parangale, Tanor, Panane, Balcancor, and Chatua. In the Kingdom of Cananor, and Cochim, they Domineer without Control, in Porca, Coulaon, Calecoulaon, Dotora, Birinjaon, Travancor. The dread of their Arms reacheth as far as the famous Cape Comori, before which lies the renowned Island of Ceilaon, where they lad their Ships with sundry sorts of Drugs. The Bay of Bengala, or Mouth of the Ganges, doth not scape them, where they are in sight of Tacancuri, Manapar, Vaipar, Calegrande, Chercapale, Tutucuri, Calecarem, Beadala, Canhamorra; they o'er run Negapataon, Nahor, Triminipataon, Tragumbar, Coloraon, Calapate, Sadrapataon; They scare with the quantity and bigness of their Vessels Biznaga, and the stormy Coast of Orixa, and all that distance which lies from Segopora, to Oristaon, and the mouth of Ganges; they Sail by the Cape of Negraes', Arracaon, and Pegu, with those so many and so famous Islands; they go along by Vagatu, Martavaon, Tagala, and Favay, Tanacari, Lungur, Tairaon, Queda, Solungor, going as far as their Malaca, which commands all that Archipelago, after that, doubling the Cape of Sincapura, they come to an Anchor in the Ports of the Kingdoms of Syaon, Camboya, Champa, and Cochinchina, and going as far as the Kingdoms of China, venture to look upon that so reserved Empire, which never admitted of a Trade with Strangers; there they Built the famous City of Macao, whence they instill the Mysteries of their Faith into the Chinese, making their Trade a step to their Religion; from hence they Rove amongst the numberless Islands of japaon, visiting Tava, Timor, Borneo, Banda, Maluco, and Lequios, so as the Portuguese Ships with a restless Sailing Coast the greatest part of the World for the space of more than nine thousand Leagues, to so difficult a Voyage animated by their Ambition, and guided by their Fortune. I have tediously run o'er all the Coast of Asia, where by the influence of Power or Trade the Portuguese Arms have made themselves known, because the World doth, from such scattered Conquests, falsely conclude their Power, and I their Weakness; for Portugal, being a small Kingdom furthest West, and in continual War with their Neighbour Africa, where they consume themselves both by what they Winn or Lose, their Fights, and Garrisons being always an expense of men, not being able to stay where they were Born, in hatred of the Soil and Clime which gave them a being, they go Roving up and down the World, as if Men, Land and Winds were theirs; I now leave it to the judgement of the most ordinary understanding, how little so divided a strength is to be feared, which in their Prosperity will be spent by their Victories; what cause have we to dread the Government of these Mad men, who with one Arm in Asia, and the other in the West, strive to grasp the World? they have in India many Princes under 'em, but not one Friend, they all adore and hate their Rulers, because the Portuguese made peace with none but after Victories, and Outrages, so as not their affections, but their wrongs unite 'em, and they all do Homage while they cannot offend. But what will it be when they shall see Soltan Mahamud take the Field with an Army? what doubt is there but that all the Injured will be our Soldiers? by force of Arms they have made many King's Tributary, and supposing they now are Protected by them, a good turn is sooner forgot then an injury. The Grand Signior Selim, sees the Wounds his janissaries received at Dio, yet gaping, and one so little used to receive affronts will not let slip the opportunity of revenging the first, by beginning the War, or seconding you in it, who is ambitious also of having the greatest part of the World under his Empire. The Samorim hath not one Port, which since the Portuguese came into the East, hath not been the Theatre of their Victories, and scarce hath he one Subject who hath not been wounded by their Swords. Hidalcaon sees every day his Territories of Bardez and Salsete running with Blood, and when the Governor made an unjust War against him, he brought Meal to Goa to countenance, by his pretended justice to an another, the ruining him; all the other Princes will take Arms against the common Enemy, that they may enjoy the ancient Liberty they lived in. For my part I offer my Children, my Estate, and my Person towards this War; if I fall in it, Badur by my Blood shall see my Loyalty, and be the success good or bad, I shall not count Death less Honourable, than Victory.  
8. Coge-Sofar's Arguments were, for the Odiousness of the cause, 
The Sultan approves them, and commits the design to him.  and the Authority of his Person, well approved of; The King, after magnifying his Loyalty, commits to him (as to one who outwent all the rest in his Zeal, and Conduct) the design: He immediately quickens the preparations by divers messages to the Neighbouring Kings, putting them in mind of the Affronts had been put upon 'em, and offering them his Prince's arms in favour of their grievances. He dispached Ambassadors to Constantinople, inviting the Turk to redeem the credit of his Arms by beating the Portuguese out of India, a thing which as much concerned their Religion, as Policy; He made way for the Succour he asked of him, with a present of so great Value, as 'twas more likely to stir up the Turks ambition against his Riches, then that he should send him Auxiliary Forces to maintain 'em.  
9 Dom john Mascarenhas was then Commander in chief in Dio, 
Dom joh Mascarenhas Comman●● in Dio.  great by his Birth in Portugal, by his Virtue, in the East, a man who deserved as well from his Fame, as Fortune▪ He, by private intelligence knowing Coge-Sofar's designs, a●d that all his preparations threatened that Fortress, writ what advise he had to Dom john de Castro, and that he wanted Men, Ammunition, and other necessaries; neglects which so many years' Peace wink't at; 
He adviseth the Governor,  or, 'twas perhaps, that our men thought themselves secure, by the reputation of the former Victory; he added too, that the Soldan's ●s Levies were very forward, and the Enemy near, and that Winter would shortly come, which would shut out all Relief.  
10. When Dom john de Castro received this advice, he had already sent two hundred Soldiers to the Fortress, under the Commands of Dom john, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Cap. 6.  and Dom Pedro de Almeyda, Sons to Dom Lopo de Almeyda; the other Commanders were Gil Coutinho, and Luis de Sousa Son to the High Chancellor of the Kingdom. And that he might know the condition of the Enemy, He dspatched two Envoys, 
Who writes to the Sultan.  (experienced in the Coast and Inland of Cambaya) with Letters to Sultan Mahamud, in which he told him the advice he had, of the Levies, and preparations he had made, of which, he hoped, for an account from him, because like a Friend he would accompany him in his design, which he could at present very easily do, having ready at Sea a very strong Fleet, and in the Fortress of Dio stout Soldiers with an Overplus of Provision, who had much rather enrich themselves with the spoils of War, then be at the pittance of an idle Peace; He charged too those he sent cunningly to observe the Enemy's Forces, what Auxiliaries he had, and what the people said, that so by that, they might Dive into the bottom of the design. But whilst our Envoys are setting Sail, we will forbear speaking about the business of Cambaya, to make room for the successes in the Molucco's, which depend on this Government.  
11. The Molucco's were many years under the obedience of our Laws, Discovered and Conquered by the Arms of this Crown, which were the first of Europe came to those Islands, assigned to us by the partition the Pope made 'twixt the Kings of Portugal and Castille; the King Dom Manoel, had on his side the right of Arms and Laws; 
The Kings of Portugall's right over the Molucco's.  these Islands not coming to Portugal by Conquest only, but by Inheritance. In the time of the King Dom Manoel, the last and first of the Name, the Church and State equally flourished in those Islands, the light of the Gospel, in the eclipse of Paganism, shining there through his Zeal; many Kingdoms received from this so happy Prince their Religion and Government. This King Dom Manoel, 
History of India, Dec. 5. Cap. 10. Lib. 10.  (Baptised in Goa) was amongst others King and Lord of the chief Islands of the Molucco's, who well grounded in the Mysteries of our Faith, returning to Govern and Instruct his people, Died without any Heir, in Molucco; and out of Gratitude, for the benefits received of this Crown, left, by Solemn will, (Confirmed by all the Formalities of the Law) the King Dom john the third, Heir of the Kingdoms of the Molucco's, to be successively annexed to the Crown of Portugal. These Islands first discovered with Pains, defended with our Blood, and possessed with so much Right, have we seen parted with (against the opinion of the best Lawyers and Geographers) to Castille.  
12. The Governor Dom john de Castro found in Goa Cachil de Aeyro, 
The Governor gives 'em to Cachil Aeyro.  one of great Power in the Molucco's; who had for his Service deserved well of the State, and was the nearest Allied to the Royal blood of the last Prince Dom Manoel, but, by many accidents so poor, as he came to India to recommend himself to our Charity. The Governor, thinking his misfortunes not deserved by his Blood, (believing too that the memory of our Kings would be more honoured by giving away, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Cap. 4.  then receiving a Kingdom) invested him in the Crown of the Molucco's, with this caution, that in him, and his Posterity, the exercise of the Regality should depend on Portugal. Amongst the Kings of India, some, made so great a gift a piece of Prodigality, others of Pride, but all stood amazed that we should take so much pains for what we gave away so easily.  
13. Whilst this was doing, things in the Molucco's, were not a little disturbed, 
The Castilians come thither.  by the arrival of three Castilian Ships, which, falling from their intended course, got sight of those Islands, and, (to refresh themselves after a Storm at Sea, and carry their Prince more certainty of their discovery) Landed in the Island Tidore; I will not relate the Resistance our men made 'em, because that happened under an other Government, and is Written by a better Pen; I'll but just tell what fell out in Dom Iohn de Castro's time, who sent Fernaon de Sousa de Tavora to the Molucco's to dislodge the Castilians, who, invited by the Plenty and Richness of the Soil, had a mind to enjoy the Fruits of other men's Labours, and disturb the Peace, and Trade of those Islands, to which, by Conquest and Inheritance, we had a double Title. 
Who was their Commander.  Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, a man more wary than Valiant was Commander of the Castilians, he had proudly boasted of the strength of the Emperor Charles the Fifth his Master, and, of the advantage, which from his Friendship those Pagan Kings might receive in their Wars and Trade, had too handled the report of us with a great deal of Disparagement; and, (things hoped for, being in the opinion of men, greater than those at present) some of the Islands listened to the Castilian, pleading for it, either sleight or forgotten Grievances.  
14. Fernaon de Sousa, 
Fernaon de Sousa arrives at Molucco.  sent by the Governor, arrived about this time at Molucco, who upon information, how things stood, by jurdaon de Freitas, (Commander in chief of the Fortress) perceived the Castilians party grew greater, in hopes of Succour and Money promised from Spain; As soon as Ruy Lopez had notice of Fernaon de Sousa's coming, and of the business he came about (desiring artificially to excuse or delay breaking with us, till the assistance he hoped for, came from Spain) he sent to Visit him, 
The Castilian goes about to amuse him.  and by a plausible Letter, minded him, that they were amongst Pagans, who, that they might be their own Masters, Coveted our falling out; that we already had Wars, and Enemies enough in India; that we were very few to plant so great a World; that he proffered us his Sword, with that to keep the Pagans more in awe; that, as Spaniards they were good Soldiers, and as Catholics they were better Friends; that he was to consider, Peace with the Emperor more concerned Portugal then the Cloves of the Malucco; that those differences betwixt the Subjects, might prove like Mines, which often play a great way off the place they were Sprung at.  
15. To this Letter, composed of Rodomontadoes and Flatteries, 
Fernaon de Sousa ' s answer.  Fernaon de Sousa's answer was, that he was but a little man, but as short in his Resolution as his Stature; that those Islands were his Masters the King of Portugal; that he was able with the same Sword which got 'em to defend 'em; that he very well knew him to be a Spaniard, and a Catholic, but that being so, did not warrant him to take away his Cloak; that the Emperor would not make War with Portugal before first reading in the Chronicles of Castille, how it fared with his Predecessors; that what he was to do, was, either to embark for India, or put himself with his men into the Fort, thence he would provide him with safe Shipping for Spain.  
16. The Castilian, 
The Castilian continues his first motion.  by this so peremptory Letter, saw that Fernaon de Sousa would not by slow-working Physic Cure the distemper, and, neither able to resist him, nor willing to obey him, writ to him the second time, for a suspension of Arms, that they might advise their Princes how things stood, and they make an accommodement of this affair; for, if before employing that diligence there should be any Blood shed, it would lie upon both the Kings to revenge their Subjects injuries; that there were betwixt Portugal and Castille many pretences and grievances which Peace covered; that he was not desirous to revive that Fire which was Buried in the Ashes of a long Amnesty; that if the Castilians went away with complaints in their Mouths, their own injuries might easily bring them back again; that, though broken with the Sea, and their Sufferings, if obliged to unreasonable conditions, their own Gallantry would inspirit 'em, with more vigour than their present necessity.  
17. Fernaon de Sousa, by the intrigues of this Letter, and other intelligence, knowing, that the Castilians aimed at doing their business by delays; answered, that leaving off Arguments he should prepare to defend his right by the Sword.  
18. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, by this answer finding himself, 
The Captains see one the other.  either detected or scorned, chose rather to be overcome by reason, than force, and immediately writ to Fernaon de Sousa that the next day, only with three Companions they might meet at Sea, to conclude on the terms of Passage and Shipping he had proffered, which was accordingly done, Fernaon de Sousa coming from the Fort in a Boat very richly adorned, and steering to the Castilians, who stayed for him, they spent a great deal of time in the tedious Ceremonies of concluding who was to go into the others Boat; the Castilian went into Fernaon de Sousa's, where their Salutes and Civilities made way for the business in hand.  
19 Fernaon de Sousa with a great deal of moderation insisted on the reasons of his pretensions, 
Their agreement.  which were engrossed and allowed of, by the Kings of Portugal and Castille, 
See the Copy of this agreement, History of India, Dec. 4. Cap. 1. Lib. 7.  and which Ruy Lopez de Villalobos was glad to see, our right being his discharge; they concluded, that within three days the Castilians should come into our Fortress of Ternate, where passage should be provided 'em for India, with liberty to carry away the Goods, Commodities, and Arms they had, and that the King of ●idore, of their Faction, should continue as before in our favour; the Solemnities which ended this agreement were a great Banquet, and merrily Drinking their King's healths, a civility they often afforded 'em; Fernaon de Sousa (as the custom is in India) added presents to the entertainment, giving Jewels to the Captain and his Companions, so leaving 'em more satisfied with their Merchandise, then dispatch, for the pleasantness of the Cloves made up the Disgusts of their reception.  
20 Fernaon de Sousa, 
The Castilian keeps ●ot his promise,  having sent away the Captains, returned to the Fort, very well satisfied that he had so much, to the advantage of his own Honour, and the State, plained so perplexed a business; on the third day, (the day appointed for the Castilians to come to our Fort) Fernaon de Sousa made all the Pompous preparations he could, to show the Pleasure with which he expected his Guests, whom he went out to Sea to seek, which when Ruy Lopez was advised of, he sent off a Boat from shore, desiring him to put off the business till the next day, for he was then encountering with some difficulties, which from him he should be acquainted with. 
What Fernaon de Sousa doth in the business.  Fernaon de Sousa, taking this delay to be design, and that the Castilian kept not touch with him, and receiving the message at Sea, commanded his men to Row, and with more passion than prudence went alone amongst the Castilians; Ruy de Lopez saw it, and with a Guard of fourscore Musquetiers came to wait for him at the Seaside, whence carrying him to his Lodgings, told him what a Tumult had happened amongst his men, for Dom Alonso Henriquez, Captain of a Ship, cloaking his own interest with the zeal of serving his Prince, refused to stand to the agreement, and had about him (who upheld his party) his Friends and some mutinous Persons, possessing the King of Tidore and others with extravagant Jealousies thereby to increase his Faction, calling his Sedition, Zeal, and the General's moderation, Cowardice, for delivering up the Arms and Banners of Spain, which with his Life he had sworn to Defend, and depriving the Emperor of the Command of such plentiful Islands, and the poor Soldiers of the fruit and reward of so dangerous a Voyage; that the Portugese, a proud Nation, and always Cross to theirs, would Laugh at our so tame a surrender: But that he knew all that bravery to be falsely grounded, for 'twas neither the service of Cesar, nor the love of Honour, which moved 'em, but the desire of the Cloves, of which they had gathered great quantities, and could not trust us, that we would let 'em carry to Spain the news of that Commodity, whose worth would pay 'em for all the dangers and troubles they had run through; Fernaon de Sousa and the rest, (who said as he did) hearing this, as to that particular, took off their fears, and (the Castilians gallantry only covering their interest) the next day they rendered themselves at the Fort, forgetting the high words in which they had Ranted.  
21. But the noise of Cambaya's Arms allows not a Digression for less concernments, 
Coge-Sofar's proposition to the Captain of Dio.  Coge-Sofar did absolutely superintend this War, the good Event of which he laid partly in his Forces, partly in his Stratagems. Whilst he brought together his Baggage and supplies, (which for their greatness required several opportunities) he writ to Dom john Mascarenhas, that he was desirous to take away that Scandal which disquieted the Peace made betwixt the Soltan and the State, that with mutual Friendship they might enjoy the Fruits of so just an agreement; 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Cap. 2.  that we had, by the Articles, agreed a Wall should be made 'twixt the Fortress and the City, which was then not done, not to show any Jealousy in so young a friendship, but now, when so many years' Peace had carried away any unjust affection, 'twas fit to satisfy the people who desired that separation, as a mark of the Liberty they lived in; that when on that side we slighted the Wall of the City, 'twas out of Anger, and the liberty of Victory, and the Inhabitants could not endure to be every day minded of their Ignominy by so scornful a Memorial; that when no Symptoms of hatred were in their minds, 'twas not well to preserve them in scattered stones; that we being but strangers in Dio, 'twas not for us to give Laws like Masters; that the Citizens would take it very ill that what their Kings allowed 'em, their Neighbours should take away; that we ought from others Subjects to seek for Friendship, not Obedience; that the Sultan had given him that City, which he resolved to enlarge with new Inhabitants, who should see that Fortress was not a Bridle, but a Defence to those who Lived there; that 'twas but fit the Portuguese should give the people all possible satisfaction to secure a Peace founded on oppression.  
22. Dom john Mascarenhas by this Letter perceived that Coge-Sofar sought for pretences to break, for, to permit the Building of the Wall, helped his design; to deny it, justified the War; whereupon he answered him, 
The Captain's answer,  that in so well grounded a Peace as was 'twixt Mahumud and the State, 'twould be more secure to throw down, then go about to build up Walls; that the Wall would neither endanger us nor secure them; that 'twixt the Fortress and the City there was an other manner of defence which Guarded it, which was the Loyalty of the Portuguese; that he gave him joy of his new Seignory, that he might reckon on the Portuguese as of his other Subjects; that what he proposed was to be referred to the Governor of India, who was setting out a Fleet to come and Visit the Fortress; that upon his arrival he would acquaint him with his proposition; and immediately advised the Governor how things stood, 
and advice to the Governor,  who by the Envoys he sent to Cambaya had already a more perfect knowledge of the intended Siege, receiving but a dubious answer from the Sultan, who neither owned, nor denied the Action, unseasonably repeating past offences, as if (without disturbing the Peace) he would commence a Warr.  
23. The Governor, 
Who succ●●●● Dio with Men and Ammunition.  giving himself wholly up to this business, and considering the importance of the place, resolved for its defence to engage all the strength of the State, without sparing expense, danger, or diligence. He very feelingly recommended the succour of Dio to the Cities of Bacaim and Chaul, which were the nearest to him, putting them in mind of their Honour, Reward, and Duty; in Goa he ordered the providing a great Carvel with Ammunition and Provision, and two hundred and fifty Soldiers, who finding the Seas high, with a great deal of difficulty recovered Bacaim, and striving to cross over to Dio, were by strong and contrary Winds shattered and forced back.  
24. Coge-Sofar not having his Forces together, 
The Treachery Coge-Sofar set upon.  set upon us by other ways. With large gifts, and greater promises, he bought out the fidelity of one of our Soldiers, that in the dead of the Night he should either fire the Powder, or poison the Cistern, or if he could not compass either of those designs, he should endeavour, through the House in which he Lived (fit for that mischief by its joining to the Wall) to let the Moors into the Fort. 
History of India, Cap. 6. Lib. 1. Dec. 6.  The Soldier being timorous, or irresolved, acquainted an intimate of his (a Moor) with the business, who (the reward for discovering Treasons being surer than for Executing 'em) told it to the Commander in chief, he having, by two other hands had it, and considering how foul the fault was for the example of it, and not sufficiently proved for the punishing it, that the Offence deserved not pardon, nor the Conjuncture allowed not the punishment, sent away the Soldier with Letters to the Governor, acquainting him with what proofs he had of the suspected Treason.  
DIO   map of the island of Dio 
26. The Island of Dio, renowned for the Richness of its commerce, 
The de●scrption of Dio.  deplorable for the ruin of its Inhabitants, famous for the report of our Victories, lies in a Bay, and on a Point, which bounds the Kingdom of Cambaya, in the height of twenty two degrees Northward. The Natives do fabulously speak of the antiquity of its Foundation, allowing it a more noble, then certain beginning; keeping the Records in their Traditions for want of writing: The Port was always the chief Scale of the Bay, frequented by Ships which went to Mecca, which Voyage, Religion and Trade make very grateful to the Moors. The City, is by a Channel which goes about it, divided from the main Land; 'tis by situation strong, and by helping out nature with art, is made more tenable. The Channel which surrounds it, hath two Outlets, one toward the North, which shallow, and full of Sands is of no use; the other toward the South inconvenient too for the Cragginess of the Rocks which form it; it hath on the forepart of the Isle an other Channel where Ships may Anchor, and by this is the best passage to the City. 'Tis not of that figure, 
The famous Portugese Historian who hath writ their Voyages to, and Conquests, in the Indies; often quoted in this Translation.  john de Barros describes it of, having been altered by the difference of Moors who have possessed it, each of them Fortifying it a new way, as they were taught by their judgement or the variety of Times.  
27. Coge-Sofar came into the Town with eight thousand men, (many of 'em Turks who served him for Pay) sixty great Pieces, (amongst which were eighteen Basilisks) Ammunition and Provision for his men, as foreseeing the length of the Siege; 
Great Canon so called.  He had too in his Camp a thousand janissaries, who had more than ordinary Pay; who, out of their Habituated insolence slighted the design, condemning Coge's fear for bringing Forces together, and disturbing the Grand Signior's Arms against four pitiful Christians, defended by a rotten Wall, against whom, neither Honour was to be gained by Fight, or Plunder by Conquering. Coge-Sofar neither commended, or condemned the Turks courage; but (better taught by his fear, or experience) looked upon the Victory as not so sure; in opening his Trenches, planting his Batteries, forming his Squadrons, he showed himself a Soldier; and when he was laid down before the Fortress made this short Speech to the Turks.  
28. Friends, 
Coge-Sofar Speech to his men.  and Companions, 'tis not my design to teach you, either to fear or despise those few Portuguese, whom you see besieged within those Walls; for though Soldiers, yet are they not more than men. Fortune hath hitherto, bore 'em company, or served 'em all over the East; and the Fame of their first Victories hath helped 'em to the rest. With a few men they make War upon the whole World; and by the course of things, an Empire (kept up only in the Opinion, or by the weakness of the Conquered) cannot last, without Forces; they have scarce five hundred men in the Fortress, most of whom are Garrison Soldiers, who of custom use to be the poorest, or most useless; by Land they can have no relief, what is to be had by Sea, the Winter cuts off; they want, by the security of their Peace, or Pride, (out of which they despised every thing) Ammunition and Provisions: being but few, the same men must always be upon that Wall, not having one Soldier in reserve, to supply an others place; they have not Pioners to repair the Breaches of our Batteries, and their Duty amongst so few must necessarily make 'em yield; they are insolent upon the Damage they did the Grand Signior's Galleys at the siege of the same Fortress; it concerns so many honourable Turks, and Valiant janissaries as are here to go on, for the honour of your Nation and Empire, as the most justifiable cause of this War; for though Cambaya hath Armies and Soldiers, 'tis not for the Grand Signior's repute, with Foreign force, to revenge his injuries. I therefore put you upon this design, that none else might Rob you of the glory of so just vengeance; this same Ground you now tread upon, covers the Bones of your Comrades, Kindred, and Friends, who (methinks call upon every one of us by Name) telling us the Deaths and Wounds, they from these Murderers received, hoping by your Prowess to rest revenged. These are those who killed Badur, ingrateful for benefits, presuming too far on the Majesty of so great a Prince; the revenging of whom, will be acceptable to all Kings, necessary to us who are his Subjects.  
29. Having made an end of his Speech, either desiring, more to justify the War, 
He sends again to the Captain of Dio.  or gain time for the expectance of supplies, he tried Dom john Mascarenhas with harder terms, resolutely insisting on the Building up the Wall, and demanding that the Ships of the Soltan, (his Master) might Sail freely up and down without passes from our Generals, an affront, which, the Sultan bore as a Friend, but could not endure as a Prince: 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 7. Lib. 1.  He further required that the Merchant's Ships might not be obliged to put in at that Port; which was a Liberty he ought to grant for the benefit of Trade. Dom john Mascarenhas returned answer, 
The Captain's answer.  that, friendly Treaties were not to be made amidst Drums and Guns; that, 'twas the Custom of that Fort to give Laws to every one, not to receive 'em from any; that he hoped shortly to Banish him for a breaker of the Peace, when to his grief, he should accept of worse Conditions which should be writ with the very Blood of his janissaries.  
30. The Governor, by this time, had, with strange Expedition, made ready nine Vessels, telling the Soldiers who went on 'em, that in so Honourable a design, only his Favourites were to be trusted; that he would now change the Confinement of his Place, for the liberty of any Soldier; that, though he was resolv●d in Person to go raise the siege of Dio, he could not dissemble the Envy he had to those who were first to Grapple with the Turks, and presently calling for his Son, 
a 

Basilisco's medonhoes, & lioens  
Trabucos feros, minas encubertas,  
Sustenta Mascarenhas con baroens  
Que taon ledoes as mortes tem por certas  
Ate que nas mayores oppressoens  
Castro libertador, fazendo offertas  
Das vidas de seus filhos, quer que fiquem  
Com fama eterna, e a Deos se sacrifiquem.   

