LIbrum hunc, cui Titulus, The Royal College of Physicians of London founded and established by Law, etc. dignum censemus, qui typis mandetur:  
D. Whistler, Praeses. Tho. Witherley, Johan. Atfield, Edvardus Browne, Tho. Alvey. Censores.   

THE Royal College OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON Founded and Established by Law; As appears By Letters Patents, Acts of Parliament, adjudged Cases, etc.  
AND An Historical Account of the College's proceedings against Empirics and unlicensed Practisers in every Prince's Reign from their first Incorporation to the Murder of the Royal Martyr, King Charles the First.  
By CHARLES GOODALL, Dr. in Physic, and Fellow of the said College of Physicians.  
LONDON, Printed by M. Flesher, for Walter Kettilby, at the Bishop's Head in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1684.   

To the Right Honourable FRANCIS LORD GVILFORD, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and one of his majesty's Most honourable Privy Council.  
My Lord,  
'TIs now no less than seven years, since I adventured the prefixing of your Lordship's name to a Book, written in defence of the College of Physicians, against a bold and impudent Libel, published with design to expose that Learned Society to contempt. Since which time, I have not only had the honour of being made one of their Members, but have been entrusted with the search of their Records, and received encouragement to publish a Collection of their Royal Patents, Acts of Parliament, Trials with, and proceedings against Empirics; that so the Adversaries of this Society might be convinced of the reason and Justice of their actings, against those illiterate and vile Impostors; whose practice by Act of Parliament is declared to be, To the high displeasure of God, great infamy 
3 H. 8. c. 11.  to the faculty, and destruction of many of the King's Liege people.  
Your Lordship knows very well the grounds, which first moved that noble and renowned King Henry 8. in the tenth year of his Reign to constitute this Royal foundation; whose Princely wisdom herein was highly approved by Act of Parliament, in the 14, 15. years of 
14, 15 H. 8. c. 5.  his Reign; in which, the King's Letters Patents, and all and every Grant, Article, and other thing, contained and specified therein, were approved, granted, ratified and confirmed.  
About seventeen years after, a second Act of Parliament was granted to this Society by the 
32 H. 8. c. 42.  same King of glorious memory, for enlarging of their Privileges, with the addition of many new ones.  
In the first of Q. Mary (being but 29 or 30 
1 Q. M. Ses. 2. c. 9  years from the 14, 15 H. 8.) a third Act of Parliament was made, in confirmation of the forementioned Statute; and many more privileges of great moment, were added to the former.  
Queen Elizabeth and King James of ever glorious memory; and his Sacred Majesty now Reigning (whom God long preserve from all traitorous Associations and Conspiracies of bloodthirsty and malicious men!) have by their several Royal Patents granted them farther Liberties, 
K. James and K. Charles 2. in their Royal Patents.  Powers and Privileges, by reason of the great increase of unskilful, illiterate, and unlicensed practisers of Physic in London and within 7 Miles thereof; who now, my Lord, are arrived to that height of impudence, not only in their public writings, but even in the King's Courts of Judicature, that they dare adventure to question the Authority of an Act of Parliament, though owned as such, by those Royal Testimonies already named; by the Chief Justices and Judges of the King's Bench and Common Pleas (such as Popham, Coke, Fleming, Foster, Walmesly, Warburton, Daniel, Williams, Tanfield, Crook, Littleton, etc.) in their several Books of Reports, and in their resolutions of several questions (relating to the College of Physicians) wherein they gave their opinions by an order from K. James, directed to the Right honourable Thomas Lord Ellesmere Lord Chancellor of England, which opinions are inserted in this book, etc. by its being printed in several Statute books and Abridgements of the same, which were published (even in that King's Reign in which they were enacted) by Robert Redman, Thomas Berthelet, William Mydylton, Thomas Petyt, and Thomas Powel, Printers to his Most Excellent Majesty; and since, in all the Statute books and Abridgements that have been Printed to this time.  
Nay more than this, In the Rolls Chapel; and in the Journal books formerly collected by that famous Antiquary Sir Robert Cotton, and preserved by Sir John, in his Father's Library; and in the Journal books of the Right honourable the Earl of Clarendon (which I had the honour to look over) I find 36▪ Acts of Parliament passed in that Session of 14, 15 Hen. 8. At the end of the twenty fourth this is inserted,  
Item divers communes petitiones rem publicam concernentes, exhibit erant dicto Domino Regi in Parliamento predicto, cum suis responsionibus, quarum tenores sequuntur & sunt tales.  
Amongst which (upon the same Roll) the 33th is an Act concerning Physicians; and after the 36th, is entered the King's Commission to Cardinal Wolsey, Printed p. 12. of this book, which finisheth that Roll of Parliament. In which, it is thus expressed; Reverendissimus Dominus Legatus Cancellarius, Acta omnia in presenti Parliamento pro bono publico edita & facta, ex mandato Domini Regis recitari & publicari jussit. Quibus ex ordine per inicia recitatis & lectis & singulis per Clericum Parliamenti responsione secundum annotationes Regie voluntatis declarativas à dorso scriptas, facta, etc.  
Add to this, that excellent and learned account given by the Lord Chief Justice Hales (why the Royal Signature might not be entered by the Clerk of Parliament in his transcript of the Original Rolls, under this Act of Parliament and nine others passed in that Session) in a late Judgement given against Huybert; As likewise the testimony of the Lord Herbert of Cherbury in his excellent book of the Life and Reign of King Henry 8. drawn out of his majesty's Records: In which he acquaints us with the more famous Statutes enacted in the Parliament of 14, 15 Henry 8. amongst which, we find this relating to the College of Physicians.  
Now, my Lord, from these Authorities and many others of the like kind; We should be in some hopes, that these men being formerly driven from their old plea of 34, 35 of Hen. 8. c. 8. (An Act made against Surgeons for their unconscionable dealing with their Patients, and for giving liberty to all such, who practise for Piety and Charity without taking money or gain, as appears by a Judgement given against Butler p. 258) and from this their late Plea of Nul tiel Record; that our profession might flourish, and that as King James hath expressed it in his Royal Patent, by rejecting such illiterate and unskilful Practisers, those that were Learned, Grave and Profound Practisers in that Faculty should receive more bountiful reward; and also the industrious Students of that profession would be the better encouraged in their Studies and endeavours: But that we have to deal with a sort of men not of Academical, but Mechanic education; who being either actually engaged in the late Rebellion, or bred up in some mean and contemptible trades, were never taught the duty they owe to God or their Sovereign, to their Native Country or the Laws, thereof.  
We hope therefore that Your Lordship will pardon us, in begging your Honour's favour and Protection for the encouragement and defence of a Society (though established by Royal Grants and Acts of Parliament) thus rudely assaulted by barbarous and illiterate Mechanics. Your Lordship's profound knowledge in the Laws of your Country, as well as in all humane learning, is no less known and admired; than your eminent, exemplary courage and constant faithfulness to the Crown and Government in Church and State as 'tis now by Law established; to the preservation of which, your Lordship's singular wisdom, vigilancy and unwearied endeavours have highly and successfully contributed. To which purposes, that your Lordship may long live in the favour of your Prince, and affections of all his Loyal and good Subjects; is and shall be the constant and ardent desire of  
Your Lordship's Most humble and devoted Servant, Charles Goodall.   

THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS Established by LAW, etc.  

3 H. VIII. C. 11.  
An Act for the appointing of Physicians and Surgeons.  
TO the King our Sovereign Lord, and to all the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons in this present Parliament assembled: Forasmuch as the science and cunning of Physic and Surgery (to the perfect knowledge whereof be requisite both great learning and ripe experience) is daily within this Realm exercised by a great multitude of ignorant persons, of whom the greater part 
Inconveniencies ensuing by ignorant Persons practising Physic or Surgery.  have no manner of insight in the same, nor in any other kind of learning: Some also can no letters on the Book, so far forth that common Artificers, as Smiths, Weavers, and Women boldly and accustomably take upon them great Cures, and things of great difficulty; in the which they partly use Sorcery and Witchcraft, partly apply such Medicines unto the disease, as be very noious, and nothing meet therefore to the high displeasure of God, great infamy to the Faculty, and the grievous hurt, damage, and destruction of many of the King's Liege people; most especially of them that cannot discern the uncunning from the cunning: Be it therefore (to the surety and comfort of all manner people) by the authority of this present Parliament enacted, That no person within the City of London, nor within 
By whom every Physician and Surgeon shall be allowed.  seven miles of the same, take upon him to exercise and occupy as a Physician or Surgeon, except he be first examined, approved and admitted by the Bishop of London, or by the Dean of Paul's, for the time being, calling to him or them four Doctors of Physic, and for Surgery, other expert persons in that faculty; and for the first examination such as they shall think convenient, and afterward always four of them that have been so approved; upon the pain of forfeiture for every month that they do occupy as Physicians or Surgeons, not admitted nor examined after the tenor of this Act, of 5 li. to be employed the one half thereof to the use of our Sovereign Lord the King, and the other half thereof to any person that will sue for it by Action of Debt, in which no wager of Law nor Protection shall be allowed.  
2. And over this, That no person out of the said City, and Precinct of seven miles of the same, except he have been (as is aforesaid): approved in the same, 
A. Physician or Surgeon allowed by the Bishop of the Diocese.  take upon him to exercise and occupy as a Physician or Surgeon, in any Diocese, within this Realm, out if he be first examined and approved by the Bishop of the same Diocese, or he being out of the Diocese, by his Vicat-general: either of them calling to them such expert persons in the said faculties, as their discretion shall think convenient, and giving their Letters Testimonials under their Seal to him that they shall so approve, upon like pain to them that occupy contrary to this Act (as is above said) to be levied and employed after the form before expressed.  
3. Provided always, That this Act nor any thing 
The Privileges of Oxford and Cambridge.  therein contained, be prejudicial to the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge, or either of them, or to any Privileges granted to them. (2) Memorand. That Surgeons be comprised in this Act as Physicians, for like mischief of ignorant persons presuming to exercise Surgery. Rast. Pla. fol. 426.   

5 H. VIII. C. 6.  
An Act concerning Surgeons to be discharged of Quests and other things.  
Showeth unto your discreet wisdoms, your humble Orators the Wardens and Fellowship of the craft and mystery of Surgeons enfranchifed in the City of London, not passing in number 12 persons, That whereas they and their Predecessors, from the time that no mind is to the contrary, as well in this noble City of London, as in all other Cities and Boroughs within this Realm, or elsewhere, for the continual service and attendance that they daily and nightly at all hours and times give to the King's 
The causes why Surgeons have been exempt from bearing of Armour or other Services.  liege people, for the relief of the same according to their science, have been exempt and discharged from all offices and business, wherein they should use or bear any manner of Armour or Weapon, and with like privilege have been entreated as Heralds of Arms, as well in battles and fields, as other places, there for to stand unharnessed and unweaponed according to the Law of Arms, because they be persons that never used feats of War, nor aught to use, but only the business and exercise of their science, to the help and comfort of the King's liege people in the time of their need. (2) And in the aforesaid City of London, from the time of their first Incorporation, when they have been many more in number than they be now, were never called nor charged to be on Quest, Watch, 
Surgeons discharged of Inquests, etc.  nor other Office, whereby they should use or occupy any Armour, or defenceable géer of War, wherethrough they should be unready, and letted to practise their cure of men being in peril: (3) Therefore for that there be so small number of the said fellowship of the craft and mystery of Surgeons, in regard of the great multitude of Patients that be, and daily chance and infortune happeneth and increaseth in the foresaid City of London, and that many of the King's liege people suddenly wounded and hurt, for default of help in time to them to be showed, perish, and so divers have done, as evidently is known, by occasion that your said suppliants have been compelled to attend upon such Constableship, Watches and juries, as is aforesaid: (4) Be it enacted and established by the King our Sovereign Lord, and the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and by the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by authority of the same, that from henceforth your said Suppliants be discharged, and not chargeable of Constableship, Watch, and of 
The Surgeons of London shall be exempt from being Constables, bearing of Armour, or to be put in Watches or Inquests.  all manner of office bearing any armour; and also of all Inquests and juries within the City of London. (5) And also that this Act in all things do extend to all Barber-Surgeons admitted and approved to exercise the said mystery of Surgeons, according to the form of the Statute lately made in that behalf, so that they exceed not, ne be at one time above the number of xii persons. Stat. 3 H. 8. 11. 32. H. 8. 42.   

14, 15 H. 8. C. 5. according to the Exemplification.  
The privileges and authority of Physicians in London.  
CAROLUS SECUNDUS Dei gratia Anglie Scocie Francie & Hibernie Rex fidei defensor, etc. Omnibus ad quos presentes litere pervenerint Salutem. Inspeximus Irrotulamen' cujusdam Actus Parliamen' Domini Henrici nuper Regis Anglie inchoat' & tent' in Civitate London' quinto decimo die Aprilis Anno Regni sui Quarto decimo & deinde prorogat usque Westmonaster' & ibidem tent' die Veneris ultimo die Julii Anno ejusdem Regis quinto decimo & in Cur' Cancellar' nostre Irrotulat' ac ibidem de Recordo remanen' in hec verba. Parliamen' inchoatum & tentum in Civitate Londonniarum quinto decimo die Aprilis Anno Regni metuendissimi ac potentissimi Regis Henrici Octavi fidei defensoris quarto decimo & deinde prorogatum usque Westmonaster' & ibidem tentum die Veneris ultimo die Julii Anno ejusdem Regis quinto decimo.  
In the most humble wise showeth unto your Highness your true and faithful subjects and liegemen John Chamber Thomas Linacre Fernandus de Victoria your Physicians and Nicholas Halswell John Frances and Robert Yaxley and all oder men of the same faculty within the City of London and seven miles about That where your Highness by your most gracious Letters Patents bearing date at Westminster the twenty third day of September the Tenth year of your most noble 
A body Corporate of the faculty of Physic within London and 7 miles' compass.  Reign for the common Wealth of this your realm in due exercising and practising of the faculty of Physic and the good ministration of Medicyns to be had have incorporate and made of us and of our company aforesaid one body and perpetual Coniaitie or fellowship of the faculty of Physic and to have perpetual Succession and Common Seal and to choose yearly a Precedent of the same fellowship and commonalty to oversee rule and govern the said fellowship and commonalty and all men of the same faculty with divers oder liberties and Privileges by your Highness to us granted for the Common Wealth of this your Realm as in your said most gracious Letters Patents more at large is specified and contained The tenor whereof followeth in these words.  
HENRICUS dei gratia Rex Anglie & Francie & Dominus Hibernie Omnibus ad quos presentes litere pervenerint Salutem. Cum Regii Officii 
* rect. nostrimunus  nominavimus arbitremur dicionis nostre hominum felicitati omni ratione consulere Id autem vel in primis fore si improborum conatibus tempestive occurramus Apprime necessarium duximus improborum quoque hominum qui medicinam magis avaricie sue causa quam ullius bone consciencie fiducia profitebuntur unde rudi & credule plebi plurima incommoda oriantur audaciam compescere Itaque partim bene institutarum Civitatum in Italia & aliis multis Nationibus exemplum imitati partim gravium Virorum Doctorum Johannis Chamber Thome Linacre Fernandi de Victoria Medicorum nostrorum Nicholai Halsewell Johannis Francisci & Roberti Yaxley medicorum ac precipue Reverendissimi in Christo Patris ac Domini Domini Thome tituli Sancte Cecilie trans Tib'im Sacrosce ' Roman Ecclesie Presbiteri Cardinalis Eborum Archiepi' & Regni nostri Anglie Cancellarij charissimi precibus inclinati Collegium perpetuum doctorum & gravium virorum qui 
A perpetual College of Physicians erected and granted in London and the Suburbs.  
* Medicinam.  Medicina in urbe nostra Londino & Suburbiis intraque septem Millia passuum ab ea Urbe quaquaversus publice exerceant institui Volumus atque imperamus Quibus tum sui honoris tum publice utilitatis nomine cure ut speramus erit maliciosorum quorum meminimus Insciciam temeritatemque tam exemplo gravitateque sua deterrere quam per Leges nostras nuper editas ac per Constitutiones per idem Collegium condendas punire Que quo facilius rite peragi possint memoratis Doctoribus Johanni Chamber Thome Linacre Fernando de Victoria Medicis nostris Nicho' Halsewell Johanni 
* Francisci  Francisco & Roberto Yaxley medicis concessimus quod ipsi omnesque homines ejusdem facultatis de & in Civitate predict' sint in re & nomine unum Corpus & Comunitas perpetua sive Collegium perpetuum Et quod eqdem Comunitas sive Collegium singulis annis imperpetuum eligere possint & facere de Comunitate illa aliquem providum virum & in facultate Medicine 
A Prefident of the College and his office and duty.  expertum in Presidentem ejusdem Collegii sive Comunitatis ad supervidend' recognoscend' & gubernand' pro illo anno Collegium sive Comunitatem predict' & omnes homines ejusdem facultatis & negocia eorundem Et quod iidem Presidens Collegium sive Comunitas habeant 
The College shall have perpetual Succession and a Common Seal. They shall be of ability to purchase Land.  successionem perpetuam & comune sigillum negociis dict' Comunitatis & Presidentis imperpetuum serviturum Et quod ipsi & successores sui imperpetuum sint Persone habiles & capaces ad perquirend' & possidend' in feodo & perpetuitate Terras & Tenementa Redditus & alias possessiones quascunque. Concessimus etiam eyes & successoribus suis pro nobis & heredibus nostris quod ipsi & Successores sui possint perquirere sibi & Successoribus suis tam in dicta urbe quam extra terras & tenemen' quecunque annuum valorem duodecim librarum non exceden' Statuto de alienatione ad manum mortuam non obstante Et quod ipsi per nomina Presidentis, Collegij seu Comunitatis facultatis medicine London placitare & implacitari possint coram 
They may sue and be sued.  quibuscunque Judicibus in Cur' & actionibus quibuscunque Et quod predict' Presidens Collegium sive Comunitas & eorum Successores Congregationes licitas & honestas de seipsis ac Statuta & Ordinationes pro salubri 
They may make lawful Assemblies and Ordinances for Government.  gubernation supervisu & correctione Collegii seu Comunitatis predict' & omnium hominum eandem facultatem in dicta Civitate seu per septem Miliaria in circuitu ejusdem Civitatis exercen' secundum necessitatis exigenciam quocies & quando opus fuerit facere valeant licite & impune sine impedimento nostr' hered' vel successorum nostrorum Justice. Eschaetorum Vicecomitum & aliorum Ballivorum vel Ministrorum nostrorum heredum vel successorum nostrorum quorumcunque. Concessimus 
No man shall practise Physic in London or 7 miles thereof unless he be allowed.  etiam eisdem Presidenti & Collegio seu Comunitati & successoribus suis quod nemo in dicta Civitate aut per septem Miliaria in circuitu ejusdem exerceat dictam facultatem nisi ad hoc per dict' Presidentem & Comunitatem seu Successores eorum qui pro tempore fuering admissus sit per ejusdem Presidentis & Collegii literas Sigillo suo comuni sigillat' sub pena Centum solidorum pro quolibet mense quo non admissus eandem facultatem exercuit Dimid ' inde nobis & heredibus nostris & dimid' dict' Presidenti & Collegio applicand'. Preterea Volumus & concedimus pro nobis & Successoribus nostris quantum in nobis est quod per Presidentem & Collegium predicte Comunitatis pro tempore existen' & eorum Successores imperpetuum quatuor singulis 
Four Physicians of London shall be yearly chosen to have the oversight of the others.  annis per ipsos eligantur qui habeant supervisum & scrutinium correctionem & gubernationem omnium & singul' dict' Civitatis Medicorum utentium facultat' medicine in eadem Civitate ac aliorum medicorum forinsecorum quorumcunque facultatem illam medicine aliquo modo frequentantium & utentium infra eandem civitatem & Suburbia ejusdem sive intra septem Miliaria in circuitu ejusdem Civitatis ac punicionem eorundem pro delictis suis in non bene exequend' faciend' & utend' illa Necnon supervisum & scrutinium omnimod' Medicinarum & 
* earum  eorum recept' per dictos Medicos seu aliquem eorum hujusmodi ligeis nostris pro eorum infirmitatibus curand' & sanand' dand' imponend' & utend' quotiens & quando opus fuerit pro comodo & utilitate eorundem ligeorum nostrorum. Ita quod punicio hujusmodi medicorum utentium dicta facultate Medicine sic in premissis delinquentium per fines amerciamenta & Imprisonamenta corporum suorum & per alias vias rationabiles & congruas exequatur. Volumus eciam & concedimus pro nobis heredibus & successoribus nostris quantum in nobis est quod nec Presidens nec aliquis de Collegio predicto Medicorum nec successores sui nec eorum aliquis exercens facultatem illam quoquo modo in futur' infra Civitatem nostram predictam & suburbia ejusdem seu alibi summoneantur aut ponantur neque eorum aliquis summoneatur aut ponatur in aliquibus Assisis Juratis Inquestis Inquisitionibus Attinctis & aliis 
Physicians shall not be summoned on Juries in London.  recogn' infra dict' Civitat' & suburbia ejusdem imposterum coram Major' & Vicecomitibus seu Coronatoribus dicte Civitatis nostre pro tempore existen' capiend' aut per aliquem Officiarium seu Ministrum suum vel Officiarios sive Ministros suos summonend' licet iidem Jurati Inquisiciones seu recogniciones summ' fuerint super brevi vel brevibus nostris vel heredum nostrorum de recto. Sed quod dict' Magistri sive Gubernatores ac Comunitas facultatis antedicte & Successores sui & eorum quilibet dict' facultatem exercentes versus nos heredes & Successores nostros ac versus Majorem & Vicecomites Civitatis nostre predict' pro tempore existen' & quoscunque Officiarios & Ministros suos sint inde quieti & penitus exonerati imperpetuum per presents Proviso quod litere nostre seu aliquid in eyes content' non cedent in prejudicium Civitatis nostre London seu libertat' ejusdem Et hoc absque fine seu feodo pro premissis seu sigillacione presentium nobis faciend' solvend' vel aliqualiter reddend' Aliquo Statuto Ordinacione vel Actu in contrarium ante hec tempora fact' edit' ordinat' seu provis' in aliquo non obstan'. In cujus rei Testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste meipso apud Westmonaster' Vicesimo tertio die Septembris Anno Regni nostri Decimo. Per ipsum Regem & de data predicta authoritate Parliamen'. Tunstall.  
And forsomuch that the making of the said Corporation is meritorious and very good for the Commonwealth of this your Realm It is therefore expedient and necessary to Provide that no person of the said Politic body and commonalty aforesaid been suffered to exercise and practice physic but oonly these persons that be profound sad and discreet groundly learned and deeply studied in Physyke.  
In consideration whereof and for the further authoriseing 
The King's Letters Patents and every Article therein confirmed.  of the same Letters Patents and alsoe enlargeing of further Articles for the said Commonwealth to be had and made Pleaseth it your Highness with the assent of your Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commons in this present Parliament assembled to Enact Ordain and establish that the said Corporation of the said commonalty and fellowship of the faculty of Physyke aforesaid And all and every Grant Articles and other thing contained and specified in the said Letters Patents be approved granted ratified and confirmed in this present Parliament and clearly authorised and admitted by the same good lawful and available to your said Body corporate and their Successors for ever in as ample and large manner as may be taken thought and construed by the same. And that it please your Highness with the assent of your said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commons in this your present Parliament assembled furtherlie to enact ordain and establish that the Six Persons before said in your said most gracious Letters Patents named as Principals 
There shall be Eight Elects of the Physicians of London.  and first named of the said commonalty and fellowship choosing to them two moo of the said commonalty from hensforward be called and cleped Electys And that the same Electys yearly chose one of them to be Precedent of the said Comonalty and as oft as any of the Rooms and places of the same Electys shall fortune to be void by death or otherwise then the Survivours of the said Electys within thirty or forty days next after the death of them or any of them shall choose name and admit one or moo as need shall require of the most cunning and expert Men of and in the said faculty in London to supply the said room and number of Eight persons So that he or they that shall be so chosen be first by the said Supervisors straitly examined after a form devised by the said Electys and also by the same Supervisors approved.  
And where that in Dyocesys of England out of London it is not light to found always men able to sufficiauntly examine after the Statute such as shall be admitted to exercise Physyke in them that it may be enacted in this present Parliament That no person from henceforth be suffered to exercise or practice in Physyke through England until such time that he been 
Physicians in other places must be examined by the Precedent and 3 of the Elects.  examined at London by the said Precedent and three of the said Electys And to have from the said Precedent or Electys Letters Testimonialx of their approveing and examination Except he be a Graduate of Oxford or Cantebrygge which hath accomplished all thing for his form without any grace.   

The Commission according to the Exemplification.  
Die Mercurii vicesimo nono die Mensis Julii Centesimo decimo sexto die Parliamenti Peste indies magis & magis in Urbe Londino ac presertim circa Palacium Domini Regis de Bridewell invalescente Reverendissimus dominus Legatus Cancellarius exhibuit ostendidit 
* & ostendit certis  ceteris dominis Spiritualibus & Temporalibus quandam Comissionem Domini Regis magno figillo suo sigillatam Cujus tenor sequitur in hec verba.  
HENRICUS Octavus Dei gratia Anglie & Francie Rex fidei defensor & Dominus Hibernie Reverendissimo in Christo Patri intimoque ac dilectissimo Consiliario suo domino Thome miseracione divina tituli Sancte Cecilie Sacrosancte Romane Ecclesie Presbitero Cardinali Eborum Archiepiscopo Angl' Primati Apl'ice Sedis etiam de latere Legato Cancellar' suo salutem. Sciatis quod propter infeccionem aeris Pestiferi ubique per Civitatem nostram London invalescentem de avisamento & assensu Consilii nostri assignavimus vos Ac vobis tenore Presentium committimus potestatem & authoritatem Specialem ad presens Parliamentum nostrum usque Westmonaster' ad diem Veneris proximum futur' Prorogand' & continuand' ibidemque tenend'. Dantes ulterius universis & singulis tam Archiepiscopis Episcopis Abbatibus Prioribus Ducibus Comitibus Vicecomitibus Baronibus Militibus Civibus Burgensibus quam omnibus aliis quorum interest ad dictum Parliamentum nostrum predict' conventur' tenore presentium firmiter in mandatis quod vobis in premissis faciend' & exequend' pareant obediant & intendant prout decet. In cujus rei testimonium has literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste meipso apud Westmonaster' vicesimo nono die Julii anno regni nostri Quintodecimo.  
Quaquidem Comissione publice per Clericum Parliamenti l'ca dictus Reverendissimus dominus Legatus Cancellarius virtute ejusdem Comissionis Prorogavit continuavit & adjournavit presens Parliamentum usque Westmonaster' add diem Veneris tunc proxime futur' ibidemque tenend' hora consueta. Mandavit insuper dictus Reverendissimus Dominus Legatus Cancellarius Attorn' & Solicitatori Domini Regis quod assumpta secum dicta Comissione die sequente accederent in Domum Comunem intimaturi eis de domo Comuni dictam Prorogacionem Continuacionem & adjornacionem lecturique coram eis dictam Comissionem ad intencionem quod ipsi Comunes diem prefixum apud Westmonaster' observent prout decet. Die Jovis tertiodecimo die Mensis Augusti CXXX die Parliamenti ad horam 
* ferme  firme sextam post Meridiem Domino Rege in Solio Majestatis sedente in Camera vulgariter dicta Camera Parliamentorum infra Palacium suum Westmonaster' 
* assiden—  assedentibus dominis tam Spiritualibus 
* Supple quam Temporalibus  habitibus sive Robis Parliamentalibus decoratis Presente etiam de domo Comuni sive inferiori toto populo & plebe Thomas Moor Miles eorum Prolocutor silencio prius indict' graviter eloquent' & magno cum honoris & humilitatis ac 
* Modestiae  modestum honestament' Regiam affatus est Majestatem eandem summis & merit' quidem extollens laudibus dotes graves nature & fortune 
* eidem  eedem sue Majestati à Deo Maximo concessas copiosissime prosequebatur magnam in Prudencia excellenciam promptam fortitudinis agilitat' mirum 
* tempe—  temporancie moderamen divinum Justicie ardorem innatam Clemencie erga subditos benignitatem Subditorum erga eandem suam Majestatem amorem obedienciam ac debitam observanciam multa per exempla declarabat. In cujus rei comprobacionem quoddam scriptum Indentatum concessionem cujusdam maximi subsidii in se continens Regie Majestati optulit Argumentum certe 
* evid—  evedentissimum summe devocionis bonorum Regem Subditorum. Cui tam 
* excellenti  excellente oracioni 
† fine  finem 
* tum  tam imposito dictus Reverendissimus dominus Legatus Cancellarius Domino Rege prius consult' singula egregie recitando respondebat Quo fact' idem Reverendissimus Dominus Legatus Cancellarius Acta omnia in presenti Parliamento pro bono publico edita & facta ex mandato Domini Regis recitari & publicari jussit Quibus ex ordine per inicia recitatis & lectis & singulis per Clericum Parliamenti responcione secundum annotaciones Regie voluntatis declarativas à dorso scriptas facta dictus Reverendissimus dominus Legatus Cancellarius exhortando & admonendo nomine Regis omnes Dominos ac Comunes supradictos ut diligent' Ordinat' & Statuta pro bono publico in hoc Parliamento observarent & ab aliis observari procurarent Post graciar' ex parte Domini Regis accionem dict' Dominis & Comunibus pro eorum diligenti & laboriosa perseverantia circa expedicionem premissorum Parliamentum predictum nomine Regio duxit finiend' & dissolvend' & illud realit' finivit 
* penitus  perit & dissolvit concedens omnibus liberam ad propria 
* prodeundi  prodendi facultatem Anno Regni supradicti metuendissimi ac potentissimi domini nostri Regis Quintodecimo.  
Nos autem tenorem Premissorum predictorum ad requisicionem Georgii Ent Militis in Medicinis Doctoris ac Presidentis dicti Collegii Medicorum London duximus exemplificand' per presentes. In cujus rei testimonium has literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste meipso apud Westmonaster' vicesimo septimo die Februarii Anno regni nostri vicesimo quinto.  
Examinat' per nos Will'm Childe & S. Clerk in Cancellaria Magistror' duos.   

MEMORANDUM.  
THere are 36 Acts stitched together on the same Roll of Parliament, amongst which the Physician's Act is to be found. 26 Of these were signed at the bottom of each Act, Respons. Regis, Le Roy le veult; The other 10 (whose titles are as follow) were stitched to the former 26 in order as they are under-written. At the bottom of which (upon the same Roll) you may find the foregoing Commission which was exemplified with the Physicians Act and Patent at the request of the College of Physicians.  

27 An Act for the Haven or Port of Southampton.  
28 An Act for George Guleford to lay out a new way.  
29 An Act that the 6 Clerks of Chancery may Marry.  
30 An Act for George Roll to hold his place.  
31 An Act for the Clothiers in Suffolk.  
32 An Act concerning cordwainers.  
33 An Act touching Physicians.  
34 An Act for payment of Custom.  
35 An Act against tracing of Hares.  
36 A discharge of Edmond Shaa.    

32 H. 8. C. 40.  
For Physicians and their Privileges.  
IN most humble wise showeth unto your Majesty, your true and faithful subjects and liege men, the Precedent of the Corporation of the Commonalty and fellowship of the Science and faculty of Physic in your City of London, and the Commons of the Fellows 
Privileges granted to Physicians in London.  of the same, that whereas divers of them many times having in cure, as well some of the Lords of your most honourable Council, and divers times many of the Nobility of this Realm, as many other your faithful and liege People, cannot give their due attendance to them and other their Patients with such diligence as their duty were and is to do, by reason they be many times compelled, as well within the City of London, and suburbs of the same, as in other Towns and Villages, to keep Watch and Ward, and be chosen to the Office of Constable, and other Offices within the said City and suburbs of the same, as in other places within this your Realm, to their great fatigation and unquieting, and to the peril of their Patients, by reason they cannot be conveniently attended: It may therefore please your most Excellent Majesty, with the assent of your Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by authority of the same, to enact, ordain, and establish, That the said Precedent of the Commonalty and fellowship for the time being, and the Commons and Fellows of the same, and every Fellow thereof that now be, or that at any time hereafter shall be their Successors, and the Successors of every of them, at all time and times after the making of this present Act, shall be discharged to keep any Watch 
The Physicians in London shall be discharged to bear certain Offices there.  and Ward in your said City of London, or the suburbs of the same, or any part thereof; and that they or any of them shall not be chosen Constable, or any other Office in the said City or suburbs. And that if any time hereafter the said Precedent for the time being, or any of the said Commons or Fellows for the time being, by any ways or means be appointed or elected to any Watch or Ward, Office of Constable, or any other Office within the said City or suburbs, the same appointment or election to be utterly void and of none effect; any order, custom, or Law to the contrary before this time used in the said City notwithstanding.  
2. And that it may please your most Royal Majesty by the authority aforesaid, that it may be further enacted, ordained and established, for the common wealth and surety of your loving subjects of this your Realm, in and for the administration of medicines to such your said subjects as shall have need of the same, that from henceforth the said Precedent for the time being, Commons and Fellows, and their Successors, may yearly, at such time as they shall think most meet and convenient for the same, elect and choose four Persons of the said Commons and 
Four Physicians shall be chosen yearly to search Apothecary-wares in London.  Fellows, of the best learned, wisest and most discreet, such as they shall think convenient, and have experience in the said faculty of Physic: And that the said four persons so elected and chosen, after a corporal oath to them ministered by the said Precedent, or his Deputy, shall and may, by virtue of this present Act, have full authority and power, as often as they shall think meet and convenient, to enter into the house or houses of all and every Apothecary, now or any time hereafter using the mystery or craft of Apothecary within the said City, only to search, view, and see such Apothecary-wares, drugs and stuffs, as the Apothecaries, or any of them have, or at any time hereafter shall have in their house or houses: And all such wares, drugs and stuffs, as the said four persons shall then find defective, corrupted and not meet nor convenient to be ministered in any Medicines for the health of man's body, the same four Persons calling to them the Wardens of the said mystery of Apothecaries within the said City for that time being, or one of them shall cause to be brent, or otherwise destroy the same, as they shall think meet by their discretion. And if the said Apothecaries or any of them, at any time hereafter, do obstinately or willingly refuse or deny the said four persons yearly elected and chosen, as is beforesaid, to enter into their said house or houses for the causes, intent and purpose before rehearsed; That then they and every of them so offending contrary to 
The forfeiture of an Apothecary that refuseth to have his house searched.  this Act, for every time that he or they do so offend, to forfeit C. s. the one half to your Majesty, and the other half to him that will sue for the same by Action of debt, bill, plaint, or information, in any of the King's Courts, wherein no wager of Law, essoin, or 
Stat. 1 M. 9  protection shall be allowed: And if the said four persons or any of them so elected and chosen as before is said, do refuse to be sworn, or after his said oath to him or them administered, do obstinately refuse to 
The forfeiture of such as being elect refuse to be sworn or to make search.  make the said search and view once in the year at such time as they shall think most convenient by their discretions, having no lawful impediment by sickness or otherwise to the contrary; That then for every such wilful and obstinate default every of the said four persons making default to forfeit forty shillings.  
3. And forasmuch as the science of Physic doth comprehend, include and contain the knowledge of Surgery, as a special member and part of the same, Therefore be it enacted, That any of the said Company or Fellowship of Physicians, being able, chosen 
Any of the Physicians in London may practise Surgery.  and admitted by the said Precedent and Fellowship of Physicians, may from time to time, as well within the City of London, as elsewhere within this Realm, practice and exercise the said science of Physic in all and every his members and parts; any Act, Statute or Provision made to the contrary notwithstanding.   

32 H. 8. C. 42.  
For Barbers and Surgeons.  
THE King our Sovereign Lord, by the advice of his Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, by all the common assents, duly pondering, among other things necessary for the common wealth of this Realm, that it's very expedient and needful to provide for men expert in the science of Physic and Surgery, for the health of man's body, when infirmities and sickness shall happen, for the due exercise and maintenance whereof, good and necessary Acts be already made and provided: Yet nevertheless, forasmuch as within the City of London, where men of great experience, as well in speculation as in practice of the science and faculty of Surgery, be abiding and inhabiting, and have 
The authority and liberties of Barbers and Surgeons in London being made of one Company.  more commonly the daily exercise and experience of the same science of Surgery, than is had or used within any parts of this Realm; and by occasion thereof many expert persons be brought up under them as their servants, Apprentices and others, who by the exercise and diligent information of their said Masters, as well now as hereafter, shall exercise the said science within divers other parts of this Realm, to the great relief, comfort and succour of much People, and to the sure safeguard of their bodily health, their limbs and lives: And forasmuch as within the said City of London there be now two several and distinct Companies of Surgeons, occupying and exercising the said science and faculty of Surgery, the one Company being commonly called the Barbers of London, and the other Company called the Surgeons of London; which Company of Barbers be incorporated to sue and be sued by the name of Masters or Governors of the Mystery or Commonalty of the Barbers of London, by virtue 
By whom and at what time the Barbers of London were incorporate.  and authority of the Letters Patents under the great Seal of the late King of famous memory, King Edward the fourth, dated at Westminster the four and twentieth day of February, in the first year of his Reign, which afterward, as well by our most dread Sovereign Lord, as by the right noble and virtuous Prince, King Henry the seventh, Father unto the King's most excellent Highness, now being, were and be confirmed, as by sundry Letters Patents thereof made, amongst other things in the same contained more at large may appear; and the other Company called the Surgeons, be not incorporate, nor have any manner Corporation: which two several and distinct Companies of Surgeons were necessary to be united and made one body incorporate, to the intent that by their union and often assembly together, 
The benefit like to ensue by joining the Barbers and Surgeons in one Company.  the good and due order, exercise and knowledge in the said science or faculty of Surgery, should be as well in speculation as in practice, both to themselves, and all other their said servants and Apprentices, now and hereafter to be brought up under them, and by their learning, and diligent and ripe informations, more perfect, speedy and effectual remedy should be, than it hath been, or should be if the said two Companies of Barbers and Surgeons should continue severed asunder, and not joined together, as they before this time have been, and used themselves, not meddling together: Wherefore in consideration of the Premises, Be it enacted by the King our Sovereign Lord, and by the Lords spiritual and temporal, and by the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, That the said two several and distinct Companies of Surgeons, that is to say both the Barbers and the Surgeons, and every person of them, being a Freeman of either of the said Companies after the custom of the said City of London, and their Successors, from henceforth immediately be united, and made one entire 
The Barbers and Surgeons of London made one Company and incorporated.  and whole Body Corporate, and one Commonalty perpetual which at all times hereafter shall be called by the name of Masters or Governors of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barbers and Surgeons of London for evermore, and by none other name: And by the same name to implead, and be impleaded before all manner of justices, in all Courts, in all manner of Actions and Suits: And also to purchase, enjoy and take, to them and to their Successors, all manner of Lands, Tenements, Rents, and other Possessions whatsoever they be: And also shall have a common Seal, to serve for the business of the said Company and Corporation for ever. And by the same name, peaceably, quietly and indefeizably shall have, possess and enjoy, to them and to their Successors for ever, all such Lands and Tenements, and other Hereditaments whatsoever, which the said Company or Commonalty of Barbers have and enjoy, to the use of the said Mystery and Commonalty of Barbers of London: And also shall peaceably and quietly have and enjoy all and singular Benefits, Grants, Liberties, Privileges, Franchises and free Customs, and also all manner of other things at any time given or granted unto the said Companies of Barbers or Surgeons, by whatsoever name or names they or any of them were called, and which they or any of them now have, or any of their Predecessors have had, by Acts of Parliament, Letters Patents of the King's Highness, or other his most noble Progenitors, or otherwise by any lawful means had at any time afore this present Act, in as large and ample manner and form, as they or any of them have, had, might or should enjoy the same, this union or conjunction of the said Companies together notwithstanding: And as largely to have and enjoy the premises, as if the same were, and had been specially and particularly expressed and declared with the best and most clearest words and terms in the Law, to all intents and purposes: And that all persons of the said Company now incorporate by this present Act, and their Successors that shall be lawfully admitted and approved to occupy Surgery, after the form of the Statute in that case ordained 
The Barbers and Surgeons in London shall be exempt from bearing of arms, or to be in Watches or Inquests. 5 H. 8. 6.  and provided, shall be exempt from bearing of Armour, or to be put in any Watches or Inquests: And that they and their Successors shall have the search, oversight, punishment and correction as well of Fréemen as of foreign, for such offences as they or any of them shall commit, or do against the good order of Barbary or Surgery, as afore this time among the said Mystery and Company of Barbers of London hath been used and accustomed, according 
19 H. 7. 7.  to the good and politic Rules and Ordinances by them made and approved by the Lord's Chancellor, Treasurer, and two Chief justices of either Bench, or any three of them, after the form of the Statute in that case after ordained and provided.  
2. And further be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the said Masters or Governors of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barbers, and Surgeons of London; and their Successors yearly for ever after their said discretions, at their free liberty and pleasure shall and may have and take without contradiction, 
The Surgeons may take yearly four condemned Persons for Anatomies.  four persons condemned, adjudged, and put to death for felony by the due order of the King's Laws of this Realm, for Anatomies, without any further suit or labour to be made to the King's Highness, his Heirs or Successors for the same; And to make incision of the same dead bodies, or otherwise to order the same, after their said discretions, at their pleasures, for their further and better knowledge, instruction, insight, learning and experience in the said Science or faculty of Surgery: Saving unto all persons, their heirs and successors, all such right, title, interest and demand, which they or any of them might lawfully claim to have in or to any of the lands and tenements, with the appurtenances, belonging unto the said Company of Barbers and Surgeons, or any of them at any time afore the making of this Act, in as ample manner and form as they or any of them had or aught to have had heretofore; Any thing in this present Act comprised to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding.  
3. And forasmuch as all persons using of the Mystery or faculty of Surgery, oftentimes meddle and take into their cure and houses, such sick and diseased persons as been infected with the Pestilence, great Pocks, and such other contagious infirmities, do use or exercise Barbary, as washing or shaving, and other feats thereunto belonging, which is very perilous for infecting the King's liege People resorting to their shops and houses, there being washed or shaved: Wherefore it is now enacted, ordained and provided by the Authority aforesaid, That no manner 
No Barber in London shall use Surgery.  person within the City of London, Suburbs of the same, and one mile compass of the said City of London, after the feast of the Nativity of our Lord God next coming, using any Barbery or Shaving, or that hereafter shall use any Barbery or Shaving within the said City of London, Suburbs, or one mile circuit of the same City of London, he nor they, nor none other for them, to his or their use, shall occupy any Surgery, letting of blood, or any other thing belonging to Surgery, (drawing of teeth only except.) And furthermore in like manner, whosoever that useth the Mystery or Craft of Surgery within the circuit aforesaid, as long as he shall 
No Surgeon in London shall use the craft of shaving.  fortune to use the said Mystery or Craft of Surgery, shall in no wise occupy nor exercise the Feat or Craft of Barbary or Shaving, neither by himself, nor by none other for him, to his or their use: And moreover, that all manner of Persons using Surgery for the time being, as well Fréemen as Foreigns, Aliens and Strangers within the said City of London, the Suburbs thereof, and one mile compass of the same City of London, before the Feast of St. Michael the Archangel next coming, shall have an open Sign on the Street side where they 
Every Surgeon in London shall have a Sign at his door.  shall fortune to dwell, that all the King's liege people there passing by, may know at all times whither to resort for their remedies in time of necessity.  
4. And further be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, That no manner of person after the said feast 
None shall be a Barber in London but a Freeman of that Company.  of St. Michael the Archangel next coming, presume to keep any Shop of Barbary or Shaving within the City of London, except he be a freeman of the same Corporation and Company.  
5. And furthermore at such times as have been heretofore accustomed, there shall be chosen by the same Company, four Masters or Governors of the 
Four Wardens shall be chosen and their authority.  same Corporation or Company, of the which four, two of them shall be expert in Surgery, and the other two in Barbary; Which four Masters, and every of them, shall have full power and authority from time to time, during their said office, to have the oversight, search, punishment and correction of all such defaults and inconveniencies as shall be found among the said Company using Barbary or Surgery, as well of Fréemen as Foreigns, Aliens and Strangers, within the City of London, and the circuits aforesaid, after their said discretions: And if any person or persons using any Barbery or Surgery, at any time hereafter offend in any of these Articles aforesaid; then for every month the said Persons so offending, shall lose, forfeit and pay 
The forfeitures of the Offenders.  five pounds, the one moiety thereof to the King our Sovereign Lord, and the other moiety to any person that will or shall sue therefore by action of debt, bill, plaint or information in any the King's Courts, wherein no Wager of Law, Essoin or Protection shall be admitted or allowed in the same.  
6. Provided that the Barbers and Surgeons, and every of them, shall bear and pay lot and scot, and such other charges as they and their predecessors have been accustomed to pay, within the said City of London; This Act nor any thing therein contained to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding.  
7. Provided always, and be it enacted by Authority aforesaid, That it shall be lawful to any of the 
Any person may keep a Barber or Surgeon as his Servant.  King's subjects, not being Barber or Surgeon, to retain, have and keep in his house, as his servant, any person being a Barber or Surgeon, which shall and may use and exercise those arts and faculties of Barbary or Surgery or either of them, in his Master's house or elsewhere by his Master's licence or commandment; Any thing in this Act above-written to the contrary notwithstanding.   

34, 35 H. 8. C. 8.  
A Bill that persons being no common Surgeons, may minister Medicines, notwithstanding the Statute.  
WHERE in the Parliament holden at Westminster, in the third year of the King's 
Any person being no common Surgeon may minister outward Medicines.  most gracious Reign, amongst other things, for the avoiding of Sorceries, Witchcrafts and other inconveniencies, it was enacted, That no person within the City of London, nor within seven miles of the same, should take upon him to exercise and occupy as Physician or Surgeon, except he be first examined, approved and admitted by the Bishop of London and other, under and upon certain pains and penalties in the same Act mentioned: Since the making of which said Act, the Company 
By what means the Surgeons of London have abused the Statute of 3 H. 8. 11. for their own gain.  and Fellowship of Surgeons of London, minding only their own lucre's, and nothing the profit or ease of the diseased or Patient, have sued, troubled and vexed divers honest persons, as well men as women, whom God hath endued with the knowledge of the nature, kind and operation of certain Herbs, Roots and Waters, and the using and ministering of them, to such as been pained with customable diseases, as women's Breasts being sore, a Pin and the Web in the Eye, Vncomes of hands, Scaldings, Burnings, Sore mouths, the Stone, Strangury, Saucelim and Morphew, and such other like diseases: And yet the said persons have not taken any thing for their pains or cunning, but have ministered the same to poor people only for neighbourhood and God's sake, and of pity and charity. And it is now well known, that the Surgeons admitted will do no Cure to any Person, but where they shall know to be rewarded with a greater Sum or reward then the Cure extendeth unto; for in case they would minister their cunning unto sore people unrewarded, there should not so many rot and perish to death for lack of help of Surgery as daily do: but the greater part of Surgeons admitted, been much more to be blamed then those persons that they trouble.  
2. For although the most part of the persons of the said Craft of Surgeons have small cunning, yet they will take great sums of money, and do little therefore, and by reason thereof they do oftentimes impair and hurt their Patients, rather than do them good. In consideration whereof, and for the ease, comfort, succour, help, relief and health of the King's poor Subjects, inhabitants of this his Realm, now pained or diseased, or that hereafter shall be pained or diseased;  
3. Be it ordained, established and enacted by the authority of this present Parliament, That at all 
It shall be lawful for any person to cure outward sores notwithstanding the Statute of 3 H. 8. 11.  time from henceforth it shall be lawful to every person being the King's subject, having knowledge and experience of the nature of Herbs, Roots and Waters, or of the operation of the same, by speculation or practice within any part of the Realm of England, or within any other the King's dominions, to practise, use and minister in and to any outward sore, uncome, wound, apostemations, outward swelling or disease, any herb or herbs, ointments, baths, pultes and emplasters, according to their cunning, experience and knowledge in any of the diseases, sores and maladies beforesaid, and all other like to the same, or drinks for the Stone and Strangury, or Agues, without suit, vexation, trouble, penalty, or loss of their goods, the foresaid Statute in the foresaid third year of the King's most gracious Reign, or any other Act, Ordinance or Statute to the contrary hereof made, in any wise notwithstanding.   

