CISTA MILITARIS, OR, A Military Chest, Furnished Either for Sea, or Land, With Convenient MEDICINES, and necessary INSTRUMENTS.  
Amongst which is also a Description of Dr LOWER'S LANCET, for the more safe bleeding.  
Written in Latin, By GULIELMUS FABRITIUS HILDANUS.  
Englished for public Benefit.  
LONDON, Printed by W. Godbid, and are to be sold by Moses Pitt, at the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard. M. DC. LXX. IV.   

A Description of a LANCET, FOR The more secure Letting of BLOOD, By Dr LOWER.  
FOrasmuch as it hath been thought convenient by several good Surgeons, to contrive a safe way of Blood-letting, for the benefit of young Beginners in that Profession; and whereas Dr. LOWER of late, in his Treatise of the Heart, hath discovered a plain and secure way of Bleeding, and given a figure of the Lancet, which he commends for that purpose, I have been advised, for the public Good, to translate what he hath written, and likewise give the figure of the Lancet, and description of the Use of it, as it is printed in the 166 page of the last and truest Edition of his Book, Printed at Amsterdam 1671, in the Author's own words.  

HOw great Ebullition sometimes happens in the Blood, in what vessels, and with what swift motion it is cast about every where through the Body, and if an Artery be opened how quickly, and with what force it breaks out, it hath been hitherto treated of in the foregoing Discourse; by which it appears, how necessary sometimes Blood-letting is, to diminish its Quantity, or to stop its Career, and how dangerous the Administration of it is, if it be performed by a rude and unskilful hand.  
For it often happening, either by want of skill, or common practice of Bleeding, (which makes the Mind fearful, and consequently the Hand trembling and uncertain) that an Artery is opened, or a Nerve or Tendon cut or pricked, Inflammations, Gangrenes or Convulsions, which put the member in danger of being cut off, or rendered useless, I thought it might not be beyond the scope of my Treatise, if, by way of Appendix, I should show by what means and Instrument any Vein might be safely and securely opened, (if it swell upon a Ligature) though it have an Artery, Nerve or Tendon immediately under it.  
Forasmuch therefore as never any harm happens in Blood-letting, unless a Vein be pricked through, or slipping aside, the Lancet be put too deep into the part, the Fabric of this Lancet is such, and aught to be so put into the Vein, as both may be easily prevented.  
a the Lancet.  
b the place where the upper edge of the Lancet ends in a plain.  
c where the under edge of the Lancet ends, the rest of the under part being polished round, and thick, (but not made thicker than the upper plain part) that it may not grate or tear the skin (upon which it must be applied) by its compression.  
Which figure of the Lancet differs nothing from a common ordinary Lancet, but that the under edge of it is blunted almost to the point.  
The way of using it is only this, that the Member being tied, and the Vein swelling, the Lancet must be applied as near to it as possible, but so that the Lancet may be depressed as much as may be; then the Point of it being directed upwards, it must be gently, and by an oblique transverse Incision be put into the Vein: which if so directed, neither can the Vein avoid the point of the Lancet, or the parts underneath be any way offended. Which way of Blood-letting, as it is most easy, so it will never prove unhappy to any one, though but meanly skilful.  
And though I do not write this to Physicians and Surgeons, who are expert, and frequently exercised in bleeding; yet having seen many people's health and life endangered, either by ill Blood-letting, or because a good Chirurgeon could not timely be called in by Physicians, who most commonly forbear the Practice of it, therefore I have devised this figure of a Lancet, that they may more securely and confidently use it.    