Drakes, horrid Basilisks, Engines of Wood  
As bad as either, secret Mines and Plots,  
Hath Mascarenhas with his men withstood  
Meeting their certain Deaths with willing Throats,  
When in the utmost stress of Flesh and Blood  
Castro their freer his two Sons devotes,  
That everlasting honour they may gain,  
And sacrifices to their God be slain.   Camo. Can. 10. St. 69.  Dom Fernando, told him in the public Hall; I send you Son with this relief to Dio, 
The Governor sends his Son Dom Fernando to Dio.  which (as I'm informed, is now besieged by a great Army of Turks;) for what concerns your own Person take no care, for, for every stone of that Fortress would I venture a Son, I charge you to remember from whom you come, who are by Kindred your Ancestors, by their Exploits your Example; strive to deserve the Name you Inherit, considering that by Birth all are equal, and men only differenced by their Actions, and that I tell you, he who returns most Honourable shall be my Son; That's the blessing our Forefathers left us, to Die gloriously for our Laws, for our King, and for our Country. I put you in the way of honour, 'tis in you now to win it. With that he gave him his blessing, and recommended him to Diogo de Reynoso, one of the bravest Cavaliers who came for India; In this relief was Sebastion de Sa, Son to john Rodriguez de Sa, who, in this occasion, and others gave remarkable proofs of his Courage, there went too with him, Dom Francisco de Almeyda, Son to Dom Lopo, to be a Companion to two Brothers he had in Dio; there were in the same relief, Antonio da Cunha, Pero Lopez de Sousa, Diogo da Sylva, jorge Mascarenhas, Antonio de melo, and many other Gentlemen, who then pursued dangers as if they fled from 'em.  
31. The Governor writ a very civil Letter to Dom john Mascarenhas, telling him how much greater it was on this occasion to be Commander of Dio then Governor of India; that he had in that relief sent him his Son Dom Fernando, that if ever he returned into the Kingdom, he might amongst the Vanities of his Old age tell of his being a Soldier under him; that he might be confident, all the strength the State could make should be engaged in the Defence of that Fortress; that there were on those Ships many young Gentlemen, whose forwardness it behooved him to temper, because men Besieged were only to stand upon their Defence; that he had there sent him, as much Ammunition as would expect a second Relief, two Engineers, and a great many ordinary Workmen (with Instruments and Materials for that purpose) to make up the Breaches of the Enemy's batteries: In which Dom john de Castro showed not only the zeal of a public Minister, but the experience of a Soldier, by foreseeing their extremities and preventing 'em.  
32. Dom john Mascarenhas had Commanded a Bridge (which went from Saint James' work for the convenience of the Garrison over to the other side) to be broken down, and the making of a Draw-bridge in stead of it. 
The Captain of Dio disposeth of the Commands of the Fo●●.  Saint james his Tower he committed to the charge of Alonso de Bonifacio Clerk of the Custom-house, Saint Thomas' work to Luis de Sousa, St. John's to Gil Coutinho, that which was over the Gate to Antonio Freire, and another work of Saint James' which commanded the River to Dom john de Almeyda and his Brother Dom Pedro de Almeyda, Saint George's to Antonio Pecama, the Fause-bray to john de Venezeanos', and the Curtain to Antonio Rodriguez; amongst those Officers he divided one hundred and seventy Soldiers, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 7. Lib. 1.  He and thirty more were Supernumerary to help upon occasions. Dom john with so few men expected so great an Army as came against him; providing with so much security for his Defence, as if the danger was neither feared or unexpected. He ordered the Ammunition and Provision to be kept very strictly, because the hindrance of the Wether, and the Enemy, made the receipt of any more uncertain. He set the Slaves and those who were not fit to bear Arms, to bring Lances, Powder, Stones, and Provision to the Works, that the Soldiers might not be taken up in any thing but Fight; in this Work he employed too the Children, the Old men, and the Women, so that there was not in the Fortress Person, or Sex idle or unserviceable, and calling them together upon the Parade of the Fortress, he smilingly spoke to 'em;  
33. Those Turks, and janissaries you see from hence, 
and speaks to his Soldiers.  are come to win of us the Honour they lost in the first Siege, yet are they not more considerable than those who were beaten, nor we less than those who overcame; I confess to you I envy the meanest Soldier who kept this place, because the memory of his Valour doth yet honour his Posterity, whom we know not so well by their Name, Country, or Birth, as by being the Sons, or grandchildren of those who so gloriously fell, or triumphed in Dio. The greatest honoured their Families, the meanest begun theirs. Fortune hath brought us upon such an other action; those stout Portuguese had not Buried with 'em all the glory of Fight, they have left us what will make us famous. Let not the inequality of our Forces fright us, for Renown is not to be purchased by ordinary dangers; we have Sailed five thousand Leagues only to find out this Day, and in it to gain that honour neither Kings or Countries can give us; for Kings give Rewards, not Deserts; we want not Provision or Ammunition to hold out the Siege till Relief arrives, and though in this Season the Seas are high, yet have we a john de Castro (who with his Sword in his mouth will come under the Waves to help us) and so many other Gentlemen and Persons of Quality who will think themselves injured if without them we gain the honour which is before us; after which we are not to look for any thing more from Fortune, being to be put on their List who have memorably served their King and Country, for the keeping up of whose Honour we are come from farthest Westward thus remote; and (what's above all) we Fight against the Enemies of our Faith, and in so just a cause cannot want owning, since we serve the God of Victories.  
34. When the Speech was ended, there was in the Turks Camp heard a great Shooting, by which Coge-Sofar welcomed a Relief of two thousand Foot, which were come to him from Cambaya, all old Soldiers, who made the succour more considerable by its quality, than number; there came with these two of the mogul's Commanders, Persons very much Cried up by their own men. The same day there came in a great part of the Nobility from the Court, which at some distance from the Leaguere, Lodged themselves in Rich Tents, 
There comes in more Relief to the Enemies.  with such Order, as wanted nothing of the Discipline of Europe; Our men, by not valuing their Lives, put off the Terror of such great preparations, encouraging one the other by Discourses suitable to the occasion, taking Counsel of their necessity how to behave themselves.  
35. The next day (which was Maunday Thursday in the year 1546.) 
They begin to batter the fort.  there appeared betimes in the Morning near our Fortress a solid work of Earth, with its Skit-gates, and in them some great Pieces, and on top of the work a great many Sacks of Cotton, covered with Raw hides to resist the Fire, a thing, which for the little noise and time it was contrived in, much startled our men, and did not look like the design of a Confused and Barbarous multitude, who, whilst the Siege lasted, showed as much Valour, as Discipline; they presently began, with a great deal of success, to batter our Fort, dismounting four of our Guns, which did the greatest Damage to their Battery.  
36. That days good fortune Counselled 'em for the rest, 
A Stratagem of the Enemies in a Ship.  making in five Nights as many Forts, at a proportionable distance, to give by the several Breaches a general assault, which so few Defendants so divided would not be able to withstand; the success might have answered the design, had not our Fort which lay on the Sea, and commanded theirs, done 'em so much harm, that they thought fit to look to their own Reparations before our Offence; the great Gunns were silent for two days, in which they contrived a second Fabric to secure their first. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Cap. 8.  They put to Sea a Tall Ship, full of Powder, Stone-pitch, and other Combustible matter, this they laid on the first Deck, as a Stratagem prepared for a second design, over this they made a false Deck, capable of two hundred Fight men, as if with them designing to Scale: The Ship so lay, as to command that part of the Fort, whether, they concluded, our men upon their advantage of place to Fight on, and numbers, would probably come, when in the heat of the Conflict, quitting the Ship, they would set her on Fire, which lighting on the Fort, might burn it without any Damage or Danger to their own men; and that presently entering on the ruins the Fire had left, they would on them cast up an other, whence they might batter our Fortress, and by this new work secure their former, and so their Guns play securely. A Stratagem grounded on Soldierlike conclusions.  
37. Dom john Mascarenhas had (by some Spies he had in the Camp) notice of the Machine and design, and calling to him jacome Leyte, Commander at Sea, a Soldier of great trust, told him he would not Rob him of the honour belonged to his employment; that he thought the first Achievement of this Siege ought to be his, and acquainting him with the advice he had, gave him Orders to be ready in the second Watch. jacome Leyte put to Sea at the hour appointed in two Boats with thirty Soldiers, and Rowing quietly till he came up with the Ship, began to cast in her a great many Pots of Powder. 
Set on Fire by our men,  The Moors at once saw their danger, and the Fire burning 'em, and running to their Arms, distracted by fear and sleep, did faintly and confusedly defend themselves, hindering one an other by the Noise and Tumult so unexpected an Onset had caused: some began to throw themselves into the Sea, who showed the way and example to the rest; at last, with Complaints and Clamours they left the Ship, giving the Alarm to the whole Camp. jacome Leyte had time enough to make fast a Cable to the Ship, and tow her after his; 
and brought to the Fort.  The Captain received him with Praises and Embraces, making more of this success, because it so happily began the Warr. The Moors, though with eminent danger, continued their Battering, for every stone they unloosened of the Fortress, paying Soldiers, and Cannoneers, their Battery did no considerable harm, only Saint James' Bastion, being the weakest or the most Battered, was open in two places, and the Breaches wide enough to enter upon assault; though those within defended themselves with Retrenchments, and by Night stole Earth to make up the Breaches.  
38. The Battery continued not without Execution, the Wall being in many places open, every where shattered, and not a Soldier could peep through the Battlements, who was not pierced with the Enemy's Arrows, or wounded with their Shot, which was so thick as it appeared to be a continual Discharging, Coge-Sofar little valuing the spending Ammunition, or venturing Soldiers, as being sufficiently furnished and stocked with both; He was too, answered by our Guns from the Fortress, and with more Damage, for the Moors being in multitudes, not a Bullet was spent in vain.  
39 The Turks were earnest to go on upon the Assault, because in many places the Battery had done Damage enough to scale the Wall, yet did Coge-Sofar keep them off, expecting more Force, or willing by continual Duty and Wounds to abate the height of our men, whose eagerness he hoped by slow Fight to tame, and waste the Forces, Ammunitions, and Patience of the Besieged; an Argument not altogether out of the way, for the Winter, which had begun furiously, took away the possibility of that succour which was necessary, and wanted from the first day, for the carelessness of Peace and sudden invasion of the Enemy had made ours unprovided to endure the weight of that War, their confidence in that kind being so extravagant, that since the siege Antonio da Sylveira held out, the place was only kept by the repute of that Victory; and Dom john Mascarenhas had no more than forty Barrils of Powder for Canon, and twenty for Muskets, scarcity of Provisions, as well as of Men, who saw the War before they expected it, the Defendants were but two hundred, most of them Garrison-Souldiers, who were to have their first credit by that Siege.  
40. The Captain was not a little troubled at the State of things, and the uncertainty of relief, which, it concerned him as cautiously to keep from his own as the Enemy, neither would he in the beginning of the Siege stint the Provision, and Ammunition, seeing, one way, the ill consequence, 
〈…〉  the other, the necessity of doing it; when the Watch came to tell him there appeared nine Sail, which seemed by their Built to be Ours, the transport of this News brought all the Soldiers on the Wall. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 9 Lib. 1.  The distance, and closeness of the weather made them of different Opinions, but within an hour they made the Colours of the Squadron, and presently after the Admiral with the King's Arms, which by contrary Winds was working it up towards our Fortress; they all had their Pendants flying, and Flags of defiance in the main top; they immediately saluted the Towers, who returned them the same Sea-civility. The Moors from the Shore made many a Shot at them whilst they cast Anchor; They first unladed the Ammunition and Provision, afterwards the Soldiers, and last of all Dom Fernando went on shore, which was either the Father's advice, or the Son's gallantry.  
41. The Commander in chief, having received those Gentlemen as Companions of his Fortune, knowing of Dom Fernando's coming, went to seek him on Board, and met him on the steps of the Fortress as he was coming up, he took him in his Arms, and spoke to him as time and place required, 
Dom john Mascarenhas receives him.  offering him his own Lodging, which Dom Fernando would not accept, desiring him to reserve that honour till they had Peace; that for the present, that part of the works where was the greatest danger should be his Chamber; that his Sleep would do him no good, one step from the Wall; Dom john Mascarenhas again embraced him, wondering, in so Green years, to meet so Manly a temper.  
42. There came in the Ships good store of Powder, Arms, and Provision, with which they might hold out the Siege till fresh Relief; neither did the Governor forget to send Physic and Regallos' for the Sick and Wounded. The Commander showed the Soldiers the Governors' Letter, in which (as we said) he secured him of his coming, for which he was providing with the greatest diligence and strength the State was capable of, which put new hearts into the Besieged, and made them look with an other Face upon the exigencies and preparations of the War, which was like to continue, Coge-Sofar receiving every day supplies, and laying new designs, for which he had from divers places brought Engineers, who were, by ambition and reward, put upon new inventions, which made our men more solicitous for the danger they saw not, then for that before 'em.  
43. The Governor, 
〈…〉  after having dispatched his Son Dom Fernando, gave Order for Proclaiming a War at Fire and Sword against the King of Cambaya, as one who was perjured, and had broke the Peace betwixt him and the State: this he did with Warlike and Legal solemnities, thereby to publish, and justify the motives of a War, which kept in suspense the judgements of the whole East. He writ to the Inhabitants of Bacaim, minding them, that as nearest, they were obliged to succour Dio, that other places helped in the State's danger, they in their own, the Guns which battered Dio, shaking the Houses of Bacaim; that he was providing to go raise the Siege, and use all imaginable Hostility against Cambaya, because the State never had a defensive War with the Kings of the East; that he desired 'em to be ready to accompany him with Ships and Men, as was to be expected from so many Honourable Citizens, and Loyal Portuguese; that he left it to themselves what they would do for the Service, looking that every one out of Loyalty and Love to his King, should outgo his possibility.  
44. He writ in the same manner to all those places from which he could receive any help, finding them disposed to the Service, and for that to the spending their Estates: an happiness which we must reckon upon as peculiar in his Government, as on divers occasions the History will show. He fell upon providing the Fleet with a great deal of earnestness, 
He borrows of the Merchants.  and finding the State too poor for such an expense, asked great sums of the Merchants upon his word (which was the Gold and Diamonds he only laid up) a Pawn on which all men of Trading offered him what they had; I know not if now amongst men of Power Estates of that nature go currant for so much. He ordered public and private Prayers to be made, 
He goes to God by public Prayers  beseeching God, since 'twas his own, to protect the cause of the Faithful, relying more upon Sacrifice, than Arms; his ordinary discourse was with Experienced men about the business of Dio, and was more inclined by the reason, than the authority of the Votes.  
45. Our Arms in Dio did not grow rusty. The Commander having advice that there was expected to be put into the Army a great Caravan of Provisions, which were to be Laden on the Coast betwixt Balsar and Damaon, upon it sent forth the Sea-Commander jacome Leyte with three Ships, to lie about the Island Does Mortos, who by Night getting over the Bar and Sailing along the Shore, 
They take a great deal of Provisions from the Enemy.  took by it a great many Vessels which came to furnish the Army, he put the Moors to the Sword except some he kept to hang at the Yards Arms when he came over the Bar; which he did, presenting the Army with a Lamentable sight, who had too the Confirmation of what had passed by the Fire they saw burning the Vessels, the Provisions were brought into the Fortress, which were what they then most wanted.  
46. Coge-Sofar had already lost a great many men, without seeing the Fortress or minds of the Besieged shaken to flatter his hopes of getting it. Out men walked upon the Wall with wanton Ornaments and Feathers, to show their pleasure in, or contempt of the War they were engaged in. Coge-Sofar, seeing us with so inconsiderable a strength Masters at Sea, and that the Provisions his Army had came by stealth or in danger, ordered the setting out Fleet from Surrate, which met with three Ships of ours coming from Bacaim and Chaul to furnish the Fortress; the Portuguese fought very desperately, but by the Odds of their strength, most of them Died, who sold their Life at such a rate, that the Moors had no cause to rejoice in either the Prize or Victory. Dom Fernando de Castro asked leave of the Commander in Chief to go with some Ships to their help, which he did not grant, knowing 'twould be labour lost, for the Enemy stole out and presently retired.  
47. Dom john Mascarenhas thought of advising the King by Land how things were with him; 
The Captain sends News over Land to the King.  there was fit for that purpose an Armenian, skilled in the Language and Customs of the Moors; he was sent away in a light Brigantine, which was to set him on shore on the Coast of Por, thence in a jogues clothes (which is amongst them a Religious and poor Habit) he was to go to Cinde, and from thence to Ormus with Letters to the Captain; He traveled in the company of some Basora Merchants, who by the River Euphrates carried him to Babylon, where he was to stay for the Caravans to go over the deserts of Arabia.  
48. Coge-Sofar carried on his works with no less danger than toil, and with so Cruel and Barbarous a resoluteness, that he used the Bodies of those Pioners our men Killed, for filling up the Ditch; using so inhuman a Discipline, to cover perhaps the loss which now began to be known in the Army, though made up by daily Reliefs which continually filled the Camp. Coge-Sofar, where the advantage was most, planted sixty great Pieces, of which there were Basilisks, Savages, 
Names of Canon.  Eagles and Camels, besides less Guns which exceeded that number; He secured the five works he had raised with new Walls, and covered the Pioners with crooked Traveses of so many windings that our Guns could not come at 'em; 
The Enemies command the Fossee.  The Moors by this means commanded the Fossee of the Fort, where they had planted eighteen Basilisks, which played for a fortnight together, with so much Damage, as our men for their last remedy defended themselves with the very ruins, making Forts retrenchments and reparations of the stones which had been thrown down.  
49. We had now lost fourscore men, and had more than an hundred Wounded, besides the scarcity and badness of the Provisions had made many sick; most of the Ammunition was spent, and by it our men brought into a great deal of danger, which Coge-Sofar having notice of by some Slaves who run away from the Fortress, ordered the Batteries should be reinforced, believing the hearts of such shattered Forces could not hold out; 
History of India, Dec. 6 Lib. 2. Cap. 1.  and as one, who would divide with his Prince the smiles of Fortune, sent to the Sultan, who was at Champanel, to come to the Camp, to put the Fortress on the first assault into his hands; upon the credit of that promise the Sultan came with ten thousand Horse, 
The Sultan comes with a great Army.  and most of his Court, he was received with a Vollee Royal, seconded with divers Instruments of War and Mirth, Music which ours heard, as abating their Courage, and grating their Ears.  
50. Our men believed that the Mirth in the Camp, so Solemnised with repeated Vollees, was to welcome those Turks they looked for; Dom john Mascarenhas presently commanded Fernaon Cavalho Commander of the Fort next the Sea, to set out a little Boat to know what passed amongst the Enemy, (the Spies he had in the Camp, being either Treacherous, or Discovered) which was done that very Night, and a Moor brought us, who told us of the Sultan's ●s coming, Coge-Sofar's promises, and the confidence they had of their design. The Commander freed the Moor, and bid him from him desire the King of Cambaya to stay in the Army, for he hoped to come and Visit him in his quarters. The Moor rejoiced at his Liberty, and wondered at the Captain's answer; being brought before Mahumud, and repeating the Captain's words, he told him, the Portuguese had their Fort thrown down, and their Hearts whole.  
51. Coge-Sofar commanded they should continue Battering, and bid Simaon Feo (one of ours whom he had against the Law of Arms detained Prisoner) tell Dom john Mascarenhas, that he wondered to see him so penned up, without Sallying out to Fight in the Field, as did the brave Cavalier Antonio da Sylveira, that his actions very much disagreed with his words; our men answered the message with Bullets from the Wall; the Battery lasted five hours, not without doing a great deal of Damage to the Buildings, which were tottering before; yet our Shot returned it with more loss, and better fortune, for a Bullet at random killed a Moor in the Sultan's Tent, as he was discoursing with him; and the Eastern Moors credulously addicted to Omens, the King looking upon what had happened, as a warning of some mischief which was coming (perhaps dissembling his fear by his Superstition) immediately went out of the Field, 
He retires and lews Iuz●●caon in his place.  leaving behind him juzarcaon, a stout Abessine, who in the mogul's Wars served against Sultan Mahumed, and now as a Soldier of fortune, was by some advantages persuaded to take pay in this Warr.  
52. The King, having left the Tents, stouter in Peace then Fight, and retiring to his pleasure House of Melique on the same Island, did hasten relief, which daily recruited the Camp. Dom john Mascarenhas, who in so close Siege knew no certainty of the Enemy's designs, was talking with the Cavaliers and Gentlemen how much it concerned 'em to get some advice. Diogo de Anaya Coutinho, 
A f●mous action of Di●go de Anaya.  (a Gentleman who Lived upon his Pay, yet of bravery becoming his Birth) hearing this discourse, offered himself to the Captain, and let down by a Cord from the top of the Wall, protected by the darkness of the Night, went to the Enemy's quarters, he had not gone far, but he spied two Moors talking hard by him, he scrupled to set upon 'em, because to carry off two was impossible, to fight with 'em inconvenient, but advising with the occasion, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Cap. 9  he Knocked down one of 'em with his Lance, and closing with the other (who by Crying out biting and struggling defended himself) carried him to the Gates of the Fortress, where he found the Corpse of Guard, who with Praises and Envy, brought him and his Prisoner to the Captain. I will now relate a Circumstance greater than the action, Diogo de Anaya had borrowed a Head-piece of a Soldier, and missing it when he was in the Fortress, thinking he had lost it in striving and closing with the Moor, went by the same Cord down the Wall, and looking it in the sight of an incensed Army, found it, and brought it back, not less rash than fortunate.  
53. By the News the Moor brought, the Captain knew, that Coge-Sofar and juzarcaon, this stout, the other desperate, had both mutually Vowed to Mahomet to take Dio, or perish in the design; that, if they could not brook us when we were Friends, they should not endure us when Conquerors. By their continual Battering many of their great Guns burst, instead of which they sitted others, shooting impetuously against Saint john's, Saint Thomas, and Saint James' Bastions, Commanded by Dom john de Almeyda, Lovis de Sousa, and Gil Coutinho, who slept always in their Armour, in danger constant, unwearied in duty.  
54. Saint James' Bastion was the weakest and most battered, and the Turks in that fought with our men upon very little disadvantage. There was not in the Portress Parapet or Battlement which was not thrown down, and from Saint john's to Saint James' Bastion all the Curtain was open, which made the duty of the Day be seconded by the labour of the Night, it being not possible, yet necessary for so few Defendants, so broken, to repair in a few hours the ruins of a Fortress so every where Battered, yet did they unanimously betake themselves to that Labour, they could neither master or excuse.  
55. The Women of the Fortress helped to bring Materials for the making up the Breaches, 
The courage of the Women of Dio.  going without any fear upon the Wall, stumbling at Lances, Swords, and Bullets, mastering their Nature and Sex, as if they wore men's hearts in a disguise: some there were who put on Arms and braved the Enemy, running from their Needle to a Lance, from their Couch to the Wall; of all the rest Isabella Fernandez deserved the greatest glory, whom (instead of Praises to honour her Memory) our Writers call the Old woman of Dio, famous by this name in the Annals and Memorials of the East. This great Matron spent part of her Estate in Junkets and Regallos', 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 2. Cap. 2.  with which in the heat of the dispute she fed the Soldiers, animating 'em (with Arguments above the courage and judgement of a Woman) to defend themselves by Fight. This diligence of the Matrons (which readily and seasonably put 'em upon any thing, were it servile, or hazardous) was in fine a lightning their Labour, and an example in Dangers.  
56. Coge-Sofar, seeing that the mischief his Arms did by Day our industry repaired by Night, contrived a design more subtle in the laying of it, then useful by the success. Against Saint Thomas' work, (which by its make and place lay most obnoxious) he resolved to cast up an other which should equal or command it, that by Battering it from above he might throw down the Battlements, so hindering the Defendants from Fight, and from making up their Breaches by night, his Guns being so Levelled by day as to be sure of their aim. He presently ordered whole mountains of Earth, and brush Fagotts to be brought to fill up the Ditch, and strengthened the Counterscarp with bodies of great Trees, to keep up the Earth. The multitude of Pioners who were in the Camp made up an other Army, who without fear or time carried on the work. In the interim the Guns from our work played to the great loss of the Enemy, for the Workmen being so thick and exposed, not one Shot from the Fortress was lost.  
57 Coge-Sofar, considering the greatness of the loss, gave order they should work by Night, when our shootting being without aim and at Rovers the Execution would be less, commanding them to make the most Noise, where they Worked least, that our Cannoneers led by their Ear, might point their Ordnance as the Sounds and Echoes reached them. This was known to Dom john Mascarenhas, who filled the Fortress with Lights that the Pioners who worked on the security of the Night, might be exposed to the same danger as by day; but Coge-Sofar (who had learned Experience in the Wars of Europe) gave order for the making of crooked and covered Trenches, by which the Moors more securely went on with the raising their Fort, and we vainly to our loss spent store of our Bullets.  
58. The Captain was not a little troubled at it, for if that work went forward there would not be any secure place in the Fortress, the Enemy's Canon commanding our Fortifications; so that between the Besiegers and Besieged there would be no advantage of place, and that of numbers the Moors had eminently above us. Upon debate of the matter in Counsel every one knew the danger, none the remedy. Some, with more Courage the Prudence, were for our men's Sallying forth with apparent danger to interrupt their work, not considering the hazard they run upon, to be greater than that they freed themselves from; but few consented to this advice, yet none could give other. Some Sallies ours made but to little purpose, for the Numbers and Vigilancy of the Enemy secured with a great Guard the Posts of the Workmen. But in great straits danger being usually the best Counsellor, Dom john Mascarenhas bethought himself of an eminency in the Fortress, which was higher than Saint Thomas' Fort, from whence our Guns might play; here he made some Pieces be planted, which did so lucky Execution, as in a few days they beat down that Machine, which in its raising and falling cost the Blood of those who Built it. But this Hydra being of so many Heads, with the same ruins Coge-Sofar set upon the filling up the Ditch, which was easier for him, being a Work that needed neither measure, design, or forecast.  
59 Two thousand Pioners began with the materials of the Fort to fill up the Ditch, and whilst 'twas doing a great body from the Army with Darts, Arrows, and Musquet-shot, kept our men from coming to the Wall. The work increased as did the danger of the Besieged, for the Fortress being ruined above, the plain ground with but little raising would be equal to the Wall. The Captain laid about to frustrate his design, and being irresolved how, some Old men (brought up in the Fortress) told him that by their quarters there was a Sally-port in the Wall, which length of time had covered with loose Earth; that, by that, without any danger, and with a great deal of ease, might be stole away the Earth they brought to fill up the Ditch. The necessity demanded speedy Execution, the Captain commanded men to Digg, and found a Sally-port fit for his purpose. Our men Sallied out in the Night, and stole the Rubbish which was undermost, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 2. Cap. 3.  leaving a hollow superficies which covered the hollowness, solid in appearance to the Enemies, and as the ground was exposed to the violence of the Wether it sunk of itself, with the fall of all that imaginary Superstructure in sight of the Enemy.  
60. Coge-Sofar had presently intelligence of the way we took to delude that which cost him so much pains, and coming to that place (out of impatience to see all his designs Counterplotted) there came out of the Fortress a Bullet shot at random which took off his Head, 
Coge-Sofar Dies of a 〈◊〉  in the middle of a Squadron of Turks. There was in the Army a general resentment for the loss of so great a Soldier. Our men saw them with inarticulate Lamentations, and dragged Colours bury the Body, with all the Military and Civil ceremony the vanity of War could teach 'em: His Son Rumecaon swore presently by the Blood of his Father, to be revenged of it, grief and anger being amongst them the last Sacrifice offered to their Dead.  
61. Rumecaon succeeded his Father in his Enmity, and Charge, 
Rumecaon his Son succeeds him.  carrying on the War with the Obligation of a General, and Resentment of a Son, engaged both by his grief and office. He commanded the filling up the Ditch should in six several places be gone on with, the Army being hourly furnished with Pioners, Provisions, Munition, and Soldiers, and the work every where rising, which Rumecaon hastened on, as a disposition to a general assault; by comparing designs, he too bethought himself to go on with contrivances that his Father had begun; He made six covered approaches, all which ended at the Sally-port of our Fortress, by which ours had ta'en away the Earth, these met upon a wooden Bridge, which we had made there, out of design under it to steal the Earth; upon this they were making the Fabric we spoke of, charging the Bridge with Stones and Timber, of such a bigness as the weight sunk it, and it presently fell to the ground with the loss of those who were at work under it. The Commander seeing this, ordered the shutting up of the Sally-port, the use of it being ta'en away, and to avoid any sudden invasion of the Enemy, who without any interruption worked on; while we were Hammering out, any Plot, or open Force to defeat so dangerous a Fabric, on confidence of which, the Moors (by their Festivals and Shouting) seemed already rather to enjoy then expect the Victory.  
62. Those cares were seconded by others of no less weight, for there were not now in the Fortress two hundred Fight men, some being wore out by Duty, others by Sickness, and Wounds, and had more need of recovering their strength, then exposing it in second dangers. Amongst the common Soldiers distrust made way for fear; Provision, and Ammunition were scarce; the stormy Seas and cruel Winter cut off all hopes of relief; for, either to send for't or receive it, the Season was not convenient.  
63. john Coelho was Vicar of the Fortress, 
The Vicar john Coelho goes to the Governor.  who had besides the Virtues of Priesthood resolution enough to go upon any danger; He offered himself to the Command, (which was very acceptable to him) in spite of storms to venture to Sea, and touching at Bacaim, or Chaul, as an Eye-witness to acquaint the Commanders how things stood, thence too, by Corriers over Land to give the Governor intelligence, promising on his Habit to return with the first news to Dio as a faithful Companion of their Fortunes. The Commander presently provided him a Catch with twelve Mariners, where we'll leave him wrestling with the Waves, till we are to give an account of the success of so stout and pious a Voyage.  
64. The Moors by force worked in filling up the Ditch, imperious and cruel Rumecaon commanding them to Die, or continue Working; for their reward, receiving in the very act, a miserable Grave. They at last came to lay the Ditch plain, and against Gil Coutinho's works where it could not be filled, they laid cross great Masts, with planks fastened to 'em, which they made use of for a Bridge, under that to ruin the Wall, which our Guns could not hinder 'em in, for they were covered.  
65. Dom john Mascarenhas immediately ordered great Chains, to throw them from the Wall on the Bridge, there hung at 'em Sacks of shreds dipped in Gunpowder, Salt-peter, and other Combustible matter, which being thrown, fired so violently on the Bridge, as presently to ruin it. Rumecaon came to make good the work with new Planks, more Workmen, and Soldiers, these defended the place, the others continued Labouring; which our men endeavoured to interrupt by their Canon and Musket shot, which did very much hurt the Enemy; but Rumecaon went on so obstinately, that he made fresh men pass over the Dead, who though forced upon't, overcome the danger by their Obedience. By so chargeable a way of working, he at last came to fill up the Ditch.  
66. Rumecaon, 
Propositions offered to our men by Rumecaon.  by the few Defendants who supplied the Posts, knowing how the case stood with us, had a mind to sound our Inclinations, believing in so dangerous a Conjuncture, Reason and Nature would teach us not to throw away our Lives. At the beginning of the Night, those on Saint James' work heard one calling to the Watch in Portuguese, saying, he was Simaon Feo, who upon some extraordinary business would speak with the Commander in chief. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 4. Lib. 2.  Dom john Mascarenhas had presently notice of it, and entering into discourse with the Soldier, he told him, that he was Simaon Feo, scent by Rumecaon, who had a mind, out of his affection to the Courage of so great Soldiers, to save their Lives, they now desperately defended; that they saw the Fortress every where Ruined, the greatest part of the Soldiers sick, or Wounded, without any hope of relief, in want of Provisions and Ammunition; that we should not by perishing obstinately, discredit by the rashness of a few, the greatness of our Actions; that we would give up ourselves, he desiring for his own glory to keep alive so brave Enemies; that he would give us all Honourable terms, leaving us the disposal of our Estates, and Ships for our passage, which if we accepted not, we were to look to endure the rigour of War, and that Licentiousness which in Onslaughts is Authorised by Indignation and Victory. Dom john Mascarenhas answered him, that the Fortress the Portuguese kept needed no Walls; that in the open Field they would defend it against the strength of the whole World; that on the first assault he should learn this truth, that he ought to bethink himself of sending to the Sultan for more men, and better Soldiers; that the Portuguese scorned such small Victories; that he hoped with Heads of Turks to make up the ruins of the Fortress; that if he wanted Provisions, he would go look for 'em as Booty in his Camp; that as long as his Soldiers were Armed, they could want nothing in the possession of their Enemies; that he hoped shortly through his armed Squadrons with Sword in hand to cut out the happy passage he offered him, he told Simaon Feo, that, though he was obliged to repeat an others words, he should not return with an other message, for he would make him be Shot from the Wall.  
67. Rumecaon seeing we fed upon Dangers, hard Duty, 
The Enemy assaults ●a●nt Io●'s work.  and Hunger, affronted too by so slight an answer, resolved to give the first assault; There broke upon us a Dismal day, (which was the nineteenth of july in the year 1546.) the Enemy's Army at the Dawning, being seen round the Fortress. juzarcaon with fifteen hundred choice men fell upon Saint john's work, Commanded by Luis de Sousa, with whom were Dom Fernando de Castro, Sebastion de Sa, Diogo de Reynoso, Pero Lopez de Sousa, Diogo da Sylva, Antonio da Cunba, and other Gentlemen and Soldiers not passing thirty; These with so much Bravery expected the first shock of the Enemy, that they beat back the first fourscore who began to Scale, who by their Outcries, Blood, and Fall, showed the loss they had received; Others presently came after them, finding the dead Bodies had made their Scaling easier; juzarcaon encouraged them, by minding 'em of their honour, their reward, and their vengeance. The striking on the Air by the Guns, and Clamours of men, made an hideous impression on the Walls of the Fortress. The Battery was continued against the other works, the assault against Saint John's, and Saint Thomas'; that those who in themselves were but few, might being divided, sooner yield.  
68 Rumecaon with his Turks assaulted Saint Thomas' work, 
And Saint Thomas'.  kept by Dom john de Almeyda, and Gil Coutinho; his men picked out for their Valour, and of a proud Nation fell on so furiously, as though run through with our Lances, they gave not over Scaling, seeking for Victory in their Death; they had the advantage of numbers, we of place, and those who had bestrid the Wall, must either Enter Victoriously or Dye wounded, Retiring being more dangerous, then Fight. The Enemy with fresh men continually reinforced the Assault; Ours, always the same, were too hard for the first Assailants, and match for the last. The Women came to their help with Arms, and Powder, putting on that Courage which was rather seasonable then natural; some of 'em with Regallos' and Drinks put Life into the Soldiers, and not able to show their own strength, did increase it in others; there were of them, who animated 'em with Speeches, deserving to have had in so great hearts the force of men; and amongst the actions of this Siege we shall relate theirs as most unusual, if not as the greatest. There was seen at the foot of the work a Mountain of Dead bodies, some with their Wounds bleeding, others burned with the Fire; some at their last Gasp, 'twixt anger and grief, cried for Vengeance; sometimes too it happened, that those who went to Vindicate 'em Died first. Our men that day did wonders, which were more easily seen by their success, than they can be by Writing; for in particularising accidents the truth is uncertain, most of all in the chances of War, where anger, fear, and other passions so captivate the judgement, that each particular man can hardly be a faithful Historian of his own Actions.  
69. Dom Fernando de Castro that day gave proof of a Courage befitting his Birth, 
What resistance our men made.  and above his Years. Sebastian de Sa left us a famous memory of his Valour, till having his Knee shot through with a poisoned Arrow, and falling down for Dead, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 4. Lib. 2.  not being able to maintain the Fight, he would not forsake it; He was at last by his Comrades, full of grief and envy, carried off, having before sufficiently revenged his Blood on the Enemy. Every one in fine behaved himself so Stoutly, as that one day was enough to make 'em Soldiers. After Fight two hours they seemed but to begin the assault, Rumecaon carrying himself as if in one day he intended to make an end of the War. He commanded every Nation to Fight by themselves, either the more to Spurr 'em on by Emulation, or that they might better observe Orders; he himself, Commanding and Fight, by his Voice, and Example made 'em stand to't, and not glutted with the Blood he saw spilt, Praised the forwardest, and Vilifyed the backward'st, carrying out 'midst the horror of Arms, his anger with prudence. Dom john Maescarenhas behaved himself not only as a Commander, but a Companion where the greatest danger was, Fight, and Commanding so prudently, that he came off owing nothing to Courage, less to Conduct.  
70. Rumecaon, 
The Enemy retires with loss.  seeing the great numbers of Dead which were about the Works, and that his men kept back when commanded to come on, commanded the sounding of a Retreat, carrying off in great haste the Dead and Wounded, so to keep from his own their Loss, and from us our Victory; yet we had it from themselves, that they lost in this assault five hundred men, the Wounded were many more; there Died of ours but one Soldier, the Wounded were less than twenty. By this disproportion 'tis seen that the Victory was not only obtained by Human force, but that God maintained the cause as his own; our Arms being the happy Instruments of his Power, of which the History will yet give us greater proofs.  
71. Upon the Enemies retiring the Commander in Chief summoned our men to a second Labour, which the Necessity, or Victory made them easily digest. The Breaches of the Fortress were of force to be made up; the Stones and Mortar, being the soft Beds which our Soldiers had to recover their so decayed strength with; they all went willingly and cheerfully on the Service, led on by the example of the Commander, who after the Enemies, Conquered his own Nature. The Fortress in the morning appeared in part repaired, our men by their working recovering themselves, as if they had been at rest; the weight of their Arms not permitting them to make any difference 'twixt Day and Night. The Enemy was by this assault so broken, as he durst not in many days come to Blows with us, his experience making him more Cautious or Cowardly; He now and then faced the Fortress with some inconsiderable Piqueering, to shake us with continual Alarms, or by our taking our Posts, to observe the inclinations of our minds; yet did he not leave off Battering, intending by a long Siege to weaken us: but the Camp daily increasing with new Recruits, and the Sultan declaring his concernment for this War, Rumecaon resolved to give the Fortress the second assault.  
72. And considering the loss he had received, though Fight with so much advantage of numbers, he looked upon the slaughter of his men as having higher Causes, for which 'twas fit to appease the Prophet. 
juzarcaon falls to Superstition.  He immediately commanded the bringing forth of a Banner which had in it the Picture of Mahomet, and that the Army with that should go so many times in Procession about the Mosque, and with other barbarous and ridiculous Expiation should appease and reconcile Mahomed, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 2. Cap. 5.  whose displeasure retarded their Victory. Fernaon Carvalho, Commander of the work toward the Sea, saw the Army that night go in Procession with great store of Lights, and by times heard Noise and Clamours which presently ended in a sudden silence, again bursting forth into Groans of a confused multitude, their Sighs and Outcries were seconded by Instruments of War, and in this Superstitious vanity were many hours of the Night entertained. Fernaon Carvalho was troubled at the strangeness, and could not guests for what it was; but acquainted Dom john Mascarenhas with what he saw, who guest it a preparation for an assault, abetted by some Barbarous ceremony and Superstitious rite, with which they hoped to reconcile the anger of their false Prophet.  
73. The Commander in Chief made ready for this second storm of the Enemy, finding in such shattered Forces, all his Soldier's heart-whole, the Wounded and Sick quitted their Beds and Cures, more eager to go upon Dangers then recover their Health. Dom john Mascarenhas with Courage and Judgement ordered and disposed what was necessary for their defence; 
An other assault.  Daylight was hardly broke when the Enemy appeared before the Fortress with Clamours and doleful Noises, which by the sounding of Warlike instruments were in the silence of the Night made more Dreadful; The Army came up divided into three Squadrons, and had carried before 'em (amongst the rest) a Ba●ner in which was the Image of their Prophet, that both Religion and their King's honour might animate them; at the same time they fell upon Saint john's and Saint Thomas' work, and Antonio Pecanha's Guard with so much sury as they neither saw or feared danger, but were by ours so received, as they were with more haste forced back, than they came in to the Onset, many falling down Dead, most of 'em Wounded, and others burnt by Fire. juzarcaon and Rumecaon were heard to incite others to Scale the Works, who under shelter of the Vollees of Muskets, infinite Arrows, and other Shouting, did go on afresh. 'Twas here the assault was Kindled in a great deal of heat, the Turks earnest to recover their lost Credit, were by rage and shame put upon Fight, obstinately getting up through Fire and Sword, like men who less valued their Lives then the Victory, so as they got to be on the same ground with ours, Fight man to man upon the Work.  
74. Louis de Sousa, Dom Fernando de Castro, with the other Gentlemen and Soldiers of their Company did that day give new repute to our Arms, so behaving themselves as Rumecaon represented 'em to his men, sometimes for their example, others as their shame; the Turks were continually relieved, Ours, always the same, showed themselves as stout against the last as first; the Fight grew hot every where, of the Enemies a great many were Killed and Wounded, yet did their rage or anger, either hide or slight the loss; for, on the Body of him who fell did an other plant himself, to fling his Lance, or Fight more firmly, the heat and impatience of Victory inventing new Subtleties or never heard of Cruelties.  
75. They at last entered Saint Thomas' work, 
The Turks enter Saint Thomas' work.  which for a good while they kept, as some fell others coming in their place. 'Twas here the fury of the Enemy was great, as well as their Slaughter. Dom Francisco, and Dom Pedro de Almeydo showed themselves Brothers as well by their Soutness as Blood, withstanding the shock of so many Enemies all the time of the assault.  
76. The Turks of Rumecaon's Division fought with ours Body to Body, upon equality of ground, and advantage of numbers, the danger heightening our Courage. Few of those who entered the work got off Alive, but having this Door open towards Victory they endeavoured though with eminent danger to keep it so. This being the first honour the chance of Arms had in the War conferred on Rumecan, he with praises and promises raised the pride of the Turks. 'Twas noised amongst ours the work was lost, which Alarm, whether 'twas craft, or chance, might have lost the Fortress; for those who fought in other places almost all forsaken their Posts to relieve the work they gave for gone; those chiefly who Guarded the Houses toward the Rock, came so furiously to the Relief, as the rest had time to Brach, who by their Duty and Wounds were now wearied and broken.  
77. Dom john Mascarenhas went about the Posts, assuring them all, that the work was yet ours, and how Courageously 'twas maintained; that Rumecaon stood looking on the Slaughter of his men, who cast themselves weltering in their Blood from the Wall, and by their fall made sure of their Deaths. The Storming continued, and on both sides Death and Wounds seemed to add to their Courage and Bravery, which juzarcaon observing, and believing those few Defendants the Fortress had, were employed in those Bastions which were attaqu'd, 
〈…〉  leaving the Battle, with some Soldiers surrounded the Wall, and coming to the Fause-bray, which without art Nature had made defensable by the height and cragginess of the Rock on which too the Sea beat, seeing it unguarded, without either Soldiers or Watch, guest that the situation made us secure of it, and sending for a Senjack with a hundred Turks and scaling Ladders they begun to Scale there without being either seen or resisted; for the Soldiers who had the Guard there, upon the news Saint Thomas' work was lost, quitting the Post they kept, with more Courage than Discipline went to relieve it.  
78. The Turks boldly climbed the Rock, making their way to some Houses, joining to Saint James' Church, which gave them passage to a Gallery where they planted Ladders for others to come up by. juzarcaon stood without encouraging 'em, believing he had stole both the Honour and Victory from Rumecaon. 
History o● India, Dec. 6. Cap. 6. Lib. 1.  The Turks won those Houses, and were going down into the Fortress, and one of 'em more resolute, or diligent than the rest, went into a Married woman's House, and ask Money of her to save her Life, the poor Woman surprised with fear, made as if she went forth to procure it, and going into her Neighbours told her in a fright, the danger they were in, this, startled at the News, acquainted an other, 
The Courage of a ●spain●  who with Manly prudence and courage took up a Sphere, and going to the House where the Turks where, saw one of 'em at Door watching how things went abroad, and coming up to him, laying on with her Sphere, forced him to retire within the Doors, with so much Mastery of her judgement in the danger she was in, as she had the Caution to lock the Door, and the Courage to wait on the Turks, and hinder their coming forth, worthy certainly to have her memory Recorded amongst the most famous Champions.  
79. The women who Lived thereabouts being seized with so just a fear, went to look out the Commander in Chief, crying, Turks in the Fortress; they found him with three Soldiers running about the Works; hearing women's Voices, not less Prudent than Courageous, He commanded them to be silent, and took them with him to show him the House where the Turks were, 
The Captain comes in to her help.  dispatching one of the Soldiers with commands to draw off some from the Works, where the Enemy was less pressing, without saying any thing of the danger the Fortress was in to those who were Fight; he likewise sent off an other Soldier to bring him all the scattering men he found from Duty; by the way he light upon Andre Bayaon with an other, and coming to the House where the Turks were, he saw the Woman, who kept 'em fast, and, with more than masculine Courage disputed their coming forth; so unfortunate as to have no reward in her Life, so no name in our History.  
80. Dom john Mascarenhas looking on the so extraordinary Valour found in a Woman, as an Omen of the Victory, having it from her, that the Turks were Locked up in the House, sent a Abessine (who by chance was there) for a Pan of Powder, and because he moved slowly, shoved him by the Arm, when at the same instant from the Leads of the Church, (where were gotten some Turks) came a Bullet, which Killed the Abessine, who kept it off from the Captain. There presently came a Soldier with Powder, which Dom john Mascarenhas taking out of his hands, forcing open the Doors, threw in amongst the Turks, the Fire burned most of 'em, and the Bullets which with certain aim they Shot from within missed him, which was interpreted to be by chance, by some others, providence. Behaving himself that day like Commander and Soldier, covered with his Buckler, and having his Sword in his hand, with four more he set upon the Turks, and by dint of Sword drove 'em to the Gallery, 
And drives out the Soldiers.  where he so pressed 'em, as to make 'em throw themselves down the Rock, with no less danger than that they fled from, most of them Killed or coming off Maimed by their fall.  
81. Dom john Mascarenhas had now News, 
The Turks get upon th● Church.  that on the Leads of the Church there appeared a great many Turks with two Banners planted, beginning to Shoot our men from above as they came on; here 'twas the danger was great, for there being no other than Fire-arms, Fortune outwent Courage. We were less than sixty, the Turks more than an hundred. Dom john Mascarenhas seeing, that by keeping the place they increased, sent for Scaling-Ladders, chance and necessity so ordering it, that in his own Fortress he was forced to become the Assailant. Our men fastened a little Ladder to the Wall, and the first Soldier who Ventured on it was by the ●ances of the Turks immediately thrown down; they than brought bigger and clapping 'em to the Wall, the Commander in chief striving first to get up, was by the Soldier's just violence kept from passing. Our men got up by the Walls of the Apostle Saint James' Church, confident by the place, of the Victory; the advantage of place made great Odds in their Fight, the Enemy had firm footing, Ours by their hanging in the Air broke two Ladders, for their strife and heat who should first get up was an other War. The Commander by his words and example animated the Soldiers, which he did more out of his Duty then Necessity. The Conflict was obstinate and resolute, some of our men fell back Dead, none came off Wounded. The impatience of getting ●oom to Climb vvorked more upon those who stood below, than the Wounds they saw their Comrades receive; for, though in so long and dangerous a Siege they had not too much of the War, they cut one an other with unheard of Cruelty.  
82. juzarcaon encouraged and relieved his, with fresh men so, as in a little time he filled the place where they fought, (which was the Leads or Roof of the Church) with Soldiers. Ours at last, after a sharp contest, at the price of their Blood got upon the Wall, showing in the inequality of place and numbers, a difference in Courage. Three long hours the dispute lasted, 
And retire.  in which time the few who were there so behaved themselves, as that one Action deserved a particular History, yet find we not their names Recorded, who by their Blood challenged so distinct a memory. The Turks were almost all Killed, some by their fall, others in the Fight, and supposed to be their best men, who were singled out for so great an Action.  
83. The Commander hearing the assault lasted yet on the Works, carried off his men to refresh 'em in a second danger, and visiting the Posts, found our men so engaged in keeping off the Enemy, that after four hours the assault seemed but to begin; The Dead at the foot of the Works were so many as they wanted ground to lie upon, whose Bodies made the Scaling of the Wall easier. Rumecaon without, encouraged, or reproached his men, as he saw the bravery or coldness of their Courage in Fight; provoking 'em by Rewards, and Punishments; on all occasions of this Siege showing both Resolution and Discipline. Dom john Mascarenhas gave not over Ordering, and Providing what was necessary every where, so as the Soldiers in no danger found him wanting; On that day which was the Apostle Saint James', it appeared the Saint would show us the Victory was his, and that he was not now less Powerful against the Moors in Asia, than he had been before in Spain.  
84. The dispute continued hot and dreadful on both sides, juzarcaon (taking it to heart, not to compass the Scaling of the Fortress which had cost him so dear) came with those men under his Command, to put more Life into the assault, when by a Bullet from the Fortress, which hit him on the Breast, and past through him he fell down Dead; 
Iuzarcaon's Death.  And being a Person of such Value, for his Courage, and the place he held, the News was immediately disperct through the Army, when it came to Rumecaon's Ears (was it Fear, or Compassion) he received it with no little Resentment, immediately Commanding the sounding a Retreat, to bring off Iuzarcaon's body, a loss could not be concealed from his men, and being greater than any they had before sustained, they now thought the Victory not worth what it had already cost, and if they should achieve it, doubted who would remain to enjoy it. That their Prophet apparently showed himself angry with them, since he could endure to see his Banner so ignominiously torn. To these Considerations they added others which spoke against their General's fortune, and the cause of the War; laying to his charge that they had the worst of it. Rumecaon by divers Artifices remedied these jealousies, Palliating his own loss, and enhancing ours, laying before 'em the Sultan's Favour, and their own Fame, as the most considerable part of that reward they were to look for. 
And that of many Turks.  We lost in that assault seven Soldiers, and had thirty Wounded; on the Moors side the Dead were above one thousand, and the Wounded near two.  
85. Dom john Mascarenhas, after ordering the Burial of the Dead, and the looking to the Wounded, (in which he spared no Care, and less his Estate, which he profusedly spent, without keeping account) did by a Brigantine send the Governor word how things stood, and of his want of Men, Ammunition, and Provisions. Sebastion de Sa, 
The 〈◊〉 in Chief adviseth the Governor.  at the instance of the Commander in Chief, and Friends, went on the Vessel, though with these words in his mouth, that only on the work where he was Wounded, could he recover his Health, which every one desired he should preserve, because his Actions in that Siege deserved no little Fame, and a much longer Life; He recovered Bacaim when his Vessel was almost sunk, was received and entertained by Dom jeronymo de Menezes, Captain of the Fortress there, who presently dispatched the Letters to the Governor, with what advice he had from Dom john Mascarenhas.  
86. Dom john de Castro was at that time very Solicitous how things went at Dio, because the Winter kept him from having any News, or sending any Relief; yet did he, without sparing Cost or Danger, even under the Waves, secure it, 
How the Governor was concerned to rel●eve Dio.  (when most straightened) with Men and Ammunition, as will be immediately seen by the History. He had (with an intention to go in Person to raise the Siege at Dio) made march the whole strength of India, and the success seemed as it would answer the design, for the Kings of India made him very honourable Offers, and the Gentlemen and Soldiers presented themselves without Pay or Reward.  
87. About that time, which was the beginning of july, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 7. Lib. 2.  arrived at the Bar of Goa, the Ship, Holy Ghost, Captain, Diogo Rebello, she had been of the Governors Conserve, and by bad weather had Wintered in Melinde, and though she came with some of her men Sick, the Air of the Land, the Governors' care, and the excess of joy for the business of Dio, made them in a little time recover their health; Dom john de Castro was glad of so seasonable a Relief to increase the Fleet; yet came no News from the Fortress, which the people construed to be an Argument of some ill success; when arrived the Letters sent by the Vicar, 
The news of the Vicar comes.  by which the Governor understood, the straightness of the Siege, the strength of the Enemy, and the want Ours were in of Men and Provisions, and the time rather requiring Execution then Counsel, he resolved with part of the Fleet to send away his Son Dom Alvero de Castro, against the opinion of the Mariners, who in the beginning of the Winter counted the attempt too hazardous. Yet Dom john de Castro would not be overruled, 
He sends his Son Dom Alvero with relief,  by the love of a Son, or the apprehensions of the Season, but resolved upon sending Relief; which being known by the Soldiers, and Gentlemen, they came to offer themselves, even those who by their Years and Command were exempted; of their number was Dom Francisco de Menezes, who, after having had great Commands, offered as a common Soldier, to go with the Relief, the Governor took him in his Arms desiring him to stay to go on the Fleet with him, but seeing him resolute to go in that Succour, 
and first of all Dom Francisco de Menezes with seven Ship.  gave him seven Ships, with them to try to make his passage; Dom Francisco put with them to Sea, and with him were a great many brave Soldiers, and some of his Kindred, who out of love to Honour bore him Company.  
88 Three days after departed Dom Alvero, reconciled to his Father, upon his complaint, 
Dom Alvero parts with Nineteen.  that he had sent before him, his Brother Dom Fernando, as if by Birthright he claimed the first dangers. There Embarked on this Relief a great part of the Nobility, whom, the pleasure of the design, and the company of the General, made to undervalue the ●urks, and Storms. The Governor gave his Son his blessing, and put him on Board, with great tenderness from the people, for offering up his Sons for his Country, toward which, then toward his own Blood, he showed himself a more indulgent Father. The Governor having given his Son some private Instructions, commanded him (though by his General-ship otherwise dispensed) to obey Dom john Mascarenhas, and so writ him word; Dom john de Castro having always a true Value for other men's Merits. The Ships of the Fleet were Nineteen, whose Commanders were, 
The Commanders who went with him.  Dom lorge de Menezes, Dom Duarte de Menezes, Son to the Count of Feira, Luis de Mello de Mendoca, and his Brother jorge de Mendoca, Dom Antonio de Attayde, Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, Lopo de Sousa, Nuno Pereira de Lacerda, Athanasio de Freire, Pero de Attayde de Inferno, Dom john de Attayde, Bathasar de Sylva, Dom Duarte Deca, Antonio de So, Belchior de Moniz, Lopo Voz Coutinho, Francisco Tavarez, and Francisco Guilherme.  
89. The Governor having dispatched this Fleet, 
The Governors' preparations.  was busy in preparing for that himself resolved to go upon, laying out for Provisions and Money, which he took up upon his Credit, the only Treasure he kept by him in India, with which he Commanded the Hearts and Estates of all men, as we shall prove by the visible Arguments of example.  
90. The Ladies and Maids of Chaul, 
The Women of Chaul present their Jewels.  possessed by the same generous Spirit, contributed all the Jewels and Gold they wore, and with a Liberality above Women, without either obligation, or ask, sent 'em to the Governor, and with 'em word that they had less tenderness than envy for their Children and Husbands who went with him. We read not in the Annals of the Caesar's, a braver Action of the Roman Ladies.  
91. When the present came, there was accidentally in Goa a Lady of Chaul (by name Catherina de Sousa) who putting all the Jewels she had in a little Box, with this Letter sent 'em to the Governor. Sir, Knowing the Women of Chaul have presented your Honour with all their Jewels for the carrying on this War, 
The present and Letter of a Lady.  though I am now in Goa, I would not be without my share of that honour, which belongs to me, as one of that place. I send your Honour my Jewels by my Daughter Katherine. Guess not by the smallness of their number, how many may be in Chaul, for I assure you I am she who have the fewest, having divided 'em amongst my Daughters; and your Honour may believe, that the Jewels of Chaul alone, without being Exhausted, are sufficient for ten years to continue the Warr. The favour I beg of your Honour is, presently to spend mine in Don Alvaro's expedition, because I hope by the intercession of our Lady he will get such signal Victories as will excuse your Honour's Voyage and Trouble: this I beg in my Prayers, and that our Lady by Hers will so add to your Honour's Life, as you may return into Portugal to the presence of your Lady-wife and Daughters. Dated in Goa, at my Daughter Donna Maria's House, this Eleventh of july. I would, (were there need of it) for your Honour's Service, pawn my Daughter Katherine. I know not, whether their love to their Country, or their affection to the Governor produced these extremes. We have seen as much necessity for it, but not so great Bravery as in Dom Iohn de Castro's time. Many Gentlemen, after having been Generals, and now Old men leaning upon Staffs, came and offered themselves for Soldiers, there not being any one grown stiff by his Years or Command.  
92. After both Reliefs were gone, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 7. Lib. 2.  the Governor was uniting the strengths which remained, and disposing the Government of the City in his absence. All the Exigencies of the State found him ready with one hand in Peace, the other in Warr. And the Fortress wanting Ammunition, and Provision, (besides what was already sent) he Laded a great Carvell, which being a heavy Vessel would have much ado to endure the Sea. Some Soldiers had refused to go upon her, counting it danger without reputation to strive with the Elements. The importance of the business made him desire to entrust the Carvell with some Person of Quality, whose honour would lessen the danger. He imparted the business to Manoel de Sousa de Sepulveda, a Gentleman, for his Courage and Judgement, very much endeared to him; who told him, Antonio Moniz Baretto had Gallantry and Industry enough for greater things; that though, for some sleight Quarrel against him as Governor, he would not sue for, yet would he not deny the King's Service in so great an urgency; that he would feel him, and bring the answer of his Resolution. So it was, that Antonio Moniz, 
Antonio Moniz accepts of a Voyage to Dio.  understanding the Governors' pleasure, and that he put him on a Voyage whose difficulty only made others refuse it, presently embraced it. We will in its proper place tell the success and danger he met with.  
93. There was by the Vigilancy of the Governor entered some Relief into the Fortress, by which the Danger and Duty lay upon more Shoulders, yet were they not in any proportion to the Enemy, because the last Recruit which came to the Army, consisted of thirteen thousand Foot, 
There come an other juzarcaon to continue the Siege.  under the Conduct of an other juzarcaon, in Valour not Inferior, nor in Fortune ●ove the first. He brought express Orders from the Sultan to straighten the Siege, and Letters from him to Rumecaon, that he could not stand by and see four contemptible Fellows, from the World's end, affront the Kings of Cambaya at home; that they should all Dye in the design; that he had rather have a desolate than a subjected Empire; that half the Portuguese being already Buried in the ruins of the Fortress, if they could not force 'em to yield as Men, they should as Lions kill 'em in their Dens. Rumecaon gave no other answer, then by showing (sometimes for his glory, sometimes for his excuse) our Walls, and Works, every where thrown down, being very much transported that the Sultan was not satisfied with what he had done, and more provoked with despair, than reward, he promised to satisfy him by Death, or Victory; and being more obeyed for his Cruelty then Command, 
The Enemy makes a Bastion.  he ordered the making of a Bastion before Saint James' work, which was with incredible haste performed, and furnished with Men and Ordnance; and commanding our Works, our men could not appear without being feched off by the Enemy's Bullets.  
94. The Commander in Chief was not a little troubled at it; 
Ou● mer throw it down.  for if Rumecaon should (as his design was) Storm on that side, our Defendants would not be able to resist him, without lying open to the Enemy's shot. Resolved therefore to throw down the Work, he recommends the Execution of it to two Brothers, Dom Pedro, and Dom john de Almeyda, who Sallying out about Midnight with an hundred Soldiers, found the Moors, some sleeping, others careless on confidence of the place and hour. Charging them on a sudden, in a little time they made a great Slaughter, for, forgetting themselves they run upon our Lances and Swords, not aware of Death or Enemy. Those who by flying could provide for themselves, with Groans and Cries gave the Alarm to the Camp, without being able to affirm any thin●● for certain. In the same confusion came the news to Rumecaon, who (as dangers by Night appear bigger) concluded this Exploit of ours was grounded on some great Recruit arrived by stealth, which escaped his Sentinels. He called the Officers to Counsel whilst the Army betook themselves to their Arms, and resolved with all his strength to relieve the Bastion. He wasted the time of Action in Orders and Preparations, and coming to the place found the Work on the ground, the Guards killed, and our men Retired; an Action of no less fortune than concernment. There Died of the Enemy three hundred, of our not one.  
95. Rumecaon presently ordered the raising thick Walls of Earth against Saint John's work, to be Guarded by a Troop of Moors, who by turns took the Watch, and on the top of 'em he planted some Canon to Batter the Work at a more convenient distance. Dom john Mascarenhas, Vigilant in preventing the designs of the Enemy, 
The Courage of fourteen Soldiers.  put out through a Skit-gate fourteen Soldiers, in a stormy and dark Night, who charging on a sudden the Moors, drove them from their Posts, whilst the Labourers with Pick-axes and other Instruments threw down the Work, which being told Rumecaon, he resolved with open force to storm the Fortress, ordering for the next day a general Assault, on which he made a Speech to his Soldiers, encouraging 'em, by the affronts they had received from so few Enemies, brought Low by Duty, Hunger, and Wounds, that those who fell there were more honourable than those who survived, to be to the World an infamous testimony of an ignominious War; that it was in them, to save their King's Honour, to revenge their Companions and to leave a glorious Fame of themselves in the East; that they ought to be confident of the Sultan's thanks, for he would not fail to reward 'em, and take a particular account of all their Wounds; that if any would venture to govern the General's staff, he promised as a private Soldier to be the first should Scale the Wall.  
96. Thus he left 'em fired with glory and revenge. Next morning by break of Day, at the Noise of warlike Instruments, and with their Colours flying (the Displaying of which was observed by ours) the Army marched, 
A general assault.  and coming to the Walls began to plant Scaling Ladders round about the Fortress, with the advantage of innumerable and different Shots, of Arrows, Bullets, and other Arms, which came from the Body of the Army. The horror too of the Fight was increased by confused and repeated Noises, which, Violently, raising their Spirits and confounding their Judgements, hindered both Command and Obedience. The Moors boldly Scaled the Walls, as did the Turks on the other side, as if they envied each others danger, all strove to be the first at hazards, and blows. Ours, though but few (every one his own Commander, and encourager) so behaved themselves as if each single man had been to answer for the reputation of all. The first who came to the top with their Blood and Lives paid for their daring, but were immediately with the same eagerness seconded by others, some pricked forward by their own Courage, others by the General, who from below as he discovered in 'em, heat, or fear, praised or reproached those who Scaled.  
97. The Moors cast Granados, Pots of Powder, and Balls of Wildfire in such quantity into the Works, that our men Fought in the Flames, which catching their clothes burned them alive. The Commander in chief strove to avoid this danger with some Barils of water, 
How our men kept off the Fire.  which did partly extinguish or mitigate the heat of the Fire; but the Enemy, knowing how much hurt it did, used in all their assaults the same artifice, against which ours found out a more easy than effectual remedy, many Clothing themselves with Leather, which the Fire did not so soon seize upon, Dom john Mascarenhas with Hangings he had of gilt Leather (the Walls being naked) helped to Cloth many of the Soldiers.  
98. The War grew hot, and the Fortress (hid in Clouds of smoke) was hardly seen, 'twas only discoverable by a weak Light, the continual Flashing of Shooting, what was seen, and what was heard was full of horror; there were at the Foot of the Wall innumerable Bodies, some Dead, others Gasping, and all that was before the sight, or judgement, was a foul Spectacle, of Deaths, horror, and wounds. 'Twas in all the Works on both sides Fought with great Courage, though with disproportion of Numbers 'twixt the Besiegers and Besieged. The work Luis de Sousa defended, (where was Dom Fernando de Castro) was near lost, the assault taking it with the most Breaches, and being attaqued by the Choice men of the Army: Yet did the Defendants give glorious marks of their Valour, Fight with such Courage in the Flames, as they showed themselves, besides Valiant, insensible. Dom Fernando de Castro did here render himself singular by Actions above his Years, proving Courage stays not for Age. The Portuguese did that day things worthy a better Pen, and larger History. The very Turks were testimony of their Prowess, saying, the Franks only deserved to wear Beards.  
99 During the assault the Work toward the Sea shot often amongst the Enemy, who Fight in Companies were more exposed, and received no little loss, which Rumecaon taking notice off, 
The Enemy retires,  seeing his Colours torn, and his best men Dead, and that without the loss of a stone the Portuguese had maintained the Breaches of their Fortress, commanded the sounding a Retreat, less sensible of the loss, than shame. That day was at several time happy to our Arms; 
With the Death of three hundred.  for the Enemy losing on the place three hundred, and carrying off two thousand Wounded, there was missing none of ours, though some lost much Blood. The Commander in chief immediately looked after the Wounded; the tenderness with which he used them being the chief remedy; By helping the infirm, not only with Expense, but grief and Fellow-feeling; he showed himself in Peace their Father, in War their Companion. Their danger was presently succeeded by their Labours, for by Night they all repaired what the Batteries had thrown down by Day, and all with such Cheerfulness undertook the Task, as if they came to rest themselves by carrying Stones, Earth, and Faggots.  
100 Rumecaon seeing the hazard and difficulty of taking the Fortress by Scaling, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 2. Lib. 8.  commanded the filling up of the Ditch from Saint john's to Saint James' work, a thing he put the janissaries upon, who proud of their Repute and Courage did ambitiously covet the most eminent dangers of the Siege. 
Rum on goes about filling up the Ditch.  There were Dead already four hundred, leaving their name and grief for 'em great amongst the surviving, who carried on the Work, which proved to 'em of little advantage and great danger; for our Guns took 'em off, and a great many of the Workmen; whose Bodies by a Cruel and Barbarous discipline were thrown in to fill up the Ditch, the Work being of Faggots and Earth, went on, Kneaded with the Blood of the poor men who Laboured in it. They planted some Pieces with which they did harm to our works, chiefly Saint Thomas', where they took from us the use of a great Gun, and the Battery looked disposed for greater Execution.  
101. About that time the Vicar john Coelho, with nine Soldiers in a little Boat arrived at the Fortress, 
The Vicar returns to Dio.  for though he found the Seas high, and the Winds contrary, pains and necessity over-came the danger; He reported the Governor was with all diligence preparing to come to raise the Siege; that he had already sent great Recruits; that there were five hundred men in Bacaim, who hoped with the first opportunity to cross the Gulf; that many not brooking any delay had already ventured to Sea. This news went about the Fortress, and was by the Soldiers entertained with Dancing and Music; every one looking out to Sea took the Clouds for Ships, so credulous are men upon any glimpse of hopes. The Moors had the news of our Recruits, and before our men should grow in Numbers with the force they expected, a general assault was ordered, and they resolved to enter the Fortress, or by their Deaths, Blood, and Perishing, show the World and the Sultan, the fault was not theirs.  
102. That day with three and twenty Canon, 
A fresh assault.  and some Basilisks they began to Batter, which they continued till Sun setting, and the next day till three in the afternoon. They threw down most of the Walls, so that Ours could not by any Reparations or Traveses shelter themselves from the continual discharging of the Enemy's Musqueteers. The Turks by the ruins of the Battery got presently on Saint Thomas' Work, yet did the Captain Luis de Sousa, Dom Fernando de Castro, and Dom Francisco de Almeyda, with other stout Soldiers who kept it, receive them with such fury on their Lances, as they forced them back, some Dead, others Maimed. There presently followed fresh men, whom our Swords made company for the former. The like fortune had the Fight in the other Works, the Moors loss, and our men's courage being the same. The Battery had so razed our Fortress, that the Moors (as in a pitched Field) fought with Ours upon the same advantage of ground, Levelled by the ruins, but by their Numbers and Fireworks did outdo us. Ours that day deserved immortal memory for many hours enduring the weight of so unequal a Fight; for those of the Enemies, who were wearied or wounded, were relieved continually by fresh men; the Portuguese being always the same showed no difference of either Courage or Time.  
103. Dom john Mascarenhas went about all the Posts commanding, 
How our men keep off the Enemy.  and Fight, one while their Captain, another their Companion, and seeing St. Thomas' work in the greatest danger, being most charged by the Enemy, sent for a great many Pots of Powder, by those so honourable Matrons, who despising danger and labour, came seasonably through Lances and Bullets, to their help, with unheard of example, and with encouragements to the Soldiers full of great judgement and courage, whilst others animated them with Regallos' and sweetmeats as if they coveted or deserved equal fame with them. We had the wind in our faces, which, raising clouds of Dust from the loose ground the Enemy stood upon, almost blinded our men, who only by that accident run the hazard of being lost, yet Fight with their Eyes shut they received the Moors, more intent upon offending the Enemy, then providing for themselves. The Enemies fought desperately, Rumecaon every moment minding them of their Kings and their own honour.  
104. juzarcaon with the Soldiers he commanded, 
juzarcaon falls upon Saint John's work.  with so great a resolution fell upon St. John's work that our men were in no little danger: for after throwing down the first who came up, others with so much fury got upon the Walls, that for many hours they maintained the Fight equal, till wounded with our Swords, some Dead, others faltering in their Courage, lost the place and their Lives. Here was the resistance and danger greatest, for upon our men, whose force was already wearied and shaken, came other fresh Moors, yet, as if they had kept their strength and courage for the greatest pinch, they repulsed the last as the first.  
105. In Antonio Pecanha's Post the Fight was not less stout or fortunate, 
The great loss of the Enemy.  and without particularising accidents, we may by the success judge the fortune of the Day: for the Enemy left sixteen hundred Dead, besides the innumerable number of the Wounded: an incredible thing of a few more than two hundred Soldiers, as were ours: so we find it writ in the Relations and Histories of that Siege, which being ours do with a more wary Pen write their own praises. We came off with the loss of three Soldiers, and thirty Wounded.  
106. The Fortress by the Battery which preceded this assault was every where Ruined and Open, and we to repair it wanted Time, Materials, and Men; yet did Ours steal the hours of their rest, working by Night, and throwing down the Houses of the Fortress, made use of their Stones and Timber, making a kind of sudden and stolen Defence, more becoming the time than the necessity.  
107. Ammunition and Provision was wanting, 
The strengths of the Fortress.  there was no more Powder than what was every day made, a little, and ill Dried, a want which the Moors began to know, and had thereby the hearts to continue the Siege, they had likewise advice that the scarceness of other necessaries was answerable, for Wheat was at three Crusades an Alquiere, 
About one third of a Bushel.  and yet the want of it greater than the price; the Sick instead of Hens eat Crows, which coming to feed on the Dead bodies, the Soldiers killed, and at an exorbitant rate Sold, the Famine came at last to that height, as they spared not Dogs, Cats, and other such Food, unwholesome and unclean. Yet did they with such miserable Diet recover their strength, undervaluing dangers, and duty, by the greatness of their minds overcoming the passions and affections of Nature.  
108. Pan's for Powder (which the Militia of India use by Sea and Land, 
How the want of Pots of Powder was supplied.  and in this Siege were of no little Execution) were as well as other offensive Weapons wanting, which was supplied by putting together two Gutter-tiles, the Concave inward, and Pitched without, at which hung lighted match, and being thrown amongst the Enemy, divers were burnt by 'em: by this easy invention did ours hasten the Victory.  
109. The Commander in chief desired to get some intelligence concerning the practices of the Enemy, who sly, and designing, did yet with strange reservedness keep from us his designs. Besides it was advised from the Fort next the Sea, that most Nights some Moors came as far as the Bridge of the Fortress, where they stopped, as men who for some end came to survey, and be acquainted with the situation; their silence, the time of Night, and the continuance of it, evinced their diligence not to be casual. Upon which, Dom john Mascarenhas persuaded Martim Botelho (a Soldiers of trust) with ten Comrades to go one Night upon the Bridge, and endeavour by Force or Craft to bring off one of those Moors▪ Martim Botelho, with the others about Midnight went out at the Skit-gates of the Curtain, carrying only Swords and Bucklers, and being arrived at the set place, (not to be discovered by the Moors) they lay with their Faces on the ground, and listening a while, heard some coming toward the Bridge, rising, they suddenly set upon the Moors, who were eighteen, and seeing themselves so unawares attaqu'd, did at the first Onset turn their backs, 
Nob a Town in Palestine.  leaving only on the place a Nobite, who with a Lance stoutly defended himself. Martim Botelho seeing it greater concernment to take, then to Kill him, 
Our men get intelligence,  put by with his Sword a thrust of his Lance, and closing with him brought him fast in his Arms to the Fortress, where his Reception was with that honour the Action merited.  
110. The Commander by the Prisoner knew the Enemy's intentions, 
what News of the Enemy.  and made use of the advice to prevent some Stratagems the Turks were contriving, besides he told him there were missing in the Army five thousand men cut off by us, not to name Officers of note; that the Soldiers of the greatest Authority despaired of the design, hearing we should as soon as the Sea was down be Relieved; but that Rumecaon was by the losses he had sustained more obstinate in carrying on the Siege, as one engaged by his honour, and by his promise given to the Sultan; that by the advice of a Turkish Engineer of Dalmatia, he had commanded the undermining Saint Thomas' work, 
Saint Thomas' work mined.  (where was Dom Fernando, with Diogo de Reynoso, and other Commanders and Cavaliers) which was done in so great silence as our men could not make out the design, because perhaps they believed that Fireworks were not as much used in Asia, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 9 Lib. 2.  as Europe; but the Chief Officers of the Army being Turks, they brought as well Discipline as Courage.  
111. Whilst they were working in the Mine, Rumecaon commanded 'em to seem to sap divers places of the Wall, that we being intent upon the common danger, might not guests at the secret one. And by an other Plot to divert our attention, he ordered the making some wooden Horses to be placed before Saint Thomas' work, as if by them he intended to take it by Scaling, and resolving to fall on the tenth of August, on the Ninth he commanded the drawing off some Guns which he had Planted. And that we might not by wondering at that find him out, He endeavoured by an other design to make us more secure. 
Rumecaon endeavours to keep it from us.  He that night sent an Absessine subtly instructed to the Fortress, who coming to the Wall, counterfeiting a Panic fear, cried to the Watch to take him in, that he might discourse things of great concernment with the Commander; being let in, and listened to by Dom john Mascarenhas, he discreetly began his Speech, cursing the desperateness of his condition, that being Born of Christian Parents, he had like an abortive fruit of Catholic Plants abjured the Faith of his Fathers in which he was bred; that now with his Eyes opened he came to Knock at the Door of the Church, that the Latin Priests might bring back to the Sheep-fold of Christ, so lost a Sheep; that this was the miserable relation of an uncomposed Life; that about the affairs of Cambaya, he could assure him the Sultan had news that the Mogul with a great Army was entered the Confines of his Kingdom, putting all to the Sword; that juzarcaon, who had lately brought thirteen thousand Foot to the Camp, had orders to join with Rumecaon, and both together go against the Enemy; that with the resolution he commanded the drawing off the Canon, but that he should be provided the next day to look for a general assault, because the Turks would not without some Noise end that Warr. Dom john Mascarenhas commended and confirmed his resolutions of turning Catholic, besides the taking kindly his intelligence, and again let him down the Wall, to acquaint him with any new thing that happened in the Camp.  
112. The news of raising the Siege, with the certainty of the assault which was to be given, was Noised about the Fortress, and the Soldiers for joy put on that day their Bravery, some rejoicing at the approach of the Enemy, others at the end of the Warr. The Commander in chief found a great forwardness in all the Soldiers to expect the assault, for all thinking 'twould be the last of so long a Siege, every one coveted to give the latest memory of his Actions.  
113. Dom Fernando de Castro kept his Bed of a Fever, and hearing of the intended assault, 
Dom Fernando came sick upon the Works.  rose, his Gallantry offering violence to Nature; Dom john Mascarenhas, sometimes as his Commander, others as his Friend went about to hinder it; but Disobedience here passing for Virtue, he rather offended against Health then against Honour, putting on his Armour and coming to the Works.  
114. The day of the glorious Saint Laurence broke, Dedicated by his happy Martyrdom to Fiery trials. The Gentlemen with so much transport of joy came to their Posts as if already in possession of Reward and Victory. They presently saw at a distance the Enemy's Army marching Orderly, and dispersing itself round about the Fortress. 
The Enemy makes show of an other assault.  Our Canon played with no little Execution, the Enemy, Soldier like, enduring the Charge, rather than discompose the Order he marched in, till he had gained his Post, and planted Ladders to begin the assault; they fell on the Works with great resolution, hoping by Fight to amuse us, that the confusion of the Conflict might cover the Stratagem of the Fire they had laid. Our men showed great Bravery, as if in haste to rest themselves in Victory, promised in the issue of that Day.  
115. The fury of the Sword, without any fear of that of the Fire, was kept off, in Saint John's Work; the Enemy fought carelessly, till the sign of springing the Mine arriving 'em they all at the same time retired; the same fear, equal and sudden in 'em all, discovered us the Plot. The Commander in chief cried out immediately for 'em to leave the Work; that the Mine, now known by the sudden retiring of the Enemy, might without any hurt take Fire. Every one by leaving his Post obeyed their Commander, only Diogo de Reynoso with disorderly Courage kept the place, call them Cowards who quitted it. At those words all returned to their Posts, rather following example then reason. 
The● Min takes Fire.  The Mine immediately with a most hideous report took Fire, and those stout Defendants lay Dead in that place, they had kept alive. 
b 

Fernando hum delles, (ramo d' alta pranta  
Onde o violento fogo come ruido  
Em pedacoes a muro no are levanta)  
Sera aly arrebat ado, & ao Ceo subido.   