1 Q. M. according to the Exemplification.  
Sessio 2. C. 9  
An Act touching the Corporation of the Physicians in London.  
CAROLUS SECUNDUS Dei gratia Anglie Scotie Francie & Hibernie Rex fidei defensor, etc. Omnibus ad quos presentes litere pervenerint Salutem. Inspeximus irrotulament' cujusdam Actus Parliamen' Domine Marie nuper Regine Anglie tent' per prorogationem apud Westm' vicesimo quarto die Octobris Anno Regni sui primo & ibidem continuat' usque in sextum diem Decembris Anno predict' quo die dissolutum erat in Cur' Cancellar' nostre irrotulat' ac ibidem de Recordo remanen' in hec verba. Exhibita est Regie Majestati in Parliamento predicto Billa quedam formam Actus in se continens.  
Where in the Parliament holden at London the fiftéenth day of April in the fourtéenth year of the Reign of our late Sovereign Lord King Henry th' eight and from thence adjourned to Westminster the last day of July in the fiftéenth year of the Reign of the same King and there holden It was enacted that a certain grant by Letters patents of Incorporation made and granted by our said late King to the Physicians of London and all Clauses and Articles contained in the same Grant should be approved granted ratified and Confirmed by the same Parliament: For the consideration thereof Be it enacted by authority of this present Parliament that the said Statute 
A confirmation of the Statute of 14 H. 8. 5. touching the corporation of Physicians in London.  or Act of Parliament with every Article and Clause therein contained shall from henceforth stand and continue still in full strength force and effect Any Act Statute Law Custom or any other thing made had or used to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. And for the better reformation of divers Enormities happening to the Common Wealth by the evil using and undue administration of Physic and for the enlarging of further Articles for the better execution of the things contained in the said Grant enacted Be it therefore now enacted That whensoever the Precedent of the College or Commonalty of the faculty of Physic of London for the time being or such as the said Precedent and College shall yearly according to the tenor and meaning of the said Act authorize to search examine correct and punish all Offenders and Transgressors in the said faculty within the same City and precinct in the said Act expressed shall send or commit any such Offendor or Offenders for his or their Offences or disobedience contrary to any Article or Clause contained in the said Grant or Act 
Whosoever shall be committed to Prison by the Precedent of the College of Physicians in London shall be received and kept thereby.  to any Ward gale or Prison within the same City and Precinct The Tower of London except That then from time to time the Warden Gailour or Keeper Wardenns Geylours or Keepers of the Wards gales or Prisons within the City and Precinct aforesaid (Except before excepted) shall receive into his or their Prisons All and every such Person and Persons so offending as shall be so sent or committed to him or them as is aforesaid and there shall safely keep the Person or Persons so committed in any of their Prisons at the proper Costs and Charges of the said person or persons so committed without Bail or Maineprise until such time as such offender or offenders or disobedientes be discharged of the said Imprisonment by the said Precedent and such Persons as by the said College shall be thereunto authorised upon pain that all and every such warden Jailer or Keeper doing the contrary shall lose and forfeit the double of such fine and amerciament as such Offender and Offenders or disobedientes shall be assessed to pay by such as the said Precedent and College shall 
The offenders forfeiture and who shall have it and by what means.  authorize as aforesaid So that the same fine and amerciament be not at any one time above the sum of Twenty pounds The moiety thereof to be employed to th' use of our sovereign Lady the Queen her Heirs and Successoures' Th other moiety unto the said Precedent and College. All which forfeitures to be recovered by action of Debt Bill Plaint or Information in any of the Queens her Heirs and Successoures' Courts of Records against any such warden Jailer or Keeper so offending In which suit no Essoigne Wager of Law nor protection shall be allowed ne admitted for the defendant. And further be it enacted by th' authority aforesaid for the better execution of the search and view of Poticarye Wares Drugs and 
Searching in London for Apothecary wares.  Compositions according to the tenor of a Statute made in the Two and thirtieth year of the Reign of the said late King Henry th' eight That it shall be lawful for the Wardens of the Grocers or one of them to go with the said Physicians in their view and search That if the said warden or Wardens do refuse or delay his or their coming thereunto furthwithe and immediately when the said Precedent or four of his College elect as aforesaid do call upon him or them That then the said Physicians may and shall execute that search and view and the due Punishment of the Apothecaries for any their evil and faulty stuff according to the Statute last before mentioned without th' assistance of any of the said wardens Any Clause in th' aforenamed Statute to the contrary hereof notwithstanding. And every such Person or Persons as will or shall resist 
The penalty for resisting of search of Apothecary wares.  such search shall forfeit for every such resistance Ten Pounds the same Penalty to be recovered in form aforesaid without any of the delays aforesaid to be had in suit thereof.  
And further be it enacted That all justice's 
Other Magistrates shall assist the Physicians in their search.  Mayor's Shrieffes Bailiefes Constables and other Ministers and Officers within the City and precinct abovewritten upon request to them made shall help aid and assist the Precedent of the said College and all persons by them from time to time authorised for the due execution of the said Acts or Statutes upon pain for not giving of such aid help and assistance to run in contempt of the Queen's Majesty her Heirs and Successoures'.  
Cui quidem Bille perlecte & ad plenum intellecte per dictam dominam Reginam ex authoritate Parliamenti predicti sic responsum est, La Reigne le veult. Nos autem tenorem premissorum ad requisitionem Georgii Ent Militis Presiden' Collegii Medicorum London' per presentes duximus Exemplificand'. In cujus rei Testimonium has literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste meipso apud Westmonaster' decimo tertio die Julii Anno Regni nostri Vicesimo sexto.  
Grimston Ha.  
Examinat' per nos Lacon Wm Child & Miles Cook in Cancellaria Magistrorum duos.   

Q. Elizabeth 's Charter for Anatomies.  
ELIZABETH dei gratia Anglie Francie & Hibernie Regina fidei defensor, etc. Omnibus ad quos presentes Litere pervenerint Salutem. Cum Preclarissime memorie Pater noster Henricus octavus nuper Rex Anglie inter nonnullas alias in commodum & utilitatem regni sui Anglie preclare admodum sancitas & stabilitas Ordinationes saluti subditorum suorum summopere invigilans per Litteras suas Patentes Collegium perpetuum quorundam gravium virorum medicorum qui medicinam in Urbe sua Londino & Suburbiis ejusdem intraque septem miliaria ab ea Urbe quaqua versus publice exercerent instituerit & incorporaverit eos in Corpus corporatum & Politicum per nomen President' 
* supple &  Collegii seu Communitat' facultatis medicine Londini & concesserit eidem Presidenti 
* rect. & Collegio sive Communitati  Collegii sive Communitatis predicte & successoribus suis diversas libertates & privilegia QUAS Litteras Patentes ac omnia in eis contenta idem Pater noster non solum per Senatus consultum seu Parliamentum suum tentum Annis quartodecimo & quintodecimo regni sui confirmavit Sed eciam per idem statutum in multis adauxit & amplificavit QUODQUIDEM pium institutum dicti Patris nostri quandoquidem in rei publice commoditatem cessit manifestam & in majorem indies cessurum verosimile sit si nos quod rem medicam profitentibus maxime necessarium est concesserimus predictis Presidenti 
* & Collegio  Collegii sive Communitati predicte & successoribus suis imperpetuum quotannis quedam humana corpora ad anatomizandum ut informamur Sciatis quod nos non modo preclaram institutionem dicti Patris nostri merito recolentes verum eciam regii officii nostri munus arbitrantes regiminis nostri Subditorum incolumitati saluti & securitati quantum in nobis est providere de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa sciencia & mero motu nostris concessimus ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successoribus nostris concedimus prefato Presidenti Collegii sive 
* Communitatis  Communitati facultatis medicine Londini predict' & successoribus suis sive eorum assignatis quod habeant & accipiant annuatim Temporibus futuris imperpetuum una vice vel diversis Anni vicibus ad discrecionem voluntatem & libertatem predict' Presidentis pro tempore existen' & successorum suorum Unum duo tria vel quatuor corpora humana ad discindend' & anatomizand ' quod jure publico hujus regni furti homicidii vel cujuscumque felonie condemnatum & mortuum fuerit vel que jure publico hujus regni furti homicidii vel cujuscumque felonie condemnat' & mort' fuerint infra Comitatum Midd' vel infra Civitatem London' predictam vel alibi ubicumque infra sedecim miliaria predict' Civitatis prox' in quocumque Comitatu sine impedimento nostri heredum vel successorum nostrorum aut Vicecomitum Ballivorum Servient' ad clavam seu aliorum Officiariorum aut Subditorum nostrorum quorumcunque sive eorum alicujus ET QUOD licebit eidem Presidenti Collegii & 
* Communitatis  Communitati predict' & successoribus suis & aliis quibuscumque eorum assignatis medicine professoribus seu expertis eadem corpora secare dividere & aliter pro voluntate & judicio suo cum ea reverencia que humane carni debetur tractare ad incrementum cognicionis medicine experimentum ejusdem & ad salutem ligeorum nostrorum sine contradictione alicujus ET hoc absque ulla pecuniarum summa vel ullis pecuniarum summis pro eisdem reddend' seu cuicumque solvend' PROVISO semper quod cum hujusmodi anatomia de tempore in tempus transacta & perfecta fuerit predicta corpora sumptibus ipsorum Presidentis & successorum suorum debitis exequiis & sepulture committantur. EO QUOD expressa mencio de vero valore Annuo aut de aliquo alio valore vel certitudine premissorum sive eorum alicujus Aut de aliis donis sive concessionibus per nos vel per aliquem progenitorum nostrorum prefatis Presidenti 
* & Collegio  Collegii sive Communitati facultatis medicine Londini ante hec tempora factis in presentibus minime fact' existit Aut aliquo Statuto Actu ordinatione proclamatione provisione sive restrictione inde in contrarium habit' fact' edit' ordinat' sive provis Aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacumque in aliquo non obstante. IN CUJUS rei testimonium has litteras nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. TESTE me ipsa apud Westmonasterium vicesimo quarto die Februarii Anno regni nostri Septimo.  
Per breve de privato Sigillo, etc. Nailour.   

A Royal Charter granted to the College of Physicians 8 Octob. 15 Jac.  
JAMES by the grace of God King of England Scotland 
Preamble.  France and Ireland defender of the faith, etc. To all to whom these Presents shall come greeting. WHEREAS our most noble and renowned Predecessor King Henry the Eighth late King of this our Realm of England in his Princely wisdom deeply considering and by the example of foreign well governed States and Kingdoms truly understanding how profitable beneficial and acceptable it would be unto the whole body of this Kingdom of England to restrain and suppress the excessive number of such as daily professed themselves learned and profound practisers in the faculty of Physic whereas in truth they were men illiterate and unexperienced rather propounding unto themselves their private gain with the detriment of this Kingdom than to give relief in time of need: And likewise duly considering that by the rejecting of those illiterate and unskilful practisers those that were learned grave and profound practisers in that faculty should receive more bountiful reward and alsoe the industrious Students of that profession would be the better encouraged in their studies and endeavours.  
For these and many other weighty motives causes and considerations our Royal and Princely Predecessor 
Recital of the Patent of Incorporation.  King Henry the Eighth by his Letters Patents bearing date at Westminster the three and twentieth day of September in the Tenth year of his Reign of his especial grace and princely favour did erect found and establish a College Commonalty or Incorporation of Physicians in the City and Suburbs of London and for seven miles every way in distance from the same to be remain and have existence for ever. And by the same Letters Patents our foresaid noble Predecessor did further give and grant unto John Chambre Thomas Linacre Ferdinando de Victoria Nicholas Halsewell John Francis and Robert Yaxley then learned discreet and profound Practisers in the said faculty of Physic in the foresaid City of London that they and all of the said faculty of Physic of and in the foresaid City of London should for ever from thenceforth be in name and deed one Body Commonalty and College.  
And further by the said Letters Patents did give and grant unto the said College and Commonalty full power ability and authority for ever annually to elect and make one of the said College or Commonalty to be Precedent of the said College Corporation and Commonalty. And that the said Precedent so elected and made and the said College and Commonalty should have perpetual succession and a Common Seal for the behoof and benefit of the said Precedent College and Commonalty and their Successors for ever.  
And also by the said Letters Patents did further give and grant unto the said Precedent College and Commonalty and their Successors divers and sundry other libertyes Privileges Immunityes power ability and authority not only to and for the benefit advantage and commodity of the foresaid Precedent College and Commonalty and their Successors but also for the more certain and easier discovery speedy restraint and certain repressing of the before mentioned unskilful and illiterate Practisers in the said faculty of Physic as aforesaid As by the foresaid Letters Patents remaining of record amongst other things therein contained more plainly and fully it doth and may appear. Which said Letters Patents and all 
And that the same was confirmed by Act of Parliament.  and every grant article and other thing contained and specified in the same were by Act of Parliament made in the fourteenth year of the Reign of our said noble Predecessor King Henry the eighth approved granted ratified and confirmed and clearly authorized and admitted by the same good lawful and available to the said Body corporate and their Successors for ever And that the best construction that might be invented should be made thereof and of every part and parcel thereof for the best benefit behoof power and authority of the foresaid Precedent College and Corporation of Physicians as aforesaid.  
And further by other several Acts of Parliament divers and sundry other privileges liberties ability power and authority are and were established ordained 
And whereas by other Acts other Privileges are given, and yet divers Enormities abound;  given and granted unto the said Precedent College and Corporation of Physicians and their Successors As by the said several Acts of Parliament thereof made more fully and at large it doth and may appear. Since the making of which said Letters Patents and several Acts of Parliament we do nevertheless daily find that divers enormities and abuses not as yet sufficiently provided for and reform do abound and increase to the apparent damage of us and our loving Subjects of this our Realm of England by and through the unskilfulness fraud and deceit of Physicians Apothecaries Druggist's and such like and are likely much more to abound unless timely and festine remedy be by us provided and applied for the curing of so public a disease.  
KNOW ye therefore that we graciously affecting so pious and charitable a work and intending hereby a 
His Majesty hereby  more full and perfect reformation of the said abuses grievances and enormities which these latter times have abundantly brought forth in this our Realm out of our princely disposition and care for the repressing thereof and of our special grace certain knowledge and mere motion at the humble petition as well of our trusty and wellbeloved Henry Atkins Doctor in Physic now Precedent of the said College and one of our Physicians Theodorus de Mayerne Doctor in Physic one other of our Physicians Thomas Mondford and Edward Lister Doctors of Physic Fellows and Elects of the said College as of other the Doctors of the said College Have given granted ratifyed approved allowed and confirmed and by these presents do for us our heirs and successors give grant ratify approve allow and confirm 
Approves of and confirms the Premises.  unto the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors the said Letters Patents of our said noble Predecessor King Henry the Eighth herein before mentioned and every Article clause gift and grant therein contained and not herein altered for the honour peace and quiet of the said College And that the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors shall and may for ever hereafter have receive take retain keep use exercise and enjoy all and singular such rights titles liberties privileges immunities freedoms executions ability power authority and other things as by the said Letters Patents or by any Acts of Parliament are or were given granted or confirmed or were thereby mentioned or intended to be given granted or confirmed notwithstanding the not using misusing or abusing of the same And that the same Letters Patents and every Article and Clause theerein contained shallbe adjudged taken and construed most benignly and favourably to and for the best benefit avail and advantage of the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty or their Successors Any Ordinance Custom or usage to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. And whereas our said noble Predecessor by the foresaid Letters Patents (amongst other things theerein contained) hath given and granted unto the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors and thereby expressly appointed and provided that no person whatsoever should exercise the said faculty of Physic within the foresaid City of London or within seven miles in Circuit thereof unless the said person should first be admitted to do the same by the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty or their Successors by Letters Testimonial of the said Precedent and College or Commonalty sealed with their Common Seal upon pain of forfeyting of five pounds for every month wherein the said person should exercise the said faculty being not admitted thereunto The one half thereof to be forfeited and given to our said Predecessor his heirs and successors the other half thereof to be forfeited and given to the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors as by the said Letters Patents may appear:  
NOW KNOW ye that We in our Princely wisdom deeply considering how needful it is and will be that all and singular person and persons practising or exercising the said faculty of Physic contrary to the intent and true meaning of the foresaid Letters Patents shallbe duly and condignly punished And for the better encouragement of the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors to sue for the said penalty of five pounds specified and mentioned by the said Letters Patents of our special grace certain knowledge and mere motion have given and granted and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do give and grant unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors full power and lawful authority 
Power to sue for the Penalties;  in the name of us our heirs and successors or otherwise in their own name by the name of the Precedent and College of the faculty of Physic within the City of London in any our Courts of Record or in any other place or places within this our Realm according to our Laws to sue for recover and have execution of and for all and singular such pevalties forfeitures sum and sums of money as now are or hereafter from time to time shall accrue or grow due unto us our heirs or successors or to them by force or virtue of the foresaid Letters Patents or any the said Statutes or any Clause or thing in them or in these presents contained other than the recognizance hereafter expressed or by reason or means of any Offence or Misdemeanour whatsoever committed perpetrated or done or hereafter to be committed perpetrated or done contrary to the intent and meaning thereof. And after the same shallbe duly recovered levied or received as aforesaid we will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do give and 
And to retain them to their own use.  grant the same penalties forfeitures and sums of money and every part and parcel thereof to the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors to be retained had taken converted and enjoyed to their sole and proper use benefit and behoof without rendering making or yielding unto us our heirs or successors any part or parcel thereof or any rend account or recompense for the same other than the yearly rent hereafter by these presents reserved The said Letters Patents or any the said Statutes before mentioned or any clause article or reservation in them or any of them contained to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding.  
And We do further by these Presents of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors That the four persons to be annually chosen by the said Precedent and College or Commonalty for the time being and their Successors according to the intent and meaning of the foresaid Letters Patents of our said Predecessor King Henry the eighth now commonly called the four Censors of the said College or any three of them for the time being shall have full power and lawful authority at all time and times hereafter when and as often as to the said four Censors or any three 
Power to the Censors to examine and Correct Physicians, Apothecaries, etc. and their Medicines;  of them shall seem requisite and convenient to examine survey govern correct and punish all and singular Physicians and practisers in the faculty of Physic Apothecaries Druggist's Distillers and Sellers of waters or oyses Preparers of Chemical Medicynes to be sold or impsoyed for gain and all and every other person and persons practising in the same faculty or using the art or mystery of an Apothecary or the Trade or Craft of a Druggist Distiller Preparer or Seller of any Oils Waters or Medicynes as aforesaid or that shall sell or put to sale any Stuffs Drugs Oils Waters or Medicynes or other thing whatsoever fit apt and used or pretended to be fit apt and used for Medicine either simple or compounded at or in any place or places within the foresaid City and Suburbs of London or within seven 
And to punish them by fine, imprisonment or otherwise.  miles of the same by fines amerciaments and Imprisonments and by other lawful ways and means according as the nature and quality of his or their offence or offences in the Premises shall deserve or require.  
And we do further of our like especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors and do by these Presents declare oux will and 
Power granted to the Censors to call before them Physicians and examine them, and to fine them that refuse to come.  pleasure to be That the said four Censors of the foresaid College for the time being or any three of them for ever hereafter when and as often as to the said Censors or any three of them shall seem meet and convenient shall have full power and authority to send for summon convent and cause to appear and come before them the said four Censors for the time being or any three of them all and every Physician and Physician's practiser and practisers in the said faculty of Physic within the foresaid City and Suburbs of London or within seven miles thereof at such times and places as by the said Censors or any three of them shallbe reasonably limited prefixed and appointed And to examine them concerning their skill or practise of the said faculty of Physic and their manner of practice therein. And if any Physician or Practiser in the said faculty of Physic upon reasonable summons and garnishment to be made and given in that behalf shall make default and not appear before the said Censors or any three of them at such time and place as by the said Censors or any three of them shallbe reasonably limited prefixed and appointed or shall refuse to answer or to be examined as aforesaid That then and so often the said four Censors for the time being or any three of them shall and may lawfully assess and impose a reasonable penalty fine or amerciament upon every or any such delinquent or offendor for every several default of appearance made upon several summons or for every several refusal to answer or to be examined as aforesaid at several times upon several appearances made So as the same penalty fine or amerciament so to be imposed for any one default of appearance or refusal to answer or to be examined as aforesaid do not at any one time exceed the sum of forty shillings of Currant English money. And if any person or persons so summoned or warned as aforesaid do make his or their personal appearance before the foresaid Censors at such time and place as is or shallbe limited and appointed as aforesaid and it shall then and there appear unto the said Censors that such person or persons hath or have administered or prescribed Medicine or Physic unto any person or persons or hath or have practised in the said faculty of Physic at any one or more time or times within the foresaid City or Suburbs of London or within seven miles thereof without admission and licence first had and obtained of and from the said Precedent and College or Commonalty or their Successors by Letters testimonial under their Common Seal according to the meaning of the Letters Patents before mentioned Then it shall 
To impose a fine upon such as practise without licence, and to imprison them.  and may be lawful to and for the said four Censors or any three of them to assess and impose a reasonable penalty fine or amerciament upon every such person and persons so practising for every such his and their offence and default in that behalf So as the same exceed not the sum of three pounds of lawful English money and to imprison him by the space of seven days or under for such his offence and not to detain him in prison any longer unless he shall not have made satisfaction and payment of the same fine so imposed upon him for the same offence In which case it shall be lawful to detain him in prison until the same fine be satisfied. And if it shall then and there appear unto the said Censors or any three of them as aforesaid that any such person or persons so making his or their appearance hath at any time administered or prescribed any noisome unwholesome or unfit Medicine or Physic unto any person or persons within the lymitts aforesaid Then the said Censors shall and may from time to time punish the said delinquent or offendor by reasonable amerciament fine or imprisonment according unto their discretion to be by them imposed as aforesaid So as the same fine do not exceed the sum of Tenn pounds and so as the imprisonment for such offence exceed not the space of fourteen days unless it shallbe for nonpayment of such fine for which it shall be lawful to detain such offendor in prison until the same fine be satisfied. And to the end that the said Offenders in the premises may be the better known and discovered and may be for their said misdemeanours and offences duly and condignly punished according to the merits of their said offences We do therefore of our more abundant grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors full power and lawful authority that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors by any precept or process to be made under their Common Seal to summon and warn any person or persons whatsoever whom 
Apothecaryes', &c. to testify against undue practisers of Physic.  they shall know or think meet being an Apothecary Surgeon Druggist or employed in or about ministering of any physic or medicynes or Attendant or servant upon any that shall have received physic or medicine to declare testify or prove against any such delinquent or offendor in the premises his or their misdemeanours or offences upon reasonable summons and warning to appear and come before the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Surcessors or the said Censors or any three of them to be examined touching his or their knowledge of the said offenders and their misdemeanours and offences in the Premises and upon his or their appearance made as aforesaid to administer and give to him or them so to be produced to testify as aforesaid an Oath or Oaths and him and them to swear upon the Holy Evangelists to testify and declare the truth of his and their knowledge concerning the said offenders in the premises and their said misdemeanours and offences or otherwise to examine him or them without oath as they shall think fit. And that if any such person or persons 
If they refuse to testify, they are to forfeit twenty Shillings.  as shallbe thought fit as aforesaid to declare and testify concerning the said offences upon reasonable summons and warning given as aforesaid shall wilfully make default and shall not accordingly appear before the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors or the said Censors or any three of them Or if he or they shall appear and yet nevertheless shall refuse to take such Oath or Oaths as shall be then offered or tendered unto him or them as aforesaid Or otherwise shall refuse to be examined without Oath Or shall refuse to make answer to such questions as shallbe then asked or demanded of him or them by the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors or the said Censors or any three of them concerning his or their knowledge touching the said offences and misdemeanours or any of them or any other matter or thing concerning the same or the discovery thereof Then every such person and persons shall for every such default or refusal as aforesaid forfeit and pay to the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors the Sum of twenty Shillings of lawful English money.  
And we do further of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and Successors give and grant unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors That the said four Censors for the time being or any 
Power to search and destroy  three of them shall and may have full and absolute power and lawful authority at all time and times when and as often as to them as aforesaid shall seem meet and convenient at fit and reasonable times to enter into the House Shop Cellar Vault Workhouse or Warehouse or any other rooms of the house of any Apothecary Druggist Distiller and Seller of Water's Oils or other compositions for the ends aforesaid or of any other person or persons that now doth or hereafter shall put or set to sale any medicine drugs waters oils or stuffs fit apt or used or pretended to be fit apt or used for medicine within the foresaid City or Suburbs of London or within seven miles thereof And then and there to view search try examine and see the said medicines wares drugs 
The Drugs and Medicines of Apothecaries, etc.  waters oils medicines and stuffs of such Apothecary's Druggist's Distillers preparers or sellers of waters oils or medicines or other person or persons as aforesaid and to examine them upon oath or without 
And to examine them upon Oath or otherwise concerning the same.  oath as they shall think best concerning the receipts and compositions thereof And all such medicines wares drugs waters oils and stuffs as the said four Censors or any three of them as aforesaid shall find or conceive to be defective corrupted or not meet nor convenient to be ministered or used in medicine for the health of man's body the said four Censors or three of them shall or may take burn or otherwise destroy the same or cause to be taken burned or otherwise destroyed according to their discretions.  
And we do further for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent or College and Commonalty and their Successors That the said four Censors for the time being or three of them shall and may have full and absolute power and authority at all times when and as often as to them shallbe thought meet and reasonable to send for summon 
Power to convent Apothecaries, etc.  convent and cause to appear before them the said four Censors for the time being or any three of them at such times and places within the foresaid City and Suburbs of London or within seven miles thereof all or any such Apothecary's Druggist's Distillers preparers or sellers of such waters oils or medicynes as aforesaid or any other person or persons whatsoever using the art or mystery of an Apothecary or Druggist or the Trade or Craft of a distiller preparer or seller of waters oils or medicines or that shall put or set to sale any stuffs drugs waters oils medicines or other things whatsoever apt fit or used for medicine either simple or compound within the foresaid City and Suburbs of London or within seven miles from the same. And if any such person or persons so summoned or warned as aforesaid upon reasonable summons and garnishment to him or them made in that behalf shall not accordingly make his or their personal appearance before the said Censors for the time being or any three of them at such time and place as by the said Censors or any three of them is or shallbe reasonably lymitted and appointed Then We do by these presents declare that it shall and may be lawful to and for the foresaid four Censors for the time being or any three of them to impose and inflict such reasonable penalty fine and amerciament upon 
And to fine them for Non-appearance 20 s.  every such person or persons so making default of appearance as the said four Censors or any three of them shall think meet in that behalf so as such fine or amerciament for any one such default exceed not the sum of twenty shillings of lawful English money. And if any person or persons summoned as aforesaid shall make his or their personal appearance before the aforesaid four Censors for the time being or any three of them at such time or place as is or shallbe limited and appointed and then and there it shall appear unto the said four Censors or any three of them that the said person or persons so appearing then or of late did put or set to sale keep or retain in his or their shop or shops house or houses any wares drugs waters oils medicines or stuffs defective corrupted and not meet or convenient to be ministered in medicine for the health of man's body or that any such person or persons so summoned and appearing as aforesaid then or of late did make or compound or deliver out any medicine either simple or compounded differing from and not agreeable in name nature and quantity unto the prescript or direction delivered unto the said person or persons before the making compounding or delivery of the said medicine then the said four Censors for the time being or any three of them shall have full power and authority to impose a reasonable penalty fine and amerciament upon all and every person and persons so offending so as the same penalty fine or amerciament for any 
And to fine them for defective Medicines 3 l. and Imprisonment.  one default or offence exceed not at any one time the sum of three pounds of lawful English money And further to imprison such offendor until he have made satisfaction and payment of the same fine so imposed upon him for the same offence.  
And We do further of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the foresaid Precedent 
Grant of fines, etc. to the College.  and College or Commonalty and their Successors all and singular the fines and amerciaments penalties and forfeitures and every of them hereafter to be forfeited assessed or imposed upon any Physician or practiser in Physic as aforesaid or to be forfeited imposed or assessed upon any Apothecary Druggist or other person or persons for or by reason of any misdemeanour offence contempt or default whatsoever before in these presents declared mentioned or specified And that the said Precedent and College or Commivaltie and their Successors shall and may by the name of the Precedent and College of the faculty of Physic within the City of London at all times hereafter and from time to time in any our Courts of Record according to our Laws sue for recover levy and take execution of and for the said fines amerciaments penalties and forfeitures and every or any part thereof and the same being recovered and levied to have take retain and enjoy to the only use behoof and benefit of the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors without the let disturbance or interruption of us our heirs or successors or of any the Officers or Ministers of us our heirs or successors and without giving or rendering any account or recompense thereof to us our heirs or successors. And that if any offendor upon whom any such fine or amerciament shall be imposed shallbe present before the four Censors or any three of them at the time of such fine or amerciament imposed and shall not then pay the same That then it shall and may be lawful to and for the said four Censors or any three of them by whom such fine or amerciament shall be imposed to commit such offendor to prison and detain him in prison until he shall have satisfied the said fine or amerciament and no longer.  
And further We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors of our especial grace and favour do grant unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors That it shall and may be lawful to and for them or the greater part of them to have appoint retain and enjoy a certain Hall or Councill-howse within our City 
To have an Hall,  of London or the liberties of the same And that the said Precedent for the time being and his successors shall and may when and as often as to him shall seem meet and necessary call assemble and keep within the same Hall or House a certain Court or Convocation 
And call a Convocation.  of the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors to the number of six persons or more whereof the said Precedent for the time being to be always one And that in the same Court or Convocation the same Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors to the number of sire persons or more whereof the Precedent for the time being to be one shall and may treat confer consult and consider of Articles Statutes Acts and Ordinances touching and concerning the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors and the good rule state and government of the same and the reformation and redress of the abuses mischiefs and enormities herein before mentioned and hereby intended and meant to be provided for and suppressed in the time to come.  
And further We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do grant to the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors That the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors to the number of Six persons or more whereof the said Precedent for the time being to be always one upon public summons thereof first made being assembled together in their said Hall or House shall and may have full power and lawful authority from time to time to ordain constitute make and set down in writing such wholesome and reasonable Acts Ordinances Qrders Decrees Articles 
To make Ordinances.  and Constitutions as to the said six persons or more of them so assembled or the greater part of them so assembled whereof the said Precedent to be one shall seem good profitable and necessary according to their good direction for the good rule order and government of the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors and of all other practisers of Physic and other the persons beforenamed and all others offending in the said faculty or any other way touching or concerning the same for the reformation and redress of the abuses deceits misdemeanours and enormities and other the premises herein before mentioned or expressed. And that the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors to the number of six persons or more whereof the said Precedent to be one shall and may punish all and every Delinquent or Offender against the same Acts Ordinances Orders Decrees and Constitutions or any of them by imprisonment of his and their bodies or by fine and amerciament to be by them as aforesaid adjudged imposed and inflicted from time to time as need shall require And that the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors shall and may lawfully levy receive have and take the said fines and amerciaments to their own proper use benefit and behoof without the impeachment or impediment of us our heirs or successors or of any the Officers or Ministers of us our heirs or successors and without any account to us our heirs or successors to be rendered or made for the same other than the rent hereafter reserved. All which said Acts Statutes Ordinances Articles and Constitutions so as aforesaid to be made We will shallbe observed and kept under the pains and penalties in the same to be limited and contained So as the same Acts Statutes and Ordinances Imprisonments fines and amerciaments be not contrary or repugnant to the Laws and Statutes of this our Realm of England.  
And further We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do grant to the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors that they and their successors or the greater part of them assembled together in their said Hall shall and may nominate elect and appoint one honest and discreet person which shall be and be called the Register to the said College who shall from time to 
To have a Register.  time be attendant on the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors at their Assemblies Courts Congregations or meetings and shall set down in writing register and enter into a book all such Rules Orders Statutes Decrees Acts Ordinances and other things as shall from time to time be had made done provided and ordained by the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors or the greater part of them assembled together in their said Hall Which said Register so to be named elected and made as aforesaid shallbe and continue in the said office and place for and during the will and pleasure only of the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors or the greater part of them whereof the Precedent to be one The said Register first taking his corporal oath upon the Holy Evangelists before the said Precedent 
Who shall be sworn for the true performance of his Office.  and four Censors for the time being or any three of them whereof the Precedent to be one for the doing and performing of his true and faithful service to them in the said office and place from time to time.  
AND We do likewise will and for us our heirs and successors do by these presents grant unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors that they and their successors or the greater part of them assembled in their said Hall shall and may from time to time when and as often as to them shall seem meet ordain make constitute and appoint such and so many other fit and meet Officer or Officers Minister or Ministers as to the 
Power to appoint other Officers, and to give them an Cath.  said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors or the greater part of them shallbe thought fit and necessary for their service and benefit. Unto all and every which said Officers or Ministers it shallbe lawful to the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors or to the Censors or any three of them assembled together in their said Hall to administer and give oaths upon the said Holy Evangelists for the due performance and erecution of his and their office and place. And the same Register and all and every other Officer and Minister by them to be elected made constituted or appointed as aforesaid from time to time upon reasonable and just cause to remove expel and put out 
And them upon just cause to remove.  of his and their said offices and places and to elect and put others into his and their rooms and places when and as often as to the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors or the greater part of them shall seem meet and convenient.  
AND further We do for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent and four Censors for the time being or any three of them whereof the Precedent to be one to cause such persons which shallbe convented for any the offences aforesaid and shallbe found offenders therein to become bound to us our heirs or successors and to our use in one or more several recognizances in 
Power to take Recognizances to his Majesty's use.  such sum as they shall think fit not exceeding the sum of one hundred pounds with conditions for restraining them to offend any more in that behalf as to the Precedent and four Censors or any three of them shall seem meet. And if such person shall refuse to become so bound by such recognizance with such condition That then it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent and four Censors or any three of them whereof the Precedent to be one to commit such person to prison and him to detain in prison until he shall become bound in such recognizance with such condition as aforesaid.  
And We do further of our especial favour certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors special licence free and lawful liberty power and authority to acquire purchase receive and take 
To purchase Lands.  unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors Manors Lands Tenements Tithes Rents Reversions and Hereditaments of or from any person or persons whatsoever not exceeding in the whole the clear yearly value of one hundred Marks of lawful English money above all charges and reprises So as the same Manors Lands Tenements Tithes Rents Reversions and Hereditaments by virtue hereof to be acquired and purchased be not holden of us our heirs or successors immediately in Chief or by Knight's service or of any other person or persons by Knight's service the Statute of Alienation in Mortmayne or any other Statute Law Ordinance or Provision to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding.  
AND We do further give and grant for us our heirs and successors unto the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors that all and every Physician and Physicians that now is or are or that hereafter shallbe elected admitted and made a member of the foresaid College or Commonalty shall from time to time be wholly and absolutely freed exempted and discharged of and from providing and bearing of any Armour or other munition 
Discharged from bearing Arms.  within our said City of London and the Liberties thereof or within seven miles' compass as aforesaid Any Statute Act Ordinance Constitution or usage to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.  
AND We do further for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors and by these presents declare and manifest our pleasure for ever to be That the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors shall and may have take receive use exercise and enjoy all and singular the gifts grants liberties privileges immunities freedoms benefits advantages profitts commodities power ability and authority herein before mentioned or otherwise by any other former Letters Patents given granted or confirmed unto the Precedent and College or Commonalty or any of them without the let hindrance interruption or disturbance of us our heirs or successors or of any the Officers or Ministers of us our heirs or successors or of any other person or persons whatsoever.  
AND further of our like especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion We will and for us our heirs and successors do promise and grant to and with the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors by these presents That at the next Parliament or Session of Parliament 
To have this confirmed the next Parliament.  of us our heirs or successors to be holden within this our Realm of England We our heirs or successors will give and grant our royal and free assent and consent to any Act Bill or Petition by the said Precedent and College or Commonalty or their Successors or any of them in the same Parliament or Session of Parliament to be exhibited or preferred and by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commonalty of the said Parliament to be approved and assented unto for the better enabling authorising and investing of the said Precedent or College and Commonalty and their Successors to and with the several grants powers privileges authorities exemptions immunities and other matters and things in these presents to them given granted and confirmed or intended to be to them given granted or confirmed according to our gracious intent and meaning herein before specified and expressed.  
AND further We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do grant unto the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors That these our Letters Patents and all and singular the gifts grants authorities powers privileges and immunities and other things therein contained shallbe good firm available and effectual in the Law to the intents and purposes aforesaid and shall be in all and every our Courts of Record and elsewhere had taken construed and adjudged most strongly against us our heirs and successors and most benignly favourably and beneficially to and for the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors Any Statute Act Ordinance Custom Usage Gift Grant or any other matter or thing heretofore had made used ordained or provided to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.  
NEVERTHELESS We will and our intent and meaning is That the said Precedent and College or Commonalty and their Successors shall answer and pay to us our heirs and successors for and in respect of the fines amerciaments penalties forfeitures and sums of money herein before mentioned and by these Presents to them granted as aforesaid the yearly rent of six pounds of lawful money of England at the receipt of our Exchequer at Westminster 
To pay to his Majesty 6 l. per ann.  at the feasts of the Annunciation of the blessed Virgin Marie and St. Michael the Archangel by even and equal portions Any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding Although express mention of the true yearly value or certainty of the premises or any of them or of any other gifts or grants by us or any of our Progenitors or Predecessors to the foresaid Precedent and College or Commonalty heretofore made in these presents is not made Or any Statute Act Ordinance Provision Proclamation or Restraint to the contrary thereof heretofore had made ordained or provided Or any other matter cause or thing whatsoever to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.  
IN WITNESS whereof We have caused these our Letters to be made Patents. WITNESS ourself at Westminster the eighth day of October in the fifteenth year of our reign of England France and Ireland and of Scotland the one and fiftieth.  
Per breve de privato Sigillo, Young. Irr. in Memorand' Scaccarii de anno octavo Regis nostri Caroli, viz. inter Record' de Termino Sancti Michaelis Ro. ex parte Rememorat' dicti Domini Regis.   