CISTA MILITARIS, OR A Military Chest, Furnished either for Sea or Land, With convenient Medicines and Instruments.  
WHilst I was in the Low Countries in the year 1612, in the City of Morsk, I was entertained with great kindness by that Noble and Valiant Gentleman, Alexander de Schmetchel, Governor of the Place and Works, who amongst the other things worthy seeing, showed me the Military Chest of the most Illustrious Hero, Maurice, Prince of Orange, etc. wherein not only Medicines and Instruments, but also Linen, Rulers, and other Necessaries were prepared, and disposed all in order in a Room, but not as then put into the Chests, which were fitly contrived for that purpose, because that the Garrison-Soldiers might be supplied with what they needed for their healths; and also that the Medicines that were wanting or decayed, might be forthwith renewed: an evident sign, and great demonstration of the Piety, Prudence, and Care of this Prince towards his Soldiers. This Chest, as often as necessity required, marched with the Camp, and in the greatest and most dangerous occasions the Soldiers were for the present succoured, and assisted from it. Then afterwards they were carried to the next Cities, where they were taken care of by Physicians and Surgeons, appointed and paid by the States: and if by chance any Soldier lost a Limb, or was lame, he was relieved, and had an Annual Pension from the States. This pious and Christian Constitution made the Soldiers despise all dangers, and encouraged them to be both valiant and daring.  
Therefore that Generals may understand what things are most necessary to furnish a Chest with, I thought good to set down both the principal Medicaments, and Instruments, that a Chirurgeon, following the Camp or Sea, aught to be provided with; and if there should be occasion for any others, he may furnish himself at the next Shop he comes at.  
The Chest ought to be so divided into Partitions and Classes, that all confusion and intermixing of Medicines may be avoided, and the Virtue and Propriety of each preserved. To this purpose I have divided it into twenty classes.  
The first contains purging Simples, which must be put up in Leather-bags, except Manna and Cassia extracted, which may more conveniently be kept in Galli-pots. Those Bags again are to be put into other larger, and writ upon in great Characters, Purging Simples.  
In the second classis are contained Purging Electuaries, which are to be kept in Galley-pots, writ upon, Purging Compounds: and so of the rest.  
Syrups, and distilled Waters, are to be put into double Glasses, close corked, and tied down with Bladders. They must be so placed, that they may not move, and so break each other, and their cells lined with Baiz.  
Pills are to be wrapped up in white leather, rubbed first with oil of sweet Almonds.  
Cordial Powders and Electuaries, being put into leather bags, are to be so placed in a separate classis, that they may not mix with the Purgers.  
Roots, Herbs, Flowers, and Seeds are likewise to be kept in bags of Leather or Linen, and to be so distributed, that in the first Classis the Roots, second Herbs, etc.  
Oils, and common Balsams, in Glass-bottles, with screwed Pewter-heads; but the precious Chemical Oils, as of Cinnamon, Cloves, Maces, Nutmegs, etc. aught to be preserved in double Glasses well stopped with Cork, and waxed. The Balsams likewise of these are to be kept in Glasses, or Silver.  
Unguents, and Fats are best kept in Galley-pots, or of Pewter, well tied down with Paper and Leather. And Turpentine so likewise.  
Plasters, Gums, Wax, the Suet of Bears, Cows, Goats, and the like, which are of a solid consistence, are to be put in Bladders wrapped afterwards in Paper.  
Metals, and subterraneous Medicaments, as Vitriol, Alum, Letharge, Bole, etc. as also Meals, must be put into Leather-bags: but prepared Tutia, Seif album, Ostiocolla, and the like, which are to be used in Colliriums, or given inwardly, are to be wrapped up in Paper, and put into Leather-bags, and placed amongst the Cordials. Let all the Bags be tied close, and written upon in great letters, to prevent confusion.  
Arsenic, Orpiment, crude Mercury, sublimate, praecipitate, caustick, Minium Troches, Spirit of Vitriol, Aqua fortis, and the like corrosive Medicines, are not to be placed in the Chest, lest the Glass, or what other things they are contained in, break, and so spoil and prejudice the other Medicines, and withal endanger the lives of the sick; therefore to prevent this, it is more convenient to keep them in some Box or Chest apart by themselves.  
The Instruments are to be preserved in this manner. Those that are for cutting, and edged, as Razors, Scissors, Incision-Knives, etc. are to be kept in Cases, the rest are wrapped in Paper, or rather in Flannel.  
These being thus prepared, and in readiness, you must take a Catalogue of all, that you may presently, and without trouble, find them when you have occasion for them.  
As your Chest is divided into classes, after the same manner it is necessary to write your Catalogue; and as often as any Simple and Compound Medicine is wanting, mark it on the Margin of the Catalogue, that you may supply its defect.  
All which, kind Reader, I thought good to advise: the Classes following now in order.  