Fernand (this lofty Cedars highest bough  
Where with a hideous crack a close Mine sprung,  
Th' unrooted Wall into the Air will blow)  
Shall in a sheet of Fire to Heaven be flung.   Camoens Can. 10. St. 70.  Here Died Dom Fernando de Castro at the age of Nineteen, raised from a sickness Nature might have passed over, but Courage made it mortal. Dom Francisco de Almeyda lost his Life, keeping up the courage and misfortune of his Family. Here lay Buried Gil Coutinho, Ruy de Sousa, and Diogo de Reynoso, who with his Life paid for so many Deaths, he so generously, but fatally was instrumental to. Dom Diogo de Sottomajor, flying with a Lance in his hand, fell upon his Feet in the Fortress, without any hurt by the Fire, or his fall; some lighted in the Enemy's Camp, about sixty men were lost by this mischance; thirteen who came off which their Lives, were wounded or deformed by the Fire. Others more largely write the accidents of this Fire. We had rather, then grieve the attention of those who read the History, amongst the chances of this so famous Siege, silently pass over this unfortunate Day. Our men wondered to see the Execution of smothered Powder should be so great, that the stones of the Fortress blown up by the violence of the blow should Kill a great many in the Enemy's Camp, the Fire rather following the impulse of Nature than the prescribed Limits of the Engineer.  
116. After some time, when the Fortress was cleared from smoke, Rumecoan commanded five hundred Turks to enter at the ruins of the fired Work, the rest of the Camp in whole Companies seconding 'em. 
The memorable Courage of five Soldiers.  Yet met they with five stout Soldiers who resisted 'em, for a good while sustaining the weight of so strange a Combat; so unheard of a truth, as there goes as much Courage to the Writing, as Action, though qualified by the confession of our Enemies themselves, and by the reverence of so many Years. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 2. Cap. 10.  Dom john Mascarenhas with fifteen more came to that quarter to their Relief, where he beheld two Spectacles, one challenging Compassion, the other Amazement, and relieving the five, all together made so stubborn a Resistance, as to stop the fury of a Victorius Army; such a thing as, related only with the bare truth, outdoes all the Greeks or Romans have in their Histories or Fables.  
117. 'Twas given out in the Fortress that the Turks were Masters of the fired Work, upon which, some Soldiers who fought in the other Posts came thither, as where the danger was greatest. The false report happily saved the Fortress, for they made a Body capable of resisting thirteen thousand Foot, so many (as our Histories reckon) were they, who went on upon the Mined work. 
The Courage of Isabel Fernandez and other Women.  The Women, taught not to value their Lives, brought Lances, Bullets, and Pots of Powder, and the Magnanimous Isabel Fernandez, with only a Bill in her hand, did by her Actions animate the Soldiers, though much more by her example and words, crying aloud, Fight for your God, Fight for your King, Cavaliers of Christ, for he is on your side. The Enemies, by the success of the Mine, having so fair a Door open to Victory, resolved that day to conclude the business, encouraged by their General, and the opportunity, now Fight as owned by fortune. Those who were on the Work, (out of ambition to be the first in so eminent an Action) behaved themselves the more resolutely, and being janissaries and Turks, would have for themselves only the honour of the Day. Rumecaon commanded the reinforcing the assault in other places, that against so inconsiderable a strength, diversion might facilitate the Entry.  
118. The Fortress was often lost, the Enemy being numerous and fresh, Ours, besides their being but few, spent with the labour of so unequal resistance. The Vicar john Coelho, 
The Vicar encourageth the Soldiers.  holding up a Crucifix, came to encourage 'em, saying, that God whose cause they maintained was the giver of Victories, at which sight those Loyal, and stout Champions, put in Breath again, seemed more than men in their Courage, for not one had any weakness or sense for his Wounds, continuing the Fight with the same vigour, and boldness, as they begun it.  
119. Now was the Day declining, and the Turks closely mingled with Ours, now mortally Burnt, out of the same Wounds each man poured his own, and an others Blood; and by a whole Armies charging on so few Defendants, our Soldiers received many thrusts in the same place. What we relate with truth, may seem heightened. The great things the Portuguese did that day let the whole East speak, I believe, every Stone of famous Dio will be for 'em a silent Epitaph; Our Pen shall not be ungratefully silent of the Names of those five Cavaliers we spoke of, 
The names of the five Soldiers.  who were, Sebastian de Sa, Antonio Pecanha, Bento Barbosa, Bertholomew Correa, and Mestre john a Chirurgeon. With the Fight ended the day. Rumecaon commanded the sounding a Retreat, after losing seven hundred men in the assault, the Wounded were without number, of whom very many Died (for want of looking to) in their Cure; the multitude tiring out the Surgeons and making scarce the remedies. Mestre john only Died of those five Cavaliers who kept the Work, torn in pieces by his many Wounds, which he sufficiently Revenged, unwilling to leave the Fight, or obey his Friends, who would have forced him to retire, as one so considerable for his Profession, not less for his Courage. 
The peculiar Courage of Isabel Madeira.  His Wife Isabel Madeira came to bind up his Wounds, and after Burying him with her own hands, with few tears, and great grief, went with the other Matrons to work in the ●renches; 
Ib.  so great a Courage, as hath been but seldom seen in the most resolute.  
120. Upon the Enemy's retiring, Dom john Mascarenhas gave order for the Burying the Dead, which were in the ruins of the Work, removing them from one Grave to an other; for the straightness of time and place they were Buried all together, so honourable Ashes being without Funeral honours, and Officious tears; yet rest they, in so poor a Grave, more missed by their Country, than those who in Alabaster urns have left of inglorious Lives an idle Memory. Dom Fernando de Castro was laid in a Depository by himself, that if the Governor his Father would carry his Bones to any other place, he might make him a more Stately, but not more glorious Monument. After the Commander in Chief had with pious Earth covered his Companions, he fell upon repairing the Breaches the assault had left in the Walls, helped in it by the Women, who had their share of labour and danger, not reserving time and place for the grief and tears of their Sons and Husbands, whom they had seen expiring before their Eyes, and had themselves Buried, by unheard of examples smothering the inclinations of Nature.  
121. After repairing the works with Stones, yet warm with Blood and Fire, 
The Commander's resolution.  the Commander in Chief called to Council those few Companions who had survived the Storming, representing to them the compassionate condition they were in; the greatest part of the Defendants being Dead; those who remained, Sick or Wounded; the Arms all in pieces; the Provision stinking; the Ammunition consumed; the Fortress thrown down; the Seas, by reason of the Winter, more innavigable; the Enemy vigilant, and hourly Recruited, besides his knowledge of all these wants; all which considered, he begged of 'em, that, without any regard had to their own Lives, they would consult with him, how best to Salve their Kings, and their own Honour; that they would bethink themselves, how the World stood looking on, and that the whole East had their Eyes upon 'em, as being in a condition to deserve the greatest Fame, or Infamy; that if 'twere not in their power to get the Victory, 'twas in it to deprive their Enemies of it, every one having the power of Dying bravely; that they would purchase greater honour, cut in pieces, than the Moors if Victorious; that he had called them together to impart to 'em his Resolution, hoping every one would approve it, which was, that, wasting that little Provision and Ammunition they had, burning what ere might be Pillage, breaking their Guns, with Swords in their hands they should Sally forth to find the Enemy, 
Ib.  then could not that be called a Victory, where neither Plunder or Prisoners were to be had. There was not a Soldier, who, having heard Dom john Mascarenhas, thought it not long till so generous a resolution was effected. Let Rome say, if in her Annals she finds Recorded so great an Action of her Fabios, Scipios, or Marcellus'.  
122. Whilst this was in debate, 
d 

Alvero quando o inverno o mundo espanta  
E tem o caminho humido impedido  
Abrindoo vence as ondas, & os perigos  
Os ventos, & depois, os inimigos.   Camo. Can. 10. St. 70 

Alvar, when Winter swaths the Earth in Snow,  
And hath on humid Gates cold Padlocks hung,  
These burst, through dangers to seek dangers goes,  
And fights the Elements to fight the Foes.   Sir R. F. Translation.  Dom Alvero de Castro was struggling with the storms of Winter, 
Dom Alvaro de Castro's Voyage.  for, it being then the four and twentieth of june, a Season when those Seas are not Navigable, He, solicitous for the danger the Fortress was in, not valuing that of his Fleet, did by force of Oars sail even under the Waves; The Whirlwinds were so Tempestuous, and the Seas so High and Counter as they swallowed up the Ships; some with the force of the Wether broke, others losing their Masts and Tackling, lay without Steerage at the mercy of the Sea, Shipping in water on both sides, without any Government of their Helm. Dom Alvero, resolute in the relief of Dio, turned too and again, finding himself every moment so under water, as with the Ships rolling the Sea beat off her Rudder; yet by his impatience, with some Ships of his Convoy got shattered and torn into Bacaim, the rest recovered different Ports, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 1.  and Bays. Here Dom Alvero found Dom Francisco de Menezes forced back again with the same weather, after several times venturing into the Gulf, which he found so High and Stormy, as for saving the Bottom he was forced to cast Overboard all his Lading of Ammunition and Provision.  
123. Antonio Moniz Barretto at that time came in with his great Carvel of Provisions, 
Antonio Moniz arrives at Bacaim.  which (so general was the Storm) had been oft times lost, and on his arrival delivered her up to Dom Alvero, with a resolution in a little Vessel he found, in despite of the Seas to go for Dio, so seasoned with one danger, as to venture on an other. The storm that day increasing, the Ship began to drive, and spent two Cabells; the Vessel being of such consequence, as having in her all sort of Provision for relieving the place, Dom Alvero endeavoured to help her, but do the Mariners what they could, so great was the Storm they could not get to her, yet did Antonio Moniz Barretto put himself in a little Boat he by chance found on Shore, and, though those from the Land saw him a thousand times under water, the Vessel being light, and yielding to the Seas, Lived in 'em; at last he arrived, made fast a Cabell to the Carvel, 
Saves the Ship of Provisions.  and against every one's judgement, with more fortune than reason, towed her after him, and concluding that only such a Vessel, little and light, could make her way through so great Seas, 
Ib.  on which the beating and shock of the Waves would make a less impression, he privately bought it of a Merchant, and with some Mariners whom he paid what they asked, embarked on her. There was casually standing on the shore Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, who seeing Antonio Moniz resolution, desired him, to take him with him, Moniz excused it, saying, 'twas not convenient he should have so eminent a Person for his Companion, 
Two Gentlemen go for Dio.  who would eclipse him: that only for himself he would have that danger, without any other going in his Boat. Garcia Rodriguez assured him he would every where confess, 'twas he who carried him, and give it him under his hand; so scrupulously in those times did they manage points of honour. Antonio Moniz, satisfied with that modesty, permitted Garcia Rodriguez to come on Board. Miguel de Arnide, a Soldier of a Gigantic body, and not less in Gallantry then Stature, seeing them put out to Sea, cried to 'em from the shore, What Gentlemen do you go without me to Dio? 
Ib.  here's no room for you, answered one of them, but the stout Soldier, with his clothes on, Leaping into the Sea with a Musket in his mouth, swom toward the Boat, and Antonio Moniz seeing so great Bravery stayed to take him in, saying in one so good a Companion he carried a good Recruit to Dio.  
124. 
The dangers of the Voyage.  Those Gentlemen were at Sea in so bad weather, as all that day and night they Sailed at the mercy of the Winds, the Boat, with her Helm lached, and keeping no course, obeying the Seas; the Waves sometimes drove 'em on shore, at others made them lose what they had got, they were with a Bonnet brought to their main Yard, turning up and down as the Seas carried 'em, which filled them so full of water, as very hardly did they free her with Bucquets; in that perplexity and danger passed they the Night, all worn out with their continual Labour, by the darkness of the Night and closeness of the weather not knowing where they were; The day broke, but with little difference from the Night, and they were still striving with the Waves, till about Evening they came in sight of the Fortress, so Battered, as, for the ruins, they hardly made it; they came at last to an Anchor, without the Sentinels taking notice of it, 
They arrive at Dio.  on which they conjectured the Fortress was lost; Antonio Moniz called so loud to 'em, as being heard by those within, they went with the news to the Commander in Chief; here 'tis said, that the Sentinel ask who's there, a Soldier answered, Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, 
The generous jealousy of two Gentlemen.  which Antonio Moniz taking ill, replied, that he was the man came thither, and, if Garcia Rodriguez had not civilly and modestly tempered Antonio Monits' just resentment, the Jealousy, (though time and reason were above so slight Quarrels) might have caused a greater Breach. Dom john Mascarenhas came to receive 'em, and with embraces told 'em, how much he valued their so seasonable Relief; he asked Antonio Moniz where Dom Alvero de Castro was, who in the Soldiers hearing answered him aloud, Sir you have him here with sixty Sail in Madrefabat, 
They tell news of Dom Alvero.  and with the first fair weather you'll see his Streamers; but between themselves he told him, that, after often putting to Sea, being forced back again, he was yet at Bacaim, but so impatient of his stay there, that he would not wait for the time of year to come to his Relief; this news was so entertained, that the Soldiers with Dancing and Capering forgot their past Sufferings, in their hopes of the Recruit at hand; and those who had served under Dom Alvero, upon their experience of his Gallantry, warranted his coming, in spite of the Seas and Winds.  
125. Dom john Mascarenhas entertained his Guests on Saint john's and Saint Thomas' works, where were the most ruins, Courting them, who had so well deserved from greater dangers, with those pastimes of War. Our danger was not at that time less, though less apprehended. Antonio Monits' sent back the Vessel he came in to his Cousin-german Luis de Mello de Mendoca, who had begged it of him; there went on her some maimed Soldiers, with Letters for Dom Alvero de Castro from the Commander in chief, in which he gave him an account of all had passed, 
The Commander in chief adviseth Dom Alvero,  telling him in short the straits we have before related. The Boat came back to Bacaim to the great joy of those who saw her, to hear the Fortress yet held out for the King, though that was allayed with the dregs of so many being Killed, of whom the most resented was Dom Fernando de Castro, who left behind him in so green Years so ripe a Memory. Dom Alvero received it with the constancy of a Soldier, comforting himself with having his Sword in his hand to revenge him: and immediately that Evening commanded the Fleet to put to Sea, with orders to go away directly for Dio, 
who puts forth from Dio.  and that no Ship should look after an other.  
126. Rumecaon in the interim, seeing greater Execution done by Mines then Assaults, 
Rumecaon goes on with the Mines.  and having heard, by some Slaves who fled from the Fortress, of our Famine and Danger; of the grief ours were in for the miss of so many eminent Persons who were lost in the Mine, and of the scarcity of Ammunition and Provision, resolved to continue Mining, which was done with less Danger, and more Execution, and in pursuance of the design, commanded them to Sap at Saint James' work, and that part of the Wall which runs about it. All was done by crooked and covered Galleries, to hide the design from us, and secure the Workmen. Dom john Mascarenhas, cautious, and forewarned, arguing from the short truce of the Enemy, that he was working in some other new Mine, afraid too of Antonio Pecanha's work, gave order for the Repairing it, and the opening some place to Listen at, by which he found they were working at that part of the Wall, 
Our men labour to prevent 'em.  which the Enemy found so strong, as to be proof against his Tools; an extremity he with Fire and Vinegar overcame. A proof the Enemies we had to do with in Asia, wanted neither Courage or Discipline, as some falsely write, who to lessen our Victories, take the Eastern Moors to be Raw and Barbarous; that day they begun to destroy the Wall, and presently Rumecaon commanded, that 'twixt Saint Thomas' Work and the round Tower the Mine should be made, which our men knowing, Counter-mind, and made up a strong Wall within; and wanting Materials, and Workmen, those honourable Matrons helped in so difficult a Work, to favour the wounded and sick, who could neither endure nor excuse the Labour.  
127. Rumecaon having perfected the Mine, resolved under protection of that, to make a general Assault, and calling to him the Officers of the Army, and those who were chose to Scale the Wall, 'tis reported he made 'em this Speech. Those ruins you see, besmeared with the Blood of our Fellow-soldiers, 
Rumecaon encourageth his men for an other assault.  must this day be our Grave, or our Quarters; they who keep those shattered Walls are an hundred men, whose strength is by hunger and wounds so abated, as we only Fight with the shadows of those who have been men, who miserably Sacrifice to our Semitars Lives without Blood. All that honour, they with unhappy Courage have won in this Siege, is to be Ours; for, from the end of a War are the Achievements named, and the World gives always the Courage to the last success; Let's make an end of winning the Fortress, Let's climb that mount of Triumphs, we shall with only one Victory revenge infinite Affronts; Let's deliver this Slave Asia from Prisons, and Taxes, Let's free our Seas, which groan under the weight of their Fleets; we shall by this Assault make an end of so glorious a design, and the East will for whole Ages joyfully remember so glorious a Day.  
128. Having ended his Speech, he spoke to, and animated particular Persons, 
They fall upon Saint James' work.  with motives seasonable to the Time, and Persons, designing rewards to those who should first Scale the Walls, as would have done the most prudent and experienced Commander of Europe. On the same day, the sixteenth of August, the Enemy with all their strength marched out of their Quarters, and dividing themselves orderly about the Works, left the main Body of the Army to fall upon Saint James', where they hoped to open the Gate for Victory. Here they gathered Tumultuously, with rude Cries in their mouths, and letting fly, in great abundance, Arrows, and Darts, to summon our greatest strength to the Defence; here the Fight was at the hottest, till in the height of it, the Enemy, seeming to yield to our resistance, as on a sign given, suddenly retired; Our men who had been forewarned, knowing the cheat of their feigned fear in which they went off, quitted too the Work, looking for the springing of the Mine, which the Moors made play, and being resisted by the Counterforts and Scarp of the Wall, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 2.  which met with it, it sprung Recoiling towards the outward face of the Wall, and the Curtain flying, carried it with so great violence upon the Moors, that above three hundred were Killed, and many more Maimed.  
129. The Fortress was for some time hid in the Clouds of Powder, and Smoke, so as neither side knew their loss; as soon as the Air grew thinner, the Enemy came on in Troops to get upon the spoils and ruins of the Fire, with so much confidence of Victory as they hindered one the other, droven on out of Covetousness of reward, or Ambition of honour; yet did Ours receive them on their Lances, sending 'em back Wounded to those whom the Mine had destroyed; after them came on others, also after a long dispute repelled by ours, who were Galled with the multitude of Arrows, Darts, and Balls of Wildfire which came from the Camp, with which they spoiled some of our men, and hindered the Soldiers, attended on both dangers, from the Defence; yet so Burnt and Wounded, not one quitted the place he kept, where they so Heroically behaved themselves, as is witnessed by the success and inequality of the Fight. The fire, the Moors cast into the Works, was so great, as Ours fought in live Flames, which the Commander in Chief remedied, by bringing Barrels of water, which mitigated, or put out, the fired clothes, and Bodies. The Enemy's greatest force being drawn hither, here it was our men made the greatest opposition, which made the Fight the more terrible, Recruited every moment by the Moors with fresh men, and Reinforced with the presence and voice of the General.  
130. Antonio Monits' Barretto, and Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora gave here eminent proofs of their Courage, 
Ib.  enduring, with more than ordinary constancy, the weight of the Enemies, showing, in the extremities both by Land and Sea, the same Gallantry. A great share of the honour of the day is due to those, never enough praised Matrons, companions not only in their labour, 
The women continue their Courage.  but danger. The good Old woman Isabel Fernandez, with a Bill in her hands, by her words, but more by her example animated the Soldiers; and the others, amongst the Arrows, Lances, and Bullets, either showed their own Courage, or assisted it in others.  
131. In the other works, they were not idle; for to facilitate, by the diversion, the entrance at Saint James', where the Mine sprung, there was Fight in all. Rumecaon gave order to Batter the Church in the Fortress, which, by being high, might be thrown down, believing too the offence in that place would be more sensible; but ours had so received the Enemy, as they now coldly and remissly went to Scale the Wall, kept back by the horror of our Execution amongst amongst.  
132. Rumecaon out of impatience Commanded the founding a Retreat, 
The Enemy retires with loss.  leaving above five hundred Dead, without number the Wounded. Any one of ours might content himself with the honour he that day gained. That stout Soldier Miguel de Arnide so signalised himself, as he proved even that Body too little for so great a Soul, and accompanying so vast a Growth with proportionable Strength, who ere was reached by his first blow, excused him from a second. Mojatecaon, who was come to the Army with a great Recruit, and spoke with scorn of the valour of the Portuguese, 
Mojatecaon praiseth our men's Valour.  by the experience of that day forming an other judgement, said they were worthy to command Kingdoms, and that the World's good fortune consisted in their being so small in number; for Nature had, like Lions, made them few, Locking them up in the Denns of the West.  
133. We lost that day seven Soldiers, those who were Scorched were twenty two; and now the well were so few, as not to be enough to help the Wounded, less able to repair the ruins of the Fortress, for which, time, Materials and Men were wanting; but Rumecaon finding so tough resistance in the Assaults, had an other opinion of our strength. At this time three of our Slaves ran to the Enemy, 
Rumecaon hath intelligence from three of our Slaves who ran away.  who brought before Rumecaon, told him, there were not threescore Soldiers in the Fortress, who could bear Arms, and those very much wore out with Hunger, and continual duty of Labour, and Sentries; in whom nothing was to be found but obstinacy without force. Rumecaon, on the certainty of this news, resolved the next day with all his strength to storm us, acquainted his men with the condition we were in, and gave order they should all hear it from the Slaves mouths, 
Ib.  who running up and down the Army merrily spread the relation of our necessities.  
134. As soon as the Day broke, the Army had orders to give the Assault; 
He gives an other assault.  at which, as at the last of the War, every one would be present, some put on their Bravery, believing they went rather to Triumph then to Fight. They came out of their Tents with their Colours flying, playing on divers Instruments, which seconded by the noise of the Camp, formed Barbarous, and hideous Echoes, and having, by the intelligence we have spoke of, o'ercome their fear, as soon as they came in sight they advanced to Saint Thomas' work, which being almost all thrown down helped them up by its ruins. The first company who fell on, with confidence of Victory, were Turks, who, by our men's casting amongst them some Pots of Powder, 
Our men's stout resistance.  were forced being all on Fire to retreat. Others came on with the same fury, and after a long dispute, as the first, gave back, of whom our Swords had drawn Blood; but Rumecaon not doubting but so continual resistance would spend us, as Iron which is blunted by cutting, by the slaughter of his own men guessing at our weakness, Commanded his Soldiers to go take possession of the Fortress, which had now none left to oppose 'em. Here tumultuously fell on a great Body of the Moors, engaged on by their own credulity or the words of the General. These at their first speed got upon the Wall, and began body to body to Fight with ours, many and fresh, against a few, already wearied and wounded; yet deriving Courage from their gallantry; and necessity, the last found them as Valiant as the first. Some of the Enemies falling down, others came in their places, which often lost the Fortress. Here fell in Dom john Mascarenhas, animating, as a great Commander, his Men, and Fight, as the stoutest Soldier, himself; and provided for all the chances of War, had ready all sorts of Arms; which our men made use of, being by those stout Women, put into their hands. Luis de Sousa Commander of that Work, showed that day great Gallantry. Antonio Moniz Barretto, Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, Dom Pedro, and Dom Francisco de Almeyda, did things worthy a larger History, 
Ib.  and all the Cavaliers, and Soldiers, who were in the Action, purchased a most deserved Name.  
135. Rumecaon by the Slave's information, believing he should find free entrance, 
Rumecaon falls upon Saint john's work and retires.  Commanded his men to fall upon Saint john's work; but those few Defendants there were, so behaved themselves, as the Enemy was forced with loss and shame to retire. Rumecaon, amazed at what he saw, said, we were the Instruments of Heaven's anger against Cambaya, and the second time, with certain Barbarous and Ridiculous expiations, went about the appeasing Mahomet; and because in storming, he lost a great many men without success, and the Soldiers now grown Cowardly, did on the apprehension of their being so daily Butchered, slight their obedience, he set upon Mining again, as a way more effectual or more secure; and first he commanded the opening some Loopholes in the Wall, which divided the Army, and our Fortress, by which our men received no little harm, Fight as in a plain Field, without the protection of the Wall, which was thrown down; and the showering of Muskets without any intermission annoyed us.  
136. He commanded his Soldiers to Batter the Cistern with a great Gun, 
He endeavours to break down the Cistern.  because that being broke, as in a necessity past Cure, thirst would destroy us; this Cistern is at the entry of a Street, which we call the Cova, and was the Moors old Ditch, where those who were not fit for Service retired; here fell store of Bullets, not without doing mischief to the poor people who fled thither for Protection, and endangering the Roof which covered the Cistern. The Commander in Chief prevented this fear by ordering an high defence of Wood lined with Earth, which secured the apprehensions of either inconvenience, making holes too in the common joining of the Houses, next the Fortress, by which they supplied one the other securely.  
137. The Moors in the interim worked in the Mine, which was carried to Saint James' work, and being by Ours found out, they on the inside put strong Abutements, and opened some Vents, that the Fire might spend itself, at the time of springing the Mine, it met with such resistance in the Scarp, that carrying with it part of the Work, it played without the Fortress, 
An other Mine plays with loss to the Enemy.  Killing great numbers of those Soldiers and Miners, who were employed in it, not one of Ours miscarrying, by the Curtain of the Wall holding firm; it might be by chance, but that so extraordinary, as it appeared a miracle. The Moors, when the Mine played, did by whole Companies get up on the ruins of the Work, where they were Resisted by our men, worn out by Watching, weakened by their Fasting and Wounds, and more in Heart by the greatness of their Courage, than the force of Nature, 
The great danger ours were in.  yet so animated by honour and danger, as they seemed to Fight with fresh, and entire strength, keeping off the wild Current of the Enemy with his own loss; The place was of reception for more to Fight upon, and the danger increased by the inequality of the numbers. The noise of Arms, and confusion of Cries, interrupted all Commanding, and Obeying; of the Moors many fell, but by the diligence of the Commanders, others came in their place, by which they gave Ours no respite, who from a far were thrown at by Darts and Arrows, and Fought closed hand to hand. Thus did they for many hours hold out the Fight. The Enemy gained so much as to plant three Colours on the Works, 
The Enemy plants three Colours on St. James' work.  which their great numbers of Musquetteers defended; thence they descended by the Wall to the Apostle Saint James' Church, which joins to the same Work, and placed themselves on the Top of it, so that one half of the Work and Church was kept by the Moors, and by us the other.  
138. The night came on, and not Peace but Nature put an end to the dispute; yet did they with wandering and uncertain blows blindly continue the Battle. The Commander in chief gave presently order for the casting up a weak Work (which more divided then protected us from the Enemy) which was made by stealth, and with Swords in their hands; the Soldiers had no other Lodging then the place they fought on, where, not on their Arms, could they securely take a little repose, neither had they conveniency of time or place to dress their Wounds. The Commander indulged himself no rest from his Arms, less from his Thoughts; He that night Commanded the Levelling a Canon at the Door of the Church, which commanded the Work, and with that galled the Moors, who while they kept possession of what they had got, received no little loss, till by a high Rampire they covered and secured themselves.  
139. The danger by Sea, was not less than that by Land; 
Luis de melo departs from Bacaim.  for immediately, upon the arrival of Antonio Moniz's Carvel to Bacaim, the next day (the fourteenth of August) Luis de melo with fifteen Companions embarked on her, and after him Dom jorge, and Dom Duarte de Menezes with seventeen Soldiers in a Flyboat. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 3.  Dom Antonio de Attayde, and Francisco Guilherme, each in a Ship of his own, with fifteen Soldiers. Luis de melo presently put to Sea, but for the contrary Winds made but little way, the further he got off from the shore, he found the Seas higher, and the Carvel being but little, and loose, and the Waves so great, as by the force of the Storm to break over and flower her, 
The dangers of his Voyage.  she shipped the water on both sides, which the Mariners, every moment overwhelmed, freed with Bucquets, upon which both Grumets, and Soldiers, grown fearful, and out of heart, desired Luis de melo to stand for his Port again, saying, that with men they could Fight, but not with the Elements; that 'twas now not Courage, but Obstinacy, to lose themselves for nothing; that against the wrath of God no Bravery could carry it out. Luis de melo went to quiet 'em, alleging, that Antonio Moniz passed in the same Vessel and same Storm; that he had not with him better men than he, nor did the Seas show him more favour; that none without danger achieved great things; that when their Friends, and Comrades were Fight with the Turks, they were not to wait for calm Seas, and fair Winds to go and relieve 'em; that though the Waves swallowed the Ship, he would, on his Sword swim to Dio; that they should go man the Sails, for God would help.  
140. The terror, and shame of these words, did for the present quiet 'em, so as that Evening and Night, they were striving with the Storm, expecting every Wave should overset 'em, and now wanting strength to furnish their Duty, seeing the Tempests likely every minute to grow bigger, Mariners and Soldiers agreed, by force to compel Luis de melo to Tack about, which being told him by one Gòmez de Quadras, a Soldier under his command, he took all the Arms, and laying 'em up in the Gun-room, with his Sword in his hand said, who ere spoke of going back, should be answered by Stabbs; 
He resist● those who would return.  that none of their Lives was more Valuable than his, that they should be afraid where he was lost, to lose 'em; that they should look forward, towards Dio, for that now, neither their honour, nor safety had any other Port. The Soldiers seeing this resolution, and the Mariners more afraid of the Commander, than the Storm, pursued their Voyage, with water always on Board, and drinking in Death, as if every puff of Wind had been to Bury 'em; thus were they Sailing in continual Shipwreck, till in the Evening they came in sight of the Fortress, whence they were perceived with Joy and Amazement. 
He arrives a● Dio and ●ells news of Dom Alvero.  The Moors at their coming over the Bar plied 'em with Shot, but they came without any hurt under the Fause-bray, where the Commander came with an Overjoy to receive 'em; who, was by Luis melo assured, that Dom Alvero de Castro could not be two days behind, news by every one entertained with such Rejoicing as reached the Moors, on which they concluded the Relief was now at Sea, and Rumecaon resolved to straighten the Siege. Luis de melo with his men were quartered on Saint James' work, the most part of which was held by the Enemy, and which he had Garrisoned with the best men of his Army, put there to Die in defence of what they had got. 
The other Gentlemen arrive.  The next day arrived Dom jorge, and Dom Duarte de Menezes, having 'scaped with the same resolution, as Luis de melo, the same dangers; with this Recruit, more considerable in quality then number, the War seemed to put on an other face.  
141. The new Guests importuned Dom john Mascarenhas to let 'em see the Enemy, by setting on the driving him out of Saint James' work, which he easily granted, and resolved to bear them Company. All provided against the next day, and when it broke, 
A sight in St. James' work.  got upon those Walls the Enemy had made for his Defence; charging the Moors so Vigorously, as they forced them from that place, maugre the Courage and Opposition they maintained themselves with; The noise before the news reached Rumecaon's Ears, who coming with all his Force to that place, again engaged with Ours, on equality in the ground, but advantage in the number; Here both sides fought it out, Hand to Hand, and Body to Body, wounding one the other with short Weapons, every one with his Blood and Life maintaining the ground he stood upon. Ours with so inferior a party showed so much Gallanty, as the Moors without the Works stood looking on with fear and wonder; yet, the Enemy's force having so much the Odds, he regained that part of the Work he had won before, and reinforcing it with a double Garrison, ordered the giving a general Assault to the Fortress. The Fight was every where at the same heat, many of the Moors dropped, some ta'en off by the Sword, others burned with the Fire; but when the dispute was at the hottest, the day began to overcast with a great storm of Wind, Rain, Thunder, and Lightning, as if in the Air was kindled an other new Battle.  
142. The Moors, seeing our Match put out by the Rain, and that neither our Pots of Powder, nor any other Fireworks could do them any mischief, looking upon the course or variety of the Wether as Divine favour, came under covert in the midst of thick Rain, upon us without fear, and with Shouts, and Cries, as if they had Heaven on their side. This was the day, in which our men showed the greatest Courage, and the Fortress was in the greatest danger; 
The danger the Fortress was in, and the Courage of our men.  because the Moors run upon our Lances and Swords, either Brutish, or Valiant. Six hours lasted this so resolute Assault, till the day turned clear again, and our men began to make use of their Pots of Powder, with which they Burnt not a few, whose sight cooled the others Courage, making them Fight more Cautiously till the close of the Day, and Rumecaons' sounding a Retreat; 
Rumecaon retires with great loss.  when he left, four hundred Dead, and above a thousand Wounded; of ours seven Died, the Wounded were more. All the Gentlemen of the Recruit were in this Assault, giving the same proofs of their Courage and Birth; Dom john Mascarenhas played by turns the prudent Commander and stout Soldier, always present in danger, without prostituting his Command. Our men past that night with Watching, having for their so near Neighbours the Enemy, who had, for the straightness he held the Besieged in, received new Honours from the Sultan, 
The Enemy is recruited.  and a Recruit of five thousand Foot was come to him, with many Turk-Officers, whom Rumecaon desired should be presently brought to face our men, that by showing them with whom he had to do, he might justify his Actions.  
143. The day after the Assault, came over the Bar Dom Antonio de Attayde, 
The other Gentlemen arrive at Dio.  and Francisco Guilherme, who found not the Seas less Boisterous than those we have spoke of; who reported Dom Alvero de Castro could not be missing a day, having made the Fleet set out with this Order, that no Ship should stay for an other. The Soldiers, for this News and Recruit, kept Holiday with Music, and continual Dancing, which made the dangers of the Siege go only for a pass-time.  
144. Rumecaon, having notice there were already arrived some Recruits at the Fortress, 
Rumecaon despairs of the design.  and thinking when the Wether opened, the Portuguese would not be backward to assist one the other in the greatest Dangers, began to despair of the design, seeing hardships shook not our men's Resolutions, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 4.  and that his Soldiers in their Discourses did not allow the cause of the War, accusing the Breakers of that Peace we kept so inviolably; He was afraid of some dispositions he saw for a mutiny, which, by aggravating the miserable condition of Ours, and the infallibility of their Victory, he Laboured to prevent. He paid the Soldiers, and commanded the 
* They are Judges, Preachers, and Governors of Colleges.  Cacizes to Preach the certainty of Glory for all those who Died in this War, and the Rewards, which for defending their Country, they were to receive from the Sultan, not forgetting to join the Temporal, with the Spiritual. And Mines not being so Dangerous as Storming, and of more Execution, he resolved to go on with them; on this design, he commanded the opening a great Mine, in that tract of the Wall which from Saint john's work goes until it end in Antonio Pecanha's Centry-house; but our men being cautioned (though subtle, and contriving Rumecaon, saped under the other Works, 
He opens an other Mine, which is prevented.  commanding his men by night to make a noise there, by that diversion to keep from us his intention) Dom john Mascarenhas had notice of the Mine, against which, as at other times, he secured himself, the Gentlemen working to prevent it, whose example eased the Labour of the Soldiers.  
145. When 'twas time to spring the Mine, the whole Army moved, 
It plays and our men defend the Breaches.  and begun to surround the Fortress; there came before two Sanjacks commanding a Company of Turks, who were to enter at the Breaches presumed upon at the playing of the Mine, which with a hideous Noise carried into the Air the whole face of the Wall; The Turks, though blind with Smoak, and Dust, (the force of the Fire had raised) ran presently on, but found the opposition of an other Wall, the Fire either had not reached, or had proved too strong; yet seeing Antonio Pecanha's Watch-house open in three places, carrying thither their Arms, they endeavoured to gain it; but our men, as to the weakest place came to its Relief, stopping the Current of the Enemy.  
146. Here the dispute was for a while close and hot, the Besiegers and Besieged, as it were Fight in a plain Campagnia, and Rumecaon believing, that there was all our force, Commanded 'em to fall on the other Works, where too the Portuguese entertained 'em with their Swords. The Enemy that day shot infinite Bullets into the Fortress, which, though That was almost razed, did no harm, an accident which for its rareness looked like a miracle. 
The Enemy retires.  The Fight lasted some hours, the Enemy retiring with his usual loss, we with our ordinary good fortune.  
147. Rumecaon, who now thought himself reproached by the length of the Siege, as one who to justify himself, went in quest of dangers, and difficulties, the next day in Person fell upon Saint Thomas' work, commanding several Officers to Scale the other works, which made those days Storming go for a successive assault. 
Rumecaon falls upon St. Thomas' work.  The Moors fought here, more Desperately then Valiantly, making haste, though run through with Lances, and Swords at once, to Die, and Kill; readier to offend, then save themselves, seeking Death as the gate to that imaginary Glory, promised 'em by the Cacizes, who in favour of the design, and to beget in the Soldiers a contempt of their Lives, continually pressed that Diabolical incentive. In this heat, did they for some hours endure the Crisis of the Battle, with the loss of fourscore, upon whose Bodies they continued Fight, forced on by the grief and loss of their slain Comrades. They in fine behaved themselves with such resolution, as to keep that part of the Work where the Fight was, planting on it their Colours, covering themselves with Trenches and Barricado's.  
148. The dispute in Saint James' work was not cooler, the Enemies had twice got it, but met with so gallant a resistance, 
How it went in St. James' work.  as at no little expense of Blood they again lost it; The fire the Enemy cast amongst us here was so much, that our men fought in Flames, having no other remedy for their Relief, then to cool themselves in Barrils of water. Antonio Moniz Barretto, was, with but two other Soldiers on the Work, repelling the fury of the Enemy, and Moniz, stepping off to allay the heat of the Fire in the Barril, was seized on by one of 'em, saying, Ah Signior Moniz, will you let the King's work be lost? I'm all on Fire (answered he) and go to bathe in the Tubs, if your Arms (replied the Soldier) are well enough to Fight, all the rest is nothing; whose hints Moniz accepted, so pleased with the Soldier's courage as he got him his discharge, and brought him with him for Portugal, generously confessing his own backwardness, to the others advantage, and always calling him by an honourable Title, The Soldier of the Fire; neither do the relations of this Action, make him known to us by any other name.  
149. In this, and the other Works they this day fought, 
The Enemy retires again.  with equal courage and danger, which we will not particularly relate, because the Circumstances do so agree, as looking like the same thing repeated, the Writing, and Reading would be tedious; yet, though the relation of this Siege doth not by its variety delight, who will deny this Action to be one of the most famous in human Story, which as so was valued by the most Warlike nations of Asia, and Europe? Upon the Enemies retiring, we fortified ourselves in the ruins of the Fortress, where we were continually on our Guards.  
150. Dom john Mascarenhas the next day, sent out Antonio Correa with twenty Companions in a Carak, 
Antonio Correa goes out to look for some Prize.  a Soldier of great Courage, whose Birth (but by his Actions, which deserve, or suppose it Eminent) we know not. He got over the Bar, and Coasting the Island as was commanded him, without any Prize returned; but as stout Soldiers satisfy not themselves with brave unless successful Actions, Correa (more desperate than obedient) returned to tempt Fortune five times on the same Errand; but that which seemed chance, was Mystery, and Heaven decreed or permitted the stout Soldier should be obstinate in the design, who is to blame himself if his own fault procured his misfortune. He in fine, with too importune Curiosity, returned, to provoke or know his Fortune, and standing up with the Island, perceived a Fire at a distance, which made it seem less, but Rowing towards that place, leaving his Companions in the Boat, went on Shore, and walked a while alone, till the light of the Fire discovered twelve Moors, who were warming themselves about it; immediately he returned pleased to his Companions, bidding 'em leave their Boat, for now they had in their power the Prize they sought for, yet the Soldiers, either forgetting themselves, or Ministers of an higher providence, went not with him, making way for their Commander's fortune, who seeing the Soldiers base resolution, went alone to the Moors, having heart enough to go attempt that danger, he could not master; on a sudden he set upon the Moors, who surprised with so unlooked for an Assault, 
Sets upon twelve Moors, who take him.  some fled, the rest, but Faintly and Timerously stood to their Defence, but coming to themselves, and seeing themselves Hacked but by one man, began with more resolution to resist him, those also who were fled came back to join in the Defence, and while Antonio Correa was at blows with some of 'em, others behind mastered him, and after taking him, like a Beast kept him Tied, and so carried him to Rumecaon, in credit of their Prize, showing the Wounds they had received.  
151. Rumecaon commanded he should be loosed, ask him how many men were in the Fortress? 
He is carried before Rumecaon,  if the Governor intended to come to Dio? with what force, and in what time his Son was expected? he with great assurance answered him, that there were in the Fortress six hundred men, who were every day earnest with the Commander to lead 'em forth to the Camp; that they very shortly looked for Dom Alvero to come with fourscore Vessels, who upon his arrival would Sally forth into the Campagnia, because some Galleys he brought with him wanted Turkish Slaves; that the Governor was preparing greater Forces, because at once he would determine the business of Cambaya. Rumecaon who knew the truth of our strength, envied so brave a Soul in so low Fortune, and esteeming him as a Soldier, who in Chains despised him, asked him to turn Moor, that he might in a better Religion have better Fortune, 
Who persuades him to change his Religion.  and know the difference there was 'twixt serving a rich Monarch, and poor Pirates. The stout Cavalier scandalised at the Affront of so base Civilities, told him, The Portuguese were always ready to shed their Blood for their Religion, and King; that Mahamed was an Impostor, infamous for his Actions and Doctrine; that if there were in Cambaya any Renegadoes, they were of other Nations, as was his Father Coge-Sofar, whom, as a Monster of the place he was Born in, his Parents and Country owned not as their Son.  
152. Rumecaon not able to endure from a Slave the affronts of his Religion and Person, 
How he useth him.  kindled with Zeal and Contempt, commanded, that before taking away his Life, he should in his presence be beaten and spit upon, believing the Punishment not so much to him as the scorn, then ordered, he should in disgrace and derision go naked through the Streets, a Barbarous inventor of so new a Punishment, first against Man, then against Humanity; yet did this Soldier of Christ (like one, now a Soldier of an other Militia) with a softer Courage overcome by suffering. Rumecaon, after these affronts, saying, his Prophet's honour demanded satisfaction in Blood, 
He commands he should be Beheaded.  commanded he should be Beheaded, and the Palm, he deserved as a Soldier, he obtained as a Martyr; his Head was put upon a Pike, and set, where from the Fortress our men might see it, who as Soldiers, out of a natural but unjust Compunction vowed to revenge his Blood, as Catholics, envied his Death. The next day, those who were in his Company returned, whom the Commander, respecting the time, would neither see or punish; yet did they expiate their fault, by venturing on all occasions, like men who loathed Life without honour. Many of 'em accused by their Conscience, designed their own Death. The Moors at a distance mocked and jeered at us, pointing at Antonio Correa's Head, recompensing so many losses with that satisfaction, and grown by it more daring, did in contempt of us some extraordinary Actions.  
153. Between Saint Thomas' and Saint James' work was our Colours planted; which one of the Moors (believing he could without danger effect it, the Wall being Low, and not Guarded) had a mind to take away; coming by stealth and unseen of our men, getting up by the Ruins, he got hold of the Staff, and though he by forcing moved it, yet could he not carry it away, and quitting out of fear his hold left it Leaning; seeing how little his first attempt cost him, returned with the same Caution in quest of the Colours, and as he was reaching out his Arm to take hold of it, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 5.  one of our Soldiers with a Musquet-shot Killed him. This happened in face of the Camp, who for his first exploit entertained him with Shouts and Praises, now looked upon him falling with a profound silence. Ours ran in great haste to cut off his Head, which they so planted, as with it to confront Antonio Correa's.  
154. The Moors who were fortified in Saint Thomas' work, went on at the purchase of their Blood, getting ground inch by inch, carrying always before 'em Mountains of Earth, and Boughs, with which they covered and fortified themselves. Dom john Mascarenhas commanded the bringing a great Canon to the Church door, which lying higher than the Moors, had 'em for a mark, from whence he so furiously Galled 'em, as to break their Defences, and with the loss of a great many, make 'em Dislodge.  
155. The Fortress was now razed, 
The extremities of the Fortress.  and the Portuguese instead of Walls defended their own Ruins, the Enemy within the Works at the gates of Victory; of the Provisions, some the time had Corrupted, the rest for their quality were Unwholesome, from whence proceeded so malign Diseases, as the well received more hurt by the Infection, then from the Enemy.  
156. Dom Alvero de Castro was departed Bacaim with fifty Ships, 
Dom Alvero is forced back.  (so they call any Boats in India be they European Carvels, or Vessels with Oars) and being Over-laded with Ammunition and Provision, not able to Live in so great Seas, they were, shattered and loose, forced to alter their course, and recover divers Bays and Creeks, as the weather drove 'em. Amongst those Ships which were scattered by the Storm, was that commanded by Athanasio Freire, who standing in for the Land, was cast into the Bay of Cambaya, almost quite sunk, and in such a condition, as by common consent they agreed to run on Shore at the first Land they made, counting Life more prisable than Liberty; accordingly they run aground near Surat, where they were taken Slaves, and carried to Sultan Mahumed, who sent 'em away Prisoners, and commanded 'em to be put in the same Dungeon where he kept Simaon Feo with other Portuguese.  
157. Ruy Freire who came in Conserve with Dom Alvero, 
Ruy Freire arrives at Dio.  in a Ship of his own, and Soldiers paid at his own Charge, did better keep the Seas, and Sailing that day and the next in the Storm, came in sight of the Coast of Dio, whence he lay in for the Fortress, and coming over the Bar got to an Anchor under the Fause-bray, where he was by every one welcomed, and told the Commander in chief the news of Dom Alvaro's coming, as much expected as necessary, not then knowing any thing of his going back, of which we shall give an account.  
158. Dom Alvero de Castro, 
Dom Alvero keeps on his Voyage.  and Dom Francisco de Menezes, were with the general Storm forced back to Agacaim, all shattered; where they quickly fitted themselves, and with most part of their Fleet ventured to Sea again, and overcoming the fury of the weather got sight of the other Coast near Madrefaval, whence they made at a distance a great Ship which came stealing by our Fleet. Dom Alvero commanded the Captain to make up with her, as did two Ships more of the Company. The Ship presently struck Sail, being the King of Cambaya's, and coming from Ormus, she sent off two Merchants who came and presented Dom Alvero their pass, signed before the War; 
He takes a ●hip of Cambaya.  who seized on the Ship, and sent her to Goa, that the Governor might determine if she was to be made Prize; The Commodities in her were Coral, Chamlots, Pintadoes, and Carpets, all which were judged to be lost. Dom Alvero de Castro holding on his course arrived at the Bar of Dio with forty Ships, with their Wast-cloths, Streamers, and Pendents, making a show both warlike and pleasant. 
He arrives at the Fortress with forty Ships.  He saluted the Fortress with all his Guns, which, with the sounding of Drums and Trumpets returned him the like answer. The Commander in chief made the Gates of the Fortress be opened to receive Dom Alvero, all the Gentlemen, and Soldiers too, came to receive and welcome the Fleet, 
His reception by the Commander in chief.  on which besides Dom Alvero in Person, came Gentlemen and Cavaliers of eminent condition; they brought Ammunition and Provision for some time, the Governor not willing to have it at the Courtesy of the Seas, to deny or give passage to a second Relief. Dom Alvero took up his quarters in the Work where his Brother Dom Fernando fell, those who formerly had been under his Command came to serve under Dom Alvero, and most of the Gentlemen, some as having bore a part in the sorrow for his Brother, others in his Victories; all too would take the word from him, as Admiral at Sea, not one being willing to be exempted from his Command, a thing contrary to the Time, and more to Discipline; yet Dom Alvero told the Commander, he came to receive orders from him, which Dom john Mascarenhas taking for a Civility, answered with the same Courtship; but Dom Alvero showed him his instructions, which were not the least part of the other excellencies of the Governor, to say, that, though by the Jurisdiction of his Place, and the King's Commission, he himself was exempt from any subjection which belonged not to the Governor of India, he sent his Son Dom Alvero to receive orders from Dom john Mascarenhas, the great Honour he had gained in that Siege so requiring it; a temper in a man truly great, where he had already lost one Son and ventured an other, to covet none of that Fame, he with his Blood helped to purchase, greater doubtless in this Neglect, than afterwards in his Victory.  
159. Rumecaon knowing of Dom Alvaro's arrival, said, there were now Prisoners in the Fortress to honour his Triumph, and commanded his men to work more eagerly in the Mines. 
Both advise the Governor of the condition of the Fortress.  Dom Alvero immediately dispatched his Ship to the Governor with Letters, intimating in what condition he found the Fortress, and Dom john Mascarenhas advised him of all had past. There were now six hundred men in the Fortress, all Soldiers of repute, whom, Dom john Mascarenhas thought capable of greater things, then only a Defence; he commanded the planting three great Guns against the Enemy's Posts, with which he so furiously Battered 'em, that Rumecaon, as intent to defend himself as spoil us, reinforced his Fortification.  
160. There was in the former assaults, Buried in the ruins of Saint Thomas' works, a great Gun of an extravagant bigness, which the Commander was earnest to get up into the Fortress, and employing Ropes and Machine's, found it impossible, desiring so at least to secure it, as the Enemies might make no use of it, he ordered it to be tied there with great Cords. The Moors continued digging under the Walls of the Work, and striking on the bottom Stones, by the failing of the Foundation the Walls fell down, the great Gun remaining tied and suspended in the Air. 
The Enemy falls on again and retires.  The Moors came presently on to enter the Work, but found in their way Dom Francisco de Menezes, with others about him, who engaged the Moors in a very hot dispute, and that being the first day of their seeing the Enemy, they charged him with such Vigour, as he was forced to retire, leaving many of his men on the place. In the height of the Fight, some of 'em fasting a great Cabell to the Gun dragged it off, unseen of Ours, who engaged in the Fight, did not take notice what the Moors were doing.  
161. Dom john Mascarenhas did vigilantly attend the designs of the Enemy, 
Our men resolve to go out and seek him.  more afraid of their Mines, then being Assaulted openly; which coming to the knowledge of Dom Alvaro's Soldiers, warned by the late example of Dom Fernando de Castro, and other Gentlemen, and Soldiers, who were Burnt to Death, they all agreed to Sally out and Fight the Enemy, fearful where the danger was doubtful, resolute where 'twas certain.  
162. They said they would not by their useless obedience be Burnt to Death, when they might Die in the Field, with Victory or Revenge; that knowing how to Fight like men, they would not perish like Beasts, fastened to their danger; that of two, they rather chose that they might overcome, then that they could not avoid. 
The Commander goes about to dissuade 'em,  Dom john Mascarenhas, first by Reason, then by the Authority of his Place, and Person, did what he could to dissuade 'em, but in vain, because (as their crime had some semblance of Virtue) they were proud of it, and expected rewards and praises for their Disobedience. Dom Alvero de Castro helped to keep 'em back, much disgusted by so foul an obstinacy, 
as do Dom Alvero and Dom Francisco  saying, the King would be more sensible of the disobedience of one Soldier, than the loss of a Fortress; that it belonged only to the Commander to Govern, to them to Obey and Fight. Dom Francisco de Menezes told 'em they were the first who would Defame the name of Portuguese; that they would go with their Honour lost, their Lives in no little danger, and though they scap't the arms of their Enemy, they could not free themselves from the just anger of their King, whom, by so base a Mutiny, they in the Person of his Commander, despised. For all this, with a fatal resoluteness did they provide to give Battle, saying, no fault could be such, as Victory would not excuse, and if they were lost, they were exempt from reward or punishment; that they stood up for the honour of the State, whose Custom, was rather to take places on the Moors, then lose its own.  
163. All the mutinous Soldiers could be brought to, 
The Soldiers hold their resolution.  was to put off their Sallying forth till the next day, having left 'em for their Counsellor that so short time to consider, what was best for their safety, and honour; They, by a fatal unanimity, all rose resolute and ready for the Fight, telling the Commander if he would not command 'em, they would amongst themselves choose a Head. 
The Commander in chief and Gentlemen to prevent greater mischief resolve to go with 'em.  Dom john Mascarenhas, seeing himself now forced to go along with the unruly; and that standers by would judge more advantageously of the daring, then prudent; resolved in Person, with Dom Alvero, and most of the Gentlemen, to follow 'em; the Commanders by a new Discipline obeying, and the Soldiers commanding.  
164. There were in the Fortress (as we have said) six hundred men, of whom one hundred stayed to maintain the Posts, of the rest, Dom john Mascarenhas made three battalions, two he gave two Dom Alvero de Castro, and Dom Francisco de Menezes, the other he took for himself. 
Our men Sally out, and in what order.  They immediately Sallied out of the Fortress, and at the first charge got the Posts the Moors had made in the Ditch, who on easy terms quitted 'em. By this shadow of Victory began our ruin; for our men ambitious, and out of order, assaulted the Wall. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 6.  The first who got up was Dom Alvero, seconded by two Brothers, Luis de melo, and jorge de Mendoca, who came up after him; Dom Francisco de Menezes entered at an other place; and amongst the first were Antonio Moniz Barretto, Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, Dom jorge, and Dom Duarte de Menezes, Dom Francisco, and Dom Pedro de Almeyda.  
165. Rumecaon, juzarcaon, and Mojate●aon, 
The Enemy's resistance.  came with numerous Companies to receive ours, 'twixt whom the Fight began, maintained on our side with more Courage than Discipline; Dom Francisco de Menezes was forcing back the Moors, who not able to endure the weight of the charge lost ground apace, till relieved by a great many others, they stopped the Current of our men. Dom john Mascarenhas climbing up the Wall, at the same time with the other Officers, 
The Captain chides the Mutineers.  seeing divers of the mutinous Soldiers, standing at the foot of it, without the hearts to get up, with sharp words, did aloud upbraid, first their Disobedience, than their Cowardliness, who without a word followed him, striving to answer by their Actions, and presently charging the Enemies who were engaged with Dom Alvero, made 'em quit part of their ground; but the party being so inequal, the Moors began to recover, so charging Ours, as to put 'em to disorder.  
166. Dom Alvero behaved himself, 
The Courage and Discipline of Dom Alvero.  as his Birth, Repute, and Courage promised, not being at a loss in Discipline, hard to be kept up when the day is lost; He was, as much as possible, Ordering and Leading off his men, Retreating honourably with his face always towards the Enemy, who had cut off some of his men, and the rest, not able to endure the force of the Moors, were leaving him; which jorge de Mendoca perceiving, though Wounded, took Dom Alvero in his hands to help him up the Wall, and not able by the bleeding of his Wounds to perform it, 
He gets upon the Wall, and with a blow of a Stone falls down.  was helped by his Brother Luis de melo; Dom Alvero being upon the Wall, received a blow with a stone, which made him without any sign of Life fall down on the other side.  
167. After Luis de melo had helped Dom Alvero, 
Luis de melo is shot through with a Bullet.  he likewise saved his Brother, who was with Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, Antonio Moniz, and other Gentlemen, repelling the fury of the Moors, till shot through with a Bullet he fell down for Dead; his Companions carried him off, and laid him on the Wall, thence was he brought to the Fortress, afterwards conveyed to Chaul, where he Died of his Wound, deserving, by his singular Courage, if not a more glorious Death, a longer Life.  
168. Dom Francisco de Menezes, as he was Fight stoutly, 
Dom Francisco de Menezes ' s Death.  was ta'en off with a Bullet, at whose loss his men began disorderly to retire; here was the Execution greatest, for the Moors knowing our men's confusion charged 'em more Vigorously.  
169. Dom john Mascarenhas in this misfortune behaved himself with Courage, 
The prudence of the Commander in chief.  and Prudence, some times Leading off his men, other times facing the Enemy, (whilst the Mutinous were retiring) by this course avoiding no little mischief; and having now secured the Walls, there went a report the Fortress was lost, on which the Soldiers like Routed men, began every one to disperse; in this so dangerous Conflict, Dom john Mascarenhas cried to his men, shaming them with their going off, and Fight so courageously that only with a few who stood to him he kept off the Enemy. The Gentlemen who were in the Fight, got a loud name in so unhappy a Day. Lopo de Sousa at the foot of the Wall defended himself against a whole Company of Moors, making them often retire, with such Bravery, that they charged him at a distance, till by a Dart which past his Breast he fell down Dead, leaving his Blood sufficiently revenged. 
The Gentlemen who were that day taken notice of.  Antonio Moniz Barretto, Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, Dom Duarte, and Dom jorge de Menezes, who had seventeen Wounds, made the Victory dear to the Enemy.  
170. Rumecaon endeavouring to make the best of our Rashness, 
Mojatecaon falls upon the Fortress and retires.  commanded Mojatecaon with five thousand men to march to the Fortress, to intercept those who were flying in the Rout, and falling upon Saint Thomas' work, he found Luis de Sousa there, who with Canon and Musquet-shot, Killed great numbers of his men, yet the Moors emboldened with the heat of Victory, continued Scaling, but were so stoutly resisted, as with notorious loss to retire. 
The Commander in chief Rallies the Soldiers.  Dom john Mascarenhas took such pains, as he Rallied those men who were scatteringly going off, and making of them a close battalion, led 'em on to the Fortress, meeting by the way many of the Moors, who being careless in the security of Victory, he so Courageously charged 'em, as many left their Lives, more the Place. There were lost in this miscarriage five and thirty men, of whose number were the Gentlemen we have spoke of; 
Our loss by this miscarriage.  the Wounded were above an hundred, but in so unbridled a design, the loss was not so much as the disobedience. The Commander in chief went presently to look out Dom Alvero, whom he found yet Speechless, and by the judgement of Surgeons in danger of Life, which lasted those days Philosophy calls Decretory or Critical; yet his pain abated, and Dom Alvero recovered his health, to the satisfaction of those, who loved him for the quality of his Birth, and Person. Nuno Pereira was in the Fight, who behaving himself with known Courage, came off with fourteen Wounds; 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 7.  he desired leave for his Cure to go to Goa, having there a Family, and being lately Married to a great Fortune, most of which he spent in the King's service, till (as we shall tell hereafter) he lost his Life.  
171. Rumecaon reflecting on this so unexpected Victory, 
Rumecaon is encouraged by the success;  got by our men's unruly Courage, had more hopes of success, and a stronger resolution to see the end of the design; for which he begun to find his men's obedience more pliable, having by this days experience lost a great deal of that fear they had of our Arms; he presently sent the Sultan news of the Victory, which was at Court solemnised with public rejoicings; and Rumecaon received from the King the honours of a Conqueror, being for the future better supplied with Men, Ammunition, and Money, on the coming in of a great part of the Nobility, in hopes to go share in his Fortune: 
goes on with his Mines and we with our Reparations.  He presently commanded his men to go on with the design against our Work, stealing the Earth from underneath, that being unfurnished the weight might sink it, by the failing of the Foundation on which it rested, Dom john Mascarenhas deluded this Plot, by ordering an other Fort to be made within, which took a less compass, and by containing less Earth was fitter for defence. This could not be hid from Rumecaon, who brought thither a great party of Moors, these with Stones, Darts, and Balls of Wildfire, did without intermission charge our Workmen, some sure of their aim in those places the Wall discovered, others by casting over it, by which they Wounded our men, more intent on their Work then Defence, to avoid which, the Commander gave order they should by hidden Lights work by Night, laying the Stones by the marks and observation they had taken by Day.  
172. Rumecaon high, and confident, on the countenance the War showed him in the last Fight, in contempt of the Governors coming, every day expected, began (as one who would in his imaginary Victory already enjoy the ease of Triumph) to Build a new City; 
Builds a new City.  whether 'twere to put his men in heart, or as a Credulous man, he grounded upon the prosperity of his imagined successes. He made Palaces for himself, with that Order and Grandeur, the wantonness of Peace would have allowed off; He set out quarters for the Officers, by that, obliging 'em to defend their own Dwellings, showing in the Fabric, no less Skill, than Pride: He ordered the laying Boats across in that place of the River which goes from the Custom-house to the Town of Rumes, which being made fast with great Cabels, he filled equally with Earth, o'er which, (as on a Bridge not steady, but secure) the Carts which provided the City had an easy passage. Upon Rumecaon's confident setting upon so costly a Fabric, 'twas Voiced in many of the adjacent and remote Kingdoms from Cambaya, that we had lost our Fortress, which report pleasing the ears of the Moors, and Pagans, spread all over the East, till the Sultan received the Compliments of many Princes who gave him the joy of the Victory. The sound of this News was with fear and silence listened to in Goa, and though at large, and without an Author, came to the Governors' ears, who by the privacy and caution with which it went from one an other, did argue its probability.  
173. This misfortune so much feared, 
The solicitousness of the Governor.  seemed confirmed by the slowness of advice from Dio, neither was there any certainty what was become of Dom Alvaro's Fleet; those who would put by such thoughts in the Governor, seemed rather to slight, then deny the news, and he as most concerned, seeing the necessity of encouraging the people, seemed not to lay it to heart, contradicting the News he feared, by the Face he put upon't.  
174. This solicitousness took up the Governor, 
Dom Manoel de Lima arrives from the Kingdom, at Goa.  (only diverted by the business and preparations of the Navy, which, omitting no diligence, he intended) when News was brought him, there was come to the Bar a Ship from the Kingdom, Captain Dom Manoel de Lima, who was parted from five more of the same Conserve, all under the Command of Lourenco Pirez de Tavora; the others were Commanded by Dom john Lobo, john Rodriguez Pecanha, Fernand Alvarez da Cunha, and Alvero Barradas. The Governor thought Dom Manoel de Lima's arrival very considerable, for the Person, and the necessity; he came Commander of the Fortress of Ormus, which the King had given him to put by some animosities which were 'twixt him and the Governor Martin Affonso de Sousa, whose return from India he expected, to demand satisfaction of him for some injuries. These disgusts the King took up, concerned as a Father in the peace of both his Subjects. Dom Manoel would presently have been gone for Dio, with three hundred Soldiers at his own Charge; but the Governor dissuaded him, desiring his Company in his Fleet, and his Courage and Experience in the management of the present Design.  
175. The Governor being more than ordinarily perplexed about the business of Dio, 
The Governor receives news from Dio.  thinking no good of the want of advice, the Admiral, which carried Dom Alvero, arrived at the Bar of Goa; She came in with her Wast-cloaths and Streamers, and by her joyful Salutes, endeavoured a far off to tell the news she was fraught with. The greatest part of the people ran to the Seaside, to inquire after their Children, Friends and Kindred, and those least concerned, after the common interest of the State. The Captain was carried to the Governors' Palace, satisfying by the way many repeated and troublesome questions; He found the Governor with the Bishop Dom john de Albuquerque, and Friar Antonio do Casal Guardian of the Fanciscans. The Governors first question was, 
His piety and joy a● the receipt of 'em.  if the Fortress yet held out for the King his Master? to which the Captain answered, it did and would do; At which news the Governor falling on his Knees, with his Eyes to Heaven gave God thanks, not without shedding some tears, witnesses, of his piety towards God, and his zeal for his Prince, and receiving presently his Letters, 
His stout behaviour at the news of his Son Dom Fernando's Death.  he heard the Death of his Son Dom Fernando, which he received with so great constancy, as those about him perceived no alteration in his Words or Countenance, as if to appear a Father, had been weakness, and to have the common affections of a man, dishonour. He thanked the Captain, and sent him to cheer the City with the news; then retired, and in private wept for his Son, expecting time to grieve in, without less●ning his place or courage. The same day came into Port the Ship which brought Nuno Pereira, who Died at Sea of his Wounds. The body was Buried, with the Funeral solemnity due to the Person, accompanied by the Governor, Nobility and People; the Gentleman leaving behind him a most endeared Memory.  
176. The next day there was made a solemn Procession to thank God, 
A procession for Thanksgiving.  at which the Governor assisted, Clothed in Scarlet, comforting (a thing unheard of) the people for the Death of his own Son; He knew by this Ship, of our men's disorderly and obstinate Sally, which occasioned so many Deaths, and of the danger Dom Alvero was in, moderating, or smothering his grief for't, as one who less valued his Sons Lives, than their Reputation.  
177. On the same day he dispatched Vasco de Cunha, 
He sends relief to Dio.  that Sailing along the Creeks and Bays of the Coast, he might bring together Dom Alvaro's Fleet, and carry it into Dio▪ by him in his Letters, he Congratulated with Dom john Mascarenhas for the honour he had gained, not less for himself then the State; assuring him, that in few days he would come and see him at Dio, with all the strength the State could furnish, for which he spared no cost or diligence; and that while the Fleet was setting out, he would send him a Recruit, sufficient to secure the Fortress, and bridle the Enemy, which he speedily effected; for presently after Vasco de Cunha, he sent away Luis de Almeyda with six Carvels, and four hundred Soldiers, with Ammunition and Provision, and plenty of other things which the necessity of the Siege required; and so indefatigable was his diligence in providing himself, that in a very short time all his Fleet was ready to Sail, only wanting the relief of Cananor and Cochim to put to Sea; for with such affection and obedience, was he forwarded by every one, as the Ladies and Gentlemen of Goa, came and presented him with their Children and Estates; that Fleet carrying with it as many blessings from the people, as others use to carry tears and complaints.  
178. Vasco damn Cunha following his Orders, 
Vasco d● Cu●ha comes to 〈◊〉.  was bringing together the Ships, which he found in the Creeks shattered by the Storm, and with them recovered Bacaim, where he found the Commander Dom jeronymo de Menezes ready with fifteen Ships to go and relieve Dio; engaged anew by his resentments of his Brother Dom Francisco's Death, of which we have given an account, yet had he some days deferred his going, upon certain advice, that the Bramatuco would in his absence come and Besiege that Fortress, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Cap. 8. Lib. 3.  a diversion procured by the Sultan, in favour of the Besiegers. Dom jeronymo looking upon himself more obliged to defend Bacaim, then relieve Dio, delivered his Ships to Vasco da Cunha, who setting Sail with 'em, met at Sea Luis de Almeyda with six Carvels, 
He, with Luis de Almeyda goes into Dio.  all of them in Conserve went into Dio, making show by the number of the Vessels of a more considerable Recruit, yet was the Fortress secured from Famine and Danger, and the Soldiers being paid and furnished, the War was less feared then desired.  
179. Now was the weather fair for us, 
Luis de Almeyda goes to look for the Mecca Fleet.  and the States Ships began to Command at Sea; Dom Alvero, as Admiral, ordered Luis de Almeyda with three Carvels (all of 'em under his Command, in two of 'em went Captains Payo Rodriguez de Araujo, and Pedro Affonso) to stand for the Bar of Surat, and expect the Mecca Fleet, which would strive to recover that Port; who pursuing his Voyage, within few days saw two Ships crossing the Gulf, one great one, the other of a less Burden; as soon as Luis de Almeyda spied 'em, with all the Sail he could make, he stood up with 'em; the Ships came before the Wind, and seeing our Carvels tacked about, but our Ships being light, and better Sailors, with all their Canvas abroad, were up with 'em presently. Luis de Almeyda Boarded the great Ship, which had for Captain a janisary, a Kinsman of Coge-Sofars, who relying on the bigness of his Ship, his Guns and Men aboard, provided for his defence, provoking on all parts a very hot dispute, the Blood run down on both sides, the Moors fought out of necessity, Ours out of duty, and having the advantage of Courage and Discipline entered the Vessel, 
he takes two Ships,  where the Moors, inspirited with despair fought to Die revenged, till with the Death of the most considerable, the rest yielded. They found the janisary full of Wounds, whom Luis de Almeyda made be carried aboard his Carvel, and his Cure attended. The other Ship on a slight resistance was made yield by Payo Rodriguez de Araujo. 
he goes with 'em to Dio.  After this action, Luis de Almeyda, while his Commission lasted, plied too and again in that Station, in which time he took some Boats of Provision going to furnish the Army, making others run on Shore, by which the Camp begun to feel some scarcity. With the Ships he had ta'en he presently came into Dio, with the Moors hanged at the Yard-arms, torturing infinitely the Camp by so sad a spectacle. Rumecaon offered two and thirty thousand Pardaos for the janisary Captain, 
Dom Alvero refuseth to release a janisary, and commands to hang him up.  who (as we have said) was of Kin to him; but Dom Alvero commanded he should be hanged, saying, he came not thither to Sell, but spill Blood, and that by the Moors he would get nothing but their Heads. Rumecaon was scared with his anger, the Turks with his contempt. Dom Alvero, not to let his Soldier's Swords rust in the Scabbard, till there was a time of Action, sent forth some Ships of Bacaim and Chaul, to take the little Vessels which furnished the Enemy, 
Our men take fourteen Barks from the Enemy.  which succeeded so happily as they took fourteen, bringing them in with the Moors hung at the Yards, which was now less resented than trembled at, seeing our anger and vengeance had neither Limits or Compassion.  
180. Dom john de Castro, in the mean time, resolving with himself to Chastise the King of Cambaya, by whose example the Princes of Asia would Live in peace and reverence of the State, desired first to sound and try others men's judgements, that by their approving the design, he might find 'em more forward in the Execution of their own Counsels; 
The Governor in Council declares his resolution of going to Dio.  for this he called before him the Ecclesiastical and Civil Government of the City, with the Gentlemen and Soldiers of Eminency, to whom he declared his Resolution to go in Person to raise the Siege of Dio, and to Fight Rumecaon in his own Quarters; that though all knew it; in their particulars, he had a mind to tell it 'em in common, that in the approbation of the Commonwealth, he might carry with him the Justice of the cause as part of the Victory. Upon hearing the Governor, every one was affected, in the first place with his Modesty, that subjected an Independent Minister; then his great Zeal, that upon the yet reaking Blood of his Children, sacrificed his own Life for the Service of his Country. Upon giving their Votes in the business, their discourse was various; Dom Diogo de Almeyda Freire, Commander in Chief in Goa, whose experience was, by his Years and the chances of War, enlarged, did thus deliver his Opinion.  
181. The small force we now have, 
Dom Diogo de Almeyda's opinion to the contrary.  is by their ignorance of it formidable to our Enemies, all Asia reputing our strength, more by our Victories, than our Soldiers, so that the Fame only of what is past, keeps us up at present. Your Excellency hath in this Fleet brought together all the Power of India, in which we can hardly reckon two thousand Portuguese, and with so little Noise we design to fright the whole World. This Tree of the State (on whose Branches hang so many Trophies gained in the East) hath its Roots by infinite Leagues severed from its Body; its best way of preserving 'em, is by being underproped, with Peace with some, and Awe from others. We can never perform what is expected from our joined Forces, for one Victory will add but little to our Reputation, and only one loss Destroys us. We have already Relieved our Fortress, and to what end on a Wound already Cured, to spend the Medicine which is to serve for others? what new Prudence teaches us in one only Fight to venture what hath been got by so many Victories? we have an Army sufficient as we are to maintain us so, not strength when we are lost to repair us. No great Soldier without necessity ever gave a Field-battail, for where on both sides the loss useth to be equal, the Conqueror only keeps the Field and a useless Glory. At Dio we neither covet, or can possess any thing but the Fortress; with what blind Madness go we then to purchase that with our Blood which is our own already? what new Colonies have we to Plant the Island? from what part of the World can we bring others who are not Moor or Pagans, as fickle in their Loyalty to the State, as those who now oppose us? We go to Fight Turks and Moors, exceeding us in Numbers, equal in Arms, and Discipline; if we have the worst of it, we have no place to save ourselves in, for the Country is theirs; if we have the better on't, no advantage will come of the Victory. We have with our Fleets Conquered India, with them must we keep it, having the advantage of Vessels and Mariners. If we look for Victory only in Fights, le's slight our Garrisons, and dismantle our Cities; if 'tis told me, 'tis for the State's honour, to destroy a Kingdom for an affront, if all who have ta'en Arms against us, had received strict Punishment, the East had been already unpeopled. Shall we blame Affonso de Albuquer que for not Burning Ormus, after so many Hostilities and Treacheries of its Kings and Governors? shall he forfeit the great Name he achieved there, because for the Affronts and Quarrels of the Samorim, he destroyed not Malabar? shall Nuno de Cunha slain that Renowned fame for not making War upon Cambaya, after the Treason of Badur? shall we set upon Destroying the Turk for his Bashaws daring to Besiege our Fortress? shall we set out our Fleets against Achem, because he hath so often invaded us in Malaca? shall we put to Fire and Sword Hidalcaon, for his taking every day our Provisions, and infesting our Lands of Bards and Salsete? what despair drives us to offer the innocent State's throat to the Enemy's knife. This Fleet, so terrible in appearance, so weak in effect, is a bridle to Rumecaon, to Ours a Defence; but upon Landing so few Soldiers, the East will see into the secret of our Forces, and all the Princes endeavour to break down those weak Prisons in which we keep 'em Fettered. Quintus Maximus Maximus' winning many Battles was the glory of the Roman Empire, his avoiding one was its preservation. The first conquerors built us a House, we have nothing to do but to keep it. If by storming Dio the Enemy have lost an Army, what wants that action of Victory? what of Punishment? Offence is undertaken with equal strength, Vengeance with far greater; for to get satisfaction for one Affront, we are not to venture a fresh injury, the rather, because Fortune is in nothing so absolute as in the chances of Warr. Victories are many times gotten by light accidents, and lost by others. Will it be then just to put to the Contingency of Success the Sceptre of the East, founded, with the dread and envy of Nations, upon so many Victories? If we lose this Fleet in which is amazed together the whole strength of India, what Treasures hath his Majesty laid up to set forth an other? we shall begin again, to Petition, or Conquer the Princes of India; we shall bring back to its Infancy this Empire now grown Old; we shall Live on the Courtesy of those Crowns we have provoked, remaining their miserable Vassals, of whom we were once Masters.  
182. Dom Diogo de Almeyda's Reasons satisfied those of his own Opinion, 
The Governors' answer.  moved those of the contrary; yet Dom john de Castro, secure in the Resolution he had taken, thus Discoursed against 'em. That no ruling Nation was content with a defensive War amongst her Inferiors; that the State had made herself in the East Arbiter of Peace and Warr, most of the Princes of Asia coveting under our shelter to Live secure; that all the Forts we had in India were to be maintained by the same Arms which won 'em; that the respect, the Moors and Pagans had for us, would last no longer than they knew we could put up an Injury; that all those Princes stood looking on our Punishing Cambaya, and durst not yet with their Auxiliaries come in to its Relief out of fear to be crushed in its Ruins; yet if they saw us contented to make up the ruins of our Fortress, and bind up the Wounds they have opened, they would come again to uncover 'em, and aim the second blow at the heart of the State; that Reputation was the Soul of Empires; Patience in particulars a Virtue, in Crowns a Ruin; that we had in this Siege lost so many gallant Gentlemen, so many Cavaliers and Soldiers of Honour, as the Wounds they received would cover with Infamy the Surviving, if they saw 'em not Revenged; what account could we give the World of this Siege, but of our patience in enduring it; that the State by Fame more preserved herself, then with all the Spices of the East; which were only a valuable Commodity when we got 'em, not by Commerce, but by Tribute, That, to conclude, he would not suffer the first weakness of our Arms to happen in Dom Iohn de Castro's time; that he was resolved to Fight, the Blame should be solely his, every one should have a share in the Victory. The Governor out of hopes of Success, or height of Courage, spoke these words with a Spirit presaging his fore-seen Triumph.  
183. The Arms in Dio were not idle, for neither did the losses received, or our hopes of relief, fright stout and resolute Rumecaon; He knew the strength the Governor would bring in Person, (greater in report then appearance 'twould be) yet did not for that unbend his resolution of carrying on the Siege, and expecting the worst of Fortune. He commanded his men to under-mine the Watchtower over the gate, 
Rumecaon begins an other Mine,  where Antonio Freire had his Post; and though they worked with most profound silence, by divers Stratagems diverting our attention, the Commander in chief (whom no Casualty, or Accident took unprovided) found out their work, which as at other times he prevented. The Moors on the 10 th'. of October played the Mine, which sprung without any hurt on the outward face of the Wall; 
which he plays without any loss to us.  the Fire giving back by the resistance of our Counterforts, and the Moors saw within a new Wall raised, wondering at our foresight of all their designs, and that neither strength, or industry profitted 'em against so stout and cautious Enemies. Though Rumecaon found by Experience there was less Fruit than Labour in the Mines, yet to weary out our men, or keep his own in good Discipline, he began to open others, which too being known, were prevented, of which we speak nothing, because they had no memorable effect, and to avoid the tediousness things so alike have in their Relation.   