A Royal Charter granted to the College of Physicians in London 26 Martii 15 Car. 2.  
CHARLES' THE SECOND by the grace of God King of England Scotland France and Ireland defender of the faith, etc. To all to whom these presents shall come greeting. WHEREAS our most noble and renowned Predecessor King Henry the eighth late King of this our Realm of England in his princely wisdom deeply considering and by the example of foreign well governed States and Kingdoms truly understanding how profitable beneficial and acceptable it would be unto the whole Body of this Kingdom of England to restrain and suppress all such persons as would take upon themselves to be practisers in the faculty of Physic being illiterate and altogether unskilful in that faculty rather propounding unto themselves their private gain with the detriment of his Majesty's subjects than to give relief in time of necessity And likewise duly considering that by the rejecting of those illiterate and unskilful practizers those that were learned grave and profound practisers in that faculty And alsoe the industrious Students of that profession would be the better encouraged and enabled in their studies and endeavours: For which and many other weighty motives causes and considerations our said Royal and Princely Predecessor King Henry the 
Grant of H. 8.  eighth by his Letters Patents bearing date at Westminster the three and twentieth day of September in the tenth year of his Reign of his especial grace and princely favour did erect found and establish a College commonalty or Incorporation of Physicians in the City and Suburbs of London and for seven miles every way in distanee from the same to be remain and have existence for ever. And by the same Letters Patents our aforesaid noble Predecessor did further give and grant unto John Chambre Thomas Linacre Ferdinando de Victoria Nicholas Halsewell John Francis and Robert Yaxley then learned discreet and profound practisers in the said faculty of Physic in the aforesaid City of London that they and all of the said faculty of Physic of and in the aforesaid City of London should for ever from thenceforth be in name and deed One body commonalty and College. AND further by the same Letters Patents did give and grant unto the said College and commonalty full power ability and authority for ever annually to elect and make one 
Power to choose a Precedent.  of the said College or commonalty to be Precedent of the said College Corporation and commonalty And that the same Precedent so elected and made and the said College and commonalty should 
Perpetual succession. A Common Seal.  have perpetual succession and a Common Seal for the behoof and benefit of the said Precedent College and commonalty and their Successors for ever. And alsoe by the said Letters Patents did further give and grant unto the said Precedent College and commonalty and their Successors divers and sundry other liberties privileges immunities power ability and authority not only to and for the benefit 
Several Privileges.  advantage and commodity of the aforesaid Precedent College and commonalty and their Successors but alsoe for the more certain and easier discovery speedy restraint and certain repressing of the before mentioned unskilful and illiterate practizers in the faculty of Physic aforesaid as by the same Letters Patents 
Letters Patents, etc.  remayneing of Record amongst other things therein contained more plainly and fully it doth and may appear. WHICH said Letters Patents and all and every Grant Article and other thing contained and specified in the same were by Act of Parliament 
Confirmed Ao. 14 H. 8. by Act of Parliament.  made in the fowerteenth year of the Reign of our said noble Predecessor King Henry the Eighth approved ratified and confirmed and clearly authorized and admitted to be good lawful and available to the said Body Corporate and their Successors for ever And that the best construction that might be 
Best construction to be made thereof.  invented should be made thereof and of every part and parcel thereof for the best benefit behoof power and authority of the aforesaid Precedent College and Corporation of Physicians as aforesaid. AND further by several other Acts of Parliament divers and sundry other privileges liberties ability power and 
Several other Powers given by several Acts of Parliament.  authority are and were afterwards established ordained given and granted to the said Precedent College and Corporation of Physicians and their Successors As by the same several Acts of Parliament thereof made more fully and at large alsoe doth and may appear. AND whereas nevertheless our Royal 
Preamble to the Grant of K. James.  Grandfather James late King of England of ever blessed memory out of his great wisdom and circumspection perceiving that divers enormities and abuses not then sufficiently provided for and reform did daily abound and increase to the apparent damage of his Royal Majesty and of his loving subjects of this Realm of England by and through the unskillfullness fraud and deceit of Physicians Apothecaries Druggist's and such like which were then most likely much more to abound unless timely and festine remedy were duly provided and applied for the cureing of so public a disease. AND our said Royal Grandfather graciously affecting so pious and charitable a work and intending a more full and perfect reformation of the said abuses grievances and enormities in this our Realm out of his princely disposition and care of repressing thereof at the Petition of Henry Atkins Doctor in Physic then Precedent of the said College and of divers other learned Doctors in Physic than Fellows elect or members of the said College or Corporation by his Letters Patents under the great Seal of England bearing date at Westminster the eighth day of October in the fifteenth year of his Reign over England for the honour peace and quiett of the said College Did 
Grant of K. James.  give grant ratify allow approve and confirm unto the said then Precedent and College or Comonalty 
Confirmation.  and their Successors the said Letters Patents of our said noble Predecessor King Henry the Eighth herein before mentioned and every Article Clause Gift and Grant therein contained and not altered by the said Letters Patents of our said Royal Grandfather. AND further our said Royal Grandfather 
Grant of several other Privileges.  did by his said Letters Patents give and grant unto the said Precedent and College or commonalty and their Successors divers and sundry other liberties privileges immunities powers ability and authority not only to and for the benefit advantage and commodity of the aforesaid Precedent and College or commonalty and their Successors but alsoe for the more speedy certain better and easier discovery restraint punishment and repressing aswell of the before mentioned unskilful unlicensed and illiterate practizers in the faculty of Physic aforesaid as alsoe of the said fraud and deceits of the said Apothecaries and Druggist's and other the abuses grievances and enormities aforesaid As in and by the same Letters Patents of our said Royal Grandfather remaining of Record amongst other things therein contained more fully and at large it doth and may appear. AND whereas notwithstanding all the care travail and endeavour 
Preamble to this Grant.  had and taken in the creating modeling and establishing of the Constitution and Corporation aforesaid and the many and great liberties powers and privileges thereunto given granted and confirmed by the said several Letters Patents and Acts of Parliament aforesaid And notwithstanding the constant and indefatigable pains and endeavours of the Precedent and College aforesaid on all opportunities had and taken in putting the same in due execution to the ends aforesaid Itt hath been made most apparent and evident unto us that the number of unskilful illiterate and unlicensed practizers of Physic in and about our said City of London hath of later years much increased and at present do daily multiply together with the renewed frauds abuses and deceits of divers Apothecary's Druggisss and others inhabiting in the same City frequently exercised and practised in the making prepareing ordering and venting of Drugs and other things relateing to the said faculty of Physic to the great dishonour of this Nation and of the sage and learned professors of that faculty so noble and necessary and to the detriment of us and our good subjects The chief cause or ground whereof as we are given to understand ariseth from some defects in the said Constitution the Coercive and Penal Powers thereof being not aptly and usefully placed and settled By means whereof subtle and crafty men wholly ignorant and unskilled in the faculty of Physic have in defiance of authority dared publicly to profess and practise Physic in our said City of London and by new inventions and delusions deceived much people thereby advancing their private commodity in the great detriment of the public and yet have evaded the just and condign punishment provided and intended by the Charters and Acts of Parliament aforesaid for such presumptuous Offenders. Which to prevent in the future And that a due and seasonable reformation may be had in all the premises and an apt proper and legal constitution and incorporation may be had and established of grave and learned Doctors and other able and experienced practisers of Physic in and about our said City of London endowed with powers and privileges convenient and requisite for the ends aforesaid KNOW ye That We of our especial 
The Grant.  grace certain knowledge and mere motion and at the humble Petition of Sir Edward Alston Knight now Precedent of the said College or commonalty and of divers other learned Doctors of the said College or Comonalty Have willed ordained constituted declared given and granted And by these presents for us our heirs and successors do will ordain constitute declare give and grant unto the said Precedent and College or Comonalty That they from henceforth for ever hereafter shall be continue and remain by virtue of these presents One body Corporate 
Body Politic.  and Politic in deed fact and name by the name of the Precedent Fellows and Comonaltye of the King's College of Physicians in the City of London And them and their Successors by the name of the Precedent Fellows and commonalty of the King's College of Physicians in the City of London into one Body Corporate and Politic in deed fact and name really and fully for us our heirs and successors We do erect make ordain constitute declare and create by these presents. AND that by the same name they shall have perpetual succession And alsoe that they and their successors by the same 
Perpetual succession.  name of the Precedent Fellows and Comonalty of the King's College of Physicians in the City of London shall be and remain at all times hereafter for ever persons able and in Law capable to have 
Capable to purchase.  purchase receive possess hold and enjoy any Manors Lands Tenements Liberties Privileges Franchises jurisdictions and Hereditaments whatsoever of what name nature quality kind or condition soever the same or any of them shall be to them and their successors in fee and perpetuity or otherwise And alsoe Goods and Chattels and all other things of what name nature quality or kind soever the same be. And alsoe by the same name to give grant demise alien assign and dispose the said Manors Lands Tenements 
To grant and dispose.  and Hereditaments Goods and Chattels And alsoe to do and execute all other things lawful necessary and convenient for the common profit of the said College. And alsoe by the same name of the Precedent Fellows and Comonalty of the King's College of Physicians in the City of London They shall and may for ever hereafter plead and 
To sue and be sued.  be impleaded answer and be answered unto defend and be defended in all and whatsoever Courts and places and before whatsoever judges and justices and other Persons and Officers of us our heirs and successors in all and singular Actions pleas suits quarrels causes matters and demands whatsoever of what name nature quality or kind soever the same are or shallbe in the same manner and form as any other subjects of this our Kingdom of England being persons able and capable in Law or any other body Corporate or Politic within this our Kingdom may or can have purchase receive possess give grant demise alien assign and dispose plead and be impleaded answer and be answered unto defend and be defended do perform or execute. And alsoe that they and their successors shall and may for ever hereafter have a Common Seal to serve and use for all 
Common Seal.  causes matters things and affairs whatsoever of them and their successors which shall always be and remain in the custody and keeping of the Precedent of the said College of Physicians for the time being. And that it shall and may be lawful to and for the Precedent and Fellows of the same College or the major part of them for the time being to break alter change or make new the said Seal from time to time at their wills and pleasures and as to them shall seem requisite and fit. AND alsoe from time to time and at all times hereafter to use and dispose of the Common Seal of the said College for the time being in and about all things matters and affairs whatsoever of or concerning the same College and Corporation in such manner as to them shall seem fit and requisite. AND for the better order rule and government of the said College and Corporation and the matters and things thereof and the due and orderly correcting and punishing of all offences and offenders within the power and jurisdiction of the same College and Corporation WE do by these presents for us our heirs and successors will ordain constitute declare and grant that there be and for ever hereafter shallbe forty Fellows of the said College and Corporation hereby constituted And 
Forty fellows constituted.  that thereof at present and for ever hereafter there be one Precedent Tenn Elects and four Censors 
One Precedent, Ten Elects and four Censors.  duly appointed nominated and chosen to be and shall be respectively Precedent Elects and Censors of the same College and Corporation And all the same Fellow's Precedent Elects and Censors respectively to been and shall be from time to time nominated elected and chosen and have being and continuance as such respectively in manner and form and to all intents and purposes as in and by these presents is hereafter mentioned and declared. AND further 
To be chosen as hereafter mentioned. The first forty Fellows.  We do by these presents for us our heirs and successors will ordain constitute and appoint Sir Edward Alston Knight Sir Francis Prujean Knight Baldwyn Hamey Francis Glisson Peter Salmon George Ent George Bate Alexander Frazier William Stane John Micklethwait Nathan Pagett Jonathan Goddard Edmond Trench John King Thomas Cox Henry Stanley Daniel Whistler Charles Scarburgh Thomas Wharton Christopher Merrett Samuel Collins Luke Rugeley John Wilby Sir William Petty Knight Christopher turn Sir John Baber Knight John Hale Edward Greaves Thomas Croyden Gabriel Beauvoir Thomas Wolf Martin Luellin Sir John Finch Knight Thomas Baynes William Quarterman James Hide Humphrey Whitmore Robert Waller Peter Berwick and Robert Morrison Doctors in Physic the first and present Fellows of the same College and Corporation And to been and continue Fellows of the same College and Corporation and to hold exercise and enjoy the office or place of Fellows of and in the same College and Corporation respectively for and dureing their several and respective natural 
For life if not removed for cause.  lives unless in the mean time for evil government or misbehaving themselves in the same office or place or for Nonresidence (otherwise than while they or any of them respectively shallbe or continue in the service of us our heirs or successors) without Licence under the Seal of the College and Corporation aforesaid or under the Privy Seal of us our heirs or successors or for any the like reasonable cause they or any of them respectively shallbe removed. AND We do by these presents for us our heirs and successors will ordain constitute and appoint the said Sir Edward Alston Knight the first and present Precedent 
Sir Edward Alston to be the first Precedent.  of the same College and Corporation And to be and continue Precedent of the same College and Corporation and to hold exercise and enjoy the same office or place of Precedent of and in the same College and Corporation from the making hereof until the morrow of the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel next ensueing the date hereof and from thenceforth until another Precedent shall be in due manner elected and sworn according to the tenor true intent and meaning of these presents. AND We do further by these presents for us our heirs and successors will ordain constitute and appoint the said Sir Edward Alston Sir Francis Prujean Baldwyn 
Ten first Elects.  Hamey Francis Glisson George Ent George Bate Alexander Frazier William Stane John Micklethwaite and Nathan Pagett to be the first and present Elects of the same College and Corporation and to be and continue Elects of the same College or Corporation and to hold exercise and enjoy the office or place of Elects of the same College and Corporation for and dureing their several and respective natural lives unless in the mean time for any reasonable 
For lives if, etc.  cause as aforesaid they or any of them shall be removed. AND We do by these presents will ordain constitute and appoint the said George Ent John Micklethwaite Daniel Whistler and Christopher Merrett the first and present Censors of the same College 
Four Censors to continue till the morrow of St. Michael.  and Corporation and to be and continue Censors of the same College and Corporation and to hold exercise and enjoy the office or place of Censors of and in the same College and Corporation until the morrow of the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel next ensueing the date hereof and from thenceforth until some other Censors of the same College and Corporation shall been in due manner elected and sworn according to the tenor true intent and meaning of these presents. AND for the better supply and continuance of the said several parts and members of the said College and Corporation, WE will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors Do ordain and grant that Nominations and Elections shall and may from time to time when and as often as occasion shall require been duly made 
Elections duly to be made.  of the Precedent Elects Censors and Fellows of the said College and Corporation according to the tenor true intent and meaning of these presents (that is to say) That all and every Precedent and Precedents of the College and Corporation aforesaid hereafter to be nominated and chosen shall been from time to time nominated and chosen only by and out of the Elects of the same College and Corporation for the time being according to the power in that behalf hereafter given and declared And that every such Precedent so nominated and chosen and duly sworn according to the contents of these presents shall been and continue Precedent of the same College and Corporation until the morrow of the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel next ensueing such his Election and from thenceforth until some other of the Elects of the same College and Corporation shall been in due manner elected and sworn in that office or place of Precedent according to the true intent and meaning of these presents unless he in the mean time for ill Government Nonresidency or misbehavior in the same office or place or any the like reasonable cause shall be removed from such his office or place whom in such case we will shall been removable according to the tenor of these presents. And for the better effecting thereof that it shall and may been lawful to and for the Elects of the said College for the time being or any five of them whereof the Precedent of the same College for the time being or in his absence the Vice-president of the same College for the time being to been one On the morrow of the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel next ensueing the date hereof or within three days after And on the morrow of that feast day yearly or within three days next ensueing for ever after to assemble and meet together in the Common Hall of the said College or other convenient place within the said City of London and then and there to nominate elect and choose some one of the Elects of the same College for the time being to been Precedent of the same College and Corporation for the year than next ensueing. Which person so from time to time yearly to be chosen being duly sworn according to the tenor of these presents shall been and continue Precedent of the same College and Corporation for and dureing such time and until such further election of a new Precedent shall be made as aforesaid unless in the mean time he shall be removed as aforesaid. AND FURTHER in case any Precedent of the said College shall happen to depart this life before the morrow of the said feast of Saint Michael the Archangel next ensueing his election or in the mean time shall be put out or removed for cause as aforesaid That then and in every such case itt shall and may been lawful to and for the Elects of the same College for the time being or any five of them in convenient time after the death or removal of every such Precedent to meet and assemble in the said Common Hall or other place aforesaid and then and there to nominate elect and choose some one of the Elects of the same College for the time being to be Precedent of the same College for the remainder of the year then in being And which said Precedent so chosen shall been and continue Precedent of the same College for and dureing the remainder of the same year respectively And until such further election of a new Precedent shall been made for the year than next ensueing as herein is declared And that in all things according to the tenor true intent and meaning of these presents. AND WE FURTHER will and grant that it shall and may been lawful to and for the Precedent of the said College for the time being by writing under his hand and seal from time to time at his will and pleasure to nominate constitute and appoint any one of the Elects of the same College 
Power to make a Vice-President.  for the time being to been Vice-president of the same College and to been and continue in the same office or place of Vice-president dureing the pleasure of the same Precedent And such his Vice-president from time to time to amove and discharge and a new one again to make of any of the said Elects as aforesaid at his will and pleasure And that every such Vice-president so constituted being duly sworn according to the contents of these presents shall and may from time to time in the absence of the Precedent of the same 
To exercise the place and power of the Precedent in his absence.  College for the time being have do use exercise and enjoy all and every the powers liberties privileges matters and things that the Precedent of the same College for the time being may might should or ought to have do use exercise or enjoy by virtue of these presents or any the Charters Acts of Parliament or Grants abovementioned. AND WE do further will and ordain that the Censors of the said College shall from time to time be chosen out of 
Censors to be chosen out of the Fellows.  the Fellows of the said College in manner and form following (that is to say) The Precedent and Fellows of the College aforesaid for the time being 
How.  at a Court to be holden on the morrow of the said feast day of Saint Michael next ensueing the date hereof or within three days after and on the morrow of that feast day or within three days next ensueing yearly for ever after shall and may assemble together in the Common Hall of the same College or other convenient place aforesaid and then and there nominate elect and choose any four of the Fellows of the same College for the time being to been the Censors of the same College for the year than next ensueing which four persons so from time to time yearly to be chosen being duly sworn according to the contents of these presents and every of them respectively shall be and continue Censors of the same College until the morrow of the feast of Saint Michael next after such election and further until other Censors shall been duly chosen and sworn into their respective places unless in the mean time they or any of them shall been removed for reasonable cause. AND FURTHER in case the Censors aforesaid from time 
New Election of Censors in case of death or removal.  to time to been chosen as aforesaid or any of them shall happen to depart this life before the morrow of the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel next ensueing their or any of their respective election or elections or in the mean time shall happen to be put out or removed for cause as aforesaid That then and in every such case it shall and may been lawful to and for the said Precedent and Fellows of the said College at a Court to been holden in convenient time after the death or removal of every or any of the said Censors of the College aforesaid to assemble and meet in the Common Hall or other place aforesaid and then and there to elect nominate and choose any one or more of the Fellows of the same College for the time being to be Censor and Censors of the same College in the place and room of such Censor and Censors as shall be then vacant by death or removal as aforesaid Which person and persons so nominated and chosen being duly sworn according to the contents of these presents shall been and continue Censor and Censors of the same College for and dureing such time and in such manner as the person or persons in whose room or place he or they shall been so chosen should or ought to have been or continued by virtue of these presents subject always to been removable for reasonable cause as aforesaid. AND WE do further will and ordain That the Elects of the said College shall been chosen out of the Fellows of the same College in manner and form following (that is to say) In case of death 
New Elects to be chosen on death or removal.  or due removal of any the Elects of the said College hereby constituted or of any the Elects of the said College hereafter by virtue of these presents to be elected nominated and chosen the Precedent and Elects of the same College for the time being or any five of them whereof the Precedent for the time being to been always one from time to time and at any time after such death or death's removal or removals respectively shall and may assemble and meet at their said Common Hall or other convenient place in our said City of London and then and there elect nominate and choose any of the then Fellows of the said College into the place or places of such and so many of the said Elects as shall been then void by death or removal as aforesaid. Which persons so to been chosen being duly sworn according to the tenor of these presents shall been and continue Elects of the said College dureing their respective lives unless for reasonable cause they shall been removed as aforesaid. AND WE DO further will and ordain that the Fellows of the said College shall been chosen out of the commonalty of the said College in manner and form following (that is to say) In 
How the Fellows are to be chosen.  case of death or due removal of any of the Fellows abovementioned and hereby constituted or of any of the Fellows of the said College hereafter by virtue of these presents to be nominated or chosen the Precedent and Fellows of the same College shall and may from time to time and at any time after such death or death's removal or removals respectively assemble and meet at a Court to be holden in their Common Hall or other convenient place as aforesaid and then and there elect nominate and choose any one or more such and so many of the most learned and able persons skilled and experienced in the said faculty of Physic then of the Comonalty or Members of the said College and Corporation to been Fellow and Fellows of the same College and Corporation in the place and places of such and so many of the said Fellows of the said College and Corporation as shall been then void by death or removal as aforesaid. Which persons so to be chosen being duly sworn according to the tenor of these presents shall been and continue Fellows of the said College dureing their respective lives unless for reasonable cause they shall been removed as aforesaid. AND WE WILL and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do give and grant unto the Precedent Fellows and Comonaltye of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid and their successors 
Power to remove any of the Elects, Fellows or Censors for cause.  that it shall and may be lawful for the Precedent and Fellows of the said College at any Court or Courts to been holden at their Common Hall or other convenient place from time to time and as often as occasion shall require to summon hear and admonish any of the said Fellows Elects and Censors of the same College And for cause of evil Government Nonresidence otherwise then as aforesaid without Licence under the Seal of the said College and Corporation or under the Privy Seal of us our heirs or successors as aforesaid or for misbehaveing themselves in their respective places or any other just or reasonable cause from time to time to expel and amove any of the same Fellows Elects or Censors from his and their respective place and places in the same College And after due publication and entry made thereof in the Register of the same College and Corporation from time to time to proceed to new Elections to supply the place or places of such person or persons so removed or expelled according to the provision above mentioned and the tenor of these presents. AND WE WILL and hereby declare That neither the Precedent Vice-president Elects or 
Each person his single voice in Election.  Censors or any of them for the time being by colour of any double capacity as such and alsoe Fellows of the said College and Corporation shall have or give more or other than each several and respective person his or their several and respective voice in all or any Election or Elections or other matter or thing whatsoever directed or granted or to be done or acted by virtue of these presents Except only in such case and cases where the voices shall happen to been even and equal And then and in every such case wherein the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president of the said College and Corporation for the time being is to be one We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do Ordain and Grant that the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president of the said College and Corporation for the time being shall have and give a casting voice to the end 
Where voices even, a casting voice to the Precedent.  that all Elections matters and debates relateing to the said College and Corporation may the more easily certainly and peaceably be settled and determined. AND We will and further by these presents for us our heirs and successors do Ordain and Establish That all and every the Fellows and alsoe the Precedent Elects and Censors above named and hereby constituted and every of them And alsoe all and every the Fellow's Precedent or Vice-president Elects and Censors and other Officers and Ministers whatsoever of the College and Corporation aforesaid hereafter by virtue of these presents to be nominated and elected and every of them shall severally and respectively take his and their several and respective 
The Precedent and all Fellows and Officers to be sworn duly to execute, etc.  corporal Oath on the Holy Evangelists before the several and respective persons hereby directed and impowered to administer the same well truly and faithfully to attend and execute his and their several and respective office or place in all things touching and concerning the same respectively And that from time to time before he or they respectively do Act or intermeddle therein And alsoe the several known Oaths of Obedience and of Supremacy before such 
And to take the Oaths of Obedience and Supremacy.  person and persons as by the Law and Statutes of this Land now are or hereafter shall been authorized or appointed to administer the same. AND WE DO by these presents for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto our trusty and wellbeloved Sir Geffrey 
Three persons to swear the present Precedent, Elects, Censors and Fellows.  Palmer Knight and Baronett our Attorney General Sir Heneage Finch Knight and Baronett our Solicitor General Sir William Wild Knight and Baronett one of our Sergeants at Law and Recorder of our City of London and to every or any one of them full power and authority to give and administer unto the said Sir Edward Alston and all and every the persons abovenamed and by these presents constituted the first and present Fellows of the said College and Corporation his and their said corporal Oath on the Holy Evangelists well truly and faithfully to attend and execute his and their several and respective office or place of Fellow of the same College and Corporation in all things touching and concerning the same. AND ALSOE to give and administer unto the said Sir Edward Alston hereby constituted the first and present Precedent of the same College and Corporation his said corporal Oath on the Holy Evangelists well truly and faithfully to attend and execute the same office or place of Precedent of the same College and Corporation in all things touching and concerning the same. AND ALSOE to give and administer aswell unto the ten persons abovenamed and hereby constituted the first and present Elects of the same College and Corporation as unto the four persons abovenamed and hereby constituted the first and present Censors of the same College and Corporation their said several and respective corporal Oaths on the Holy Evangelists well truly and faithfully to attend and execute their several and respective offices or places of Elects and Censors of the same College and Corporation in all things touching and concerning the same respectively. AND We do further by these presents for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid and their successors That it shall and may been lawful to and for the Elects of the 
Power to the Elects or any two of them to swear the Precedents hereafter chosen.  College and Corporation aforesaid for the time being and to any two of them full power and authority from time to time to give and administer unto all and every Precedent and Precedents of the same College and Corporation hereafter and by virtue of these presents and according to the tenor thereof to been nominated elected or chosen his and their like corporal Oath and Oaths on the Holy Evangelists well truly and faithfully to attend and execute the said office or place of Precedent of the same College and Corporation for and dureing such time and so long as he or they or any of them respectively shall been or continue in the same office or place And alsoe full power and authority unto the Precedent of the said College for the time being in the presence of the Elects of the same College or any two of them for the time being from time to time as oft as occasion shall require to give and administer to all and every person and persons whatsoever that at any time hereafter by virtue of these presents and according to the contents thereof shall be nominated elected made or chosen to be Vice-president Fellow Elect or Censor 
Power to the Precedent to swear the Fellows and all other Officers hereafter chosen.  or other Officer or Minister of the same College his and their like corporal Oath on the Holy Evangelists well truly and faithfully to attend and execute his and their several and respective office or place into which he or they shall be so nominated elected made or chosen And that in all things touching and concerning the same respectively. AND for the better Government of the said College and speedier reforming the enormities and abuses aforesaid and more facile and certain doing and accomplishing the things and ends intended by these presents WE WILL and by these presents for us our heirs and successors Of our more especial grace and favour Do grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and commonalty of the King's College of Physicians in the City of London and their Successors That it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent and Fellows of the same College and Corporation and their Successors to have appoint retain and enjoy a Hall or Councill-house within our 
To have a Hall.  said City of London or the liberties of the same AND that the said Precedent for the time being and his Successors shall and may when and as often as to him shall seem meet and necessary call assemble and keep within the same Hall or House a certain Court 
Precedent to call a Court.  or Convocation of the said Precedent and Fellows of the said College and Corporation and their Successors for the time being or of any competent part 
Not less than 15. Precedent one of them.  or number of them not less than fifteen whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president of the same College for the time being always to been one And of every such Court or Convocation so to been called and held shall by a known Officer of the same College and Corporation give convenient notice or summons to the Fellows of the same College or Corporation for the time being And that in every such Court or Convocation the said Precedent and Fellows and their Successors for the time being or the major part of them then present (being not less in number then fifteen whereof the Precedent for the time being or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to be always one) shall and may have full power and authority from time to time to do act perform and execute all and every matter and matters thing and things by these presents appointed to been done performed and executed by the Precedent and Fellows of the said College AND ALSOE 
To treat of matters, etc.  to Treat Confer Consult and Consider of Articles Statutes Acts Ordinances and other things touching and concerning the said Precedent Fellows and commonalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors and the good Rule State and Government of the same and the Reformation and redress of the abuses mischiefs and enormities herein before mentioned and hereby intended to be provided for and suppressed in the time to come And alsoe to Ordain 
To make Laws.  Constitute make and set down in writing such sitting wholesome and reasonable Laws. Acts Ordinances Orders Decrees Articles and Constitutions as to them shall seem good profitable and necessary according to their good discretions for the good Rule Order and Government of the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty and their Successors and of all their Officers and Ministers Goods Lands Tenements and Hereditaments And alsoe of all other practisers of Physic and other the persons aforenamed for the reformation and redress of the abuses deceits misdemeanours and enormities and other the premises herein before mentioned or expressed And alsoe for inflicting upon all and every Delinquent Offender and Offenders against all or any such Laws Acts Ordinances Orders Decrees Articles and Constitutions so to been made as aforesaid or any of them such reasonable pains penalties and punishments by imprisonment 
To punish by fine or imprisonment.  of the body or by fines and amerciaments any or all of them as to the said Precedent and Fellows and their Successors or to the Vice-president and Fellows in the absence of the Precedent or the major part of them as aforesaid shall seem reasonable and fitting. To all which said Laws Acts Ordinances Orders Decrees Articles and Constitutions to been made as aforesaid We will and require all due obedience and observance under the pains and penalties therein contained Yet so as always the said Laws Acts Ordinances Orders Decrees Articles 
So as not repugnant to the Laws of the Kingdom.  and Constitutions been not repugnant but agreeable to and with the Law's Statutes Rights and Customs of this our Kingdom of England and been approved and confirmed according to the Statute in that behalf made. And We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors in reference and with respect to the said Grant of our said noble Predecessor King Henry the Eighth And the said Act of Confirmation thereof in this behalf Do give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and commonalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors And do hereby ordain appoint and strictly command That no person or persons whatsoever of what condition or quality soever he or they been being no member of the said Corporation nor heretofore Licenced under the Common Seal of the said College of Physicians Do or shall from henceforth use or exercise the said faculty of Physic within our said Cities of London and Westminster or 
None to practise in London or within seven miles, except licenced as herein expressed.  within seven miles any ways in circuit thereof unless such person and persons shall been first admitted or licenced to do the same by the Precedent and Fellows of the said College for the time being Assembled in Court or Convocation as aforesaid And such their Licence or Admittance be attested by Letters testimonials of the said Precedent and Fellows of the said College for the time being sealed with the Common Seal of the same College upon pain of forfeiting unto the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors Ten pounds for every Month wherein any 
Under pain of 10 l. for every Month.  such person or persons shall so exercise the said faculty being not admitted or licenced thereunto as aforesaid. And that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors by the name of the Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the King's College of Physicians in the City of London in any Court or Courts of Record of us our heirs or successors at Westminster or in any other of our Courts of Record within the jurisdiction whereof the offence aforesaid shall be committed according to the due course of Law to sue for recover and 
Power to sue for the same.  have execution of and for all and every such penalties forfeitures sum and sums of money as shall at any time hereafter accrue grow due or payable or become forfeited unto the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the College aforesaid or their Successors as aforesaid In which Actions Suit or Suits so to been brought as aforesaid no essoign wager of Law or protection shall be admitted or allowed for any Defendant or Defendants therein. AND We do further by these presents of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the aforesaid Precedent Fellows and commonalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors That the Precedent and Censors and in the absence of the Precedent the Vice-president and Censors of the same College for the time being or any three of them whereof the Precedent and in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to be one shall have full power and lawful authority at all times hereafter when and as often as to them or any three of them whereof the Precedent and in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to be one it shall seem requisite and convenient to supervise examine survey 
Power to the Precedent, Vice-President and Censors, or any three of them to supervise practisers, etc.  correct and punish all and singular Physicians and Practizers in the said faculty of Physic Apothecaries Druggist's Distillers and Sellers of Waters or of Oils preparers of Chemical Medicines to be sold or employed for gain and all and every other person and persons practizeing in the said faculty or useing the Art or Mystery of an Apothecary or the Trade or Craft of a Druggist Distiller Preparer or Seller of any Oils Waters or Medicines for gain as aforesaid or that shall sell or put to sale any Stuffe Drugs Oil Water or Medicines or other thing whatsoever used or to be used for Medicines either simple or compounded at or in any place or places within our said Cities of London and Westminster or Suburbs thereof or within seven miles of the same by Fines Amerciaments and Imprisonments and by other lawful ways and means or any of them according as the nature and quality of his and their offence or offences in the premises shall deserve or require. AND WE DO further of our like especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the aforesaid Precedent Fellows and Comonalty of the said College and their Successors And We do by these presents declare our will and pleasure to been that the said Precedent and Censors and in the absence of the Precedent the Vice-president and Censors of the same College for the time being or any three of them whereof the said Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been one for ever hereafter 
Power in them to summon, censure and punish any Practisers offending.  when and as often as to them or any three of them (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to be one) shall seem meet and convenient shall have full power and authority to send for summon convent and cause to appear and come before them the said Precedent Vice-president and Censors or any three of them for the time being (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) all and every Physician and Physician's Practizer and Practizers in the said faculty of Physic within the aforesaid City and Suburbs of London or within seven miles thereof at such time and places as by the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors or any three of them for the time being (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) shallbe reasonably prefixed and appointed and to examine them concerning their skill or practice 
To examine.  of and in the said faculty of Physic and their manner of practice therein. And if any Physician or Practizer in the same faculty of Physic upon reasonable summons and garnishment to be made and given in that behalf shall make default and not appear before the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors or any three of them for the time being as aforesaid having no reasonable cause to the contrary at such time and place as by them or any three of them as aforesaid shallbe reasonably limited or appointed Or shall refuse to answer or be 
Refuse to answer.  examined as aforesaid That then and so often the said Precedent and Censors and in the absence of the Precedent the Vice-president and Censors or any three of them for the time being (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) shall and may lawfully Assess and impose a reasonable penalty Fine or Amerciament upon every or any such Delinquent or Offender for every several default of appearance made upon several Summons having no reasonable cause for his excuse to been made appear to the said Precedent or Vice-president and Censors or any three of them as aforesaid and for every several refusal to answer or to been examined as aforesaid at one or more several time or times upon one or more several appearance or appearances made or to be made So as the same Penalty Fine or Amerciament so to be imposed for any one default of appearance or refusal to answer or be examined as aforesaid do not at any time exceed the sum of forty shillings of Currant English money. And if 
Not to exceed 40 s.  any person or persons so summoned or warned as aforesaid do make his or their personal appearance before the said Precedent and Censors and in the absence of the Precedent before the Vice-president and Censors or any three of them for the time being (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) at such respective time and place as in that behalf shallbe limited or appointed as aforesaid And if it shall then and there appear unto the said Precedent or Censors or Vice-president and Censors in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them for the time being (whereof the said Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) that any such person or persons so making his or their appearance hath at any time ministered or prescribed any noisome unwholesome or unfit medicine or physic unto any person or persons within the limits aforesaid Then and in every such case the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them for the time being (whereof the said Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) shall and may from time to time punish every such delinquent 
Power to fine for giving unwholesome Physic at will, not exceeding 10 l.  or offender by reasonable Amerciament Fine or Imprisonment according to their discretions to be by them imposed as aforesaid so as any such fine do not exceed the sum of Ten pounds of lawful money of England And so as the Imprisonment 
Also to imprison, not exceeding 14 days.  for such offence exceed not the space of fowerteene days unless it shall be for nonpayment of such fine for which it shall be lawful to detain such Offender in prison until the same fine be satisfied. And to the end that the said Offenders in the premises may be the better known and discovered and may be for their said misdemeanours and offences duly and condignly punished according to the merits of their said offences, WE do therefore of our more abundant grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the said College and Corporation and their Successors full power and lawful authority That it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors (in the absence of the Precedent of the same College for the time being) or any three of them (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) by any precept or process to be made under their respective 
Power to summon persons by Precept, under hand and Seal.  hands and seals to summon and warn any person or persons whatsoever whom they shall know or think meet in or about ministering of any Physic or Medicines or attendant or servant upon any that shall have received Physic or Medicines upon payment or tender to them and every of them of their reasonable charges in that behalf to declare testify or prove against any such Delinquent or Offender in the premises his or their misdemeanours or offences upon reasonable summons and warning to appear and come before the said Precedent and Censors or any three of them to be examined touching his or their knowledge of the said Offenders and their misdemeanours and offences in the premises. And upon his or their appearance made as aforesaid to administer and give to him or them so to be produced to testify as aforesaid an Oath or Oaths and him or them to 
To give an Oath.  swear upon the Holy Evangelists to testify and declare the truth of his and their knowledge concerning the said Offenders in the premises and their said misdemeanours and offences or otherwise to examine him or them without Oath as they shall think fit. And that if any such person or persons as shallbe thought fit as aforesaid to declare and testify concerning the said offences upon reasonable summons and warneing given as aforesaid and upon tender of his and their reasonable charges as aforesaid shall wilfully make default and shall not accordingly appear 
The person summoned as a Witness to forfeit 20 s. if not appear, or not depose, or refuse the Oath, etc.  before the said Precedent and Censors or any three of them (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to been one) or if he or they shall appear and yet nevertheless shall refuse either to take such Oath or Oaths as shall be then offered or tendered unto him or them as aforesaid or otherwise shall refuse to be examined without Oath or shall refuse to make answer to such questions as shallbe then asked or demanded of him or them by the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors in the absence of the Precedent of the same College for the time being or any three of them (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to been one) concerning his or their knowledge touching the said offences and misdemeanours or any of them or any other matter or thing concerning the same or the discovery thereof Then every such person and persons shall for every such default or refusal as aforesaid forfeit and pay to the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the said College and Corporation and their Successors the sum of twenty shillings of lawful English money. AND WE DO further of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the said College and Corporation and their Successors That the said Censors or any three of them for the time being shall and may have free full and absolute power and lawful authority at all time and times when and as often as to them as aforesaid shall seem meet and convenient at fit and seasonable times of the day to enter into the House Shop Cellar Vault Workhouse or Warehouse 
Power to the Censors to enter houses and search.  or any other the room or rooms of the house or houses of any Apothecary Druggist Distiller of Water's Oils or other Compositions for the ends aforesaid or of any other person or persons that now doth or hereafter shall put or set to sale any Medicine Drugs Waters Oils or Stuff used or to be used for Medicines within the aforesaid Cities or Suburbs of London and Westminster or within seven miles thereof And then and there to search view try examine and see the said Medicines Wares Drugs Waters Oils Medicines and Stuffs of such Apothecary's Druggist's Distillers Preparers or Sellers of Water's Oils or Medicines or other person or persons as aforesaid and to examine them upon Oath 
To examine upon Oath.  or without Oath as they shall think best concerning the Receipts and Compositions thereof And all such Medicines Wares Drugs Waters Oils and Stuff as the said Censors or any three of them as aforesaid shall find to be defective corrupted or not meet or convenient to be ministered or used in Medicine for the 
To burn or destroy such Medicines, etc. as they find defective or corrupted.  health of man's body they the said Censors or any three of them shall or may take burn or otherwise destroy the same or cause to been taken burned or otherwise destroyed according to their discretions. AND in case any opposition or denial shall be made so that by occasion thereof such entry search and examination as is aforesaid cannot be made according to the true intent and meaning of these presents That then and so often and in every such case every person and persons so opposeing or denying and occasioning the same shall for every such offence forfeit and pay unto the Precedent Fellows and Comonalty of the College and Corporation aforesaid and their Successors the sum of forty shillings of lawful money of England to been had and recovered by levy and sale of the goods of the person and persons so offending or imprisonment of his or their person and persons until payment thereof shall be duly made or otherwise in such manner as other Fines and Amerciaments or any of them hereafter mentioned are or may been had levied or recovered. AND We do further for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the said College and Corporation and their Successors That the Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the College and Corporation aforesaid in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them for the time being (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to been one) shall and may have full power and absolute authority at all times when and as often as to them shalbée thought meet and reasonable to send for summon 
Power to summon all Druggist's, etc.  convent and cause to appear before them the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the same College and Corporation in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them for the time being whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been one at such time and place times and places within the aforesaid City and Suburbs of London and Westminster or within seven miles thereof all or any such Apothecary's Druggist's Distillers Preparers or Sellers of such Waters Oils or Medicines as aforesaid or any other person or persons whatsoever useing the Art or Mystery of an Apothecary or Druggist or the Trade or Craft of a Distiller Preparer or Seller of Water's Oils or Medicines or that shall put or set to sale any Stuffe Drugs Waters Oils Medicines or other things whatsoever apt fit or used for Medicines either Simple or Compound within the aforesaid City and Suburbs of London or within seven miles from the same. AND if such person or persons so summoned or warned as aforesaid upon reasonable summons and garnishment to him or them in that behalf made having no reasonable cause to the contrary shall not accordingly make his or their personal appearance before the Precedent and 
If not appear,  Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the College aforesaid in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them for the time being as aforesaid at such time and place as by the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors or any three of them as aforesaid shall been reasonably limited or appointed THAN We do by these presents declare That it shall and may be lawful to and for the aforesaid Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors or any three of them for the time being as aforesaid to impose and inflict such reasonable Penalty Fine and 
To fine them at pleasure, not exceeding 20 s.  Amerciament upon every such person or persons so making default of appearance as the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors or any three of them as aforesaid shall think meet in that behalf so as such Fine or Amerciament for any one such default exceed not the sum of twenty shillings of lawful English money. AND if any person or persons summoned as aforesaid shall make his or their personal appearance before the aforesaid Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors for the time being or any three of them as aforesaid at such time and place as is or shall be lymitted or appointed And then and there it shall appear unto the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors or any three of them as aforesaid That the said person or persons so appeareing then or of late had put or set to sale any Wares Drugs Waters 
Bad Medicines.  Oils Medicines or Stuffs defective corrupted or not meet or convenient to been ministered in Medicine for the health of man's body or that any such person or persons so summoned and appeareing as aforesaid then or of late had made or compounded or delivered out any Medicine either simple or compounded differing from and not agreeable in name 
Medicines not made according to direction, etc.  nature and quantity unto the prescript or direction delivered unto the said person or persons before the making compounding or delivery of the said Medicine Then the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them for the time being whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one shall have full power and authority to impose a reasonable Penalty Fine and Amerciament upon all 
To fine the party, not exceeding 3 l. for any one offence.  and every person and persons so offending so as the same Penalty Fine and Amerciament for any one fault or offence exceed not at any one time the sum of three pounds of lawful English money and further to imprison such offender until he have 
To imprison him till payment.  made satisfaction and payment of the same fine so imposed upon him for the same offence. AND FORASMUCH as We are well satisfied in ourself and hold it most reasonable and requisite that a like care and consideration should been had and taken of all our good subjects inhabiting or resident in other the Dioceses and parts of this our Realm of England not herein abovementioned nor provided for in matters concerning the good and health of their bodies which to effect and to the end that the abuses and irregularities abovementioned may in those parts be seasonably corrected or timely prevented and none but able learned and well qualified persons admitted to exercise and practise in Physic in the parts of this our Kingdom without our said City of London and Westminster and the lymitts of seven miles aforesaid, OUR WILL AND PLEASURE is And We do by these presents for us our heirs and successors Grant Constitute and Ordain that all and every 
All practisers of Physic in the Country, out of the limits aforesaid, to be licenced by the Precedent and Elects, or any four of them.  person and persons whatsoever now or hereafter willing or desirous to exercise or practise Physic in any the parts of this our Kingdom without the Cities and lymitts aforesaid Do and shall before he or they or any of them respectively make any open profession thereof Offer and submit themselves to the examination and trial as to their several abilities and qualifications requisite in that faculty of the Precedent and Elects or Vice-president and Elects in the absence 
First to be examined.  of the Precedent of the College aforesaid or any four of them for the time being (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been always one) To the end that such person and persons as on such Examination or Trial shall appear to been able and qualified for the exercise of that faculty may been approved and allowed of by 
If able approved, etc. By testimonial under the hands of the particular tryers.  testimonial in writing under the particular hands of the persons respectively so examining and approveing them. AND WE DO hereby will and require and by these presents for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the Precedent and Elects of the College aforesaid and in the absence of the Precedent to the Vice-president and Elects of the same College for the time being or any four of them (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been one) from time to time to receive send for and call before them all and every such person and persons that is or shall be willing or desirous or shall begynn or venture to exercise 
Power to the Precedent and Elects, etc. to summon, examine and give Testimonials, etc.  or practise in the said faculty of Physic within any the parts of this our Realm of England without the City and lymitts aforesaid And them and every of them well faithfully and exactly to examine and make trial of their several and respective qualifications and abilities as to the said faculty of Physic and the exercise and practice thereof And to allow licence and approve of such and so many of them as shall been by the said Examiner's respectively as aforesaid adjudged able and qualified for that profession And thereupon to make and give unto them and every of them so approved of as aforesaid a testimonial in writing under the hands of the Examiner's respectively as aforesaid AND alsoe to refuse suppress and reject all and every such person and persons as to 
Reject persons unfit.  the said Examiner's respectively appointed as aforesaid shall from time to time appear to be insufficient or not duly qualified for the exercise of that faculty AND FURTHER by all just and lawful ways and means possible in the future to the utmost of their power to prevent or timely to reform and correct the abuses irregularities and enormities aforesaid in all and every the parts of this our Realm without our said City of London and Westminster and lymitts of seven miles aforesaid. AND our further will and pleasure is And We do by these presents for us our heirs and successors Grant Constitute and Ordain that no person or persons whatsoever Except 
None to practise in the Country, till licenced, under pain of 5. l. per Mensem, except Graduates in the Universities.  he or they be a Graduate or Graduates of Oxford or Cambridge which have or hath accomplished all things for his or their form without any grace shall do or may from henceforth exercise or practise or be permitted to exercise or practise in the said Art or Faculty of Physic in any part or parts of this our Realm of England without our said City and the lymitts aforesaid until he or they respectively shall be examined tried and approved of as aforesaid and have and receive a Testimonial thereof in writing as aforesaid upon pain of forfeiting of five pounds of lawful money of England unto the said Precedent Fellows and Comonalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors for every Month wherein any such person or persons shall so exercise or practise in the said Art or Faculty of Physic as aforesaid being not duly examined and approved of or having not had or received his Testimonial as aforesaid All and every such forfeiture sum and sums of money to be had and recovered in such manner and by such ways and means as the said penalty or forfeiture of Tenn pounds the Month for practising without 
To be recovered as the 10 l. forfeiture.  licence within our said City of London or seven miles thereof as aforesaid is aught or may be had sued for obtained or recovered And in which Actions Suit or Suits to be had brought or prosecuted▪ no essoign wager of Law or protection shall or aught to been admitted or allowed for or to any Defendant or Defendants therein. AND WE WILL and for us our heirs and successors Do hereby grant that the Plaintiff and Playntiffs in all and every Action and Actions Bill Suit Plaint or Information hereafter brought or to been brought exhibited or prosecuted for the recovery and obteyneing of the said several pains or forfeitures of Tenn pounds the Month and five pounds the Month any or either of them wherein such Plaintiff or Playntiffs shall or aught to have recover or obtain his or their judgement therein respectively shall have and recover his and their reasonable Costs of suit to been from time to time taxed and assessed by the judge judges or justices of the Court wherein such Action or Actions Bill Plaint or Information shall be brought or prosecuted as aforesaid and shall alsoe have his and their Execution and Executions for the same in such manner to all intents and purposes as in any Action of debt Case or Trespass is now used or ought to been had given or done in any of our Courts of Record at Westminster And that the Defendant and Defendants in every such Action and Suit Bill Plaint or Information wherein judgement is or aught to be given for such Defendant or Defendants shall have and recover his and their Costs of suit in such manner as in any Action or Actions of Debt Case or Trespass is now used or ought to been had or given in any of our Courts aforesaid. AND WE DO hereby for us our heirs and successors empower and enjoin all judges and justices of us our heirs and successors to act and perform accordingly any Act Statute Law Usage or Provision whatsoever to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. AND WE WILL and by these presents for us our 
All Fines, Forfeitures and Amerciaments to be approved by the next Court, and registered, before any levy or execution be had thereof, and after by Warrant to commit the party until, etc. or levy it of his goods.  heirs and successors Do ordain and declare that all and every the Fynes Penalties Forfeitures and Amerciaments hereafter to be set adjudged imposed or inflicted upon any person or persons whatsoever by force or colour of these presents or of any the Letters Patents or Acts of Parliament aforesaid or by force or colour of any Acts Ordinances Decrees or Constitutions made or to be made by virtue of these presents or any the Grants or Authorities aforesaid before any Action been commenced or any Levy or Execution be had or made thereof respectively the said several penalties and forfeitures of Tenn pounds and five pounds per Mensem above mentioned always excepted 
The 10 l. and 5 l. per Mensem excepted.  shall been reported to and approved of by the Court or Corporation of the said Precedent and Fellows of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid to been held by virtue of these presents or by any fifteen or more of the Fellows of the same College for the time being then present at such Court whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been one and then entered and registered in the Common Register Book of the same College And that from and after such approbation and entry thereof it shall and may been lawful to and for the Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the same College of Physicians for the time being in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them (whereof the said Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been one) by Warrant under the hand of the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors for the time being in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them (whereof the said Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been▪ one) duly made and directed to any Officer and Officers of the same College in this behalf to been appointed to Commit and send every such person and persons so offending and on whom any such Fine Penalty or Amerciament shall be imposed set or inflicted as aforesaid or by whom any forfeiture shall been made as aforesaid to any of our Goals or Prisons (except our Tower of London) within our said City of London or the Suburbs thereof for the time being there to remain until he or they shall pay and satisfy unto the said Precedent and Fellows of the same College of Physicians and their Successors for the time being the several and respective fyne or fynes penalty or penalties forfeiture or forfeitures Amerciament or Amerciaments for which he or they respectively shallbe so Committed or charged as aforesaid or otherwise by like Warrant to levy all and every such fine and fynes penalty and penalties forfeiture and forfeitures Amerciament and Amerciaments by distress and sale of any of the Goods and Chattels of any or every such person or persons respectively offending as aforesaid rendering the overplus to be ymployed and disposed as hereafter in and by these presents is directed. PROVIDED always that if any person or persons on whom any Fine Penalty or Amerciament shall be set or imposed as aforesaid shall find or conceive 
Appeal to,  himself grieved thereby That then it shall and may be lawful to and for every such person and persons 
Within one Month after the Fine approved in Court.  within one Month after such approbation and entry thereof made as aforesaid or sooner to appeal unto such person and persons for his or their relief therein as in and by these presents are hereafter nominated constituted and impowered in that behalf. AND We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors Do make ordain constitute and appoint 
Visitors Constituted.  our right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin and Councillor Edward Earl of Clarendon our High Chancellor of England our right trusty and well-beloved Sir Robert Foster Knight Chief justice of our Court of King's Bench Sir Orlando Bridgman Knight and Baronett Chief justice of our Court of Common Pleas and Sir Matthew Hale Knight Chief Baron of our Court of Exchequer the present Visitors of the said College and Corporation and the Lord Chancellor of England or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England Lord Chief justice of the said Court of King's Bench Lord Chief justice of the said Court of Common Pleas and Lord Chief Baron of the said Court of Exchequer hereafter for the time being from time to time and for ever hereafter Visitors of the same College and Corporation. AND We do by these presents for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto them the said Visitors hereby constituted and every or any 
Power to receive and determine Appeals, etc.  two or more of them full power and authority to receive entertain hear examine adjudge and determine alter mitigate reverse or confirm all and every such Matter 'Cause Complaint judgement Decree or Sentence whatsoever which at any time hereafter shall come or been brought before them or any two or more of them by way of Appeal hereafter to be made by any person or persons whatsoever for or concerning any Fine Penalty or Amerciament or other matter or thing whatsoever according to the tenor true intent and meaning of these presents as to them or any two or more of them shall seem just and fitting. AND to that end that it shall and may be lawful to and for our said Lord High Chancellor of England Lord Chief justice of our said Court of King's Bench our said Chief justice of our said Court of Common Pleas and our said Chief Baron of our said Court of Exchequer now being or any two or more of them and to and for all and every other Lord Chancellor of England or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England Lord Chief justice of the said Court of King's Bench Lord Chief justice of the said Court of Common Pleas and Lord Chief Baron of the said Court of Exchequer hereafter for the time being or any two 
To the said Visitors, or any two of them.  or more of them from time to time to send for remove or cause to come before them or any two or more of them all and every such Cause Complaint 
To remove the Cause before them.  judgement Decree and Sentence and all or any the proceedings thereof respectively whereupon or wherein any Appeal shall been made to them or any two or more of them as aforesaid and from time to time to order and appoint certain day's times and places for the hearing and adjudging thereof and to summon hear and examine upon Oath or otherwise all 
To summon and swear Witnesses.  and every person and persons that know or can say or testify any matter of fact or other thing conduceing to the manifestation or discovery of the truth of the matter in question to the end a just and clear judgement and determination may be had and made therein AND FURTHER to act proceed perform and do by all such just and lawful ways and means as shall be requisite or necessary for the better and speedier effecting of the premises in all things according to the best of their judgements and to the truth of the matter appeareing before them. AND FURTHER that it shall and may been lawful to and for the said Visitors or any two or more of them for the time being from time to time and at any time after such cause or matter heard or determined by them 
After sentence to remit the Cause.  or any two of them as aforesaid to remit and certify back again to the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the said College of Physicians their judgement and proceedings therein respectively To the end that due execution and proceeding may been had and made thereupon according to the tenor true intent and meaning of these presents. AND We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do constitute ordain declare and grant that all and every judgement Sentence and Decree hereafter 
All Judgements in such Appeal to stand good, and no further relief or appeal after.  made or to been made by the Visitors aforesaid or any two or more of them upon any Appeal or Appeals of in or concerning the premises shall be and stand firm and good and been binding and concluding to all and every person and persons party and parties concerned therein respectively and no further or other Appeal or relief to been had sought made or given therein in any Court of Law or Equity or elsewhere or otherwise however. PROVIDED always and We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do constitute ordain and grant that in case of neglect or delay of prosecution of any Appeal or Appeals 
Provided if neglect of prosecution, or the Appeal not determined within six Months, the Precedent and Censors to proceed as if no Appeal therein.  hereafter to been had or made in the premises according to the tenor of these presents or that judgement Decree or Sentence be not from time to time had and obtained in all and every such Appeal and Appeals at the prosecution of the party or parties respectively so Appealing within six Months after every such Appeal or Appeals from time to time respectively made That then and in every such Case it shall and may be lawful to and for the Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors and to and for the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the same College for the time being in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them as is above mentioned to act and proceed in and upon every such Matter 'Cause judgement Sentence or Decree on which such Appeal or Appeals shall be so made as aforesaid and neglected delayed or not determined in time by the Visitors as aforesaid in such manner and to all intents and purposes as if such Appeal or Appeals had never been or been made Any thing in these presents contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. AND WE DO by these presents 
To proceed on Judgement in Appeal after remitted, as in other case before Appeal.  for us our heirs and successors further grant constitute and ordain that itt shall and may be lawful to and for the Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the College of Physicians aforesaid and their Successors and to and for the Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the same College for the time being in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them as is above mentioned to act do and proceed by way of Action Distress Imprisonment or otherwise in and upon all and every matter cause and thing judgement sentence and decree whatsoever hereafter to be made given ratified or confirmed by the Visitors aforesaid or any twoe or more of them in or upon any Appeal or Appeals to them to been made as aforesaid and by them from time to time remitted as aforesaid in such and the like manner to all intents and purposes as by these presents they or any of them may or are impowered to do in the same or the like Cases when no Appeal or Appeals shall been had or made therein Any thing in these presents contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. PROVIDED alsoe and our will and pleasure is That 
Provided that no Offender be questioned but within a year after the Offence committed.  no person or persons whatsoever shall at any time hereafter be ympeached sued fyned amerced or otherwise punished by virtue of these presents or for any offence or other matter cause or thing whatsoever therein specified or contained unless he or they respectively be from time to time impeached sued fyned amerced or otherwise questioned or punished for such his or their offence or other matter cause or thing aforesaid within one whole year next after the same shall be committed or done or such person or persons liable to been questioned or punished for the same. AND WE DO further of our especial grace certain 
All Fines and Amerciaments given to the College.  knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid and their Successors all and singular the Fynes Amerciaments Penalties and Forfeitures and every of them by virtue of these presents or any Act of Parliament hereafter to be made in pursuance or Confirmation thereof or of any the Letters Patents or Acts of Parliament Ordinances Decrees or Impositions aforesaid hereafter to be assessed forfeited set or imposed upon any Physician or Practizer of Physic as aforesaid or to be forfeited set or imposed upon any Apothecary Druggist or other person or persons whatsoever for or by reason of any misdemeanour offence contempt or default whatsoever before in or by these presents or any the Letters Patents Acts of Parliament Ordinances Decrees or Impositions mentioned or specified to be ymployed and disposed as hereafter in and by these presents is declared (The penalties and forfeitures of the Recognizances hereafter in and by these presents mentioned 
Except the penalties and forfeitures on Recognizances.  and directed to be taken in the name of us our heirs and successors always excepted) AND that the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the College of Physicians aforesaid and their Successors shall and may by the name of the Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the King's College of Physicians in the City of London at all times hereafter and from time to time in any of our Courts of Record according to the due course of Law sue for recover levy and take execution of and 
Power to sue for them, and levy them as aforesaid.  for the said Fynes Amerciaments Penalties and Forfeitures and every or any part thereof or otherwise levy or obtain the same and every part thereof (Except the said penalties and forfeitures of Tenn pounds and five pounds per Mensem) by Imprisonment of the Bodies or distress and sale of the Goods of the persons offending as aforesaid in manner and form aforesaid. AND FURTHER We will and hereby do order and direct that all and every sum and sums of money had made accrueing or ariseing by or out of the same Fynes Forfeitures Penalties 
All the Fines (charges deducted) to go to the poor.  and Amerciaments any or all of them other then the said forfeitures of Tenn pounds per Mensem and five pounds per Mensem the just and reasonable charges and expenses in the sueing for or obtaining thereof respectively being first deducted and retained shall from time to time for ever hereafter within three Months after payment recovery or obtaining thereof be well and duly employed distributed and disposed of by the said Precedent and Fellows of the said College of Physicians and their Successors or the major part of them for the time being (whereof the Precedent for the time being to be one) to and amongst the poor of the Parish or Place Parishes or Places respectively wherein the Offence or Offences for which such Fine or Fynes Amerciament or Amerciaments respectively shall been set or imposed as aforesaid is are or shall be respectively done or committed in such manner and by such proportions as to them shall seem fitting and requisite without the let disturbance or interruption of us our heirs or successors or any the Officers or Ministers of us our heirs or successors and without giving or rendering any account or recompense thereof or therefore to us our heirs or successors. NEVERTHELESS We 
6 l. per ann. reserved to the King.  will and our intent and meaning is That the said Precedent Fellows and Comonalty of the said College and Corporation and their Successors shall answer and pay unto us our heirs and successors for and in respect of the said penalties and forfeitures of Tenn pounds per Mensem and five pounds per Mensem herein before mentioned and to them by these presents granted as aforesaid the yearly Rent of six pounds of lawful money of England in lieu and stead of the like yearly rent of six pounds reserved and payable in and by the Letters Patents of our said Royal Grandfather above mentioned to been paid at the Receipt of our Exchequer at Westminster at the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel and the Annunciation of the blessed Lady Mary the Virgin by even and equal portions Any thing in these presents contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. AND for the preventing of any question that may arise concerning a double rent KNOW YE further that We of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion HAVE remised released acquitted and discharged. And by these presents for us our heirs and successors Do remise release acquitt and discharge aswell the said Precedent and College or Comonalty in the Letters Patents aforesaid specified and their Successors as the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty and their Successors and every of them of and from the said yearly rent of six pounds reserved and payable by the said Letters Patents of our said Royal Grandfather as aforesaid and of and from all and every part and parcel thereof And all our right interest title claim and demand of in or to the same every or any part thereof. AND We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid and to their Successors that the Precedent and Fellows or the Vice-president and Fellows of the same College for the time being in the absence of the Precedent or the major part of 
Power to choose a Register.  them present being not less in number then fifteen whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one being assembled together in their Hall or Council-house aforesaid shall and may from time to time Nominate Elect and Appoint One honest and discreet person being one of the Fellows of the said College who shall been and shall been called the Register to the same College and shall from time to time been attendant on the Precedent and Fellows of the said College and their Successors and shall set down in writing register and enter into a Book 
His duty.  all such Rules Orders Statutes Decrees Acts Ordinances and other things as shall from time to time been had made done provided or ordained by the said Precedent and Fellows and their Successors or the greater part of them at such their Courts Meetings and Assemblies aforesaid and alsoe shall and may from time to time when and as often as to them shall seem meet ordain make constitute and appoint such and so many other meet Officer or Officers Minister 
Power to choose other Officers.  or Ministers as to the said Precedent and Fellows or Vice-president and Fellows in the absence of the Precedent and their Successors or the greater part of them assembled as aforesaid from time to time shall been thought fit and necessary for their service and benefit. WHICH Register Officers and Ministers shall from time to time been duly and severally sworn before the Precedent or in his absence 
To be sworn.  the Vice-president of the same College for the time being according to the prescript and directions abovesaid and the true intent and meaning of these presents AND the same Register and all and every other Officer and Minister by them to been so elected made constituted or appointed as aforesaid shall and may from time to time upon reasonable and just cause remove expel and put out of his and their said Offices and 
To put them out again, etc.  Places and elect and put others in his and their rooms and places when and as often as to the said Precedent and Fellows or Vice-president and Fellows in the absence of the Precedent or the greater part of them (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to been one) shall seem meet and convenient. AND FURTHER We do for us our heirs and successors 
To take Recognizances of Offenders.  give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid and their Successors that itt shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the same College for the time being in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them (whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) to cause such persons as shall be convented for any the offences aforesaid and shall be found offenders therein to become bound unto us our heirs and successors and to our use in one or more several Recognizances in such sum or sums as they shall think fit not exceeding the sum of One hundred pounds with Conditions thereunto for restraining them to offend any more in that behalf as to the 
* rect. Precedent and Censors or to the Vice-president and Censors in the absence of the Precedent or any three▪  Precedent or Vice-president and Censors in the absence of the Precedent and Censors or any three of them whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president for the time being to be one shall seem meet. And if such person or persons shall refuse to become so bound by such Recognizance with such condition that then itt shall and may be lawful to and for the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the same College for the time being in the absence of the Precedent or any three of them whereof the Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one to commit such person and 
To commit such as refuse to enter into Recognizance.  persons to prison and him and them to detain in prison until he or they shall become bound in such Recognizance with such condition as aforesaid. AND WE WILL and by these presents for us our heirs and successors do enjoin order and command all and every Warden Goaler and Keeper Wardens Gaolers and Keepers of our Wards Goals and 
Gaolers to receive and detain the Prisoners.  Prisons within our said City of London and the limits and precincts aforesaid (Except before excepted) that they and every of them do from time to time yield and give all due obedience and observance to the said Precedent and Censors or Vice-president and Censors of the College aforesaid for the time being in the absence of the Precedent and to all and every such Warrant and Warrants as by them or any three of them for the time being (whereof the said Precedent or in his absence the Vice-president to be one) shall by virtue of these presents or any the Letters Patents or Acts of Parliament aforesaid be duly made and directed to any the Wardens Gaolers or Keepers of our Prisons aforesaid or any of them And that they and every of them do and shall receive into his or their Custody in such prison or prisons (whereof he or they shall then be Warden Goaler or Keeper) all and every such person and persons as by virtue of such Warrant or Warrants shall be sent or committed to him or them and there shall safely keep every such person and persons so Committed in any of their Prisons at the proper costs and charges of the said person or persons so Committed without Bail or Mainprize according to the tenor form and effect of such Warrant and Warrants until such person or persons shall been duly discharged upon pain that all and every such Warden Goaler or Keeper doing the contrary shall lose and forfeit the double of all and every such Fine or Fynes Amerciament 
Penalty.  and Amerciaments sum and sums of money for which or Nonpayment whereof such person or persons respectively were or shall be so Committed as aforesaid PROVIDED that any such Fine Amerciament or Sum of money been not at any one time above the sum of Twenty pounds The one moiety thereof to been ymployed to the use of us our heirs and successors and the other moiety to the said Precedent and Fellows of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid to and for the use of the poor aforesaid and to been disposed and distributed as aforesaid. AND all the same forfeitures to been recovered by Action of debt Bill Plaint or Information in any Court of Record of us our heirs or successors against any such Warden Goaler or Keeper so offending in which suit no essoign wager of Law nor Protection shall be allowed or admitted for the Defendant. AND WE DO FURTHER of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the King's College of Physicians and their Successors that itt shall and may be lawful to and for the Precedent and Fellows of the same College for the time being and their Successors yearly and every year for ever hereafter at their free liberty and pleasure to have and take att once or several times without contradiction the dead Bodies of six several persons of Men 
Liberty to take six Bodies yearly for Anatomies,  or Women condemned adjudged and put to death for Felony or other offence by the due course and order of the Laws of this our Realm within our said City of London or our Counties of Middlesex and Surrey or either of them for Anatomies without any further Surte Licence or Commission to or from us our heirs or successors to be had made or obtained for the same And from time to time to make incision of the same dead bodies or otherwise to order the same after their discretions at their liberty and pleasures for their further and better knowledge instruction insight learning and experience in the faculty and science of Physic and Chirurgery. PROVIDED always and We will and direct that 
Provided they be buried after.  all and every such dead body and bodies had taken or used for or as Anatomies been from time to time after such use made thereof as aforesaid decently buried at the costs and charges of the said Precedent and Fellows and their Successors. AND We do further of our especial favour certain knowledge and mere 
Liberty to purchase Lands.  motion for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the King's College of Physicians and their Successors special licence free and lawful liberty power and authority to acquire purchase receive and take unto the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the same College and their Successors for ever to the use of them and their Successors for ever And alsoe to all and every other person and persons full and free power licence and authority to give grant and convey unto them the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the College aforesaid and their Successors for ever to the use of them and their Successors for ever any Manors Messages Lands Tenements Tithes Rents Reversions and Hereditaments so as the same do not exceed in the whole the clear yearly value of Two hundred pounds above all charges and reprises The Statute of Alienation 
200 l. per ann.  in Mortmain or any other Statute Act Law Ordinance or Provision heretofore made ordained or provided or any other matter cause or thing to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding And this without any Writ or Writts of Ad quod dampnum or other Licence or Letters Patents Inquisitions or Mandates of us our heirs or successors to been had made prosecuted sued for or obtained in that behalf. AND WE WILL and by these presents for us our heirs and successors Do give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Comonalty of the King's College of Physicians and their Successors That all and every Physician and Physicians that now is or are or that hereafter shall be Elected Admitted and made a Member of the same College shall from time to time be wholly and absolutely freed exempt and discharged of and from serving or appearing in any jury or juries for the trial of any matter or 
Physicians not to be of Juries, nor Churchwarden, Constable, nor Scavenger in London, or seven miles distant, etc.  cause or taking finding or executing of any Commission or Inquisition whatsoever and of and from being or chosen to be Churchwarden Constable Scavenger or any such or the like Officer or Officers And of and from the undertaking execution and exercise of all and every the same and such like Office and Offices Place and Places and every of them And alsoe of and from all Watch and Ward 
Watch and Ward. Bearing and providing Arms.  and of and from beareing and providing Arms within our Cities of London or Westminster or either of them or any the Suburbs or Liberties of the same Cities or either of them or within seven miles' compass thereof. AND in case they or any of them shall at any time hereafter by any ways or means be designed appointed nominated or chosen into or to undergo or bear or perform any of the said Office or Offices Place or Places Duty or Duties or any of them within our said Cities or the Suburbs or Liberties thereof or lymitts aforesaid That all and every such designation appointment nomination and election shall be utterly void and of none effect any Statute Act Ordinance Constitution Order Custom or Law to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. AND We do 
Confirmation of all former Grants,  further for us our heirs and successors give and grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty of the said King's College of Physicians aforesaid and their Successors AND by these presents declare and manifest our pleasure for ever to be That the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty and their Successors shall and may have take hold receive use exercise and enjoy all and singular the Gifts Grants Liberties Privileges Immunities Freedoms Benefits Advantages Proffitts commodity Power Ability and Authority herein before mentioned or by any Act or Acts of Parliament heretofore given granted or confirmed unto the Precedent College or Cominalty aforesaid or any of them and not hereby altered changed made void or nulled 
Not hereby altered.  without the let hindrance interruption or disturbance of us our heirs or successors or of any the Officers or Ministers of us our heirs or successors or of any other person or persons whatsoever And that as fully and amply to all intents and purposes as the said Precedent College or Cominalty or any the Members thereof or any of them had used exercised or enjoyed or may might could or ought to have had used exercised or enjoyed the same or any thereof. AND FURTHER of our like especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion WE WILL and for us our heirs and successors Do promise and 
To consent to a Bill in Parliament for Confirmation.  grant to and with the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid and their Successors by these presents that in the present or next Parliament or Session of Parliament of us our heirs or successors now held or hereafter to be called and held within this our Realm of England We our heirs and successors will give and grant our Royal and free assent and consent to any Act Bill or Petition by the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty or their Successors or any of them in Parliament as aforesaid to be exhibited or preferred and by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commonalty of the said Parliament to be approved and assented unto for the better enabling authorising and investing of the said Precedent Fellows and Commonalty and their Successors to and with the several Grants Powers Privileges Authorities Exemptions Immunities and other matters and things to them in or by these presents given granted or confirmed or intended to be to them given granted or confirmed according to our gracious intent and meaning herein before specified and expressed. AND FURTHER We will and by these presents for us our heirs and successors Do grant unto the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid and their Successors that these our Letters Patents and all and singular the Gifts Grants Authorities Powers Privileges and Immunities and other things herein contained shall been good firm available and effectual in the Law to the intents and purposes aforesaid And shall been in all and every of our Courts of Record and elsewhere had taken construed and adjudged most strongly against us our heirs and successors and most benignly favourably and beneficially to and for the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty and their Successors any Statute Act Ordinance Custom Usage Gift Grant or any other matter or thing heretofore had made used ordained or provided to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. ALTHOUGH EXPRESS MENTION of the true yearly value or certainty of the Premises or of any of them or of any other Gifts or Grants by us or any of our Progenitors or Predecessors heretofore made to the said Precedent Fellows and Cominalty of the King's College of Physicians aforesaid in these presents is not made or any Statute Act Ordinance Provision Proclamation or Restriction heretofore had made enacted ordained or provided or any other matter cause or thing whatsoever to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. IN WITNESS whereof We have caused these our Letters to been made Patents. WITNESS ourself at Westminster the Sir and twentieth day of March in the Fifteenth year of our Reign.  
By the King. HOWARD.   