CLASSIS. I.  
Contains the Purging Simples.  

Agarick.  
Aloes.  
Rhubarb.  
Cassia.  
Crocus Metallorum.  
Colocinthis.  
Diagridium.  
Senna.  
Hermodacts.  
Manna.  
Mechoacans.  
Myrobalans.  
Juice of Damask Roses.  
Trochisci Albandal.  
Turbith.    

CLASSIS II.  
Purging Compounds.  

Benedicta Laxativa.  
Confectio Hamech.  
Diacarthamum.  
Diacatholicon.  
Diaphoenicon.  
Diaturbith cum rhabarbaro.  
Electuarium de succo Rosarum.  
Electuarium Lenitivum.  
Pulvis Sennae praep: Brasssavoli.  
Syrup of Roses solutive.  
Pill: Aggregativae: 

Aureae.  
Cochiae.  
de Agarico.  
Lucis majoris.  
Ruffi.    
Extract: Rudii.  
Species for Suppositories.    

CLASSIS III.  
Electuaries, and Powders strengthening the Heart, and noble parts.  

Aromaticum Rosatum.  
Bolus orientalis.  
Camphire.  
Confect: Alchermes. de Hyacintho.  
Prepared Coral.  
Burnt Hartshorn prepared.  
Cremor Tartari.  
Diaireos.  
Diamargaritum frigidum.  
Diarrhodon Abbatis.  
Diatragaganthum frigidum.  
Diatrion Santalinum.  
Flower of Brimstone.  
Bezoar Stone.  
Prepared Pearls.  
Mithridate.  
Meconium.  
Opium.  
Laudanum Opiatum.  
Ostrocolla, prepared to be given inwardly.  
Philonium Romanum.  
Pulvis ad Epithemata cordis.  
Shave of Hartshorn.  
Sal prunella.  
Tartarum vitriolatum.  
Sealed Earth.  
Theriac: Londinens: 

Andromachi.  
Diatessaron.      

CLASSIS IV.  
Aromaticks, or Spices.  

Calamus Aromaticus.  
Cloves.  
Cinnamon.  
Saffron.  
Gallingal.  
Mace.  
Nutmegs.  
Pepper.  
Sugar.  
Ginger.    

CLASS. V.  
Distilled Waters, and the like.  

Of Sorrel.  
Aniseed.  
Borage.  
Bugloss.  
Marigold.  
Cinnamon distilled without Wine.  
Bawlm.  
Plantain.  
Roses.  
Aqua Vitae. 

Absynthii.  
Minthae.  
Theriacalis.    
Juices of 

Barberies.  
Citrons.  
Pomegranates.    
Vinegar of Roses.  
Common Vinegar.    

CLASS. VI  
Syrups  
of  

Sorrel.  
Unripe Currans.  
Barberies.  
Bugloss.  
Citrons.  
Quinces.  
Pomegranates.  
Lemons.  
Liquorice.  
Poppies.  
Roses not laxative.  
Dried Roses.  
Violets.  
Mel Rosarum.  
Oxymel simplex scilliticum.  
Diamoron.    

CLASS. VII.  
Roots  
of  

Marsh-mallows.  
Angelica.  
Birthwort long, and round.  
Bistort.  
Briony.  
Avens.  
Onions.  
Succory.  
Comfrey.  
Showbread.  
Elecampane.  
Eringo.  
Fennel.  
Gentian.  
Swallow-wort.  
Orris.  
White Lilies.  
Liquorice.  
Parsley.  
Burnet.  
Plantain.  
Polypody.  
Squills.  
Tormentil.    

CLASS. VIII.  
Herbs.  