THE LIFE OF DOM JOHN DE CASTRO.  
The Third BOOK.  
1. DOM john de Castro, (on the seventeenth of October of the Year one thousand five hundred forty and six) delivering up the Government of the City to the Bishop, 
The Governor parts for Dio.  Dom john de Albuquerque, and Dom Diogo de Almeyda Freire, set Sail directly for Bacaim, where he designed to expect other Recruits and Provisions, which were not yet arrived, making it a point of honour that the Governor of India should not be one day Besieged in Dio, but with Caesar's Fortune, Come, See, and Overcome.  

71.  
Eyes vem despois o pay, que as ondas corta  
Co restante da gente Lusitana  
E con forca e saber, que mais importa  
Batalha da felice & soberana  
Huns paredes subirodo escusaon portas  
Outros a abrem, na fera esquadra insana  
Feytos faraon tan dignos de memoria  
Que naon caibaon 'em verso, ou larga Historia.   

72.  
Este depois en Campo se apresenta  
Vencedor forte e intrepido ao possante  
Rey da Cambaya e a vista che amedrente  
Da fera multidaon quadrupedante.   Cam. St. 71, 72. Can. 10. 

71.  
Lo, now the Father follows with full Sail,  
And the remainder of the Lusian force,  
He with strong hand, and head of more avail  
Gives a brave lucky Battle to the Moors,  
Where no way is he makes one with his Flail,  
And where there is the Rampires are his doors;  
Such that days fe●ts, so terrible the blows,  
They will not stand in Verse, nor lie in Prose.   

72.  
Then lo, he to ●he great Camlayan King  
Presents himself a Victor in the Field,  
Pale fear into the face of him doth fling,  
And of his furious Horse, which ground shall yield.   Sir Richard Fan. Transtlation. 
2. The Fleet consisted of twelve Galleons, 
The Fleet and Commanders.  of which the Admiral was the Saint Denis, on which went the Governor, the rest were Commanded by Garcia de Sa, jorge Cabral, Dom Manoel de Silveyra, Manoel de Sousa de Seputueda, jorge de Sousa, john Falcaon, Dom john Manoel Alabastro, 
John de Barro '; Hist. of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 9  Lewis Alvarez de Sousa. The Vessels with Oars were sixty, of which the chief Commanders were Dom Manoel de Lima, Dom Antonio de Noronha, Miguel da Cunha, Dom Diogo de Sottomajor, the Secretary Antonio Corneiro, Alvero Perez de Andrade, Dom Manoel Dèca, jorge da Sylva, Luis Figuera, jeronymo de Sousa, Nun●, Fernandez Pegado Ramatho, Lourenco Riberio, Antonio Leme, Alvero Serraon, Cosme Fernandez, Manoel Lobo, Francisco de Azevedo, Pero de Attayde Inferno, Francisco da Cunha, Antonio de Sa Native of Romania, Vasco Fernandez Captain of Goa, and Commander of fifteen Fly-boats, Barks, and other Vessels, on which went the Canarins brought up in Goa, and in company other Ships of Cananor and Cochim.  
3. The Governor in six days come to an Anchor at Bacaim, 
Arrives at Bacaim  where Dom jeronymo de Menezes, his Brother-in-law, and Commander of that Fortress, came to him on Board, comforting one the other, in the loss of a Brother and a Son. The Governor unwilling his Arms should want employment, sent forth with six light Ships Dom Manoel de Lima, to take, in the Bay of Cambaya, some of those Vessels which Recruit, and Victual the Enemies Camp. He there plied for some days to and again, in which he took sixty Vessels of Provision from the Moors, whose Bodies he ordered to be mangled, and towing 'em, put'em too Float in the mouth of the Rivers, for the Current to carry'em to the Island, where they might be seen with horror and amazement of the incensed Portuguese, inventing every day new Cruelties. Dom Manoel, when his Commission was expired, came in, with threescore Moors hanging at the Yards-arms, a sight which sacrificed more to Vengeance then Humanity. The Governor, rejoicing at those Preludiums of the War he had undertaken, sent Dom Manoel de Lima out again with thirty Ships, and Orders to put to Fire and Sword all the Coast of Cambaya, that the memory of their Punishment might be Recorded in their Ruins.  
4. Lourenco Pirez de Tavora Commander of the Ships which came from the Kingdom (as hath been said before) put in, 
Lourenc● Pirez goes after him,  with most of the Ships of his Squadron, at Cochim, there hearing the news of the Siege, he immediately parted for Goa, believing he should find the Governor on Shore; and upon knowledge of his being parted with the whole Fleet, set Sail directly for Dio, preferring the King's Service to the advantages of his Voyage. His example was followed by most of the Gentlemen who came that year from the Kingdom, the ruins of our Fortress being the first place they Landed at in India; Amongst whom was Dom Antonio de Noronha, 
and other Gentlemen,  (Son of the Vice-King Dom Garcia) with threescore Soldiers at his own charges: these were the Riches the Gentlemen of those times came for, to the East; wounds being then more prisable Commodities then now Diamonds. The Governor by those Ships received Letters from the Infante Dom Lewis, whose Copies we will put down, to show the King's and Infant's attention to the least actions of Ministers, (forming a true judgement of 'em, by Rewards, or Punishments, to be even with 'em) and the simplicity of the stile, so free from the humour and height of other times; whose Memory to the Lovers of that Age will not be tedious.  
The Infante Dom Lewis' Letter.  
5. HOnourable Governor. By your Letters to my Lord the King, and myself, I have seen an account of your Voyage from your parting from Mocambique till your arrival in India, and what you did there till the departure of the Ships; the condition you found the Country in, the quality of the Persons, the Licentiousness of Trade, the weakness of the Fleet; how you behaved yourself to Hidalcaon in the business of Meal; how in the affairs at Ormus; and how to those Gentlemen, who were permitted by Martin Affonso to carry thither Commodities; and what more you said in those Letters; and because my Lord the King answers all those things particularly, I will not do the same but in short. Yet cannot I forbear telling you, how I was here on Shore frighted at the danger you 'scaped about the Island Comaro; 'twas seriously a great and wonderful fortune, and which I take as a good Omen, it seeming to me, God in that would show you he was to preserve you in the difficulties of India, for which no less a miracle is necessary, then that showed you in your scaping so eminent a danger, for which I have given hearty thanks and am glad to hear Dom jeronimo de Noronha bore you Company in it, since God hath likewise preserved him, and 'tis for a man of his honour to share in the extremities and troubles of his General. As to the other things you write me, My Lord the King's answer being particular, and I present at the dispatches, 'twere I think too precise to write 'em to you over again; for by his Letters you'll see his satisfaction, in the way you design in those parts for his Service, and in the good opinion the Country hath of you, which he particularly commends to your care in all businesses; what in that I have more to tell you, is, that I'm very much satisfied with your management of affairs in that place, and with your words as well as actions, for by those 'tis seen the crossing so many Climates hath not altered you from yourself, or my constant opinion, which, you are not content in showing, by your actions, but your words are a pledge you will continue doing the same, of which I'm very well assured, that what by humane power can be compassed you will truly perform. His Majesty is not less satisfied with your manner of writing, for your Letters came well digested, they contained nothing superfluous, and by 'em is sufficiently seen what I said before, that you both know what you are to do, and have a desire and earnestness to do it, without any temporary respect of interest or affection, which I not a little rejoice at to hear from you; for though I am sure of your actions, 'tis yet a sign of the great abundance of your heart and virtue, your coveting to say so, which makes me confident God will perfect all your good desires, and bring you out of that Country, to your great satisfaction and honour, for he cannot be unsuccessful who designs nothing but the service of God and his King; and though that is to be purchased with no ordinary difficulty, let me mind you, that 'tis there resides merit, and that Our Saviour Christ was by that to enter into his Glory; and if things appear to you above your Mastery, remember, 'tis there God puts in his helping hand, and seconds those who serve him with your attention; and that men of themselves can furnish nothing but will and diligence, which made Saint Paul attribute to himself nothing but the planting, because God is to give the increase, as he will give it to all those undertake you plant with that zeal, I'm secure you have in all your actions; therefore be not frighted at great things, or slight little, poise equally, and remit the end to God Almighty; and though some things succeed not as you desire, be not transported by despair, while you act with a just zeal, and clear intention, because God often permits his servants to commit errors, thereby to merit by their patience and trust in him, and for the increase of their experience and perfection; do justice according to your Conviction, always taking, as you use, counsel and advice in business; preserve yourself in that clearness you practice in the temporal enjoyments, and advantages of that Country, then happen what will, all will tend to a good end. Be very exact in what relates to Divine worship for the Conversion of the Infidels, for that's the Armoury must chiefly defend India. Endeavour to Banish thence men's extravagant expenses, the Effeminateness and Luxury they Live in, and the excess of clothes and Furniture, disposing them to't mildly, and winningly, by your own and your Son's example; and by Countenancing and Favouring those whose practice is contrary; and if those things be above your reforming let it not trouble you, because the corruptions of time, must by time have their amendment, and cannot be remedied on a sudden; continue therefore your good intention, managing things according to the disposition of the time and persons you have to do with, so, I hope in God, he will (as you desire) direct all things, to his, and my Lord the King's service and your honour. For your request, of my soliciting your stay there may be short, I perceive you have no little reason for your desire, but my opinion is, it cannot be set upon till seeing your Letters, which God willing we shall receive this year, I therefore defer answering that point till the next year. I have spoke to the King in the business you writ me about your Son Dom Alvero, his Majesty knows him well, and is well informed of the qualities of his Person, and desires to honour and favour him, yet for some reasons his Majesty hath commanded to be writ you; and as himself writes, that this year he signs no Grants, he hath thought fit not to answer that till the next; in the mean time, he hath sent Commands for conferring on him that honour, you ' l find in his Letters Patent. I' me very careful of putting him in mind of all that concerns your Sons, and hope in God 'twill be so ordered, that you shall receive from his Majesty honour and reward, as also your Sons, whom he desires to use according to your Deservings; and you may be confident his Majesty very well knows your will to serve him, and is very much satisfied with your way of doing it hitherto. I spoke to his Majesty about Affonso de Rojas, and on your consideration he immediately granted, what I asked him, but (as I said) because he tells those who go to the Indies that this year he signs no Grants, he hath diferred Affonso de Rojas business till the next, and saith, he will then reward him. I'll take care by the grace of God, to send you the Letters Patent, and am very glad of the good News you tell me of Affonso de Rojas, and am apt to believe, that being Mr. Olmedo's Brother, and in our Company, he must prove an honest man. What you sent me on the Ships which came, was delivered me, I was very glad of it, and value it as coming from your hands.  
Almeirim the twenty sixth of March 1547. The Infante Dom Lewis.  
6. Dom Manoel de Lima setting Sail from Bacaim went by Night into the River of Surat, 
The hurt Dom Manoel doth about Surat.  and getting up with the Tide came in sight of a great Village, which, though not Inhabited by the Abyssines, had its name from 'em; the Village was on the East side of the River, spread on a great Plain▪ and, though in an open place, had two thousand Families, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 9  defended (without any other Fortification) only by some Trenches, on confidence perhaps of their first beginning the War, and the strength of that Army they had in the Field. Dom Manoel went on shore, and our men, in the same order they Landed, fell upon the Enemy with more Courage than Discipline. The Moors were stout enough to expect, not to resist, less scared by their apprehension of our men, than the horror of their own who first fell; whose Blood so frighted 'em, as they turned their backs. Many were cut off in the Flight, few in Resistance; the Slaughter was great, the Soldier's Sword sparing neither Sex or Age. Dom Manoel commanded his men to Fire the Houses, burning together Town and Estates; Covetousness was below their fury; only one Moor had his Hands ordered to be cut off, who was left Alive not to carry the News without signs of Victory.  
7. The Fleet went out of the River, 
He destroys the City of Antote,  and Coasting along two days came in sight of the City of Antote, famous for its proud Buildings, and rich Inhabitants, whom their commerce by Sea had well enriched; these, warned by others sufferings, resolved to Defend their Houses, or Dye in 'em, valuing so equally their Lives and Fortunes. Dom Manoel got on Shore, though not without loss; for the Moors waited for us, showing themselves Soldiers in their Resolution, not in their Conduct, who charged us divided into Companies, with wand'ring and uncertain Shot, betraying the same fear in their Resistance, they did afterwards in their Flight. Dom Manoel got ground of 'em, till he forced 'em into the City, where, at the sight of Women and Children, they were made stand by their Compassion; here our men thought they had to do with Enemies, for they fought, with the Bowels of Fathers, Cowards in defending their own, stout in protecting the Lives of others; but their Courage not being natural, and proceeding from tender or timorous affections, their compassion yielded to their fear, which gave us possession of the City, Children, and Victory; and Dom Manoel, more designing Ruin then Conquest, gave up the City to the Flames. The cruelty outwent the destruction, for many Bramenish young Ladies, exempted from crime by their Sex, from the Sword by their faces, in Colour and Beauty not inferior to those of our Europe, were not spared in the Victory.  
8. Dom Manoel de Lima went Coasting all the Bay of Cambaya, destroying the Towns, 
And other places, and retires.  so depopulating every place, as to seem not to be glutted, with Blood or Victory; at last retires with more Glory than Booty, and found the Governor with all the Fleet together at the Island Does Mortos, the next day (the sixth of November) they set Sail for Dio, the Ships went light, and with the multitude of Pendants and Streamers, made a pleasant and beautiful sight.  
9 At the Fortresses making the Fleet, 
The Governor arrives at Dio.  such was the general satisfaction, as of men who after such a deluge of Blood, saw those who brought 'em Peace in Victory; the Fortress was round about full of Colours, the razed Ruins putting on contentment. The Commander in chief gave order for Shooting off all the Guns; answered by the Governor from Sea with an amazing Vollee, seconded by Instruments of War and Music, solemnising so frightful a day with cheerful Vespers, the Moors too discharged a great many Pieces, showing their joy or contempt for the Governors' arrival.  
10. Dom john de Castro kept that Night at Sea, 
He holds a Council at Sea.  and sent for on Board, the Commander in chief, Garcia de Sa, Manoel de Sousa de Sepulveda, jorge Cabral, and other Gentlemen of the Council, whom he acquainted with the resolution he came with, to Fight the Enemy, upon which he asked no man's Opinion, because the Governor of India drew not his Sword to Defend but Chastise, but in what manner he should fall upon the Enemy, he desired all their Counsels; Garcia de Sa, with such reasons, approved, and praised his fixed Resolution, as for his Person, and their weight were very taking with the Governor. They discoursed about the way of Fight, and concluded of it, which was a secret till the Execution. 'Twas ordered the men should in the silence of the Night, be put into the Fortress; and on their Landing, Music, Trumpets, and Shooting from the Ships should keep the design from Rumecaon. The men in three Nights by Ladders of Cords got into the Fortress; which was done with so much Caution, as not to be discovered by the Enemy.  
11. Rumecaon, 
〈◊〉 discourse.  on the approaching danger showing himself most Resolute, told his Soldiers, if the Governor resolved to come out and Fight in the Field, the Moors would march into the Fortress through the Gates, not over the Walls; that he hoped with the Portuguese Colours to sweep the House of their Prophet; that they fought for the Liberty of so many Princes, who sighed under the heavy Oppression of Tribute, and Servitude; that they should reserve their Courage, in one day to revenge the Injuries of so many Years; that the State was crushed under the weight of so many Victories; that Fortune had so ordered it, to bring 'em together, at one Blow to cut 'em off. 
The number of his Army.  The Turk heightened this insolence, by Commanding all the Soldiers should have double Pay; his Army was of above forty thousand men, most of the Officers, Turks, old Soldiers, famous by the report of their Courage, brought thither by extraordinary Pay. There were come lately to the Camp seven hundred janissaries, who proudly desired to Fight by themselves, that the Moors might see who gave 'em the Victory. Rumecaon supplied the Posts, and placed the main Body of his Army, 
His ordering 'em.  so as to attend that place where he thought our Fleet would Anchor; neither did his Confidence disturb his Discipline. Thus expected he to be fallen upon by us, ready for Defence, doubtful of Success.  
12. The Governor having now got all the Soldiers into the Fortress, found divers Opinions about falling on the Enemy, and all the Arguments striking on the Contingency of Success, they could not be approved or rejected, without the knowledge of what's to come, known to no body. Garcia de Sa, by the Authority of his Years Courage and Birth, discoursed again about the conveniency of Fight; but Dom john de Castro commanding silence said, 
The Governor resolves to Fight.  that the Lot was already cast, that by the Valiant he should be well thought of, and from Cowards he cared not for approbation; that those without should expect the success to give their judgements. He spent that Evening in disposing the Soldiers for the next day, not to alter by delay their Courage or Resolution; 
His orders to▪ the Fleet.  He gave order the Fleets Boats should for a sign expect three Roquets to be fired from the Fortress, and, at the same time our men resolved to Sally forth, Row toward that place of the Enemy which was most Obnoxious, with Drums and Trumpets sounding, crediting what they could their intentions of Landing, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 10.  covering the entrance of the Boats with Lances, which would make the Stratagem probable, and that the Governors' Boat should, by its place, Flagg Royal, and Adornments, be known at a distance; a Stratagem, which either gave, or furthered our Victory.  
13. The day broke, which began the eleventh of November, Dedicated to the memory of the glorious Saint Martin, Bishop of Tours, who might, as a Saint favour, as a Soldier fight for us. The Governor, with the first Light, came with his General's staff on the platform of the Fortress, his white Armour added so much to his Majesty, as his Charge was respected in his Person; Mass was said at an open Altar, that they might beg Victory of the God of Hosts; the Governor and Major part of the Soldiers received the Sacrament, and the Guardian of the Franciscans proclaimed a Plenary indulgence to all those who Died in the Battle; when this was done, he commanded the pulling down the gates of the Fortress, and the Dressing breakfast for the Soldiers with 'em, that the General's confidence and the despair of any shelter, might equally assist the Victory, making them stand to't out of glory, or necessity; He thus spoke to the Soldiers. 
His Speech to the Soldiers.  We are going now to a Battle, in which, if Conquered, we shall honour our God with our Lives, if Conquerors, our King with our Victory; The strength of the Enemy's Army, is Turks and janissaries, who like Soldiers of fortune desire War, hate Fight; the other part consists of divers Nations, brought into one Body by their Pay, but not to be forced by it, to be all unanimous. These are not stouter than their Fathers, and Ancestors, there's no reason they should be more Fortunate, all of 'em have by our Arms been Mastered▪ This Empire of Asia is the Child of our Victories, we have Nursed it in its first Cradle, ●let's, now 'tis grown up, maintain it, that after long succession of time▪ it may point to the World the glory of this Action; for me to encourage you to Fight, were to forget myself we were Portugese.  
14. The order he put his men in, 
The order he put 'em in.  was this, he gave the Vanguard to Dom john Mascarenhas, he claiming the greatest danger in recompense of his former; He had five hundred Portuguese, six hundred Canarins, and five hundred 
* 
The people of Malabar is divided into No●bility called Naires, and into Commo●lty, called Poleas, 'twixt whom the difference and distinction is so great, as if a Naire be but by chance touched by a Polca, he is bound by certain ceremonies to cleanse himself from that Contagion; The Naires have their Women in common, being bound from Marriage to be always ready to follow the Samorim, (i. e.) Emperor to the Wars, without the partial concernment of Wives and Children; their Heirs are their Brothers or Sister's children; they must be of descent, the Emperor not having the power to make one; their Temperance is admirable, as is their Courage in encountering dangers or difficulties.  
The Po●eas are Tradesmen, and so bound to one Trade, as it is of necessity entailed on the Family; a Carpenter's Son cannot be a Tailor, nor a Tailor a Carpenter; They are too Slaves and Labourers to the Naires; if any women Naire mingles with a Polea she is counted Damned, and immediately put to Death. See Barro's History of India, Dec. 1. Lib. 9 Cap. 3.   Naires. Dom Alvero de Castro commanded five hundred Portuguese more, part of whom were the Gentlemen, and Officeers of his Fleet. Dom Manoel de Lima had five hundred more; the Governor had the greatest Body, which was of about eight hundred Portuguese, with some Canarins, and Malabarese.  

37.  
Dous modos ha de gente, porque a nobre  
Naires chamadoes saon, et a menos digna  
Poleas tem por nome, aquem obriga  
A ley naon mesturar a casta antiga.   

38.  
Porque os que usaraon sempre hum mesmo officio  
De outro naon podem receber consort  
Nem os filhos teraon outro exercicio  
Se naon oh de seus passadoes eaten morte  
Para os Naires he certo grande vicio  
D' estes serem tocadoes, de tall sort  
Que quando algum se toca per ventura  
Com ceremonias mil, se alimpa et apura▪   

39  
Dost a art o judaico povo antigo  
Naon tocava na gente de Samaria  
Mais estranhezas inda do que digo  
N'est a terra vereys de usancavaria  
Os Naires sos saon dadoes ao perigo  
D' as armas sos defemdem da contraria  
Banda o seu Rey, trazendo sempre usada  
Na esquerda adarga, et na dereita espada.   

40.  
Bramenes saon os seus Religiosos  
Nome antiguo, et de grande preminencia  
Observaon os preceitos taon famosas  
De hum que premeyro pos nome a sciencia  
Naon mataon cousa viva, et temerosas  
Das carnes tem grandissima abstinencia  
Soment no Venereo ajuntamento  
Tem mas licenca et menos regimento.   

41.  
Geraes' saon as molheres, mas soment  
Para os da geracaon de seus maridos  
Ditosa condicaon ditosa gente  
Que naon saon de ciumes offendidos  
Estes, et outros costumes variament  
Saon pelos Malavares admittidos  
A terra he gross a 'em tratta et tudo aquillo  
Que as ondas podem dar da China ao Nilo.   Camo. Can. 7. St. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41. 

37.  
Two Ranks they have of people, Nobleses which  
Are Naires styled, and those of base degree  
Called Poleas. To both the Law prescribes  
They shall not marry out of their own Tribes.   

38.  
And those who have been bred up to one Trade,  
On't of another may not take a Wife;  
Nor may their Children any thing be made  
But what their Parents have been all rheir Life.  
To touch a Naire with their Body's shade,  
A scandal is to his Prerogative;  
If themselves chance to touch them as they meet,  
With thousand Rites himself he washes sweet.   

39  
Just so the Jewish people did of Yore,  
The touch of a Samaritan eschew:  
But, when ye come into the Country, more  
And things of greater strangeness shall ye view.  
The Naires only go to War, before  
Their King, they only stand a Rampire true  
Against his foes. A Sword they always wield  
With their right hand, and with the left a Shield.   

40.  
Their Prelates are called Bramen (an Old name  
And (amongst them) of great Pre-eminence)  
Of his famed Sect, who Wisdom did disdain,  
And took a Style of a more modest sense.  
They kill no Living thing, and highly blame  
All flesh to eat, with wondrous abstinence;  
But other flesh their Law doth not forbid,  
Yet they as prone thereto as if it did.   

41.  
Their Wives are common, but are so to none  
Save those, who of their Husband's kindred are;  
(O blessed Lot, blessed Generation,  
On whom fierce Jealousy doth wage no Warr.)  
These are the Customs, but not these alone  
Which are received by those of Malabar;  
The Land abounds in Trade of all things, Isle  
Or firm-land yields from China unto Nile.   Sir Ric. Fanshaw's Translation. 
15. The Moors daily increased the Camp, 
The Fleet Rows to shore.  and very lately were arrived Alucaon and Mojatecaon with five thousand Soldiers. The Governor commanded the Signal agreed on, of Firing the Roquets, should be given the Fleet, which, upon understanding it, betook themselves Lustily to their Oars, and being close to Shore discharged all their Guns in the Moors quarters. The smoke for some time hid the Ships, which made the Enemy fall on, not where the fear was, but where he apprehended; solicitous in the imaginary, careless in the real danger. 
Rumecaon came there to resist 'em  Rumecaon with the main Body of his Army, charged there to hinder our men from Landing. The Governor at that time, with Scaling Ladders in readiness to clap to the Wall, 
The Governor Sallies out of the Fortress.  sallied out of the Fortress. Dom john Mascarenhas with his men encompassed the Ditch, to get up at that place where Diogo Lopez de Sequeira's work was. Antonio Moniz Barretto, who was of this Body, 
The unfortunate Gallantry of three Soldiers.  trusted with his Scaling Ladder three Valiant Soldiers, whose Blood was the first was spilt in that Victory they Lived not to enjoy. They were come but that year from the Kingdom, in Lourenco Pirez de Tavora's Fleet, Natives of the Town of Torraon, and brought recommendatory Letters to Antonio Moniz from his Mother, which they delivered as they were going to engage; He joyfully received 'em, telling the Soldiers, if they came off Alive, he would do 'em good Offices with the Governor; to which they unanimously replied, that, only for that day they needed his favour; that their Carriage should cut out their passage for the future; that they begged him to trust 'em with the Scaling Ladder, and be confident, they would Plant, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 1.  and Defend it, with their Lives. Antonio Moniz seeing in such ordinary Soldiers such extraordinary Gallantry, confidently delivered it 'em, saying, he trusted 'em, with the Ladder, and his Honour; and as soon as with unfortunate Courage they had planted it, a shot at random took off their Heads.  
16. I'll here give the Story of a strange Challenge, 
A strange Challenge.  which I should pass over were it not as Famous, as Compassionate. Dom john Manoel, and john Falcaon, Gentlemen of a great expectance, were for some sleight Jealousies (which in the World's opinion are heavy, as they are taken) fallen out, and resolved to justify their Pique in the Field, making Valour or Chance judge of their quarrel; The seconds, who engaged with less pre-occupyed judgements, endeavoured to decide the quarrel by a more honourable Duel, alleging, the Governor was ready to engage; that a Challenge always a Crime, would be now a Scandal; that by the Edict they would forfeit their Lives; that Dom john de Castro, was not, though thought so, so indulgent a Father, he bore with faults, but not with insolences; that they might salve their Honours, where they ventured their Lives, by agreeing, that he who first, and with most Courage scaled the Enemy's Wall, should have in the particular and common Fight, the clearest Reputation; so by their Witty courage, inventing how to Die with Rewards, and how to Fight Duels without a Crime, both the Enemies accepted the proposal, desiring their Kindred, and Friends, to hold their Ladders as to men who were to Fight for the States and their own honour; at the same time both began to climb. Dom john Manoel laying one hand on the Wall had it cut off, relieving himself with the other, that too by a stroke was ta'en away, and putting his Elbows to't to secure his hold, his Head was cut off by a Scimitar. john Falcaon at the same instant seized on the Wall, and having mastered it, while he stoutly defended himself was cut in pieces. The Braves in the Army were of different opinions, who of these gave greatest marks of their Courage; in favour of both, we'll say, he who gives all for it, owes no more to honour.  
17. Dom john Mascarenhas began with his men to plant Ladders, 
How Dom john Mascarenhas behaves himself.  many getting up with as much Resolution, as Fortune, for though received with Lances, they o'ercome the resistance; these had the honour to be the first in the Danger of being alone in the Camp, sustaining the weight of the Moors till their Companions came to 'em; how those who first scaled the Walls behaved themselves, may be guest by their posture of Fight, the Moors fought on firm ground, Ours suspended in the Air. Dom Alvero de Castro, and Dom Manoel de Lima, got over the Wall in several places, receiving most hurt in the stoutest Resistance; while they fought scattered, they lost some men, closing they made more room for the getting up of their Soldiers.  
18. The Governor in the plain Field, met with greater Danger, 
The danger the Governor was in on the Bridge.  than there was in Scaling; for he marched toward the Bridge, defended by a great Body of men, and great Pieces planted on it, the importance of gaining it equalled the danger. The Governor eminently hazarded himself in falling on, his Courage was singular, his Fortune miraculous; for the Moors often put their match to the primed Guns, and not one took Fire, a success, by the Miracle opportune, 
His miraculous deliverance.  by the Accident unusual, yet would not Heaven have the whole Victory, for the coming of the Turks in greater numbers to the defence of the Bridge, with Muskets, Granados, and Pikes, stopped the fury of our Soldiers, some turned their backs to the Bullets, God perhaps, by that, showing us, what we are when left to ourselves; the Cowards fled, the Valiant stood to't; Dom john de Castro, below none in Courage, above all in Prudence, with some who followed him closed with the Enemy, crying aloud, Victory, 
He cries out Victory,  the Turks run away: This noise was spread with so happy Echoes, as our men once more Rallied, and came to their Colours; the Turks fearful, or Credulous, left the Field, this shout of the Generals being the gate of Victory. Our men did here the Execution of conquerors, and now that past for truth, what was before stratagem. The Governor pursuing his Fortune, went up and down the Field, and, as Victory is exempt from Rashness, and Fear without Counscel, Dom john surrounded almost with the Enemies whole Army, cried out Victory, and the Moors run away, without loss, 
and pursues it.  but out of order: In fine, we had by him before the Battle the Victory; Those who engaged with the Governor unanimously affirm, that he was the first got upon the Wall, and none but himself contradicted this testimony, who freely said, Lourenco Pirez de Tavora climbed first; 
What he saith of Lourenco Pirez.  slighting repute so weakly proud, and desiring to be excused from stealing honour, he knew so well how to purchase.  
19 Rumecaon, upon advice of his men's disorderly Flight, came in with a Body of Turks, to stop, or interrupt the Victory; and retarding the fury of our Soldiers by the advantage of his Numbers, poised the Battle. The obstinacy of the dispute lasted some time; The Standard Royal was twice shot down, at which sight the Governor impatiently cried out, what means this Portugese? shall they take out of your hands the Victory? shall they carry off the Standard? 
The Gonour fights in Person.  and charging the Enemy under cover of a Buckler which had sticking in it two Arrows, with words and actions so encouraged the Soldiers, as with their fury, to make the Moors give ground, and the last fly, by the fright of the first.  
20. Dom Alvero de Castro, and Dom Manoel de Lima being joined, raised the envy of their Soldiers and Enemies; they charged Alucaon, and Mojatecaon, Valiant Turks, and the Chief Commanders of the Army, who, for no little time, made the Victory doubtful; The blood Died the Arms, Died the ground, the rude noise of the Moors, did like a fresh danger fright the Camp, the horror and confusion so mastered the Senses, as many before feeling their Wounds, felt themselves Dying. Number at last yielded to Courage, and the Turks with infinite loss quitted their ground. Dom john Mascarenhas charged juzarcaon, 
Rumecaon Rallies in the plain Field.  whose Post he gained, not with less Valour, or worse Fortune. Rumecaon, without losing his Courage or Judgement by the first loss, expected the second, forming his Squadrons in the open Field, out of necessity, or confidence, for in so numerous an Army the fright was more predominant than the loss; and as in extremities 'tis usual to accuse Fortune, Rumecaon in the hearing of our men, with superstitious Cries and Noises made his Atonements, as if so to appease the indignation of the Heavens.  
21. Dom john de Castro, 
The Governor and his Son fall on him.  unwilling to lose one moment of so glorious a Day, joined his small Army, and, giving the Vanguard to his Son Dom Alvero, faced the Enemy; who resolutely expected him, and putting out the Horns of the Halfmoon in which he was formed, came begirting our Infantry; yet Dom Alvero, as if he would have to himself the glory of that Day, fell upon the Enemy with so much Gallantry, as he was the first of his men who Wounded the Moors, charging or opening with his Sword and Buckler a close Squadron. The Enemy in the first charge maintained the Field, 
Dom Alvero breaks him.  afterwards unable to endure the weight of the Battle, retired in Disorder; our men Routing the disordered Ranks, rather chased, then Destroyed the flying Enemy. Here the Victory began to be notorious; but Rumecaon with a great Batallion of Moors, and janissaries, made Head against our men, who spread upon the pursuit, neglected or not minded Discipline.  
22. Here was Dom Alvero given for lost, 
The danger and resoluteness of Dom Alvero.  for his scattered Soldiers, unable to make any Resistance, marched off, leaving the Enemy the Camp, and Victory; nor were his Persuasions, or resolute Fight, of force enough to Retain some, or Rally others, on so slight accidents depends the fortune of Warr. Antonio Casal a Friar, 
Fre. Antonio Casal plants a Crucifix.  (whose Religious courage is by Authors recorded) with a Crucifix lifted up, by pious, and moving Arguments, began to rebuke and animate our men, showing 'em the Image of Christ exposed again on the Cross to second injuries, it happened that a Stone cast at random, so unnailed an arm of the Crucifix as to leave it hanging, the holy Figure showing itself in the same prospective, inclined to the Believers, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 3. Cap. 2.  fallen to the Infidels; Our men more animated by Heavens then the States injuries, showed in a different cause, different Courage, more engaged by the Outrages offered their Creator, 
Our men are encouraged.  then by the fevere Commands of their Monarch. On a sudden they all Rallied, and recovering strength, were rather Instruments than Authors of the Victory. Rumecaon upon the Routing of his men retired, and Dom Alvero engaged with him at the same time entered the City, 
Rumecaon retires, and Dom Alvero enters the City.  more hindered by those who fell, then by the resistance of the Living, who did not now defend themselves.  
23. At that time came up Dom Manoel de Lima, 
Manoel de Lima joins him,  as Courageous by Land, as Sea, who, where he was placed broke the Enemy, till joining with Dom Alvero, and both entering the City, did bloody Execution on the Moors, who Routed, and Scattered, strove to save themselves more by Flight then Resistance, and the face of War looked more like Plunder then Fight, our men found Moors, not Enemies; many of 'em creeping into their Houses hid their own Estates, as stolen from the Victory; others cast away their Arms to fly nimbler. Dom john Mascarenhas, 
and Dom john Mascarenhas.  at an other place entered the City, ending that day so glorious a Siege.  
24. The Governor fought still in the Camp, solicitous for his men's Victory, secure in his own, when News came to him, that the Town was delivered, but Rumecaon 
Rumecaon offers Battle again.  (like a Mine) played again, retarding the Victory, with eight thousand Soldiers, so disposing himself, as to give or expect Battle, so great were their Numbers as with the leave of the Field to manage a new Warr. About that time Sallied out of the City, Dom Alvero de Castro, Dom john Mascarenhas, and Dom Manoel de Lima, to joy with the Governor for the Victory; when they saw Rumecaon in the Field with an other Army. The Governor, that his suspense might not be mistake for fear, with the same Courage of the first, engaged in the second Battle, putting his men into three Squadrons, two fell upon the Enemy in the Flank, he himself in the Front; this was the order of his charging the Enemy, 
The Governor defeats him.  who more Desperate than Resolute received our first shock, afterwards fought without Courage or Confidence, and being seconded by his men with a faint and forced Obedience, left us on sleight resistance the Field; though in all the Actions of Siege and Fight, Rnmecaon showed himself no less Soldier then Valiant; but in adversity, Fame is sooner deserved then purchased.  
25. The Moors opened their Front, the Governor (like an impetuous River carrying all before it) fell upon them undefended; now was the Execution without Fight, the Moors looked like Enemies by their Flying, not by their Defence; 
The Victory gotten.  and our men falling upon some Companies not yet broken, they, as for their advantage Disordered themselves, flying from one another with as much, rather more apparent Danger then from us; others not to pass for Enemies threw away their Arms, as Instruments which might mind us of their Offence and our Vengeance; there were in fine, in that Tragedy acted all those affections fear puts on. Rumecaon 
Rumecaon ' s Death.  seeing all lost, put himself in a poor Garment amongst the Dead, exempting himself from Rage and Victory; but a Stone from an unknown hand, by his Death saved his waiting on the Triumph. Many stood to be the Authors of his Death, as formerly of Galba's, who had more Murderers than Wounds; and in our own Age and Kingdom have we seen the like accident.  
26. I purposely omit the particular accidents of this Battle, because none can be praised without injury to others, we'll only give a short relation of the Officers, and most eminent Personages, out of reverence to their Place, and Quality; besides in the confusion of a Battle 'tis difficult with the exact Rigour of truth to particularise accidents; and 'tis certain, those whose Pen finds out the Atoms of the most occult Carriages, endeavour to help out the History, or are very sharp sighted in finding out Events. 'Tis enough for knowledge, that so famous an Action credited then our Arms, now our Memory, and I believe that of all the designs in Asia no Siege outwent, or Battle equalled this.  
27. The numbers of the Enemy's Army cannot with certainty be affirmed, 
Divers opinions of the Enemy's numbers.  because with different Calculation, some raise 'em above sixty thousand, others say less, neither could the Moors who were ta'en Prisoners, make any exact judgement of those they lost; but by all accounts, the disproportion of the Armies was so notorious, as was sufficient to amaze the World with the report; and in foreign Histories we find the Victory writ with more applause then in our own Memorials; and if our Country imitated the Roman Empires gratitude towards her Sons of desert, she would in proud Statues let the World read Dom Iohn de Castro's actions, which like Annals of Brass should be public Volumes to all Ages; we find not that his Reward was suitable to his Merit, 
Congratulating for his Victory.  perhaps to raise it, he here met with the usual misfortune of Heroes, yet enjoyed he as a more durable recompense, the glory of his Name. The Princes of Asia, by ambitious Embassies gave him the joy of the Victory. The Chamber of Goa called him Duke, either to mind him of it, or to seem to desire it. The King Dom john honoured him with the Title of Vice-King of India, the Fourth the State had there. The same Earth which covers his Ashes, Buries his other Rewards, his Posterity only Inheriting the glory of so great an Ascendent.  
28. The Governor laid aside the King's share of the Booty, many Colours, and forty Pieces of great Canon, amongst which was that, we now have in Saint Gillian's Fort, which keeps the name of the place whence 'twas taken. He delivered up the City to Plunder, 
The plunder of the City.  not reserving for himself the point of a Lance, a constant despiser of the Riches of the East; 'twas for this and other Virtues, 
Our assistance from Heaven.  the Governor (as the Moors affirm) was always assisted by some Divine power, for on the top of the Church they saw a Virgin, whose brightness they were not able to behold, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 1.  at whose sight their hearts failed, on which they quitted their Arms, some out of fear, others out of reverence. This favour from Heaven is not above belief, if we consider the justice of the Cause, 
How many the Moors lost.  and piety of the General. There Died of the Moors five thousand, amongst them were Rumecaon, Alucaon, Accedecaon, and other Turks of Name; the Prisoners were six hundred, who afterwards honoured the Triumph; 
Our dead and wounded.  we lost of Ours thirty, the Wounded were near three hundred.  
29. The Governor had but few days rest in the repose of Victory, being immediately seized on by the Anxious care of Re-building, rather founding the Fortress from the first Foundation; a Work, for the Necessity of it indispensable, for our straits impossible, for the expenses of so long a War had drained the State's Revenues, so pawned besides, as only to be redeemed by a Peace of long continuance; 
The Governor Builds up the Fortress.  yet the Governor, not Disheartened by these difficulties, went about beginning the new Fabric, with a new design; for in the judgement of the Skilful, 'twas requisite to enlarge the Situation, to make the Walls thicker, the Bastions nearer, to Build Magazines in a dry place for the keeping Ammunition, and Provision, that it might be preserved well conditioned, which it had not been formerly, but by the moistness of the Soil corrupted. Materials could not be bought, or brought, without pay, or wages; Stone-cutters, Pioners and Workmen asked satisfaction for their Labour.  
The Governor had neither Plate, or Jewels to serve his occasions, so as to be forced to try other Pawns, Valuable by his honour, not their own nature. He commanded the Bones of his Son Dom Fernando to be ta'en up, to send 'em in an unheard of Pawn to the City of Goa, but the Earth having not quite corrupted the Body, he cut off some hairs of his own Beard, 
Pawns for it the hairs of his Beard.  on which he asked twenty thousand Pardaos of the Chamber of Goa; his affection for his Country finding him out a strange way, never light upon by those Loyal Decios, Curtios, and Fabios, of whom Rome yet proud, preserves their Memory in the Ruins of her Empire. The pawn was accompanied by this following Letter.  