A Royal Charter granted to the Apothecaryes' of London 30 Maii 13 Jacobi.  
REX omnibus ad quos, etc. salutem. cum antehac per Litteras nostras Paten' sub magno sigillo nostro Anglie confect' geren' dat' apud Westm' nono die Aprilis Anno regni nostri Anglie Francie & Hibernie 
Apothecaries and Grocers made one Corporation, 4 Jac.  quarto & Scocie de gratia nostra speciali voluerimus ordinaverimus & concesserimus quod omnes & singuli liberi homines mysterii Grocer' & Pharmacopol' Civitat' London & Successores sui deinceps imperpetuum pro meliori ordine gubernation & regimine hominum myster' Grocer' & Pharmacopol' Civitatis London ac pro utilitate commodo & relevamine bonorum & proborum ac formidine & correctione malorum dolosorum & improborum forent & essent vigore earundem Litterarum Paten' unum Corpus corporatum & politicum in re facto & nomine per nomen Custod' & Communitatis myster' Grocer' Civitat' London & eosdem per nomen Custod' & Communitat' myster' Grocer' Civitat' London unum corpus corporatum & politicum in re facto & nomine realiter & ad plenum pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris per easdem Litteras nostras. Paten' adtunc erexerimus fecerimus ordinaverimus constituerimus & declare averimus & quod per idem nomen successionem h'erent perpetuam prout per easdem Litteras nostras Paten' (inter alia) pleniùs liquet & apparet. Jam verò quum nobis sit 
The grounds for this New Charter.  demonstratum ex parte dilectorum subditorum nostrorum Pharmacopol' Civitat' nostre London necnon nobis affirmatum & approbatum per dilectos nobis Theodorum de Mayerne & Henricum Atkins in Medicinis Doctores Medicos nostros discretos & fideles Quod hiisce proximis annis quamplurimi Empirici & homines 
Empirics.  ignari & inexperti in Civitate nostra London ac ejusdem Suburbiis inhabitant & commorantur qui in Pharmacopoli arte & mysterio haud instituti sed in eadem imperiti & rudes quamplurima insalubria nociva 
Hurtful Medicines.  falsa corrupta & perniciosa faciunt & componunt medicamenta eademque in plurimas hujus regni nostri Anglie parts vendunt & assidue transmittunt in convitium & opprobrium non solùm Medicine sciency illius colende Medicorúmque hujus regni nostri Anglie literat' eandem profitentium necnon Pharmacopoeiorum Civitat' nostre London in eadem arte & mysterio educat' & expert' verùm eciam in subditor' nostror' pericula & assidua vite discrimina. Cumque ad jura nostra regia & regimen supremum quo universos subdit' nostros singulásque regni nostri partes membra & societates temperamus & complectimur spectat ut probono publico & temporum ratione novas Societates atque nova Corpora corporat' & politica creare erigere instituere & superinducere ad beneplacitum nostrum possumus tam ex personis que prius plane separat' & in null' corpus redact' & collect' fuerunt quam ex membris Corporum corporat' veter' ubi hoc ad melius regimen populi nostri videbitur expedire. Nos igitur considerantes officii nostri Regii munus esse subditorum nostrorum saluti & bono publico omnibus viis & modis providere & consulere ac nobiscum perpendentes quomodo improborum istorum hominum conatibus 
The Apothecaries separate from the Company of Grocers.  tempestiuè occurramus (de advisament' Consilii nostri in legibus eruditi) apprime necessarium duximus Pharmacopoeios Civitat' nostre London ab hominibus liberis myster' Grocer' ejusdem disunire disjungere separare & dissociare ac eosdem Pharmacopoeios per seipsos solum & divisim ac ab hominibus liberis myster' Grocer' predict' ad omnes intentiones & proposit' disunitoes & separatos in unum Corpus corporat' & 
And made an Incorporation.  Politicum erigere creare & constituere ad quos omni futuro tempore incommodorum istorum cura & correctio demandata & commissa foret. Ita tamen ut 
Subject to the Magistracy of the City, as well as others.  superior' ac general' regimin' Civitat' nostre London & Magistrat' ejusdem in modum aliarum Societat' subjiciantur. SCIATIS igitur quòd nos dilectorum & fidelium Medicor' nostrorum Theodori de Mayerne & Henrici Atkins necnon Pharmacopoeiorum predict' precibus inclinati potissimùm verò ex regali nostra cura & solicitudine Statum Reipublice promovendi ac bonum publicum procurandi ut Empiricorum & hominum ignaror' & inexpert' predictor' inscitia temeritásque compescatur unde plurima incommoda & pericula rudi & credule plebi assiduè oriantur Ac ut Pharmacopoei inferiùs nominati tam à predicto Corpore politico liberorum hominum myster' Grocer' Civitat' London quam à quibuscunque aliis corporibus Politicis Societat' sive Communitat' quarumcunque aliar' artium facultat' sieve myster' in eadem Civitate nostra London disuniantur separentur & disjungantur ac in Corpus unum Politicum & Corporatum per seipsos per nos facti constituti & creati imposterum perpetuis futuris temporibus ad omnia proposita & intentiones sint & remaneant quam pro aliis causis urgentibus nos specialiter moventibus de gra ' nostra speciali ac ex certa sciencia & mero motu nostris volumus ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris Willielmo 
The persons first incorporated, were these 114.  Bess, Edmundo Phillipps, Laurencio Mansfeild, Thome Colthurst, Richardo Bacon, Stephano Higgins, Willielmo Compton, Richardo Trout, Georgio Shears, Willielmo Hutton, Willielmo Chaphin, Willielmo Quick, Thome Whitley, Johanni Parkinson, Radupho Clayton, Willielmo Gwyn, Humfrido Gravenor, Laurencio Lind, Johanni Huett, Nicholas Gibson, Johanni Slater, Petro Watson, Willielmo Checkley, Thome Tomlinson, Danieli Darnelley, Willielmo Clark Senior ', Adriano Barton, Willielmo Wells, Richardo Edwards, Richardo Palmer, Willielmo Perk, Josie Harris, Thome Bullard, Israeli Wolf, Jacobo Colwell, Thome Cristie, Thome Hicks, Roberto Hudson, Johanni Sheppard, Thome Fones, Gabrieli Sheriff, Johanni Warkehowse, Johanni Walter, Jacobo Fothergill, Samueli Jones, Thome Bate, Georgio Walsham Senior ', Timotheo Read, Lodovico Moreton, Thome Bell Senior ', Edvardo Cook, Roberto Bourman, Toby Winks, Johanni Lested, Willielmo Shambrooke, Edvardo Tasborough, Johanni Dason, Leonardo Stone, Johanni Hinson, Isaaco Young, Willielmo Nock, Richardo Salter, Johanni Evans, Willielmo Spencer, Simoni Drew, Jolif Lownes, Samueli Lenn, Richardo Young, Roberto Vawdry, Jacobo Everett, Nicholas Goffe., Petro Howell, Francisco Baldwyn, Edvardo Clarke Junior ', Johanni Wheeler Junior ', Gilberto Johnson, Roberto Elkyn, Johanni Browne, Thome Broome, Richardo Glover, Willielmo Bell Junior ', Roberto Hore, Stephano Chase, Samueli Moss, Philippo Griffeth, Samueli Harrison, Johanni Morecroft, Jacobo Rand, Johanni Hide, Jacobo Walsham, Abrahamo Webb, Johanni Taylor, Radulpho Yardley, Thome Rashton, Johanni Sares, Georgio Houghton, Rogero Harris, Georgio Steward, Richardo Swetson, Roberto Mace, Johanni Kellett, Richardo Bragge, Miloni Sparks, Jacobo Tomkins, Richardo Ashbie, Zacharie Warren, Richardo Blackwell, Willielmo Cleyton, Willielmo Roberts, Francisco Unrayne, Richardo Moor, Carolo Monk, Samueli Tubman, & Michaeli Aeson, ac omnibus aliis personis quibuscunque subditis nostris naturalibus in arte facultate sive 
Natural Subjects,  mysterio Pharmacopoeior' educat' & perit' eandémque artem facultatem sive mysterium hoc tempore exercen' sieve existen' liberis hominibus myster' Grocer' Civitat' London ac cum eisdem conjunctim & promiscuè in unum Corpus corporatum & Communitat' (ut prefertur) fact' & constitut' sieve existent' liberis hominibus aliquar' aliar' artium facultatum sive myster' in Civitat' London ac cum eisdem in unum Corpus corporat' Societat' sive Communitat' antehac per nos seu per aliquem vel aliquos Progenitor' nostrorum fact' incorporat' sieve constitut' Quod ipsi & eorum unusquisque una cum omnibus & singulis eorum Apprenticiis qui ante dat' 
And their Apprentices.  Presencium coram Custod ' myster' Grocer' predict' seu coram Custod ' sive Magistris aliquar' aliar' artium facultat' sieve myster' in Civitat' London alicui Pharmacopoeio sive aliquibus Pharmacopoeiis posuerunt seipsos Apprenticios tam à predicto Corpore Politico & Communitat' liberor' hominum myster' Grocer' predict' quam ab omnibus aliis Corpor' Politicis Communitat' sive Societat' aliquar' aliar' artium facultat' sieve myster' in Civitat' London quibuscunque disuniantur separentur divellantur disjungantur ac dissocientur eosdemque Pharmacopoeios & eorum quemlibet ante nominat' sieve mencionat' una cum omnibus & singulis eorum Apprenticiis predict' ex regali nostra prerogativa & Jure regio disunimus separamus divellimus disjungimus & 
Separated from the Grocers,  dissociamus & eosdem Pharmacopoeios una cum omnibus & singulis eorum Apprenticiis predict' virtute harum Literarum nostrarum Paten' immunes liberos acquietat' exoneratos & penitus exemptos (ad omnia proposita & intentiones) quam de & ab omnibus Jurament' Jurisdictionibus Potestat' Authoritat' Statut' Ordinationibus Constitution' Supervis' Scrutin' Summonition' Convocationibus Conventionibus Regim' Gubernationibus Ordinationibus Correction' Impositionibus Taxation' Collection' denarior' solutionibus & Oneribus Finibus amerciament' imprisonament' districtionibus 
And exempt from all Fines, Amerciaments, etc. from the same.  penis & penalitat' quibuscunque Custod' & Communitat' myster' Grocer' predict' pro tempore existen' aut eorum successor' quam alior' quorumcunque Corpor' Politicor' Communitat' sive Societat' in Civitat' nostra London & successor' suorum per presentes volumus esse & remanere deinceps imperpetuum aliquibus Statut' Act' Parliament' Ordination' Provisionibus Consuet' Concession' Confirmation' Privileg' Chart' aut Literis Paten' nostri vel aliquor' Progenitor' nostrorum Custod' & Communitat' myster' Grocer' London predict' fact' in contrarium inde non obstant'. Et ulteriùs de ampliori gra ' nostra speciali & ex certa scientia & mero motu nostris ut ars myster' sive facultat' Pharmacopoeie jam diu collapsa & despecta meliùs ad amplitudinem dignam promoveatur pro nobis hered' & successoribus nostris concedimus per presentes prefatis Willielmo Bess, Edmundo Phillipps, Laurencio Mansfeild, Thome Colthurst, Richardo Bacon, Stephano Higgins, Willielmo Compton, Johanni Wolfgangfumler, Lodovico Myreo, Gideoni de Laune, Georgio Shears, Edvardo de Plewris, Richardo Trout, Willielmo Hutton, Willielmo Clapham, Thome Whitley, Johanni Parkinson, Radulpho Clayton, Willielmo Gwyn, Humfrido Gravener, Laurencio Lund, Johanni Huett, Nicholas Gibson, Johanni Slater, Petro Watson, Willielmo Checkley, Thome Tomlinson, Danieli Darnelley, Willielmo Clark Sen', Adriano Barton, Willielmo Wells, Richardo Edwards, Richardo Palmer, Willielmo Perk, Josie Harris, Thome Bullard, Israeli Wolf, Jacobo Colwell, Thome Cristie, Thome Hicks, Roberto Hudson, Johanni Sheppard, Richardo Weston, Thome Fones, Gabrieli Sheriff, Johanni Warkhowse, Johanni Walter, Jacobo Fothergill, Samueli Jones, Thome Bate, Georgio Walsam Senior ', Timotheo Read, Lodovico Moreton, Thome Bell Sen', Edvardo Cook, Roberto Boreman, Toby Winks, Johanni Lested, Johanni Aeson, Willielmo Shambrooke, Edvardo Tasborough, Leonardo Stone, Johanni Hinson, Isaaco Young, Willielmo Nock, Richardo Saulter, Johanni Evans, Willielmo Spencer, Simoni Drew, Jolliff Lownes, Samueli Lenne, Richardo Young, Roberto Vawdry, Jacobo Everett, Petro Howell, Edvardo Clarke Jun', Nicholas Goffe., Francisco Baldwyn, Johanni Wheeler Jun', Gilberto Johnson, Richardo Ashbie, Roberto Elkyn, Johanni Browne, Thome Broome, Richardo Glover, Willielmo Bell Jun', Roberto Hore, Stephano Chase, Samueli Moss, Philippo Griffeth, Samueli Harrison, Johanni Morecroft, Jacobo Rand, Johanni Hide, Jacobo Mulsam, Abrahamo Webb, Johanni Taylor, Radulpho Yardley, Thome Rushton, Johanni Sares, Georgio Houghton, Rogero Harris, Roberto Mace, Georgio Steward, Richardo Swetson, Johanni Kellett, Richardo Bragg, Troman ' Parkins, Miloni Sparks, Jacobo Tomkins, Richardo Bess, Zacharie Waring, Richardo Blackwell, Willielmo Clayton, Willielmo Roberts, Francisco Unrayne, Richardo Moor, Carolo Monk, Paulo Lovetto, & Samueli Tubman, ac omnibus & singulis allis personis quibuscunque in arte myster' sive facultat' Pharmacopol' educat' & perit' eandémque artem myster' seu facultatem exercentibus modò existen' liberis hominibus myster' Grocer' predict ' aut existen' liberis hominibus aliquar' aliarum artium myster' sive facultat' in Civitat' London (dummodo in arte & facultate Pharmacopol' educat' & expert' fuerint) quòd ipsi omnésque hujusmodi liberi homines ejusdem artis myster' sive facultat' Pharmacopol' de & in Civitat' predict' & in Suburbiis ejusdem & infra septem miliar' Civitat' predict' sint & erunt unum Corpus corporatum & Politicum in re facto & nomine per nomen Magistr' Custod' & Societat' artis & myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London. Ac eos per nomen 
By the name of the Master, Wardens, etc. made a Body Politic.  Magistri Custodum & Societatis artis & myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London in unum Corpus corporat' & Politicum in re facto & nomine realiter & ad plenum pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris erigimus facimus ordinamus constituimus creamus & declaramus per presents. Et quòd per idem nomen successionem habeant perpetuam. Et quòd ipsi & successores sui per nomen Magistri Custod' & Societatis artis & mysterii Pharmacopol' Civitat' London sint & erunt perpetuis futuris temporibus persone habiles & in lege capaces ac Corpus corporatum & Politicum & in lege capax ad habend' perquirend' possidend' gaudend' & 
Capable to purchase Lands, etc. by the same name.  retinend' Maner' Messuagia terras tenementa libertat' privileg' Franches ' Jurisdiction' & Hereditamenta quecunque cujuscunque generis nominis natur' qualitat' vel speciei fuerint sibi & successor' suis in feodo simplici & 
In Fee-simple.  perpetuitat' sive pro termino anni vel annorum aut aliter 
For term of years, or otherwise.  quocunque modo Ac eciam bona & Catalla & quascunque alias res cujuscunque nominis nature generis qualitat' sive speciei fuerint. Necnon ad concedend' dimittend' alienand' assignand' & disponend' Maner' terr' tenementa & hereditamenta & ad omnia & singula al' fact' & res faciend' & exequend' per nomen predict'. Et quòd per idem nomen Magistri Custod ' & Societat' artis & myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London placitare & implacitari respondere & responderi 
To sue and be sued.  defendere & defendi valeant & possint in quibuscunque Curiis Placit' & locis ac coram quibuscunque Judicibus & Justiciariis ac aliis personis & officiar' nostris ac heredum & successor' nostrorum in omnibus & singulis actionibus placitis sect' querel' causis mater' & demand' quibuscunque cujuscunque sint aut 
* fuerint.  erint generis qualitat' seu speciei eisdem modo & forma prout aliqui alii ligei nostri Anglie person habiles & capaces in lege sive aliquod aliud Corpus corporatum & Politicum infra regnum nostrum Anglie habere perquirere recipere possidere & gaudere retinere dare concedere dimittere alienare assignare & disponere placitare & implacitari respondere & responderi defendere & defendi facere permittere sive exequi possint aut valeant. Et quòd iidem Magister Custod' & Societas artis & mysterii Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' habeant 
To have a Common Seal.  imperpetuum Commune Sigillum pro causis & negotiis suis ac successor' suor' quibuscunque agend' deservitur'. Et quòd bene liceat & licebit eisdem Magistro Custod' & Societat' artis & mysterii Pharmacopol' London predict' & successor' suis sigillum illud ad libitum suum de tempore in tempus frangere mutare & de novo facere 
At pleasure to be broken or altered.  prout eis meliùs fieri videbitur. Et ulterius volumus & ordinamus ac per presentes pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societat' artis & myster' Pharmacopol' predict' & successor' suis quod de cetero imperpètuum perpetuis futuris temporibus sit & erit unus de Societate artis & myster' Pharmacopol' predict' in forma in hiis presentibus mencionat' eligend' & nominand' qui nominabitur 
Power to choose a Master.  & vocabitur Magister artis & Societatis predict' Ac quòd similiter sint & erunt duo de Societate artis & 
Two  myster' predict' in forma in his presentibus express' eligend' & nominand' qui erunt & nominabuntur Custodes artis myster' & societat' predict'. Ac eciam 
Wardens, and 21  quod similiter sint & erunt viginti & unus de Societate predict' in forma in hiis presentibus inferiùs similiter mencionat' eligend' qui erunt & nominabuntur Assistentes artis & societatis Pharmacopol' Civitat' London 
Assistants.  ac de tempore in tempus erunt assistentes & auxiliantes Magistro & Custod ' Mysterii & Societat' predict' pro tempore existen' in omnibus causis rebus & materiis dict' Magr' & Societat' tangen' sive concernen'. Et ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus prefatis Magistro Custod' & Societat' artis & myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' & successor' suis quòd bene liceat & licebit eisdem Magistro Custod' & Societat' & Successor' suis habere perquirere retinere & appunctuare quandam Aulam sive Domum Conciliar' infra Civitat' nostram 
To have an Hall or Council-house.  London Quódque idem Magr' & Custod ' myster' predict' vel aliqui duo eorum quorum Magistrum pro tempore existen' unum esse volumus quoties eis opportunum & necessarium fore videbitur convocare & tenere infra eandem Aulam sive domum quandam Curiam 
To keep Court, or a Convocation.  sive Convocationem de eisdem Magistro Custod' & Assistent' predict' ad numerum tredecim personarum vel plurium (quorum Magistrum & unum Custod ' myster' & societat' predict' pro tempore existen' ut prefertur duos esse volumus) ad libitum & licitè possint & valeant perpetuis futuris temporibus. Quódque in eadem Curia sive Convocatione tractare referre consultare consulere & decernere valeant & possint de Statutis 
To consult about Statutes, Laws, Articles, etc.  Legibus Articulis Ordinationibus & Constitutionibus myster & societat' predict' ac bonum regimen statum & gubernationem eorundem tangen' & concernen ' juxta eorum sanas discretiones vel juxta sanas discretiones majoris partis eorundem (quorum Magistrum & unum Custod ' myster' & societat' predict' pro tempore existen' duos esse volumus) sic ut prefertur congregat'.  
Et ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus prefat' Magistro Custod' & societati artis sive mysterii Pharmacopol' Civitat' London & Successoribus suis quòd Magister Custodes & Assistentes myster' predict' pro tempore 
The Master, Wardens, etc. being 13 in number,  existen' ad numerum tredecim personarum vel plurium (quorum predict' Magistrum pro tempore existen' unum esse volumus) super Summonitionem publicam inde fiend' ad hoc congregat' in Aula sive domo societatis predict' habeant & habebunt plenam potestatem facultatem & authoritatem condend' constituend' ordinand' & faciend' de tempore in tempus Leges Statuta 
To make Laws  Constitutiones Decreta & Ordinationes rationabiliter inscript' quecunque que eis aut majori parti eorundem (quorum Magistrum myster' & societatis predict' pro tempore existen' unum esse volumus) bona salubria utilia honesta & necessaria juxta eorum sanas discretiones fore videbuntur pro bono regimine & gubernation eorundem Magistri Custod ' Assisten' & societatis 
For the Government of the Society.  myster' Pharmacopol' predict' ac omnium & singular' aliar' personar' artem sive myster' Pharmacopol' predict' infra Civitat' London predict' libertates & Suburbia ejusdem ac infra septem Miliaria ejusdem Civitat' exercent' & occupant' ac pro declaratione quo modo & ordine iidem Magister Custodes & Societas ac omnes & singuli Apprenticii Officiar' & Ministri myster' & societat' predict' in officiis functionibus minister' Tyrociniis artific' & negotiis suis infra Civitat' predict' ac libertates & suburbia ejusdem ac infra septem miliaria ejusdem Civitat' sese habebunt gerent & utentur pro uberiori bono publico communi utilitate & bono regimine myster' & societat' predict' ac gubernatione earundem ac rebus & causis aliis quibuscunque myster' & societat' predict' tangen' seu quoquo modo concernen'. PROVISO semper quòd pro tot & tal' Ordinationibus 
In their Orders, concerning Medicines, to advise with the Precedent and four Censors of the College of Physicians.  que medicamenta aut compositiones & usum earundem concernent advocabunt de tempore in tempus President' & quatuor Censores seu Gubernat' Colleg' & Communitat' Medicorum London aut alios Medicos per Presidentem predict' nominand' pro advisamento in hac parte. Quódque iidem Magister Custodes & Assistentes myster' predict' pro tempore existen' ad numerum tredecim personarum vel plurium (quorum Magistrum myster' predict' pro tempore existen' unum esse volumus) quotiescunque hujusmodi Leges institutiones Jura Ordinationes & Constitutiones fecerint condiderint ordinaverint vel stabiliverint hujusmodi & tales penas punitiones & penalitat' per fines 
To punish by Fines and Amerciaments.  & amerciamenta vel per eorum utrumque erga & super omnes delinquentes contra hujusmodi Leges institutiones Jura Ordinationes & Constitutiones sive eorum aliquod sive aliqua qual' & que eisdem Magistro Custod' & Assisten' myster' predict' pro tempore existen' vel majori parti eorundem (quorum Magistrum myster' & societatis predict' pro tempore existen' unum esse volumus) necessar' requisit' & opportun ' pro observatione earum legum ordinationum & constitutionum melius fore videbitur facere ordinare limitare & providere possint. Ac quòd iidem Magister Custodes & societas myster' predict' & successores sui eadem fines & amerciamenta per ministros proprios eorundem Magistri Custod' & societatis pro tempore existen' per discretionem vel aliter secundum leges & consuetudines regni nostri Anglie levare habere & capere possint & valeant ad usum Magistri Custodum & societat ' 
To the use of the Master, etc.  predict' & successor' suorum absque impedimento nostri heredum & successor' nostror' aut alicujus vel aliquorum Officiar' vel Ministror' nostror' heredum vel successor' nostrorum & absque aliquo computo nobis 
Without giving account.  heredibus vel successor' nostris inde reddend' seu faciend'. Que omnia & singula Ordinationes Jura & Constitutiones sic (ut prefertur) fiend' observari volumus sub penis in eisdem continend'. Ita tamen quòd leges constitutiones fines & amerciamenta hujusmodi fint rationabilia & non sint repugnan' nec contrarian 
But to be moderate, and not contrary to Law.  legibus Statut' consuetudinibus sive Juribus regni nostri Anglie. Et pro meliori executione voluntatis & concessionis nostr' in hac parte assignavimus nominavimus creavimus & constituimus dilectos nobis predictum Edmund' Phillipps fore & esse primum & modern 
Edm. Phillipps first Master.  Magistrum artis sive myster' & societat' predict' Ac eciam predict' Stephanum Higgins & Thomam Fones fore & esse primos & modernos Custodes mysterii & societatis 
Stephen Higgins and Tho. Fones first Wardens.  predict' continuand' in eisdem officiis à dat' presentium usque ad vicesimum diem Augusti proxim' sequen' & deinde quousque tres alii ad officia illa Magistri & Custodum artis sive mysterii & societatis predict' debito modo electi & prefecti fuerint juxta ordinationes & provisiones in hiis presentibus express' & declarat' si iidem Edmundus Phillipps, Stephanus Higgins & Thomas Fones tam diu vixerint (nisi interim pro mala gubernatione aut malè se gerend' in ea parte aut pro aliqua alia causa rationabili ab officiis illis amoti erunt aut eorum aliquis amotus erit) Et assignavimus eciam ac nominavimus creavimus constituimus & fecimus ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris assignamus creamus nominamus constituimus & facimus dilectos nobis predict' Johannem Wolfgangfumler, Gideonem de Lawn, Lodovicum 
First Assistants.  Myreum, Richardum Bacon, Thomam Whitley, Johannem Parkinson, Johannem Huett, Willielmum Checkley, Danielem Darnelley, Willielmum Wells, Adrianum Barton, Josiam Harris, Thomam Cristie, Johannem Sheppard, Gabrielem Sheriff, Thomam Bullard, Richardum Edwards, Jacobum Colwell, Thomam Hicks, Edvardum Cook & Johannem Warkhowse in art & mysterio Pharmacopol' edoct' educat' & expert' fore & esse primos & modernos Assistentes ejusdem mysterii & societatis Pharmacopol' continuand' in eisdem officiis & locis durant' vitis suis naturalibus nisi interim pro mala gubernatione seu malè se gerend' in ea parte aut pro aliqua alia causa rationabili amoti fuerint aut eorum aliqui vel aliquis amotus erit vel amoti erunt. Qui quidem Assistentes mysterii & societat' predict' sacramenta sua corporalia coram Francisco Bacon Milite Attornat' nostro General', 
To take an Oath before the Attorney-General, etc.  Henrico Yeluerton Milite Solicit' nostro generali, Theodoro de Mayerne & Henrico Atkins in Medicinis Doctoribus & Johanne Towneley. Armigero vel coram duobus eorum Quibus quinque vel eorum duobus plenam potestatem & authoritatem sacramenta predict' Assisten' myster' predict' dare & administrare damus & concedimus per presentes infra quadraginta dies post dat' presentium ad officia sua predict' benè & fideliter exequend' prestabunt. Ac eciam predict' Magister myster' predict' & Custodes myster' & societat ' 
The Master and Wardens to be sworn before the Assistants.  predict' sacramenta sua corporalia coram Assisten' myster' predict' vel majore parte eorundem infra quinquaginta dies post dat' presentium benè & fideliter ad dictum officium Magistri & Custod ' myster' & societat' predict' exequend' in omnibus eisdem Officiis tangen' seu concernen' prestabunt. Et sic de tempore in tempus toties quoties Magister & Custodes Myster' & Societatis predict' elect' & prefect' fuer' antequam ad executionem predict' Officii admittantur seu eorum aliquis admittatur.  
Et ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societati mysterii in arte Pharmacopol' predict' & successor' suis quòd Magister Custodes & Assistentes Mysterii & Societatis predict' pro tempore existen' & successor' sui ad numerum tredecim personar' vel plurium (si tot convenienter congregari possint) de tempore in tempus perpetuis futuris temporibus potestatem & authoritatem habeant & habebunt annuatim & quolibet anno imperpetuum in & super vicesimum diem Augusti vel infra octo dies proxim' post dictum vicesimum diem Augusti eligend' & nominand' Et quòd eligere & nominare possint & valeant tres de probioribus & discretioribus 
Power to the Assistants to choose a Master and Wardens.  hominibus Societatis predict' quorum unus erit Magister & alteri duo erunt Custodes Mysterii & Societatis predicte pro uno anno integro tunc proxim' sequen' & deinde quousque tres alii probi & discreti homines myster' predict' elect' & prefect' fuerint juxta Ordinationes & Provisiones in hiis presentibus express' & declarat'.  
Et ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris concedimus prefatis Magistro Custod' & Societati Myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' & Successor' suis Quòd si contigerit Magistrum & Custodes Myster' & Societat' predict' aut eorum aliquos vel aliquem aliquo tempore infra unum annum postquam ad Officia Magistri & Custod ' Myster' & Societatis predict' sic ut prefertur elect' & prefect' fuerint aut eorum aliquis vel aliqui fuerit vel fuerint obire aut ab officiis illis amoveri (quos quidem Magistrum & Custodes ac eorum quemlibet pro mala gubernatione aut pro aliqua causa rationabili per reliquos Magist' & Custod ' non offenden' vel delinquentes & Assistentes myster' & societatis predict' pro tempore existen' ad numerum tredecim personar' vel plurium de tempore in tempus amobiles esse volumus) quòd tunc & toties benè liceat & licebit tantis & tot eorundem Magist' Custod' & Assistent' qui adtunc supervixerint vel remanserint ad numerum tredecim personar' vel plurium ad libitum suum unum alium vel plures alios in Magistrum & Custodem vel 
Power to choose others in case of death or removal.  Custodes Myster' & Societatis predict' eligere & preficere secundum ordinationem & provisionem in hiis presentibus declarat' add exequend' & exercend' prefat' officia Magistri & Custod ' myster' & societatis predict' usque ad vicesimum diem Augusti tunc proxim' sequen' vel infra octo dies ante vicesimum diem Augusti & exinde quousque tres alii probi & discreti homines myster' & societatis predict' in officia Magistri & Custod ' myster' & societatis predict' elect' & nominat' erunt juxta ordinationes & provisiones in hiis presentibus declarat' & express' & sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit.  
Et ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris ordinamus & concedimus prefat' Magist' Custod' & societati mysterii predicti & successor' suis quòd quandocunque contigerit aliquem vel aliquos de predict' viginti & uno Assisten' pro tempore existen' myster' & societatis predict' obire aut pro aliqua causa rationabili ab officiis suis Assisten' myster' & societatis predict' amoveri (quos quidem Assistentes & eorum quemlibet se non benè gerentes aut gerentem in officiis illis aut pro aliqua alia causa rationabili de tempore in tempus per Magistrum Custod' & Assisten' ad numerum tredecim personar' vel plurium qui adtunc remanserint vel supervixerint amobiles esse volumus) ad libitum suum de tempore in tempus unum alium vel plures alios de probioribus & dignioribus personis existen' de myster' & societat' predict' in locum sive loca ipsius Assistentis vel ipsorum 
To choose new Assistants,  Assistentium myster' & societatis predict' sic mori vel amoveri contingen' vel contingent' eligere nominare & preficere ad supplend' predictum numerum viginti & unius Assistentium predict'. Quódque ille sive illi postquam sic (ut prefertur) elect' & nominat' fuerit vel electi & nominati fuerint antequam ad executionem predict' officii Assistentis vel Assistentium myster' & societat' predict' admittantur sive eorum aliquis admittatur Sacramentum Corporale super sacrosanct' Evangel' coram Magistro & Custod ' myster' & 
And swear them.  societat' predict' pro tempore existen' ad officia illa rectè benè fideliter & honestè exequend' & ad ea omnia secreta tenend' que in Cur' Assisten' presentia ipsius vel ipsorum erunt communicat' vel colloqunt ' prestabit & prestabunt & sic toties quoties casus acciderit.  
Damus insuper ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris concedimus prefatis Magistro Custod' & Societat' artis & myster' Pharmacopolar' predict' & successor' suis quòd Magister & Custodes myster' & societat' predict' pro tempore existen' habeant & habebunt plenam potestatem & authoritatem de tempore in tempus ad tradend' & ministrand' Sacramentum Corporale super sacrosanct' Evangelium 
Power to administer the Oath to the Master, Wardens, etc.  tam omnibus Magistris Custod' & Assisten' myster' & societat' predict' imposterum eligend' & in eadem officia sive loca ut prefertur admittend ac omnibus Officiar' myster' & societat' predict' pro debit' executione officior' suor' rectè benè & fideliter in omnibus separatim officia sua tangen' sive concernen' quam omnibus Apprenticiis ac aliis liberis hominibus myster' predict' quibuscunque.  
Et ulteriùs ut nos subditor' nostror' saluti ac bono publico quantum in nobis est consulamus ac ut pericula & incommoda illa assiduè accidentia per imperitos & inexpertos dolosos & improbos homines artem Pharmacopol' predict' exercen' meliùs devitentur volumus & de gratia nostra speciali certa sciencia & mero motu nostris per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris concedimus prefatis Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' Pharmacopol' predict' & successor' suis quòd non liceat aut licebit deinceps imposterum alicui persone vel aliquibus personis quibuscunque jam existen' aut imposterum futuris liberis hominibus myster' Grocer' predict' aut aliquar' aliar' artium facultat' sieve myster' in Civitate London ac in eisdem arte facultate sive myster' educat' vel educand' officinam vel shopam Pharmacopol' instruere tenere vel habere aut 
No Grocer to keep an Apothecaryes' shop,  medicamenta quecunque facere miscere condere componere preparare propinare applicare aut administrare aut ulla medicamenta composita aut compositiones medicinales viz. aquas distillatas compositas vel olea chymica, apozemata, syrupos, conservas, eclegmata, electuaria, condita medicinabilia, pilulas, pulveres, trochiscos, olea, unguenta, emplastra ullo modo divendere propalare edere exercere aut venditioni alicui personae vel aliquibus personis quibuscunque exponere aut aliter quocunque modo arte facultate sive myster' Pharmacopol' aut aliqua ejus parte uti aut exercere infra Civitatem London ac libertat' ejusdem aut infra septem miliaria ejusdem Civitat' sub pena quinque libratum 
Under the penalty of 5 l. Per Mensem.  pro quolibet mense quo hujusmodi persona sive person artem & myster' Pharmacopol' (ut prefertur) exerceat aut exerceant contra veram intentionem harum Litter ' Paten' Que quidem forisfactur' & penalit' per districtionem vel per actionem debiti in nomine Custodis Junioris pro tempore existen' prosequend' aut aliter in aliquibus Curiis nostris apud Westm' de tempore in tempus leventur & recuperentur dimidium inde ad usum predict' Magistri Custod' & Societatis myster' Pharmacopol' capiend' & applicand'.  
Volumus eciam ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successoribus nostris concedimus prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' & successor' suis quòd nulla persona sive persone quecunque officinam aut shopam Pharmacopol ' 
No person to keep a Shop,  habeat teneat aut instruat habeant teneant aut instruant aut artem sive myster' Pharmacopol' exerceat aut exerceant aut quecunque medicamenta faciat misceat condat componat preparet propinet applicet administret aut ulla medicamenta composita aut compositiones ullo modo divendere propalare edere exercere aut venundare alicui persone vel aliquibus personis quibuscunque infra Civitatem London & libertat' ejusdem aut infra septem miliaria ejusdem Civitat' nisi hujusmodi 
Till he have served seven years' Apprenticeship.  persona & person per spatium septem annorum ad minus ut Apprenticius vel Apprenticii cum aliquo vel aliquibus Pharmacopol' eandem artem exercen' & libero homine ejusdem mysterii existen' educat' instruct' & 
No Apprentice to be made free, unless allowed by the Precedent, or some Physician deputed by him, who is to be present at his Examination by the Master and Wardens.  edoct' fuerit vel fuerint. Et postquam hujusmodi septem Anni servicii sive Tyrocinii (ut prefertur) fuerint elapsi & extract' quòd tunc unusquisque talis Apprenticius coram Magistro & Custod ' pro tempore existen' appareat & presentetur Ac per eosdem Magistrum & Custod ' (advocat' sibi President' Collegii seu Communitat' facultat' medicine London pro tempore existen' aut aliquo medico aut aliquibus medicis per dictum Presidentem nominand' & ad hoc de tempore in tempus assignand' si super monitionem inde fact' tal' pred' Medicus vel tal' predicti Medici adesse voluerit vel voluerint & advisament' come eodem vel eisdem habit') circa cognitionem & electionem Simplicium & circa medicament' preparationem dispensationem tractationem commixtionem & compositionem examinetur 
And be examined.  probetur tentetur ac per eosdem medicos Magistrum & Custodes spectatus & approbatus fuerit priusquam officinam Pharmacopol' habere tenere instruere aut medicamenta quecunque preparare facere permiscere condere componere propinare administrare propalare edere exercere divendere aut venditioni exponere aut aliter quocunque modo artem Pharmacopol' aut aliquam ejusdem partem exercere infra Civitatem London & libertat' ejusdem aut infra septem miliaria ejusdem Civitat' presumat.  
Ac ulteriùs de uberiori gratia nostra speciali & ex certa sciencia & mero motu nostris pro meliori regimine & gubernation omnium & singular' personarum que modò exercent aut imposterum exercebunt artem sive myster' Pharmacopol' predict' infra Civitat' London seu suburbia ejusdem vel infra septem miliaria ejusdem Civitatis dedimus & concessimus ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successoribus nostris damus & concedimus prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' & successor' suis Quòd Magist' & Custod ' myster' predict' pro tempore existen' & successores sui de cetero imperpetuum plenam potestatem & authoritatem habeant & habebunt de tempore in tempus capere & habere supervis' scrutinium examinationem gubernationem & correctionem omnium & omnimod' tam liberorum hominum quam alior' quorumcunque uten' sieve exercen' artem myster' sive facultat' Pharmacopol' aut aliquam (ut prefertur) ejusdem partem 
* del. tam.  tam infra dictam Civitat' nostram London libertat' & suburbia ejusdem Civitat' tam infra libertates quam extra ubi aliqua persona uten' sieve exercen' artem mysterium sive facultatem Pharmacopoeie aut aliquam ejusdem partem inhabitabit aut commorabit seu inhabitare & commorare contigerit. Quódque iidem Magist' & Custod' & eorum successores aut eor' aliqui vel aliquis aut aliqui Assisten' per Magistrum & Custod ' nominand' & assignand' temporibus congruis & convenien' ac modo & formâ convenien' & legitim' de tempore in tempus quoties eisdem Magistro & Custodibus videbitur expedire ingredi & intrare possint & valeant in aliquam vel aliquas officinam vel officinas shopam vel shopas domum vel domos 
Power to enter Shops and Houses▪  aliquar' personar' sive alicujus persone cujuscunque uten' sieve exercen' artem sive myster' Pharmacopol' aut aliquam ejusdem partem infra Civitat' London suburbia & ejusdem libertat' predict' aut infra septem miliaria ejusdem Civitat' tam infra libertat' quam extra ubi aliqua medicamenta simplicia vel composita merces drogma recept' aque distillat' olea chymica syrupi conserve eclegmata electuar' pilule pulveres trochisci olea unguenta emplastra aut aliqua alia quecunque que ad artem sive mysterium Pharmacopol' (ut prefertur) pertinent sieve spectant probabiliter sive verisimiliter inveniri poterint Et ad supervidend' scrutand' & proband ' 
To search and try Medicines.  si eadem medicamenta simplicia vel composita merces drogma recept' aque distillat' olea chymica syrupi conserve eclegmata electuaria pilule pulveres trochisci olea unguenta emplastra aut aliqua alia quecunque ad artem sive mysterium Pharmacopol' predict' pertinent' sint aut erunt bona salubria medicinabilia apta & idonea ad Curam salutem & relevamen subditor' nostror' Ac eciam quòd prefat' Magist' & Custod ' myster' predict' & Assisten' predict' pro tempore existen' ad hoc per Magistrum & Custod ' nominand' & assignand' & successores sui de tempore in tempus plenam potestatem & authoritatem habeant & virtute presentium habebunt ad examinand' & proband' omnes & singulas personas profiten ' uten' sieve exercen' aut qui imposterum profitebuntur utentur aut exercebunt artem sive myster' Pharmacopol' aut aliquam ejusdem partem infra predict' Civitat' London suburbia aut libertates ejusdem aut infra septem miliaria ejusdem Civitat' tam infra libertates quam extra de & concernen' eorum & eorum cujuslibet cognitione peritia & sciencia in predict' art sieve myster' Pharmacopol' Et ad omnes illos quos imposter' aut imperit' inscient' & insufficientes vel ad examinand' vigore presentium obstinatos & repugnant' in art & myster' predicto invenient ab exercitio usu & pract' myster' sive artis predict' amovend' & prohibend' Nec non ad omnia & singula medicamenta merces drogm' recept' aquas distillat' olea chymica syrupos conservas eclegmata electuaria pilulas pulveres trochiscos olea unguenta & emplastra ceteraque omnia & singula ad artem predict' pertinentia que falsa illegitima adulterate ' 
And burn all unwholesome and hurtful Medicines.  inveterat' exoleta insalubria corrupta immedicinabilia perniciosa aut nociva inveniunt ante delinquentium fores comburend' mulctámque eciam ac al' penas & penalitat' per fines & amerciamenta in tales delinquentes statuant exponant & exequantur secundum eorum sanas discretiones & ordinationes per ipsos & successores suos sic (ut prefertur) fiend' & constituend'.  
Volentes ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris firmiter injungend' precipientes & mandantes omnibus & singulis Majoribus Justiciar ' Ballivis Constabular' & omnibus aliis officiar' ministris 
Officers to be assistant to the Master, Wardens, etc. in their search.  & subditis nostris quibuscunque quòd sint assistentes auxiliantes & confortantes prefat' Magistro Custod' & Assisten' myster' & societatis Pharmacopol' predict' & eorum cuilibet & successor' suis ad faciend' gaudend' habend' & exequend' ea omnia & singula per nos prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societati & Successor' suis per has literas nostras Paten' concess' & quamlibet sive aliquam inde partem & parcell'.  
Et ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes de ampliori gratia nostra speciali certa sciencia & mero motu nostris pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' & fuccessor' suis Quòd ipsi prefati Magist' Custodes & Societas myster' Pharmacopol' predict' habeant teneant retineant & gaudeant ac habere retinere & gaudere valeant & possint tot tanta talia eadem hujusmodi & consimil' Franches ' privilegia consuetudines immunitates acquietan' proficua commoditates increment' advantag' & emolumenta quecunque in aromatibus Pharmacis drogmis & aliis rebus & materiis quibuscunque ad artem sive myster' Pharmacopol' spectan' & pertinen' emend' mercand' seu 
Power to buy and sell Drugs, &c▪  comparan' quot quant' qual' & que ac in tam amplis modo & forma prout antehac unquam habuerunt tenuerunt & gavisi fuerunt aut habere tenere & gaudere aliquo modo debuerunt quando cum predict' liberis hominibus myster' Grocer' remanser' ac unum Corpus corporatum & Politicum promiscuè & indivisim cum eisdem fecerunt & fuerunt.  
Et ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus & successor' nostris concedimus & licenciam specialem liberámque & licitam facultat' potestatem & authoritatem damus prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societati mysterii sive artis Pharmacopol' predict' & successor' suis habend' recipiend' & perquirend' sibi & successor ' 
Power to purchase Lands, etc.  suis imperpetuum maner' messuag' terr' tenementa prata pascua pastur' boscos subboscos Rectorias Decim' reddit' reversiones & alia hereditamenta quecunque in fra regnum nostrum Anglie seu alibi infra dominia nostra tam de nobis heredibus & successor' nostris quam de aliqua alia persona sive aliquibus aliis personis quibuscunque (que de nobis hered' & successor' nostris non tenentur immediatè in Capite vel per servicium militare) dummodo eadem maner' Messuag' terr' tenementa prat' pasc' pastur' bosc' subbosc' Rector' decim' reddit' reversion' servic' & hereditamenta sic per ipsos habend' recipiend' & perquirend' non excedant in toto clarum annuum valorem quadragint' librarum per ann ultra omnia onera & repris' Statut' de terr' & tenementis ad manum mortuam non ponend' aut aliquo alio Statuto Actu Ordinatione vel Provisione antehac fact' ordinat' sive provis' aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacunque in contrarium inde in aliquo non obstan'.  
Damus eciam & per presentes pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus cuicunque subdito nostro sive aliquibus subditis nostris hered' & successor' nostrorum licenciam specialem liberámque & licitam potestatem facultatem & authoritat' Quòd ipsi sive eorum aliquis sive aliqui maner' messuag' terr' tenementa prat' pasc' pastur' bosc' subbosc' Rect' decim' reddit' reversiones servicia & alia hereditamenta quecunque que non tenentur de nobis hered' & successor' nostris immediatè in Capite vel aliter per servic' militare prefatis Magistro Custod' & Societati mysterii predict' & successor' suis dare concedere vendere legare vel alienare 
Power to sell.  possint & valeant Ita quòd omnia predict' Manner ' Messuag' terr' tenementa prat' pasc' pastur' bosc' subbosc' Rector' decim' reddit' reversiones servicia & alia hereditamenta sic eisdem Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' & artis predict' & successor' suis virtute presentium dand' concedend' legand' vel alienand' non excedant in toto clarum annuum valorem quadragint' librarum per ann ultra omnia onera & repris' Statut' de terr' & tenement' ad manum mortuam non ponend' aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacunque antehac habit' fact' edit' ordinat' sive provis' in contrarium inde in aliquo non obstant'.  
Volumus eciam & per presentes pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus prefatis Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' sive artis Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' & successor' suis Quòd prefat' Magist' Custod' & Assisten' pro tempore existen' vel eorum successor' vel major pars eorundem de cetero imperpetuum nominare & eligere possint unum probum & idoneum virum qui erit & nominabitur Communis 
To choose a Clerk. Who is also to be sworn.  Clericus Societatis predict' Quódque talis Clericus antequam ad officium illud exequend' admittatur Sacramentum Corporale coram Magistro & Custod ' Societatis predicte pro tempore existen' ad officium illud predictum secundum ejus scienciam in omnibus illud tangen' rectè & fideliter exequend' prestabit Et quòd post hujusmodi Sacramentum sic prestitum officium illud exerceat & utatur durante beneplacito Magistri Custod' & Assisten' societatis predict' pro tempore existen' aut majoris partis eorundem quorum Magist' artis & myster' predict' pro tempore existen' unum esse volumus.  
Ac ulteriùs volumus ac per presentes pro nobis hered' & successor' nostris concedimus prefatis Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' Pharmacopol' predict ' & successor' suis quòd prefat' Magist' Custodes & Assistentes pro tempore existen' & eorum successores vel major pars eorundem de tempore in tempus de cetero nominare & eligere possint & valeant unum aptum & idoneum hominem qui erit & nominabitur Bedell' societatis predict' Quódque talis Bedell' sic (ut 
Power to choose a Beadle, And give him his Oath.  prefertur) electus & nominat' antequam ad officium illud exequend' admittatur Sacrament' Corporale coram Magistro & Custod ' Societatis predict' pro tempore existen' ad officium illud predictum in omnibus officium illud tangen' rectè & fideliter exequend' prestabit Et quòd post hujusmodi Sacramentum sic prestitum officium illud exerceat & teneat duran' beneplacito Magistri Custod' & Assisten' predict' & successor' suor' pro tempore existent' (quorum Magistrum artis & myster' predict' pro tempore existen' unum esse volumus.)  
Et denique volumus ac regiam nostram intentionem esse per presentes declaramus quòd he Litere nostre Paten' seu aliquod in eyes content' non cedent in prejudicium Presidentis & Collegii sive Communitatis Medicor ' 
A saving of the power of the Precedent and College of Physicians, and their Authority.  Civitat' London nec ad eorum Presidentis & Collegii sive Communitatis & Successor' suor' Jurisdictionem authoritatem supervis' aut correctionem in Pharmac' Civitat' London tollend' infringend' aut dirimend' Sed quòd iidem Presidens & Communitas Medicor' omnésque & singuli medici de eodem Collegio sive Communitate & Successores sui sicut & Medici Regis Regine & Principum imposterum debeant & pro arbitrio suo possint artem medicam in omnibus suis partibus exercere & insuper gaudebunt utentur & fruentur & gaudere uti & frui valeant & possint eisdem & consimil' Jurisdictionibus authoritat' supervis' & Correctionibus ' ac omnibus aliis potestatibus privileg' & libertat' qualibus unquam antehac Pharmacopol' usi & gavisi fuerunt & preterea generaliter omnibus aliis authoritatibus privilegiis & potestatibus ipsis quandocunque vel quacunque de causa antehac concess' ratione vel pretextu aliquar' Literar' Paten' per nos seu per aliquos vel aliquem progenitor' nostror' aut ratione vel pretextu alicujus Actus Parliament' vel aliquor' Actuum Parliamentor' aut aliquo alio regali modo quocunque eisdem President' & Collegio sive Communitat' Medicor' & Successor' suis dat' concess' seu confirmat'. Volumus nihilominus & ordinamus per presentes quòd in quocunque casu Prefidens & Colleg ' Medicor' Civitat' London predict' habuerint serutinium medicamentor' advocand' sibi aliquem de Societate Grocer' vigore Act' Parliamenti quod in eodem & consimili casu predict' Presidens & Colleg ' habebunt gaudebunt & exercebunt consimilem potestatem & authoritatem 
The College to have the same power, in their searches, to call the Master and Wardens of the Apothecaryes' Company, as of the Grocers.  advocandi sibi Magistrum & Custodes Pharmacopol' predict' Absque eo quòd omnino licebit imposterum eisdem Medicis aliquos myster' Grocer' predict' advocare ad hujusmodi scrutinium Aliquo in hujusmodi Statut' in contrarium in aliquo non obstant'. Proviso eciam quod he Litere nostre Patentes seu aliquod in eisdem concess aut content' non cedent in prejudicium Civitat' nostre London seu libertat' ejusdem nequè ullo modo derogabunt libertat' Franches ' Regimin' Jurisdiction' aut consuetud' ejusdem Civitatis.  
Et denique volumus & intentionem nostram esse declaramus quòd Chirurgi experti & approbati eorum artem & facultatem exercere possint omnésque & singuli eorum practica sibi propria uti & frui valeant 
What Medicines Surgeons may have for their own use.  quantum ad compositionem & applicationem medicamentor' externor' solummodo pertinet & spectat Ita tamen ut ea medicamenta minimè vendant aut venditioni aliis exponant secundum morem vulgarem Pharmacopol ' Civitat' nostre London Eo quòd expressa mentio de vero valore annuo aut de certitudine premissor' sive eorum alicujus aut de aliis donis sive concessionibus per nos seu per aliquem Progenitor' vel Antecessor' nostror' prefat' Magistro Custod' & Societati myster' Pharmacopol' Civitat' London predict' ante hec tempora fact' in presentibus minime fact' exist' seu aliquo Statuto Actu Ordinatione Provisione Proclamatione sive Restrictione in contrarium inde antehac habit' fact' edit' ordinat' seu provis' aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacunque in aliquo non obstant'. In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste meipso apud Westm' Tricesimo die Maii Anno Regni nostri Anglie Franc' & Hibernie tertio decimo & Scocie quadragesimo octavo.  
Per breve de privato sigillo. Cartwright.   