Wormwood, common, and Roman.  
Agrimony.  
Lady's Mantle.  
Jack by the hedge.  
Marsh-mallows, Leaves, Flowers, and Tops.  
Betony.  
Carduus benedictus.  
Centaury.  
Knotgrass.  
Cuscuta.  
Dittany of Crete.  
Horsetail.  
Eye-bright.  
Fumitory.  
St. Johns-wort.  
Marjerome.  
Balm.  
Mint.  
Mercury.  
Nep.  
Origanum.  
Plantain.  
Self-heal.  
Winter-green.  
Ribwort.  
Rosemary.  
Rue.  
Sage.  
Sanicle.  
Scabious.  
Scordium.  
Golden Rod.    

CLASS. IX.  
Flowers  
of  

Dill.  
Betony.  
borage.  
Bugloss.  
Marigold.  
Camomile.  
Pomegranates.  
Melilot.  
Primrose.  
Roses.  
Rosemary.  
Sage.  
Elder.  
Mullein.  
Violets.    

CLASS. X.  
Seeds  
of  

Dill.  
Anise.  
Caraways.  
Coriander prepared.  
Cummin.  
Quinces.  
Foenugrick.  
French Barley.  
Linseed.  
Parsley.  
Plantain.  
Radish.  
Mustard.    

CLASS. XI.  
Fruits.  

Almonds.  
Bay-berries.  
Acorn-cups.  
Figs.  
Preserved Cherries.  
Quinces.  
Galls.  
Acorns.  
Lemons.  
Lupins.  
Oranges.  
Pomegranates.  
Mirtle-berries.  
Cypress-Nuts.  
Rose-cups.  
Prunes.  
Tamarinds.  
Raisins.    

CLASS. XII.  
Oil  
of  

Almonds, sweet, and bitter.  
Dill.  
Aniseeds.  
Balsam of Tolu.  
Vigo's Balsam.  
Oil ofCarawayseeds.  
Cloves.  
Wax.  
Camomile.  
Cinnamon.  
Quinces.  
Fennelseed.  
St. Johns-wort.  
Juniper-berries.  
White Lilies.  
Earthworms.  
Mastic.  
Mint.  
Myrtles.  
Nutmegs.  
Olives.  
Roses.  
Scorpions.  
Turpentine.  
Violets.  
Yolks of Eggs.  
Petroleum.  
Foxes.  
Elder.  
Linseed.    

CLASS. XIII.  
Unguents.  

Aegyptiacum.  
Album Rhasis.  
Apostolorum.  
Aureum.  
De Minio Camphoratum.  
Defensivum Chalmetaei.  
Dialtheae.  
Diapompholigos.  
Nicotianae.  
Populeon.  
Rosatum.  
Ad Ambusta Hildani.  
Basilicon.  
Linimentum Arcei.  
Martiatum.    

CLASS. XIV.  
Fats  
of  

Geese.  
Beef.  
Capons.  
Dear.  
Goats.  
Men.  
Hens.  
Hogs.  
Bears.    

CLASS. XV.  
Plasters.  

Apostolicum.  
Basilicum.  
De Betonica.  
Diapalma.  
Diachilon simplex & compositum.  
De Melliloto.  
De Mussilaginibus.  
Oxycroceum.  
De Ranis.  
Paracelsus.    

CLASS. XVI.  
Gums, etc.  

Ammoniacum.  
Benjamin.  
Wax, white, and yellow.  
Colophony.  
Elemni.  
Euphorbium.  
Mastic.  
Myrrh.  
Olibanum.  
Pitch.  
Stirax Calamita.  
Turpentine.  
Tragaganth.    

CLASS. XVII.  
Minerals, and their like.  

Alum, crude and burnt.  
Antimony crude.  
Arsenic.  
Lime washed.  
Ceruse.  
Crocus Martis.  
Gypsum.  
Lapis Calaminaris. 

Causticus.  
Medicamentosus Crollii.  
Sabulosus.    
Lythargirium aureum, & argenteum.  
Mercurius crudus. 

Sublimatus.  
Praecipitatus.    
Nil praeparatum.  
Niter crude, prepared.  
Burnt Lead.  
Realgar.  
Seif album.  
Brimstone.  
Tutia prepared.  
Vitriol crude, and burnt.    