A Letter writ from Dio by the Governor Dom john de Castro to the City of Goa.  
GEntlemen, Magistrates, judges, and People, of the most Honourable and always Loyal City of Goa; I writ to you some days since by Simaon Alvarez one of your Citizens the news of the Victory God gave me against the Commanders of the King of Cambaya, and that you might without any allay enjoy the pleasure and satisfaction of the Victory, I spoke not in my Letter, of the great straits and necessities I was in; but now I think fit, no longer to dissemble, and to give you an account of the urgencies which are upon me, and to desire your assistance to supply, and remedy things of so great moment as are now in my hands; for the Fortress of Dio is so beaten down to the ground, as not one foot of the Wall can serve again, so as 'tis not only necessary this Summer to Build it up again, but with such Skill, and in such a form as the King of Cambaya may lose his hopes, of being at any time able to take it. To this trouble is added an other as great, or greater, to me incomparably above all others, which is the trouble and perplexity the Lasquerins put me to for their Pay, which I have secured to 'em, else would they be all gone, and I should be left alone in the Fortress; which would put me into no little danger, and consequently all India; for the Commanders of the King of Cambaya, with those men who are left of the Defeat, quarter at Suna, two Leagues from this Fortress, and the King every day sends 'em Horse and Foot to increase their Camp, as if they would return and try their fortune by giving an other Battle, wherefore I am in great want of a considerable sum of Money, and, because it concerns the service of our Lord the King, and complies with your Honour, and Loyalty, I earnestly beg of you to remember your old Custom, and great Generosity, which obliged you (as good and Loyal Subjects) always to relieve the urgent necessities of his Majesty, and for the great and intimate affection I have for you all, you would lend me twenty thousand Pardaos, which as a Gentleman I promise, and on the Holy Gospel swear, before a years end to see you Repaid, though I should be set upon, by greater necessities, and extremities, than those by which I am at present environed. I commanded the taking up my Son Dom Fernando, whom the Moors killed in this Fortress (fight for God, and our Lord the King) to pawn to you his Bones, but they were found so, as 'twas not fit to take 'em out of the ground, by which I am without any other Pawn, but part of my Beard, which I hear send you by Diogo Rodriguez de Azevedo, for as you know, I have neither Gold, Plate, House-hold-stuff, or any thing of Value to secure your Estate, only a plain and naked truth given me by God Almighty. But that you may more certainly rely on your Payment, and it may not be thought by some, that (what hath at other times fallen out) some intervening accident may keep you from it; I here send you an order for the Treasurer of Goa to be paying you out of the Tax for the Horse, engaging all can be made of it, till you are re-imburst; for the manner of the paying it you are to fix it with him; Excuse me for not affecting words to heighten to you my extremities, being, from what I have said before firmly persuaded, that you will in this Conjuncture, do what you can, and above your abilities, without any other mediation, than your accustomed Nobleness, and our reciprocal Affection. I recommend myself, Gentlemen, to your Goodness.  
Dated at Dio the twenty third of November, Year 1546.   
30. Upon the Messenger's arrival at Goa, the people furnished him with more than he demanded, seeing they had a Governor, so little proud as to ask, so great as to defend 'em; 
The Citizens of Goa return 'em.  they returned him those honourable Pawns, which are at present preserved in the hands of the Bishop, 
They are yet preserved.  Inquisitor General, his most deserving Grandchild, who put 'em in an Urn or Pyramid of Crystal, set in a Basis of Silver, on which are Engraven several Distiches, which make an ingenious Memory of so famous an Action; this honourable Relic remaining with his Posterity, to make Hereditary the virtues of Dom john de Castro. With the Money was carried the following Letter.  

The Chamber of Goa's Letter in answer to the Governors. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 4.   
MOst Illustrious, and Excellent Captain General, and Governor of India, for the High and Mighty, and most Excellent Prince our Lord the King. Diogo Rodriguez de Azevedo, arrived at this City on Monday the sixth of December, and the next day delivered a Letter to the Chamber from your Illustrious Lordship, which was read with no little pleasure, and satisfaction, because, by it we were assured of your Health, which good news we always covet to know, and desire increase of, and for it, this City, and People, in general, and by themselves, give God many thanks, and are confident in our Lady, the Virgin Mary, the Mother of God and our Advocate, that as long as the people of India hath your Illustrious Lordship: for their Captain, and Governor, we shall never want the Divine assistance in our affronts and troubles, in recompense of your most Catholic and modest Life, your Carriage, and Actions of most commendable Virtue, on which hope we now enjoy our present quiet; for, the late and glorious Victory achieved by your prudent Conduct, great Courage and Magnanimity, the raising the Siege of Dio, the routing and defeating the King of Cambaya's whole Army, besides above twenty thousand others, Moors, Turks, Rumes, Coracoes, and Renegade Christians, Germans, Venetians, Genuese, and French, and divers other Nations, (considerable numbers of whom were Killed by our Lances and Swords, as this City is assured by honest men and eye-witnesses) these good Services are certain signs, that for the future, by God's grace and protection, we need not fear any other troubles which shall appear from a fresh Army of the King of Cambaya, or other Neighhouring Kings and Potentates, or whole India, who are certainly our implacable Enemies, besides being Infidels, and haters of our holy Catholic Faith, from neither of whom can we have any secure or firm Peace, though some show of a double and cozening Friendship. As for the Loan, which in the name of our Lord the King you ask of us, the City's answer is, That we the Inhabitants will now and always do our duty in serving his Majesty with our Estates, Lives and Souls; and because the Cities, and every particular man's design is to serve your Illustrious Lordship with an Eye that such a Loan is very much for the service of our Lord the King, whose the City is, and we are all, with a great deal of diligence and care, from the day that Diogo Rodriguez de Azevedo delivered his message, to the present (which is the seven and twentieth of December) have we raised twenty thousand, one hundred and forty six Pardaos, and one Tanga, at five Tangas the Pardao, which the City lends, that is Citizens▪ and People, as also the Bramen, Merchants, Traders, and Goldsmiths; and by our Letters we assure your Lordship, that this City, and its honourable Inhabitants, are bound for your service to lay down our Lives more cheerfully then for our own honour and interest. As for the Pawns your Lordship sent us, the City and Inhabitants think ourselves injured by your Lordship to rely so little on us, and our Loyal●ies; for in a business that so concerned the service of our Lord the King, and his Royal State, such honourable and glorious Pawns were not necessary, our Loyalty obliging us to serve the King, and present necessity, after that your Obligations on us, and your Lordship great affection and love to this City and Inhabitants, for which, and what besides we confess owing to you, we kiss your hands, and beg of God Almighty your enjoying perfect health, and prosperity, in much honour, and great Victories over the Enemies of our most holy Faith. My Lord, Diogo Rodriguez de Azevedo returns to carry you back your Pawns, and he, and Bertholamew Bispo Procurator of this City bring you the Money, which the City, and People lend you, of their good and free will; they carry too, the order you sent hither to the Treasurer for the payment of the Money; and our desires, you would accept all, as from Loyal Subjects, we profess to be to our Lord the King, and men obliged to your Lordship.  
Dated at the Chamber the twenty seventh of December, 1547. and I Lewis Tremessaon Clerk of the Chamber gave order for the writing it, and signed it, by the authority I have so to do. 

Pero Godinho,  
john Rodriguez Paez,  
Ruy Goncalvez,  
Ruy Dioz,  
jorge Ribeiro,  
Bertholamew Bispo.     
31. The works at the Fortress went on with so great satisfaction to the Officers, 
The work go on at the Fortress.  and Labourers, as it advanced without time, and the pay of Workmen and Soldiers was so punctual, as the State was only poor; for the Governor, besides what the City lent, the Ladies, and Gentlewomen, sent him in a Cabinet their Diamonds, and Jewels, by which Female impotency sacrificed both to Glory and Vanity; an offer which expected neither interest, or recompense; whence is seen, how much better the People supply the Virtues, than Tyrannies of Regent's.  
32. He commanded Dom Manoel de Lima with thirty Ships to go along the Coast of Cambaya, 
And the War against Cambaya.  and Burn all the Villages, to show the Sultan, his Revenge was not satisfied by the Victory; but not to put in at the City of Goga, because the intelligence said, that there were embodied all those who scap't from the Battle. Dom Manoel, 
Dom Manoel de Lima wageth it.  (who again looked for good fortune in that Bay) went Sailing along the Coast, and in a few days of being out, was surprised by so violent a Tempest, as to be forced by the necessity of the Storm, 
Goes to the City of Goga.  to put into the Port forbidden by his instructions. The Citizens having their imaginations filled with the late dangers, at the sight of the same Arms which wounded 'em quitted the City; the Soldiers, as well as the unserviceable Rabble, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 3.  in the same distemper flying to the Mountain. There was at Anchor in the Port a Moorish Vessel, belonging to the Qamalake, (one who was in good correspondence with the State) which observing the flight of the Moors haled to our men to fall upon the City. Dom Manoel not understanding the sign, concluded that in defiance they bid him Battle, and 'twixt anger and impatience making ready, perceived the City emptying, and the poor people running in confused multitudes towards a small Mountain, which was in sight, believing the distance, and cragginess of its situation would secure 'em from being fallen upon by our Soldiers; Dom Manoel found out the design of the Ships hawling, and put to't, 'twixt the opportunity, and his obedience, brought the business to Council; and amongst Valiant Soldiers, Gallantry being the best interpreter of Orders, 'twas voted they should enter the City, because the Governors' instructions could not take in all accidents, who, if there, would be the first should leap on shore; the Counsel was immediately followed by Execution; Dom Manoel, almost without any resistance entered the City; the pillage of the Soldiers was great, and what was below the coveting, was committed to the Fire, which burned Estates and Houses; the Damage was greater than the Victory. 
Which he Sacks and Burns.  Dom Manoel took three Baneans Prisoners, by whom he was told, that all the Inhabitants had saved themselves in a place of the Mountain not far of; he resolved to invest it, that the fugitives and opposers might have the same Punishment; at break of Day he went to the place, taking with him for guides the Baneans, forced by miserable necessity to deliver up their Children and Kindred; and those who thought themselves secure in the shelter of the Mountain, saw over their Heads the Sword, before the Enemy. The slaughter differenced not cause from cause, person from person, natives and strangers, guilty and innocent with their Lives paid for their own or an others offence. From Persons the affront passed to Religion, he caused many to be Hanged up in the Temples of their Idols, an outrage in the Superstition of their Religion, inexpiable. He cut the Throats of all the cattle, sprinkling the Mosques with Cow's blood, an Animal, which as the depositary of Souls, they adore with adominable worship.  
33. Dom Manoel de Lima returned to his Ships, 
He returns on Board, and is in dange●.  and ventured to cross the Bay, where without a Storm he feared Shipwreck; for the Tide is there so unruly, and impetuous, as is sufficient to loosen the Vessels. In Sailing he came in fight of the City Gandar, peopled by Pagan Merchants, rich by its Commerce, weak by its Inhabitants. This was in the first Onset yielded, and burnt, 
He destroys Gandar.  the Natives discovered their Estates as a ransom for their Lives, which neither by opposing nor yielding could they save, for the anger, rather inhumanity of the Soldiers more coveted blood then booty. He destroyed many other places of the Bay, whose ashes and ruins for many years kept up the memory of their Destruction. Those Natives who survived the miseries of their fellows, retired to the Inland of the Kingdom, where in secure poverty they preserved themselves.  
34. Dom Manoel returned for Dio, 
Returns for Dio.  where he found the Governor employed about the new Fortifications, in whose sight the Works advanced; divers businesses redemanding him at Goa, he had a mind to leave the Fortress in a state of defence. Dom john Mascarenhas, either wore out, or satisfied with the difficulties of the Siege, before his time was out resigned, his Government, desiring that year to return for the Kingdom, to enjoy that Fame of which he so well deserved. The Governor endeavoured to dissuade him, fearing none would accept it after him; for by the late Victory and alteration of the Trade, the Spurs of honour, and profit, were Blunted, the greatest incentives men Bow under. But Dom Iohn Mascarenhas' resolution to go for the Kingdom, 
Dom john Mascarenhas leaves his Command.  in Lourenco Pirez de Tavora's Fleet, put the Governor upon finding out a Commander for the Garrison, which some Gentlemen had refused to be, out of Dislike to a place which had been the Seat of so many Victories, perhaps out of the hazard there is to succeed Persons of extraordinary Eminency; 
Dom Manoel de Lima offers to continue in it.  yet Dom Manoel de Lima offered to remain on the place, out of either complacency to the Governor, or confidence of himself.  
35. The Governor in the mean time provided for his passage to Goa, and ordered Antonio Moniz Barretto with some Ships to look out for the Fleet of Cambaya, 
Antonio Moniz takes some Ships.  which (by his private intelligence) he knew were to Visit the Coast of Por, and Mangalor, which Moniz meeting at Sea, Boarded, and carried into Dio, their Lading helped to bear the State's charges. The King of Cambaya in his resentment of so many losses, burst forth into a most barbarous Revenge, 
The barbarous revenge of the King of Cambaya.  commanding two of our innocent Prisoners, taken during the War, to be Killed, taking his satisfaction for so great Outrages on so little shadows.  
36. The affairs of Dio being concluded, fortune began to alarm the State with new accidents; The Governor had from Ormus repeated intelligence, 
News from Ormus.  that the Turks with a mighty Army had thrown out of Balsora Mahomet As-Cnam, a Loyal friend to the State, who summoned our Arms, as Auxiliary forces, to resist the common Enemy. The dangers, and consequences of having so unruly a Neighbour, were of no difficult discovery, for whom and us the World, much less the State, would be too narrow; The importance of Balsora was weiged, as a Foundation laid for greater designs; whose situation we will briefly acquaint you with. 
The description of Balsora.  Balsora is a Colony of four thousand Families, seated in Arabia the Happy, in twenty four degrees of Northern Latitude, not far distant from the River Euphrates. 'Tis from the Fortress of Ormus two hundred Leagues, from Babylon a little above forty. Ships go from Ormus thither along the Coast of Persia, having on that side more convenient Ports and Watering. 'Tis inhabited by Moors, Schismatics from the Turks, for though all Worshippers of Mahomed, yet differ in their Belief; these following the Rites and Ceremonies of the Persian, whom the Devil in different Cups makes to drink of the abominations of Mahomed; here the Turks fortified themselves, 
〈…〉 themselves in it.  and began to gain upon the Neighbouring Arabians, on some by Arms, on others by Benefits, setting up a new Prince in Balsora, who being of the Race of their ancient Kings was liked of by the Arabs, and would be faithful to the Turks, whose Liberality, under a show of friendship, Veiled their ambition of ruling. This man's pretensions, whom the Turks saluted for King, others write at large, I omit the relation, as importune to the Reader, and from the design of the History.  
37. The Governor resolved to send Dom Manoel de Lima for the Fortress of Ormus, 
Dom Manoel de Lima goes for Ormus,  (which came to him by the Death of Dom Manoel da Sylveita) that as the Perquisits of the place he should take on him the obligation of managing the War against the Turks; the Fortress of Dio, being once more left as a Stone of offence, rejected by the Builders; for no Gentleman would remain there, with only the care of the Fortifications, Dom john Mascarenhas carrying away with him the glory of the danger. I know not if the affairs of India are now held in the same respect. The Governor was troubled the Theatre of so many Victories should be laid aside, 
And Dom john Mascarenhas returns to his Command in Dio.  which Dom john Mascarenhas hearing, offered that Winter to continue in the place, a thing taken very well by the Governor, who told him, whilst the Fortress was finishing, 'twould be Walled by his reputation; and that it may be known how facile this so great Personage was in confirming other men's deserts, I'll set down a Letter he writ to his Son Dom Alvero, 
What the Governor writes of him to his Son Dom Alvero,  upon Dom john Mascarenhas going to Goa to take passage for the Kingdom. There comes by this occasion Dom john Mascarenhas, the same the Pagans, and Moors take him for, I who am a good Christian make the same confession of his Courage, having, in all the Fights found him always at my side; He goes to embark for the Kingdom, I ask it of you, to entertain him, as you would my own Person, and not to consent he should Lodge any where but with you, which yet is below his merits, I hope in God he will in a little time return to these Parts, to correct my Defects. He also writ largely to the King of every man's Desert, 
and to the King of every one.  said nothing of himself, betraying his partiality for other men's services, his ingratitude for his own.  
38. Orders being taken about Dio, the Governor left Dom jorge de Menezes with six Ships, 
He leav●s Dom jorge on that Coast.  to hover the rest of the Summer about the Bay of Cambaya, and gave him instructions to proclaim in all the adjacent places, That all the Moors, and Pagans might return to Inhabit the Island, for under shelter of his Justice, their Persons and Commerce should be secure, enjoying their Ancient peace and freedom; and truth being credited by Courage, the Pagans as much sought for the protection of our Arms, as Laws, there coming in great numbers of Merchants and Inhabitants to improve the Trade, counting that Peace secure, which begun on the confines of Warr.  
39 The Governor took Shipping for Goa, 
Embarks for Goa.  expected there by the general applause of all people, the articulate Echoes of his Victory; in ten days he came into Port, where the Bishop, the Commander in chief, and Magistrates came to Visit him, 
Arrives, and is vis●●ed at Sea.  desiring him to stay at Pangim, whilst the City prepared the Triumph they intended for his Reception, that the World might not think 'em uncivil, barbarous, or ungrateful; that so deserved a Triumph, was not the ambition of the Person, but glory of the State; that Kings carry away the advantages of Victories, Subjects the honour; that he might scorn the Reward, without refusing the Memory.  
40. The Governor suffered himself to be o'ercome by the kindness of the People, 
A Triumph is decreed him.  as one who could not slight the honours of a Triumph, without injuring those who bore him Company in the achievement, nor limit the popular Rejoicing, without envying the common prosperity; their festival Solemnities having their excuse in our Fortune, their example in the Caesars. The fifteenth of April of the Year 1547. was appointed for the day of the Triumph, the first, and last, our Arms ever saw, used to purchase Fame without glory. The City Built in Saint Catherines Basar, a great Arch, covering the Materials with divers Carpets. The gate of the City was from the top of the Wall thrown down, 
The Fabric of it.  the Stones appearing humble, or grateful; the Hangings of the Walls were of Rich cloth of Gold, greatness could do no more, the general satisfaction was not content with less. In many places the Adornment was of divers Coloured Velvets, that the Gold might set off the Majesty, the diversity of Colours the pleasantness. On the Walls on each side the Gate were two gilded Lions, upholding in their Paws the wheels of the Castros, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 6.  always Famous, now Triumphant. There run along by the Arch a dilated Thicket of Trees, which with intermitting shades, qualified the heat, without hindering the light. The Sea appeared all covered with Ships, Galleys, Boats, and Brigantines, which came from the Nighbouring Islands, all with their Streamers and Wast-cloaths. There was in the Court of the Palace a Fortress, designed for the Model of Dio, within it some Guns charged without Bullets, and other Fire-arms, a pleasant Representation of former Horrors. In the same Fortress was hid exquisite Music, which with Tunables voices kept time in singing the praises of the Governor, delighting by their sweetness, the Ear, by their words, the Judgement. The general correspondency in the adorning the Streets, was as if designed to show the Riches of the East; The Embroidery, as common, was looked upon with scorn. The clothes of the Citizens were in all kinds such, as if the People had Triumphed; Neither, if their hearts could have been seen, would the applause of their souls have seemed less, being the voluntary Demonstrations of inartificial affections.  
41. The Governor came from Pangim in a little Galley, 
The Governors' entry.  differenced from the rest by its Adorning; he had with him the old Cavaliers, his Companions in the Expedition, who shared equally of the glory and danger. The Galleons of the Fleet went on Head, in their Stern followed the Vessels with Oars, with their Sails furled in the Brayles, and all shadowed with the Verdure of several Boughs, appearing from the Land, a loose Wood, or moving City. When they came in sight of the Fortress, by the horror of their Salute, the War seemed rather real then apparent; the Guns also from the Shore, gave 'em so terrible an answer, as the senses could not distinguish whether it were a Fight or Triumph; all the Fleet opened to make way for the Governors' Galley. He was richly Clothed, giving the Season its due, and became them as well, and sprightly as his Arms; He had on, a French suit of Crimson Satin, with Gold twist about the Slashes and Seams, and not to forget he was a Soldier, he put on a Coat of Mail wrought on Cloth of Gold with Buttons of Plate, Feathers in his Hat, and the Guarniture of his Sword Gold. Upon the Key, the Officers of the Militia, Nobility, and Magistracy of the City waited for him, with whom he entered the first Gate, where one of the Consuls made him a sober Speech in Latin, showing, that by the advantage of his Valour we had humbled the proudest Sceptre of the East, whose Ruins would be his Fame's best Trumpets; that Portugal had now secured the State, born again in his Arms, who fought as well for Religion, as Empire, so laying his designs, as the Voice of the Gospel reached Parts so remote; that now the Moors and Pagans could not but believe that God to be Great, who was the God of so great Victories; that after long Revolutions of time in the East, men Sailing by would point at the place of the Battle, the Destruction of Cambaya going in Tradition from Nation to Nation, from Kingdom to Kingdom; that Parents would tell it their Children, to fright 'em with the memory of former Dangers; that now our Colours gloriously Rolled up, might rest in the Temple of Peace, having opened that of Victory. He discoursed largely upon the passages of his Government, yet in the thoughts of the people, was rather sparing, then extravagant in his Virtues, greater in the Eyes of strangers, then in our praises. The end of the Speech had its Cadence in the Harmony of differing, and agreeing Instruments; immediately were Shot off some Guns, charged instead of Bullets with divers Comfits, 
They receive him under a Canopy.  which falling at a little distance, made a pleasant, though running Banquet for the common people. The Magistrates of the City received the Governor under a Canopy, 
The order of the Triumph.  and presently a Citizen of quality, reverently bowing, took his Hat from his Head, putting him on a Crown of Triumph, and in his hand a Palm. The Guardian of the Franciscan's Order walked before, with the Crucifix he held up in the Battle, the Arm unnailed, and hanging, (a Signal by which the Divine Majesty not only in that but this Age hath secured to us our Kingdoms and Victories 
* Dom Antonio de Sousa de Macedo (now Secretary of State in Portugal) in the third Chapter of the third Book of his Lusitania Liberata (Printed at London 1645.) saith, The design of shaking of the King of Spain being Completed, by Killing the Secretary, and Proclaiming john the Fourth Duke of Braganza (at that time at his House in the Country) the Nobility, in the King's absence desired the Archbishop of Lisbon to Govern the City; who going in solemn Procession to the Palace, as he passed by Saint Anthony's Church, and was praying to the Saint to intercede for the good of the Kingdom, and his Native Conntry, the Arm of a rich Crucifix which was carried before him, Miraculously unnailed and held itself forth to the people, who received the Miracle, with acclamations crying out, God stretcheth out the hand of his power to free the Portugese, and decide their cause against the castilian, who had said, he only desired God should be Judge. This is the Miracle hinted at by the Author, and compared to the Crucifixes having an Arm unnailed in the Battle, as was related in the 22. Parag. of this Book. ) there followed the Royal Banner of our Cinks, beheld by the Moors and Pagans with fresh admiration; immediately came the Standarts of Cambaya, dragged on the ground in the sight of juzarcaon, and other Commanders pinioned, who represented the Tragedy of their Fortune, for them compassionate, to us pleasant; there were seen six hundred Prisoners, dragging their Chains after them, after them the Field-pieces, with different and numerous Arms. The Ladies from their Windows sprinkled the Triumpher with distilled waters of divers Spices. The Officers through whose hands past the Gold, and other rich Commodities, came and made him voluntary offerings, the equal disposition of their affections being more Valuable than the Triumph. The beautified, and open Churches showed their acceptance and thanks. In this order he went to Visit the Cathedral, the Mother-Church of the East, where the Bishop, and Clergy received him with the Hymn Te Deum Laudamus; being entered into the See, with Religious offerings he acknowledged the Author of Victories, and it being now late, with little Ceremony retired to the Palace, one days time being too narrow for the Majesty of the Triumph.   