A Recovery against Edmund Gardiner according to the Exemplification, 11 Feb. 6 Jac.  
JACOBUS Dei gratia Anglie Scocie Franc' & Hibernie Rex fidei defensor, etc. Omnibus ad quos presentes Litere nostre pervenerint salutem. Inspeximus quoddam Recordum coram nobis habitum in hec verba. SS. Placita coram domino Rege apud Westm' Termino Sancti Michaelis Anno regni domini Jacobi nunc Regis Anglie Tertio Rotulo CCCC xxxviij. SS. London SS. Memorand' quòd alias scilicet Termino Sancte Trinitat' ultimo preterito coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' Thomas Langton in Medicinis Doctor Presidens Collegii sive Communitatis facultatis Medicine London qui tam pro domino Rege quam pro seipso & Collegio predicto sequit' per Laurencium Gibson Attorn' suum Et protulit hic in Cur' dicti domini Regis tunc ibidem quandam billam suam versus Edmundum Gardiner in Custod ' Marr' &c. de placito debiti Et sunt pleg' de pros. scilicet Johannes Doo & Richardus Roose. Que quidem billa sequitur in hec verba. SS. London SS. Thomas Langton in Medicinis Doctor Presidens Collegii sive Communitatis facultatis medicine London qui tam pro domino Rege quam pro seipso & Collegio predicto sequit' querit' de Edmundo Gardiner in Custod ' Marr' Maresc' domini Regis coram ipso Rege existen' de placito quòd reddat eidem domino Regi ac prefat' Presiden' & Collegio predict' sexaginta libras legalis monete Anglie quas eye debet & injuste detinet pro eo videlicet Quòd cum Dominus Henricus octavus nuper Rex Anglie per Literas suas Paten' magno sigillo suo Anglie sigillat' Cur'-que hic prolat' geren' dat' apud Westm' in Com' Midd' vicesimo tertio die Septembris Anno regni sui decimo pro publico bono hujus regni in debito exercitio facultat' Medicine & bona administratione medicinar' habend' incorporasset & fecisset de Johanne Chamber Thoma Linacre & Ferdinando de Victoria adtunc Medicis ejusdem nuper Regis & Nicholas Halswell Johanne Francisci & Roberto Yaxley & omnibus aliis viris ejusdem facultat' tunc de & infra Civitat' London unum Corpus & perpetuam Communitatem sive Societatem facultat' Medicine Et ad habend' perpetuam successionem & commune sigillum & ad eligend' annuatim unum President' ejusdem Societatis sive Communitatis ad supervidend' regend' & gubernand' eandem Societatem sive Communitat' & omnes homines ejusdem facultatis cum diversis aliis privileg' & aliis rebus per predictum nuper Regem eye concess' pro republica hujus regni prout in predictis Literis Paten' plenius continetur Quar' tenor sequitur in hec verba. SS. Henricus Dei gratia Rex Anglie & Franc' & Dominus Hibernie Omnibus ad quos presentes Litere pervenerint salutem. Cum regii officii nostri munus arbitremur 
* ditionis nostrae  ditione nostra hominum felicitat' omni ratione consulere id autem vel imprimis fore si improbor' conatibus tempestiuè occurramus apprimè necessarium duximus improbor' quoque hominum qui Medicinam magis avaritie sue causa quam ullius bone consciencie fiducia 
* profitebuntur  profetibuntur unde rudi & credule plebi plurima incommoda oriantur audaciam compescere Itaque partim benè institutar' Civitatum in Italia & multis aliis nationibus exemplum imitat' partim gravium viror' Doct' Johannis Chamber Thome Linacre Ferdinandi de Victoria medicor' nostror' Nicholai Halswell Johannis Francisci & Roberti Yaxley medicor' ac precipuè reverendissimi in Christo Patris ac Domini Thome tituli Sancte Cecilie trans Tiberim Sacrosancte Romane Ecclesie Presbyteri Cardinalis Eboracen' Archiepiscopi & regni nostri Anglie Cancellarii charissimi precibus inclinat' Collegium perpetuum doctor' & gravium Viror' qui medicinam in urbe nostra London & 
* Suburbiis  Suburbibus intra septem Mill' passuum ab ea urbe quaquaversus publice exerceant institui volumus atque imperamus quibus tum sui honoris tum publice utilitatis nomine cure ut speramus erit maliciosor' quor' meminimus inscitiam temeritatémque tam exemplo gravitat'que sua deterrere quam per leges nostras nuper edit' ac per constitutiones per idem Collegium condend' punire Que quo facilius ritè peragi possint memoratis Doctoribus Johanni Chamber Thome Linacre Ferdinando de Victoria Medicis nostris Nicholas Halswell Johanni Francisci & Roberto Yaxley 
* medicis  medicinis Concessimus quòd ipsi omnésque homines ejusdem facultat' de & in Civitate predicta sint in re & nomine unum Corpus & Communitas perpetua sive Collegium perpetuum Et quòd eadem Communitas sive Collegium singulis annis imperpetuum eligere possint & facere de Communitate illa aliquem providum virum & i● facultate medicine expertum in Presidentem ejusdem Collegii sive Communitat' ad supervidend' recognoscend' & gubernand' pro Anno illo Collegium sive Communitatem predictam & omnes homines ejusdem facultatis & negotia eor'dem. Et quòd idem Presidens & Collegium sive Communitas habeant successionem perpetuam & commune sigillum negociis dict' Communitat' & Presiden' imperpetuum servitur' Et quòd ipsi & successores sui imperpetuum sint persone habiles & capaces ad perquirend' & possidend' in feodo & perpetuitate terr' & tenementa reddit' & al' possessiones quascunque. Concessimus etiam eis & successoribus suis pro nobis & heredibus nostris quòd ipsi & successores sui possint perquirere sibi & successoribus suis tam in dicta urbe quam extra terras & tenementa quecunque annuum valorem duodecim librar' non exceden' Statuto de alienatione ad manum mortuam non obstan'. Et quòd ipsi per nomina Presidentis Collegii sive Communitat' facultatis Medicine London placitare & implacitari possint coram quibuscunque Judicibus in Curiis & actionibus quibuscunque. Et quòd predict' Presidens & Collegium sive Communitas & eor' successores congregationes licitas & honestas de seipsis ac Statuta & Ordinationes pro salubri gubernatione supervisu & correctione Collegii sive Communitatis predicte & omnium hominum eandem facultat' in dicta Civitate seu per septem Milliaria in circuitu ejusdem Civitat' exercen' secundum necessitat' exigenc' quoties & quando opus fuerit facere valeant licitè & impunè sine impedimento nostri heredum vel successor' nostror' Justic' Eschaetor' Vic' & alior' Ballivor' seu Ministror' nostror' heredum vel successor' nostror' quor'cunque. Concessimus eciam eisdem President' & Collegio seu Communitati & Successoribus suis quòd nemo in dicta Civitate aut per septem milliar' in circuitu ejusdem exerceat dictam facultatem nisi ad hoc per dict' President' & Communitatem seu Successores eor' qui pro tempore fuerint admissus sit per ejusdem Presiden' & Collegii Literas Sigillo suo communi figillat' sub pena centum solidor' pro quolibet mense quo non admissus eandem facultatem exercuerit dimid' inde nobis & heredibus nostris & dimid' dict' Presiden' & Collegio applicand'. Preterea volumus & concedimus pro nobis & successoribus nostris quantum in nobis est quòd per President' & Collegium dicte Communitatis pro tempore existen' & eor' successores imperpetuum quatuor singulis annis per ipsos eligantur qui habeant supervisum scrutinium correctionem & gubernationem omnium & singulor' dicte Civitat' Medicor' utentium facultate medicine in eadem Civitate ac alior' Medicor' forinsecor' quorumcunque facultatem illam Medicine aliquo modo frequentan' & uten' infra eandem Civitat' & Suburb' ejusdem sive infra septem mill' in circuitu ejusdem Civitat' ac punitionem eorundem pro delict' suis in non benè exequen' faciend' & utend' ill'. Nec non supervisum & scrutinium omnimodar' medicinar' & ear ' recept' per dictos medicos seu aliquem eor' hujusmod' ligeis nostris pro eor' infirmitatibus curand' & sanand' dand' imponend' & utend' quoties & quando opus fuerit pro commodo & utilitate eorundem ligeor' nostror' Ita quòd punitio hujusmodi medicor' uten' dict' facultat' medicine sic in premissis delinquen' per fines amerciament' & imprisonament' corpor' suor' & per alias vias rationabiles & congruas exequatur. Volumus eciam & concedimus pro nobis heredibus & successoribus nostris quantum in nobis est quod nec Presidens nec aliquis de Collegio predicto medicor' nec successor' sui nec eor' aliquis exercen' facultat' ill' quoquo modo in futur' infra Civitatem nostram predict' & suburb' ejusdem seu alibi summoneantur aut ponantur nec eor' aliquis summoneatur aut ponatur in aliquibus Assisis Jurat' Inquest' Inquisitionibus Attinct' & aliis recognitionibus infra dictam Civitat' & Suburb' ejusdem imposterum coram Majore aut Vic' seu Coronat' dicte Civitatis nostre pro tempore existen' capiend' aut per aliquem Officiar' seu Ministr' suum vel Officiarios sive Ministros suos summonend' licet iidem Jur' Inquisitiones seu recognitiones summon' fuerint super brevi vel brevibus nostri vel heredum nostror' de rect' Sed quòd dicti Magistri sive Gubernatores ac Communitas facultat' antedicte & successores sui & eor' quilibet dictam facultat' exercen' versus nos heredes & successores nostros ac versus Majorem ac Vic' Civitat' predicte pro tempore exiften' & quoscunque Officiar' & Ministros suos sint inde quiet' & penitus exonerat' imperpetuum per presentes Proviso quòd Litere nostre seu aliquid in eis content' non cedent in prejudicium Civitat' nostre London seu libertat' ejusdem Et hoc absque fine seu feodo pro premissis seu sigillatione presentium nobis faciend' solvend' seu aliqualit' reddend' Aliquo Statuto Ordinatione vel Actu in contrarium ante hec tempora fact' edit' ordinat' seu provisis in aliquò non obstan'. In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste meipso apud Westm' vicesimo tertio die Septembris Anno regni nostri decimo. Cumque eciam in Statuto in Parliament' dicti nuper regis Henrici octavi tent' apud London decimo quinto die Aprilis Anno regni sui quartodecimo & abinde adjornat' usque Westm' in Com' Midd' ultimo die Julii Anno regni dicti nuper Regis quintodecimo & tunc & ibidem tent' inactitat' fuit quòd predicta Corporatio predicte Communitat' & Societat' facultat' Medicine predict' Et omnia & singula concessio articul' & al' res content' & spec' in predictis Literis Paten' forent approbat' concess' ratificat' & confirmat' & clarè authorizat' & admiss' bona legitima & valida Anglice avayleable prefat' Corpori incorporat' & eor' successoribus imperpetuum in tam amplo & largo modo quam posset capi putari & construi pro eadem prout in eodem Statuto int' alia plenius continetur. Predictus tamen Edmundus Gardiner qui ad dictam facultat' exercend' per Presidentem & Communitatem facultatis medicine London predict' per literas President' & Collegii predicti sigillo suo communi sigillat' non admissus est nec unquam ante hec admissus fuit Statutum predictum minime ponderans nec penam in predictis Literis Paten' content' verens dictam facultatem medicine per spacium duodecim mensium jam ult' elaps. & prox' preceden' ante diem impetrationis hujus bille scilicet ultimum diem Maii Anno regni domini Jacobi nunc Regis Anglie Tertio in Civitate London predicta videlicet in parochia beate Marie de Arcubus in Warda de Cheape London exercuit & adhuc exercet contra formam Literar' Paten' predictar' & Statut' predict' per quod actio accrevit eidem Presidenti qui tam, etc. ad exigend' & habend' de prefato Edmundo Gardiner pro predicto domino Rege nunc & eidem Presidenti & Collegio predicto predictas sexaginta libras videlicet pro quolibet mense predictor' duodecim mensium Centum solidos. Predictus tamen Edmundus licet sepius requisit', etc. predictas sexaginta libras prefat' domino Regi & eidem Presidenti & Collegio predicto seu eor' alteri nondum solvit sed 
* illas  ill' ei hucusque solvere omnino contradixit & adhuc contradic' ad dampnum ipsius Presidentis qui tam, etc. quadraginta librar' & inde tam pro eodem domino Rege quam pro eodem Presidente & Collegio predicto produc' sectam, etc. Et modo ad hunc diem scilicet diem Mercurii prox' post octabas sancti Michaelis isto eodem Termino usque quem diem predictus Edmundus Gardiner habuit licenc' ad billam predictam interloquendi & tunc ad respondend', etc. Coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven ' tam predictus Presidens qui tam, etc. per Attorn' suum predictum quam predictus Edmundus Gardiner per Willielmum Stampe Attorn' suum Et idem Edmundus defend' vim & injur' quando, etc. Et dic' quòd predict' Presiden' & Collegium qui tam, etc. Actionem suam predictam inde versus eum habere seu manutenere non debet Quia dic' quod per quendam Actum in Parliamento dicti domini Henrici 
* nuper  nunc Regis Anglie octavi apud Westm' predictam in dicto Com' Midd' Anno regni sui Tricesimo quarto & Tricesimo quinto tent' edit' recitando in eodem Actu Cum in Parliament' tent' apud Westm' in Anno tertio regni dicti nuper Regis Henrici octavi int' alia pro evacuatione incantamentor' magie & al' inconvenienciar' inactitat' fuisset quod nulla persona infra Civitatem London nec infra septem milliar' ejusdem susciperet super se exercere & occupare tanquam Medicus vel Chirurgus nisi ipse primo examinat' approbat' & admissus foret per Episcop' London & al' sub & super certis penis & penalitatibus in eodem Actu mentionat'. Post confectionem cujus quidem Actus Communitas & Societas Chirurgor' London intenden' tanquam sua propria lucra & nichil proficuum vel easiament' egrotor' vel Patientium sectassent tribulassent & vexassent diversas honestas personas tam viros quam mulieres quos Deus ornaret anglice 
* had endued  indue cum cognitione nature generis & operationis certar' herbar' radicum & aquar' & usus & ministrationis earundem talibus qui fuerunt tent' anglice payned cum consuet' morbis prout pectoribus mulier ' existen' ulcerat' 
* morbo  morbos voc' a Pynne & Webbe in oculo morbo voc' uncomes manuum lez Scaldynges Combustionibus ulcerat' oribus calculo Stranguria morbo vocat' Saucelym & vitiligine & talibus consimilibus morbis. Et tamen predicte persone non cepissent aliquid pro labore vel cognitione suis sed ministrassent eosdem pauperi populo solummodo pro vicinagio & Dei causa ac pro pietate & charitate. Et tunc bene cognit' fuit quod Chirurgi admissi facerent nullam curam alicui persone nisi ubi ipsi cognoscerent fore remunerati cum majore summa vel munere quam cura extenderet 
* quo  qua in casu si ipsi ministrare vellent cognitionem suam egroto populo minime remunerati tam multi non putrifierent & perirent ad mortem pro defectu auxilii Chirurgie prout quotidie fecerunt Sed magna pars Chirurgor' admissor' fuerunt multo magis culpari quam tal' persone quas ipsi tribulabant Licet enim major pars personar' predicti mysterii Chirurgor' habuerunt parvam noticiam tamen ipsi vellent capere magnas pecunie summas & fac' parvum proinde Et ratione inde ipsi sepius deteriorabant & 
* ledebant  ledabant patient' suos potius quam facere eis aliquod bonum. In consideratione cujus ac pro aisiamento solatio levamine auxilio relevio & sanitate pauperum subditor' dicti nuper Regis Henrici octavi inhabitantium hujus regni sui tunc detent' anglice payned & morbos. aut qui extunc imposterum forent detent' & morbosi int' al' inactitat' & stabilit' fuit authoritate ejusdem Parliamenti tent' in predictis annis tricesimo quarto & tricesimo quinto dicti nuper Regis Henrici octavi quod ad omnia tempora extunc imposterum licitum foret cuilibet persone existen' subdit' dicti nuper Regis habenti cognitionem & experienc' nature herbar' & radicum & aquar' aut operationis eorundem per speculationem sive practizationem infra aliquam partem hujus regni Anglie aut infra aliquod dominior ' dicti nuper Regis practizari uti & ministrare in & ad aliquam exteriorem penam anglice Sore le uncome vulnus apostemationes exteriorem intumationem vel morbum aliquam herbam vel herbas unguentum lavacra lez pultes & emplastra secundum noticiam experienc' & cognitionem in aliquo morbor' penar' & lez maladies pred' & omnibus aliis eis consimilibus aut potiones de Calculo & Stranguria vel febribus absque sect' vexatione tribulatione penalitate vel perditione bonor' suor' Statuto predicto in dicto Anno tertio regni dicti nuper Regis Henrici octavi aut aliquo alio Actu Ordinatione vel Statuto in contrarium inde ante tunc fact' in aliquo modo non obstan' prout per eundem Actum factum in Annis tricesimo quarto & tricesimo quinto supradictis int' alia plenius apparet. Quor' pretextu idem Edmundus existens subdit' dicti domini Regis nunc natus infra hoc regnum Anglie videlicet apud London videlicet in Parochia beate Marie de Arcubus in Warda de Cheape London ac habens cognitionem & experienciam nature herbar' radicum & aquar' ac operationis eorundem per tempus predictum in narratione predicta superius spec' apud London predictam in Parochia & Warda predictis practizabat usus fuit & ministrabat in & ad diversas exteriores penas les uncomes vulnera impostumationes exteriores intumationes & morbos divers. herbam & herbas ungent' lavacra lez pultesses & emplastra ac potiones de Calculo & Stranguria & febribus secundum cognitionem experienciam & noticiam suas in morbis penis & lez maladyes predict' secundum formam & effectum predicti Actus edit' in Annis tricesimo quarto & tricesimo quinto supradictis. Absque hoc quod idem Edmundus dictam facultatem medicine infra Civitatem London predictam alit' seu alio modo exercuit seu exercet prout predictus Presidens & Collegium qui tam, etc. per narrationem suam predictam superius versus eum queritur Et hoc parat' est verificare unde pet' judicium si predict' Presidens & Collegium qui tam, etc. actionem suam predictam inde versus eum habere seu manutenere debeat, etc. Et predictus Thomas Langton qui tam, etc. dic' quod ipse per aliqua per predictum Edmundum Gardiner superius placitando allegat' ab actione sua predicta versus ipsum Edm' habend' precludi non debet. Quia dic' quod per quendam Actum in Parliamento domine Marie nuper Regine Anglie tent' per prorogationem apud Westm' in Com' Midd' vicesimo quarto die Octobris Anno regni ipsius nuper Regine primo & ibidem continuat' usque sextum diem mensis Decembris extunc prox' sequen' recitan' Quod cum in dicto Parliamento tent' apud London dicto decimo quinto die Aprilis Anno decimo quarto regni dicti Regis Henrici octavi & inde adjornat' usque ad Westm' predict' ultimo die Julii in Anno decimo quinto regni ejusdem Regis & adtunc tent' inactitat' existit quod dicta concessio Corporationis per Literas Patent' fact' & concess. per eundem nuper Regem medicis London & omnes Clausul' & Articul' content' in eadem concessione essent approbat' concess. ratificat' & confirmat' per idem Parliamentum pro consideratione inde stabilit' existit in dicto Parliamento dicte nuper Regine Marie quod Statutum illud sive Actus Parliamenti cum quolibet Articulo & Clausula in eodem content' extunc deinceps staret & continuaret semper in plenis robore vigore & effectu aliquo Actu Statuto Lege consuetudine vel aliqua alia re fact' habita vel usa in contrarium in aliquo non obstan' prout per idem statutum Anno regni dicte nuper Regine Marie primo supradicto edit' plenius liquet. Et hoc parat' est verificare. Unde ex quo predictus Edmundus practiciam & exercitium predicte facultatis Medicine superius cogn' idem Thomas Langton qui tam, etc. pet' judicium & debitum predictum tam dicto domino Regi quam eidem Thome & Collegio predicto una cum dampnis suis occasione detentionis debiti illius sibi adjudicari, etc. Et predictus Edmundus Gardiner dic' quod placitum predictum per predictum Thomam Langton modo & forma predictis superius replicando placitat' materiaque in eodem content' minus sufficien' in lege existunt ad actionem predicti Thome Langton predictam versus ipsum Edm' Gardiner habend' manutenend' ad quod idem Edmundus Gardiner necesse non habet nec per legem t're tenetur aliquo modo respondere. Unde pro defectu sufficien' replicationis in hac parte idem Edmundus Gardiner ut prius pet' Judicium Et quod predictus Thomas Langton ab actione sua predicta versus ipsum Edm' Gardiner habend' precludatur, etc. Et predictus Thomas Langton qui tam, etc. dic' quod placitum predictum per ipsum Thomam modo & forma predictis superius replicando placitat' materiaque in eodem content' bona & sufficien' in lege existunt ad actionem ipsius Thome Langton predictam versus predictum Edm' Gardiner habend' manutenend' Quod quidem placitum materiamque in eodem content' idem Thomas Langton parat' est verificare & probare prout Cur', etc. Et quia predictus Edmundus Gardiner ad placitum illud non respond' nec ill' hucusque aliqualiter dedic' idem Thomas Langton ut prius pet' Judicium & debitum predictum tam dicto domino Regi quam eidem Thome & Collegio predicto una cum dampnis suis predictis occasione detentionis debiti illius sibi adjudicari, etc. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis reddend' nondum advisatur dies inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Jovis prox' post octabas sancti Hillarii de Judicio suo de & super premissis audiendo, etc. eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' partes predicte per Attornat' suos predictos. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis predictis reddend' nondum advisatur dies ulterius inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Mercurii prox' post xviij Pasche de Judicio inde audiend', etc. eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' partes predicte per Attorn' suos predictos. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis predictis reddend' nondum advisatur dies ulterius inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Veneris prox' post Crastinum Sancte Trinitat' extunc prox' sequen' de Judicio inde audiendo eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' partes predicte per Attorn' suos predictos Super quo visis & per Cur' domini Regis hic plenius intellectis omnibus & singulis premissis maturaque deliberatione inde habita pro eo quod videtur Cur' domini Regis hic quod placitum predictum per predictum Thomam Langton qui tam, etc. superius replicando placitat' materiaque in eodem content' bon' & sufficien' in lege existit ad actionem ipsius Thome Langton qui tam, etc. versus predictum Edm' habend' manutenend'. Ideo cons. est quod predictus Thomas Langton qui tam, etc. recuperet versus prefat' Edm' debitum predictum Unde dominus Rex habeat unam medietatem Et predictus Thomas Langton qui tam, etc. & Collegium predictum habeant alteram medietatem juxta formam Literar' Paten' predictar' & Statut' predict'. Quodque idem Thomas Langton qui tam, etc. recuperet versus predictum Edm' sex libras tresdecim solidos & quatuor denarios pro dampnis suis que sustinuit tam occasione detentionis debiti predicti quam pro mis. & custagiis suis per ipsum circa sectam suam in hac parte apposit' eidem Thome Langton qui tam, etc. per Cur' domini Regis hic ex assensu suo adjudicat'. Et predictus Edmundus in misericord', etc. Postea scilicet die Sabbati prox' post octab' Sancti Martini Anno regni domini Jacobi nunc Regis Anglie sexto coram eodem domino Rege apud Westm' ven' predictus Presidens per Attorn' suum predictum Et cogn' se esse satisfactum per predictum Edm' Gardiner de tota parte sua debiti predicti & de dampnis predictis que ad ipsum President' pertinet Ideo ipse idem Edmundus de tota parte ill' & de dampnis illis sit quiet ', etc. Quod quidem Recordum coram nob' sic habitum duximus exemplificand'. In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste Thoma Flemynge apud Westm' undecimo die Februarii Anno regni nostri Anglie Franc' & Hibernie sexto Et Scotie quadragesimo secundo.  
Bing & Bing.   

Dr. Langton versus Gardiner, Croke 's Reports 2 d Part, p. 121.  
DEBT upon the Statute 14 H. 8. cap. 5. by the Plaintiff, as Precedent of the College of Physicians in London, and of the Corporation of Physicians there: For that the Defendant used the Art of Physic in London, without Licence from the College there, against the Statute and their Charter: For which he demanded 5 l. for every month, being the penalty given by the Statute. The Defendant pleaded the Statute of 34 H. 8. which enables every one to practise Physic or Surgery, being skilful therein, notwithstanding any Act to the contrary. The Plaintiff replies, and shows the Statute Primo Mar. cap. 9 which confirms their Charter, and every Article thereof to stand in force; any Act, Statute, Law or Custom to the contrary notwithstanding. Hereupon the Defendant demurred; First, because this general clause in this Law doth not restrain the Statute of 34 H. 8. Secondly, that this pleading is a departure: For it ought to have been shown before. Stephen's argued for the Plaintiff. First, That the Act of 34 H. 8. is repealed by the Statute of prim. Mar. quoad the College of Physicians in London, as fully as if it had been by express words recited and repealed: For when it confirms the Charter of 14 H. 8. and appoints, that it, and every part thereof shall stand, and be available; the Statute of 34 H. 8. cannot stand with it; Quia leges posteriores leges priores contrarias abrogant, 4 Ed. 4. Porter's Case, Co. 1. fol. 25. Secondly, that it is not any departure, Because there is not any new matter: but matter pleaded in reviving of the former, or fortification thereof: And a Record was shown, Mich. 10 and 11 Eliz. betwixt Bomelins and— where the Record was in the same manner as this Record is; And there the Plaintiff had judgement: Wherefore, etc. And there being none on the Defendants parts to argue, The Court upon hearing of the Record, gave rule, That judgement should be entered for the Plaintiff, unless, etc.   

Dr. Atkins versus Gardiner, Croke 's Reports 2 d Part, p. 159.  
SCir. fac. Upon a judgement in Debt upon the Statute 14 H. 8. by Dr. Langton, Precedent of the College of Physicians in London, who died before execution had; and thereupon the Successor brought a Scir. fac. to have Execution; It was thereupon demurred, because the Scir. fac. aught to be brought by the Executor or Administrator of him who recovered, and not by the Successor. But upon hearing of the Record, without argument the Court held, That the Successor might well maintain the Action; For the suit is given to the College by a private Statute: And the suit is to be brought by the Precedent for the time being; And he having recovered in right of the Corporation, the Law shall transferr that duty to the Successor of him who recovered, and not to his Executors; The Action being brought, for that he practised Physic in London without Licence of the College of Physicians, against the Statute of 14 H. 8. Wherefore it was adjudged for the Plaintiff.   

A Recovery against Dr. Bonham according to the Exemplification, 13 Febr. 6 Jacobi.  
JACOBUS dei gratia Anglie Scotie Franc' & Hibernie Rex fidei defensor, etc. Omnibus ad quos presentes Litere nostre pervenerint salutem. Inspeximus quoddam Recordum coram nobis habitum in hec verba. SS. Placita coram domino Rege apud Westm' Termino Sancti Michaelis Anno regni domini Jacobi nunc Regis Anglie Quinto Rotulo CC lxxxxix. SS. London SS. Memorand' quòd alias scilicet Termino Sancte Trinitat' ultimo preterito coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' Presidens Collegii sive Communitat' facultat' Medicine London qui tam, etc. pro domino Rege quam pro eodem Presidente & Collegio predicto sequitur per Laurencium Gibson Attorn' suum Et protulit hic in Cur' dicti domini Regis tunc ibidem quandam billam suam versus Thomam Bonnam in Custod ' Marr' &c. de placito debiti Et sunt pleg' de pros. scilicet Johannes Doo & Richardus Roose. Que quidem billa sequitur in hec verba. SS. London SS. Presidens Collegii seu Communitat' facultat' Medicine London, etc. qui tam pro domino Rege quam pro eodem Presidente & Collegio predicto sequitur queritur de Thoma Bonnam in Custod ' Marr' Maresc. domini Regis coram ipso Rege existen' de placito quòd reddat eidem domino Regi & prefat' President' & Collegio predicto sexaginta libras legalis monete Anglie quas eis debet & injuste detinet pro eo videlicet Quòd cum Dominus Henricus octavus nuper Rex Anglie per Literas suas Patentes magno sigillo suo Anglie sigillat' Cur'que hic prolat' geren' dat' apud Westm' in Com' Midd' vicesimo tertio die Septembris Anno regni sui decimo pro publico bono hujus regni in debito exercitio facultat' Medicine & bona administratione medicinar' habend' incorporasset & fecisset de Johanne Chamber Thoma Linacre & Ferdinando de Victoria adtunc Medicis ejusdem nuper Regis & Nicholas Halswell Johanne Francisci & Roberto Yaxley & omnibus aliis viris ejusdem facultatis tunc de & infra Civitat' London unum Corpus & perpetuam Communitatem sive Societatem facultat' Medicine Et ad habend' perpetuam successionem & commune sigillum & ad eligend' annuatim unum President' ejusdem Societatis sive Communitatis ad supervidend' regend' & gubernand' eandem Societatem sive Communitatem & omnes homines ejusdem facultatis cum diversis aliis privilegiis & aliis rebus per predictum Regem eye concess' pro republica hujus regni prout in predictis Literis Paten' plenius continetur Quar' tenor sequitur in hec verba. SS. Henricus Dei gratia Rex Anglie & Franc' & Dominus Hibernie Omnibus ad quos presentes Litere pervenerint salutem. Cum regii officii nostri munus arbitremur 
* ditionis.  ditioni nostre hominum felicitat' omni ratione consulere id autem vel imprimis fore si improbor' conatibus tempestiuè occurramus apprimè necessarium duximus improbor' quoque hominum qui Medicinam magis avaritie sue causa quam ullius bone consciencie fiducia profitebuntur unde rudi & credule plebi plurima incommoda oriantur audaciam compescere Itaque partim benè institutar' Civitat' in Italia & multis aliis nationibus exemplum imitat' partim 
* gravium  graviorum viror' Doct' Johannis Chamber Thome Linacre Ferdinandi de Victoria medicor' nostror' Nicholai, Halswell Johannis Francisci & Roberti Yaxley medicor' ac precipuè reverendissimi in Christo Patris ac Domini D. Thome tituli Sancte Cecilie trans Tiberim Sacrosancte Romane Ecclesie Presbyteri Cardinalis Eboracen' Archiepiscopi & regni nostri Anglie Cancellarii charissimi precibus inclinat' Collegium perpetuum doctor' & gravium Viror' qui medicinam in urbe nostra London & Suburbiis intraque septem Mill' passuum ab ea urbe quaquaversus publicè exerceant institui volumus atque imperamus Quibus tum sui honoris tum publice utilitatis nomine cure ut speramus erit maliciosor' quor' meminimus inscitiam temeritatémque tam exemplo gravitatéque sua deterrere quam per leges nostras nuper edit' ac per constitutiones per idem Collegium condend' punire Que quo facilius ritè peragi possint memoratis Doctoribus Johanni Chamber Thome Linacre Ferdinando de Victoria Medicis nostris Nicholas Halswell Johanni Francisci & Roberto Yaxley medicis Concessimus quòd ipsi omnésque homines ejusdem facultat' de & in Civitate predicta sint in re & nomine unum Corpus & Communitas perpetua sive Collegium perpetuum Et quòd eadem Communitas sive Collegium fingulis annis imperpetuum eligere possint & facere de Communitate illa aliquem providum virum & in facultate medicine expertum in Presidentem ejusdem Collegii sive Communitat' ad supervidend' recognoscend' & gubernand' pro Anno illo Collegium sive Communitatem predictam & omnes homines ejusdem facultatis & negotia eorundem Et quòd idem Presidens & Collegium sive Communitas habeant successionem perpetuam & commune sigillum negociis dict' Communitat' & Presiden' imperpetuum servitur' Et quòd ipsi & successores sui imperpetuum sint persone habiles & capaces ad perquirend ' & possidend' in feodo & perpetuitate terr' & tenementa reddit' & al' possessiones quascunque. Concessimus eciam eis & successoribus suis pro nobis & heredibus nostris quod ipsi & successores sui possint perquirere sibi & successoribus suis tam in dicta urbe quam extra terras & tenementa quecunque annuum valorem duodecim librar' non exceden' Statuto de alienatione ad manum mortuam non obstan' Et quòd ipsi per nomina Presidentis Collegii seu Communitatis facultatis Medicine London placitare & implacitari possint coram quibuscunque Judicibus in Curiis & actionibus quibuscunque Et quòd predict' Presidens Collegium sive Communitas & eor' Successores congregationes licitas & honestas de seipsis ac Statuta & Ordinationes pro salubri Gubernatione supervisu & Correctione Collegii seu Communitatis predicte & omnium hominum eandem facultat' in dicta Civitate seu per septem milliar' in circuitu ejusdem Civitat' exercen' secundum necessitat' exigenc. quoties & quando opus fuit facere valeant licitè & impunè sine impedimento nostri heredum vel successor' nostror' Justiciarior' Escaetor' Vic. & alior' Ballivor' vel Ministror' nostror' hered' vel successor' nostror' quorumcunque. Concessimus eciam eisdem Presidenti & Collegio seu Communitati & Successoribus suis quod nemo in dicta Civitate aut per septem milliar' in circuitu ejusdem exerceat dictam facultatem nisi ad hoc per dict' President' & Communitatem seu Successores eor' qui pro tempore fuerint admiss. sit per ejusdem President' & Collegii literas sigillo suo communi sigillat' sub pena Centum solidor' pro quolibet mense quo non admissus eandem facultat' exercuit dimid' inde nobis & heredibus nostris & dimid' dicto Presidenti & Collegio applicand'. Preterea volumus & concedimus pro nobis & successoribus nostris quantum in nobis est Quòd per President' & Collegium predicte Communitatis pro tempore existen' & eor' successores imperpetuum quatuor singulis annis per ipsos eligantur qui habeant supervisum scrutinium correctionem & gubernationem omnium & singulor' dicte Civitat' Medicor' uten' facultat' medicine in eadem Civitate ac alior' medicor' forinsecor' quorumcunque facultatem ill' medicine aliquo modo frequentan' & uten' infra eandem Civitatem & suburbia ejusdem sive infra septem Milliar' in Circuitu ejusdem Civitatis ac punitionem eorundem pro delictis suis in non benè exequend' faciend' & utend' ill' Necnon supervisum & scrutinium omnimodar' medicinar' & 
* earum  eor' recept' per dictos medicos aut aliquem eor' hujusmodi ligeis nostris pro eor' infirmitatibus 
* del. & hujusmodi  & hujusmodi curand' & sanand' dand' imponend' & utend' quoties & quando opus fuerit pro commodo & utilitate eorundem ligeor' nostror' ita quòd punitio hujusmodi medicor' uten' 
* dicta  dicte facultat' medicine sic in premissis delinquen' per fines amerciament' & imprisonament' corpor' suor' & per alias vias rationabiles & congruas exequatur. Volumus eciam & concedimus pro nobis heredibus & successoribus nostris quantum in nobis est quòd nec Presidens nec aliquis de Collegio predicto medicor' nec successor' sui nec eor' aliquis exercen' facultat' ill' quoquo modo in futur' infra Civitatem nostram predict' & suburb' ejusdem seu alibi summoneantur aut ponantur nec eor' aliquis summoneatur aut ponatur in aliquibus Assisis Jurat' Inquest' Inquisitionibus Attinct' & aliis recognitionibus infra dictam Civitat' & Suburb' ejusdem imposterum coram Majore aut Vic' seu Coronat' dicte Civitatis nostre pro tempore existen' capiend' aut per aliquem Officiar' seu Ministrum suum vel Officiarios sive Ministros suos summonend' licet iidem Jur' Inquisitiones seu recognitiones sum' fuerint super brevi vel brevibus nostri vel heredum nostror' de recto Sed quòd dicti Magistri sive Gubernatores ac Communitas facultat' antedict' & successores sui & eor' quilibet dictam facultat' exercen' versus nos heredes & successores nostros ac versus Majorem ac Vic' Civitat' nostre predicte pro tempore existen' ac quoscunque Officiar' & Ministros suos sint inde quiet' & penitus exonerat' imperpetuum per presentes Proviso quòd Litere nostre seu aliquod in eis content' non cedent in prejudicium Civitat' nostre London seu libertat' ejusdem Et hoc absque fine seu feodo pro premissis seu sigillatione presentium nobis faciend' solvend' seu aliqualit' reddend' Aliquo Statuto Ordinatione vel Actu in contrarium ante hec tempora fact' edit' ordinat' seu provis' in aliquo non obstan'. In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste meipso apud Westm' vicesimo tertio die Septembris Anno regni nostri decimo. Cumque eciam in Statuto in Parliamento dicti nuper regis Henrici octavi tent' apud London decimo quinto die Aprilis Anno regni sui quartodecimo & abinde adjornat' usque Westm' in Com' Midd' ultimo die Julii Anno regni dicti nuper Regis decimoquinto & tunc & ibidem tent' inactitat' fuit quòd predicta Corporatio predict' Communitat' & Societat' facultat' Medicine predicte Et omnia & singula concessio articul' & al' res content' & spec' in predictis Literis Paten' forent approbat' concess' ratificat' & confirmat' in eodem Parliamento & clarè 
* authorizat '  authoritat' & admiss' per idem Parliamentum bona legitima & valida Anglice avayleable prefat' Corpori incorporat' & eor' successoribus imperpetuum in tam amplo & largo modo quam posset capi putari & construi per eadem prout in eodem Statuto int' alia plenius continetur. Predictus tamen Thomas Bonnam qui ad dictam facultat' exercend' per Presidentem & Communitatem facultatis medicine London predict' per literas President' & Collegii predicti sigillo suo communi sigillat' non admissus est nec unquam ante hec admissus fuit Statutum predictum minime ponderans nec penam in predictis Literis Paten' content' verens dictam facultatem medicine per spacium duodecim mensium jam ult' elaps. & prox' preceden' ante diem impetrationis hujus bille scilicet vicesimum quintum diem Junii Anno regni domini Jacobi nunc Regis Anglie Quinto in Civitat' London predicta videlicet in parochia beate Marie de Arcubus in Warda de Cheape London exercuit & adhuc exercet contra formam Literar' Paten' predictar' & Statut' predict' Per quod actio accrevit eidem Presidenti qui tam, etc. ad exigend' & habend' de prefato Thoma pro●dicto domino Rege nunc ac eodem Presidente & Collegio predicto predictas sexaginta libras videlicet pro quolibet mense predictor' duodecim mensium Centum solidos. Predictus tamen Thomas licet sepius requisit', etc. predictas sexaginta libras prefat' domino Regi & eidem Presidenti & Collegio predicto seu eor' alteri nondum solvit sed ill' eye hucusque solvere omnino contradixit & adhuc contradic' ad dampnum ipsius Presidentis qui tam, etc. Centum librar' & inde tam pro dicto domino Rege quam pro eodem Presidente & Collegio predicto produc' sectam, etc. Et modo ad hunc diem scilicet diem Veneris prox' post octab' Sancti Michaelis isto eodem Termino usque quem diem predictus Thomas Bonnam habuit licenc' ad billam predictam interloquendi & tunc ad respondend', etc. Coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' tam predictus Presidens Collegii seu Communitatis dicte facultatis Medicine London qui tam, etc. per Attorn' suum predictum quam predictus Thomas Bonnam per Willielmum Edwardes Attorn' suum Et idem Thomas defend' vim & injur' quando, etc. Et dic' quòd predict' Presidens Collegii seu Communitat' dicte facultat' medicine London qui tam pro dicto domino Rege quam pro eodem Presidente & Collegio predicto sequitur actionem suam predictam inde versus eum habere seu manutenere non debet Quia dic' quod benè & verum est quod predictus dominus Henricus Octavus nuper Rex Anglie per predictas literas suas Patent' magno sigillo suo Anglie sigillat' geren' dat' apud Westm' in predicto Com' Midd' predicto vicesimo tertio die Septembris Anno regni sui decimo supradict' pro publico bono hujus regni in debito exercitio facultat' medicine & bona administratione medicinar' habend' & pro causis & considerationibus in eisdem Literis Patentibus expressis incorporasset & fecisset de predictis Johanne Chamber Thoma Linacre & Ferdinando de Victoria adtunc medicis ejusdem nuper Regis & Nicholas Halsewell Johanne Francisci & Roberto Yaxley & omnibus aliis viris ejusdem facultatis tunc de & infra dictam Civitatem London unum Corpus & perpetuam Communitatem sive societatem facultatis Medicine & adhabend' perpetuam successionem & Commune sigillum Et ad eligend' annuatim unum Presiden' ejusdem societatis sive Communitatis ad supervidend' regend' & gubernand' eandem societatem sive Communitatem & omnes homines ejusdem facultat' cum diversis aliis privilegiis & al' rebus per dictum nuper Regem eye concess' pro republica hujus regni prout in predictis Literis Paten' ut prefertur plenius continetur. Ac quod predictus nuper Rex concessit eciam per easdem Literas Patent' eisdem tunc Presidenti & Collegio seu Communitat' & successoribus suis quod nemo in dicta Civitate aut per septem Milliar' in circuitu ejusdem exerceret dictam facultatem nisi ad hoc per dict' President' & Communitat' seu successores eor' qui pro tempore fuerint admiss. soret per ejusdem Presiden' & Collegii literas sigillo suo communi sigillat' sub pena Centum solidor' pro quolibet mense quo non admiss. eandem facultatem exerceret dimid' inde dicto domino nuper Regi & heredibus suis Et dimid' dicto Presidenti & Collegio applicand'. Ac eciam quod predictus nuper Rex ulterius concessit eisdem tunc Presidenti & Collegio seu Communitat' & successoribus suis omnia & singula alia in eisdem Literis Paten' superius ut prefertur specificat' & content' modo & forma prout predict' Presidens qui tam, etc. superius narrando allegavit. Quodque eciam in predicto Statuto in dicto Parliamento dicti nuper Regis Henrici octavi tent' apud London predicto decimo quinto die Aprilis Anno regni sui quartodecimo & abinde adjornat' usque Westm' in predicto Com' Midd' ultimo die Julii Anno regni dicti nuper Regis decimo quinto & tunc ibidem tent' inactitat' fuit quod predicta Corporatio predicte Communitatis & societatis facultatis medicine predicte & omnia & singula concess. articul' & al' res content' & specificat' in predictis Literis Paten' foret approbat' concess. ratificat' & confirmat' in eodem Parliamento & clarè 
* authorizat '  authoritat' & admiss. per idem Parliamentum bona legitima & valida anglice Avayleable prefat' Corpori incorporat' & eor' successoribus imperpetuum in tam amplo & largo modo quam possit capi putari & construi per eadem prout in eodem Statuto int' alia plenius continetur modo & forma prout predictus Presidens qui tam, etc. superius similit' narrando allegavit. Et predictus Thomas Bonnam ulterius dic' quod in predicto Statuto ulterius inactitat' fuit Quod predict' sex. persone in eisdem Literis Paten' nominat' ut principales & primo nominat' de predict' Communitate & Societate eligen' ad se duos vel plur' de dict' Communitate ab inde anglice from thenceforthe vocarentur & nuncuparentur Electi anglice Elects Ac quod iidem Electi annuatim eligerent unum ex eis fore Presidentem dicte Societatis, toties quoties aliquis locor' Anglice any of the rooms and 
* places  place eorundem Elector' contigeret esse vacuum per mortem vel alit' tunc superviventes Anglice the supervivors eorundem Elector' 
* contingeret  infra Triginta vel quadraginta dies prox' post mortem eorundem vel alicujus eor' eligerent nominarent & admitterent unum vel plures prout necessitas requireret de peritissimis & expertissimis viris de & in dicta facultate in London ad supplend' dictum locum & numerum octo personar. Ac eciam recitando in dicto Statuto quod cum in Dioces. 
* Anglic●  anglice extra London tunc non verisimile fuit invenire semper homines habiles ad examinand' sufficient' (secundum Statutum anglice according to the Statute) tales qui admitterentur ad exercend' Medicinam in eisdem anglice to exercise Physic in them ulterius inactitat' fuit in eodem Statuto quod nulla persona abinde anglice from thenceforthe permitteretur ad exercend' vel practizand' in Medicina Anglice in Physicke per Angliam anglice thoroughe England usque tale tempus quo ipse examinaretur apud London per predictum Presidentem & tres Elector' predictor' & ad habend' à prefat' Presidente vel Electis literas testimoniales de eor' approbatione & examinatione nisi ipse foret Graduatus anglice à Graduat Oxonie vel Cantabrigie qui adimplevisset omnia anglice had accomplished all things pro forma sua sine aliqua gratia. Et predictus Thomas Bonnam ulterius dic' quòd ipse idem Thomas diu ante predictum vicesimum quintum diem Junii Anno regni dicti domini Regis nunc Anglie quinto supradicto scilicet secundo die Julii Anno Domini Millesimo quingentesimo nonagesimo quinto in alma Academia Cantabrigie suscepit gradum & dignitat' Doctoris in Medicinis & adtunc & ibidem scilicet eodem secundo die Julii Anno Domini Millesimo quingentesimo nonagesimo quinto supradicto apud Cantabrigiam predictam in Com' Cantabr' rite & legitime ordinat' & fact' fuit Graduat' Anglice a Graduate Cantabrigie predicte videlicet Doctor in Medicinis secundum Leges Statuta Constitutiones & Ordinationes dicte Academie Cantabrigie. Quodque idem Thomas tunc & ibidem adimplevit omnia anglice did accomplish all things pro forma sua sine aliqua gratia. Quor' pretextu idem Thomas hujusmodi Graduat' Cantabrigie videlicet Doctor in Medicinis in forma predicta existen' qui adimplevisset omnia anglice had accomplished all things pro forma sua sine aliqua gratia dictam facultatem medicine per predictum spacium duodecim mensium ult' elaps. & prox' preceden' ante diem impetrationis bille predicte scilicet predictum vicesimum quintum diem Junii Anno regni dicti domini Regis nunc Anglie quinto supradicto in dicta Civitate London videlicet in predicta parochia beate Marie de Arcubus in Warda de Cheape London exercuit modo & forma prout predictus Presidens qui tam, etc. superius versus eum narravit prout ei benè licuit. Et hoc parat' est verificare. Unde pet' Judicium si predictus Presidens qui tam, etc. actionem suam predictam inde versus eum habere seu manutenere debeat, etc. Et predictus Presidens Collegii seu Communitatis facultat' medicine London predict' qui tam, etc. dic' quod ipse per aliqua per predictum Thomam Bonnam superius placitando allegat' ab actione sua predicta versus ipsum Thomam habend' precludi non debet. Quia dic' quod placitum predictum per ipsum Thomam modo & forma predictis superius placitat' materiaque in eodem content' minus sufficien' in lege existunt ad ipsum President' qui tam, etc. ab actione sua predicta versus predictum Thomam Bonnam inde habend' precludend' Ad quod idem Presidens qui tam, etc. necesse non habet nec per legem t're tenetur aliquo modo respondere. Unde pro defectu sufficien' respons. in hac parte idem Presidens qui tam, etc. pet' judicium & debitum predictum tam dicto domino Regi quam eidem President' & Collegio predicto unacum dampnis suis occasione detentionis debiti illius sibi adjudicari, etc. Et predictus Thomas Bonnam dic' quod placitum predictum per ipsum Thomam modo & forma predictis superius placitat' materiaque in eodem content' bona & sufficien' in lege existunt ad predictum Presidentem qui tam, etc. ab actione sua predicta versus ipsum Thomam habend' precludend'. Quod quidem placitum materiamque in eodem content' idem Thomas parat' est verificare & probare prout Cur', etc. Et quia predictus Presidens qui tam, etc. ad placitum illud non respond' nec illud hucusque aliqualiter dedic' idem Thomas Bonnam ut prius pet' Judicium Et quod predictus Presidens qui tam, etc. ab actione sua predicta versus ipsum Thomam Bonnam inde habend' precludatur, etc. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis reddend' nondum advisatur dies inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Sabbati prox' post Octabas Sancti Hillarii de Judicio suo de & super premissis reddend', etc. eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' tam predictus Presiden' qui tam, etc. quam predictus Thomas Bonnam per Attorn' suos predictos. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis reddend' nondum advisatur dies ulterius inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Mercurii prox' post xviij Pasche extunc prox' sequen' de Judicio inde audiend' eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' partes predicte per Attorn' suos predictos. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis reddendo nondum advisatur dies ulterius inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Veneris prox' post Crastinum Sancte Trinitat' extunc prox' sequen' de Judicio inde audiendo eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' partes predicte per Attorn' suos predictos. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis reddend' nondum advisatur dies ulterius inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Lune prox' post Octab. Sancti Michaelis de judicio inde audiend' eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' tam predictus Presiden' qui tam, etc. quam predictus Thomas Bonnam per Attorn' suos predictos. Et quia Cur' domini Regis hic de Judicio suo de & super premissis reddend' nondum advisatur dies ulterius inde dat' est partibus predictis coram domino Rege apud Westm' usque diem Lune prox' post Octabas Sancti Hillarii extunc prox' sequen' de judicio inde audiend' eo quod Cur' domini Regis hic inde nondum, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' tam predictus Presidens qui tam, etc. quam predictus Thomas Bonnam per Attorn' suos predictos Super quo vis' & per Cur' domini Regis hic plenius intellectis omnibus & singulis premissis maturaque deliberatione inde habita pro eo quod videtur Cur' domini Regis hic quod placitum predictum per prefat' Thomam Bonnam modo & forma predictis superius placitat' materiaque in eodem content' minus sufficien' in lege existunt ad ipsum Presiden' qui tam, etc. ab actione sua predicta versus ipsum Thomam habend' precludend' Ideo cons. est quod predictus Presiden' qui tam, etc. recuperet versus predictum Thomam Bonnam debitum predictum unde dominus Rex habeat unam medietatem & predictus Presiden' & Collegium alteram medietatem juxta formam Literar' Paten' predictar' & Statut' predict'. Quodque idem Presiden' qui tam, etc. recuperet versus predictum Thomam Bonnam duodecim libras pro dampnis suis que sustinuit tam occasione detentionis debiti predicti quam pro miss. & custagiis suis per ipsum circa sectam suam in hac parte apposit' eidem Presiden' qui tam, etc. per Cur' domini Regis hic ex assensu suo adjudicat'. Et predictus Thomas Bonnam in misericord', etc. Quod quidem Recordum coram nob' sic habitum duximus exemplificand'. In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. Teste Thoma Flemynge apud Westm' Tertio decimo die Februarii Anno regni nostri Anglie Franc' & Hibernie sexto Et Scotie quadragesimo secundo.  
Bing & Bing.   