CLASS. XVIII.  
Meals  
of  

Bay-berries.  
Beans.  
Barley.  
lentils.  
Darnel.  
Lupins.  
Wheat.  
Mill-dust.  
Pulvis ad sistendum sanguinem.    

CLASSIS XIX.  
Instruments.  
Besides the above recited Medicines, it is also most requisite, that a Chirurgeon should be furnished with necessary Instruments, without which he cannot perform his duty as he ought. They may be divided into two sorts, some to be fitted for a Box, which he ought continually to carry about him in his Pocket; these aught to be made small and little, that they may neither load him, nor affright the Patient: the others are to be kept in the Chest, whilst occasion calls for their assistance. I never visited my Patients without a Box of Instruments in my Pocket, in the which were contained the following:  
A Razor.  
A pair of Scissors.  
Two Incision Knives.  
Four Lancets to bleed withal.  
A crooked Knife to open Apostems.  
A Phlegm, to divide the Gums in the Toothache.  
An Extractor, to take out foreign things out of Wounds.  
A pair of Forceps for the same use.  
Needles, to stitch up great Wounds, which are to be of different Sizes, some great, others small, etc.  
A stitching Quill, which is used in stitching Wounds: it ought to be of that length, as to contain the Needles within its hollowness. Wounds of the fleshy parts only are to be stitched, nervous parts in no wise. In wounds of the face I never use Needle, but that which is called the dry stitch.  
Spatula's, great and little.  
Probes.  
Speculum oris; one end of which, in affects of the Jaws, and Throat, is to depress the tongue, the other to scrape it.  
Uuula-spoon.  
A Burrus quill, to sprinkle Powders upon Wounds or Ulcers.  
A Hook, single at one end, and two at the other.  
A Hone, to set the Incision-knives, Lancets, etc.  
I had all these Instruments, and many more, made me by a skilful Artist in Silver, which I used only within the Town, Patients being less afraid of them than of Iron: but at Sea and at Camps it is not so safe for a Chirurgeon to have them of Silver, therefore they may be very conveniently made of Iron or Steel, except the Probes, which ought to be made of Lead, Copper, or Latin.  
These Instruments a Chirurgeon ought always to have about him, as also a Salvatory with six divisions, which ought to be furnished 1. with unguentum Basilicon, 2. with ung. Aureum, 3. Apostolorum, 4. Nutritum, 5. Album Rhasis, the 6. with Rubrum Exsiccativum, or de Minio: it ought to be made of Horn, or some solid wood, as Ebony, Guaiacum, or Box, for Unguents are better preserved in wood, than in Silver, Copper, etc. It is also requisite that he hath about him in a Pewter Bottle some oil of Roses, to anoint any wounded part, it easeth pain, etc. as also another pot with a digestive.  
Thus much for the Instruments, which a Chirurgeon ought to wear about him; now follow the others, and first of those that are used about the Head.  
1. Trepans, by which the Skull is perforated in great Contusions, to give passage to extravasated and concreted blood collected in the head.  
2. Levatories, to raise the depressed skull.  
3. Scalpra's, to scrape the carious skull.  
4. A great Speculum oris, by which the Tongue, in great inflammations of the Jaws and Throat, is depressed.  
5. Another speculum oris, to force open the Mouth, which, as I have seen sometimes in spasmus, to be so close shut, that a drop of Broth could not be poured in.  
6. Several Instruments to draw Teeth.  
7. And because sometimes in eating, a fish-bone or the like is fixed in the Throat, and so would suffocate the person, therefore it is necessary for a Chirurgeon to have in his Chest such an Instrument, as I have described in the 36 Observation of the first Century: but if he hath it not at hand, let him forth with make fast a piece of Sponge to the end of a Catheter, and thrust it down the Throat.  
8. Instruments to draw forth Bullets from Gunshot-wounds, of which there are divers set down by Authors. I esteem that the most convenient, whose Description you may see in the 88 Obs. of the first Century.  
9 A great Saw, for amputating great Members.  
10. A little Saw for the dismembering Fingers, and Toes; it not becoming a Rational Chirurgeon to separate them with Chissels, as I have more largely shown in my Treatise of a Gangrene, etc. chap. 17.  
11. Because in amputating, the greater part of Surgeons use a Knife, it is convenient to have one well set, and strongly sixth in a Handle.  
12. A crooked Knife: its Description see in the above named book of a Gangrene.  
13. ay, in the taking off of Members, instead of a Knife, use a Cautery, made in fashion of a Knife, well edged, and red hot: its description is in the above named Treatise. He ought likewise to have ready other Cauteries, some larger, others lesser; some sharp, others round, which may be used to stop the flux of Blood after Amputation, or other great and dangerous Hemorages.  
14. And because Soldiers, from their debaucheries and impure copulation, are oftentimes troubled with the running of the Reins, Caruncles, and suppression of Urine, it is necessary a Chirurgeon should be provided with Catheters and Syrenges.  
15. For the reducing of Broken Bones, and Dislocations there are several Instruments, both by Hypocrates, Oribasius, and other Authors, set down; but I have always found in my practice the Instrument of Ambrose Parey, which is with a Pulley, the most convenient; especially if you join to it the Girdle and Remora, as in the 86. Observation of the fifth Century: it is not only the most convenient, but most useful Instrument for all Fractures and Dislocations, except of the Fingers, Ribs, and Mandibles (which are set by the hand alone; it is also little, and therefore not troublesome to carry about one.  
16. A Chirurgeon ought also to be provided with Splints of several bignesses, some little, others big, according to the qualities of the members broken, which ought to be made of thin pieces of Wood, or of Scabbards.  
He must be provided likewise with Mortars, Sives, Skillets to boil Cataplasms in, and also to mix up Ointments; and with Glyster-pipes, whose use in Angina's, wounds of the Head, Fevers, etc. are very useful.  
The Description and Cuts of the Instruments are given by Ambrose Parey, Joh: Andreas à Cruse; but because this should be a complete Treatise of Chirurgery, there is added to it several Copper-plates of the most useful Instruments for almost all operations, but especially of all those that relate any way to the operations mentioned in this Book.   