THE LIFE OF DOM JOHN DE CASTRO.  
The Fourth BOOK.  
THere were but few Kingdoms in the East, which in the Government of Dom john de Castro did not Alarm that State, by divers Rumours of War, by either Arms against us, or against one the other, inviting our Forces to make Peace, or forward the Victory; the East also saw him often girt his Sword for the cause of Religion.  
1. King john had sent to the Island of Zeilan some Franciscan Friars, 
Franciscan Friars go for Ceilan.  exemplary in their Lives and Doctrine, that by Martyrdom and Preaching, they might bear witness of the truth of the Gospel, that being our Prince's greatest concernment, whose Banners Asia saw oftener displayed in reverence to Religion, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 7.  than ambition of Empire. These Friars on their Landing in the Island were by the King of Cotta civilly entertained, the Sun of Righteousness beginning once more to rise in the East. That Paganism began to Listen to the Voice of Heaven, and that Barren ground to answer the pains by its Improvement, by the coming in of infinite Sheep to the Sheep-fold of the Church.  
2. Those Ambassadors of the Gospel went forward, to give News of the Light to the King of Candea, 
They preach the Faith in Candea, and the King hearkens to it.  in the heart of the Island, whom they found Courteous in the entertainment of their Persons, flexible to the obedience of their Doctrine; He was instructed in the mysteries of our Belief, that with a stronger Faith he might wash in the waters of Baptism. He gave the Friar's ground, Materials, and Money, for the Building a Church; that being the first Fortress the Conquest of the Gospel raised in the Island against the delusions of Idolatry; for of the Preaching of the Apostle Saint Thomas (if it reached so far) neither had their Understandings any light, nor their Country memory.  
3. That Prince showed himself obedient to the precepts of our Religion, 
He is inconstant.  but not constant, for the fear of his Subjects revolting on his change of Doctrine, made him, not to lose what he Esteemed, forsake what he was Convicted of; for as a Plant not yet Rooted, the force of human persuasion inclined him either way. The Religious men endeavoured to take those Rubs out of the way of Life, 
He Friars encourage him.  by assuring him that under the protection of our Religion, and Arms, he might secure both Crowns, for the State was at that time Governed by Dom john de Castro, who for the propagation of the Faith used to venture his Blood, for his Friends, the State.  
4. The King listened to the proposition, saying, if the Governor would send him Relief, 
His resolution.  he would not only himself profess the Faith, but preach it to his Subjects. One of the Friars carried this resolution to Goa; the Governor, 
The Governor desires that Conversion, and sends to him Antonio Moniz.  certified of the cause of his coming, desired the Conversion of that Prince, as his greatest business in the East, not less zealous in giving Children to the Church, than Victories to the State. He immediately dispatched Antonio Moniz Barretto with seven Fly-boats, and Orders, that if he found any of our Ships at Sea to carry 'em with him; writ honourable Letters to the Prince, which he accompanied with several Presents: but leaving Antonio Moniz at Sea, we will (to observe the order of time in the Relation of successes) speak of the taking of Baroche.  
5. The Governor had dispatched from Dio, Dom jorge de Menezes, to commit all imaginable Hostilities in the Bay of Cambaya, to show the Sultan the edge of our Arms was not Blunted, by their former Execution. Dom jorge took some Vessels of Provision going to furnish the Enemy's Ports, that those the Sword had spared, might be made an end of by Famine. He came one Evening in sight of the City Baroche, whose stately Buildings presented him with the Politeness of Europe. 'Twas situated on an Eminency surrounded with Brick-walls, 
The Situation and Fortifying of Baroche.  which were more for show, than defence; yet were there divers Bulwarks to be seen, made not without some insight in Fortification, furnished withstore of Ordnance, which commanded the entrance into the Haven. The height of the situation discovered the Gates to be of square Stone polished, and the correspondency of Turrets and Windows, argued the wealth and policy of the Inhabitants. The Trade of the place was in very fine Silks, a Commodity exported thence to many Ports of the East. Madre Maluco was Lord of the City, 
Madre Maluco Lord of it.  and had Tributary the Neighbouring Villages, which, by their fertility and bigness, made him up a moderate signory.  
6. Our men had by chance taken a little Boat of Fishermen, Natives of the place, who upon enquiry told what we have related of the City, and upon Dom Iorge's desire to know what Garrison was in the place, had said, that Madre Maluco had carried all the Soldiery to Amadabat, the Sultan's Court, and at present were remaining only some Artisans, and other Tradesmen. Dom jorge thinking the occasion opportune for assaulting the City, though his strength was not proportionable to such a design, yet (events depending on accidents) resolved to run his Fortune; and to amuse the Inhabitants in security, steered an other course, Sailing by a different Rumbe, taking along with him the Fishermen, to be his Pilots in the entrance. At night the whole Fleet tacking about, 
Dom jorge enters by Night.  stood up with the Port, and getting all on Shore, (the Enemy's confidence, or negligence, being unprovided of any Defence, or Sentinel) fell upon the Unarmed, and weak Multitude, when the Night, Confusion, and Sleep, run 'em upon the danger they avoided, miserably wandering, they shunned their own as Enemies, flying from those who fled themselves. The skreeks of the Children stirred not up in their Parents any Compassion, less Vengeance, for the sudden fear gave 'em over to the basest affections of Nature; the Cries and Laments of the Women discovered them, their, Ah me, being their greatest danger; those who by flying into Houses scap't the Sword, were in them consumed by the Fire, the poor people having no remedy against, but choice of their Death; the Invasion, and Sack was at the same time; the Slaughter, as in a Fight without resistance; the Plunder, as in a City forced to deliver. Dom jorge in fine purchased in this Action, Fame without Danger, Victory without an Enemy; yet doubt we not that had he found more Opposition, his Courage would have achieved what his Fortune effected. He commanded the City to be Burnt, where, in a few hours, the Nobility and People, Gardens and Houses became compassionate Ashes, without any distinction of nature, or separation of place. He put on Board some of the smaller Guns, broke in pieces the great. This Action being so famous amongst our Soldiers, as to give him who was called Menezes, the Surname of Baroche, as the Ruins of Carthage gave Scipio the name of Africanus.  
7. Maluco came with five thousand Horse; soon enough to deplore, too late to help, 
Maluco comes too late.  and seeing the Fire and Sword had left nothing in its own shape, returned impatiently to the King of Cambaya, as one whose green Wound very sensibly smarted. He represented to him the Destruction of the City, as an Outrage aggravated by being the latest of so many; The Sultan seemed touched with this new accident, and Vowed once more to set upon Dio the stone of offence, on which was broke the strength of so vast an Empire; but while the Heart-burnings of Cambaya vent themselves in an imaginary Revenge, we will speak of the Spirituals of Candea, which as Seed choked up by Thorns came not to produce any Fruit.  
8. Madune King of Cotta came to know that the King of Candea endeavoured by the change of his Religion to get the protection of the State, (who as those Pagans are zealous observers of their errors) sought for arguments to persuade him, 
The King of Co●ta against the King of Candea's Conversion.  that Idolatry was necessary for his Crown, telling him, his new Belief would make his Subjects rebel, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 8.  the Neighbouring Kings his Enemies, himself Ingrateful to his old Gods, who had for so long prospered the Sceptre of Candea in his Royal Progenitors; that the Governor of India must of necessity be the most Insolent man upon Earth, who suffered not the World to have any other King, or God, but that, he Obeyed, and Adored; that he denied not the Portuguese Religion, to be either better, or more fortunate, since they served the God of Victories; yet 'twas sufficient for him to serve the Gods of the Country he was Born in, without coveting a better Posterity, or greater Fortune than his Predecessors; besides, who knew that the Governor under pretence of Religion designed not the usurpation of his Sceptre; that he ought not to receive on the Island, men of such a temper as could not be satisfied, without being the Lords, to be any where; that if the Franks promised him, to furnish him with a better Creed, and enlarge his Territories, what sound judgement would credit so unusual goodness in men he never saw, especially when they were not so great despisers of Temporalities, but to come from the end of the World to Domineer in Asia? that if example had with him any Authority, he should find more Kingdoms destroyed by 'em, then indoctrinated; that 'twas true, their joques (by them called Priests) did willingly Die for their Religion' but did it, either out of an ambition of Name, or prodigality of Life; if there were not in the West more Fools, then in other Parts, who were all possessed with that dangerous obstinacy of instructing the World; that in fine, he Counselled him as a King and Ally to cut off the Relief he expected from the Franks, in expiation to his old Gods, justly incensed to be thrown off for a foreign Divinity; that were it their Pride in pretending to come and enlighten his Understanding, or ambition to usurp his Kingdom, the Circumstance of either fault deserved this Punishment; that in prosecution of it he would assist him with Arms, and Soldiers, making that a common Cause, which was the Outrage of all their Idols.  
9 The unfortunate Prince not able at once to throw off the weight of his old Errors, 
The King of Candea consents.  suffered himself to be persuaded by the Arguments of his Barbarous, and Treacherous friend; his Eyes yet darkened with the Clouds of Idolatry, not being able to endure the Dawning of the Light of Truth, and immediately, wanting prudence or resolution, conspired in Madune's Treachery, like a Diseased Frantic, angry with the Physicians: In fine, they expected their Guests, resolved to put in Execution their plotted malice.  
10. Antonio Moniz being parted from Goa, 
Antonio Moniz Voyage.  found some of our Ships in several Ports, which, according to his Orders, he joined to his Fleet; having doubled the Cape of Camorim, and past the Quicksands of Manar, he steered for Baticalou, to go from thence by Land to Candea. He had with him twelve Fly-boats, out of which he took one hundred and twenty select Soldiers, and with them marched, in the security that he was going to a Prince, a Friend, and one obliged by the State, above all, if not yet a Convert, at least grateful, and a well-willer to the truth of that Doctrine we professed; at his coming to Candea, 
He comes to Candea, and finds all things altered.  by every ones being in Arms, the Treason could not be kept so close as that Antonio Moniz had not notice of it by divers advices, and by their pretending to divide his Soldiers, so to Kill 'em more securely; besides, the King in Person would not see 'em, perhaps, not to discover by his Affections, his Timorous, and guilty Conscience. Antonio Moniz marched presently out of the City, Commanded all the Impediments and Baggage to be Burnt, to be thus more at liberty, to Defend and Retreat, and assembling his Soldiers spoke to 'em;  
11. Friends and Companions, you all know the Treason plotted against us by this Pagan King, whom we come to serve and assist; 
He endeavours to resist.  I have intelligence they will set upon us by open Force, having now a reason, or cause to hurt us, they had not before, that is, that we have found out their Treachery. None of us hath any more Life, than he can Defend; Courage, and Discipline may save us; we expect no Relief, for it lies in ourselves; and the Infidels will not persist in their Treason, if they find it Costly; and what is it? if in this Conjuncture we do that for ourselves, we came to do for them, that is, lose our Lives. The passages which go to Baticalou, where our Fleet is, must be supposed Lined with the Enemy, wherefore I am of opinion, for us to go to the King of Ceitavaca, a faithful Friend to the State, where we shall find entertainment and secure protection to go from thence in quest of our Fleet.  
12. As soon as Antonio Moniz began to march, the Enemy appeared in Companies, 
Is set upon by the Enemy.  charging us with Arrows, Darts, Stones, and other such Weapons, with which they Wounded some of our men, and made account by this importune way of Fight to Destroy us without danger. The Enemy appeared to have a Body of eight thousand men, Commanded by their Officers (by them called Modeliares) expert in that wild way of charging and retiring, out-going us in number and agility, and without doubt would one by one have Destroyed us, had not our Muskets made 'em stand off, from which they received no little Damage, and greater fear, for scared, by seeing some drop down Dead suddenly, the rest followed us with more fear and caution; they thus continued Gawling us all that day, one while Venturous, another Cowards; with this unequal and troublesome chase, they gave us a flow, but uninterrupted charge.  
13. By the coming on of the Night our men had more security, then repose, 
The difficulty he was in.  for they were so disquieted with wand'ring and roving Shot, that the poor Soldiers could not take any little rest upon their Arms, eating their Biscuit with their Eyes toward the Enemy, and their Hands on their Weapons; so passed they till the next day, when they discovered the Pagans, more Venturous and Daring, for that first horror our Fire-arms bred in 'em, was either quite lost or moderated. They at last arrived to the confidence to charge us with short Arms, on which Antonio Moniz was forced to stop his March, and sometimes front 'em, in this we cut off some of their men, and took Prisoner, amongst the rest one of their Modeliars, who by his Habit and Arms seemed to Command the party, as also, by their venturing and daring to recover him, making several Charges, in which they were worsted, yet so constant in their resolute attaquing us, as our men quite worn out could no longer maintain it.  
14. Some were of opinion to face the Enemy, 
His prudence in moderating his men.  and either by Fight free themselves, or Dye revenged; but Antonio Moniz told 'em, that the greatest proof of their Courage would be enduring, and the only way to save 'em; that they had already Conquered the greatest part of the way; that Marching with care and in a Body, they could not receive much Damage; that the greater the danger was, more would the pleasure be, when they should tell it gloriously, and securely. Thus did the Commander encourage 'em, and Bridle the despair of so tedious a Resistance, till the coming of the Night made 'em some amends for the Days difficulty; for the Pagans being also broken, gave our men some time to rest; yet at break of Day did they assault us more furiously, ashamed perhaps to find amongst so few so stout opposition. They now came on more boldly on our men, who defended themselves, though with less strength, with their usual Courage.  
15. Antonio Moniz commanded one to break the Modeliars Legs he had taken Prisoner, and cast him in the way, whom his own men, leaving off Fight, immediately went to Relieve, moved by their affection or pity, to see their Leader or Companion, in so compassionate a condition; Our men, were for some time as if without an Enemy, yet suddenly Fired with Commiseration, or Revenge, did they violently fall upon us in a narrow passage, which ended in a Bridge made over a great River not to be Forded; here Antonio Moniz showed extraordinary Courage, facing the Enemy with nine more, 
His courage in Fight.  till his Soldiers got over, and when he had 'em on the other side, broke a part of the Bridge, a diligence, which stopped the Pagans passage, and pursuit. Antonio Moniz by so Heroic a defence got not popular applause, yet the few who know how to Value extraordinary Actions, 
His retreat.  voted this Retreat worthy the Fame of a signal Victory; they got at last to the King of Ceitavaca, where they had kind, and hearty Reception, and recovered their Hunger, Wounds, and hard March in a free and courteous Hospitality, who offered 'em his Forces to revenge so just a quarrel.  
16. The poor King of Candea repenting of the Crime, 
The King of Candea reputes.  the persuasion of a Neighbour Prince induced him to commit, and abhorring the Treachery, as hatched in an others Breast, sent a Messenger to Antonio Moniz with ten thousand Pardaos for the expense of his Fleet, 
Sends a Messenger.  and a Letter, that the sorrow was his, the mischief an other man's; that coming to him when an Infidel, he should not now forsake him when a Christian; that the God on whom he began to believe, was therefore so great, because he pardoned offences; that he ought not to suffer those tender Flowers which were Blossoming in the Garden of the Church, to be unsheltered, exposed to the scorching of Idolatry; that his coming in Arms being to weed that Wood of Pagan superstitions, he should not wonder to get off hurt by the Briars, and Thistles of Infidelity; that, the God they Preached to him, being so Gracious, did not in his Justice, without Mercy save the World; that Earth ought not to despise him, who was not cast off by Heaven; that he entreated him to come to his Succour, who was ready to Sacrifice all he had, for his Protection, and his Life for Religion.  
17. Antonio Moniz on this Letter resolved to return to Candea, 
Antonio Moniz desired to return,  looking on the Interest of Religion to be more considerable than the hazard of his Life; but the Soldiers cleaving fast to the Plank they scap't on, would not quit the protection of a Prince their Friend, saying, 
His men are against it.  The first cheat was a false Traitors, the second would be a Credulous, and Incantelous Commanders, that they would not return to trust that Viper which had once bit 'em; for if when obliged by a voluntary relief he would have Killed 'em, what would he now do when provoked by their affronting his baffled Army? that they would thank God for one Miracle without ask an other; that the Governor sent them not as Apostles, but Soldiers; that if they went to Die for the Faith, they might go without Arms, but their Calling was not to Preach, but with their Sword defend Religion. Antonio Moniz seeing the Soldiers cooled in their Zeal, and obstinate in their Obedience, considering, that if God would save that people, he would find out the means, resolved to recover his Fleet; 
He goes to his Fleet.  and while he is at Sea, we will to the business of Hidalcaon, which we have Retarded.  
18. Hidalcaon alarmed by Meale's being in Goa, 
Hidalcaon sends Soldiers upon the Continent.  endeavoured by the Cure of Arms to purge those Disquiets, and because the War of Dio had weakened the State, thinking to surprise the Governor in the confidence, or carelessness of his Victories; knowing also his absence from the City of Goa, he fell upon the Territories of Bardez and Salsete, in the security of Peace unguarded; He sent four thousand Soldiers, who without drawing their Swords took possession, making the Peasants bring in their Fruit, and the Annual Customs they paid the State. The news of their Incursion reached Goa, and caused no little trouble by taking them unprovided to resist the Enemy. They resolved to expect the Governors' return, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 4. Cap. 9  whose name was sufficient to take down Hidalcaon's Pride, only in the Interim to Garrison the Fortress of Rachol, with this small Curb to bridle the invasion of the Enemy.  
19 Upon the Governors' arrival at Goa, he bestowed the first Days on the pleasure of his Success, but would not pass any more in ease, as one who counted Peace a Vice, Warr his Profession; He immediately went to Agacaim, thence dispatched Dom Diogo de Almeyda Freire with nine hundred men to Dislodge the Enemy, who with four thousand Soldiers quartered in the Neighbouring Villages; 
They retire for fear of our●.  when the Moors heard our men were on their March, without staying to hear our Drums, or see our Colours, they retired to the Mountain, out of respect (as was thought by all) to the Victories of Dio, whose Fame had seized the whole East with fear and reverence. The Campagnia was again brought under our Obedience, enjoying with the Jealousies of War, an insecure Peace, as was to be expected from a Malcontent and Neighbour Prince. Hidalcaon, taking himself affronted by his men's Flight, made the reputation of his Arms an other cause to raise War, and sent eight thousand Soldiers to take in that ground which was in dispute, whilst he was making greater Levies, with an intention (as he gave out) where his Kingdom lay at stake, to venture his Person; but whilst Goa is unalarmed by the noise of his Forces, we will speak of the affairs of Malaca, and Maluco, disposed by the Governors' prudence, and finished by his Fortune.  
20. Bernadim de Sousa was sent Governor to the Maluco-Islands, which by their distance from the heart of the State, were of a more fickle Obedience, 
john de Barro' s History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Cap. 8.  both for the Subjection of the Natives, and Libertinism of the Governors, who behaved themselves as Absolute and Independent. jordaon de Freitas had sent the King Aeyro to Goa, 
The king Aeyro sent Prisoner to Goa.  in Chains unbecoming a Crown, and with a false Process drawn against him; which Dom john de Castro commanded should be proved according to Law, and absolving the poor King from the imputed Crimes, 
Absolved by the Governor,  after a Royal entertainment, restored the injuries of the innocent Sceptre with favour, and honour, Commanding Bernadim de Sousa to give him possession of the Kingdom, with more reverence than had been used to other Kings, by our Governors, that that Nation might take notice of the State's clemency and justice, which held the Scales even betwixt Friends and Subjects.  
21. Bernardim de Sousa arrived at the Island of Ternate, and getting on Shore, 
Is brought to Ternate.  went into the Fortress, without those Ceremonies, the ambition of that people Customarily used in the reception of their Governors. jordaon de Freitas who read in the sudden coming of his Successor, and his own guilty Conscience, the Process of his extravagancies, was not a little disquieted, knowing Dom Iohn de Castro's impartiality, that permitted not the Governors, to do, or receive any injuries from the Confederate Kings, and that by Aeyros being Justified, he must necessarily be Condemned; yet gave Bernardim de Sousa possession of the Fortress, to whom immediately repaired Aeyro's Children, more to know their Father's punishment, then expect his return, so Timorous are men's judgements in their desires; Bernardim de Sousa bid them go fetch him to Shore in such State, as it might appear, he rather went to plead Services, then answer Accusations. His Children, though not trusting to the pleasure of such unexpected News, went running to the Seaside, followed by multitudes of the people, who looked upon, as a thing unusual, Justice against one so Powerful, admiring the equality of our Laws, so indifferent to Natives, and Strangers. Aeyro came on Shore, saying, we had against ourselves, given him the Victory, and that he would with his 
* A sign of Admiration amongst them.  Finger in his mouth always speak of the Governors' excellencies; He carried in his hands the Fetters he had on at his departure, making pass-time of the memory of his grievances; by this Justice things in the Malucos were for many years in a grateful Obedience.  
22. Malaca at that time enjoyed a most profound Peace, settled by the friendship and commerce of the Neighbouring Princes; 
Divers Kings conspire against Malaca.  yet the King of Viantata finding he had Force enough to set upon any great design, was by strength, and ease put in mind of many forgotten grievances, which his Predecessors had received from the Kings of Patana, and having good correspondence with the Princes of Queda, Pam, and other Borderers, found a way to bring 'em into a League, making them take their parts in revenging an others Injuries; they put to Sea a great Fleet, and by Capitulations agreed, that the King of Viantata should be satisfied in being revenged on his Enemy, and they go away with the Booty of the War for Venturing their Lives in an others quarrel.  
23. In this Conjuncture, 
How the Commander behaves himself.  Simaon de melo was Commander of Malaca, and on knowledge of the Breach betwixt those Princes, writ to Diogo Soarez de melo, who was in the Haven of Patane, to come to that Fortress, for all those Kings being Friends to the State, he had rather arbitrate then side in their differences; besides, it was in Policy, reason to let 'em be broke by a War, that being drained, they might Live with more Subjection under the peace and obedience of our Arms, considering time might furnish 'em with an opportutunity, and their strength with Courage, our Dominion over them being a sufficient cause for them to hate us, and for a War, a strong Army looked for no other pretensions.  
24. Diogo Soarez not refusing the advice dispatched some Ships Laden for China, 
The King of Achem Lands, and immediately retires.  and parted himself with two little Galleys for Malaca. The King of Achem was at this time with twenty great Vessels looking out for Prizes, with the force of a Prince playing the part of a Pirate; He took some Junks of Provisions, and at Sea behaved himself insolently to some Ships of his Friends, his success heightened his confidence, Landing by Night in the Port of Malaca, only to say he had set footing on ground that Lived under our obedience, and with this glory won solely by stealth, He immediately returned on Board.  
25. The City was in an Uproar, and the fear and night increased the danger, many flying from their own shadows; the Cries of the fearful only reached the Fortress, for they were surprised with fear without danger. The Commander in chief sent out Dom Francisco d' Esa with some Soldiers, who going into the Colony of the Chelins, saw in every one's fear and confusion the face of a War without an Enemy, who was by this time on Board, carrying with him only the imaginary vanity of having Landed; Simaon de melo was as sensible of the King of Achem's Cowardice, as if it had been an Outrage; so sacred were the Walls of that Fortress, as if to march towards 'em had been an Insolence, to look on them a Crime; He presently set forth a light Vessel, to find out the King of Achem's course, whilst he put to Sea two great Carvels, and six Fly-boats to find out the Enemy. Diogo Soarez de melo with the two Galleys we spoke of came at this time into the Haven, as if steered by our Fortune to help the Victory. Dom Francisco d' Esa was named Commander of this Squadron, who, 
The Fleet goes out to find him.  though ill fitted out, like one who hastens to a sudden quarrel, put to Sea, with instructions, that if in ten days he saw not the Enemy, he should return to Port, not having Provisions for longer time.  
26. They Sailed eight days without sight of the Armada, and arriving at an Island had news the Enemy was come to an Anchor at Queda, 
The Commander hears News of him, and resolves to follow him.  a Voyage of two days. Dom Francisco resolved to proceed, but the Soldiers mutinyed, alleging, 'twas like a raw Commander to chase a flying Enemy; that their Provisions were already spent; that they came not to Fight with Famine; that if by the Governors' orders they were limited to ten days, 
The Soldier's mutiny.  their Obedience would be better than the Victory; yet Diogo Soarez de melo, 
Diogo Soarez quells 'em.  though Inferior in Command, higher in Authority, said, what Captain soever tacked about, he would set upon him first, for he should do the King better service in sinking disobedient Soldiers then valiant Enemies. One fear thus laid with an other, they set Sail for Queda, where they heard the Enemy was in Port eight Leagues off, Dom Francisco resolved, having him so near, to pursue; here was the Soldiers murmuring greater than before, though less insolent, seeing the hazard of their fear outgo that of the danger, so as they followed the Admiral with greater signs of satisfaction then ever, either to Gilled over their former apprehensions, or their souls, presaging the Victory, created more honourable affections.  
27. That evening they saw the City Parlez, 
They see, and set on the Enemy.  where the Enemy was at an Anchor, in a Bay formed by the River, at a little distance from the City. The Commander of the Squadron made some of his sound the River, and with Boughs laid out the Channel, to avoid the Shelves, and knowing by the soundings there was water enough for the Carvels, lay in, as the Enemy with two Galleys, and other Ships, was coming to find out our Fleet; for he was told by his Spies, who from the Shore had only seen the great Carvels, (the Fly-boats, and Galleys being covered by the shelter of a crooked winding Point made there by the River) there were none but Merchant men. The Enemy had sent before two Galleys, which were Convoys to a Fleet of Fly-boats, and finding those Soldiers they imagined Merchants, strove to tack about, but the River being narrow, and they coming before the Wind, could not do it, before we first came up with 'em; being in a little time come to Grappling, the Arms and River were Died in Blood. Diogo Soarez with fifty Soldiers Boarded the Admiral Galley, 
Diogo Soarez takes the Admiral.  and found in the Moors such resolute resistance, as all Died, not one yielded, the rest fought with as brave resolution. The Victory was known by the Vessels, not by the Prisoners, it seemed by so honourable obstinacy that none would outlive his freedom; the Enemy's resistance was the proof of our men's Courage, who fought not only with men Valiant, but Desperate.  
28. The King of Viantana, 
The Embassage of the Confederates.  and most of the Confederates had in the mean time received so good satisfaction from the King of Patane, as a Peace was tied with stronger Knots, and knowing out Fleet was gone to Sea, by that, concluding the Fortress was left without sufficient Garrison, they designed to try if that occasion would make their way to free Malaca of so troublesome a Neighbour, and made Bold by their hating us, and Cowardly by their fear, they designed in the semblance of Peace, to disguise a War; they sent an experienced Commander to Simaon de melo, to Condole with him for the King of Achem's destroying our Fleet, and advise him, that on the joy of the Victory he was joining more force to come upon the Fortress; that he having so few Defendants, Courage must necessarily yield to multitudes, since numbers and opportunities give Victories; that as Friends to the State, they desired leave to Land at that Port, and with their Lives redeem the Fortress from so inevitable Ruin, that the World might see they were better Friends in exigencies, than prosperity; besides so Cautelous a message, the Envoy had instructions to observe what Soldiers were in the Fortress, and find out by the Governors' countenance what Courage or Fear he betrayed at the news of the loss of his Fleet; the Heart being a more faithful interpreter of the affections, than the Tongue.  
29. Simaon de melo perceiving the offer Treachery, and the Messenger a Spy, 
The Governor of M●laca's answer.  resolved to beat 'em at their own Weapon, making use of Stratagem against Stratagem; He gave 'em thanks for their offer of so seasonable succours, and in return of so great friendship, Challenged from 'em the usual gifts for good news, for just then he had received fresh advice of the Victory his Fleet had obtained against the King of Achem; and that he had in the Fortress Men and Ammunition to spare, for their service against their Enemies; that the King of Achem went flying out of that Port; that in the pursuit the Portuguese had some difficulty, none in the Victory. These words were Credited by the security of the delivery, and the Moor being Dismissed, Credulous and Discontented at the Governors' resolution, and the Victory of the Fleet, reported to those who sent him, that the Governor either understood the design, or was above the apprehension.  
30. Simaon de melo as things stood was not a little Disquieted, 
News wan●s from the Fleet.  for the stay of the Fleet made the News possible, and accused himself for being rash and inconsiderate, to engage the strength of that place against an Enemy, whose Peace brought us no profit, or Ruin glory; for having overcome him, when we were Inferior in force, 'twould be but a small proof of our Valour to worst him when equal; thus discoursed the Governor, as if without a fault there could be no miscarriage; there were gone on the Fleet the Inhabitants of Malaca, whose Wives, and Children, with untimely tears bewailed the Victory, 
The people complain.  they knew not of; complaining of the Governor, who with other men's Lives acquired glory; when an honourable Peace was more suitable to the States exigencies, than an unprofitable Victory; the popular Tumult had grown to Libertinism, if Franciscus Xaverius (whom India then honoured as a Penitent, the World now reverenceth as a Saint) had not Bridled the people, 
Franciscus Xaverius quells 'em.  by Preaching to them patience in adversity, not only as a Virtue, but Remedy, cautiously, but compassionately encouraging 'em, with the hopes of better News, which then looked more like a Friends comforting, than a Prophet's prognostics; when, on the day of the Fight, as he was Preaching the ways of Life in the presence of a great Multitude, he was suddenly rap't into a profound Extasis, as taking in the Heavenly secrets in a soft silence, till waking from the Mysterious intermission of his senses, His pleasant Voice burst forth, 
Foretells the Victory,  in Commanding us prostrate before the Altars, to give thanks to the Author of Victories, for at that time had God with our Arms destroyed the Enemy's Fleet; the people out of reverence to the Divine interpreters foresight, with grateful and pious tears praised God in his Saint, from the extremes of grief beginning a more secure content. That very Evening as he was in a Chapel instructing the people, 
and the manner of it.  he so particularly related the passages of the Battle, as if acquainted with the success from the Author of the Victory; we believe the glorious Saint was the Intercessor, and Oracle of this happiness, whose presaging Soul had by divers other Divine revelations a foresight into hidden secrets. Malaca afterward enjoyed an honourable Peace, secured by the Victory we have related; but the Governor in Goa with his Arms reaking in the Blood of one Battle, was summoned to an other.  
31. Martim Affonso de Sousa, (as we have said before) left things, betwixt Hidalcaon and the State, disposed for an open Enmity, in which Dom john de Castro could not refuse satisfaction without a War, or give it, with his reputation. Upon the Moors retiring, the Territories of Bardez and Salsete were under our Obedience, and the fruits of Husbandry grew under the protection of our Arms. Hidalcaon seeing the Land before his face, 
Hidalcaon's perplexity.  and that likewise the Injury was continued in a Retention, by him counted unjust, did every day by Arms mind us of his Title; alarmed also by Meale's being in Goa, (a Poison which seized on the heart of the Kingdom) and considering his stolen, and sudden Inroads, more provoked then weakened the State, and that by keeping from us Provisions, he impoverished his Subjects, and enriched his Neighbours, from whose Ports we were furnished; He consulted how to set upon us in open War, in which he would venture his Kingdom and Person, leaving the fortune of a Battle to decide the justice of his or our Arms; and being grown Rich by Peace and Tyranny, the expense of that War he was to make at his own Doors, 
He sends Forces on the main Land.  was easy. He immediately sent eight thousand Soldiers to get possession of the Land in dispute, whilst more Forces were raising to maintain what they recovered.  
32. The Governor on the first advice of the Inroad sent Dom Diogo de Almeyda Freire with nine hundred Portuguese, some paid Canarins and a Troop of Horse, to go meet the Enemy, staying himself in Pangim, to come with the rest of the Forces to his Relief, if Hidalcaon came in Person, a report cast out by the Moors, which they would have persuaded us, or were persuaded of themselves; Dom Diogo de Almeyda departed with those men, 
Dom Diog● de Almeyd goes out to him.  and made a Halt at the Fortress of Rachol, before which he had some light Scarmishes with the Enemy, who would not engage, or accept the Battle we offered, knowing perhaps we could not endure a long War for want of Provisions, and inconvenience of the ground, which was Marish and out into Rivulets, where we could not Lodge dry, or make use of our cavalry in all places of the Campannia, in some for the wet which hindered our passage, in others for the unevenness; which were disadvantages more easily Conquered by the Moors, who being Natives of the place better knew the passes, and from their Birth were used to the difficulty of treading the Bogs with nimbleness and agility, besides being of the Country were more plentifully provided. Dom Diogo seeing at last, 'twas at the Enemy's choice to Fight or Retire, 
The Governor order him to retire,  and that he wanted Provisions, advised the Governor, who sent him Orders to retire with his men into the Fortress of Rachol, whilst what was to be done was resolved.  
33. The Governor returned from Pangim to Goa, where he put to Council the State of things, 
and debaits the War in Council.  and his desires of quelling Hidalcaon with a sharper War to avoid the troublesomeness of so repeated Inroads, so to have his hands at Liberty to attend other business, which he could not do, leaving so importune a Neighbour armed, and unpunished; yet all were of opinion to diferr the War till a fitter opportunity, which would be the next Summer, when our men might Encamp on dry ground, and with more force, Recruited with the Soldiers from the Kingdom, expected by the next Ships; the design of Action not being haste, but Victory.  
34. The Governor though warlike, 
'Tis deferred till an other time.  and impatient, subjected his will to his understanding, expecting a time to call Hidalcaon to a more severe account for his insulting; which being agreed on, he ordered Dom Diogo de Almeyda Freire to retire with his men, leaving a sufficient Garrison in the Fortress of Rachol, so to bridle the courses of the Enemy. The Governor indefatigable in the exercise of Arms, being without a real Wa●r past his time with the Representation of one. He every day went in the Field, 
He exerciseth War in Peace.  where he commanded the Soldiers to throw the Bar, fence, form Squadrons, encouraging some with Rewards, others with Praise, increasing those Virtues by emulation and exercise; making a quiet and politic Government; a School of Arms, these were the Dances and Comedies, where the people Recreated themselves with useful and warlike pass-time; the frequency of these preludes so well Disciplining the Soldiers, as no occasion of a real War, no Accident, 
He countenanceth the Soldiers.  or Alarm found 'em wanting. Passing once through the Street called our Lady of Light, he saw in a poor House quantity of Arms in a Press kept so clean and bright, that their Lustre and Order in which they were disposed so much pleased him, as stopping his Horse, he asked who Lived there; the Master himself happened to answer him, who was Francisco Goncalvez, a Soldier of Fortune. The Governor, after commending his curiosity, and well employing his time, commanded thirty Pardaos to be given him to cleanse his Arms, though in his Government there was but little time for Arms to gather Rust.  
35. 'Twas now August, and the Governor, as foreseeing future exigencies, 
Receives advice from Dio.  lost no time in providing and fitting the Fleet, when Francisco de Moraes Commander of a Vessel arrived at the Bar of Goa, with Letters from Dom john Mascarenhas, advising him, that the Sultan of Cambaya had joined all the forces of his Kingdoms, and gave it out he intended to lay a second Siege before the Fortress, that 'twas necessary this Summer to show him our Arms, that being employed to secure things at home, he might forbear his disturbance abroad, chiefly, if our Fleets took from him, the liberty of Sailing, and advantage of Commerce, he would be brought to see, that his Peace with the State, was that on which depended his prosperity.  
36. The Governor assembled the Magistracy of the City, 
He communicates it to the Senate, and desires ●heir help.  to whom he communicated Dom Iohn Mascarenhas' Letter, desiring their help to quell, or reduce this Enemy; though this contribution came immediately on the former Loan, yet was the Governors' proposition so well taken by them all, as they offered him Lives and Estates, 
They offer him their Estates,  as if the State's service had been the Breeding, and Inheritance of their Children, India had not so happy a time in the other Governments. Dom john de Castro desired of them ten thousand Pardaos, which the people readily furnished; and some rich Citizens Wives, 
and the Women their Jewels.  sent him a considerable quantity of Jewels, with a Letter full of honourable Complaints, for his not accepting and spending them, when first offered; the Ladies of Chaul also, though second in example, showed themselves more splendid in their Offer; yet the Governor, sparing in the use and expense of so Loyal presents, returned them, with a grateful acceptance, paying them for so Liberal and Opportune a Service in the honours conferred on their Husbands and Children; He advised the Inhabitants of Bacaim and Chaul of the Commander of Dio's intimation, 
He adviseth Chaul and Bacaim.  of the charges of the Fleet, and his necessity of their Assistance, who so willingly complied with the King's occasions, as if they took new occasions of danger and expense, in payment of former Services.  
37. As the Governor was busy in ●itting and providing the Fleet, he received News that two Ships from the Kingdom who had Out-sailed their Conserve were come to an Anchor at the Bar of Goa. That year there came from the Kingdom six Ships, 
Ships arrive from the Kingdom.  without any to command the Squadron; the Commanders of those which arrived were Balthasar Lobo de Sousa, and Francisco de Gouvea, of the four which were missing, Dom Francisco de Lima in the Saint Philip, who came with a Commission to be Admiral of Goa, Francisco da Cunha in the Zambuco, these two departed late in the Year, and arrived at the Bar the three and twentieth of September. The Commander of the other Ship called the Burgalese was Bernando Nazer, who Wintered in Sacotora, and came to Goa the latter end of May. The other was Commanded by Dom Pedro da Sylva da Gama Son to the Lord Admiral, designed for Malaca, and by the unskilfulness of the Pilot lost amongst A●goxa Islands; yet the men 'scaped, who got to Mocambique, and thence Shipped on several Vessels came to India. These Ships brought the Governor orders to enlarge the Fortress at Mocambique, 
The orders they brought.  upon the News of the 
* Rumes, are Natives of that part about Constantinople called Romania, (which the Turks now call Rumeli) from the privilege granted by Pope Sylvester to Constantine the Great, upon his removing the seat of the Empire; to call Constantinople, Rome.  Rumes coming thither, and 'twas necessary to secure the Inhabitants, and Port (which was the chief Scale of our Ships) taking from the Enemy the possibility of hindering our Trade with Sofala, and Cuama.  
38. The Governor had three thousand Portuguese Soldiers, and some Auxiliaries of Naires from Cochim, the greatest Army he ever had in India, and considering Hidalcaon 
Warr resolved against Hidalcaon.  (taking his opportunity when no Body was left in Goa able to resist him) might in his absence molest the State, He resolved to find him out in the Inland, and force him to Fight; having for so necessary a War, his time and strength Limited; He acquainted the Magistrates of the City, and Heads of the Militia, with this resolution, who all agreed in the seasonableness of the occasion. The Governor more than ordinarily quick in Execution, having his men ready, divided the Soldiers (as the manner of India is) into five Squadrons, 
The order of his men.  commanded by his Son Dom Alvero, Dom Bernardo, and Dom Antonio de Noronha, (Sons to the Vice-King Dom Garcia de Noronha) Manoel de Sousa de Sepulveda, and Vasco da Cunha. Dom Diogo de Almeyda Freire went also with two hundred Horse, and the Inhabitants of Goa, to whom joined themselves the Boars of the Country, in all one thousand five hundred. Francisco de melo with three hundred Portuguese, and some foot of the Natives, was Commander of the Fortress of Rachol, to whom the Governor sent word to come and join him at Margaon.  
39 At this time came Ambassadors to Goa from the King of Canara, 
Ambassadors from Canara come to the Governor.  desiring a League with the State, to assist him in disturbing his Borderer Hidalcaon. This Kingdom, is for the greatness of Empire, the most famous of the East; for the story of its beginning, the most fallen, telling a thousand Apocryphal traditions, which flattery makes use of to adore the Prince. The Governor gave Audience to the Ambassadors, 
He hears, and dispa●cheth the Ambassadors.  with Ceremonies suitable to the King's ambition, and the State's grandeur; and immediately concluded a Friendship on conditions honourable for both Crowns. Hidalcaon understanding the Governors' resolution, 
Hidalcaon retires his men.  retired his Inland Garrisons, as if avoiding the blow of the first invasion, endeavouring to weary out the State with a sudden and incursive War, to them easy, to us intolerable.  
40. The Governor had intelligence the Moors were got together at Ponda, protected there by the Artillery of their Fortress; some of the Commanders were not for the Governors following the Enemy who fled, this opinion was Countenanced by the most experienced Soldiery; but Dom john de Castro, unwilling to put on his Arms in vain, 
The Governor follows them.  Commanded the marching on, s●●ing he would at his own Home chastise Hidalcaon; this resolution was agreeable to the Soldiers who believed, that in the Fortune of the General was much of the Victory. The Camp that day marched two Leagues, and was in the Evening in sight of the Enemy; who with a Body of two thousand men, had made an halt on the other side of a River to hinder their passage.  
41. Dom Alvero de Castro who Commanded the Vanguard leapt into the River, 
Dom Alvero Fights in the Vanguard.  at the same time Wading and Fight; the Enemy charged them with their Muskets, and Killed some of his men, yet without hindering, or retarding the rest who went forward; most of the Commanders in divers places past the River, and gotten over found Dom Alvero engaged with the Moors, 
The Moors fly.  who already were so pressed as to give ground; for not intending to Fight in the open Field, we having Conquered the River, they gave over opposing us, retiring in good order to their Fortress of Ponda. 
The Governor commands his men to follow.  The Governor commanded his men to follow 'em, which they did that day over Crows-feets, which Wounded many; when come to Ponda, they saw all Hidalcaon's Officers drawn up in a posture, to give or accept Battle. The Governor keeping the same pace of his March, commanded his men to fall on; the Moors seemed in their resolution to distinguish the person of Dom john de Castro, and as if yielding to the report of his Name quitted the Field, where only his respect got the Victory. 
They retire to the Mountain.  The Enemy retired to the Mountain, where the difficulty of the way kept off the pursuit. Dom Alvero went into the Fortress, which he found forsaken; many moved for the slighting it, but the Governor voting more Haughtily, ordered that Refuge should be left for the poor Fugitives. 'Twas done in scorn, yet looked like compassion.  
42. The Land was once more under our obedience, without a firm Peace, or continued Warr. Hidalcaan was strong enough to hinder us of the Crop, but not enjoy it; and now fought more for his Reputation then the advantage of the Campagnia. 
He returns to Goa.  The Governor returned to Goa, where the Fleet was ready to go Northward, having no other place to rest in but the Sea, or Field; and the season calling on Board, and success satisfying the Soldiery, neither proclamation or diligence was necessary for their Embarking.  
43. The Governor put to Sea with one hundred and threescore Vessels, 
Goes again to Dio.  Commanded by Dom Alvero de Castro, Dom Roque Tello, Dom Pedro da Sylva da Gama, Dom john de Abranchez, Dom jorge of ' Eca, Dom Bernardo da Sylva, Vasco da Cunha, Francisco de Lima, Francisco da Sylva de Menezes, Dom jorge de Menezes Baroche, Manoel de Sousa de Sepulveda, Cide de Sousa, Duarte Pereira, Diogo de Soufa, Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora, Dom john de Attayde, Dom john Lobo, Gaspar de Miranda, Dom Bras de Almeyda, jorge da Sylva, Dom Pedro de Almeyda, Pedro de Attayde Inferno, Antonio Moniz Barretto, Cosme Eanes Secretary, Melchior Correa, Sebastion Lopez Lobatto, Antonio de Sa, Alvero Serraon, Dom Antonio de Noronha, Diogo Alvarez Tellez, Antonio Henriquez, Aleixo de Abreu, Antonio Diaz, Balthasar Diaz, Balthasar Lopez da Costa, Damiaon de Sausa, Manoel de Sa, Fernaon de Lima, Alonso de Bonifacio, Antonio Rebello, Antonio Rodriguez Pereira, Melchior Cardoso, Cosme Fernandez, Nuno Fernandez, Francisco Marquez, D●arte Diaz, Diogo Goncalvez, Francisco Alvarez, Francisco Varella, Luis de Almeyda, Francisco de Britto, Goncalo Gomez, Gregorio de Vasconcellos, Gomez Vidal Captain of the Governors' Lifeguard, Antonio Pessoa Purveyor of the Navies Provision, Goncalo Falcaon, Goncalo de Valladarez, Galaor de Barros, Gaspar Pirez, john Fernandez de Vasconcellos, Fernand' Alvarez, john Soarez, Ignacio Coutinho, joaon Cardoso, joaon Nunez Homem, joaon Lopez, Lopo de Faria, Manoel Pinto, Lopo Soarez, Manoel Pinheiro, Lopo Fernandez, Manoel Affonso, Marcos Fernandez, Nuno Goncalvez de Leaon, Pero de Caceres, Pero de Moura, Ruy Pirez, Pero Affonso, Pero Preto, Luis Lobatto, Simaon de Areda, Francisco de Cunha, Simaon Bernardez, Thome Branco chief Pilot of the Coast, Coge Percoli Interpreter; the Ships also which came from Cochim, were Commanded by our men; there were in this Conserve some Ships of particulars, who out of kindness to the Governor freely served the State.  
44. The Governor with all the Fleet came to an Anchor at Bacaim, 
Arrives at Bacaim.  whence he sent some Spies to Cambaya, to observe the Enemy's force and design, whose strength was in all those Ports talked of with fear and amazement, and the Guzarats out of pride, or credulity, gave it out, the Sultan might at that time bring the State under his Lash; here the Governor had intelligence, that Caracem, Son-in-law to Coge-Sofar, on presumption of the Neighbourhood of the Army, was with a small Garrison in the Fortress of Surat; Dom john de Castro desiring to set on some of those places which took shelter under the Enemy, sent his Son Dom Alvero with sixty Sail, to go up the River of Surat, 
Sends Dom Alvero to Surat.  and to employ some Person of trust to observe the state of the Fortress, or get intelligence with what Provisions or Garrison Caracem was there, and if he thought he could by Scaling take the Fortress, immediately to give an assault, for by the print of his footsteps he would come to his Relief.  
45. Dom Alvero arrived with his Fleet at the first Road lying in the mouth of the River, 
Dom Alvero sends Dom jorge before,  and presently sent off Dom jorge de Menezes Baroche with six Fly-boats to survey the Fortress. Dom jorge went up the River, Rowing softly, till coming in sight of the Fortress they Shot at him; those in the Boats, either out of fear, or caution, immediately went about, though Dom jorge haled 'em to stay. Here was the greatest danger where none was apprehended; for from a Colony of the Abessines, which lies upon the River, came repeated Shot, which Dom jorge observing went on Shore, and entering the Village, gained the Guns of the Redouts with so great courage and presence of mind, as to carry 'em on Board, maugre the resistance of those who came to the rescue; this security heightened the opinion of our strength, the Enemy perhaps measuring our force by our daring.  
46. Dom Alvero having sent Dom jorge before with the Fly-boats, 
and two other Captains.  sent after him two more, Commanded by Francisco da Sylva de Menezes, and john Fernandez de Vasconcellos, who desiring some intelligence from the Shore, came to Anchor at a Road a little short of the Colony of the Abessines; whence they sent off some Mariners to water, who getting on Shore walked about a Canon-shot. Caracem, at the report of the Guns, (which as we now said were Shot from the Abessines Colony) sent five hundred Turks to their Relief, who found the Posts lost, and the Guns on Board, and Marching on were discovered by the Mariners who were getting water, and gave the Alarm to Francisco da Sylva that the Enemy appeared, Francisco da Sylva, seconded by john Fernandez de Vasconcellos, went to their Relief, and forming a close Body, invested the Turks, and Routed 'em, some remaining Dead on the place by the Shot of our Musquetteers. Dom jorge in his return, 
Their success.  seeing the Boats at an Anchor, and our men Fight on shore, turned his Ships head to the Land, and came seasonably to charge the Enemy, who retired flying, leaving some of their Companions dead on the place. This Victory cost us one Soldier.  
47. Our men got on Board, 
They return to Dom Alvero.  and in Company of Dom jorge went toward the Fleet, who reporting his success and observations to Dom Alvero, 'twas thought by the Officers, the achievement was not seasonable, the Fleet being discovered, and the Coast alarmed; only Dom jorge obstinately insisted, that they ought to fall upon the Fortress, his height of mind being the best argument; but the contrary opinion was so strongly urged, that the most happy success could not have been faultless.  
48. While Dom Alvero was in the River of Surat, 
What the Governor did at Bacaim.  the Governor at Bacaim dispatched divers affairs, and being Facetious as well as Valiant, gave out He was going to surprise the Sultan in Amadabat, where in sight of the Turks who guarded him he would roast him Alive, and this report being, by so great Victories, 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 5. Cap. 7.  credited, 'twas current amongst these timorous and credulous Moors. The Governor to advance their fear or his own gallantry, bespoke some great Spits, as one who in the interval of more weighty business delighted in Witty diversion. The Soldiers of those times used to wear at their Girdles little bright Axes, which served to cut the Rigging and Tackling of their Prizes, as also to break open Chests and Bundles, this was the true use, the first a pretence. The Governor not liking Arms designed for so mean service, and seeing by chance Fausto Serraon de Calvos a spruce Soldier, pass by with an Axe, told him, that only a Sword became men of honour; Sir, answered the Soldier, without this Axe your honour's Spits will be of little use, because we shall not be able to Roast the King of Cambaya whole.  
49. The Governor went to join his Son at the Bar of Surat, 
He goes to join his Son.  where he had intelligence the Fortress was Relieved; from thence with all his Fleet together he went to Baroche, from that Port dispatched Francisco de Sequeins (Commander of the Naires of Cochim) to sound the River, and see what was to be done, informing himself by his sight of the conditions of the Fortress. This Captain went up the River till he came in sight of the Sultan's Army, which or'e-spread a very large Plain; the report was, he had brought into the Field two hundred thousand Soldiers; the truth is, the multitudes were so great as to cover that and the adjacent Campagnia. He reported what he had seen to the Governor, who heightened to see himself so feared, would for the credit of his own Fame face the Enemy; He gave orders for the weighing of the Fleet, and Sailed up, till he cast Anchor in sight of an Army whose numbers drunk up Rivers; and going on Shore, laid out his ground and presented Battle to the Sultan. So stout an Action, as amongst the most memorable of the World ought not to be the second. The Sultan, neither accepted or denied Fight, but expected to be fallen on as well as found out; he saw the Governor, but would not see his Sword. Dom john de Castro, hunting after new glory in extraordinary Actions, assembled the Officers and Gentlemen of name, to whom he spoke to this purpose.  
50. We have before us the greatest King of Asia, 
Makes a Speech to his men.  and greatest Army, Fortune is seeking out occasions to make us glorious, that after this Victory, we may lay up our Arms in the obedience of the East. I allow the great inequality betwixt the Armies, but we count not our Troops by number, but gallantry. Those are the same we so lately beat at Dio, we need not give 'em new Wounds, only make the Incision greater of those which are yet open; their numbers heighten their fear, seeing all ways of saving themselves Obstructed: if but yesterday when they held us Besieged they left us the Field, how will they stand in our way when Victorious? They who have lost their own honour, are but ill maintainers of their Kings; our strength is greater than the Enemies, on our side fight Fame and Victory; I believe there's none here, who would part with his share of this days glory.  
51. The Gentlemen and Soldiers dissuaded the Governor from so hazardous an attempt, 
The gentlemen's and Officers answer.  for in so disproportionable Forces the very Victory was blame-worthy; that great men trusted more to Reason then Fortune; that he should look to his preservation having an overplus of Fame; that 'twas enough to have Landed, and on his own ground bid the Sultan Battle. The Governor suffered himself to be overcome by those Reasons, more apprehending the fault, than danger. Dom jorge desired five hundred Musquetteers with them to Skirmish with the Enemy; but as they had put by Dom Iohn de Castro's full Blow for the Battle, he seemed unwilling to give the Sultan so slight a Wound; He stayed three hours in the Field without the Enemies moving, 
He stays three hours in the Field, and goes on Board.  then re-imbarked his Soldiers, so unscared and full of security as if in one of the States Ports; the most glorious Action we ever performed without Blood.  
52. The Governor from Baroche crossed over to Dio, 
The hurt he doth.  and sent some Ships into the Bay of Cambaya to destroy those places on the Coast our Sword had pardoned; these spoiled the Gardens, and Groves of Plam-trees Planted for the Inhabitants maintenance and recreation; burnt store of Ships, pulled down Stately buildings, whose destruction and memory is yet preserved in their waste Ruins.  
53. The Governor recovered Dio, 
Arrives at Dio.  where the Commander in chief came to receive him at the Seaside, and the Natives of the Island made Holiday, as proud to be under the subjection of so Valiant an Enemy. Dom john Mascarenhas put him in mind of the leave he had obtained to go for the Kingdom, 
Dom john Mascarenhas resigns the Government of the place.  which the Governor was unwilling to grant, nor could deny; some Gentlemen had refused the Government of the place, fearing, as appeared, not to have the same opportunities as their Predecessors. Lewis Falcaon, who came from being Governor in Ormus, came then into Port, before him had come to the Governor some complaints of his Carriage, tolerable, because not discrediting the Courage and Justice of his Government. The Governor in private acquainted him with the accusations laid to his charge by his Enemies, which as a Friend he was willing to forget, could not as a Magistrate; that he might by new Services silence all former miscarriages, remaining in that Fortress, which had so on it the Eyes of his Majesty and the whole World. Lewis Falcaon accepted it, 
The Governor gives it to Lewis Falcaon.  thanking the Governor for so honourable Correction, offering besides to spend in the place what he had got in Ormus, or possessed in the Kingdom. Dom john de Castro, with signal favours, commended, and provoked this Gallantry.  
54. Upon concluding the business of Dio, the Governor set Sail directly for Bacaim, 
Sets Sail, the mischief he doth.  going in sight of the Coast of Por, and Mangalor, where he Burnt the Cities of Pate, and Patane; the Inhabitants to avoid the Lash, saved their Lives and part of their Estates in the Mountain, wanting Courage or Conduct to defend themselves or Dye in their Houses; one hundred and fourscore Vessels which lay in several Ports were Burnt by his Order, the poor owners with unprofitable tears looking on. The cries and groans were heard at a distance, and despised by Anger, and Victory. The Governor gave order, 
His compassion.  to spare some Old men, and Children, who could not save themselves; Compassion, importune to the Soldiery, pleasing to Humanity; the Booty was given up to the Fire, the Prize not being so notable, as the desolation; many other places on that Coast, of no name, were Destroyed; this Siege of Dio being more famous for Vengeance then Victory.  
55. The Governor went from hence to Bacaim, 
He goes to Bacaim,  resolving to spend the rest of that Summer in the War of Cambaya; thence he sent some Spies to observe the March of the Enemy, who informed him, that in the Court at Amadebat there was not a Family without tears; and that the Sultan by a severe Decree had forbid the mentioning the Siege and Battle of Dio, as if Laws could command grief and memory. The Governor heard by the same Envoys, 
is sensible of the not taking Surat,  that the Fortresses of Surat, and Baroche, were quitted at the sight of Dom Alvero 's Fleet, and that he might by Scale have taken them, had he not been hindered by the dissuasions of his Officers; which Dom john de Castro took so to heart, as if 'twere necessary to divine opportunities, and his temper burst forth into words, which accused the Commanders of the Fleet of neglect and remissness.  
56. The Governor employed the short Leisure he had at Bacaim in writing for the Kingdom, 
puts the King in mind of those who had served him.  making so honourable mention to the King of those who had served him, as amongst so many eminent Virtues, this zeal, or gratitude seemed to be singular, and the Soldiers thereby improved in Courage, having security that their General would not be wanting in his Zeal or Rewards.  
57 Hidalcaon considering that the State's strength was, 
Hidalcaon renews the Warr.  though Triumphant, broken with so many Victories, came in again to get possession of the Inland with an Army of twenty thousand Foot, under the Command of Casa Batecaon, a stout Turk born in Dalmatia, experienced in the Languages, and Discipline of Europe; He without any opposition subjected the Country, forcing some few of our Soldiers to retreat to the Fortress of Rachol, who advised Goa of the strength of the Enemy.  
58. Upon this advice, Dom Diogo de Almeyda, by Counsel of the Bishop, 
The Commander at Goa desires to go against him.  (than Governor) and of some Gentlemen and Soldiers, resolved to dislodge the Moors with the standing Militia, before they Encamped themselves, and increasing in strength and boldness faced the Walls of Goa, the Metropolitan City. The men who were to go with him being appointed and ready to March, the Magistracy and Government of this City came expostulating and protesting against their going; that the Head of the State was not to be ventured on so disproportionable Forces; 
The City hinders him.  that the Governor was at Bacaim with a Fleet full of Victorious Soldiers, able to chastise the Enemy, against whom he would bring, as a second Army, his Fame and Fortune.  
59 The dispute continued so hot betwixt the Soldiers and Citizens, as to come near Sedition, 
Adviseth the Governor.  and Mutiny, these standing for the preservation of the City, the other on the reputation of our Armies; the difference was at last decided and composed, that the Governor being so near, should be acquainted with the business, who understanding the Civil Government intermeddled in ordering the War, chid sharply their animosity, allowed and confirmed Diogo de Almeyda's resolution of finding out the Enemy, sending him orders to stay with his men at Pangim, where he would in few days join him.  
60. Dom john de Castro had scarce laid down his Pen, 
He immediately goes on Board.  with which he writ for the Kingdom, when he again took in hand his Sword; the same day he received the advice, he commanded a great Gun to be Shot off to warn the Fleet to be in readiness to weigh, and the next, set Sail with the whole. Armada, and Coasting went in sight of the City Dabul, 
Goes in sight of Dabul.  famous for the marks our Arms had before left there, and now the chief Scale of Hidalcaon's Ports; at a distance were seen a great many Gardens, Orchards, and proud Buildings, which showed the Luxury and Grandeur of the Inhabitants; the City contains about four thousand Families, hath two Forts, and some Redouts which defend the entrance into the Harbour, and though the Action required much Deliberation, the Governor resolved on the undertaking.  
61. The Fleet that Evening went Coasting in sight of the City, observing its Anchorage and Defence; the next Morning by break of day the Governor commanded his Son Dom Alvero with two thousand men to go into Boats and get on Shore, 
Dom Alvero gets on Shore.  he being one of the first, who amongst many repeated Shot got footing; here was the Enemy's resistance in hindering, or retarding our passage; the Battle was for some time without inclining, the place and cause heightening their Bravery in Fight; the Cries of Women and Children in their Ears, made them receive Wounds without pain or fear; the Dead who fell were not an example for their Fear but Vengeance. The Blood ran down on both sides, and the resoluteness of both parties made the success Contingent, when the Governor with the rest of his men came in, 
The Governor follows him, and takes the City.  and charged the Enemy so home, as he began to abate in his Defence; they were by degrees giving ground, till by a declared flying they left us the Victory. The Governor mingled with the Moors entered the City, where many Died in sight of their Wives they could neither forsake nor defend. The slaughter was succeeded by Covetousness, the Booty was not inferior to the Victory; the Vessels of the Fleet could scarce take in the pillage. The City in a few hours was Consumed by a Lamentable fire, its deplorable Ruins once more preserving the memory of this and a former Destruction. We lost in this Action five Soldiers, the Enemy two hundred, the number of the Wounded was greater.  
62. The Governor leaving the City in Flames re-imbarked, and steered for Agacaim, 
Arrives at Agacaim.  where he expected Dom Diogo de Almeyda with one hundred and fifty Horse, and the standing Militia, and with store of Barks to pass the men; the Governor stayed here one day, to inform himself of the Enemy's force, and design, and on the next (the Apostle Saint Thomas' Eve) resolved to fall on the Moors, and in the Battle invoke the name of the Saint, not to deprive him of the honour of the Protection of India, purchased by his Preaching, and shedding his Blood on the Cross of his Martyrdom.  
63. The Enemy was quartered at a Town called Morgaon, not far from Agacaim; 
He falls on the Enemy.  the Governor having notice of it, formed his men into two battalions, he gave the first to his Son Dom Alvero de Castro, the Companion of his Victories, with him were the Naires of Cochim, and Citizens of Goa; the second (which he kept for himself) was made up of all the Gentlemen and Soldiers of the Fleet, who in their Wings had the City-horse, in this order did he March, sending some Horse before to discover the Camp.  
64. The Moors were spread without Order or Discipline, as men who neither feared nor expected an Enemy; some of their Soldiers, who went up and down the Camp, spied our Colours, and by their sight, or intelligence, 
They fly.  knowing the Governor looked out for 'em, went in a fright to advise Cala Batecaon, aggravating our strength, which their fear, and the distance made greater. The Turk alarmed at the approach of so Victorious Arms, was not Master of more consideration, then by his Flight to be an example to his men; they left in their quarters, Tents, Provision, and Baggage, and what meat was for Supper, than almost ready; for the difficulty of our March a most necessary and pleasant Booty. The Governor by this Flight began to be in possession of the Land and Victory.  
65. The Moors went over a deep River, only to be passed by some Logs of Wood laid across instead of a Bridge, which the Enemy to hinder our pursuit cut in pieces, yet in so much haste, as the Earth which fell down, left open a passage, not without difficulty, though without danger. 
Dom Alvero, follows 'em.  Dom Alvero in this place set upon passing the River, beginning to wade by few at a time, as the straightness of the ground permitted.  
66. The Enemy was not so out of himself as to lose the occasion of Fight on so eminent advantages; He turned with his men to the River, 
They turn.  showing us that so cautious fear was Stratagem. The Moors charged our men as they were passing, and so were timorous, few, and disordered; The Governor, with his Voice, command, and presence, encouraged them to go over, but fear o'ercome their Obedience; the first turned back, not without loss of Blood, and with worse marks than their Wounds. At this time the governor's impatience attempted the River in different places. Dom Diogo de Almeyda waded it with a Troop of Horse, finding where he went better Foording, and Fortune, for he fell in with the Moors General who was on Horseback, ordering and encouraging his men, whom he set upon with great Bravery; The Turk with the shock fell to the ground, but rising again without loss of his judgement laid hold on his Scimitar, and went after Dom Diogo, who though he lost not his Saddle, was for a while with the force of the Blow disenabled, but coming again to himself the second time charged the Turk, 
Dom Diogo kills the General.  and (though two Soldiers endeavoured to rescue him) left him with many Wounds measuring the ground.  
67. The other Commanders, though with difficulty, crossed the River, put upon't by the Governors' example, whom they saw engaged with the Enemy, and was more envied then obeyed by his own Soldiers, who scattered and disordered, some cautious, others heady cast themselves into the River; but when all his men were over, he so Vigorously charged the Enemy, as not able to endure the shock of the Battle he gave ground. 
The Governor Fights,  The Governor, sparing no accident favourable to his Fortune, so pressed the Moors, grown fearful and out of order, as in a little time to Rivet the Victory. 
got the Victory.  Few of ours Died, the Wounded were more; the Slaughter was great amongst the Moors, and greater in the Chase then Fight, for our men making no Prisoners, did with the same stroke take off those who resisted or yielded. Dom Alvero de Castro by Commanding, and Fight, never more appeared the Son of such a Father, then in this Action; The other Gentlemen and Cavaliers so equally behaved themselves in their Courage, as not one deserved to be named second. 
On Saint Thomas' day, and by his mediation.  By the calling on Saint Thomas, and on his Day, was this Battle won, who gave the Eastern Catholics an eminent proof of his Patronage. This so memorable Defeat is yet, so many years afterwards, sung by the young Ladies of Goa, who in the easiness of unforced Verses, have invented Praise without artifice or flattery.  
68 The Governor disbanded his men, and went to rest himself at Pangim, excusing keeping Christmas at Goa, in a just contempt of Palms, and martial Triumpes, since his Name was now in the Vogue of the World above all other applause; 
He dispatcheth Ships for the Kingdom.  here he dispatched the Ships of Burden which were to go for the Kingdom, on which went Dom john Mascarenhas, a Man more constant in the difficulties of Asia, then in the adversities of his Native Country; 
Dom Iohn Mascarenhas' praises.  he was received by the King and Nobility, with extraordinary honours, yet were not his Rewards answerable to his Services; He was of the Council of State to the King Dom Sebastion, afterwards one of the Governors of the Kingdom. He Married Dona Elena Daughter to Dom john de Castellbranco, by whom he left a most Renowned and Loyal Posterity.  
69. Dom john de Castro thought not Hidalcaon yet sufficiently Curbed by our Arms, 
The Governor carries on the Warr.  and resolved with a sharper War to bring him under; He secured with a strong Garrison the Territories of Salsete, leaving there Dom Diogo de Almeyda with six score Horse, and one thousand Foot of the place, and ordered some Ships to lie in the Rivers of Rachol, to defend the Neighbouring Villages, the Labourers having quitted the grounds, seeing their Dominion, by the fickleness of War, casual and uncertain. The Governor also understanding how easy it was to pull down a declining Kingdom, 
What hurt he doth.  carried on the War against Hidalcaon, desiring the State's Rivals might take warning by his Punishment; He embarked those Soldiers he had always in readiness, by being their Companion in dangers, and Father in difficulties, and setting Sail, went along all Hidalcaon's Coast, which he so impartially Destroyed, as not to leave one place to comfort an others miseries, none was freed by their resistance, some by their distance.  
70. There was another Dabul called the upper, 
He destroys upper Dabul.  two Leagues from the Shore, which by its strength and distance, was the Rich depository of a great many Estates; but the protection of the Inland was not sufficient to exempt it from the Fortune of the rest, for the Goververnour marched to it, giving the first danger of the Vanguard to his Son Dom Alvero, (these were the favours of that Father, and those times) who coming to the place, found the Moors had secured their Persons and Estates in the Mountain, nothing being left to recommend the Victory; what was, served only for Destruction, for the Buildings which could be no Booty paid for't by their Ruin. The Mosques and Temples were thrown to the ground, and the Idols broke and prostrate, our Anger not differencing stone from stone, and the Moors and Pagans bewailed with the same tears their Gods and own miseries; The fury of our Arms went to the Desolating the Campagnia, 
and the Campagnia.  destroying the Flocks, and Groves of Palms, that the War might be attended by Famine, a Sword not to be 'scaped by Flight or Resistance. All was in fine so wasted, as the difference between the Villages, and Campagnia, was not by the sight, but memory.  
71. The Governor retreated to Bacaim, 
Goes to Bacaim.  whence he designed his Arms for the War of Cambaya, setting forth some Vessels to endamage all that Coast, and make Prize of the Mecca Fleet, which came to an Anchor in the Ports of that Bay; 
Spoils Cambaya.  this was happily performed by Dom Antonio de Noronha, and Dom jorge Baroche, who by their Prizes, and Victories, raised the State's strength, and reputation; our Arms in Dom Iohn de Castro's time being so feared or respected, that most of the Princes of Asia, Borderers, and Remote, became (to defend, or secure their Kingdoms with the protection of our Forces) by voluntary Obedience the State's Tributaries; of this truth the Kings of Campar, and Caxem were no sleight Arguments.  
72. Our Chronicles (and Foreign with greater amazement) relate that famous Siege of Dio, held out by Antonio da Sylveira, by whom the Turks Arms in India received the first, or greatest Baffle; 
A Character of Rax Soliman.  Their General in this expedition was Rax Soliman, who, after the loss of a great part of his Armado in the Siege, 
See Iohn de Barro's History of India, Dec. 5. Lib. 4.  for fear of our Ships at Anchor in the Port, retired Flying, and left on Shore his Baggage and Wounded; and seeing he could not achieve what he promised his Master, (whose Pride, and Imperiousness used not to receive satisfaction for miscarriages, or misfortunes) ventured, rather than his Head, 
His coming to Adem.  his Loyalty; He went into the Port of Adem under Colour of Friendship, where the King sent to Visit him, with Regallios' and Refreshments from Shore, but was cautious and vigilant to preserve the City, for the Bashaws Force and Loyalty was suspicious. The Turk, who saw his Treason feared or discovered, designed to surprise the City by Scaling, but was afraid of the Fortress of the place, and Courage of the Arabians, and on that, had Recourse to an other Stratagem, more base, and more secure, which was to excuse himself to the King for not coming into the City, in fear to lose the favourable Wind; that he desired to see him on Board, for he was to communicate to him some business from the Grand Signior to the great advantage of his Kingdom. The poor King, facile, or credulous in the good of his State, went immediately to meet the Bashaw at Sea, secure in an innocent Conscience; but the Tyrant forgetting Faith, and Humanity, made him with Scoffs and Derision, (a cruel delight in so foul a Treason) be Beheaded in the Galley. 
Beheads the King.  'Twas easy for the Bashaw upon the Death of the King to seize on the City, frighted and confused at the violent Murder of their Prince; and because the Turkish Neighbourhood cost the State blood, and trouble, we will in brief give you this relation of the place.  
73. It is situate on the Coast of Arabia the happy, 
The situation of Adam.  in twelve degrees, and fifteen minutes of Northern Latitude, protected by a little Mountain, which with some Castles defends the entrance of the Harbour; it lies in the mouth of the Strait, the Port bold, capable to Anchor Ships of any burden, though exposed to Westerly winds, which are the Monsones in Summer. Art and Nature have made it Tenable by Land, securing it from the ambition of the Neighbour Princes and the incursions of the Mountainous Arabs, who molest the Country with troublesome Inroads; there is in the Port a little Island, tolerably Fortified, called by the Natives Cira, before it is an other safe Harbour, sheltered from many Winds, where the Mecca Fleet use to come to an Anchor. There are no Rivers or Fountains to water the ground, it doth not sometimes Rain for two or three years, whether it be the nature of the Clime, or some hidden Judgement, so as they fetch their water at a distance with Caravans of Camels. The chief Commodity of the place is Rhubarb, but that which brings in most profit is the Anchorage of Ships which pass the Strait. The Nation is Warlick and Cruel, goes willingly to the War, though more for Plunder, than Victory.  
74. The Bashaw having seized on the City, 
Soliman seizeth it.  and seeing himself, though an Intruder, obeyed, began with divers Oppressions to break the people, unarming 'em, that their fear, and subjection might make them more easily Governed; he Cut off, and Confiscated without any reason those who were Eminent, their Lives being a fault, their Estates a crime; the poor People's suffering was more their Virtue, then Cure, for the Tyrant was irritated at the so servile patience of the innocent. Marzaon succeeded him in the Government of the City, as also in his Tyranny, being so Cruel as quite to wear out the patience of the miserable Inhabitants, who resolved rather to endure him as an Enemy, than Governor; 
The Inhabitants offer it to the King of Campar.  They found out ways to offer their City and Obedience to the King of Campar, saying, they would with any Relief fall upon the Turks, grown careless, in a peaceful and almost hereditary Dominion, much more in their Contempt of those men, who (as they thought) had lost all memory of their Liberty, and Injuries.  
75. The Neighbouring King, with words full of Compassion and Gratitude accepted the offer, 
The King 〈◊〉 it, and what he doth.  whether out of ambition, or humanity; He selected out of his Army, a thousand Soldiers well-deserving of so honourable an Action, and would himself be their Companion, and Commander; they began to March in the silence of the Night, and being come to the City, the Couspiritors possessed 'em of a Gate, at which they entered, makiug themselves with a weak resistance Masters of the Castle. Marzaon with five hundred Turks Fortisyed himself in the Palace, more certain of the Danger, than the Cause, and Authors; The first light discocovered the King, 
History o● India. Dec. 6. Lib. 6. Cap. 1.  Commanding his men, who presently dispatched a Trumpeter to Marzaon, to tell him, he had ancient pretensions on that City, and now the Election of the Inhabitants, who under the Oppression of the Bashaws intrusion, were so tied up in their Voice and Liberty, as not to pronounce the name of their natural Prince; that he came to their help as Sufferers, but much more, as his own Subjects; that if he would leave the City, he would use him as a Friend; permitting him to carry away his Arms and Baggage, if not, Justice and Victory should give him a double Title to his own Subjects.  
76. The Turk finding out the conspiracy of the Arabs, 
What the Turks do.  and wanting Strength and Provisions for his Defence, obeyed necessity, and Marched out with Colours flying and Drums beating, to possess himself of a Castle eight Leagues off, designing from thence with Relief from Bacora to reduce the City to its former slavery; He began to fall upon the Caravans of Adem, which furnished the City, which receiving water, and provisions from the Mountain, was in a few days brought to great straits; for if any Provisions came in, they were few, dear, and stolen. The deplorable people with tears in their Eyes weighed in the same Scale Famine, and Tyranny, evils which only afford a miserable Choice. 
They 〈◊〉 Recruited.  The Tyrant recruited his party with continual supplies, which the King could not with equal Force oppose, and discoursing with the Magistrates on the ways of saving the City, they put him in mind of the Fame of our Victories against the Turks, and our Fidelity in protecting our Confederates. 
The Inhabitants send ●o Ormus.  They resolved to dispatch a small Bark to the Governor of Ormus, who was then Dom Manoel de Lima, offering him a Fortress, and the Revenues of the Custom-house, withal letting us understand the danger the State would be in, if the Turk got footing in the City.  
77. 'Twas reported Marzaon in a short time expected considerable Relief from Balsora, and if forborn till his Recruits arrived, would by open force fall upon the City; on which the King of Campar showing himself a Soldier, in his Discourse and Courage, unwilling that Stock should take faster Root, resolved with three thousand Choice men to Besiege the Fortress, which with greater Resolution than Fortune he engaged in, being Killed in the first assault. The Arabs seized with fear at the Death of their King, left the Siege to Bury the Body, though upon that oecasion, Revenge had been more opportune than Piety.  
78. The Vessel which went for Ormus at the entrance of Cape Rosalgate met with Dom Payo de Noronha, 
The Messenger meets with Payo de Noronha.  who with twelve small Galleys guarded that Strait, and understanding the Arabs pretensions, thought that Relief worthy some great Commander, and writ to the Governor of Ormus, that if he designed not that honour for himself, not to refuse it him; Dom Manoel sent him two Ships more, and some select Soldiery, with them to go and secure the City whilst he was making greater Levies, and after an honourable reception, Counselled the King of Campar's Ambassador to ask a Fleet of the Governor of India, who was one would not deny protection to the States friends, especially against the Turks whose War was looked upon as the Inheritance of our Arms.  
79. Dom Payo arrived at Adem, 
Dom Payo arrives at Adem.  where he was received with what affection and greatness they could show to their own Prince, and the City delivered him, as Defender and Governor; They planted our Colours, for which all vowed solemnly to Die, letting themselves Blood in their Breasts, Barbarous, but Loyal demonstrations and ceremonies, protesting they would hold out the City as a Member of the State, to which they were by obedience Vassals; by affection, Children; but Dom Payo so carried himself, 
〈◊〉 himself 〈◊〉.  as to forfeit the reputation of our Arms in the East; in favour to so great a Family we will omit the particulars of the Story, though by an other Pen written with more Liberty in ordinary History.  
80. The Citizens of Adem though ill protected by Dom Payo, 
The Inhabitants send to Goa.  lost not their devotion to the State, holding out the City with only the name of Portugal in their mouths; and either not having or not desiring other protection, resolved to send one of the Blood-Royal to the Governor, to advise him of their condition, on whose extremities he might raise a new Name, by not slighting the glory of helping the afflicted; that the Prince of Adem would receive Laws and his Crown from the State, to whom he would turn Feudatary, with a grateful, and honourable Tribute.  
81. Dom john de Castro was overjoyed to hear, the report of his Name and Victories, 
The Governor rejoiceth.  reached the Ears of Princes so remote, heightening not only their Reverence but Subjection; the message gave extraordinary content to Goa, seeing their Governors' fortune bring the State the felicity of the first discovery of India, since where other Arms were scarce heard of, his were Obeyed.  
82. The Governor gave the expedition to his Son Dom Alvero, 
Sends his Son.  who had so well deserved in all he undertook, as it looked not like the election of a Father, but of a public Minister; divers old Cavaliers desired to accompany him, whom the Governor by a modest decree took off, commanding their stay in Goa, because he should want 'em for more important business, yet such was their eagerness on the expedition, as they looked on the decree as a common grievance; the fault of those times seemed to be the ambition of dangers; the Governor satisfied 'em, and was content to see such Emulation begot under his Discipline. 
With what Fleet.  He presently gave order for the Equipping and Victualling thirty Galleys, and made Commanders of 'em, Dom Antonio de Noronha, Son of the Vice-King Dom Garcia, Antonio Moniz Barretto, who went Governor of the Fortress to be made in Adem, Do● Pedro d' Eca, Dom Fernando Coutinho, Pero de Attayde Inferno, Dom joan de Attayde, Alvero Paez de Sottomajor, Fernaon Perez de Andrade, Pero Lopez de Sousa, Ruy Diaz Pereira, Pero Botelho Porca Brother to Diogo Botelho, one of the Infante Dom Lewis' Family, Alvero Serraon, Luis Homem, Melchior Botelho Overseer of the Revenue, Gomez da Sylva, Antonio da Veiga, Luis Alvarez de Sousa, joaon Rodriguez Correa, Diogo Correa, who came with the Ambassador of Adem, Diogo Banho, Pero Preto, Alvero da Gama, and others.  
83. But few days before the Fleet weighed, 
An other Embassage from Caxem.  came to Goa an Ambassador from the King of Caxem, from whom his Neighbours the Fartaques had usurped a considerable part of his Kingdom; He reigning on the Southern Shore of Arabia, and knowing Adem was to be relieved by our Armado, concluding that with the same Fleet we might restore him, writ to the Governor, that the Restitution of Caxem would not be less Laudable in the World than the defence of Adem; Represented what secure entertainment our Fleet had found in his Ports, reckoned up those which at several times had Anchored there, on which he was suspicious to the Turk, offered also besides his Loyalty a reasonable Tribute. The Governor, considering that by those succours our Arms came into repute, 
The Governor's answer.  and got friends to the State, ordered the same Fleet should countenance Caxem; the achieving both the one and other design being but the same Voyage and expense; and because the Siege of Adem stood in need of speedy supplies, the Governor foreseeing the main Body of the Fleet would arrive too late, and so frustrate the aim and design, sent away Dom john de Attayde with four Vessels to make his way into Adem, and hold out the Siege till Dom Alvaro's arrival. Dom Iohn de Attayde set Sail, the fresh Northwest Winds endamaged one of the Ships, which arrived shattered, the rest pursued their Voyage.  
84. The Besiegers and Besieged in the mean time fought resolutely in Adem, 
〈…〉.  drawing Blood on both sides; The weight of the War light upon some Portugese of Dom Payo's Fleet, who showed from a mean Origine glorious Courage, so engaged in the resistance, as if they had defended their own Country, not a stranger's Dominion; these sufficed to retard for many days the Turks Victory, and being Soldiers of Fortune, our Chronicles in ungrateful silence obscure their Names, as if Virtue of necessity were to have noble Progenitors, and these were for their own Actions less honourable than others for other men's; I believe the great Ones have with injuring Nature set up new Laws, not making only Estates but Deserts hereditary.  
85. Things in Adem being (as we have said) in that Contingency, 
〈…〉.  there appeared a Fleet of Turks of nine Galleys Royal, and some small Vessels, which faced the City, and coming to Anchor out of the Bay, got to Shore, where they Pitched their Tents and Fortified their Encamping, advising the Bashaw to join 'em with his Army. The Arabs on sight of so great numbers come against 'em, came remissly to the Defence, some Pusillanimous, others out of Heart, thought the Courage and Strength of the Enemy insuperable, and at private meetings blamed the King's ambition of dilating his Crown with the Blood of his innocent Subjects, not content with the fortune of his Predecessors; but the Portuguese amongst 'em, observing the brightest Fame worked out of difficulties, forced on the Arabs, convincing the Resistance to be necessary and possible, offering themselves afresh to be the voluntary Companions of their Fortune; enough to put new Courage in 'em, upon which they vowed to Die in their defence, not so much out of Obligation as Example.  
86. The Turks Besieged the City, 
Lay Siege.  by raising two Batteries with pieces on 'em of an extravagant bigness, two amongst the rest (by them called Quartaos) carried a Bullet of four Palms circumference, which made more Ruins, than Breaches in the Walls, and from the danger taught the Besieged discipline; who made their Retrenchments and Traverses within, by which they entertained, and blunted their assaults, and made the Turk's Victory doubtful, 
Dom Payo calls off our men.  and costly. But Dom Payo de Noronha (carried away by some resolute fatality) deprived the Arabs of the Victory, ours of the Honour, sending private Orders to all the Portugese to come and join him, thus forsaking the defence of a Prince, a Friend, and Feudatory, not complying with the obligation of either his Birth o● Office. Most of the Portuguese obeyed, only Manoel Pereira, and Francisco Vieira, two Soldiers of Fortune, said, the City was the Kings of Portugal, and they would lose their Lives in the defence; it appears, the Wars of those times seemed to require first Courage, than Discipline; these two held out the City till the last day, and gained more repute in its Ruins then the Turks in their Victory.  
87. As soon as the Arabs understood the Portuguese were Retreated, 
What the Arabs do.  (all hopes of Defence being desperate) they began to parley; but the Prince commanded 'em to give over Treating, saying he had rather be beaten out, then give up the City; that the Turks should not without some stains of their Blood, win those Colours of the Kings of Portugal. Loyalty which deserved better Assistance from our Arms. The Enemy, knowing the Division and Coolness of the Inhabitants, continued his Assaults, which brought on again the Speech of a Surrender, which the Prince always broke off, constant to himself, and the State; but danger, famine, and despair, prevailed with some of the Inhabitants to give up a secret Gate to the Enemy, at which he entered the City. The Prince fight with Royal, but Unfortunate courage, disengaged with his Life, the Loyalty he had promised to the State; Manoel Pereira, and Francisco Vieira, saved a young Prince whom they carried to Campar, comforting the Subjects with that tender branch of its prostrate Trunk.  
88 Dom john de Attayde, 
Dom Iohn de Attayde's success.  (whom we left with three Ships at Sea) continued on his Voyage, and having favourable Winds, in few days saw the Coast of Arabia; He stood for the City Adem, and Rowing into the Harbour, got amongst the Galleys which were there at Anchor, but the Easterly winds yet reigning, got out to Sea again. The Turks on the sight of our Ships immediately weighed, and by the advantage of their Oars gave us so hot a Chase, that the two Ships commanded by Gomez da Sylva, and Antonio da Veiga, were almost under the Prow of their Galleys, and seeing it impossible to fly, much more to resist, ran their Vessels on the Shore which was near them, and by that means 'scaped with their Lives. Dom john de Attayde who was in the best Ship, bore up what he could against the Wind; seeing himself often lost, till by the Night coming on he stood for Abexim, under which Shore he careened his Ship in the Island of Meet, which lies o'er against the Cities of Barbara, and Zeila; those who saved themselves by Land got to the protection of the King of Campar, where they found Manoel Pereira, and Francisco Vieira, who acquainted them with the success we have now related; they were entertained and provided of all things with plenty and affection.  
89. Dom Alvero de Castro seeting Sail with the whole Fleet, and going before the Easterly winds, 
Dom Alvaro's Voyage.  made a short Voyage, and got so far as to recover the Islands of Canecanim where he met with Dom john de Attayde of whom he knew the loss of Adem, and how the Turks chased him, from whose Galleys he had by the favour of the Night freed himself. Dom Alvero with the Gentlemen and Soldiers of the Fleet, betrayed a just resentment at the News, valuing less the loss of that State, than the foil of our Arms, because both amongst Natives and Strangers the sinking in opinion is always Eternised. The King of Campar's Ambassador, and Brother-in-law, who was in our Fleet, becomingly resented the Deaths of his Brother-in-law, and Nephew, yet was not a little comforted with the knowledge they were not in Arrearages to Honour or Loyalty, and on those considerations showed as strong a mind, as if he had been to calm an others sorrow. Dom Alvero consulted with the Officers of the Fleet what was to be done, 
He calls a Council, and what he resolves.  and all were of opinion, since the relief of Adem had been ineffectual, to divert their Arms in favour of the King of Caxem, (as the Fleet had instructions) on whom the Bordering Fartaques had surprised the Fortress of Xael, which commanded a Haven, the principal Scale of those few that petty King had; a design more advantageous than difficult.  
90. Dom Alvero commanded to Steer to Xael, 
Goes to Xael.  and coming to Anchor in sight of the Castle, the Fartaques, out of either fear or friendship received peaceably our Armado; The Fort was Built of Turfs, with four so little Works, as five and thirty Soldiers, who were there in Garrison, were enough to Man it; These men on sight of our Fleet, sent out a Woman (who understood and spoke Portuguese) to ask for the Commander in chief and tell him, the Fartaques were friends to the State, that if we came to demand that Fortress, they would immediately quit it; many concluded the proposition acceptable, for of so few Enemies and without Name we could not expect Glory, or Booty; most Voted, that for the Authority of our Arms we should summon 'em to Surrender on discretion. The woman well understanding this resolution, and ill satisfied with our answer, replied, that the Fartaques knew how to defend both their Lives and the Castle. The Moors upon that took down the white Flagg, and planted an other Red one, Ours immediately discharged some Canon-shot, but so at Rovers as to do no Damage; Dom Alvero, with all his men surrounded the Fortress, which he commanded should be Scaled in divers places, securing those who went on with his Muskets from below; and the charge being uninterrupted the Moors durst not appear. 
Resolve● to Scale it.  Fernaon Perez was the first, who began with a Ladder to climb, carrying with him his Colours which he planted and maintained on the Wall; almost at the same instant got up Pero Botelho, with the same hazard and fortune as the former, these cleared the Scaling for the rest.  
91 Antonio Moniz Barretto, Dom Antonio de Noronha, Dom john de Attayde, and others, went to a Gate of the Fortress, which was stopped up with Bushes, and found it impossible to enter, till our men went on the inside and disengaged it; the Fartaques retired to two Works, whence with desperate Courage they defended themselves, refusing their Lives offered 'em by Dom Alvero, which they seemed willing to lose out of revenge, 
The Arabs 〈◊〉 till th●y all Dye.  or to credit that force they could not resist; stoutness being even amongst these Infidels the most Cardinal virtue. The Moors in fine fought till they all fell, such Barbarous obstinacy not deserving the name of Courage, where there was no hope of Victory or Revenge; of our men five Died, the Wounded were above forty.  
92. When the Fortress was gained, 
The place is gained.  (an action more considerable to the Prince, then famous for us) Dom Alvero delivered it to the King of Caxem's Ambassador, who showed then his gratitude for so signal a favour, in Victualling the Fleet, afterwards, in holding faithful correspondence with the State; and the Season of the year being almost spent, Dom Alvero went to Winter at Goa, where he was received with applause above the Victory, a Ceremony, the Governor indulged as a Father, and Dom Alvero prized as a Soldier.  
93. Lourenco Pirez de Tavora came with five Ships in Company to the Bar of Lisbon, 
Lourenco Pirez arrive● at Lis●one.  having had not only a short, but happy and prosperous Voyage; we told of Dom Iohn Mascarenhas' coming on them, full of fame and deserts; the news of Dio being immediately spread amongst the People, every one, according to his capacity judged of the patience of the Siege, and resolution of the Battle. 
History of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 6. Cap. 7.  The common people were endless in the praises of Dom john de Castro, as men without envy for persons, or fortunes, above 'em; the Gentlemen, and great Ones, abetted or consented to the universal Acclamations; an unusual virtue, to be able to endure the fame of Peers; and there was not one so ambitious, who coveted for himself a greater Name, or more illustrious Achievements.  
94. The King and Court put on their Robes, 
Rejoicing fo● the news of Dio.  and appointed a day to give God thanks in the Chapel with Pious and Royal offerings; there was a Learned Sermon, in which were set forth the Praises and Virtues of the Governor. The King acquainted the Pope, and the greatest Princes of Europe with the Victory, who all gave him joy as for the most famous Action of the East; Dom john de Castro in his Letter to the King desired leave to return to the Kingdom, showing how little Solicitous he was of Dignities, 
What the Governor asks for the good News.  who left the greatest, and that a total neglect might not be branded as a new ambition, begged of the King two Acres of ground which join to his Countryhouse at Sintra, and end in a little Hill, which to this day is called 
* The Mountain of good News.  Monte das Alvicaras. The King in the honours conferred on him, seemed to consider his Services, and in his Reward respected his Fortune, all which is seen by his Letter, of which we here give you a Copy.  
The King Dom John the Third's Letter.  
95. VIce-King and Friend, I the King heartily salute you. 
The King's thanks to him.  The Victory God gave you against the Officers of the King of Cambaya, was of as eminent satisfaction to us, as 'tis fit we should have for such, and so great a Conquest, and for so great mercies and favours, 
History o● India, Dec 6. Lib. 6. Cap. 8.  as you in it received from our Lord, for which he is to be ever praised; there is also much due to the Prudence, and great Courage you showed in that day, as to what you did in the great and speedy Relief you sent to the Fortress of Dio, exposing in so extravagant a Season your Sons to Sea, by which is seen how much more predominant our Service is with you, than the natural affection of a Father, which we value, as 'tis reason we should, seeing, you not only Routed so great Forces of the Enemies, but secured all India, ●y the great apprehensions our Enemies have of so signal a Victory; which service, there is as much reason we should Rank as it deserves, as we should have for it the requisite satisfaction; we had no little discontent for the Death of your Son Dom Fernando, both as he was your Son, and as he gave proofs in that Age, what he would have been in all his Life after; and since he Died so honourably, and in so eminent service for God, and us, you ought less to resent his loss, and give God thanks he was pleased he should so Die, as we know you did, showing, by your forgetting the Death of your Son, your remembering what was suitable for our Service, of which things we shall always be so mindful, as not only to impute 'em to you by our great satisfaction for 'em, but by our special grace, which is now to have a beginning in the rewards we confer on you and your Son Dom Alvero, reserving the completing of 'em for the end of your Service, which we are confident, and take for granted, will be such, as that hath been you have already rendered us, and in the confidence and experience we have of it, though very much desiring at present to comply with you in all things, yet considering how much it is for our Service, (and seeing by your Actions how much more you prize that, than all other business of your own) we have thought good not to give you leave to return as you desired of us; and for that purpose recommend to, and command you, to receive it well, and that you will serve us in that Charge other three years, at the end of which we will in God's name send you leave to return, and we hope he will enable you so to do; yet though it be so much for the advantage of our Service, that you should continue serving us for that time in those parts, if you think your return necessary, we should be glad of your writing to us, and expecting our answer.  
Pero de Alcacova Carneiro writ it in Lisbon the 20 th'. of October 1547. The King.  
I believe the Queen Dona Katherine's Letter, requires our no less attention, where the Subscription is not only Royal but also the Discourse, giving judgement on the Actions of the Victory, with the Prudence of a Man, and Gallantry of a Soldier.  
The Queen Dona Katherine's Letter.  
96. VIce-King, I the Queen heartily salute you. I have read your Letter in which you give us a particular account of what you have done, and ordered in all those things you thought to be for the service of our Lord the King, and for the defence and security of those Parts, and that all was so conformable to what you are, and to the opinion his Majesty hath of you, we have as much satisfaction, as 'tis reasonable; both to see his Majesty is so well served by you, and for the signal honour you have purchased. As to the great care and diligence, you upon your Arrival employed in the repairing, and providing the Fleet, 'twas a great beginning, and of absolute necessity for the remedying so weighty affairs as afterwards presented; and we are assured how great soever the pains you took in it were, your content of having been so well employed, will be greater; you aimed right in the War you made upon Hidalcaon, because by that was clearly seen the contrary to what you say, is there the received opinion; that he could receive no harm by a War with the Portuguese, (which must be the reason he so often begun it) nor have any benefit by Peace with 'em, which made him not care to break it; and if he knew who you were, and how much more prevalent honour than profit is with you, he would not have made you the offer he did about Meal, but the little impression it had on you, and your evident undeceiving him, will make him know it. As to the business of the Siege, and War of the Fortress of Dio, the mercy of our Lord God was eminent in the Victory he there gave you against so great Force, and numbers, of the Enemies of his holy Catholic faith, as were there from so remote Parts met together, and 'tis an evident sign of his own Arms upholding the State in those Countries; and for all, we give him the praises, as are reasonable, and we acknowledge to be due; and it much adds to the great satisfaction, our Lord the King, and We have for so great a Victory, to see with what prudence, and conduct you provided all things necessary for the obtaining it; how stoutly you behaved yourself in the day of Battle, and with what diligence you relieved that Fortress, exposing for it your Sons in so Stormy weather; the Notion his Majesty and we have of all these Actions, and of the great benefit which is the consequence of 'em, is very proportionable to their quality and greatness; and we hope his Majesty will show it so, in the honour and thanks he intends to return you, because all is your due; and he gave no small sign of it, by his pleasure and satisfaction immediately to begin it, as you will see by his Letters to you and your Son Dom Alvero. We were not a little discontented at the Death of your Son Dom Fernando, as well for our knowledge how you must take it, as for the loss of his Person, which (as he showed in that Action) was eminently great; but we so well know you, and your great Prudence and Virtue, as to be certain, that at whatsoever time our Lord God should take him to himself, you would conform to his Will, and accept it at his Hand; especially it being then, when for the defence of his Faith, and in so signal Service for his Majesty, he Died so honourably, and was not wanting to the Obligation of being what he was, which are very convincing reasons that you ought so to take it, and very much less resent his Death. As for what you solicit us in, about your return, in which your Wife Dona Leonor (whom we were very joyful to see, for the deserts of her Person and Virtues, and out of the great affection we have for her) hath spoke to us in your behalf, as in a business she so much desires, we should be very glad if we could in that gratify yourself and her with the good liking and satisfaction of our Lord the King; but for the good Service you have done his Majesty, and the great miss might be there of your Person in such a time, he hath thought good to make use of you there for three years longer, as you will see by his Letter; and we assure ourselves, that for those considerations you will take it well, and we very much desire you it may be so, and hope in our Lord he will give you health and vigour to perform it, and will assist and strengthen you in all your difficulties, because the result of 'em is so much for his Service, and he knows the main design his Majesty hath in desiring it should be so, is because of his knowledge that his Service will by you there be unfeignedly promoved; and by your remembering, amongst so many troubles and so important businesses, those things of Ours, you took into your care, it is evident, how great a desire you have in that, and all other things to serve us, which we so look upon as is reason; for what concerns Diogo Voz we have in an other Letter writ to you, what we desire should be done. We were very much pleased with that perfume of Benjoim de Boninas, and with all the other things you sent us by Lourenco Pirez de Tavora, all being so good, as they seem to be sent with that good Will which we esteem the most, and take all very well of you; and about those Servants of Ours, and Persons, who, (as you write us) have served well there, and about those things, you think it necessary to provide, we will mind our Lord the King, as you desire, it should be done. That which his Majesty hath to look too, in the Rewards he ought to bestow on all those who have there ferved him, is to take notice of what you have writ to him, and of what you desire, as 'tis reason he should; we take very well of you, the good Character you give his Majesty of those our Servants, who were present at the Action of Dio, and also the many Favours, and great Civilities, we know for our sake you showed them.  
Pero Fernandez writ it in Lisbon the 30th. of October 1547. The Queen.  
The Letter the Infante Dom Lewis writ him, is not less considerable, as being from a Prince who knew how to make so profound an estimate of Deserts and Virtues.  
The Infante Dom Lewis' Letter.  
97. HOnourable Vice-King. I received your Letter which came in Tavora's Fleet, in which you tell me you received mine I sent by Lewis Fiqueira, and I take very well of you, your telling me, the advice I gave you seemed good to you, and the more, your putting it in practice, and, though I had not known you, I had sufficient cause to believe it was so, by hearing what you do there, and seeing you write so plainly your difficulties, Poverty, and Abstinence, weapons by which are o'ercome the World, the Flesh, and the Devil, who reign so absolutely in those parts of India, a Victory, greater than that of the King of Cambaya, or of all the Force of the Turk; for which as long as you Live you ought to fear nothing, but be confident in our Lord God, that he will assist you, as he hath lately done in the Defence and Battle of Dio, for which Victory you have great cause to praise him, who hath made you an Instrument of so much Service to himself, and to my Lord the King, of so much honour to yourself, and to all the Portugese, to the absent, as to those who were present. And certain it is, that in that expedition, from the first day you had the News of the Siege of Dio, till that of yours and our Victory, (according to my reach) you have done what could be done, by a Stout, and Prudent Commander, as well in your speedy Succours, as in exposing your Sons as the marks of Fortune, to the dangers of the Winter and Seas of India, that others might less apprehend 'em, by which is clearly evinced, how much a greater share the Service of my Lord the King, and the Obligation of your charge, have in you, than the natural affections of a Father, which are those most Tyrannically overrule our Nature. And by the patience you showed in the Death of your Son Dom Fernando de Castro, you have eminently cleared this opinion. It's certain I resented it for myself and you, and by the certain signs I saw in him of an extraordinary Courage took it for a very great loss; and believe God designed in that to recompense him, by taking him out of this so troublesome Life by so honourable means, and so much for his glory, which ought to be no little part of your Consolation. Your Son Dom Alvero de Castro employed not his time ill when through so many difficulties, and dangers he relieved the Fortress of Dio, at that time, when its only remedy was his Arrival, and, for his Behaviour there, his falling on the Enemy's Posts, and all the rest of his Carriage, I do for myself, and you, give him many blessings. And to return to your resolution of venturing your Person, and the State of India, for the relief of Dio, 'twas well taken, for had you not done it, there had been the same hazard; and your arrival at Dio, your ordering your Fleet, your commanding the Landing of your men when the Battle was to be given, and your way of Fight, all this seems to me to deserve that we now and ever give praises to our Lord God, and that his Majesty should confer on you many honours, which he hath already begun as you'll see concerning yourself and Son; He also aught and will do the same to those Cavaliers, and Gentlemen, who served under you in that expedition, especially to Dom john Mascarenhas, who behaved himself in the weight of that Siege like an honourable Commander, and brave Cavalier. I was very glad to see your manner of writing to his Majesty, about the Service the Gentlemen, and Cavaliers who went thither, did in the business of Dio, by which it appears, you even scores with their deservings. Always do so for my sake, and be glad to praise Persons; for it being certain, there will not want those men who will speak ill of them, (which you ought to punish where you find it) it is but reason the good should extol them, that those you cannot there Reward, his Majesty may by your information do it. I spoke (as you writ to me) about your return, which his Majesty granted me not, and gave me for it two Reasons, and in my opinion, though you have many to countenance your desire of returning, his Majesty hath many more to desire your Service for three years longer in that Government, which you ought to be glad to do, to serve God, for the great mercy he showed you, and his Majesty for his confidence in you, and satisfaction in your Service; Rely on God for his giving you strength to grapple with the great difficulties and disorders of India, and I trust in him, that after such a performance you'll return to fill these tops of the Rocks of Sintra with Chapels, and Trophies of your Victories, and that you'll visit and enjoy 'em in a profound repose. I speak not to you about particular businesses, because my Lord the King hath writ to you in what concerns his Service in answer to the general Letter you writ him, which came in a very good style, and well digested.  
Dated at Lisbon the 22 th'. of October 1547. The Infante Dom Lewis.  
98. 'Tis apparent by these Letters how well the Royal Family took the Services of Dom john de Castro, the King denied Dom john the leave he asked to come and rest himself in the Kingdom for the good of his Country and the East, he added to his Government three years more, with the Title of Viceroy. He Lived not to enjoy, though deserve, this addition of honour; He had given him ten thousand Crusades, as a Gratuity towards the Defraying charges, and Letters Patents for his Son Dom Alvero to be Admiral of the Seas of India, an employment he Computed by fewer Years than Victories.  
99 The King Dom john by the advices of the Viceroy, understood, that the security of India required always Forces ready, for all occurrences of the State, and that the defeat of Cambaya, (whose Ruin was an example for the rest) had created hatred as well as reverence in the Neighbouring Princes; on these and other considerations he sent this year for India six Ships, 
The King sends six Ships for India.  which parted in different Seasons. Martim Correa da Sylva, who brought a Commission for the Fortress of Dio, was Commander in chief of the first three which parted in November, the other Commanders were Antonio Pereira, and Christovaon de Sa; The Admiral Ship, having on the Coast of India adverse Winds fell off from her course, and not able to reach Goa, recovered Angediva, whence she sent to the Viceroy to provide her with necessaries, being forced to Winter in that Port. Christovaon de Sa's Pilot knew better to shape his course, for as soon as he made the Coast of India, he bore up to get the Wind of Goa, and saw Land about Carapataon, whence he came directly for the Barr.  
100 As soon as the Viceroy knew there was a Ship come in from the Kingdom, 
One come● to Goa.  he gave orders for Landing the Sick, and went in Person to visit and provide for 'em. And certain it is, that amongst all the Excellencies of this extraordinary Viceroy, we may Rank his Charity in the Front, it not being a Customary virtue in a Soldier, much less in a public Minister; He received his Letters, in which he found those honours and gratuities we have related, these he looked upon as payment, those as a recompense, for which the Gentlemen gave to each other the joy, as satisfied the Viceroy should continue his Government three years longer, in whom they knew the State would have a Man, the Soldiery a Father.  
101. Dom john de Castro found himself less spent by his Years then the Difficulties of so long a War, 
The Vice-King falls Sick.  which made him succumb under the pressure of so perplexed a Solicitude; He fell Desperately ill, and his Sickness in few days betrayed mortal Symptoms, which he, by the Vexatiousness of repeated accidents perceiving, unburdened himself of the weight of the Government: He called for the Bishop Dom john de Albuquerque, Dom Diogo de Almeyda Freire, 
Quits the Government.  the Doctor Francisco Toscano, Chief Chancellor of the State, Sebastiaon Lopez Lobatto his Auditor General, and Rodrigo Goncalvez Caminha, Overseer of the Revenue, to whom he delivered up the State, in Peace with the Neighbouring Princes, secured by so many Victories. He sent for the Magistracy of the City, the Vicar General of India, the Guardian of Saint Francis, Friar Antonio do Casal, Saint Francisco Xaverius, and the Officers of the King's Revenne, before whom he made this Speech.  
102. I am not ashamed Gentlemen to tell you, 
He speaks to the Council.  that the Viceroy of India wants in this Sickness those conveniencies the meanest Soldier finds in the Hospitals; I came to Serve not to Traffic in the East, I would to yourselves have pawned the Bones of my Son, and did pawn the hairs of my Beard, to assure you I had no other Plate, or Hangings. There was not this day Money enough in the House to Buy me a Hen; for in the Fleets I set forth, the Soldiers fed upon the Governors' Salary, before the King's pay, and 'tis no wonder for the Father of so many Children to be poor. I request of you, during the time of this Sickness, to order me out of the King's Revenue a proportionable maintenance, and to appoint a Person of your own who may provide me a moderate allowance. And ask presently for a Missal, he took his Oath on the Gospel, 
The Oath he takes.  he was not then Debtor one Crusade to the King's Revenue, or had received any thing from Christian, jew, Moor, or Pagan, or for the carrying out the Authority of his Place, or Person, had any other Householdstuff then what he brought from Portugal, and that he had here spent the Money he had got in the Kingdom; that he had not where withal to Buy an other Quilt, then that they saw on his Bed; that he had only made a Sword for his Son Dom Alvero to return into the Kingdom, and set the Hilt with some Jewels of small value. That he desired they would enter a Protest of this, that if at any time the King found it otherwise, he might punish him for perjury. This Speech was writ in the City-Books, which, they who succeeded might read for their Instruction, with whom I believe the Memory is more pregnant than the Example.  
103. As soon as the Viceroy perceived himself summoned to a sharper Conflict, avoiding the importune diversion of Human cares, 
He retires with the Father Xaverius.  he secluded himself with the Father Saint Francisco Xaverius, providing for so doubtful a Voyage so secure a Pilot, who all the time of his Sickness, was his Nurse, Reconciler, and Governor; As he had got no Riches to make a new Disposal of, he made no other Will than that he left (at his coming to Govern India) in the Kingdom, in the hands of Dom Rodrigo Pinheiro Bishop of Angra, to whom he had Communicated it; and receiving the Sacraments of the Church, 
His Death.  he gave up his Soul to God the sixth of june one thousand five hundred forty eight, in the eight and fortieth Year of his Age, and almost three of his Government of that State. The Riches he gained in Asia were his Heroic actions, which Posterity will read in this Book with a tender Memory. In his Study were found three pieces of small Money, and a Discipline which seemed to have been often used, and the Locks of his Beard he had pawned; He ordered his Body should be Deposited in Saint Francis Church in Goa, thence to be Translated to his Chapel at Sintra; They immediately consulted on his Funeral, 
His B●ri●l, and the grief at it.  which was to be not less Compassionate than Solemn, deserving the Illustrious, and common Tears of the whole State.  
104. After some years his Bones came to the Kingdom, 
His Bones come to the Kingdom.  where they were received with reverend and pious applause, as being the last benefit his Country received with his Ashes, and on the Shoulders of four of his grandchildren carried to Saint Dominicks Convent in Lisbon, 
Are Deposited in Saint Dominicks in Lisbon.  where for many days were made costly Exequys; thence they were the second time Translated to Saint Dominicks Convent at Bemfica, where (though in an others Chapel) 
Translated to Bemfica.  they remained some years in a decent Depository, till his Grandchild Francisco de Castro, Bishop, and Inquisitor General, made for them a Chapel, and place of Burial; for Design, Matter, and Adornment, but to the King's Monuments, not second to any; the relation of it will not perhaps seem tedious, out of respect to the Memory of the Grandfather, and Piety of the Grandchild.  
105. Saint Dominicks Convent of Bemfica is two Miles from Lisbon, 
Where they now are.  named so, from a Neighbouring Village. 'Twas always in the possession of the Kings of Portugal, where for the freshness of the Air, they had a Countryhouse, which they went to for Diversion of business, or the exercise of Hunting. King john the First, finding himself indebted to God for so many Victories, amongst other Acts of Thanksgiving, gave this Palace to the order of Saint Dominick, with the Adjacent grounds, Gardens and Orchards, the twenty second of May, one thousand three hundred ninety and nine, for the Founding a Convent, which was not only Founded but Augmented by our Kings. The Founder obliged himself, by his Letters Patents (preserved in the Archives of the Convent) to protect, and defend the cause, the persons, and goods of the Religious, Solicitous in God's cause, Courageous in his own. King john the Second endowed it with a great Revenue, which the House now enjoys under the Name of the Fifth of the Islands, without imposing any new Obligation, which might render the Alms less Liberal, or Acceptable; the King Dom Emanuel, though Distracted with greater Cares and Buildings, left in the Sacrifices of this Temple, a Religious memory, ordering that twice in a Week should be Sung two Masses to the Angels, in the behalf of those who were at Sea; this was in that Age the Astrolabe of his Discoveries, and the Abetter of the Victories in the East. The Queen Dona Katherine, looked upon this House as her private Chapel, offering here from her own Oratory, Relics of Veneration, and Value, amongst others, in a great Silver Cross a piece of the holy Cross, which offering from Royal hands doth assure the Certainty of so inestimable a present; Our Princes conferring on this House temporal and spiritual benefits. King Philip the Second, augmented with an honourable Alms, those it before enjoyed. This Convent hath always been for the strictest observers of the Religion, who under the name of Recolets allow no Swerving or Indulgence from the first institution; hither as to a School of Virtues, use to retire the most eminent of the Order, some to avoid, others to be at rest after their Prelacies, in a holy leisure to be untaken up but by God, and to reform their Affections.  
106. In this Convent, Illustrious for its Foundation, and Discipline, rest the Victorious Ashes of Dom john de Castro, in a Chapel, and Monument of a Religious greatness. The Chapel is Consecrated by the name of Corpus Christi, hath the great Door into the Cloister of the Convent, and over that in a Scutcheon of Relieve the Arms of the Founder; the wideness of the Door takes in forty Palms, the height above seventy, a proportion the Architects name Dupla, and the work is Doric. 'Tis only of one Isle of polished Marble, the Pavement also is of divers Coloured and Polished stones; there goes about it within, a well-orderded, and proportionable Pedestal, which sustains the Decency of an uniform Building; it contains six Arches (with Pilasters between) upon their Bases, and with their Capitals; there goes also a Cornish round about, it hath six Windows, proportionable to the rest of the Architecture. On the high Altar is a Tabernacle, (in which is always kept the blessed Sacrament, lighted by two silver Lamps) behind it an Altar-piece, both of Carved work, with great Flowers all Gilded, and on the top, a Picture of our Saviour's last Supper; behind the high Altar, and Altar-piece is the Choir for the Novices, for whose better Breeding, and Service of God, is made a House with twenty Cells, and divers Offices which form the Body of a distinct Convent. The Roof of the Chapel above the Finishment of the Cornish is also of Stone, divided into Compartments with rich Mouldings. Of the six Arches which make the whole, the two first are on the plain of the Altar; on the Gospel-side is a Door goes up to the top of the Building, and the Founder's Lodgings; on the side of the Epistle, is an other goes into the Sachristy. The other four are taken up with four costly Monuments, with Urns of Burnished stones which rest on the Backs of Elephants of black Marble.  
107. In the first Arch which joins to the plain of the Altar, on the Gospel-side is the Monument of Dom john de Castro, in which before 'twas closed were laid his Bones with the following Epitaph.  D. JOANNES DE CASTRO XX. PRO RELIGIONE IN UTRAQUE MAURITANIA STIPENDIIS FACTIS; NAVATA STRENUE OPERA THUNETANO BELLO; MARI RUBRO FELICIBUS ARMIS PENETRATO; DEBELLATIS INTER EUPHRATEM ET INDUM NATIONIBUS; GEDROSICO REGE, PER SIS, TUR CIS UNO PRAELIO FUSIS; SERVATO DIO, IMO REIPUB. REDDITO, DORMIT IN MAGNUM DIEM, NON SIBI, SED DEO TRIUMPHATOR, PUB. LICIS LACHRIMIS COMPOSITUS, PUBLICO SUMPTU PRAE PAUPER TATE FUNERATUS, OBIIT VIII. ID. JUNII ANNO 1548. AETATIS 48. 
Under the Arch adjoining to this, rest the Bones of his Wife Dona Leonor Coutinho.  
108. On the Epistle-side of the Altar, under an Arch over against that where is Dom Iohn de Castro's Monument, rests his Son Dom Alvero, where his Bones were put in the same manner, on him is writ this following Epitaph.  D. ALVARUS DE CASTRO MAGNI JOANNIS PRIMOGENITUS, CUI PENE AB INFANTIA DISCRIMINUM SOCIUS, PUGNARUM PRAECURSOR, TRIUMPHORUM CENSORS, AEMULUS FORTITUDINIS, HAERES VIRTUTUM, NON OPUM: REGUM PROSTATOR: IN SINAI VERTIGE EQUES FELICITER INAUGURATUS; A REGE SEBASTIANO SUMMIS REGNI AUCTUS HONORIBUS; BIS ROMAE, SEMEL CASTELLAE, GALLIAE, SABAUDIAE LEGATIONE PERFUNCTUS, OBIIT IU. KALEND. SEPTEMB. ANNO 1575. AETATIS SUAE 50. 
In the next Arch to this lies his Wife Dona Anna de Attayde, under the Body of the Chapel is made a Vault, with six stone Arches, in one of which is an Altar to celebrate Mass, the rest have Repartments for the Bones, and Bodies of the Dead.  
109. The Bishop, Inquisitor General, Founder of this Chapel, gave (for the maintenance of those Religious who are to perform the Duties of it) to the Convent of Bemfica two hundred and forty thousand 
* The Portuguese keep their accounts in the least Money they have, which are Reis, whereof 400. made a Crusade, which is worth 3 s. 6 d.  Reis yearly, to be paid out of the Chamber of this City of Lisbon, which are thus distributed. One hundred and twenty thousand Reis for three Masses to be daily Celebrated; fifty (though given before) for the Anniverssaries he shall appoint in his Will; forty; for the Fabric and providing the Chapel; thirty, for supplying the necessities of those Religious men who reside in the Noviciate for the looking to, and cleaning the Chapel; which besides this, he Adorned with many rich and devout Pieces, and gave to the Sachristy all things necessary for Divine Worship, as well Ornaments for holidays as Work-days, Linen, Candlesticks of all sizes, Lamps, and other such like necessaries, all in abundance and perfection.  
110. Dom john de Castro, 
Dom Iohn de Castro'● Family.  as Illustrious for his Family, as Virtues, was Born in Lisbon the 27th. of February of the year one thousand five hundred; He was second Son to Dom Alvero de Castro, Governor of the House of Civil, and to Dona Leonor de Noronha, the Daughter of Dom john de Almeyda second Earl of Abrantes; Grandchild to Dom Garcia de Castro, who was Brother to Dom Alvero de Castro, the first Earl of Monsanto, these two were Sons to Dom Fernando de Castro, grandchildren to Dom Pedro de Castro, and great grandchildren to Dom Alvero Pirez de Castro, Earl of Arrayolos; and first Constable of Portugal, Brother to the Queen Dona Inez de Castro, Wife to King Dom Pedro the Cruel. This Constable, was Son to Dom Pedro Fernandez de Castro, called (in Castille) the Man of War, who coming into this Kingdom, begun here the Illustrious house of the Castros, which hath preserved itself in so much greatness; Dom Pedro by the Male line descended from the Infante Dom Fernando, Son to King Dom Garcia of Navarre, who Married Dona Maria Alvarez de Castro, the only Daughter of the Earl Alvero Fanhez Minaya, the fifth Grandchild in descent from Lain Calvo, from whom this Family derives its beginning. Dom john de Castro when very young Married Dona Leonor Coutinho his Cousin-German once removed, greater for her Quality, than Portion, with whom retiring to the Town of Almada, he by an Antedated old Age avoided the ambition of the Court; He went to serve at Tangiers, where he gave the first, but extraordinary proofs of his Courage, though of his Actions there, we have more from his Fame then our Knowledge. He returned to Court, recalled by the King Dom john the third, and the Kingdom being too narrow for his Gallantry went to India with Dom Garcia de Noronha; He accompanied Dom Estevaon de Gama in his expedition to the Mouth of the Red-Sea, and made a Journal of his Voyage, a useful and acceptable work to Seamen. On his return to Portugal he retired to his Countryhouse at Sintra, recreating himself by Reading, in his Solitudes, and employments always Exemplary; He put on his Sword again to follow the Eagles of Charles the Emperor in the Battle of Tunez, where he raised his name with new Glory; when this design was over, hiding himself from his own Fame, he again retired to Sintra, knowing how to avoid, not keep himself from employments. The King Dom john made him Admiral of the Navy of the Coast, a Service where his Courage was answered by Success; He went last of all to Govern India, where, by the Victories we have related, he secured, and brought into reputation the State. When the designs of War spared him, he in a large Card described all the Coast betwixt Goa, and Dio, marking the Flats, and Shelves, the height of the Pole in which the Cities lie; the depth of Water, Anchoring, and Creeks which form the Havens; the Trade-winds, and Nature of those Seas; the force of the Currents, the swiftness of Rivers, disposing the Lines in different Tables, all, with so minute and exact Geography, as only this Work might serve to make him Famous, if he were not so eminently, for his great Fortitude. He looked the same in his straits at Home, and prosperity in the East, appearing always the same Man in divers Fortunes; his Ambition was to deserve all things, and ask nothing; He equally did reason and justice to all men, unbyast in his Punishments, but so Justifiable, that the Complaints were more against the Law then Minister. He was free to the Soldiers, sparing to his Children, showing more civility in his Office, than Nature; He used with a great deal of Ceremony the Actions of his Predecessors, honouring even those he put not in practice; without prostituting his Civility, he preserved his Respect. He appeared above the Great ones, and Father of the Meanest; such was his Life, as by that, more than by Punishments, he reformed extravagancies; his first Zeal was always in God's cause, then in the States; he passed no Virtue without Reward, some Vices without Punishment; amending not a few, some by Favours, others by Clemency. 
john de Barro' s Hist. of India, Dec. 6. Lib. 1. Pag. 4.  The presents he received from the Prince of Asia, he put to the King's Revenue, a Virtue all praised, few imitated; the maimed Soldiers found him Solicitous in their Cure, and Compassionate of their Condition; He obliged every one, yet seemed obnoxious to all; He kept the Soldiers (as what would prove the Ruin of the State) from Merchandizing; He set upon no Action, which he did not achieve, being ready in Execution, mature in Counsel: amidst the employments of a Soldier, he preserved the virtues of a Religious man, was frequent in visiting Temples, a great honourer of Churchmen, merciful and liberal to the Poor; had great Devotion to the Cross of Christ, which he Reverenced in its Figure, by a low inclination without any difference of time or place; and so Religiously was he fired with the Worship of this most holy Representative, as he rather chose to Build a Temple to its Memory, then raise a House to his Posterity, leaving it on his Fatherly blessing to his Son Dom Alvero, that if he found in the favour, or justice of the King, any recompense for his Services, he should with that Build a Convent for the Franciscan Recollets in the Mountain of Sintra, and name the House The invocation of the Holy Cross. Dom Alvero de Castro, Heir apparent to the virtues of so pious a Father, gave order for Building the Convent, not so great for the Majesty of the Pile, as for the Sanctity of the Penitents who Inhabit there. Being the first time sent from King Dom Sebastian Ambassador to Pope Pius the Fourth, he obtained of him to privilege the Altar of the Convent for all Masses, and on the day of the Invention of the Cross, Plenary indulgence to all those who prayed for the pressing necessities of the Church, and designedly for the Soul of Dom john de Castro; so singular and unusual a grace as we have not known granted to Sovereign Princes. It is apparent, the Fame of his Victories was as loud in Italy, as that of his Virtues, attested by so Illustrious a testimony from the Vicar of Christ; for these and other Virtues we believe he now enjoys in Heaven nobler Palms in a more eminent Triumph. He had three Sons, 
His Children.  who all exposed themselves to the dangers of War, as their Father's blessing; Dom Miguel the Youngest, who in the Reign of King Dom Sebastian went to the Indies, and Died in the Government of Malaca; Dom Fernando burnt in the Mine at Dio; Dom Alvero, 
The praise of Dom Alvero de Castro.  with whom he seemed to share his Palms and Victories, the Son and Companion of his Fame, who returning to the Kingdom without any other Riches than the Wounds he received in the War, Married Dona Anna de Attayde, Daughter to Dom Lewis de Castro Lord of the House of Monsanto; He was a particular Favourite to King Dom Sebastian, entrusted by him in the greatest Affairs and places of the Kingdom, went on divers Embassies to Castille, France, Rome, and Savoy: Was of the Council of State, and sole Superintendent of the Exchequer, and in the midst of so eminent Offices, Died Poor, though he Deceased a Favourite.  
The END.   