Dr. Bonham's Case as reported by Sr. Edward Coke late Lord Chief Justice of England, Hill. 7. Jacobi. In the Common Pleas, p. 585. Edit. 1680.  
THomas Bonham Doctor in Philosophy and Physic brought an Action of false imprisonment 
Action of false imprisonment.  against Henry Atkins, George Turner, Thomas Moundford, and John Argent, Doctors in Physic, and John Taylor and William Bowden, Yeomen, For that the Defendants the 10 of Novemb. 4 Jacobi did imprison him, and detain him in Prison by the space of 7 days. The Defendants pleaded the Letters Patents of King Henry the 8. bearing date the 23 of September, in the 10 year of his Reign, by which he reciteth; Quod cum regii officii sui munus arbitrabatur ditionis suae hominum foelicitati omni ratione consulere, id autem vel imprimis fore si improborum conatibus tempestiuè occurreret, etc. By the same Letters Patents the King granted to John Chambre, Thomas Linacre, Ferdinando de Victoria, John Halswell, John Frances, and Robert Yaxley, quòd ipsi omnesque homines ejusdem facultatis de & in Civitate London sint in re & nomine unum corpus & communitas perpetua, per nomen Presidentis & Collegii, sive communitatis facultatis medicinae London, etc. And that they might make meetings and Ordinances, etc. But the Case at Bar doth principally consist upon two clauses in the Charter: The first, Concessimus etiam eisdem Presidenti & Collegio seu Communitati & successoribus suis, quòd nemo in dicta Civitate aut per septem milliaria in circuitu ejusdem exerceat dictam facultatem Medicinae, nisi ad hoc per dict' President' & Communit' seu successores suos, qui pro tempore fuerint, admissus sit per ejusdem Presidentis & Collegii literas sigillo suo communi sigillat' sub poena centum solidorum pro quolibet mense quo non admissus eandem facultatem exercuerit, dimidium inde domino Regi & haeredibus suis, & dimidium dict' Presidenti & Collegio applicand', etc. The second clause is which immediately followeth in these words, Preterea voluit & concessit pro se & successoribus suis (quantum in se fuit) quod per President' & Collegium predict' Communitat' pro tempore exist' & eorum successores imperpetuum quatuor singulis annis per ipsos eligerentur qui haberent supervisum & scrutinium, correctionem & gubernationem omnium & singulorum dict' Civitatis medicorum, utentium facultat' Medicinae in eadem Civitate, ac aliorum Medicorum forinsecorum quorumcunque facultatem illam Medicinae aliquo modo frequentantium & utentium infra eandem Civitatem & Suburbia ejusdem, sive infra feptem milliaria in circuitu ejusdem Civitatis, ac punitionem eorundem pro delictis suis in non bene exequend' faciend' & utend' illa: nec non supervisum & scrutinium omnium Medicinarum & earum receptionem per dictos Medicos seu aliquem eorum hujusmodi ligeiss dict' nuper Regis pro eorum infirmitatibus curand' & sanand' dand' imponend' & utend' quoties & quando opus fuerit, pro commodo & utilitat' eorundem ligeorum dicti nuper Regis: Ita quod punitio eorundem Medicorum utentium dict' facultate Medicinae sic in premiss. delinquentium, per fines, amerciamenta & imprisonament' corporum suorum, & per alias vias rationabiles & congruas exequeretur, as by the said Charter more fully appeareth. And that by force of the said Letters Patents, The said Thomas Chambre, Thomas Linacre, etc. and all the men of the same faculty in the said City were unum Corpus & communitas perpetua sive Collegium perpetuum. And afterwards by Act of Parliament, An. 14 H. 8. It was enacted, That the said Corporation, and every Grant, Article, and other things in the said Letters Patents contained and specified, should be approved, granted, ratified and confirmed in tam amplo & largo modo prout poterit acceptari, cogitari & constitui per easdem Literas Patentes. And further it was enacted, That the said six persons named in the said Letters Patents, as Principal of the said College, and two others of the said College, should be named Electi, and that the said Elects should choose one of them to be Precedent, as by the said Act appeareth. And further they pleaded the Act of 1 Mariae, by which it is enacted, Quod quaedam concessio per Literas Patentes de incorporation' fact' per predict' nuper Regem Medicis London & omnes clausulae & articuli content' in eadem concessione approbarentur, concederentur, ratificarentur & confirm' per praedict' nuper Parl'. In consideratione cujus inactitat' fuit authoritate ejusdem Parliamenti, quòd praed' Statut' & Act' Parliament' in omnibus Articulis & Clausulis in eodem content' extunc imposterum starent & continuarent in pleno robore, etc. And further it was enacted, That whensoever the Precedent of the College or Commonalty of the faculty of Physic of London for the time being, or such as the said Precedent and College shall yearly, according to the tenor and meaning of the said Act, authorise to search, examine, correct and punish all offenders and transgressors in the said faculty, etc. shall send or commit any such offender or offenders for his or their offence or disobedience contrary to any Article or Clause contained in the said Grant or Act, to any Ward, Gaol or Prison within the same City, (the Tower of London except) that then from time to time the Warden, Jailer or Keeper, etc. shall receive, etc. such person so offending, etc. and the same shall keep at his proper charge without Bail or Mainprize, until such time as such offender or disobedient be discharged of the said imprisonment by the said Precedent and such persons as shall be thereunto authorized, upon pain that all and every such Warden, Jailer, etc. doing the contrary shall lose and forfeit the double of such Fines and amerciaments as such offender and offenders shall be assessed to pay by such as the said Precedent and College shall authorise as aforesaid, so that the Fine and amerciament be not at any one time above the sum of 20 pound, the one moiety to the King, the other moiety to the Precedent and College, etc. And further pleaded, That the said Thomas Bonham the 10th of April within London, against the form of the said Letters Patents and the said Acts, exercebat artem Medicinae non admissus per Literas praed' Praesidentis & Collegii sigillo eorum communi sigillat' ubi revera praed' Tho. Bonham fuit minus sufficiens ad artem Medicinae exercend'. By force of which the said Thomas Bonham 30 April. 1606. was summoned in London by the Censors or Governors of the College, to appear before the Precedent and Censors or Governors of the College aforesaid, at the College, etc. the 14 day of April next following, super praemissis examinand. At which day the said Thomas Bonham came before the Precedent and Censors, and was examined by the Censors de scientia sua in facultate sua Medicinae administrand' Et quia praed' Thomas Bonham sic examinatus minus apt & insufficienter in praed' arte Medicinae respondebat, & inventus fuit super examinationem praed' per praed' Praesident' & Censores minus sufficiens & inexpert' add artem Medicinae administrand' ac pro eo quod praed' Tho. Bonham multotiens ante examinatus, & interdictus per ipsum Praesident' & Censores, de causis praed' add artem Medicinae administrand' per unum mensem & amplius post talem interdictionem facultatem illam in Lond' praed' sine licentia, etc. ideo adtunc & ibid' consideratum fuit per praed' Praesident' & Censores, quod praed' Tho. Bonham pro inobedientia & contempt' suis praed' amerciaretur to 5 li. in proximis Comitiis praed' Praesident' & Collegio persolvend' & deinceps abstineret, etc. quousque inventus fuerit sufficiens, etc. sub poena conjiciendi in Carcerem si in praemissis delinqueret: And that the said Tho. Bonham 20 Octob. 1606. within London did practise Physic, and the same day he was summoned by the Censors to appear before the Precedent and them the 22 of Octob. than next following, at which day Bonham made default. Ideo consideratum fuit per praed' Censores, That for his disobedience and contempt he should be amerced to 10 li. and that he should be arrested and committed to custody. And afterwards the 7 Novemb. 1606. the said Tho. Bonham at their assembly came before the Precedent and Censors, and they asked him if he would satisfy the College for his disobedience and contempt, and submit himself to be examined and obey the censure of the College; who answered, That he had practised Physic, and would practise Physic within London, ask no leave of the College, and that he would not submit himself to the Precedent and Censors, and affirmed that the Precedent and Censors had not any authority over those who were Doctors of the University; For which cause the said 4 Censors, sc. Dr. Turner, Dr. Moundforde, Dr. Argent, and Dr. Dun, then being Censors or Governors, pro offensis & inobedientia praed' adtunc & ibid' ordinaverunt & decreverunt, quod praed' Tho. Bonham in Carcerem mandaretur ibid' remansur' quousque abinde per Praesident' & Censores seu gubernatores Collegii praed' pro tempore existen' deliberaretur, And there then by their warrant in writing under their common Seal did commit the Plaintiff to the prison of the Counter in London, etc. without Bail or mainprize at the costs and charges of the said Thomas Bonham, until the said Thomas Bonham by the Warrant of the Precedent and Censors of the said College, or their Successors was delivered. And Dr. Atkins then Precedent, and the Censors, and Bowden and Taylor as their servants, and by the commandment of the said Precedent and Censors, did carry the Plaintiff with the Warrant to the Gaol, etc. which is the same imprisonment. The Plaintiff replied and said, That by the said Act of 14 H. 8. it was further enacted, And where that in the Dioceses of England, out of London, it is not like to find always men able sufficiently to examine (after the Statute) such as shall be admitted to exercise Physic in them, that it may be enacted in this present Parliament, That no person from henceforth be suffered to exercise or practise Physic through England until such time that he be examined at London by the said Precedent and three of the said Elects, and to have from them Letters Testimonial of their approving and examination, Exeept he be a Graduate of Oxford or Cambridge, which have accomplished all things for his form without grace: And that the Plaintiff in the year of our Lord 1595. was a Graduate, sc. a Doctor in the University of Cambridge, and had accomplished all things concerning his degree for his form without grace, by force whereof he had exercised and practised Physic within the City of London, until the Defendants had imprisoned him, etc. upon which the Defendants did demur in Law. And this case was often argued by the Sexjeants at Bar in divers several Terms; And now this Term the case was argued by the justices, and the effect of their arguments who argued against the Plaintiff (which was divided into three parts) shall be first reported. The first was, whether a Doctor of Physic of the one University or the other, be by the Letters Patents and by the body of the Act of 14 H. 8. restrained to practise Physic within the City of London, etc. The second was, If the exception in the said Act of 14 H. 8. hath excepted him or not. The third was, That his imprisonment was lawful for his said disobedience. And as to the first, they did rely upon the Letter of the 〈◊〉, ratified by the said Act of 14 H. 8. which is in the negative, sc. Nemo in dicta Civitate, etc. exercea● dictam facultatem nisi ad hoc per praedict Praesidentem & communitatem, etc. admissus sit, etc. And this proposition is a general negative, and Generale dictum est generaliter intelligendum, and nemo excludeth all; and therefore a Doctor of the one University or the other is prohibited within this negative word Nemo. And many cases were put, where negative Statutes shall be taken strictè & exclusiuè, which I do not think here necessary to recite. Also they said, that the Statute of 3 H. 8. cap. 11. which in effect is repealed by this Act of 14 H. 8. hath a special Proviso for the University of Cambridge and Oxford, which being here left out, doth declare the intention of the makers of the Act, that they did intend to include them within this general Prohibition, Nemo in dicta Civitate, etc. As to the Second point they strongly held, that the said latter clause, And where that in the Dioceses of England out of London, etc. this clause according to the words doth extend only to places out of London, and so much the rather, because that they purview for London before, Nemo in dicta Civitate, etc. Also the makers of the Act put a distinction betwixt those who shall be licenced to practise Physic within London, etc. for they ought to have the admittance and allowance of the Precedent and College in writing under their Common Seal; but he who shall be allowed to practise Physic throughout England out of London ought to be examined and admitted by the Precedent and 3 of the Elects, and so they said, that it was lately adjudged in the King's Bench, in an Information exhibited against the said Doctor Bonham for practising of Physic within London for divers months. As to the Third point they said, That for his contempt and disobedience before them in their College they might commit him to Prison, for they have authority by the Letters Patents and Act of Parliament, And therefore for his contempt and misdemeanour before them they may commit him. Also the Act of 1 Mariae hath given them power to commit them for every offence or disobedience contrary to any Article or Clause contained in the said Grant or Act. But there is an express Negative Article in the said Grant, and ratified by the Act of 14 H. 8. Quod nemo in dicta Civitate, etc. exerceat, etc. And the Defendants have pleaded that the Plaintiff hath practised Physic within London by the space of one month, etc. And therefore the Act of 1 Mariae hath authorised them for to imprison him in this case; for which cause they did conclude for the Defendants against the Plaintiff. But it was argued by Coke Chief justice, Warburton and Daniel justices of the Common Pleas, to the contrary. And Daniel conceived that a Doctor of Physic of the one University or the other, etc. was not within the body of the Act, and if he was within the body of the Act, that he was excepted by the said latter clause: But Warburton argued against him for both the points: and the Chief justice did not speak to these 2 points, because that he and Warburton and Daniel did agree that this action was clearly maintainable for two other points. But to the 2 other points he and the said 2 other justices Warburton and Daniel did speak, scil. 1. Whether the Censors have power for the Causes alleged in their Bar, to fine and imprison the Plaintiff. 2. Admitting that they have power to do it, if they have pursued their power. But the chief justice before he argued the points in Law, because that much was said in the commendations of the Doctors of Physic of the said College within London, and somewhat (as he conceived) in derogation of the dignity of the Doctors of the Universities, he first attributed much to the Doctors of the said College within London, and did confess that nothing was spoken, which was not due to their merits; but yet that no comparison was to be made between that private College, and any of the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, no more than between the Father and his Children, or between the Fountain and the small Rivers which descend from thence: The University is Alma mater, from whose breasts those of that private College have sucked all their science and knowledge (which I acknowledge to be great and profound) but the Law saith, Erubescit lex Filios castigare Parents: The University is the fountain, and that and the like private Colleges are tanquam rivuli, which flow from the fountain, & melius est petere fontes quam sectari rivulos. Briefly, Academiae Cantabrigiae & Oxoniae sunt Athenae nostrae nobilissimae, regni soles, oculi & animae regni, unde Religio, humanitas & doctrina in omnes regni partes uberrimè diffunduntur. But it is true, Nunquam sufficiet copia laudatoris, quia nunquam deficiet materia laudis; and therefore these Universities exceed and excel all private Colleges, tanquam inter viburna cupressus. And it was observed that King Henry the 8. his said Letters Patents, and the King and the Parliament in the Act of 14 H. 8. in making of a Law concerning Physicians, for the more safety and health of men, therein have followed the order of a good Physician (Rex enim omnes artes censetur habere in scrinio pectoris sui) For, Medicina est duplex, removens & promovens; removens morbum, & promovens ad salutem. And therefore 5 manner of persons (who more hurt the body of men than the disease itself) are to be removed. 1. Improbi: 2. Avari, qui medicinam magis avaritiae suae causâ quam ullius bonae conscientiae fiduciâ profitentur: 3. Malitiosi: 4. Temerarii: 5. Inscii; and of the other part, 5 manner of persons were to be promoted, as appeareth by the said Act, scil. those that were, 1. profound, 2. sad, 3. discreet, 4. groundedly learned, 5. profoundly studied. And it was well ordained, That the professors of Physic should be profound, sad, discreet, etc. and not youths who have no gravity and experience; for as one saith, In Juvene Theologo conscientiae detrimentum, in juvene Legista bursae decrementum, in juvene Medico coemeterii incrementum. And it ought to be presumed, every Doctor of any of the Universities to be within the Statute, sc. to be profound, sad, discreet, groundedly learned, and profoundly studied, for none can there be Master of Arts (who is a Doctor of Philosophy) under the study of 7 years, and cannot be Doctor of Physic under 7 years more in the study of Physic: and that is the cause that the Plaintiff is named in the Declaration, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Physic, quia oportet Medicum esse Philosophum; ubi enim Philosophus desinit, incipit Medicus. As to the 2 points upon which the Chief justice, Warburton and Daniel gave judgement: 1. It was resolved by them, That the said Censors have not the power to commit the plaintiff for any of the causes mentioned in the Bar, and the cause and reason thereof shortly was, That the said clause which giveth power to the said Censors to fine and imprison, doth not extend to the said clause, sc. Quòd nemo in dicta Civitate, etc. exerceat dictam facultatem, etc. Which prohibiteth every one to practise Physic within London, etc. without licence of the Precedent and College; but extendeth only to punish those who practise Physic within London, pro delictis suis in non bene exequendo, faciendo & utendo facultate medicinae, by fine and imprisonment: So that the Censors have not power by the Letters Patents and the Act to fine and imprison any for practising of Physic within London, but only pro delictis suis in non bene exequendo, etc. for ill and not good use and practice of Physic. And that was made manifest by 5 Reasons called vividae rationes, because they had their vigour and life from the Letters Patents and the Act itself. And the best Expositor of all Letters Patents, and Acts of Parliament, are the Letters Patents and the Acts themselves, by construction and conferring all the parts together, Optima Statuti interpretatrix est (omnibus particulis ejusdem inspectis) ipsum Statutum; And injustum est nisi totâ lege inspectâ, de una aliqua ejus particula judicare vel respondere. The first reason was, that these two were two absolute, perfect and distinct Clauses, and as Parallels, and therefore the one did not extend to the other; for the second beginneth Praeterea voluit & concessit, etc. and the branch concerning fine and imprisonment, is parcel of the second Clause. 2. The first Clause prohibiting the practising of Physic, etc. doth comprehend 4 certainties; 1. Certainty of the thing prohibited, sc. practice of Physic; 2. Certainty of the time, sc. practice for one month; 3. Certainty of Penalty, sc. 5 li. 4. Certainty of distribution, sc. one Moiety to the King, and the other Moiety to the College; and this penalty he who practiseth Physic in London doth incur, although he practise and use Physic well, and profitably for the body of man; and upon this branch the Information was exhibited in the King's Bench. But the Clause to punish delicta in non bene exequendo, etc. upon which branch the Case at Barr stands, is altogether uncertain, for the hurt which may come thereby may be little or great, leave vel grave, excessive or small, etc. And therefore the King and the makers of the Act, cannot for so uncertain offence impose a certainty of fine, or time of imprisonment, but leave it to the Censors to punish such offences, secundum quantitatem delicti, which is included in these words, per fines, amerciamenta, imprisonamenta corporum suorum, & per alias vias rationabiles & congruas. 2. The harm which accrueth by non bene exequendo, etc. doth concern the body of man; and therefore it is reasonable that the offender should be punished in his body, sc. by imprisonment; but he who practiseth Physic in London in a good manner, although he doth it without leave, yet it is not any prejudice to the body of man. But the clause of Non bene exequendo, etc. doth not prescribe any time certain, but at what time soever he ministereth Physic non bene, etc. he shall be punished by the said 2 branch. And the Law hath great reason in the making of this distinction, for divers Nobles, Gentlemen, and others come upon divers occasions to London; and when they are here, they become subject to diseases, and thereupon they send for their Physicians into the Country, who know their bodies and the causes of the diseases; now it was never the meaning of the Act to bar any one of his own Physician; and when he is here he may practise and minister Physic to another by 2 or 3 weeks, etc. without any forfeiture; for any one who wactiseth Physic well in London (although he hath not taken any degree in any of the Universities) shall forfeit nothing, if not that he practise it by the space of a month; and that was the cause, that the time of a month was put in the Act. 4. The Censors cannot be judges, Ministers and Parties; judges to give sentence or judgement: Ministers, to make summons; and Parties to have the moiety of the forfeiture, quia aliquis non debet esse Judex in propria causa, imo iniquum est aliquem suae rei esse Judicem: and one cannot be judge and Attorney for any of the parties: Dyer. 3 Ed. 6. 65. 38 E. 3. 15. 8 H. 6. 19, 20. 21 E 4. 47. etc. And it appeareth in our books that in many Cases the Common Law doth control Acts of Parliament, and sometimes shall adjudge them to be void: for when an Act of Parliament is against Common right and reason, or repugnant or impossible to be performed, the Common Law shall control it, and adjudge such Act to be void; and therefore in 8 E. 3. 30. Thomas Tregors Case upon the Statute of West. 2. Cap. 38. and Articuli super Chartas Cap. 9 Herle saith, Some Statutes are made against Common Law and right, which those who made them would not put in execution: The Statute of West. 2. Cap. 21. giveth a Writ of Cessavit haeredi petenti super haeredem tenent & super eos quibus alienatum fuerit hujusmodi tenementum: and yet it is adjudged in 33 E. 3. Cessavit 42. where the Case was, Two Coparceners Lords and Tenant by Fealty and certain Rent, One Coparcener had issue and dyeth; the Aunt and the niece shall not join in a Cessavit, because that the heir shall not have a Cessavit, for the cesser in the time of his ancestor. F.N.B. 209. F. And therewith agreeth Blow. Com. 110. and the reason is, because in a Cessavit the Tenant before judgement may render the Arrearages and damages, and hold his land again, and that he cannot do when the heir bringeth a Cessavit for the cesser in the time of his Ancestor, for the arrearages incurred in the life of the Ancestor do not belong to the heir: and because that it shall be against right and reason, the Common Law shall adjudge the said Act of Parliament as to that point void. The Statute of Carlisle made 35 E. 1. enacteth That the Order of the Cistertians and Augustine's who have a Covent and Common Seal, that the Common Seal shall be in the keeping of the Prior, who is under the Abbot, and 4 others of the most grave of the house: and that any deed sealed with the Common Seal, which is not so in keeping, shall be void: and the opinion of the Court (Anno 27 H. 6. Annuity 41.) was, that this Statute was void, for it is impertinent to be observed, for the Seal being in their keeping, the Abbot cannot seal any thing with it, and when it is in the Abbot's hands it is out of their keeping ipso facto; and if the Statute should be observed, every Common Seal shall be defeated upon a simple surmise, which cannot be tried. Note Reader, the words of the said Statute of Carlisle which was made 35 E. 1. which is called Statutum Religiosorum, are, Et insuper ordinavit dominus Rex & statuit, quod Abbates Cicestr' & Premonstraten' ordin' religiosorum, etc. de caetero habeant Sigillum Commune, & illud in custodia Prioris Monasterii sui domus, & quatuor de dignioribus & discretioribus ejusdem loci conventus sub privato Sigillo Abbatis ipsius loci custod' depon' etc. Et si forsan aliqua scripta obligationum, donationum, emptionum, venditionum, alienationum, seu aliorum quorumcunque contractuum alio sigillo quam tali sigillo communi, sicut praemit' custodit', inveniant' à modo sigillata, pro nullo penitus habeantur, omnique careant firmitate. So the Statute of 1 E. 6. cap. 14. giveth Chauntries, etc. to the King saving to the donor, etc. all such rents, services, etc. and the Common Law doth control it, and adjudge the same void as to services, and the donor shall have the Rent as a Rent-seck distr. of Common right, for it should be against Common right and reason that the King should hold of any, or do service to any of his Subjects, 14 Eliz. Dyer 313. And so was it adjudged Mich. 16 and 17 Eliz. in the Common Pleas in Stroud's Case. So if any Act of Parliament giveth to any to hold, or to have Conusans of Pleas of all manner of Pleas arising before him within his Manor of D. yet he shall hold no Plea, to which himself is party; for, as hath been said, iniquum est aliquem suae rei esse judicem. 5. If he shall forfeit 5 li. for one month by the first clause, and shall be punished for practising at any time by the second clause, two absurdities would follow; 1. That one should be punished not only twice, but many times for one and the same offence; And the Divine saith, Quòd Deus non agit bis in idipsum; and the Law saith, Nemo debet bis puniri pro uno delicto. 2. It should be absurd, by the first clause to punish practising for one month, and not for lesser time, and by the 2. to punish practising not only for a day, but at any time; so he shall be punished by the first branch for one month by the forfeiture of 5 li. and by the 2. by fine and imprisonment, without any limitation for every time of the month in which any one doth practise Physic. And all these reasons were proved by 2 grounds or Maxims of Law. 1. Generalis Clausula non porrigitur ad ea quae specialiter sunt comprehensa. And the Case between Carter and Ringstead, Hill. 34 Eliz. rot. 120. in the Common Pleas, was cited to this purpose, where the Case in effect was, That A. seized of the Manor of Staple in Odiham in the County of Southampton in Fee, and also of other lands in Odiham aforesaid in Fee, suffered a common Recovery of all, and declared the use by Indenture, That the Recoverer should stand seized of all the lands and tenements in Odiham to the use of A. and his wife, and to the heirs of his body begotten; and further, that the Recoverer should stand seized to the use of him, and to the heirs of his body, and died; and the wife survived, and entered into the said Manor by force of the said general words. But it was adjudged, That they did not extend to the said Manor which was specially named; and if it be so indeed à fortiori, it shall be so in an Act of Parliament, which (as a Will) is to be expounded according to the intention of the makers. 2. Verba posteriora propter certitudinem addita, ad priora quae certitudine indigent, sunt referenda. 6 E. 3. 12. Sir Adam de Clydrow Knight brought a Praecipe quod reddat against I. de Clydrow, and the writ was, Quod just, etc. reddat Manerium de Wicombe & duas carucatas terrae cum pert. in Clydrow, in that case the Town of Clydrow did not relate to the Manor, quia non indiget, for a Manor may be demanded without mentioning that it lieth in any Town; but cum pertinentiis, although that it cometh after the Town▪ shall relate to the Manor, quia indiget. Vide 3 E. 4. 10. the like case. But it was objected, That where by the second clause it was granted, that the Censors should have supervisum & scrutinium, correctionem & gubernationem omnium & singulorum Medicorum, etc. they had power to fine and imprison. To that it was answered, 1. That the same is but part of the sentence, for by the entire sentence it appeareth in what manner they shall have power to punish, for the words are, ac punitionem eorum pro delictis suis in non bene exequendo, saciendo seu utendo illâ facultate: so that without question all their power to correct and punish the Physicians by this clause in'̄s only limited to 3 cases, scil. in non bene exequendo, faciendo, vel utendo, etc. Also this word punitionem, is limited and restrained by these words, Ita quòd punitio eorundem Medicorum, etc. sic in praemissis delinquentium, etc. which words, sic in praemissis delinquentium, limit the first words in the first part of this sentence, ac punitionem eorum pro delictis in non bene exequendo. 2. It shall be absurd, That in one and the same sentence the makers of the Act shall give them a general power to punish without limitation; and a special manner how they shall punish in one and the same sentence. 3 Hil. 38 Eliz. in a Quo Warranto against the Mayor and Commonalty of London, it was holden, That where a Grant is made to the Mayor and Commonalty, that the Mayor for the time being should have plenum & integrum scrutinium, gubernationem & correctionem omnium & singulorum Mysteriorum, etc. without granting to them any Court, in which should be legal proceedings, that the same is good for search, by which discovery may be made of offences and defects, which may be punished by the Law in any Court; but it doth not give, nor can give them any irregular or absolute power to correct or punish any of the Subjects of the Kingdom at their pleasures. 2. It was objected, That it is incident to every Court created by Letters Patents, or Act of Parliament, or other Courts of Record, to punish any misdemeanours done in Court, in disturbance or contempt of the Court, by imprisonment. To which it was answered, That neither the Letters Patents nor the Act of Parliament hath granted to them any Court, but only an authority, which they ought to pursue, as it shall be afterwards said. 2. If any Court had been granted to them, they could not by any incident authority implicitè granted unto them for any misdemeanour done in Court, commit him to prison without bail or mainprize, until he shall be by the commandment of the Precedent and Censors, or their Successors, delivered, as the Censors have done in this case. 3. There was not any such misdemeanour for which the Court might imprison him, for he only showed his case to them, which he was advised by his Council he may justify, which is not any offence worthy of imprisonment.  
The second point. Admitting that the Censors had power by the Act, if they have pursued their authority or not? And it was resolved by the chief justice, Warburton, and Daniel, that they have not pursued it for 6 causes. 1. By the Act the Censors only have power to impose a fine or amercement; and the Precedent and Censors do impose the amercement of 5 li. upon the Plaintiff. 2. The Plaintiff was summoned to appear before the Precedent and Censors, etc. and did not appear; and therefore he was fined 10 li. whereas the Precedent hath not any authority in that case. 3. The fines and amercements to be imposed by them by force of the Act, do not belong to them but to the King, for the King hath not granted the fines and amercements to them, and yet the fine is appointed to be paid to them in proximis Comitiis, and they have imprisoned the Plaintiff for nonpayment thereof. 4. They ought to have committed the Plaintiff presently by construction of Law, although that no time be limited in the Act, as in the Stat. of West. cap. 12. De Servientibus, Ballivis, etc. qui ad compotum reddend' tenentur, etc. cum Dom' hujusmodi servientium dederit eis auditores compoti, & contingat ipsum in arreragiis super compotum suum omnibus allocatis & allocandis, arrestentur corpora eorum, & per testimonium auditorum ejusdem compoti mittantur & liberentur proximae gaolae Domini Regis in partibus illis, etc. in that case, although that no time be limited when the Accountant shall be imprisoned, yet it ought to be presently, as it is holden in 27 H. 6. 8. and the reason thereof is given in Fogossa's Case Blow. Com. 17. that the generality of time shall be restrained to the present time for the benefit of him upon whom the pain shall be inflicted, and therewith agreeth Blow. Com. 206. b. in Stradling's Case. And a justice of Peace upon view of the force, aught to commit the offender presently. 5. For as much as the Censors had their authority by the Letters Patents and Act of Parliament, which are high matters of Record, their proceedings ought not to be by word, and so much the rather, because they claimed authority to fine and imprison. And therefore if judgement be given against one in the Common Pleas in a Writ of Recaption, he shall be fined and imprisoned; but if the Writ be Vicontiel in the County, there he shall not be fined or imprisoned, because that the Court is not of Record, F. N. B. in bre. de Recaptione, so in 47 F. N. B. a Plea of Trespass vi & armis doth not lie in the County Court, hundred Court, etc. for they cannot make Record of fine and imprisonment; and regularly those who cannot make a Record, cannot fine and imprison. And therewith agreeth 27 H. 8. Book of Entries: The Auditors make a Record when they commit the Defendant to prison; A justice of Peace upon view of the force may commit, but he ought to make a Record of it. 6. Because the Act of 14 H. 8. hath given power to imprison until he shall be delivered by the Precedent and the Censors, and their Successors, reason requireth that the same be taken strictly, for the liberty of the Subject (as they pretend) is at their pleasure: And the same is proved by a judgement in Parliament in this Case; For when this Act of 14 H. 8. had given power to the Censors to imprison, yet it was taken so literally, that the Gaoler was not bound to receive them which they committed to him, and the reason thereof was, because they had authority to do it without any Court: And thereupon the Statute of 1 Mar. cap. 9 was made, that the Gaoler should receive them upon a pain, and none can be committed to any prison, if the Gaoler cannot receive him: but the first Act for the cause aforesaid was taken so literally, that no necessary incident was employed. And where it was objected that this very Act of 1 Mariae hath enlarged the power of the Censors, and that upon the word of the Act; It was clearly resolved that the said Act of 1 Mariae did not enlarge the power of the Censors to fine or imprison any person for any cause for which he ought not to be fined and imprisoned by the said Act of 14 H. 8. For the words of the Act of Q. Mary are according to the tenor and meaning of the said Act: Also shall send or commit any Offender or Offenders for his or their offence or disobedience, contrary to any Article or clause contained in the said Grant or Act, to any Ward, Gaol, etc. But in this Case Bonham hath not done any thing which appeareth within this Record, contrary to any Article or clause contained within the Grant or Act of 14 H. 8. Also the Gaoler who refuseth shall forfeit the double value of the fines and amerciaments that any offender or disobedient shall be assessed to pay; which proveth that none shall be received by any Gaoler by force of the Act of 14 H. 8. but he who may be lawfully fined or amerced by the Act of 14 H. 8. and for that was not Bonham, as by the reasons and causes aforesaid it appeareth. And admit that the replication be not material, and the Defendants have demurred upon it; yet forasmuch as the Defendants have confessed in the Bar, that they have imprisoned the Plaintiff without cause, the Plaintiff shall have judgement. And the difference is, when the Plaintiff doth reply, and by his replication it appeareth that he hath no cause of action, there he shall never have judgement: But when the Bar is insufficient in matter, or amounteth (as this Case is) to a confession of the point of the action, and the Plaintiff replieth and showeth the truth of the matter to enforce his Case, and in judgement of Law it is not material; yet the Plaintiff shall have judgement; for it is true that sometimes the Count shall be made good by the Bar, and sometimes the Bar by the Replication, and sometimes the Replication by the rejoinder, etc. But the difference is when the Count wantethtime, place or other circumstance, it may be made good by the Bar, so of the Bar, Replication, etc. as appeareth in 18 E. 4. 16. b. But when the Count wanteth substance, no Bar can make it good; so of the Bar, Replication, etc. and therewith agree 6 E. 4. 2. a good case, and mark there the words of Choke, vid. 18 E. 3. 34. b. 44 E. 3. 7. a. 12 E. 4. 6. 6 H. 7. 10. 7 H. 7. 3. 11 H. 4. 24. etc. But when the Plaintiff makes a Replication, sur-rejoin, etc. and thereby it appeareth, that upon the whole matter and Record the Plaintiff hath no cause of action, he shall never have judgement, although that the Bar or remainder be insufficient in matter, for the Court ought to judge upon the whole Record, and every one shall be intended to make the best of his own case. Vid. Rigeways case in the 3. part of my Reports 52. And so these differences were resolved and adjudged between Kendal and Heyer, Mich. 25 & 26 Eliz. in the King's Bench. And Mich. 29 & 30 Eliz. in the same Court between Galleys and Burbry. And Coke Chief justice in the conclusion of his argument did observe 7 things for the better direction of the Precedent and Commonalty of the said College in time to come. 1. That none can be punished for practising of Physic in London, but by forfeiture of 5 li. by the month, which is to be recovered by the Law. 2. If any practice Physic there for a less time than a month, that he shall forfeit nothing. 3. If any person prohibited by the Statute offend in non bene exequendo, etc. they may punish him according to the Statute within the month. 4. Those who may commit to prison by the Statute, aught to commit presently. 5. The fines which they set, according to the Statute, belong to the King. 6. They cannot impose a fine or imprison without a Record of it. 7. The cause for which they impose fine and imprisonment ought to becertain, for the same is traversable; For although they have the Letters Patents and an Act of Parliament; yet because the party grieved hath not other remedy, neither by Writ of Error or otherwise, and they are not made judges, nor a Court given to them, but have an authority only so to do, the cause of their commitment is traversable in an action of false imprisonment brought against them; as upon the Statute of Bankrupts, their Warrant is under the great Seal, and by Act of Parliament; yet because the party grieved hath no other remedy, if the Commissioners do not pursue the Act and their Commission, he shall traverse, That he was not a Bankrupt, although the Commissioners affirm him to be one; as this Term it was resolved in this Court in Trespass between Cutt and Delabarre, where the issue was, Whether William Piercy was bankrupt or not, who was found by the Commissioners to be a bankrupt: à fortiori, in the Case at Bar, the cause of the imprisonment is traversable; for otherwise the party grieved may be perpetually without just cause imprisoned by them: But the Record of a force made by one justice of Peace is not traversable, because he doth the same as judge, by the Statutes of 15 R. 2. and 8 H. 6. and so there is a difference when one maketh a Record as a judge, and when he doth a thing by a special authority, as they did in the Case at Bar, and not as a judge. And afterwards for the said two last points judgement was given for the Plaintiff, nullo contradicente. And I acquainted Sir Thomas Fleming Chief justice of the King's Bench with this judgement, and with the reasons and causes thereof, who approved of the judgement which we had given: And the same is the first judgement upon the said Branch concerning fine and imprisonment which hath been given since the making of the said Charter and Acts of Parliament, and therefore I thought it worthy to be reported and published.   