CLASSIS XX.  
Linen Rulers, and the like.  
THE Chest cannot be perfectly furnished, if Linen, and the benefit received from it, in the application of Medicines, be wanting; for what profit Medicaments, though the most excellent, without Linnnen? especially in great and dangerous fluxes of Blood, fractures and dislocations of the Bones, and in other accidents, where there is danger in delay; therefore you must have always in readiness Rulers, both large, narrow, and middle-sized, Linen cloaths doubled, which we call Compressors, or Boulster-pledgets of Tow.  
Lint, which we use to apply Medicaments upon, and to keep the lips of the Wounds asunder, that they unite not again.  
Tents also of Lint, of prepared Sponges, Gentian roots, and the like, which are to be of several sizes, some big, some little, etc. they ought to be prepared at leisure hours, that they may be ready when occasion requires.  
He must have also Sponges, and Oxe-bladders, which are necessary to tie down Pots and Glasses, and also used in Amputation.  
If a Sea or Land-Chirurgeon be furnished with the above recited things, and have about him both faithful and expert Servants, he will be able to give assistance to a whole Fleet or Army, and preserve infinites from death.  
Candid Reader, I have been somewhat prolix in the setting down the Medicaments, and other things, by reason I designed to describe a most perfect and every way complete furnished Chest; but if thou art to furnish one at thy one particular charge, thou mayst select out of them the most useful and necessary Medicaments; but be sure likewise that it be so provided both with Medicaments and Instruments, that out of it, when occasion requires, thou mayst be able to assist and relieve the Sick; for what thou art employed about here, is neither Beast, nor Precious Stones, but Man, for whom the Son of God shed his precious blood upon the Cross: therefore if any thing be neglected, it must be answered before the Almighty, to whom an account of all our Actions must be rendered.  
FINIS.    


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