An Index of the Most Observable things in this History.  

A.  


Adem.  
A City of Arabia, the Situation, lib. 4. num. 73. pag. 242.  
Rax Soliman seizeth on it by Treachery, lib. 4. num. 74. pag. 243.  
Is succeeded by Marzaon ibid.  
The Inhabitants offer it to the King of Campar ibid.  
He desires aid, and offers a Fortress there to Dom Manoel de Lima, lib. 4. num. 76. pag. 245.  
The Inhabitants receive Dom Payo de Noronha, who comes to relieve them, lib. 4. num. 79. pag. 245.  
Being forsaken by him, they give notice of it to the Governor, lib. 4. num. 80. pag. 246.  
The Gallantry of some Portuguese in this War, lib. 4. num. 84. pag. 248.  
The Turks besiege the City, lib. 4. num. 86. pag. 249.  
They enter by Treachery, lib. 4. num. 87. pag. 250.  
How the Arabbs forsaken by us, behave themselves, lib. 4. num. 87. pag. 249.   

Dom Affonso de Noronha.  
Governor of Ceita, lib. 1. num. 25. pag. 13. He receives Dom John de Castro with great ceremony, lib. 1. num. 30. pag. 17.    


Agacaim.  
The Governor Dom John de Castro arrives at the City, lib. 4. num. 62. pag. 237.  
Falls upon the Inhabitants, lib. 4. num. 63. pag. 238.  
They fly, lib. 4. num. 64. pag. 238.  
Dom Alvero de Castro pursues them, lib. 4. num. 65. pag. 238.  
They face about, lib. 4. num. 66. ibid.  
Their General falls, lib. 4. num. 66. pag. 239.    


Dom Alvero Bacaon.  
Admiral of the Emperor's Navy, lib. 1. num. 25. pag. 13.  
Visits Dom John de Castro on Board, lib. 1. num. 28. pag. 15.  
They discouse about the Fight ibid.  
Resolve to engage ibid.  
Dom Alvero changeth his Opinion, lib. 1. num. 28. pag. 16.    


Dom Alvero de Castro.  
Goes to the Indies with his Father, lib. 1. num. 17. pag. 8.  
Is Knighted by Dom Estevaon da Gama, lib. 1. num. 20. pag. 10.  
Returns with his Father to the Kingdom, lib. 1. num. 21. pag. 10.  
Goes to relieve Alcacer Ceguer, lib. 1. num. 30. pag. 17.  
Goes again to India with his Father, lib. 1. num. 37. pag. 20.  
Goes against Hidalcaon, lib. 1. num. 59 pag. 38.  
Sets Sail with six Ships, lib. 1. num. 60. pag. 38.  
The prize he takes ibid.  
After destroying the City of Cambre, returns for Goa, lib. 1. num. 65. pag. 42.  
Goes with relief to Dio, lib. 2. num. 88 pag. 108.  
The Commanders who go with him ibid.  
The difficulties of the Voyage, lib. 2. num. 122. pag. 127.  
Is forced back to Bacaim ibid.  
Sets forth from thence for Dio, lib. 2. num. 125. pag. 130.  
Is forced back again, lib. 2. num. 156. p. 148.  
Sets Sail again, and puts in at Agacaim, lib. 2. num. 158. pag. 14●.  
Takes a Ship belonging to Cambaya ibid.  
Arrives at Dio with forty Ships ibid.  
His reception by the Commander ibid.  
Takes his Post on the Work, where his Brother Dom Fernando was Killed, pag. 150.  
Adviseth his Father of the state of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 159. pag. 150.  
Is against the Soldiers Sallying forth on the Enemy, lib. 2. num. 162. pag. 152.  
But seeing their resolution bears them company, lib. 2. num. 163. pag. 152.  
His Courage and Discipline, lib. 2. num. 166. pag. 153.  
He gets upon the Wall, and being hurt with a stone falls down as Dead, pag. 154.  
Refuseth a great Ransom offered him by Rumecaon for a Janisary Captain, lib. 2. num. 179. pag. 161.  
The Governor, being arrived at Dio, gives him 800 Portuguese for the Fight, lib. 3. num. 14. pag. 178.  
His Courage in the Action, lib. 3. num. 17. pag. 183.  
The danger he is in, lib. 3. num. 22. pag. 185.  
He enters the City, pag. 186.  
The Governor his Father makes him a Commander against Hidalcaon, lib. 4. num. 38. pag. 226.  
He fights in the Vanguard with extraordinary Courage, lib. 4. num. 41. pag. 227.  
Makes the Enemy fly ibid.  
Goes to Dio with his Father the Governor, lib. 4. num. 43. pag. 228.  
Goes to Surat, lib. 4. num. 44. pag. 229.  
Sends Dom jorge de Menezes to get Intelligence, lib. 4. num. 45. ibid.  
And after him other Commanders, lib. 4. num. 46. pag. 230.  
He enters Dabul, and takes the City, lib. 4. num. 61. pag. 236.  
He sets upon the Enemy in Morgaon, lib. 4. num. 63. pag. 237.  
They fly, and he pursueth, lib. 4. num. 67. pag. 239.  
He destroys an other City called Dabul, lib. 4. num. 70. pag. 240.  
Goes with relief to Adem, lib. 4. num. 82. pag. 240.  
The Fleet he carries, 247.  
The success of the Voyage, lib. 4. num. 89. pag. 250.  
Calls a Council, and what is resolved, pag. 251.  
Falls upon Xael, lib. 4. num. 90. ibid.  
Gets the Fortress, and return to Goa, lib. 4. num. 92. pag. 252.  
The praise of Dom Alvero de Castro, lib. 4. num. 110. pag. 272.    


Dom Antonio de Attayde.  
Goes from Bacaim, lib. 3. num. 139. pag. 138.  
Arrives at Goa, lib. 2. num. 143. pag. 141.    


Antonio do Casal.  
In the Battle of Dio encourageth the Soldiers by holding up a Crucifix, lib. 3. num. 22. pag. 185.    


Antonio Correa.  
Sallies out of the Fortress of Dio, to take some of the Enemies, lib. 2. num. 150. pag. 145.  
Sets upon 12. Moors, who take him Prisoner ibid.  
Is carried before Rumecaon, lib. 2. num. 151. pag. 146.  
Who persuades him to change his Religion ibid.  
The affronts they put upon him, lib. 2. num. 152. pag. 146.  
He is beheaded for his Religion, ib. p. 147.  
The Moors in scorn and derision show our men his Head ibid.  
Our Soldiers set up the Head of a Moor to confront Antonio Correa's, lib. 2. num. 153. pag. 147.    


Antonio Moniz Barretto.  
Is content to go with a Carvel of Provisions to Dio, lib. 2. num. 92. pag. 110.  
Arrives at Bacaim, lib. 2. num. 123. pag. 127.  
His Courage in saving the Carvel, pag. 128.  
Goes for Dio ibid.  
The difficulties of the Voyage, lib. 2. num. 124. pag. 129.  
Arrives at the Fortress ibid.  
The brave jealousy betwixt him and Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora ibid.  
His Valour on several occasions, lib. 2. n. 130. 134. 167. 169. p. 133. 135. 155. 158.  
Is incited by a Soldier, whom he got released from the Service, and brought with him for Portugal, lib. 2. num. 148. pag. 144.  
Goes to look out for the Ships of Cambaya, and takes some of them, lib. 3. num. 35. pag. 197.  
Goes to Candea to further the Conversion of that King, lib. 4. num. 4. pag. 205.  
His Voyage, lib. 4. num. 10. pag. 209.  
Arrives at Candea, and finds things changed ibid.  
Endeavours to return, lib. 4. num. 17. pag. 210.  
Is fallen upon by the Enemies, lib. 4. num. 13. ibid.  
The difficulties of his March, lib. 4. num. 13. pag. 211.  
His prudence in moderating the Soldiers, lib. 4. num. 14. ibid.  
His bravery in Fight, lib. 4. num. 15. pag. 212.  
He retreats ibid.  
Upon a Letter from the King of Candea would return, lib. 4. num. 17. pag. 213.  
The Soldiers are against it ibid.  
He gets to his Fleet ibid.  
Returns to Dio with the Governor, lib. 4. num. 43. pag. 228.  
Goes to Adem with Dom Alvero, to be Commander of the Fortress to be Built there, lib. 4. num. 82. pag. 247.  
His Courage at Xael, lib. 4. num. 91. pag. 252.    


Dom Antonio de Noronha.  
Son to the Viceroy Dom Garcia, Ships himself for Dio, with 60. Soldiers at his own charge, lib. 3. num. 4. pag. 169.  
Takes some of the Mecca Fleet, lib. 4. num. 71. pag. 241.  
Goes to Adem with Dom Alvero, lib. 4. num. 82. pag. 247.  
His Valour at Xael, lib. 4. num. 91. pag. 252.    


Antonio Pecanha.  
Commander of Saint George's work in Dio, lib. 2. num. 32. pag. 78.  
His Courage in Fight, lib. 2. num. 73. pag. 100  
Is one of the five Soldiers who stoutly resist the Enemy, lib. 2. num. 119. pag. 124.    


Antote.  
A City destroyed by Dom Manoel de Lima, lib. 3. num. 7. pag. 174.    


Athanasio Freire.  
Going for Dio run on Shore hard by Surat, and was carried before Sultan Mahamud, lib. 2. num. 156. pag. 148.    


Azedecaon.  
One of Hidalcaon 's Commanders, lib. 1. num. 53. pag. 32.  
Routed by the Governor Dom John de Castro, lib. 1. num. 55. pag. 33.     

B.  


Balsora.  
IN Arabia the Happy, its description, lib. 3. num. 36. pag. 197.  
The Turks fortify themselves in it, pag. 198.    


Barba-Rosla.  
A famous Pirate, lib. 1. num. 9 pag. 3.  
Persuades the Turk to make War upon Christendom, lib. 1. num. 23. pag. 11.  
Comes with a Fleet towards the straits, lib. 1. num. 28. pag. 15.  
Seeing Dom John de Castro 's resolution altars his course, lib. 1. num. 29. pag. 16.    


Baroche.  
It's situation and strength, lib. 4. num. 5. pag. 206.  
The Trade of the Inhabitants ibid.  
Madre Maluco Lord of it ibid.  
Dom jorge de Menezes enters it, and sets it on fire, lib. 4. num. 6. ibid.  
Madre Maluco comes too late to its help, lib. 4. num. 7. pag. 207.  
Dom Alvero coming in sight of it, the Fortress is quitted, lib. 4. num. 55. pag. 234.    


Bastion.  
The great Ruins of Saint James 's Bastion, lib. 2. num. 54. pag. 89.  
Coge-Sofar raiseth a great Work before Saint Thomas 's, which doth much Damage it, lib. 2. num. 56. pag. 90.  
Juzarcaon falls upon Saint john's, lib. 2. num. 67. pag. 90.  
And Rumecaon upon Saint Thomas 's, lib. 2. num. 68 pag. 96.  
The Turks enter the Work, lib. 2. num. 75. pag. 101.  
'Tis reported to be taken, lib. 2. num. 76. pag. 101.  
The Enemy makes a Bastion over against Saint James 's, lib. 2. num. 93. pag. 111.  
Our men throw it down, lib. 2. num. 94. pag. 111.  
The Turks get upon Saint Thomas 's, lib. 2. num. 102. pag. 116.  
The Enemy falls upon Saint James 's, lib. 2. num. 128. pag. 132.  
And upon Saint John 's, and retires, lib. 2. num. 135. pag. 136.  
The Enemy plants three Colours on St. James 's, lib. 2. num. 137. pag. 137.  
Here they fought Courageously, lib. 2. num. 141. pag. 140.  
Saint Thomas 's work fallen upon, lib. 2. num. 147. pag. 143.  
The success in Saint James 's, lib. 2. num. 138. pag. 138.    


Beard.  
The Governor pawns some hairs of his Beard to the City of Goa, for the Building up again the Fortress of Dio, lib. 3. num. 29. pag. 189.  
The Citizens of Goa return them, lib. 3. num. 30. pag. 192.  
Where, and how they are preserved to this day ibid.    


Bento Barbosa.  
One of the five Soldiers who stoutly resisted the Enemies in Dio, lib. 2. num. 119. pag. 124.    


Bernardim de Sousa.  
Commander of the Molucos, lib. 2. num. 28. pag. 215.  
He carries with him Cachil Aeyro ibid. They arrive at Ternate, lib. 4. num. 12. ibid.    


Bertholomew Correa.  
One of the five Soldiers who Courageously kept off the Enemy in Dio, lib. 2 num. 119. pag.. 124.     

C.  


Cachil Aeyro.  
THe Governor invests him in the Crown of Maluco, lib. 2. num. 12. pag. 65.  
Goes a Prisoner to Goa, by order from Jordaon de Freitas. lib. 4. num. 20. pag. 215.  
The Governor absolves him ibid.  
Returns to Ternate with Bernardim de Sousa, lib. 4. num. 21. ibid.  
Is restored ibid.    


Calabatecaon.  
A stout Turk of Dalmatia, lib. 4. num. 57 pag. 235.  
One of Hidalcaon's Commanders ibid.  
Retires from Agacaim, where the Governor enters, lib. 4. num. 64. pag. 238.  
Returns to put his men in order, lib. 4. num. 66. ibid.  
Is killed by Diogo de Almeyda, pag. 239.    


Cambre.  
Dom Alvero resolves to enter Cambre, lib. 1. num. 61. pag. 39  
Resolves to invest it ibid.  
Goes on Shore, pag. 40.  
The greatness and strength of the place, lib. 1. num. 62. pag. 40.  
Resistance of the Enemy, lib. 1. num. 63. pag. 41.  
The City is at last won, lib. 1. num. 64. ibid.  
It's destruction, and pillage, pag. 42.    


Campar.  
The King of Campar accepts the Subjection, offered him by the Inhabitants of Adem, lib. 4. num. 75. pag. 244.  
Sends men against the Tyrant Marzaon ibid.  
Enters the City by agreement, lib. 4. num. 76. ibid.  
Goes out afterwards against the Tyrant, and Dies in the Battle, lib. 4. n. 77. p. 245.    