Dr. Bonham's Case as reported by Brownlow and Goldesborough, Trinity 7 Jac. 1609. in the Common Bench.  
THomas Bonham brought an Action of false imprisonment against Dr. Atkins, and divers 
Action of false imprisonment.  other Doctors of Physic: The Defendants justified, that King H. 8. Anno Decimo of his Reign, founded a College of Physicians, and pleaded the Letters Patents of the Corporation: And that they have authority by that to choose a Precedent, etc. as by the Letters Patents, etc. and then plead the Statute of 32 H. 8. Cap. 40. And that the said Doctor Atkins was chosen Precedent according to the said Act and Letters Patents. And by the said Act and Letters Patents it is provided, That none shall Practise in the City of London or the Suburbs of it, or within seven miles of the said City, or exercise the faculty of Physic, if he be not thereto admitted by the Letters of the Precedent and College sealed with their Common Seal, under the penalty of a hundred shillings for every month that he (not being admitted) shall exercise the said faculty. Further we will and grant for us and our Successors, to the Precedent and College of the Society for the time being, and their Successors for ever, that they may choose four every year, that shall have the overseeing and searching, corecting and governing of all in the said City, being Physicians, using the faculty of Medicine in the said City, and of other Physicians abroad whatsoever, the faculty of Physicking by any means frequenting and using within the said City or Suburbs thereof, or within seven miles in compass of the said City, and of punishing them for their offences, in not well executing, making and using it: And that the punishing of those Physicians using the said faculty, so in the Premises offending, by fines, amerciaments, imprisonments of their bodies, and by other reasonable and fitting ways shall be executed. Note, the Preamble of these Letters Patents is, Quòd cum regii officii nostri munus arbitremur, ditionis nostrae hominum foelicitati omni ratione consulere, Id autem vel imprimis fore, si improborum conaminibus tempestiuè occurramus, apprimè necessarium fore duximus, improborum quoque hominum, qui medicinam magis avaritiae suae causâ, quam ullius bonae conscientiae fiduciâ profitebuntur, unde rudi & credulae plebi plurima incommoda oriuntur, audaciam compescere. And that the Plaintiff practised in London, without admission of the College; and being summoned to appear at the College, and examined if he would give satisfaction to the College according to the said Letters Patents and Statute, he answered, that he had received his Degree to be Doctor of Physic by the University of Cambridge, and was allowed by the University to practise, and confessed that he had practised within the said City, and as he conceived it was lawful for him to practise there; That upon that the said Precedent and Commonalty fined him to a hundred shillings, and for not paying of that, and his other contempt, committed him to Prison. To which the Plaintiff replied as aforesaid, and upon this demurrer was joined. And Harris for 
Serj. Harris the younger.  the Defendants saith, That this hath been at another time adjudged in the King's bench, where the said College imposed a fine of five pound upon a Doctor of Physic which practised in London without their admission, and for the nonpayment of it, brought an action of debt, and adjudged that it lay well; and that the Statute of 32 H. 8. extends as well to Graduates as to others, for it is general, and Graduates are not excepted in the Statute, nor in the Letters Patents, and all the mischiefs intended to be redressed by this, are not expressed in that; and the Statute shall not be intended to punish Impostors only, but all other which practise without examination and admittance. For two things are necessary to Physicians, that is, learning and experience; and upon that there is a Proverb, Experto crede Roberto. And the Statute intends, that none shall practise here but those which are most learned, and expert more than ordinary. And for that the Statute provides, that none shall practise here without allowance and examination by the Bishop of London and the Dean of Paul's and four learned Doctors; But in other places the examination is referred only to the Bishop of the Diocese; The reason of the difference is, for that London is the heart of the Kingdom, And here the King and his Court, the Magistrates and judges of the Law, and other Magistrates are resident. And with this agrees the Government of other well-governed Cities in Italy and other Nations, as it appears by the preamble of the said Letters Patents. And it appears by the Statute, that this was not intended to extend to Impostors only, for that the word Impostor is not mentioned in the Statute: And the Statute provides, that they shall be punished as well for doing and using, as for ill using: And also it is provided by the Statute of 1. Mary 1 Parliament Chap. 9 That the Guardians, Gaolers, or Keepers of the Wards, Gaols and Prisons within the City and Precinct of it, shall receive into their Prisons all such person and persons so offending, which are sent or committed to them, and those safely shall keep without Bail, till the party so committed shall be discharged by the said Precedent, or other person by the said College to that authorised; By which it appears, that the Gaolers and Keepers of Prisons have power to retain such which are committed: That then the Precedent shall have power to commit; for things implied are as strong as things expressed; as it appears by the Com. straddling and Morgan's Case: And also in the Earl of Leicester's Case, where it is agreed, that jointure before Coverture cannot be waved; and this is implied within the Statute of 27 H. 8. And so the Statute of 2 E. 6. provides that after seven years' Tithes shall be paid, by which it is collected by Implication, that during seven years' Tithes shall not be paid; And so he prayed judgement for the Defendants.  
Dodridge, Sergeant of the King, for the Plaintiff said, That the Statute of 24 H. 8. Chap. 5. and the Letters Patents give power to four Censors to punish for ill executing, doing and using the faculty of a Physician; and the Plaintiff was not charged for ill executing of it, doing or using: But it is averred, Where revera the Plaintiff was nothing sufficient to exercise the said Art, and being examined, less apt to answer, thereupon they forbade him, and being sent for and not appearing, he was amerced five pound, and order that he should be arrested; and being arrested, upon his appearance being examined if he would submit himself to the said College, he answered and confessed that he had practised within the said City, being a Doctor of Physic as aforesaid, as well to him it was lawful, and that he would practise here again, for which he was committed to Prison: so that he was amerced for his contempt in the using of the said Art, and committed to Prison for his answer upon his examination: And he conceived that there are two questions considerable.  
First, if the College may restrain a Doctor of Physic of his Practice in London.  
Secondly, admitting that they may, then if these are the causes for which they may commit by their Letters Patents. The first reason is drawn from the Letters Patents, and the said Statutes, in which he said, that the intent of the King was the end of his work: And this intent shall be expounded for three Reasons apparent in the words contained in the Grant.  
First, Tempestiuè improborum Conatibus occurrere.  
Secondly, Improborum hominum, qui Medicinam magis avaritiae suae causâ, quam ullius bonae conscientiae fiduciâ profitebuntur, audaciam compescere.  
Thirdly, which would invite learned men to practise here, Collegium perpetuum doctorum & gravium virorum qui Medicinam in Urbe nostra Londino & Suburbiis infra septem millia passuum ab urbe quaquaversus, publicè exerceant, institui volumus & imperamus. And further he saith, that there are three sorts of men which meddle with the body of a man.  
The First is the Learned man, which reads all books extant, and his knowledge is speculative, and by that he knew the nature of all Simples.  
The second is Practic, the knowledge of which is only his experience; he may give probatum est; but is ignorant of the cause of the disease, and the nature of the things which he applies for the cure of it.  
And the third is an Impostor, which takes upon him the knowledge which he hath not. And every of these the College may punish for Malè utendo, faciendo, vel exequendo, by which way they will. And this was not the first care which was had; for in the 9 H. 5. was a private Act made for Physicians, by which there is great regard to them which are learned and educated in the University; And for that the Act provides that they shall not be prejudicial to any of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (and with this agrees 3 H. 8. 11.) and the privilege of them. And the Docti & graves homines, mentioned in the Letters Patents, are the learned men mentioned in the Act; for the Statute provides, that they shall punish according to these Statutes, and late Edicts. And by the former Laws, the Universities and their privileges were excepted, and by their former Statutes the Letters Patents ought to be directed, for it is referred to them. Also the Statutes of this Realm have always had great respect to the Graduates of the Universities, and it is not without cause, for sudavit & alsit, and hath no other reward but this Degree, which is Doctor. And for that the Statute of 21 H. 8. prefers Graduates, and provides that Doctors of Divinity, or Bachelors shall be capable of two Benefices with Cure without dispensation: And so 13 Eliz. provides that none shall be presented to a Benefice above the value of thirty pound per annum, if he be not a Doctor or Bachelor of Divinity. And to the objection that none shall practise in London or seven miles' circuit of it without licence, that this clause shall be expounded according to the matter, and to that he agreed; for the other branches of the Statute are made to cherish grave and learned men, and therefore it shall not be intended, that this branch was made for the punishment of those, but of others which the Statute intended to punish.  
And to the second Objection, that every Doctor is not the learned and grave man intended within the Statute, for the knowledge of many of them is only speculative without practice; to that he answered, That all their study is practice, and that if they have no practice of themselves, than they attend upon others which practice, and apply themselves to know the nature of Simples.  
And to the third Objection, that in London ought to be choice men, for the Statute appoints that they shall be examined by the Bishop and Dean, and four others at least; and for that there is a more strict course for them, than in other places; to that it is agreed. But he said, that in the University there is a more strict course than this; for here he ought to be publicly approved by many after he hath been examined, and answered in the Schools to divers questions, and allowed by the Congregation house: And 35 H. 6. 55. Doctor is no addition, but a Degree, (quia gradatim & progressione Doctrinae provenit) to that, and that Doctor is Teacher, and that he was first taught by others as a Scholar, and afterwards he is Master; and Doctor dicitur à docendo, quia docere permittitur, and they are called Masters of their faculty; and that the original of Doctor came of the Synagogue of jews, where there were Doctors of Law; and it appears that they had their Ceremonies in the time of H. 1. And when a man brings with him the Ensign of doctrine, there is no reason that he should be examined again, for than if they will not allow of him, he shall not be allowed, though he be a learned and grave man; and it was not the intent of the King to make a Monopoly of this practice.  
And to the second point that he propounded, it seems that the justification is not good; which is, Quia non comparuit upon summons, he was amereed, and ordered that he should be arrested; and being arrested, and examined if he would submit himself to the College, he answered that he was a Doctor, and had practised and would practise within the said City, as he conceived he might lawfully do; and for that showing of this Case he was committed to prison. And he conceived two things upon the Charter.  
First, that it doth not inhibit a Doctor to practise, but punisheth him for ill using, exercising, and making; and secondly, that it empowers to imprison the Empirick and Impostor; And so prayed judgement for the Plaintiff.  
And after in Hilary Term in the same year this Case was argued by all the justices of the Common Bench two several days. The first day it was argued by Foster, Daniel and Warburton justices, at whose arguments I was not present, but Foster argued against the Plaintiff, and Daniel and Warburton with him, that the action of false imprisonment was well maintainable. And the second day the same Case was argued again by Walmesley justice, and Coke Chief justice; and Walmesley argued as followeth; that is, That the Statute of 3 H. 8. was in the negative, that no person within the City of London or seven miles thereof, take upon him to exercise or occupy as Physician or Chirurgeon, etc. And he doth not know in any Case where the words of the Statute are negative, that they admit any interpretation against that, but one only, and that is the Statute of Marlebridge Chap. 4. which provides that no Lord shall distrain in one County, and the beast distrained drive into another County. In which case though the words are negative, yet if the Lord distrain in one County, he may drive the beasts to his Manor in another County, of which the lands, in which the distress was taken, were held. But it is equity and reason in this Case, that the Statute should admit such exception; for it is not of Malice, but that the beasts may remain within his fee. But in the principal Case there is not the like reason nor equity. And also the King H. 8. in his Letters Patents recites as followeth, that is, cum regii officii nostri munus arbitremur, ditionis nostrae hominum felicitati omni ratione consulere, id autem vel imprimis fore, si improborum conatibus tempestiuè occurramus, apprimè necessarium duximus improborum quoque hominum, qui Medicinam magis avaritiae suae causâ quam ullius bonae conscientiae fiduciâ profitebuntur, etc. By which it appears, that it is the office of a King to survey his Subjects, and he is as a Physician to cure their maladies, and to remove Leprosies amongst them, and also to remove all fumes and smells, which may offend or be prejudicial to their health, as it appears by the several Writs in these several Cases provided. And so if a man be not right in his Wits, the King is to have the protection and Government of him, lest he being infirm, waste or consume his Lands or Goods. And it is not sufficient for him that his Subjects live, but that they should live happily, and he discharges not his office, if his Subjects live a life, but if they live and flourish; and he hath cure as well of their bodies as of their lands and goods; for health for the body is as necessary as virtue to the mind. And the King H. 8. to express his extraordinary care of his Subjects made the said Act in the third year of his Reign, which was the beginning of his Essence, to that purpose. And by the Common Law, any Physician which was allowed by the University, might practise and exercise the said faculty within any place within England, without any dispensation, examination, or approbation of any: but after the making of the said Act made in the third year of King H. 8. none may practise, exercise or occupy as Physician or Surgeon within the City of London and seven miles thereof, if he be not first examined, approved and admitted by the Bishop of London and the Dean of Paul's for the time being, calling to them four Doctors of Physic or Surgeons, etc. And that no practiser may occupy or exercise the said faculty out of the said Precincts, if he be not first examined, approved and admitted by the Bishop of the Diocese, or in his absence, by his Vicar General, every of them calling unto him such expert persons in the said faculty, as their discretions think convenient. And the reason of this difference, as he conceived was for that in this City and the said Precincts, the King and all his Council, and all the judges and Sages of the Law, and divers other men of quality and condition live and continue, and also the place is more subject to infection, and the air more pestiferous; and therefore there is more necessity, that greater care, diligence, and examination be made of those which practised here in London and the Precincts aforesaid, than of those that practice in other places of the Realm; for in other places the people have better air, and use more exercise, and are not so subject to infection; and therefore there is no cause that such care should be used for them, for they are not in such danger. And in the Statute there is not any exception of the Universities nor of those which are Graduates there, and therefore they shall be tried by the said Act; and the Statute of 14 H. 8. Chap. 5. only excepts those which are Graduates of Oxford or Cambridge which have accomplished all things for their form without any Grace; and if this exception shall be intended to extend to others, than all the Universities shall be excepted by it, and such exception was too general. And over he said, that the Plaintiff gave absurd and contemptuous answer, when he being cited before them said, that he would not be ruled nor directed by them (being such grave and learned men) And for that he hath practised against the Statute, he was worthily punished and committed; for it should be a vain Law, if it did not provide punishment for them that offend against it. And Bracton saith, Nihil est habere Leges, si non sit unus qui potest Leges tueri; and for this here are four grave and discreet men to defend and maintain the Law, and to punish all Offenders against it, according to the Statute, by imprisonment of their bodies and other reasonable ways; and the said four men have the search as well of those men, as of other Medicines. And the Statute of 1 Mary provides that the Keepers of Prisons shall receive all which are committed by the said four learned and grave men. And though there be great care committed to them by the said Statute, and the said Letters Patents, yet there is a greater trust reposed in them than this; for we commit to them our lives, when we receive Physic of them; and that not without cause, for they are men of gravity, learning and discretion; and for that they have power to make Laws, which is the office of the Parliament; for those which are so learned may be trusted with any thing; and for the better making of these they have power to assemble all the Commons of their Corporation, and the King allows of that by his Letters Patents, for it is made by a congregation of wise, learned and discreet men; and the Statute of 1 Mary inflicts punishment upon contempts, and not for any other offences; And they hold a Court, and so may commit, as every other Court may, for a contempt of Common Right, without Act of Parliament or Information, or other legal form of Proceeding thereupon; as it appears by 7 H. 6. for a contempt committed in a Léet, the Steward committed the offender to Prison, and it was absurd to conceive that the Statute will allow of Commitment without cause. And it is a marvellous thing that when good Laws shall be made for our health and wealth also, yet we will so pinch upon them, that we will not be tried by men of experience, practice and learning, but by the University, where a man may have his Degree by grace without merit. And so for these reasons he concluded that this action is not maintainable.  
Coke Chief justice said, That the Cause which was pleaded why the Plaintiff was committed, was, for that he had exercised Physic within the City of London by the space of a month, and did not very fitly answer, for which it was ordained by the Censors that he should pay a hundred shillings, and that he should forbear his practice, and that he did not forbear; and then being warned of that, and upon that being summoned to appear, did not appear; and for that it was ordained that he should be arrested; and that after he was summoned again, and then he appeared, and denied to pay the hundred shillings, and said, that he would practise, for he was a Doctor of Cambridge; and upon that it was ordained that he should be committed, till he should be delivered by the Doctors of the College; and upon this was the Demurrer joined. And in pleading the Plaintiff said, that he was a Doctor of Philosophy and Physic; upon which the Lord Chief justice took occasion to remember a saying of Galen, that is, Ubi Philosophia desinit, ibi Medicina incipit, and he said the only question of this Case depends not upon the payment of the said hundred shillings, but upon the words of the Letters Patents of the King, and the said two Statutes, the words of which are, Concessimus eidem Praesidenti, etc. Quòd nemo in dicta Civitate, aut per septem milliaria in circuitu ejusdem exerceat dictam facultatem, nisi ad hoc per dictum Praesidentem & communitatem seu Successores eorum qui pro tempore fuerint admissus sit, per ejusdem Praesidentis & Collegii literas sigillo suo communi sigillatas, sub poena centum solidorum pro quolibet mense, quo, non admissus, eandem facultatem exercuerit, dimidium inde nobis, & haeredibus nostris, & dimidium dicto Praesidenti & Collegio applicandum. Et praeterea volumus & concedimus pro nobis, etc. Quòd per Praesidentem & Collegii communitatem pro tempore existentes, & eorum Successores in perpetuum, quatuor singulis annis per ipsos eligantur, qui habeant supervisum, scrutinium, & correctionem & gubernationem omnium & singulorum dictae Civitatis Medicorum utentium facultate Medicinae in eadem Civitate, ac aliorum Medicorum forinsecorum quorumcunque facultatem illam Medicinae aliquo modo frequentantium & utentium infra eandem Civitatem & Suburbia ejusdem sive septem milliaria in circuitu ejusdem Civitatis, ac punitionem eorundem pro delictis suis in non bene exequendo, faciendo & utendo illa; nec non supervisum & scrutinium omnium medicinarum & earum receptionum, per praedictos Medicos sive aliquem eorum hujusmodi ligeis nostris pro eorum infirmitatibus curandis & sanandis, dand', imponend', & utend', quoties & quando opus fuerit, pro commodo & utilitate eorundem ligeorum nostrorum; Ita quod punitio hujusmodi medicorum utentium dictâ facultate medicinae sic in praemissis delinquentium, per Fines, Amerciamenta, Imprisonamenta corporum suorum & per alias vias rationabiles & congruas exequatur, as it appears in Rastal, Physicians 8018. 392. So that there are two distinct Clauses.  
The first, if any exercise the said faculty by the space of a month without admission by the Precedent, etc. he shall forfeit a hundred shillings for every month; be that good or ill, it is not material, the time is here only material; for if he exercise it for such a time, he shall forfeit as aforesaid.  
The second Clause is, that the Precedent, etc. shall have Scrutinium Medicorum, etc. & punitionem eorum pro delictis suis in non bene faciendo, utendo & exequendo, etc. And for that the Precedent and the College may commit any delinquent to Prison: And this he concluded upon the words of the Statute; and he agreed with Walmesly, that the King hath had extraordinary care of the health of his Subjects; Et Rex censetur habere omnes Artes in scrinio Pectoris, and he hath here pursued the course of the best Physicians, that is, Removens & promovens, removens improbos illos qui nullius bonae conscientiae fiduciâ profitebuntur, & audaces, & promovens ad sanitatem▪ And for that the Physician ought to be profound, grave, discreet, grounded in learning, and sound studied, and from him cometh the Medicine which is removens & promovens.  
And it is an old Rule, that a man ought to take care, that he do not commit his Soul to a young Divine, his body to a young Physician, and his goods or other estate to a young Lawyer, for In Juvene Theologo est Conscientiae detrimentum, in Juvene Legislatore bursi decrementum, & in Juvene Medico Coemeterii incrementum; for in these cannot be the privity, discretion, and profound learning which is in the aged: And he denied that the College of Physicians is to be compared to the University, for it is subordinate to that, Cantabrigia est Academia nostra nobilissima, totius Regni oculus & sol, ubi humanitas & doctrina simul sluunt: But he said, when he names Cambridge, he doth not exclude Oxford, but placeth them in equal rank: But he would always name Cambridge first, for that was his mother: And he saith, that there is not any time, pro non bene faciendo, utendo & exequendo, for this non suscipit magis & minus. for so a man may grievously offend in one day, and therefore in such a Case, his punishment shall be by Fines, Amerciaments, Imprisonments of their Bodies and other ways, etc. But if they practise well, though it be an offence against the Letters Patents and the Statute, yet the punishment shall be but pecuniary, and he shall not be imprisoned; for if he offend the body of a man, it is reason that his body shall be punished, for Eodem modo quo quis delinquit, eodem punietur; but if a grave and learned Doctor or other, come and practise well in London by the space of three weeks and then departs, he is not punishable by the said College, though it be without admission, for peradventure such a one is better acquainted with the nature and disposition of my body, and for that more fit to cure any Malady in that than another which is admitted by the College; and he said, that it was absurd to punish such a one, for he may practise in such manner in despite of the College; for all the Lords and Nobles of the Realm, which have their private Physicians, which have acquaintance with their bodies, repair to this City, and to exclude those of using their advice, were a hard and absurd exposition, for the old verse is, Corporis auxilium Medico commit sodali: And also he said, that the said Precedent and College cannot commit any Physician which exerciseth the said faculty without admission for the space of a Month, nor bring their Action before themselves, nor levy that by any other way or means; But aught to have their action, or exhibit an Information upon the Statute, as it appears by the Book of Entries; for they ought to pursue their power which is given to them by the Statute; for otherwise the penalty being given, the one Moiety to them, and the other to the King, they shall be judges in propria causa, and shall be Summoners, Sheriffs, judges and parties also; which is absurd. For if the King grant to one by his Letters Patents under the great Seal, that he may hold Plea, although he be a party, and if the King doth not appoint another judge than the Grantée which is Party, the Grant is void, though it be confirmed by Parliament, as it appears by 8 H. 6. 44 Ed. 3. The Abbot of read's Case; for it is said by Herle in 8 Ed. 3. 30. Tregor's Case, that if any Statutes are made against Law and Right, they are null; and so are these, which make any man judge in his own Cause; and so in 27 H. 6. Fitz. Annuity 41. that the Statute of Carlisle will, that the Order of Cistertians and Augustine's, which have Covent and Common Seal, that the Common Seal shall be in keeping of the Prior, which is under the Abbot, and four others which are the most Sages of the house, and that any Deed sealed with the Common Seal which is not so in keeping shall be void; and the opinion of the Court was, that this is a void Statute, for it is impertinent to be observed, seeing when the Seal is in their keeping, the Abbot cannot Seal any thing with it, and when it is in the hands of the Abbot, it is out of their keeping, ipso facto: And if the Statute shall be observed, every Common seal shall be defeated by one simple surmise, which cannot be tried: and for that, the Statute was adjudged void and repugnant. And so the Statute of Gloucester which gives Cessavit after the Cesser by two years to be brought by the Lessor himself, was a good and equitable Statute: But the Statute of Westminster 2. Chap. 3. which gives Cessavit to the Heir for Cesser in time of his Ancestor, was judged an unreasonable Statute in 33 Ed. 3. for that the Heir cannot have the Arrearages due in the time of his father, according to the Statute of Gloucester, and for that it shall be void. And also the Physicians of the College could not punish any by Fine, and also by Imprisonment; for no man ought to be twice punished for one offence. And the Statute of 1 Mariae doth not give any power to them to commit for any offence which was no offence within the first Statutes, and therefore he ought not to be committed by the said Statute of 1 Mariae: But admitting that they may commit, yet they have mistaken it; for they demand the whole hundred shillings, and one half of that belongs to the King: And also they ought to commit him forthwith, as well as Auditors which have authority by Parliament, to commit him that is found in Arrearages: But if they do not commit him forthwith, they cannot commit him afterward, as it appears by 27 H. 6. 9 So two justices of the Peace may view a force and make a Record of it, and commit the offenders to Prison, but this aught to be in flagranti Oriente: And if he do not commit those immediately upon the View, he cannot commit them afterwards. And the Physicians have no Court, but if they have, yet they ought to make a Record of their commitment, for so was every Court of justice to do: But they have not made any Record of it. And Auditors and justices of Peace ought to make Records, as it appears by the Book of Entries. So that admitting that they may commit, yet they ought to do it forthwith; But in this case they cannot commit till the party shall be delivered by them, for this is against Law and justice; and no Subject may do it, but till he be delivered by due course of Law; for the Commitment is not absolute, but the cause of it is traversable, and for that aught to justify for special cause. For if the Bishop returns, that he refuses a Clerk for that he is Schismaticus inveteratus, this is not good, but he ought to return the particular matter, so that the Court may adjudge of that: Though it be a matter of Divinity, and out of their science, yet they by conference may be informed of it; and so of Physic. And they cannot make any new Laws, but such only which are for the better government of the old. And also he said plainly, that it appears by the Statute of 1 Mariae, That the former Statutes shall not be taken by Equity, for by these the Precedent and Commons have power to commit a delinquent to Prison; and this shall be intended, if they shall be taken by Equity, that every Gaoler ought to receive him which is so committed: But when it is provided by 1 Mariae, specially, that every Gaoler shall receive such Offenders; by this it appears, That the former Statute shall not be taken in Equity: And so he concluded, that judgement shall be entered for the Plaintiff, which was done accordingly.   

College of Physicians versus Butler. Sir William Jones' Reports, p. 261.  
THe Precedent of the College and Commonalty of the faculty of Physic London brought debt against one George Butler: The Writ was, quòd reddat Domino Regi & Praesidenti Collegii ac Comminal' facultat' Medicor' London, Qui tam pro Domino Rege quam pro seipso sequitur 60. li. quas eis debet. And the Declaration was in the name of the said Precedent by the said name, qui tam pro Domino Rege quam pro seipso sequitur, etc. which contained the Charter of H. 8. made Anno Regni sui 10. and confirmed by Act of Parliament Anno Regni sui 14. as it is contained in the Statute of 14 H. 8. and that the said Defendant minimè ponderans the said Statute or the Penalty thereof, exercised the faculty of Physic in London (although he was not admitted so to do by the Precedent and the College or Commonalty of the faculty of Physic London) by the space of 12 months before the said Action brought, per quod actio accrevit eidem Domino Regi & dicto Praesidenti qui tam pro dicto Domino Rege quam pro seipso sequitur, etc. ad exigend' & habend ' of the said Defendant pro dicto Domino Rege & eodem Praesidente & Colleg ' praedict' 60 li. videlicet 5 li. pro quolibet mense praedict' 12 Mensium praedict'. Tamen Desendens praedicto Domino Regi & Praesidenti non reddidit; unde the said Precedent said, that he was damnified to the value of 100 li.  
The Defendant pleaded the Statute of 34 H. 8. whereby liberty is given to every one of the King's Subjects that hath knowledge and experience of the nature of Herbs, Roots, Waters, or the operation of them by speculation or practice, to exercise, apply and administer to any external ulcer, wound, apostumation, outward tumour sive morbo alicui alio any Herb, Ointment, Bath, Pultess or Plaster according to the experience and science of the said diseases or other Maladies eisdem consimil. or Potion pro calculo, Strangury, vel febr. without any impediment, any Statute or other thing to the contrary. And saith, that he was a Subject, and having experience and science by speculation and practice in the nature of Herbs, Roots and Waters, applied and ministered to divers of the King's subjects Herbs, Ointment, Bath, Pultess, Plasters and Potion to Ulcers, Diseases, Maladies, Strangury and Ague, & talibus aliis morbis illis consimilibus, prout ei bene licuit. And to the residue pleaded Not guilty. The Plaintiff replied to the first Plea and pleaded the Statute of 1 Mariae whereby the said Charter and the said Act of 14 H. 8. was confirmed in the whole. Whereupon the Defendant demurred and showed for cause of Demurrer, that the Replication was a departure from the Declaration. And upon Argument in the Common Pleas judgement was given by the opinion of all the judges for the Plaintiff: and thereupon Error was brought in the King's Bench. Two Errors were assigned; the one was the departure, the second was, because that the Writ was in the name of the King and the Precedent, and the Declaration was in the name of the Informer also. And after argument at the Bar by Council on both sides, the judges delivered their opinions. The Chief justice began, and then Jones, Whitlock and Crook. They all said, that judgement ought to be affirmed. First, they agreed, that the Writ and Declaration were good: and although some Precedents be, that upon a penal Law the Writ be to answer the Informer qui tam pro seipso quam pro Domino Rege sequitur; Yet they thought that the most proper and better way of a Writ was to answer the King and Informer; for the debt was given to them by moieties; therefore it is not so proper to demand all for the Informer, and yet to have a several judgement for the King and the Informer for the moieties: and so is Partridge and Crokers' case in the Comment. But when it is by information, there it shall be that the Informer informs for the King and himself. Another exception was taken to the Writ, because it is in the name of the Precedent and not of the College also; And also it was contrary in the end of the Declaration, where it is said unde actio accrevit to the said King and Precedent for to have 60 li. of the Defendant: For the King one Moiety, and for the Precedent and College the other Moiety. But it was adjudged by the Court, that notwithstanding it was good; for First, although the Incorporation was by the name of Precedent and College, notwithstanding the suit is by the Charter given to the Precedent, and there may be a Corporation by one name, to purchase lands and otherwise, yet it shall sue by another name. 11 E. 1. a Corporation was by the name of Master, Wardens, Brothers and Sisters of Rouncevill, and by the said Patent it is said they should sue by the name of Master and Wardens of Rouncevill. 2. Although that the Action is given by way of suit to the Precedent only, yet the Recovery and money recovered shall be to the Precedent and College; therefore the Conclusion for to have the money to the Precedent and College was held good. The 3. point was resolved, that the Plea in Bar was not good; for the liberty given is disjunctive for outward medicines to use Plasters, Ointment, Baths, etc. and for 3 diseases (to wit) the Stone, Strangury and Agues only; yet they jumble all together, that he ministered the Ointments and Potions to all the said Maladies, which cannot be, for he may not administer a Potion unless to the said 3 diseases and no other. 4. It was resolved that it was not any departure, but that the Replication was subsequent and pursuant to the Declaration. But for the main matter they said nothing (to wit) whether the Statute of 1 Mariae took away the force of the Statute of 34 H. 8. for they gave their judgement upon the Bar by reason it was naught; Only Crook spoke to this point, and it seemed to him that the Statute of 34 H. 8. is not repealed or avoided by 1 Mariae.   

Butler versus the Precedent of the College of Physicians, Pasch. 7 Car. 1. Rot. 519. Crooke's Reports 3 part, p. 256.  
ERror of a Judgement upon a Demurrer in the Common Bench. The first Error assigned was, Because 
Term. Trin. ann. 8 Car. 1. in B. R.  the Record was Ad respondendum Domino Regi & Praesidenti Collegii, etc. Qui tam pro Domino Rege, quam pro seipso sequitur, quòd reddat eis Sexaginta libras; unde idem Praesidens qui tam, etc. dicit▪ etc. Whereas the Action ought to have been brought by the Precedent only qui tam, etc. and not by the King and Precedent, etc. Sed non allocatur; For being an Original Writ, the Writ is most often so, and sometimes the other way. And they conceived it good both ways. But Informations are always, that the party qui tam for the King quam pro seipso sequitur, etc. Vide Ploughed. 77. New book of Entries 160. Old Book of Entries, 143. 373. The second Error was, that the Replication was a departure from the Count; for the Count sets forth, That King Henry the Eighth anno decimo regni sui incorporavit (& per le Statut. of decimo quarto Henrici octavi confirmavit) the College of Physicians by the name of the Precedent, etc. that no man should practise Physic in London, or within seven miles, without licence under the Seal of the College, upon the Penalty of 5 li. for every month that he so practised, the one moiety unto the King, the other unto the Precedent of the College, to the use of the said College. And for that the Defendant not being allowed, etc. had practised Physic for twelve months in London, the said Action was brought, etc. The Defendant pleads the Statute of trices●mo quarto Henrici Octavi, cap. 8. That every one who hath science and experience of the nature of Herbs, Roots and Waters, or of the operation of the same by speculation or practice, may minister or apply in and to any outward Sore, Uncome, Wound, Aposthumations, outward swelling or disease, any Herb, Ointments, Baths, Pultess, or Emplasters, according to their cunning, experience and knowledge, etc. or drink for the Stone and Strangury, or Agues, in any part of the Realm, without suit, vexation, etc. any Act or Statute to the contrary notwithstanding. And that he having skill in the nature of Herbs, Roots, and Waters by speculation and practice, applied to persons requiring his skill, Herbs, Ointments, Baths, Drinks, etc. to their Sores, Vncomes, Wounds, and for the Stone and Strangury or Agues, and to all other diseases in the said Statute mentioned, prout ei bene licuit. Et quoad aliquam aliam practisationem seu facultatem medicinae aliter vel alio modo, quòd non est culpabilis. Et de hoc ponit, etc. And makes his averment, Et hoc paratus est verificare. The Plaintiff replies and shows the Statute of primo Mariae capite nono, which confirms the Charter of Decimo Henrici octavi, and the Statute of Decimo quarto Henrici octavi, and appoints, that it shall be in force notwithstanding any Statute or Ordinance to the contrary. And upon this it was demurred, because it is a departure; for it entitles him by another Act, viz. the Statute of primo Mariae, which is not mentioned in the Count: and therefore 'twas assigned for Error. But all the Court here conceived, That it is no departure, because it fortifies the Count, and is as to revive the Statute of decimo quarto Henrici octavi, if it were repealed in this particular by the Statute of tricesimo quarto Henrici octavi: And for that the Case of Woodhead was shown to the Court, Mich. 42 & 43 Eliz. rot. 397. where the Precedent of the College of All-Souls brings an action upon the Case for taking Toll in—, and shows a Charter of vicesimo sexto Henrici sexti to be discharged of Toll; The Defendant pleaded the Act of Resumption of Liberties granted by Henry the sixth, made—, and so the liberty gone. The Plaintiff pleaded a reviver of them by the Statute of quarto Henrici septimi: And it was held to be no departure, but as it were a confession and avoiding. The third and principal Error assigned was, if the Statute of tricesimo quarto Henrici octavi be not repealed by the Statute of primo Mariae; and if not, Whether the Defendant hath made a sufficient justification? And Quoad that, whether the said Statute be repealed, the Court was not resolved. But Richardson Chief justice conceived it was repealed by primo Mariae, by the general words, any Act or Statute to the contrary of the Act of decimo quarto Henrici octavi, notwithstanding. But I conceived, that the Act of tricesimo quarto Henrici octavi, not mentioning the Statute of decimo quarto Henrici octavi, was for Physicians; but the part of the Act of tricesimo quarto Henrici octavi was concerning Surgeons and their applying outward Medicines to outward Sores and Diseases; And drinks only for the Stone, Strangullion, and Ague; That Statute was never intended to be taken away by the Act of primo Mariae. But to this point Jones and Whitlock would not deliver their opinions. But admitting, the Statute of tricesimo quarto Henrici octavi be in force, yet they all resolved, the Defendants Plea was naught, and not warranted by the Statute; For he pleads, That he applied and ministered Medicines, Plasters, Drinks, Ulceribus, Morbis, & Maladiis, Calculo, Strangurio, Febribus, & aliis in Statuto mentionatis; so he leaves out the principal word in the Statute (Externis) and doth not refer and show, That he ministered Potions for the Stone, Strangullion, or Ague, as the Statute appoints, to these three Diseases only, and to no other. And by his Plea his Potions may be ministered to any other sickness: Wherefore they all held his Plea was naught for this cause, and that judgement was well given against him; Whereupon judgement was affirmed.   

The Precedent and College of Physicians against John Butler, Entered Pasch. 4. Caroli cum Brownlow.  
THe Precedent and College of Physicians for themselves and for the King Complain against 
Littleton's reports p. 168. Mich. 4 Car.  John Butler by Information, and demand 60 li. and declare that H. 8. 34 September in the 14 year of his Reign, incorporated them by the name of Precedent and College and Commonalty of the faculty of Physicians in London, and granted to them several privileges, etc. and recite their Patent and confirmation thereof by 14 H. 8. cap. 5. because the Defendant without licence did practise 11 Months contrary to the Statute.  
The Defendant pleaded in Bar, and recited the Statute of 34 H. 8. cap. 8. which enacts, that any person having knowledge and experience of the nature of Herbs, Roots and Waters, or of the operation of the same by speculation or practice, etc. may practise, use and administer in and to any outward Sore, etc. any Herb, Ointment, Bath, etc. according to their cunning in any of the Diseases, Sores and Maladies aforesaid, and all other like the same, and drinks for the Stone, Strangury, or Agues. And that he for the space of 30 years had experience of the nature of Herbs, etc. and so according to the Statute. And as to any practice aliter vel alio modo, Non Culpabilis. Upon which Issue was taken. But to the institution upon the Statute, the Plaintiff replies, that it was enacted 1 Mariae cap. 9 that the Statute of 14 H. 8. with every Article and Clause therein shall stand and continue still in full strength, force and virtue, Any Act, Statute, etc. made to the contrary notwithstanding. And upon this the Defendant demurred, and assigned for Cause, that the Replication was a departure.  
Henden for the Defendant, and he argued 3 points. First, that the Statute of 34 H. 8. stands good notwithstanding the Statute of 1 Mariae, and is not taken away thereby, but is still in as good force as if the Statute 1 Mariae had never been made. By the Letter of 1 Mariae it is plain, that it was but a Confirmation of the 14 H. 8. for it approves and ratifies the same, and then the 34 is not touched thereby. And he cited the Countess of Leicester's Case in Blow. Com. A man is attainted of Treason, which is confirmed by Parliament; this Confirmation does not repeal any thing done after the Attainder. 2. This Statute of 14 H. 8. doth not extend to the practice 
Stat. 14 H. 8. cap. 5. Stat. 34 H. 8. cap. 8. Stat. 3 H. 8. cap. 11. 1 Mariae c. 9  of Physic limited by the 34 H. 8. But this is left at large out of 14 H. 8. which he proves first upon the reason and ground upon which the 34 H. 8. was made, and this was not to meddle with the 14 H. 8. cap. 5. but to repeal 3 H. 8. cap. 11. which Statute provides generally for the practice of Physic and Surgery; for any part of Surgery may attend upon Physic; and that none may practise there without allowance of the Bishop of London calling to him 4 Doctors. Now the Statute of 14 H. 8. repeals this in three main points as to the practice of Physic, but doth not meddle with Surgery or external applications. Then follows the Statute of 34 H. 8. and prescribes a form to them, to which the 14 doth not extend, to wit, by outward applications. 2. Because that the Statute of 34 recites the Stat. of 3 H. 8. whereby power was given as aforesaid, and repeals it; 
Stat. 34 H. 8. Stat. 3 H. 8.  then if the Statute 34 intended that this was within 14, it might have repealed this as well as the Statute 3. But because that Surgery was clearly out of the Statute of 14. it repeals the 3 H. 8. and allows 14. 3. The mischief repealed by the 34. for what end was it made? It repeals no misdemeanours of Physic, but of Surgeons which out of Covetoufness restrain all persons which may apply outward Medicines, and so abuse the privilege given to them: so that 34. saith, that every person may apply outward Medicines, such as require not an Apothecary, as for the Stone, Strangury, etc. so that the 14 extends to Physick made by Apothecaries. 4. If this were within the 14. there is a branch within 34 that repeals 14. to this purpose, Any other Act to the contrary notwithstanding. But he conceived the 14. doth not extend to the Statute of 3. because it repeals this expressly, 
Stat. 3 H. 8.  and for suretyship sake all others.  
Secundo, Admit the Statute of 1 Mariae take away 
Pleading. Departure.  the practice of Physic given by 34 H. 8. then the replication is a departure. 14 H. 8. gives pain and forfeiture against every one who, etc. 34. enlargeth the liberty of practising of Physic in certain cases; 1 Mariae takes away 34. and maintains 14 H. 8. But 1 Mariae ought to have been contained within the Declaration upon these reasons.  
1. The Letters Patents to the College without 
Patents. Free Trade.  the Aid and Confirmation of the Act of Parliament had been void; and he cited 11 Rep. Tailor of Ipswich Case, Every grant that restrains free trade or exercise of a faculty is void. And Mich. 3 Jac. rot. 438. B. R. Langton's Case was adjudged accordingly, that the Letters Patents without the Act of Parliament shall be void. If the 14 H. 8. than had been repealed, and 1 Mariae had revived it, the Information ought to be exhibited upon 1 Mariae, because that it is a new Law, or it shall be a departure.  
2. Whatsoever is alleged in the Replication by the Plaintiff which is new matter, and hath not been alleged in the declaration, is a departure: and the same reason of the Bar and rejoinder. But the Statute of 1 Mariae, if it extends to reviving, is new matter. Dyer 167. Debt upon obligation, and the Defendant pleads a Release, etc. see the Case, Ass. pl. 86. Trespass for Battery alleged to be done 17 E. 3. The Defendant pleads a Release; the Plaintiff replies, it was by Dures, this is a Departure: which is our Case in effect, for here is new matter. And Fulmerston's and Steward's Case Pl. Com. 105. b. in Trespass, the Defendant pleaded a release by the Abbot for 50 years, the Plaintiff replied and showed the Stat. of 31 H. 8. which enacts, that all such Lands shall be in the same condition as they then were before the other part of the Statute which makes Releases good for 21 years, and so relies upon that; this is a departure, 6 H. 7. 8. If the Replication enforce the declaration, it is not a departure; but if it contain new matter, it is a departure.  
3. The body of the Information is likewise insufficient, and cannot lie in this Court; for the Letters 
Penal Statute. Information. Courts.  Patents give the forfeiture of 5 li. for a Month for practising without licence, and do not limit where the action shall be brought to recover it, nor the Court where the suit shall be; and therefore one may sue in any Court, 6 Eliz. Dyer 36. cited in the 6 Rep. gregory's Case, If it be in any Court of Record, it shall be intended of the Courts at Westminster; but if it be left at large, than they may sue in any Court. And the same diversity is taken in Kelloway, 3 H. 8. as it is there Cited: If one may sue in another Court, then as before justices of Oyer and Terminer or justices of Assize. The Stat. 21 Jac. cap. 4. which limits and confines all Actions and Informations upon Penal Statutes, which before 21 Jac. might have been before 
Quarter Sess. 21 Jac. c. 4. Informations  justices of Assize, of Oyer and Terminer, etc. shall afterwards be brought only within the proper County. And although divers Informations have been brought by the College of Physicians upon this Statute, yet they were before the Statute of 21 Jac. But I do not deny, if the offence had been done in Middlesex, that then the Information might be here, notwithstanding the Statute 21 Jac. as in 5 Jac. Beane and Dedges Case; or by the 21 Eliz. cap. 5. it is enacted, that any Action to be sued upon the Stat. 5 Eliz. cap. 4. for using any Art or Mystery in which the party hath not been brought up, etc. shall be sued and prosecuted in the General Sessions or Assize of the same County where the offence shall be committed; If such offence be committed in Middlesex, the suit may be in the Courts at Westminster, for the intent was only to limit the County, and not such Courts. And so he prayed judgement for the Defendant.  
Bramston contra, for the Plaintiff. And as to the 
Information. Forfeiture to the Royal Court.  last exception, that the Information doth not lie in this Court, he answered, that it cannot be before justices of Oyer and Terminer, nor ever was so. For although the words do not limit this at Westminster, yet there is another thing in the case that limits this. And this ground is also in Gregory's Case, and that is, that the King ought to have Moiety of the forfeiture, and therefore it ought to be where the King's Attorney may better attend. 2. This is not an Action popular, but given only to the College, 
Action popular. Information. Stat. 14 H. 8. c. 5.  and it is a debt to them for which they may sue by Original. And it was never the meaning of the Statute to put them to sue before justices of Oyer and Terminer or of Assize; and so revera the Statute speaks only of popular Actions upon penal Laws, and such which Informers may have. But before he came to matter in Law, he took exceptions to the Bar; for if it was insufficient and no Bar to the Declaration, then if it were admitted that the Replication is bad, yet the declaration being good, the Plaintiff shall have judgement thereupon. Butler pleaded 34 H. 8. to enable him to practise, but when he declares what manner of practice he used, he hath exceeded the licence of this Statute by his own Confession, and showeth such practice as is within the 14 H. 8. The words of the 34 be, That he may minister to any outward Sore or Swelling or any the like, etc. and that he may give drinks for the Stone, Strangury and Agues. Butler showed that he had experience in Herbs, and that he gave Ointments, Plasters, Poultices and Potions to Sores, Maladies, the 
Surgery. Stat. 34 H. 8. c. 8. Potions.  Stone, Strangury, Fevers, and such like. Potions by the 34 be restrained to 3 Cases. But he confesseth that he gave them not only in those 3 Cases, but in others, and the party was afflicted with outward Sores. Stone, Strangury and Agues were common known diseases; But others, as outward Sores, may be with inward distempers more dangerous, wherewith he ought not to meddle. And he ought to have pleaded in another manner also, for he saith, Diseases, Fevers, and such like, and the words such like aught to refer to outward Sores, not to other diseases. And he showeth that he gave Potions, and this aught to have been with an Anglicè drinks; as with Carduus Benedictus, Century Possett. But the Statute doth not allow Potions. Also the word is Agues, and he saith Fevers, and there is a great difference between Agues and Fevers; Agues have intermission, Fevers none: and a Fever may so inféeble a man, that it is not fit that such as Butler give him Physic: But he ought to have said Febribus Anglicè Agues. And then if the Plaintiff hath made a good declaration and the Defendant an insufficient bar, if the Plaintiff upon his replication destroy his declaration, he shall not have judgement. But if the bar be insufficient and the replication only vain and idle, he shall have judgement upon his declaration. 8 Rep. Dr. Bonham's Case, the main point adjudged: And 6 Rep. Francis Case, the difference is taken, where the replication was not well, and made bad as to matter in Law. It was said 34 H. 8. doth not meddle with the 14 H. 8. And it is plain, that the 34 H. 8. did not intend to meddle but with Surgeons; for it recites the mischief of their covetousness; and therefore it appeareth that it was not the meaning of the Statute to take any thing from the Physicians. But the purview of the Statute 34. meddles with the 14 H. 8. that was a cause of 1 Mariae; for if credit may be given to Mr. Butler, it gives liberty to every one that hath skill in Herbs to minister Potions. Outward applications appertain to Surgeons, but the giving of Potions appertain to Physicians; for Potions plainly be Physic; and then 34. takes therefrom that which was given to the College by the 14 H. 8. and if it be permitted that they may give Potions for the Stone, etc. all the abuses before remedied shall be restored. This being in the purview of 34 H. 8. 1 Mariae was made, and repeals all that the 34 H. 8. hath taken away from 14 H. 8. And I do agree, if two Statutes be made in the affirmative, and the 
Stat. repeal.  latter control the former, such construction shall be made that both may stand. But if the last be Negative, either in words or intention, the former shall be repealed. And here be such words that it is not possible that the other should stand. 1 Mariae the words be, that it confirms 14 H. 8. so that it 
Stat. 34 H. 8. cap. 8. Stat. 1 Mariae.  shall be in force in every Clause. And it is all one as if the words of 14 H. 8. had been contained within this Stat. 1 Mariae. And then how can the 14. and 34. stand together? Also the very purpose of this Stat. 1 Mariae is to repeal 34 H. 8. For the rule, Dyer 347. is, that when 2 Statutes be, and one seems to cross the other in substance, and no Clause de non obstante in the latter, exposition shall be made so as both may stand together if it may be. But here is such a Clause, notwithstanding any Statute, etc. and the purpose is apparent to repeal the 34 H. 8. in that part which giveth liberty to unskilful ignorant persons to practise Physic. And 1 Mariae doth stand upon 2 parts: 1. It is a confirmation of 14 H. 8. 2. It gives the College further privilege; And this part of the Statute were vain and idle, if 34 H. 8. as to Physic were not repealed; and some such thing was in the minds of the makers of 1 Mariae when they say, any Statute to the contrary notwithstanding; and there is not any Stat. after the 14. that impeaches this, but the Stat. of 34.  
2. It cannot be any departure here. And I agree the reasons before; But the replication here maintains 
Pleading. Replication. Departure. Novel matter.  the title in the declaration, and is no new matter; and if it were, yet it is raised by the bar, and then it ought to be allowed in the replication. For the Statute of 14 H. 8. being good until 34. then the Stat. 1 Mariae restores and maintains 14 H. 8. 21 H. 7. 18. A Feoffment was pleaded in bar, the Plaintiff shows that he that made the Feoffment was within Age; the Defendant rejoins, that there was a custom that Infants of such an age there, might make Feoffments; and no departure. And so it is in our case.  
3. In all Cases if the matter be new, if it enforce and pursue the declaration, it may be in the replication, and so we should have showed the Stat. 1 Mariae in our Declaration, and by the same reason we should have showed the Stat. 34 H. 8. but the Action is for practising of Physic generally; and when the other justifies a special practice and traverses the general practice, than was the proper and fit time to show the Statute of 1 Mariae which repeals the Stat. 34 H. 8. upon which the justification is made. And Trin. 6 Jac. B. R. which was Commenced Mich. 3 Jac. rot. 458. Langton and Gardiner's Case, this very point of the departure was debated by the justices, and resolved no departure; for there the case was the same as ours. But it was not showed for cause of Demurrer, etc. the departure, for it is not necessary, inasmuch as the Stat. of 37 Eliz. Cap. 5. excepts popular 
Stat. 37 Eliz. cap. 5.  actions, and all suits upon penal Statutes. Et adjorn '.  
THe same Term it was afterwards argued by Hedley for the Defendant, That all these 3 Statutes may well stand together by reasonable 
Lit. rep. 212.  Construction. Leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant. But the averment ought to be there upon contrarias. But otherwise if upon reasonable construction they may stand, they ought; and this contrariety ought to be in matter, not in special words; general words cannot repeal particular. For general and particular cannot be contrary. Statutes ought to be expounded by the meaning which ought to be found out partly by the words, partly by the mischief they intent to remedy. First where the Stat. 14. by these words facultates medicinae includes Chirurgery: 
Exposition of the word Medicina. Stat. 14 H. 8.  and it seems that this word Medicina includes external medicines as well as internal. 3 H. 8. cap. 11. this was made for Physic and for Surgery, to remedy all abuses in them, and the examination 
Stat. 3 H. 8. cap. 11.  of them that shall be permitted to practice, was done by the Bishop who was Physician for the Soul; And they conceived that he would have more care of the body. Afterwards came the Statute of 14 H. 8. which doth not repeal this Statute in express words, but yet in meaning is contrary; But they may stand together by Construction: For the first is, that he shall not practise without licence of the Bishop; the second that he cannot practise without licence of the College; and therefore aught to have licence of both. But this was never the meaning of 34 H. 8. there it is taken that Chirurgery was not within the Stat. 14 H. 8. but there it is outward Medicines, which prove Medicina to include Surgery. In this Statute they perceived that those persons licenced did much hurt, for licentiâ sumus deteriores, and that they were as Butchers in Lent which be licenced, that sell the worst and dearest meat; and for this intent for such diseases where the cause was well known, they might practise to do more than contemplation; this Stat. gives licence for such diseases. After comes the Stat. 1 M. which never intended to repeal 34 H. 8. and restore licences; But the Statute was made to give the College more privilege than they had by the Stat. 14. seil. that they might commit without Bail or Mainprize. But it recites 14. and confirms the same; but they never intended to repeal 14. And they confirmed their liberties, such as were in force, and the 34. is but an exposition of 14. And although 1 Mariae confirm 14. and all Articles, Clauses, etc. yet it ought to be intended all Clauses in force. The Statute of maintenance recites that all former Statutes now in force shall be put in execution: And if those words now in force were not there, yet shall it be so expounded. 4 E. 3. 3 & 4. there were divers Statutes concerning imposition upon Wine, and there the judges agreed that they ought so to expound them that they may stand, no non obstante being. But it is objected that there is a non obstante. I confess there is a general non obstante, any Law whatsoever, etc. But it ought to be a special non obstante to repeal. The Stat. 1 Eliz. was made for the Leases of Bishops; after the 13 Eliz. doth not take away 1 Eliz. and yet there is a general non obstante, and the Bishop is included amongst Ecclesiastical persons. The Marquis of Winchester's Case, A man Attainted by Parliament, and that he shall forfeit all his Lands, notwithstanding all Statutes to the contrary; yet the force of the Statute de donis is not taken away by the non obstante. But after the Statute 26 H. 8. that all inheritances shall be forfeited notwithstanding any Law, etc. yet the force of the Common Law is not taken away, for a right of action is not by this forfeited. Co. 6. gregory's Case, This general Law doth not repeal a particular Law for Weavers, which is a stronger Case than this of ours. 21 Jac. Stat. made for Bankrupts, recites that all Statutes concerning Bankrupts shall be put in execution; it ought to be intended, all Statutes that were then in force, and not those which be repealed; and the confirmation of a thing which is void, is void. And therefore such part of 14. which was made void by 34. cannot be confirmed.  
As to the exception to the Bar, the Bar in substance is good, although he might have pleaded Not Guilty, yet he may plead the special matter, and it concludes absque hoc that he is guilty aliter vel alio modo; he hath not justified more than the Statute warrants; for thereby he administered drinks, and in Latin it cannot be otherwise translated than by the word Potiones.  
2. The word in the Statute is Agues, and he justifies Febribus: and although that Febris comprehend both, etc. yet there is no other particular word, that signifies Ague, wherefore it is well.  
As for the departure, admit 34. is repealed, than 1 Mariae ought to be mentioned in the declaration. As if a Statute be made for 7 years, and after by another Act it is made perpetual, the declaration ought to be upon the last Statute; And this is not properly a departure, for a departure is to be a bar, but this is no Cause of Action in the declaration; and it is not like to the Case 21 H. 7. 18.  
3. For the lying of the Information, it is within the letter and the meaning of 21 Jac.  
It was objected that the words in the Statute be all actions which a Common Informer may have; Although the words seem to import so, yet there be words after, which make this plain, by any person whatsoever; then it is within the meaning; for it was made for the ease of the subject; and all the Physicians in England ought to be examined and approved by the College at London.  
Finch Recorder. 1 Mariae hath altered 34 H. 8. in part; for we labour only for part; so that 14. is in force as it was at first in every branch thereof, notwithstanding 34 H. 8. for 1 Mariae restored this, and that which the 14. gives is Medicines, not as it is generally to be intended, and so to include Chirurgery, but all that was proper to Physicians. 34 H. 8. although it allow men to give Medicines, yet it is at their perils; for if a man die under their hands, it is as it was at Common Law. By the Statute of 34. to repeal all of 14. which was contrary to 34. which does not in the least name the 14. yet it is repealed for so much as concerns Agues, etc. The Statute of 33 H. 8. for trial of Treason is repealed. And after by 1 Mariae our Case is a far stronger Case, that every Clause shall be in force, notwithstanding any Statute, etc. these words ought not to be void if by construction they may be made to stand, and no Statute withstands this Statute but 34 H. 8. and therefore all which this Statute takes away aught to be restored. He confessed the case put of Confirmation of 32 H. 8. Statute of Wills, that this doth not take away the Stat. of 34. for it is but an explanation, and one being confirmed the other is confirmed. And it is plain that the 13 Eliz, doth not take away 1 Eliz. for it was in the affirmative, and commenced after, and therefore it is expounded not to extend to the Bishop; As the Statute of contra formam collationis doth not include the Bishop as it was there adjudged. And he cited Langton's Case, where this point which is the point of departure, was adjudged; and 10 and 11 Eliz. rot. 248. B. R. action by the College versus Eliheus Cornelius, and upon these very points judgement was given for the College.  
Also the Bar is ill. Allow the Statute of 34. were in force, yet the justification is ultra that which the Statute gives; and took the same exception as before.  
2. There is a departure, which was so ruled in Langton's Case, and is so in reason. Also this is a proper departure, when a man relinquishes the title upon which he grounds himself, and betakes himself to another; And we have not made a departure, our title is 14 H. 8. which makes good the Letters Patents; then if you repeal the Letters Patents, we ought to repeal the 14 H. 8. and it would be absurd for us to commence with 1 Mariae, for than we ought to have recited all the Statutes. 37 H. 6. 5. 21 H. 7. 25. & 18. If a man avow for rend granted by I. S. the other saith, that I. S. had nothing in the Land at the time of the Grant; the other shows that he was seifed to his use, this is a departure, for his title to the first was by the Common Law; and therefore seeing the Statute was his title, it ought to have been showed. But in our Case the Statute 1 Mariae is not our title to the action, but only removes the impediment. 6 H. 7. 8. A condition is pleaded in destruction of a Feoffment, and a release pleaded to destroy the condition, and no departure; but the Feoffment stands with a good title. So in our Case Hill. 4 Jac. intrat. H. 3. Jac. Bagshaw versus Gower, Trespass for chase his Cattle 14 Maii 1 Jac. The Defendant justifies as an Estray, and that 16 Maii 1 Jac. he delivered them. The Plaintiff replies, that 15 Maii he laboured and worked them; upon which the Defendant demurs: This was no departure, but the working maintained the Trespass done 14. and made him Trespasser ab initio. Mich. 23 & 24 Eliz. C. B. rot. 2297. Pledal and Clark, Trespass for chase his Cattle in Berkshire, the Defendant justifies damage fezant; the Plaintiff replies, that afterwards he drove them into another County scil. Oxford, etc. and sold them; the Defendant demurred, and the declaration was in Berkshire, yet the sale made him a wrong doer ab initio. Where the Replication maintains the title, and only removes the impediment, it is good. Pasch. Jac. B. R. Action upon the Case, Wood and Hankford, for disturbing him of Toll, and entitles himself by Letters Patents of H. 6. The Defendant pleads 28 H. 6. which restores all Franchises; The Plaintiff replies 4 H. 7. which revives the first Statute; and adjudged no departure: for if he pleadeth the resumption and the reviver, if there were 20, he ought to plead all. Then in our case all is gone, and we know not whether he ought to justify one kind or other.  
3. For the jurisdiction. This Court is most proper for the Informer; and he cited Gregory's Case, and said, If the King might elect to sue in what Court he pleased, the Informer might also. But however it is out of the Statute of 21 Jac. The title is, for the ease of the Subject. The preamble, etc. 18 Eliz. cap. 5. there it appeareth that the common Informer ought to inform in proper person; the College was never so, nor cannot; and in common Information there ought to be the day of the Information, etc. and there is not any day here. 25 Eliz. 12. Knevet informed against Butcher, and afterwards was nonsuited, for which the Defendant prayed to have Costs, etc. and there the Plaintiff alleged that he was not a common Informer, insomuch that this was the first Information that he ever exhibited, yet ruled against him; insomuch that it was upon a penal law where every one may have the action. But in our case it is not so, because this is no such Information or Informer within the Statute. 40 Eliz. Agar informs against Cavendish and others upon the Statute of 8 E. 4. for Liveries, which appoints the Information 
Information. Stat. 8 E. 4.  in C. B. B. Reg. and that they may sue as many as they will, and the Exchequer is not named there, but inferior Courts be, and judgement was given for the Informer. But after in a Writ of Error brought it was adjudged, that the Information doth not lie in the Exchequer; but they resolved that the King might have sued there, and therefore the judgement shall be good to entitle the King to the entire sum forfeited. Richardson said, that it was a hard case to prove the King may sue in any Court; and he cited 14 E. 3. Countess of Kent's case, 40 Ass. 35. the King may sue for Spiritual matters in the Temporal Court, as a Legacy, etc. Hill. 36 Eliz. rot. 135. Hammond Informant upon a penal Statute and died, and upon motion by the Attorney General judgement was given for one Moiety for the King notwithstanding. And the difference betwixt this and Agar's Case, that in this case the Informer was well entitled to a Moiety, but there not. Statutes which take away jurisdictions of the Courts at Westminster, aught to be taken strictly. Mich. 44 & 45 Eliz. Buck informs in the Exchequer for transporting of raw hides in Middlesex, which was found to be in another County. And the Statute of 31 Eliz. cap. 5. is, that 
31 Eliz. c. 5.  in an Information upon a Penal Statute the offence shall not be laid to be done in any other County than where it was done, and that the Defendant may traverse and allege that the offence was committed in another County. And because the Defendant did not plead that the offence in this case was done in another County, it was adjudged for the Plaintiff, and afterwards affirmed in Error, and difference taken where in the pleading it appeareth it was done in another County, and where not. Hill 16 Jac. C. B. rot. 850. Grimston versus Molineux for Recusancy of his wife, and the Question was in the Information there, because the 31 Eliz. Enacts, that the offence given shall be laid in the proper County; and it was ruled that this was out of the Statute, for it is not an offence in doing, but in not doing, in omitting, and not committing; and the information lieth there for Recusancy, notwithstanding the conceit in Co. cap. de Recusancy. And Mich. 16 Jac. rot. 658. B. R. Presses Case was so resolved, and that the Statute extends only to Indictment; and so he concluded for the Plaintiff.  
PAsch. 5 Car. primi this Case was argued again. 
Lit. rep. p. 246.  Athow for the Defendant. And before his argument he would show what was Surgery, and what a Surgeon might do. It appeareth by 32 H. 8. that licence of Physic comprehends all Physic; upon which I collect that 14 H. 8. and the Letters Patents of the College do not extend to Surgery. By those Letters Patents and Statute, all the Physicians be a body politic, and if this extends to Surgery, than all the Surgeons in London be of the Corporation of the Physicians, which they be not, but a distinct Company, and out of their jurisdiction and government. And Surgeons for their practice shall not be punished, although they practise without licence. But the said Statute and Patent extend to the learned part of Physic; for the knowledge of Physic is a learned art; and therefore the Statute was made to restrain unlearned men; and there is more learning in judging rightly of the disease than in curing thereof; for sometimes 2 or 3 diseases be in the body at the same time, and that which cureth the one, may increase the other; wherefore there the learning of Physic appears in applying such remedy as may cure both together. But for the exercise of Surgery, knowledge of the Nature of Herbs, etc. is sufficient. It hath been said, that for outward diseases they are allowed; But I answer, that for the Stone and Strangury and Ague there needs no great skill to discover them, and then the cure of them is more by experience and practice than learning. And I have heard of a Physician, that went 100 miles to know a Medicine for those diseases of an old Woman, who had long time experience thereof. And drinks for Agues, Strangury, etc. is Surgery and not Physic properly. And this appeareth by the Statute of 3 H. 8. & 34 H. 8. In 3 H. 8. Physic and Surgery be both joined together, but in the allowance of them, the Bishop ought to call Physicians to allow Physicians, but Surgeons to allow Surgeons. Now 34 H. 8. proves, that all that the Defendant hath done is Surgery. There is the recital of the Statute of 3 H. 8. and then it is said that the Company of Surgeons, etc. have troubled and vexed divers, etc. who are endued with the knowledge of ministering to such as be pained with customable diseases, etc. where there is not one word of Physicians. Then if Surgeons may do this, the College cannot restrain them, or correct them that do this. Another part of the Statute of 14 H. 8. is, that no person ought to be suffered to practise, but he that is professed, sage, discreet, and learned. It may be said, that under colour of ministering of these drinks to Agues, etc. one may minister them to other diseases. Also I confess that an Ague is attending upon sundry great diseases; and for these Agues they cannot give drinks; but to single Agues, that do not accompany other diseases they may: and of these is our justification; and if he hath ministered to others, there is a fair Issue tendered, by which it may be tried. Stone, Strangury and Ague were never within the Stat. 14. H. 8. The exposition of the Statute ought to be according to the intent, which is to be collected out of the preamble or body, or other words therein, and sometimes out of the mischief intended to be thereby remedied. Morgan's case Pl. Com. upon 7 E. 6. is an example above all, where it is adjudged that this Statute extends only to the Receivers of the King, which is collected out of the Act, and by other words in the Statute, insomuch that the receivers of common persons cannot take any money for receipt, etc. And the mischief was, that no poor men shall have pensions of the King upon the Statute of dissolution of Monasteries. And it would be a great mischief, if they upon nonpayment always should complain to the King, which mischief cannot be in case of a common person, because they may distrain for nonpayment. So the Statute 34 H. 8. the preamble, body and all the words in the Statute be against Surgeons. But the exposition 2 E. 4. 18. upon the Statute of Prerogative, and so Statutes of Wills, gives power to devise lands in soccage of any inheritance, and this doth not extend to Lands in Tail, although the Act of explanation had not been made; but the judges would have made the same exposition, because that Lands in Tail cannot be demisable at the Common Law: But they would have expounded, that Lands in Tail ought a third part of them be allotted to descend upon the heirs, because that they may descend. And so if it should be doubtful whether 14 H. 8. extend to Agues and Strangury, the Statute 34 H. 8. expounds it, that it will not be denied but that Surgeons may cut for the Stone, and if Ague or, etc. break in Ulcers, etc. they may without question cure them; by the same reason they may cure these Diseases inwardly if they can.  
1. 14 H. 8. is a particular Statute, and particular 
Statutes General. Particular.  Statutes shall not extend much beyond their words; but general Statutes which be for the good of the Commonwealth, shall be construed largely and by equity. 12 E. 4. 20. 1 H. 6. 5. upon the Statute 1 H. 7. there the Statutes construed by equity be general, for the good of the Commonwealth. But this Statute of 14 H. 8. is made for the good of Physicians, that none shall practise but themselves, and it is a particular Statute, and therefore construed strictly, as appeareth by Dr. Bonham's case. Those drinks for the Stone and Agues, etc. be but stilled Waters, or Beer mingled with Herbs, which every one may use in his house, according to receipts; and therefore be not within the Statute 14 H. 8. And if a Gentleman had such receipts, and made use of them for those diseases, shall he be within this Statute?  
2. Admit that these diseases be within 14 H. 8. yet 34 H. 8. takes them out of 14 H. 8. clearly, and for other things the Statute is only in force, as upon the Statute of 32 H. 8. in Knight's Case, there the Stat. of Marlebridge is taken away, although it be not named, and although the words of 32 H. 8. be in the Affirmative.  
3. Upon the pleading of the Statute 1 Mariae that recites 14 H. 8. it is said, that in this Statute the words of pleading were & continuaret, the word staret being omitted, that which continued in force ought to be in force at the same time, which is but a confirmation of the Statute as it was at the time of the making of 1 Mariae, and the Stat. 14 H. 8. is only recited, and some new privileges may be added to this confirmation, but cannot be but of a thing which was in esse before. 27 H. 8. 2. An Infant grants an Advowson and at full age confirms it; the confirmation is void, because the grant was void. 21 H 7. 1. 12 E. 4. 59 And the Countess of Leicester's case in the Commentaries. The reason of the recital of 14 H. 8. was for the addition of some new privileges, scil. that Gaolers should not permit prisoners to escape committed by the— which they might do unpunished before: and that all Keepers of Prisons in London, except the Lieutenant of the Tower, aught to receive them that shall be committed, which they might have refused before.  
2. Being but a confirmation for the greater part, it shall not be a reviver for the lesser part. As if Tenant for life of 20 Acres, grant his estate in one Acre to I. S. and he in Reversion confirm the estate of tenant for life in all the 20 Acres to the Lessée and his heirs, this is a confirmation but of the 19 Acres; and although I. S. attorn, yet his Acre doth not pass by way of Grant of the Reversion, because that he— this confirmation for the greater part. 18 E. 3. 8. Husband tenant for life, and the estate of the husband is confirmed to him and his wife and to their heirs, the wife takes nothing, and yet the husband is the man that ought to attorn, if it would amount to a grant of the Reversion.  
3. This Statute of 1 Mariae doth not extend to repeal 34 H. 8. in any part, because that 34 H. 8. is a general act, and the judges ought to take notice thereof: but 1 Mariae is a particular Statute, and therefore doth not repeal the other which is general, without express words. Vide Holland's case.  
For the point of special demurrer, the replication 
Pleading. Confess and avoid. Traverse.  wants form. In all replications you ought to confess and avoid or traverse the bar; here is implied an avoidance but no confession thereof. 34 H. 8. 22. 7 H. 6. 2. where there is an avoidance but no confession, therefore ill.  
Lastly, here is a departure. Stat. the 14 H. 8. remains 
Corporation. Name.  in force for all diseases but the Stone, Strangury and Agues, and for them their action lies upon the Stat. 1 Mariae and not upon 14 H. 8. therefore they ought to have named this Statute at the beginning. 2 Ass. 6. 37 H. 6. 5. 21 H. 7. 18. And for answer to the judgement cited in B. R. there the judgement was general, and 1 Mariae was there pleaded with these words staret & continuaret, but here it is & continuaret, which is nonsense. And I have credibly heard, the case there was not defended omnino, but only argued for the Plaintiff. Wherefore upon the whole matter he prayed judgement for the Defendant.  
Davenport è contra. Exception hath been taken to the person that brought the action, that the action was not brought according to the name of the College, scil. by the Precedent and College, but by the Precedent only, 8 Report Dr. Bonham's case; and although the words of the Statute be, that the Action shall be brought by the Precedent and College, yet all Suits shall be in the name of the Precedent. And so be the Precedents, Mich. 5 Jac. rot. 299. and Mich. 5 Jac. rot. 438. 11 H. 7. 12. 18. where a Charter of Corporation may be granted that they shall not be sued by any other name than their Corporation.  
For the matter in law he said, that he would observe the course in 3 Rep. 7. Haydon's case.  