Candea.  
A Kingdom in the Island of a Zeilan, lib. 4. num. 2. pag. 205.  
The King receives the Preaching of the Gospel ibid.  
Is inconstant, but the Friars encourage him, lib. 4. num. 3. ibid.  
The King of Cotta dissuades him from changing his Religion, lib. 4. n. 8. p. 208.  
The King of Candea consents, lib. 4. num. 9 pag. 209.  
Afterwards reputes of what he hath done, lib. 4. num. 16. pag. 212.    


Charles the fifth, Emperor.  
Resolves to find out Barba-Rossa, lib. 1. num. 9 pag. 4.  
A pass of Civility betwixt him and the Infante Dom Lewis, lib. 1. n. 12. p. 6.  
Would have Knighted Dom John de Castro, but he excused it, lib. 1. num. 13. pag. 7.  
His reward to the Commanders of the Fleet, which Dom John refuseth, lib. 1. ibid.  
Adviseth the King Dom John of the designs of the Turk, lib. 1. n. 24. p. 13.  
Asketh supplies of him to resist him, lib. 1. num. 25. pag. 13.    


Catherina de Sousa.  
Writes to the Governor, and offers him her jewels for the carrying on the War, lib. 2. num. 91. pag. 109.    


Caxem.  
The King of Caxem sends for help to the Governor, lib. 4. num. 83. pag. 247.  
The Governor sends Dom John de Attayde with four Ships. ibid.    


Cealaon.  
The King Dom John the third sends some Franciscan Friars to preach the Gospel in Zeilan, lib. 4. num. 1. pag. 204.    


Coge-Sofar.  
Persuades Mahomet King of Cambaya to take Dio from the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 3. pag. 54.  
Who this Moor was, lib. 2. n. 4. ibid.  
How he came to Cambaya, lib. 2. num. 6. pag. 56.  
His arguments for the design of Dio, lib. 2. num. 7. pag. 57  
His proposition to the Commander of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 21. pag. 70.  
He strives to gain it by treachery, lib. 2. num. 24.  
He comes to Dio with an Army, lib. 2. num. 25. pag. 73.  
His Ammunition and Provision, lib. 2. num. 27. pag. 74.  
His Speech to his men, lib. 2. n. 28. ibid.  
He makes propositions again to the Commander of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 29. pag. 75.  
Recruits come to him, lib. 2. n. 34. p. 79.  
He begins to Batter the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 35. pag. 80.  
The stratagem he laid in a Ship, lib. 2. num. 36. ibid.  
Which the Portuguese defeat, lib. 2. num. 37. pag. 81.  
He continues his Battery, lib. 2. num. 38, 39 48. 51. pag. 82. 86. 88  
He makes an Oath to take Dio, or perish in the design, lib. 2. num. 53. pag. 89.  
He Dies with a Musket shot, lib. 2. num. 60. pag. 92.    


Compassion.  
The Compassion of the Governor Dom John de Castro, lib. 1. num. 37. pag. 20. num. 38. pag. 21. lib. 4. num. 54. pag. 234. num. 100 pag. 262.    


Cotta.  
A Kingdom in the Island of Zeilan, lib. 4. num. 1. pag. 204.  
The King receives the Franciscans ibid.  
It dissuaded from changing his Religion, lib. 4. num. 8. pag. 208.    


Cross.  
The Governor Dom John de Castro's Veneration to the Holy Cross, lib. 1. num. 56. pag. 33.  
The finding the Cross of St. Thomas, lib. 1. num. 57 pag. 34.  
The miracle of that Cross ibid.  
How the Governor was affected at the News, lib. 1. num. 58. pag. 37.     

D.  


Dabul.  
A City of Hidalcaon 's, lib. 4. num. 60. pag. 236.  
Entered and Destroyed by the Governor and his Son Dom Alvero, lib. 4. num. 61. pag. 236.    


Dabul the upper.  
Another City of the same name Destroyed by the Governor and his Son, lib. 4. num. 70. pag. 240.    


Dio.  
The description of the Island, lib. 2. num. 26. pag. 73.  
Coge-Sofar begins to Batter the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 35. pag. 80.  
The Enemies command the Ditch, lib. 2. num. 48. pag. 86.  
A postern found in the Fortress, by which the Commander repairs some Breaches, lib. 2. num. 59 p. 92.  
After that he Shuts it up, lib. 2. num. 61. pag. 93.  
The scarcity in the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 62. ibid.  
The courage and resistance of the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 69. pag. 97.  
Another Assault, lib. 2. n. 73. p. 100  
The Turks get upon the Church, where Dom John Mascarenhas goes to help, lib. 2. num. 81. pag. 104.  
They fight there with great Courage ibid.  
The Enemies retire, lib. 2. n. 82. p. 104.  
Many of them Dye, lib. 2. n. 84. p. 106.  
The Valour of fourteen Portugese Soldiers, lib. 2. num. 95. pag. 112.  
A general Assault, lib. 2. n. 96. p. 113.  
How the Portuguese prevent the fire, lib. 2. num. 97. ibid.  
The Enemy retires, lib. 2. n. 99 p. 114.  
With what loss ibid.  
Another assault, lib. 2. n. 102. p. 116.  
The Portuguese ' s resistance, lib. 2. num. 103. ibid.  
The great loss of the Enemies, lib. 2. num. 105. pag. 117.  
The wants of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 106. pag. 148.  
What provision they make in the want of Pots of Powder, lib. 2. num. 108. ibid.  
The Enemy makes as if he would give another Assault, lib. 2. num. 114. pag. 121.  
Notable courage of five Soldiers, lib. 2. num. 116. pag. 123.  
Their names, lib. 2. num. 119. pag. 124.  
The Portuguese repair the Mines, lib. 2. num. 126. pag. 130.  
The Enemy gives another Assault, lib. 2. num. 134. pag. 135.  
The Portuguese's stout resistance, ibid.  
The danger in which they are, lib. 2. n. 137. p. 137. n. 142. p. 141.  
The defend the Breachers of the Mine, lib. 2. num. 145. pag. 142.  
The extremity the Fortress is in, lib. 2. num. 155. pag. 148.  
The resolution of the Portuguese to Sally out and find the Enemy, lib. 2. num. 161. pag. 151.  
They go on in their Resolution against the opinion of the Commanders, lib. 2. num. 163. pag. 152.  
Their last Sally, and their Order, lib. 2. num. 164. pag. 153.  
The Enemy's resistance, lib. 2. num. 165. ibid.  
The Portuguese's loss in this Disorder, lib. 2. num. 170. pag. 155.  
After this the Portuguese take fourteen Vessels carrying Provisions to the Enemy, lib. 2. num. 179. pag. 167.  
The unfortunate Gallantry of three Portugese Soldiers, lib. 3. num. 15. pag. 181.  
The Victory, lib. 3. num. 25. pag. 187.  
The number of the Enemy's loss, lib. 3. num. 27. pag. 188.  
The Booty and Plunder of the Castle, lib. 3. num. 28. ibid.  
A Canon brought from Dio and put into Saint Gilians ibid.  
The number of the De●d, pag. 189.  
The Governor re-builds the Fortress, lib. 3. n. 29. ibid. n. 31. p. 194.  
Dom John Mascarenhas leaves the place, and the Governor entrusts it with Lewis Falcaon, lib. 4. num. 53. pag. 233.    


Don Diogo de Almeyda Freire.  
Commander in Chief in Goa, lib. 2. num. 180. pag. 162.  
Is against the Governors' resolution of going to Dio, ibid.  
He remains in the Government in his absence, lib. 3. num. 1. pag. 167.  
Visits him at Sea when he returns, lib. 3. num. 39 pag. 199.  
Is sent by the Governor against 〈…〉 lib. 4. n. 19 p. 214. n. 32. p. 222.  
Comes to the Fortress ●f Rachal ibid.  
Where he retires his men ibid.  
Goes out against Hidalcaon, lib. 4.  
num. 38. pag. 226.  
Destres to do so upon an other occasion, lib. 4. num. 58. pag. 235.  
The City hinders him, ibid.  
He adviseth the Governor, lib. 4. num. 59 pag. 236.  
Who stays for him at Agacaim, lib. 4. num. 62. pag. 237.  
He kills the Enemy's General, lib. 4. num. 36. pag. 239.  
He continueth in the Country Salsete with some Horse, lib. 4. num. 69. pag. 240.  
The Viceroy resigns the Government of the State to him and the Bishop, lib. 4. num. 101. pag. 263.    


Diogo de Anaya.  
A famous Action of his, in getting intelligence from the Enemy, lib. 2. n. 52. p. 81.    


Diogo de Reynoso.  
The Governor recommends his Son Dom Fernando to him, lib. 2. num. 30. pag. 77.  
He helps in Saint Thomas' work, lib. 2. num. 100 pag. 119.  
His too great Courage is the occasion of the loss of a great many men in the Ruin, lib. 2. num. 115. pag. 122.    


Diogo Soarez de melo.  
Being in Patane, is sent for by Simaon de melo to come to Melaca, lib. 4. n. 43. p. 216.  
Whether he goes, lib. 4. num. 24. pag. 351.  
He goes out with Don Francisco d' Eca against the King of Achem, lib. 4. num. 25. pag. 217.  
He pacifi●th the mutiny of the Soldiers, lib. 4. num. 26. pag. 218.  
He makes the Enemy's Admiral Galley yield, lib. 4. num. 27. pag. 219.    


St. Dominicks de Bemfica.  
A 〈◊〉 near Lisbon, lib. 4. num. 105. pag. 265.  
The Bishop 〈◊〉 General Builds a rich Chapel there, lib. 4. num. 106. pag. 266.  
〈…〉  
And Dom Alvero de Castro 's lib. 4. num. 108. pag. 268.    


Dom Duarte de Menezes.  
Governor of Tangier, lib. 1. n. 3. p. 2.  
Knights Dom John de Castro, lib. 1. num. 5. ibid.  
Informs the King of his deserts, ibid.  
Goes from Bacaim, lib. 2. n. 139. p. 138.  
Arrives at Dio. lib. 2. n. 140. p. 139.  
His Valour in the Fight, lib. 2. num. 169. pag. 155.  
A Duel between Dom John Manoel, and John Falcaon, and how stoutly they behaved themselves against the Enemy, lib. 3. num. 16. pag. 182.    


Dom Estavaon da Gama.  
Succeeds Dom Garcia de Noronha in the Goment of India, lib. 1. num. 18. pag. 8.  
Goes to the Red-Sea, lib. 1. n. 19 p. 9  
Knights Dom Alvero de Castro, lib. 1. num. 20. pag. 10.     

F.  


Fausto Serraon de Calvos.  
THe witty answer he gives to the Governor, lib. 4. num. 48. pag. 231.    


Fernaon Carvallo.  
Sends to get Intelligence by order from the Commander of Dio, lib. 2. n. 50. p. 87.  
Adviseth the Governor what he saw amongst the Enemies, lib. 2. num. 7. pag. 99    


Dom Fernando de Castro.  
Goes to India with the Governor his Father, lib. 1. num. 35. pag. 19  
Goes with Relief to Dio, lib. 2. num. 30. pag. 76.  
Arrives at the Fortress, lib. ●. num. 40. pag. 83.  
His Reception by the Commander, lib. 2. num. 41. ibid.  
He asks him leave to Sally out against the 〈◊〉 Enemy, which he denies him, lib. 2. num. 46. pag. 86.  
His C●●●age, lib. 2. num. 98. pag. 1●4.  
〈◊〉 sick he goes to help in Saint Thomas' work, lib. 2. num. 11●. pag. 1ST.  
He dies in the Blowing up of a mine with other Gentlemen, lib. 2. n. 125. p. 122.  
Where his Body is laid, lib. 2. num. 120. pag. 125.  
The Governor commands his Bones to be taken up, to pawn them to the City of Goa, but in vain, lib. 3. num. 29. pag. 189.    


Fernaon Perez.  
Is the first who scales Xael against the Fartaques, lib. 4. num. 90. pag. 252.    


Fernaon de Sousa.  
Is sent by the Governor to Maluco, lib. 2. num. 14. pag. 66.  
Answers the Letters of de Ruy Lopez de Villalobos Commander of the castilians, lib. 2. n. 15. p. 67. n. 17. p. 68,  
Goes in Person to parley with him, lib. 2. ib.  
Their agreement. ibid.  
His behaviour, upon the Castillian's breaking his word, lib. 2. num. 20. pag. 69.    


Dom Francisdo d' Eca.  
Goes from Malaca against the King of Achem. Commanded by Simaon de melo, lib. 4. num. 25. pag. 217.  
Hears where he is, and hath a mind to follow him, lib. 4. num. 26. pag. 218.  
The Soldier's mutiny ibid.  
He comes in sight of the Enemy, lib. 4. num. 27. pag. 218.    


Francisco Guilherme.  
Goes from Bacaim, lib. 2. n. 139. p. 138.  
Arrives at Dio, lib. 2. n. 143. p. 141.    


Francisco de melo.  
Governor of the Fortress of Rachol, lib. 4. num. 38. pag. 226.  
He sends to the Governor to join with him against Hidalcaon ibid.    


Dom Francisco de Menezes.  
Goes with Relief to Dio, lib. 2. num. 87. pag. 108.  
Arrives at Bacaim, lib. 2. n. 122. p. 127.  
Afterwards at Agacaim, lib. 2. num. 158. pag. 149.  
His Courage in Dio, lib. 2. n. 160. p. 151.  
He is against the Portuguese resolution of Sallying, lib. 2. num. 162. pag. 152.  
Goes along with them in the Sally, lib. 2. num. 164. pag. 153.  
He Died by a Bullet, lib. 2. n. 168. p. 154.    


Francisco Vieira.  
And Manoel Pereira another Soldier of fortune stay in Adem, upon the departure of Dom Payo, and Fight stoutly, lib. 4. n. 86. p. 249.  
They save a Prince in the Defeat, whom they carried to Campar, lib. 4. n. 87. p. 250.    


Saint Francisco Xavier.  
A faithful Labourer in the Vineyard of our Saviour, lib. 1. num. 71. pag. 50.  
He quiets the people of Malaca, lib. 4. num. 30. pag. 220.  
He foretelleth the Victory, and the manner of it, pag. 229.  
He is Assistant to the Viceroy Dom John in his Sickness, and till his Death, lib. 4. num. 103. pag. 264.     

G.  


Gandar.  
A City on the Coast of Cambaya, destroyed by Manoel de Lima, lib. 3. num. 33. pag. 318.    


Dom Garcia de Norunha.  
Going to govern India carries with him Dom John de Castro, lib. 1. n. 16. p. 8.  
He Dies in a little time, and is succeeded by Dom Estavaon da Gama, lib 1. ibid.    


Garcia Rodriguez de Tavora.  
Goes to Dio with Antonio Moniz Barretto, lib. 2. num. 123. pag. 128.  
The brave jealousy betwixt them, lib. 2. num. 124. pag. 210.  
His Courage in the Fight, lib. 2. num. 130. pag. 133.    


Guil. Goutinho.  
Commander of Saint John's work, lib. 2. num. 32. pag. 78.  
The care and courage of his Fight, lib. 2. num. 53. pag. 89.  
He is blown up in a Mine, lib. 2. num. 115. pag. 122.    


Goga.  
A City on the Coast of Cambaya, whither Dom Manoel da Lima goes, lib. 3. n. 32. p. 195. Plundered and Burnt ibid.     

H.  


Hidaldaon.  
HIs first Embassy to the Governor Dom John, lib. 1. num. 43. pag. 24.  
Who this Moor was ibid.  
How he seizeth on the Crown, lib. 1. num. 46. pag. 26.  
His trouble upon Meale's coming to Goa, lib. 1. num. 48. pag. 28.  
Offers great Conditions to the Governor Martim Alfonso de Sousa for the Person of Meal, lib. 1. num. 49. pag. 29.  
His first coming against the State of India, lib. 1. num. 53. pag. 31.  
He treats upon a Peace, seeing the fortune of the Portuguese arms, lib. 1. n. 66. p. 43.  
The Governor accepts it, lib. 1. num. 67. ibid.  
He sends Soldiers upon the main Land, lib. 4. num. 18. pag. 214. n. 31. p. 222.  
His perplexity ibid.  
He retires to Ponda, lib. 4. n. 39 p. 226.  
The Governor follows him, lib. 4. num. 40. pag. 217.  
Makes him retire to the Mountain ibid.  
He renews the War, lib. 4. n. 57 p. 235.  
His losses, lib. 4. num. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, & 70.     

I.  


Jacome Leite.  
DEfeats a Stratagem of Coge-Sofars, lib. 2. num. 37. pag. 81.  
Takes store of Provision from the Enemy, with the Slaughter of many of his men, lib. 2. num. 45. pag. 81.    


The King Dom John.  
Sends for Dom John de Castro from Tangie; and Rewards him, lib. 1. num. 6. pag. 3.  
What he gives him at his first going to India, lib. 1. num. 16. pag. 8.  
Makes him Admiral of the Navy of the Coast, lib. 1. num. 21. pag. 10.  
Afterwards of the Fleet against the Turk, lib. 1. num. 26. pag. 14.  
His confidence in him, lib. 1. num. 27. pag. 14.  
He elects him for Governor of India, lib. 1. num. 33. pag. 18.  
The Letter he writes him, lib. 1. num. 69. pag. 44.  
His rejoicing for the news of the Victory of Dio, lib. 4. num. 94. pag. 253.  
Another Letter he writes him, and the Rewards bestowed upon him, lib. 4. num. 95. pag. 254.  
He prolongs his Government three years more, with the ●itle of Viceroy, lib. 4. num. 98. pag. 261.  
He sends six Ships to India, lib. 4. num. 99 pag. 262.    


Dom John de Albequerque Bishop.  
He remains in the Government with Dom Diogo de Almeyda, in the absence of the Governor, lib. 3. num. 1. pag. 167.  
At his return visits him on the Sea, lib. 3. num. 39 pag. 199.  
Receives him in the See with a Te Deum Laudamus, lib. 3. num. 41. pag. 203.  
The Viceroy at his Death resigns the Government to him, and Dom Diogo d' Almeyda, lib. 4. num. 101. pag. 263.    


Dom John d' Almeyda.  
And his Brother Dom Pedro entrusted with Saint James' work at Dio, lib. 2. num. 32. pag. 78.  
They Sally out against the Enemy, and their Execution, lib. 2. num. 94. pag. 111.  
His Courage in the Fight, lib. 2. num. 53. 68 75.    


Dom John d' Attayde.  
Goes to Adem with Dom Alvero de Castro, lib. 4. num. 82. pag. 247.  
The Governor sends him to Caxem, lib. 4. num. 8. pag. 248.  
The success of his Voyage, lib. 4. num. 88 pag. 250.  
He is met with by Dom Alvero, lib. 4. num. 89. ibid.  
His Courage at Xael, lib. 4. num. 91. pag. 252.    


Dom John de Castro.  
His first Studies, lib. 1. num. 1. pag. 1.  
Applies himself to the Mathematics, lib. 1. num. 2. pag. 1.  
He goes to Tangiers, lib. 1. num. 4. pag. 2.  
His behaviour at Court, lib. 1. num. 7. pag. 3.  
He Marries Dona Leonor Coutinho, lib. 1. num. 8. ibid.  
He goes to Tunis, lib. 1. num. 9 ibid.  
Returned from that Expedition, he retires to Sintra, lib. 1. num. 14. pag. 7.  
His first Voyage to the Indies, lib. 1. num. 15. pag. 7.  
In the company of Dom Garcia de Noronha, lib. 1. num. 16. pag. 8.  
He goes with Relief to Dio, lib. 1. num. 17. pag. 8.  
He goes to the Red-Sea with Dom Estevaon da Gama, lib. 1. num. 19 pag. 9  
He makes a journal of the Voyage ibid.  
He returns to Portugal, and the King makes him Admiral of the Navy of the Coast, lib. 1. num. 21. pag. 10.  
He defeats seven Ships of the Pirates ibid.  
Brings in the Fleet from India. ibid.  
The King makes him Admiral of the Navy against the Turk, lib. 1. num. 26. pag. 14.  
He discourseth with Dom Alvero Bacaon, the Emperor's Admiral, about the Action, lib. 1. num. 28. pag. 15.  
They resolve to Fight ibid.  
He continues in that opinion against the Spanish General ibid.  
Expects the Enemy three days in the straits mouth, lib. 1. num. 29. pag. 16.  
Goes to Ceita, lib. 1. num. 3. pag. 16.  
Returns to Lisbon, and retires to Sintra, ibid.  
The King makes him Governor of India, lib. 1. num. 33. pag. 18.  
He takes care for providing the Fleet, lib. 1. num. 34. pag. 19  
He reproves the fine clothes of his Son, lib. 1. num. 35. ibid.  
He departs for India, lib. 1. num. 37. pag. 20.  
He arrives at Mozambick, lib. 1. num. 38. pag. 21.  
He departs thence for Goa, lib. 1. num. 39 pag. 22.  
His reception there, lib. 1. num. 40. ibid.  
The condition he finds India in, lib. 1. num. 41. pag. 23.  
His answer to Hidalcaon about the business of Meal, lib. 1. num. 51. pag. 30.  
His preparaetions for the War, lib. 1. num. 52. pag. 31.  
He goes against Azedecaon one of Hidalcaon's Commanders, lib. 1. num. 55. pag. 33.  
He fights him, and routs him ibid.  
He takes care about the affairs of the State, lib. 1. num. 68 pag. 44.  
And about matters of Religion ibid.  
He sends men to Dio, lib. 2. num. 10. pag. 64.  
He writes to Sultan Mahomet concerning that Fortress ibid.  
He sends Recruits to Dio, lib. 2. num. 23. pag. 72.  
Afterwards his Son Dom Ferdinando with fresh Recruits, lib. 2. num. 30. pag. 76.  
Writes a civil Letter to Dom John Mascarenhas, lib. 2. num. 31. pag. 72.  
Proclaims War against Cambaya, lib. 2. num. 43. pag. 84.  
Writes to all the places, and borrows Money to relieve Dio, lib. 2. num. 44. pag. 85.  
Makes public Prayers ibid.  
His solicitousness about the R●cruits, lib. 2. num. 86. pag. 107.  
He sends his Son Dom Alvero, lib. 3. num. 87. ibid.  
And Dom Francisco de Menezes, lib. 2. ibid.  
The preparation he makes, lib. 2. num. 89. pag. 108. num. 92. pag. 110.  
Hears news from Dio, lib. 2. num. 175. pag. 158.  
The piety and cheerfulness with which he receives it ibid.  
His constancy on the news of the Death of his Son Dom Ferdinando ibid.  
He makes a Procession for Thanksgiving, lib. 2. num. 176. pag. 159.  
He declares in Council his resolution to go to Dio, lib. 2. num. 180. pag. 162.  
Which is spoke against, lib. 2. num. 181. pag. 162.  
Yet he resolves to go, lib. 2. num. 182. pag. 165.  
He departs from Goa to relieve Dio, lib. 3. num. 1. pag. 167.  
His Fleet, and the Commanders, lib. 3. num. 2. pag. 168.  
He arrives at Bacaim, and makes War upon Cambaya, lib. 3. num. 3. pag. 168.  
He goes into Dio, lib. 3. n. 9 p. 175.  
He holds a Council at Sea, lib. 3. num. 10. ibid.  
Puts his men into Dio ibid.  
Resolves to Fight, lib. 3. n. 12. p. 177.  
The orders he gives to the Fleet ibid.  
He speaks to the Soldiers, lib. 3. num. 13. pag. 178.  
The order he puts them in, lib. 3. num. 14. ibid.  
He Sallies out of the Fortress, lib. 3. num. 15. pag. 181.  
The danger he is in, and how he frees himself, lib. 3. num. 18. pag. 183.  
He cries out Victory, and pursues it ibid.  
He fights in Person, lib. 3. n. 19 p. 184.  
He falls upon Rumecaon, lib. 3. num. 21. pag. 185.  
Gets the Victory, lib. 3. num. 25. pag. 187.  
Is congratulated for the Victory, lib. 3. num. 29. pag. 188.  
He re-builds the Fortress, lib. 3. num. 29. pag. 189.  
He pawns the hairs of his Beard ibid.  
The Citizens of Goa return them with the Money he asked, lib. 3. n. 30. p. 191.  
He goes on with the work at the Fortress, lib. 3. num, 31. pag. 194.  
He sends Dom Manoel de Lima to make War on the Coast of Cambaya, lib. 3. num. 32. ibid.  
After him Antonio Moniz to look for the Ships of Cambaya, lib. 3. num. 35. pag. 197.  
Hath news from Ormus about Commotions there, lib. 3. num. 36. ibid.  
He sends Dom Manoel da Lima thither, lib. 3. num. 37. pag. 198.  
He writes to the King Dom John about the deserts of the Soldiers, ibid. pag. 199.  
Imbarks for Goa, lib. 3. num. 39 ibid.  
Arrives there, and is Visited at Sea, the Triumphordered him, and the Description of it, lib. 3. n. 39 p. 199. n. 40. p. 220.  
His entrance into the City, lib. 3. num. 41. pag. 201.  
One of the Magistrates makes him a Speech ibid.  
He goes to the Bishops See, and acknowledgeth God to be the Author of Victories, lib. 3. pag. 203.  
He endeavours the Conversion of the King of Candea, and sends Antonio Moniz Barretto thither, lib. 4. num. 4. pag. 205.  
He sends Dom Diogo de Almeyda against Hidalcaon, lib. 4. num. 19 pag. 214.  
And after him other Forces, lib. 4. ibid.  
Consults about the War against Hidalcaon, lib. 4. num. 33. pag. 223.  
Which is deferred till another time ibid.  
He exerciseth his Soldiers, lib. 4. num. 34. pag. 223.  
And encourageth them ibid.  
Receives advice from Dio, lib. 4. num. 35. pag. 224.  
Which he communicates to the Council, and desires their help. num. 36. ibid.  
Adviseth Chaul and Bacaim, lib. 4 num. 36. pag. 225.  
Resolves upon a War against Hidalcaon, lib. 4. num. 38. pag. 226.  
The order of his men ibid.  
Ambassadors come to him from Canara, lib. 4 num. 39 pag. 226.  
He gives them Audience, and dispatcheth them ibid.  
He pursues Hidalcaon, lib. 4. num. 40. pag. 227.  
He goes to Goa, lib. 4. num. 42. pag. 228.  
He returns to Dio and his Fleet, num. 43. ibid.  
He arrives at Barcaim, lib. 4. num. 44. pag. 229.  
He sends his Son Dom Alvero to Surat ibid.  
His gallantry to fright the Moors, lib. 4. num. 48. pag. 231.  
He joins with Dom Alvero at the Bar of Sutat, lib. 4. num. 49. ibid.  
He goes in sight of the Sultan, and presents him Battle ibid.  
His Speech to the Soldiers, lib. 4. num. 50. pag. 232.  
The answer of the Gentlemen and Officers, num. 51. ibid.  
He stays three hours in the Field, and returns on Board, lib. 4. num. 51. pag. 233.  
What mischief he does the Enemy, num. 52. ibid.  
He arrives at Dio, lib. 3. n. 53. p. 233.  
Upon Dom John Mascarenhas' resigning the place, he delivers it to Lewis Falcaon ib.  
He imbarks for Bacaim, lib. 4. num. 54. pag. 234.  
Whence he writes to the King, putting him in mind of those who had served him, lib. 4. num. 56. pag. 235.  
The reward he begs of him, lib. 4. num. 94. pag. 253.  
taketh Shipping for Goa, and goes in sight of Dabul, lib. 4. num. 60. pag. 236.  
Takes the City, lib. 4. num. 61. pag. 237.  
Arrives at Agacaim, num. 62. ibid.  
Falls upon the Enemies, num. 63. ibid.  
Fights in Person, lib. 4. num. 67. pag. 239.  
Gets the Victory ibid.  
Dispatcheth the Ships for the Kingdom, lib. 4. num. 68 pag. 240.  
Continueth the War against Hidalcaon, num. 69. ibid.  
He Destroys the upper Dabul, num. 70. ibid.  
Goes to Bacaim and spoils Cambaya, lib. 4. num. 71. pag. 241.  
The Inhabitants of Adem send to him for Relief against the Tyrant, lib. 4. num. 80. pag. 246.  
The Governor sends his Son Dom Alvero to them, lib. 4. num. 82. pag. 246.  
Ambassadors from the King of Caxem come to him, lib. 4. num. 83. pag. 247.  
The Governors' answer, and the Relief he sends them ibid.  
He receives Letters from the King Dom John, from the Queen Dona Catherina, and from the Infante Dom Lewis, lib. 4. num. 95, 96, 97. pag. 254.  
The King prolongs his Government by the Title of Viceroy, lib. 4. num. 98. pag. 261.  
There arrives a Ship at Goa from Portugal, lib. 4. num. 100  
He receives Letters, and finds there his Honours and Reward ibid.  
He falls Sick, and resigns the Government, lib. 4. num. 101.  
He sends for the Governors, and speaks to them, lib. 4. num. 102.  
The Oath he takes before them ibid.  
Knowing the danger of his Sickness, retires himself with Saint Francisco Xaverius, lib. 4. num. 103.  
His Death, Burial, and the general grief, ibid.  
His Bones come to Portugal, and are Deposited at Saint Dominicks in Lisbon, and from thence are carried to Bemfica, lib. 4. num. 104. pag. 265.  
The Family of the Viceroy Dom John de Castro, lib. 4. num. 110. pag. 269.  
His Children, lib. 4. pag. 272.    


John Coelho.  
Chaplain in the Fortress of Dio, offers himself to go to the Governor, lib. 2. num. 63. pag. 94.  
His news comes to him, lib. 3. num. 87. pag. 107.  
He returns to Dio, lib. 2. n. 101. p. 115.  
He encourageth the Soldiers in the Fight, lib. 2. num. 118. pag. 114.    


John Falcaon.  
The challenge between him and Dom John Manoel, lib. 3. num. 16. pag. 181.  
How 'tis made up ibid.  
Upon the Wall he is cut to pieces ibid.    


Don John Manoel.  
His challenge with John Falcaon, and how 'tis composed ibid.  
Upon the Wall he hath his hands and head cut off ibid.    


Dom John Mascarenhas.  
Commander of Dio, lib. 2. n. 9 p. 64.  
Adviseth the Governor Dom John de Castro of the designs of Coge-Sofar ibid.  
The proposition the Moor makes him, lib. 2. num. 21. pag. 70.  
His answer, and second advice to the Governor, lib. 2. num. 22. pag. 71.  
The provisions he makes against the War, lib. 2. num. 25. pag. 72.  
His answer to another proposition of Coge-Sofars, lib. 2. num. 29. pag. 76.  
He disposeth the Posts of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 32. pag. 78.  
Speaks to the Soldiers, lib. 2. num. 33. ibid.  
How he received Don Ferdinand de Castro who came with Relief, lib. 2. num. 41. pag. 83.  
Sends news over-Land to the King Dom John, lib. 2. num. 47. pag. 86.  
His care and vigilancy, lib. 2. num. 58. pag. 138. 154.  
His design to defeat an other of the Enemy, lib. 2. num. 65. pag. 94.  
He repairs the Breaches of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 71. pag. 98.  
He helps to beat the Turks out, lib. 2. num. 79. pag. 103.  
Does it with great Courage, lib. 2. num. 80. ibid.  
His brave Resolution, lib. 2. num. 121. pag. 126.  
He adviseth Dom Alvero de Castro of the straits of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 125. pag. 130.  
How he receives him at his Arrival, lib. 2. num. 158. pag. 149.  
He adviseth the Governor of the success of the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 159. pag. 150.  
He dissuades the Portugese, who desire to Sally out upon the Enemy, lib. 2. num. 162. pag. 151.  
But seeing their Resolution, goes along with them, lib. 2. num. 163. pag. 152.  
The prudence of his Carriage, lib. 2. num. 169. pag. 154.  
He puts his Soldiers in order, lib. 2. num. 170. pag. 155.  
How he receives the Governor, lib. 3. num. 9 pag. 175.  
What men the Governor assigns him for the Fight, lib. 3. num. 14. pag. 178.  
His behaviour in it, lib. 3. num. 17. pag. 182. n. 24. p. 186.  
Enters the City, lib. 3. num. 23. ibid.  
Resolves to leave his Government before his time be expired, lib. 3. num. 34. pag. 196.  
He accepts of it again, and remains there, lib. 3. num. 37. pag. 198.  
Adviseth the Governor of the Resolutions of the King of Cambaya, lib. 4. num. 35. pag. 224.  
He resigns the place, lib. 4. num. 53. pag. 233.  
He taketh Shipping for Portugal, lib. 4. num. 68 pag. 240.  
His praises ibid.    


Mr. John the Chirurgeon.  
One of the five Soldiers who stoutly resist● the Enemy at Dio, lib. 2. num. 199. pag. 125.    


Dom Jeronimo de Menezes.  
Commander in chief of Bacaim, lib. 2. num. 178. pag. 160.  
He assigns fifteen Ships to Vasco de Cunha to carry them to Dio ibid.    


Jordaon de Freitas.  
Commander of the Malucos, lib. 4. num. 20. pag. 215.  
He takes the King Aeyro, and sends him to the Governor ibid.  
He resigns the Government of the Malucoes to Bernardim de Sousa, lib. 4. n. 21. ibid.    


Dom George de Menezes.  
Goes out of Bacaim, lib. 2. n. 139. p. 138.  
Arrives at Dio, lib. 2. num. 140. pag. 139.  
The valour of his Fight, lib. 2. num. 169. pag. 154.  
By the command of the Governor he stays in the Bay of Cambay●, lib. 3. num. 38. pag. 199.  
He takes from the Enemy some Barks of Provisions, lib. 4. num. 5. pag. 206.  
Fat●s upon the City Baro●he, lib. 4. ibid.  
Which he Destroys and Fires, lib. 4. num. 6. pag. 207.  
He takes the Surname of Baroche ibid.  
Goes for Dio with the Governor, lib. 4. num. 43. pag. 228.  
By order from Dom Alvero he goes to Surat, lib. 4. num. 45. pag. 229.  
He goes on Shore, and with great Valour enters, a ●illage, pag. 230.  
He comes to the Soldiers help whilst they are Fight, lib. 4. ibid.  
He desires five hundred Musquetteers of the Governor to face the Sultan, lib. 4. num. 51. pag. 233.  
He takes some of the Mecca Fleet, lib. 4. num. 71. pag. 241.    


Isabella Fernandez.  
A stout Matron, commonly called the old Woman of Dio, lib. 2. num. 51. pag. 90.  
Her courage upon divers occasions, lib. 2. num. 117. pag. 123. num. 130. pag. 133.    


Isabella Madeira.  
Her particular Courage in the War of Dio, lib. 2. num. 119. pag. 124.    


Juzarcaon.  
A stout Abissine, whom Sultan Mahomet leaves in his place at the Siege of Dio, lib. 2. num. 51. pag. 88  
He vows to win the Fortress, or perish in the design, lib. 2. num. 53. pag. 89.  
He falls upon Saint John's Bastion, lib. 2. num. 67. pag. 96.  
He invests the Fause-bray, lib. 2. num. 77. pag. 102.  
He is killed with a Bullet, lib. 2. num. 84. pag. 105.    


Another Juzarcaon.  
He goes to continue the Siege of Dio, lib. 2. num. 93. pag. 111.  
Falls upon Saint John' s work, lib. 2. num. 104. pag. 117.  
Comes out of his Quarters to Fight with the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 165. pag. 153.    


Letters.  
The King Dom John' s to the Governor Dom John de Castro, lib. 1. num. 69. pag. 44.  
Catherine de Sousa ' s to the Governor, lib. 2. num. 91. pag. 109.  
The Infante Dom Lewis', lib. 3. n. 5. p. 170.  
The governor's to the Citizens of Goa, in which he asks 20000. Pardaos upon the hairs of his Beard, lib. 3. num. 29. pag. 190.  
The answer, lib. 3. num. 30. pag. 192.  
The governor's to his Son Dom Alvero, about Dom John Mascarenhas, lib. 3. num. 37. pag. 199.  
Another of the King's to the Governor, lib. 4. num. 95. pag. 254.  
The Queen Dona Catherine ' s to him, lib. 4. num. 96. pag. 255.  
The Infante Dom Lewis ' s to him, lib. 4. num. 97. pag. 259.     

L.  


Infante Dom Lewis.  
LEarns the Mathematics, lib. 1. num. 2. pag. 1.  
Goes to Tunis with the Emperor his Brother-in-law, lib. 1. num. 10. pag. 5.  
The Civility that passed between him and the Emperor, lib. 1. num. 12. pag. 6.  
He propounds Dom John de Castro for Governor of India, lib. 1. num. 32. pag. 18.    


Lewis de Almeyda.  
Is sent by the Governor with six Carvills to relieve Dio, lib. 2. num. 177. pag. 159.  
He arrives at the Fortress, lib. 2. num. 178. pag. 160.  
He is commanded by Dom Alvero de Castro, to look for the Mecca Fleet, lib. 2. num. 179. pag. 161.  
He takes two of them, and goes with them to Dio, ibid.    


Lewis Falcaon.  
Comes from his Government of Ormus to Dio, lib. 4. num. 53. pag. 233.  
Dom John Mascarenhas leaving the place, the Governor gives it him ibid.    


Lewis de Mello de Mendoca.  
Goes from Bacaim to Dio, lib. 2. num. 139. pag. 138.  
The dangers of his Voyage ibid.  
He resists those who would go back, lib. 2. num. 140. pag. 139.  
He arrives at Dio, and tells news of Dom Alvero ibid.  
Is Lodged on Saint James ' s work, pag. 140.  
Dies by a Bullet, lib. 2. n. 167. p. 154.    


Lewis de Sousa.  
Commander of St. Thomas 's work, lib. 2. num. 32. pag. 78.  
His care and Valour in Fight, lib. 2. num. 53. pag. 67. 74. 98. 102. 134. 170.    


Lopa de Sousa.  
Fights stoutly at Dio, and is Killed by a Dart, lib. 2. num. 169. pag. 155.    


Laurenzo Pirez de Tavora●  
Commander of the Fleet which came from Portugal, lib. 2. num. 174. pag. 157.  
Comes to Cochim, and goes to Dio, lib. 3. num. 4. pag. 169.  
Is the first gets upon the Wall, lib. 3. num. 18. pag. 183.  
He returns for Lisbon, lib. 4. num. 93. pag. 253.     

M.  


Malaca.  
THe conspiracy of divers Kings against it, lib. 4. num. 22. pag. 216.  
The King of Achem comes thither, and immediately retires, lib. 4. n. 24. p. 217.  
Against whom Simon de melo is sent forth by the Governor, lib. 4. n. 25. ibid.  
The Embassage from the Confederates, lib. 4. num. 28. pag. 219.  
Simon de Mello's answer, lib. 4. num. 29. pag. 220.    


Malucos.  
The wonderful accident happened in them, lib. 1. num. 71. pag. 51.  
The King of Portuguese ' s right to them, lib. 2. num. 11. pag. 65.  
The Governor gives them to Cachil Aeyro, lib. 2. num. 12. pag. 65.  
The castilians go thither, 〈◊〉 2. num. 13. pag. 66.  
Their behaviour with the Portuguese, lib 2. num. 19 pag. 68    


Dom Manoel de Lima.  
He arrives at Goa from Portugal, lib. 2. num. 174. pag. 157.  
Desires to go presently for Dio, and is dissuaded by the Governor, pag. 158.  
With whom he goes, lib. 3. n. 2. p. 168  
Is sent by the Governor with six Ships into the Bay of Cambaya, where he takes several Prizes, lib. 3. num. 3. pag. 169.  
Does a great deal of mischief about Surat, lib. 3. num. 6. pag. 173.  
Destroys the City of Anto●e, lib 3. num. 7. pag. 174.  
And other places on the Coast, lib. 3. num. 8. pag. 175.  
He arrives at Dio, and the Governor assigns him five hundred Portuguese for the Fight, lib. 3. num. 14. pag 178.  
His Courage in the Fight, lib. 3. num. 17. pag. 20. ●4  
He enters the City with Dom Alvero, lib. 3. num. 23. pag. 186.  
He makes War on the places of the Coast, lib. 3. num. 32. pag. 194.  
Goes to the City of Coga, which he Sacks and Burns, pag. 195.  
Destroys Gandar, lib. 3. num. 33. pag. 196.  
Returns to Dio, lib. 3. num. 34. ibid.  
Offers to stay on the place, on the Refignment of Dom John Mascarenhas ibid.  
Goes for Ormus, lib. 3. n. 37. p. 198.  
The King of Campar asks Relief of him, and offer's a Fortress in Adem, lib. 4. num. 76. pag. 245.    


Manoel Pereira, see Francisco Vierra. Martim Alphonso de Sousa.  
Governor of India, lib. 1. n. 31. p. 17.  
Changeth the Bazarucos, lib. 4. num. 42. pag. 23.  
Sends for Meal to Go, lib. 1. num. 47. pag. 27.  
Resolves to deliver him up to Hidalcaon upon their agreement, lib. 1. num. 50. pag. 30.    


Martim Botelho.  
With ten Companions goes to get Intelligence amongst the Enemy, lib. 2. num. 109. pag. 119.  
The news he brings, lib. 2. num. 110. ibid.    


Marzaon.  
Succeeds Rax Soliman in the signory of Adem, lib. 4. num. 74. pag. 243.  
Fortifies himself in the Palace against the King of Campar, lib. 4. num. 75. pag. 244.  
Delivering up upon Conditions, goes out of the City, lib. 4. num. 76. ibid.  
The hurt he does ibid.    


Meal.  
Disquiets Hidalcaon, lib. 1. num. 44. pag. 25.  
Goes to Cambaya, num. 45. ibid.  
Martim Alphonso de Sousa being the Governor sends for him to Goa, lib. 1. num. 47. pag. 27.  
His Reception by the Governor ibid.  
Who afterwards by agreement, intended to deliver him up to Hidalcaon, lib. 1. num. 50. pag. 30.  
The Governor Dom John de Castro defends him, lib. 1. num. 51. ibid.  
Is the cause of War with Hidalcaon, lib. 4. num. 18. pag. 213.    


Miguel de Arnede.  
A Gigantique Soldier who goes to Dio, lib. 2. num. 123. pag. 128.  
The manner of his Embarking ibid.  
His courage and strength in the Fight, lib. 2. num. 132. pag. 134.    


Mines.  
Saint Thomas ' s work is undermined, lib. 2. num. 110. pag. 119.  
The Mine is sprung, lib. 2. num. 115. pag. 122.  
The persons that perish in it. ibid.  
Rumecaon makes others, lib. 2. num. 126. pag. 130.  
The Portuguese endeavour to prevent them, pag. 131.  
The Enemy's fire them to their loss, lib. 2. num. 137. pag. 137.  
They open other, which the Portuguese prevent, lib. 2. num. 171. pag. 156.  
Afterwards fire another without any loss to the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 183. pag. 166.    


Mozambique.  
The Governor Dom John de Castro arrives there, lib. 1. num. 38. pag. 21.  
He changeth the Situation of the Fortress ibid.  
He receives Orders to enlarge it, lib. 4. num. 37. pag. 225.    


Money.  
The complaints of the people upon the alteration, lib. 1. num. 42. pag. 23.  
The Governor hears the City and People concerning it, ibid.  
His Resolution about it, pag. 24.    


Mojatecaon.  
Praiseth the Valour of the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 132. pag. 134.  
Goes out against the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 165. pag. 153.  
Invests the Fortress, and retires, lib. 2. num. 170. pag. 155.     

N.  


Nuno Pereira.  
HIs Courage and Fight at Dio, lib. 2. num. 170. pag. 155.  
Goes to Goa, and in his Voyage dies of his Wounds, lib. 2. num. 175. pag. 159.     

P.  


Dom Payo de Noronha.  
GOes with twelve Ships to the Straight of Rosalgate●, lib. 4. num. 78. pag. 245.  
Offers to go to Adem to help the King of Campar ibid.  
Arrives at the City, num. 79. ibid.  
Calls off the Soldiers, lib. 4. num. 86. pag. 249.  
Was not obeyed by Manoel Pereira, and Francisco Viera, two Soldiers of fortune, who Fight stoutly ibid.    


Pate and Patane.  
Cities upon the Coast of Cambaya, burnt by the Governor, lib. 4. num. 54. pag. 234.    


Dom Pedro de Almeyda.  
With his Brother Dom John de Almeyda Sallies out upon the Enemy in Dio, and the hurt he does, lib. 2. num. 94. pag. 111.  
His Courage in Fight, lib. 2. num. 75. pag. 101. n. 134. p. 135.    


Pedro Nunez.  
A great Mathematician, and Master to Dom John de Castro, lib. 1. num. 2. pag. 1.     

R.  


Rax Soliman.  
ADdmiral of the design, at the first Siege of Dio, lib. 4. num. 72. pag. 241.  
Goes as a Friend into the Haven of Adem ibid.  
Beheads the King ibid.  
Makes himself Master of the City, lib. 4. num. 74. pag. 243.    


Ruy Freire.  
Arrives at Dio, lib. 2. num. 157. pag. 148.    


Ruy Lopez de Villa Lobos.  
Commander of the castilians, who went to the Molucos, lib. 2. num. 13. pag. 66.  
Endeavours to delay Fernaon de Sousa, lib. 2. num. 14. 16. pag. 67.  
Parleys with him, lib. 2. num. 18. pag. 68  
Their agreement ibid.  
Breaks his promise, and Fernaon de Sousa 's Behaviour upon it, lib. 2. num. 20. pag. 69.    


Rumecaon.  
Succeeds his Father Coge-Sofar in the War, lib. 2. num. 61. pag. 93.  
Goes on with a Machine his Father had begun, ibid.  
Offers the Portuguese conditions, lib. 2. num. 66. pag. 95.  
Falls upon Saint Thomas 's work, lib. 2. num. 68 pag. 96.  
Commands the several Nations to Fight by themselves, lib. 2. num. 69. pag. 98.  
Retires with loss, num. 70. ibid.  
Falls to Superstitious prayers, lib. 2. num. 72. pag. 99  
He resents the Death of Juzarcaon, lib. 2. num. 84. pag. 105.  
His answer to another Juzarcaon, whom the Sultan sent to continue the Siege, lib. 2. num. 93. pag. 111.  
Goes about filling up the Ditch, lib. 2. num. 110. pag. 115.  
His stratagem to divert the Portugese, lib. 2. num. 111. pag. 120.  
Retires with loss, lib. 2. num. 119. pag. 124.  
Goes on with the Mines, lib. 2. num. 126. pag. 130.  
encourageth his Soldiers for another assault, lib. 2. num. 127. pag. 131.  
Commands them to batter the Church, lib. 2. num. 131. pag. 134.  
Retires again with loss, lib. 2. num. 132. ibid.  
Hath advice by three Slaves which ran away from the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 133. ibid.  
Gives another assault, lib. 2. num. 134. pag. 135.  
Endeavours to beat down the Cistern, lib. 2. num. 136. pag. 136.  
He comes off from another assault with loss, lib. 2. num. 142. pag. 141.  
Despairs of the design, lib. 2. num. 144. pag. 142.  
Opens another Mine, which is prevented, ibid.  
Retires again, lib. 2. num. 146. pag. 143. num. 149. pag. 144.  
He falls on another time, and retires, lib. 2. num. 160. pag. 151.  
He is encouraged by his good success against the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 171. pag. 156.  
Continues Mining, ibid.  
Builds a new City, num. 172. ibid.  
Offers a great Ransom to Dom Alvero for a Janisary Commander, lib. 2. num. 179. pag. 161  
He makes another Mine, which Fired without any loss to the Portuguese, lib. 2. num. 183. pag. 166.  
His discourse about the Governors coming, lib. 3. num. 11. pag. 176.  
What Army he hath, and how he order them, ibid.  
He resists the Portugese at their Landing, lib. 3. num. 15. pag. 181.  
He order his men in the Field, lib. 3. num. 20. pag. 184.  
Dom Alvero routs him, and he Rallies, lib. 3. num. 21. pag. 185.  
He retires, lib. 3. num. 22. ibid.  
Offers a new Battle, lib. 3. num. 24. pag. 186.  
Dies, lib. 3. num. 25. pag. 187.     

S.  


Sebastian de Sa.  
GOes to Dio with Dom Fernando, lib. 2. num. 30. pag. 76.  
Is wounded by a poisoned Arrow, lib. 2. num. 69. pag. 97.  
He carries advice from the Commander in chief to the Governor, lib. 2. num. 85. pag. 106.  
Is one of the five Soldiers who stoutly resists the Enemy in Dio, lib. 2. num. 119. pag. 124.    


Ships.  
Their number, and their Commanders which went along with the Governor Dom John de Castro, lib. 1. num. 36. pag. 20.  
The time of their departure, num. 37. ibid.  
The danger the Governors' Ship was in, ibid.  
The Ship Holy Ghost, commanded by Diogo de Bello, arrives at Goa, lib. 2. num. 87. pag. 107.  
A Ship of Cambaya, taken by Dom Alvero de Castro, lib. 2. num. 158. pag. 149.  
Ships arrive at Goa from Portugal, lib. 4. num. 37. pag. 225.  
The order they brought, ibid.    


Simaon Feo.  
Comes with a message from Rumecaon to the Commander of Dio, lib. 2. num. 66. pag. 95.  
The answers he gives him, ibid.    


Simaon de melo.  
Commander of Malaca, lib. 4. num. 23. pag. 216.  
Sends out Dom Francisco d' Eca against the King of Achem, lib. 4. num. 25. pag. 217.  
The Embassage to him from the Confederates, lib. 4. num. 28. pag. 219.  
His answer, lib. 4. num. 29. pag. 220.  
His trouble for want of News from the Fleet, lib. 4. num. 30. ibid.  
The people complain, and are quelled by Saint Francisco Xaverius, by his foretelling the Victory, ibid.    


Sultan Mahomud.  
King of Cambaya, consults how he may take Dio, lib. 2. num. 2. pag. 53.  
approves●oge-Sofar's ●oge-Sofar's reason for the design, lib. 2. num. 8. pag. 63.  
●omes to Dio with a great Army, lib. 2. num. 49. pag. 87.  
Retires upon a Moors being Killed, whilst he was talking with him, lib. 2. num. 51. pag. 88  
Sends another Juzarcaon to continue the Siege, lib. 2. num. 93. pag. 111.  
Rejoices for the good success of Rumecaon, lib. 2. num. 171. pag. 156.  
His barbarous Revenge, lib. 3. num. 35. pag. 197.  
He raises a new Army for another Siege. lib. 4. num. 35. pag. 242.  
The Governor Dom John de Castro faceth him, and presents him Battle, lib. 4. num. 49. pag. 232.  
Which the Sultan refuseth, lib. 4. num. 51. pag. 233.  
He severely commands silence about the Siege and Battle of Dio, lib. 4. num. 55. pag. 234.    


Surat.  
It's Territory entered, and destroyed by Dom Manoel de Lima, lib. 3. num. 6. pag. 173.  
The quitting of the Fortress, upon the sight of Dom Alvero 's Fleet, lib. 4. num. 55. pag. 234.  
The Governor resents the not taking Surat, ibid.     

T.  


Tunez.  
DOm John de Castro 's expedition thither, lib. 1. num. 9 pag. 3.  
The occasion of it, ibid.  
The Gentlemen who were in the Fight, lib. 1. num. 11. pag. 5.     

V.  


Vasco de Cunha.  
IS sent by the Governor with Relief to Dio, lib. 2. num. 177. pag. 159.  
Arrives at Bacaim, lib. 2. num. 178. pag. 160.  
Arrives at Dio, ibid.     

W.  


Women.  
THe Courage of the Women in Dio, lib. 2. num. 55. pag. 68 79. 117. 130.  
The particular Courage of one Portugese Woman, lib. 2. num. 78. pag. 102.  
The women of Chaul offer their jewels for the carrying on the War, lib. 2. num. 90. pag. 109.  
Those of Goa offer their Children and Estates for the Relief of Dio, lib. 2. num. 177. pag. 160.  
And for the Re-building of the Fortress, lib. 3. num. 31. pag. 194.  
And upon other occasions, lib. 4. num. 36. pag. 224.     

X.  


Xael.  
DOm Alvero goes to the City, lib. 4. num. 90. pag. 251.  
The Fartaques offer him a Fortress, ibid.  
Dom Alvero designs to Scale it, pag. 252.  
Fernaon Perez is the first who Scales, ibid.  
The Fartaques defend themselves till Death, lib. 4. num. 91. ibid.  
The place is gained, ibid.     
FINIS.   

By the Composers not current Reading the Copy, some Faults have crept into the Impression; the mistake of one Letter in some Tenses, and the putting Or instead of Nor to answer neither happens often, but is easily Corrected, as are the mistakes in names of Persons and Places.   

Errata.  
PReface, p. 2. l. 36. read petentem, p. 11. l. 35. read nor Tears, and so throughout the Book, p. 13. l. 4. read but in Peace, ibid., l. 7. read striven, p. 14. l. 10. read his Hight, p. 15. l. 1. read affrightening the place, p. 16. l. 36. read have owned it, p. 33. l. 3. read run, p. 37. l. 8. read an Altar-peice, p. 76. l. 6. read to punish, p. 102. l. 29. read Spear, p. 134. l. 36. read Sentinels, p. 160. l. 15. read Bramaluco, p. 168. l. 32. read came, p, 173. l. 25. read your Company, p. 195. l. 8. read Zamaluke.