1. What the Common Law was before the Statutes.  
2. The mischief to be remedied.  
3. What remedy is appointed by Parliament.  
4. The true reason of this remedy.   
The common law before 3 H 8. was, that every one might exercise any lawful trade; But there is a different consideration between the practice of Physic and other Mechanic Trades. In Mechanic Trades if any one undertake a thing, and doth not do it duly, an Action upon the case lieth: But in the practice of Physic it is otherwise; for the mischief that falls upon the party, takes away the remedy, scil. the death of the Patient by the unskilfulness of the Physician. And for this inconvenience was 3 H. 8. cap. 11. made, which Statute did not redress the mischief sufficiently, because that the allowance or disallowance of Physicians was not referred to Competent judges; for the fitness of every person should be tried by them which be experienced in the same kind, as 8 H. 7. the Ordinary tries whether a Parson sit idoneus ad Ecclesiam; but here the Bishop is to be judge of the skilfulness of Physicians.  
Another imperfection in this Statute is, that the penalty is given and to be recovered by every one that will sue, and therefore the care was in no person; and also there was not sufficient care for practisers in London: There was care that none should practise, etc. in the negative, but what care was there in the affirmative? Sir George Farmers case, 8 rep. 126. Then came the Statute of 10 and the Statute of 14 H. 8. which do not extend to every one that giveth Physic, but to him that professeth the practice thereof. It hath been said that 14 H. 8. doth not extend to restrain the practice of those diseases; but they confess that they be within the letter of the Statute, but not within the meaning; but by the Common Law they be taken to be within Physic. The Common Law takes notice of a Physician and Surgeon, but for an Empirick, he is not known to the Law. See the Entries fol. 187. A Physician may have debt for his fees, so may a Surgeon without doubt; but where is there any precedent for an Empirick, or Herbalist to have action? An Assumpsit he may have, but not debt. Knowledge of Herbs pertains to Physicians, and so of Waters; for who can judge of Baths but Physicians, and those that belong to the practice of Physic? See Entries fol. 463. Pl. 3. Action was brought against one for practising of Medicines; and for that cause it was necessary to show, what practice this was, scil. tam per visus, etc. quam interiores potiones. And there is another action there, where one that practised as Surgeon, practised ut Medicus; that where the Plaintiff suit aegrotus of the Colic, the Defendant ut medicus sed indoctus, & cupidus lucri, saith to the Plaintiff that he was troubled with three Imposthumations, and administered to him medicinam insalubrem & intoxicatam, whereby the Plaintiff was in danger of his life. And in the same book fol. 463. Pl. 1. it is shown what a Surgeon ought to do. Entries fol. 127. and an appeal of Mayhem 46. Pl. 5. Register trespass fol. 139. The Statute 32 H. 8. was apparent, that the judgement of the Parliament was, that Surgery was a member of Physic. And he said there were 2 kinds of Surgeons, Barber-Surgeons who were incorporated 1 E. 4. and Surgeons only. He agreed that the Statute against the words may be construed by equity, as straddling and Morgan's case, but to whom shall this equity extend? Posito that it extends to Surgeons, yet it never extended to Empirics. Equity against the letter ought to be grounded upon the intention, 30 E. 3. 6. 1 H. 6. 3. The Statute of Marlebridge, there are negative words as here, that no person shall drive a distress out of the County, etc. vide the Case: But posito that a stranger shall distrain, etc. the equity shall not extend to him. So in our Case, although a Surgeon be tolerated, yet a Stranger shall not invade the liberty of Physicians.  
2. The Statute of 34 H. 8. doth not restrain that which is within 14 H. 8. but meddles with the mischief mentioned in 32 H. 8. And it appeareth that the intention of 34 H. 8. was not to raise a new profession, but to tolerate the old. For the Statute is where many give Medicines without money, scil. for Charity and neighbourhood. And the purview is general, that such, etc. But the difference is, if any will within his own house or to his friend give Medicines, it is not within the Statute: But if he make profession and set up a Bill, that he can cure such and such diseases, it is otherwise. Pl. Com. 463. And if the question had been put to the makers of the Statute, whether they would raise a new profession, it would have been denied to be their intention. 8 Rep. fol. 129. Exercise of brewing is not every brewing for his own house alone, etc. but profession thereof. And 11 Rep. fol. 23. So here. But posito that every one may exercise within 34 H. 8. yet it is not a Repeal of 14 H. 8. but as it were a licence or dispensation therewith, etc. And if it were, yet 1 Mariae repeals all 34 H. 8. that any way impeaches 14 H. 8. If it was made to such purpose at first, this Act 1 Mariae takes notice of 14 H. 8. and provides that staret & continuaret, etc. Any Act, Statute, etc. to the contrary. And what Statute can be to the contrary but the Statute 34 H. 8?  
As to the Objection, that there wants staret, and is only continuaret, insomuch that [&] cannot be of any force, it shall be as if it were absent: and then continuaret is not only a confirmation, but is to remove the impediment, which is the Statute 34 H. 8. as it was before. And although that this Statute of 1 Mariae is a private Statute, yet the substance being pleaded is sufficient. But the plea in bar is ill; this is justification by virtue of a Statute Law, the Statute gives the justification in this manner, that he, etc. justify generally. The application of Plasters and giving of Potions to Sores, Agues, Stone, Strangury, etc. & talibus morbis, and doth not say secundum formam Statuti; and therefore shall not be construed pro reddendo singula singulis. 15 H. 7. 10. where the construction is made reddendo singula singulis, etc. This form of pleading is also a new form, quoad those, etc. he justifies, and he doth not say this is the same practice whereof the Plaintiff declares. And so to force the Plaintiff to a replication when the thing is entire, as here, that he had exercised facultatem medicinae, he cannot sever his plea and justify these, Et quoad alia, etc. plead Not guilty: But he ought to plead as it is said before, or traverse absque hoc, etc.  
2. The Plea in Barr consists of 2 points, one is a justification, the other is a Travers: Et he shall not have the justification, si hoc parat. est verificare, 22 H. 6. 6. There without Travers it is good, according to Dyer 167. But when the justification tends to all, it is not so, 27 H. 6. 10. and it cannot be amended, nor no repleader now after demurrer. Then let the Replication be as it will, when the Bar is ill, and the declaration good, this should not be answered. Vide Dr. Bonham's Case, Francis Case and Turner's Case, etc.   

Mich. 6 Caroli primi Communi Banco.  
The judges in this case gave their Resolution.  
RIchardson Chief justice for himself and for the 
Lit. rep▪ p. 349.  other judges said, That he would recite the principal points of the Case which be; The Plaintiffs declare that the Charter made to the College did inhibit, That none shall practise Physic, etc. without licence, etc. and that the Defendant contrary thereto had practised by the space of 12 months, for which he had forfeited 5 li. for every month, which amounts to 60 li. The Defendant pleads the Statute 34 H. 8. that made it lawful for any skilful, etc. to administer outward Plasters, etc. or Potions, etc. and as to any other practice he pleaded Non culpabilis. The Plaintiffs reply, and show the Statute of 1 Mariae which confirms their first Charter. Any Act to the contrary notwithstanding. Upon which the Defendant demurred in Law; and our joint Resolution is, that the Plaintiffs shall recover.  
It hath been objected against the jurisdiction of this Court, that by the Statute of 21 Jac. this action ought not to be brought here. But it is clear that it cannot be brought in any other place than in the King's Courts of Record at Westminster. For the Statute doth not mention in what Court it shall be brought, and the Statute 21 Jac. which giveth power to justices, doth not give any other thing to them, but that whereof they have Power and jurisdiction before; and before this they had not any jurisdiction of this Cause, Ergo.  
Another Objection hath been made, that the Action hath not been well brought, because it ought to be brought in the name of the Precedent only. To which I answer, that the Charter itself is, that they may plead, and be impleaded by the name of Precedent only; and the Action shall be brought by that name, by which the King enables them to bring their Action, and to plead and to be impleaded, as 11 H. 7. 27, 28. is; so that here is a good action and well grounded and by a good name. And as to the Plea in Bar it is insufficient, because he hath not pleaded according to the Statute. For his plea ought to have been applied to the Statute, for by the Statute the power there given is to administer to outward Sores or Diseases, any Ointments, Plasters, etc. and other like, and this aught to be according to the skill and knowledge. And here the Defendant saith, that he had knowledge in the nature of Herbs, Roots, and Waters, etc. and did apply Ointments, Potions, etc. for the Stone, etc. and such other diseases, and he ought to have said, according to his knowledge in those diseases, and not in other like, etc. 2. The Administration ought to have been to outward tumors, etc. and here outward is omitted, and he hath pleaded generally, whereby his plea goeth to the whole, and so mistaken. 3. Where potions may be applied to the Stone, Strangury, and Agues, the Defendant hath pleaded Potions pro ulceribus, morbis, etc. & talibus consimilibus, which is a more large Authority than the Statute limits; And for these the plea is ill. It is a rule, that a plea ought to be issuable; but this is not, as it is pleaded; for the Defendant here ought to have distinguished his plea, and have justified in part, as in applying outward Plasters, etc. to outward Diseases, and Potions to Stone, Strangury and Ague.  
As to the Replication, it hath been objected that it is a departure. To which I say, that if any new matter be pleaded, it is a departure; but here is none. For the Replication which supports and enforces the Declaration is by the Statute 1 Mariae, and this could not have been alleged in the Declaration: and there was no reason to show the Statute 1 Mariae until the Statute of 34 H. 8. was pleaded by the Defendant.  
And as to the matter in law, that is, how far the Statute of 34 H. 8. gave liberty against the Statute 14 H. 8. to what persons, and for what things, is the Question. And upon consideration of all the law of 34 H. 8. we be of opinion that this Statute doth not reach, neither in Words, nor in Intent and meaning, to give liberty to any person that practices or exercises for lucre and profit; and it is apparent by the preamble, and the Statute also, that this was made principally against Surgeons which were covetous, etc. And therefore the Statute hath limited who should practise, and for what diseases, and the parties licenced thereby were those which were good honest people, as old Women, and such as would give neighbourly Physic for charity and piety, and not such as look for gain thereby, as Empirics, that do not do any thing for piety and charity. So that this Statute excludes all those that take any money or gain. And this Statute which was intended against Surgeons, in truth helps them; for it gives to them liberty to give Pills and Potions as well as to apply outward Medicines to outward diseases, and such construction shall be made. And Surgery is only that which is to be done with the hand, etc. And moreover we be of opinion that if this Statute of 34 H. 8. had abridged the Statute 14 H. 8. yet that the Statute of 1 Mariae hath settled all on foot again of 14 H. 8. in as large manner as it ever was before; for it concludes any Act to the contrary notwithstanding. And it was made to suppress unskilful men. But this Statute of 34 H. 8. and Dr. Langton's case, Mich. 3 Jac. B. R. rot. 438. versus Gardiner is express in this point; yet there the plea was better than this is. And yet after it had depended 3 years, judgement was given against the Defendant. With this he concluded, and commanded judgement to be entered for the Plaintiff against the Defendant.   

College of Physicians against Bug. In magno Rotulo de Anno xxiii. Regis Caroli in Item Adhuc Item Item Res. London.  
PRaesidens Colleg' & Communitas Medicor' Lond ' 
London.  deb' 27 li. 10 s. de medietate 55 li. versus Johannem Bugge de Parochia Ecclesiae Christi London recuperat' per Judicium Cur' quia exercuit facultatem Medicin' ibidem per spatium xi mens. integr' non existen' admiss. ad exercend' & occupand' dict' facultat' medicin' per Praesident' Collegium seu Communitat' facultat' Medicin' London literis sigillo suo communi sigillat' contra formam Statuti in hujusmodi casu edit' & provis. super ipsos onerat' virtute Ordinis hujus Scacc' Dat' tertio Julii Anno 15 Regis Caroli.  
But the said sum of 27 li. 10 s. is allowed to the Precedent and College of the faculty of Physic within the City of London by Letters Patents under the Great Seal of England bearing date the eighth day of October in the fifteenth year of the late King James of England, and of Scotland the Fifty first, and by judgement of the Barons of this Court of Public Exchequer entered amongst the Records of Easter Term in the Seventh year of the Reign of the late King Charles in the Custody of the first Remembrancer there, Roll the xxiiii.  
And they are quit.  
Ex. by Herald Croke Clerk of the Pipe.   

D. Termino Sancti Michaelis anno regni Domini Caroli secundi nunc Regis Angliae, etc. xxvii. rot. 530.  
MEmorand' quod die Sabbati prox' posttres septimanas Sancti Michaelis isto 
Lond. ss.  eodem Termino coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' Praesidens Collegium seu Communitas facultat' Medicinae London qui tam pro domino Rege quam pro seipsis sequuntur per Franc' Scot Attorn' suum & protuler' hic in Cur' dicti domini Regis tunc ibidem quandam billam suam versus Adrianum Huybert alias Hybert in custod' Marr' &c. de placito debiti. Et sunt pleg' de prosequend' scilicet Johannes Doe & Ricardus Roe. Quae quidem billa sequitur in haec verba. ss. London ss. Presidens Collegium seu Communitas facultat' medicinae London qui tam pro domino Rege quam pro seipsis sequuntur queruntur de Adriano Huybert alias Hybert in custod' Marr' Maresc' domini Regis coram ipso Rege existen' de placito quòd reddat eidem domino Regi ac praefat' Praesident' Collegio seu Communitati qui tam, etc. centum libras legalis Monet' Angl' quas eis debet & injuste detinet, pro eo videlicet, quòd cum Henricus Octavus nuper Rex Angliae per literas suas Patent' magno Sigillo suo Angliae sigillat' Curiaeque domini Regis nunc hic prolat' geren' dat' apud Westm' in Com. Midd' vicesimo tertio die Septembr' Anno regni sui decimo pro publico bono hujus regni in debito exercitio facultat' Medicinae & bona administratione medicinar' habend' incorporasset & fecisset de Johanne Chamber, Thoma Linacre & Ferdinando de Victoria adtunc Medicis ejusdem nuper Regis, & Nichol' Halswell, Johanne Francisco & Roberto Yaxley & omnibus aliis viris ejusdem facultat' tunc de & infra Civitat' London unum Corpus & perpetuam Communitatem sive Societatem facultatis medicinae, Et praefat' Doctoribus Johanni Chamber, Thomae Linacre, Ferdinando de Victoria medicis ejusdem nuper Regis, Nichol' Halswell, Johanni Francisco & Roberto Yaxley Medicis concessit quòd ipsi omnesque homines ejusdem facultat' de & in Civitat praedicta essent in re & nomine unum Corpus & Communitas perpetua sive Collegium perpetuum, & quòd eadem Communitas sive Collegium singulis annis in perpetuum eligere potuissent & facere de communitate illa aliquem providum virum & in facultate Medicinae expertum in Praesident' ejusdem Collegii sive Communitatis ad supervidend' recognoscend' & gubernand' pro illo anno Collegium sive Communitat' praedict' & omnes homines ejusdem facultat' & negotia eorundem; Et quòd iidem Praesidens & Collegium sive Communitas haberent successionem perpetuam & commune sigillum negotiis dictae Communitatis & Praesidentis imperpetuum servitur. ' Et quòd ipsi & successores sui imperpetuum forent personae habiles & capaces ad perquirend' & possidend' in feodo & perpetuitate terras & tenementa, reddit' & alias possession' quascunque. Concessit etiam idem nuper Rex eis & successoribus suis pro eodem nuper Rege & hered' suis, quòd ipsi & successores sui potuissent perquirere sibi & successoribus suis tam in dicta Urbe quam extra terras & tenementa quaecunque Annuum valorem duodecim librar' non exceden' Statuto de alienatione ad manum mortuam non obstante. Et quòd ipsi per nomina Praesidentis Collegii seu Communitatis facultat' Medicinae London placitare & implacitari potuissent coram quibuscunque Judicibus in Curiis & Action' quibuscunque. Et quòd praedict' Praesidens & Collegium sive Communitas & eor' successores congregationes licitas & honestas de seipsis ac Statuta & ordinationes pro salubri gubernatione, supervisu & correctione Collegii sive Communitatis praedict' & omnium hominum eandem facultat' in dicta Civitate seu per septem milliaria in circuitu ejusdem Civitat' exercen' secundum necessitat' exigentiam quoties & quando opus foret, facere valeant licitè & impunè sine impedimento dicti nuper Regis haered' vel successor' fuor', Justiciarior', Escaetor', Vicecomitum & al' Ballivor' vel Ministror' ipsius nuper Regis haered' vel successor' suor' quorumcunque. Concessit etiam idem nuper Rex eisdem Praesidenti & Collegio sive Communitati & successoribus suis quod nemo in dicta Civitate aut per septem milliaria in circuitu ejusdem exerceret dictam facultat' nisi ad hoc per dictum Praesidentem & Communitatem seu successores eorum qui pro tempore forent admissus esset per ejusdem Praesidentis & Collegii literas sigillo suo communi sigillat' sub poena centum solidor' pro quolibet mense quo non admiss. eandem facultatem exerceret, dimidium inde dicto nuper Regi & haered' suis & dimidium dicto Praesidenti & Collegio applicand' prout in eisdem literis Patent' hic in Cur' prolat' plenius continetur. Cumque etiam in Statuto in Parliament' dicti nuper Regis Henrici Octavi tent' apud London decimo quinto die Aprilis Anno regni sui quarto decimo & abinde prorogat' usque Westm' in Com' Midd' ult' die Julii Anno regni dicti nuper Regis quinto decimo & tunc & ibidem tent' inactitat' fuit, quòd praedicta Corporatio praedictae Communitat' & Societat' facultat' Medicinae praed' & omnia & singula concessa, articles, & al' res content' & specificat' in praedictis literis Patent' forent approbat' concess. ratificat' & confirmat' & clare authorizat' & admiss. bona legitima & valida Anglicè available praefat. corpori incorporat' & eorum successoribus imperpetuum in tam amplo & largo modo quam capi, aestimari & construi potuisset pro eadem, prout in eodem Statuto int' alia plenius continetur. Praedictus tamen Adrianus qui ad dictam facultatem exercend' per Praesidentem & Communitatem facultatis Medicinae London praed' per aliquas literas Praesidentis & Communitatis praed' sigillo suo communi sigillat' non admissus est nec unquam antehac admissus fuit, Statut' praed' minimè ponderans nec poenam in praedictis literis Patent' content' verens dictam facultatem Medicinae per spacium viginti mensium jam ult' elaps. & prox' praeceden' ante diem exhibition' hujus billae scil' vicesimo tertio die Octobris Anno regni domini Caroli secundi nunc Regis Angliae vicesimo septimo in Civitate London praedicta videlicet in Parochia beatae Mariae de Arcubus in Warda de Cheape London exercuit & adhuc exercet contra formam literar' Paten' praedictar' & Statuti praedicti, per quod actio accrevit tam dicto domino Regi nunc quam eisdem Praesidenti Collegio feu Communitat' ad exigend' & habend' de praefat' Adriano praed' Centum libras videlicet pro quolibet mense praedictor' viginti mensium centum solid. Praedictus tamen Adrianus licet saepius requisit' &c. praed. centum libras praefat' domino Regi & eisdem Praesidenti Collegio seu Communitati praed' seu eor' alteri nondum solvit sed ill' eye hucusque solvere omnino contradixit & adhuc contradic' ad dampnum ipsorum Praesident' Collegii seu Communitat' praed' qui tam, etc. quadragint' librar'. Et inde tam pro eodem domino Rege quam pro seipsis producunt sectam, etc.  
Et praedictus Adrianus per Hugonem Gamlyn Attorn' suum ven' & defend' vim & injur' quando, etc. Et dicit quòd praedict' Praesidens Collegium seu Communit' qui tam, etc. action' suam praed' inde versus eum habere seu manutenere non debent quia dicit quod non habetur aliquod tale recordum alicujus talis Statut' Parliamenti praed' Henrici Octavi nuper Regis Angliae edit' qual' per praed' Praesiden' Collegium seu Communitat' qui tam, etc. in Narration' praed' superius inde recitat' & spec'. Et hoc parat' est verificare unde pet' Judicium si praed. Praesiden' Collegium seu Communitas qui tam, etc. action' suam praed' inde versus eum habere seu manutenere debeant, etc.  
Et praedicti Praesiden' Collegium seu Communitas facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. dic. quòd ipsi per aliqua per praed. Adrianum superius placitando allegat' ab actione sua praedicta tam pro dicto domino Rege quam pro seipsis inde versus ipsum Adrianum habend' praecludi non debent. Quia dic' quòd habetur tale record' praedicti Actus Parliamenti quale ipsi iidem Praesidens Collegium seu Communitas facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. superius inde narra●●● allegaver' prout per record' inde in cur' Cancellar' dicti domini Regis nunc apud Westm' in com' Midd' de recordo residen' plenius constat de recordo. Et hoc parati sunt verificare per record' inde prout cur' hic cons. etc. Et superinde dictum est per Cur' hic praefat' Praesiden' Collegio seu Communitat' facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. quod habeant record' praed' Actus Parliamenti coram domino Rege apud Westm' die prox' post— periculo suo incumbend'. Idem dies dat' est praedicto Adriano ibidem, etc. Ad quem diem coram domino Rege apud Westm' ven' partes praed. per Attorn' suos praed'. Et praed. Praesiden' Collegium seu Communitas facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. deliberavit hic in Cur' dicti domini Regis record' praed. Actus Parliamenti superius allegat. huc missum è Cur' Cancellar' dicti domini Regis nunc virtute cujusdam brevis ex praed Cur' Cancellar' dicti domini Regis nunc emanen' ac Justic' domini Regis ad placita coram ipso Rege in Cur' hic tenend' assign' direct' Quod quidem Record' reman' hic int' Record' hujus Termini fine die affilat', etc. super quo Record' praed' lecto & audit' & per Cur' dicti domini Regis nunc hic diligent' examinat' manifest' apparet Cur' domini Regis hic quòd habetur tale Record' Actus Parliament' praed' qual' per praed' Praesiden' Collegium seu Communitat' facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. superius allegat' existit. Ideo cons. est quòd dictus dominus Rex nunc & praed' Praesidens Collegium seu Communitas facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. recuperent versus praefat' Adrianum debitum praed' Centum librar' praed' per ipsum Adrianum forisfact' tam domino Regi quam praefat' Praesidenti Collegio seu Communitat' facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. occasione exercitii sui facultat' M●●icinae in Civit' London praed' contra formam literar. Paten' praed' & Statuti praed' Unde una medietas sit dicto domino Regi nunc, altera vero medietas inde praefat' Praesiden' Collegio seu Communitat' facultat' Medicinae London qui tam, etc. Et praedictus Adrianus in Misericordia, etc.   

De Termino Sancti Hilarii Anno 27 & 28 Car. 2. & 1675. in Banco Regis.  
THe Precedent and College of Physicians Plaintiffs against Huybert, Defendant.  
The Plaintiffs sued the Defendant upon their Letters Patents of H. 8. and the Statute of 14 H. 8. cap. 5. which confirms the same Letters Patents, for practising of Physic in London for several months mentioned in the Declaration without any licence or leave of the College of Physicians, whereby he forfeits five pounds for every month.  
The Defendant pleaded nul tiel Record, videlicet, that there is no Record of any such Statute as the Plaintiffs have supposed in the Declaration. And the Plaintiffs having joined issue thereupon in Michaelmass Term last, had then aday given to bring forth the Record thereof until this present Hilary Term: And now the Tenor of the Record of the said Statute was by way of Mittimus sent out of the Court of Chancery into the Court of King's Bench to prove the issue for the Plaintiffs, by which it appeared to the Court of King's Bench that there is such an Act of Parliament as the Plaintiffs did declare upon.  
Thereupon the Counsel at the Bar for the Defendant made two objections.  
First, that search had been made by the Defendant among the Records of Parliament, and it doth not appear there that the Royal assent was to this Act of Parliament mentioned in the Plaintiffs declaration and therefore there is not in truth or in Law any such Act of Parliament. For when Statutes are enroled, the Royal assent ought to be entered upon the Roll also.  
Hales the Lord Chief justice answered, that this objection if it should be allowed to be a good one, would endanger not only this Act but many Acts of Parliament which have never yet been questioned. For there are many Acts of Parliament, upon the Rolls whereof, the Royal Assent doth not appear, especially if they be ancient Acts; And yet they have been ever received as good Acts of Parliament. For the method of proceeding in the making of Acts of Parliament was anciently different from that which is now used: For formerly a Bill in the nature of a Petition was delivered to the Commons and by the Commons to the Lords, and then was entered upon the Lords Rolls, and there the Royal Assent was entered also. And upon this as a groundwork the judges used at the end of the Parliament to draw up the Act of the Parliament into the Form of a Statute, which afterwards was entered upon the Rolls called the Statute Rolls, which were different Rolls from those called the Lords Rolls or the Rolls of Parliament. Upon which Statute Rolls neither the Bill or Petition from the Commons, nor the Answer of the Lords, nor the Royal Assent was entered, but only the Statute as it was drawn up and penned by the judges. And this was the method till about H. 5 's time; and in his time 'twas desired that the Acts of Parliament might be drawn up and penned by the judges before the end of the Parliament: And this was by reason of a complaint then made that the Statutes were not fairly and equally drawn up and worded after the Parliament was dissolved or prorogued.  
In H. 6 's time the former method was altered, and then Bills continentes formam Actus Parliamenti were first used to be brought into the House. The Bills were (before they were brought into the House) ready drawn in the Form of an Act of Parliament, and not in the Form of a Petition as before; Upon which Bills 'twas written by the Commons Soit bail all Signior, and by the Lords Soit bail all Roy, and by the King Le Roy le voet. All this was written upon the Bill, and the Bill thus endorsed was to remain with the Clerk of the Parliament, and he was to enter the Bill thus drawn at first in the Form of an Act of Parliament or Statute upon the Statute Rolls, without entering of the Answer of the King, Lords and Commons upon the Statute Roll. And then issued out Writs to the Sheriffs with transcripts of the Statute Rolls, viz. of the Bill drawn at first in the Form of a Statute, and without the answer of the King, Lords and Commons to the Bill, to proclaim the Statutes.  
Now this Record which is before us in Court upon the Mittimus is not a transcript of the Bill upon which the answer of the King, Lords and Commons was written, but it is a transcript of the Entry which was made upon the Statute Roll, upon which Roll it is not necessary that the Royal Assent must be entered. And though oftentimes the Royal Assent hath been entered by the Clerk upon the Statute Rolls, yet 'tis not necessary that it should be there to make a good Statute, it having been before upon the Bill. There be many Statutes which have not the Royal Assent to them entered upon the Statute Rolls. This objection would destroy half the Acts of Parliament that be. If in the body of the Statute itself the consent of the King, Lords and Commons doth not appear, 'tis a void Statute, 'tis felo de se; As in the case of 4 H. 7. fol. 18. (which case is cited in hobart's reports fol. 111. in the case there between the King and the Lord Hunsdon and the Countess Dowager of Arundel and the Lord William Howard) upon an Act of Attainder of a particular person, the consent of the Commons did not appear in it, and therefore saith the book, all the judges held clearly that it was no Act, and therefore he was restored. And yet it doth not hold true generally, that in the body of the Act the three Assents must particularly appear, especially in cases of Ancient Statutes: The reason is, because the Forms of drawing up and wording ancient Statutes were very various, as 8 Cook Prince's Case, King Edw. 3. authoritate Parliamenti grants by an instrument in Form of a Charter, yet 'tis there held that it was a Statute.  
And this very Act here in question of 14 H. 8. hath always been taken to be a good Act, as in Dr. Bonham's case in the 8 report, and in the 4 Inst. and in Dr. Butler's case in Cro. Car. and in Jones' report.  
But further Hales said, that in this case here the Court is bound up to give judgement upon the Record that is certified unto the Court: And by the Record certified it appears to the Court, that it is a good Act of Parliament; for in the Certificate made to the Court the three Assents of the King, Lords and Commons are contained in the body of the Act. There be other Satutes of the same Sessions of Parliament, viz. in 14 H. 8. which be as our Statute is, viz. without the Royal assent upon the Roll of the Statute, as the Act about the marrying of the Six Clerks, cap. 8. and the Act of the Port of Southampton, cap. 13. and other Statutes of the same Sessions; and yet they have not been ever questioned: and in truth the Royal Assent was at the end of the Bills of that Sessions.  
If the Defendant thinks that the certificate here is false, it being of an Act of Parliament, whenas he thinks there is no such Act; The party grieved by such false Certificate is to take his remedy by way of Action upon the Case against the Person that made such false Certificate, as the Clerk of the Parliament or the Clerk in Chancery; but the Defendant cannot be admitted here in this Court to aver contrary to the Record certified, and so to relieve himself this way; for we have no power over those Records; we cannot cause the Parliament Rolls themselves to be brought into this Court, we take them to be as they are certified unto us.  
Then the Counsel for the Defendant made a second objection, viz. The issue here is whether there be such a Record or no, and this issue is to be tried by the Record itself: For all Records are of that high nature, that they can be tried only by themselves. Now here the Tenor of the Record only, is certified and not the Record itself, and therefore the issue here is not sufficiently proved by the Plaintiffs in Law. And Pages case in the 5 rep. was cited, where 'tis resolved that the Tenor of a Record is not pleadable at Common Law; that 'tis not sufficient at Common Law to show forth to the Court the Tenor of Letters Patents, but that the Letters Patents themselves must be produced to the Court. 'Tis the Record itself only that is pleadable, and not the Tenor thereof; and by consequence 'tis the Record itself that must be certified here to prove this issue of nul tiel Record, and a Certificate of the Tenor only, is not sufficient.  
Hales the Lord Chief justice answered, that though the Tenor of a Record be not pleadable, yet upon the issue of nul tiel Record the Tenor of the Record is sufficient to prove that issue, the Tenor thereof being sent by way of Mittimus into the Court where the issue is depending, upon that particular purpose only.  
Nul tiel Record may well be pleaded to a private Act of Parliament, but it cannot be pleaded to a public Act of Parliament: the reason of the difference is, for that the Court is bound to take notice of public Acts of Parliament, but not of private ones.  
When execution may be awarded upon the Record certified, there a Certificate of the Tenor is not sufficient, because no execution can be granted upon a Tenor only: the reason thereof is this, if execution might be upon the Tenor, than two executions might be, viz. one upon the Tenor in one Court, the other upon the Record itself in the other Court, and 'twould be against reason, that two executions should be for the same thing. But where the Writ which commands the Court below to certify a Record, doth also tie up the hands of that Court from awarding any execution, there a Certificate of the Tenor only is sufficient, as in some cases of Writs of Error upon judgement given in other Courts.  
The like of Certiorari's to remove presentments, upon which process may be awarded in this Court.  
The Reason why 'tis not sufficient to plead the Tenor of Letters Patents or to show or produce to the Court the Tenor of Letters Patents, as in Page's case is resolved, is, because the Letters Patents are the private conveyance of a particular person, and therefore he must plead and show forth and produce to the Court the Letters Patents themselves, and the Tenor thereof was not sufficient at the Common Law.  
But upon nul tiel Record pleaded, a Certificate of the Tenor only and not of the Record itself hath always been held a sufficient proof of that issue, and the Tenor certified is to be filled in this Court and to remain here always to this purpose only, viz. as a proof of this issue; but the Record itself remains where it was before, to be made use of for any purposes that may happen hereafter.  
The rest of the judges were of the same opinion, and so judgement was given for the Plaintiff.   

De Termino Sanctae Trinitatis, Anno 28 Car. secundi, 1676. Banco Regis.  
The King, and the Precedent and College of Physicians Plaintiffs, against Marchamont Needham Defendant.  
THe Precedent and the College qui tam, etc. brought an action of debt upon the Statute of 14 H. 8. cap. 5. for so much money against the Defendant for practising Physic for so many months without licence of the College, whereby he was to forfeit 5 li. per month, one moiety thereof to the King, and the other moiety to the Precedent and College.  
The Defendant pleaded as to part of the money in the Declaration mentioned nul tiel Record as the said Act of Parliament; and as to the Residue of the money, the Defendant pleaded nil debet.  
The Plaintiffs demurred to the Barr.  
The cause of the demurrer was, for that the Defendant's plea was double, viz. it contained two matters, one whereof alone would go in answer to the whole money in the Declaration mentioned, and would of itself be a good and full Bar to the Plaintiffs Action in case the said matter be true as the Defendant allegeth, and that is the matter of nul tiel Record; and therefore the pleading of nul tiel Record to part only, and the pleading of other matter, viz. nil debet to the residue, makes the Defendant's plea in Bar to be vicious, and to be an ill plea in Law.  
The Council for the Defendant did then object, that the Plaintiffs Declaration is naught; 'tis an action of debt brought by the Precedent and College qui tam, etc. upon the Statute, and an action of debt doth not lie: the Plaintiffs should have brought an information upon the Statute and not an Action of debt upon the Statute, for the Statute doth not give an action of debt, and therefore an action of debt doth not lie.  
Twisden justice answered, that an action of debt doth lie by equity and construction of the Statute.  
Jones justice said, that in the Statute of Tithes in 3 Ed. 6. no action of debt is mentioned, and yet an action of debt lies upon that Statute, and so here.  
Thereupon Rule was given by the Court that judgement should be entered for the Plaintiffs.   

In Mich. Term. Anno Car. secundi xxvi.  
THe College brought their Action against John Bourne, to which he pleaded nil debet, and upon trial of the Cause at Guild-Hall before judge Twisden the Plaintiffs recovered 40 li.   

Trin. xxxv. Car. secundi.  
THe Precedent and College, etc. brought an Action of Debt upon the Statute of the 14 of H. 8. against Frederick Harder for practising Physic, and thereupon had a Verdict against him at Westm. for 25 li. which he paid, and the Costs that were taxed.  
The same Term they had a Verdict against Nathaniel Merry for 40 li. and against Richard Stone for 45 li.   

College Questions resolved by the Lord Chancellor and Judges, in the fifth of King James his Reign, An. Dom. 1607.  
THe King's most Excellent Majesty having directed his Letters to the Right honourable Thomas Lord Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor of England, and to Sir John Popham, Knight, Lord Chief justice of England and one of his Highness' most honourable Privy Council, They the said Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief justice by virtue of the same Letters called unto them Sr. Thomas fleming, Knight, then Lord Chief Baron of his majesty's Court of Exchequer, Sir Thomas Walmesley and Sr. Peter Warburton, Knights, two of his majesty's justices of the Court of Common Pleas, and Sir David Williams and Sir Laurence Tanfield, Knights, two of his Majesty's justices of the King's Bench, and after due consideration had both of the Charter of King H. 8. made unto the said Precedent and College of Physicians in the tenth year of his Reign, and several Acts of Parliament thereof made, one in the 14 year of the same King, and the other in the first year of Q. Marry, for the ordering and governing of the said College and of all the Practisers in London and 7 Miles compass, did on the first of May 1607. at the house of the said Lord Chancellor, called York house, resolve the several questions hereafter mentioned, as is expressed under every Question.  
Tho. Harry's.  
These Questions were resolved as is expressed under every question by the right honourable the Lord Chancellor of England, Lord Chief justice of England, the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, justice Walmesley, justice Warburton, justice Williams and justice Tanfield, being assembled by the King's majesty's appointment to examine, view and consider of the Charters, Statutes and Laws made for the government of the College of Physicians in London and the Practisers of Physic there the first day of May, 1607. at the house of the Lord Chancellor.  
Quest. 1. Whether Graduates of Oxford and Cambridge may practise in London or 7 miles' compass of the same without licence under the said College Seal, by virtue of the clause in the end of the Statute of 14 H. 8. and whether that clause hath not relation to the Statute of 3 H. 8. only, or how far it doth extend?  
Resp. All resolved, that no Graduate that is not admitted and licenced by the Precedent and College of Physicians under their Common Seal, could practise in London or within 7 miles' compass of the same.  
Quest. 2. Whether, by Graduates, Graduates in Physic only are to be understood.  
Resp. They resolved, That the exception in the Statute of 14 H. 8. cap. of Graduates in the two Universities, is to be understood only of Graduates of Physic and of no others. And all resolved, That by that exception those Graduates may practise in all other places of England out of London and 7 miles of the same without examination; But not in London nor within the said Circuit of 7 miles.  
Quest. 3. If Graduates not admitted to practise in London practise there, whether, for evil practice or misdemeanour therein, they be not subject to the Correction and government of the College?  
Resp. They all agreed, That they are subject to the government and correction of the College by an express clause of the said Charter enacted, which giveth to the Precedent and College Supervisionem, Scrutinium, Correctionem & Gubernationem as well of all persons using the practice of Medicine within the City, etc.  
Quest. 4. If they may not practise without admission of the College (as their Letters Patents plainly import) Then whether such Graduates are not subject to the examination, without which there were never any admitted; and without which the admission cannot be approved; because every Graduate is not absolutely good ipso facto?  
Resp. It was resolved by all, That all that practised or should practise Physic either in London or within the compass of 7 miles of the same, must submit themselves to the examination of the Precedent and College if they be required thereunto by their authority, notwithstanding any licence, allowance or privilege given them in Oxford or Cambridge either by their degree or otherwise.   

Concerning Punishment and Correction against Offenders.  
Quest. 1. Whether the Precedent and four Censors together, or the Censors alone may not commit to Prison without bail or mainprize all Offenders in the practice of Physic according to the Statute of primo Mariae, and how long, whether till he have paid such Fine as shall be assessed upon him, or have submitted himself to their Order, and in what manner?  
Resp. They all resolved, That for not well doing, using or practising the faculty or Art of Physic, or for disobedience or contempts done and committed against any Ordinance made by the College, by virtue and according to the power and authority to them granted, they may commit the Offenders without bail or mainprize, as the words of the Statute are. Which they all resolved, could not be altered or interpreted otherwise than the express words of the Statute are.  
Quest. 2. Whether they may not commit to prison for disobedience and contempt of the private Statutes and Ordinances of the College made for the better government thereof, and for not payment of such reasonable Fines as shall be imposed by the Precedent and Censors for maintenance of the said College, among the Members of the same College?  
Resp. They all resolved, That the Precedent and College might commit to prison for offences and disobedience done or committed against any lawful ordinance made by the said College, and might impose reasonable Fines for the breach thereof, and detain the parties committed till these Fines were satisfied.  
Quest. 3. Whether they may not justly take upon every admission a reasonable sum of money for the better maintenance and defraying of necessary expenses, as in other Corporations?  
Resp. They all held, That they might take such reasonable sums.  
Quest. 4. Whether those only are to be committed that are offenders in Non bene exequendo, faciendo & utendo facultate Medicinae, as in the Letters Patents; and such as are sufficient and not admitted, are to be sued for 5 li. a month and not be committed?  
Resp. They all held, That by the Charter and Acts of Parliament they might commit Offenders and Practisers that offended in Non bene exequendo, faciendo & utendo facultate: But for the committing to prison of such as practise (not being admitted by the College) they held it doubtful, for that the Charter and Statute do in that case inflict a punishment of 5 li. a month against such practiser without admittance by the College. But they all resolved, That if the Precedent and College made an Ordinance to prohibit the practising of all without admittance under the Common Seal of the said College, That for breach and contempt of this Ordinance, the Precedent and College might both impose a reasonable Fine upon the Offender and commit him without bail or mainprize.  
Quest. 5. Whether refusal to come to be examined upon warning given be not a sufficient cause of Commitment?  
Resp. They all resolved, That if the College do make an Ordinance, That if any practiser of Physic in London or within 7 miles of the same shall obstinately or wilfully refuse to be examined by the Censors of the College in non bene exequendo, faciendo & utendo the art of Physic or his Medicines or Receipts, that the said Precedent and Censors may commit him to prison, there to remain without bail or mainprize, until he be delivered by the Precedent and Censors, and to forfeit and pay to the said College some reasonable sum of money, That the same Ordinance will be good and lawful. And if any after shall offend contrary to the said Ordinance, the Precedent and Censors may lawfully commit such Offender to prison, there to remain without bail or mainprize until he shall be delivered by the said Precedent and Censors.  
It pleased the Lord Chancellor to move these questions to the Judges as material for the execution of the Statutes.  
1. Quest. Whether the party committed for unskilful or temerarious practice may have an Action of false imprisonment against them, and thereby draw in question or issue the goodness or badness of the Physic?  
Resp. All resolved, That the party so committed was concluded by the sentence and judgement of the 4 Censors of the College of Physicians.  
2. Quest. Whether if any not admitted do practise Physic within London or 7 Miles of the same, but once, twice or thrice in one month, be an offender against the Charter and Statutes of the College?  
Resp. All resolved he was, if he be a professed Physician.  
These I conceive to be the resolutions of their Lordships and the Judges upon the Questions; which I humbly refer to themselves to affirm or disaffirm.  


John Crook.  
Tho. Foster.  
Tho. Harry's.     

A brief account of the College of Physicians Case drawn up in relation to their finding of Arms, keeping of Watch and Ward, or bearing any Parish offices.  
IN the roth year of King H. 8. the Physicians of London and within 7 miles of the same, upon many important reasons mentioned in their Royal Patent, were made a Body Corporate, and endowed with many privileges, which in the 14th and 15th of his Reign were confirmed by Act of Parliament.  
In the 32th of the same King's Reign several additional privileges were granted them by a second Act of Parliament, by which they were discharged from keeping any Watch and Ward, or being chosen to any Office in London or the Suburbs thereof, and were thereby enabled to practise Surgery as well as Physic in the said City, etc. By which clause, they were entitled to the privilege granted the Surgeons of being discharged from bearing Arms, etc. by the 5 H. 8. 6.  
In the 1 Q. M. 9 their Charter was a second time confirmed by Act of Parliament and additional Privileges granted to them: Which privileges, with a freedom from finding Arms, were continued to them without interruption till 1588., and it being then a time of most imminent and public danger, the Lord Mayor of London and Court of Aldermen charged the College with Arms, whereupon they applied themselves to Queen Elizabeth and her Council, upon which Secretary Walsingham wrote a Letter to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London, that they should no more trouble the College, but permit them to live quietly and free from that charge. After this, they met with no farther trouble or molestation till the Reign of K. James, at which time the College being charged with Arms, Sir William Paddy pleaded their Privilege before Sir Thomas Middleton Lord Mayor and a full Court of Aldermen, and Sir Henry Montague Recorder, an account of which is at large Printed in this Book.  
But the issue thereof was (in short) the following, viz. That the Recorder then perusing every branch of the Statutes recited by Sir William Paddy, with the reasons by him urged; and opening every part thereof at large, did conclude, that the Act of Parliament did extend to give the College as much immunity as in any sort to the Surgeons. Whereupon the Court desired a List of the Members of the College, which was immediately given them, and an Order entered for a dispensation to the College from bearing of Arms; and also a Precept was then awarded by the Mayor and Court to commit all other Physicians or Surgeons refusing to bear or find Arms, who were not of the College allowed, or Surgeons licenced according to form.  
About 3 years after this debate, King James granted the College his Royal Charter, wherein he confirms all former Statutes and Patents given them by his Royal Progenitors, and therein granted To all and every Physician of the College to be wholly and absolutely free from providing or bearing of any Armour or other Munition, &c any Act or Statute to the contrary notwithstanding. After this, the College enjoyed this privilege without interruption during the Reign of King Charles the First of glorious memory until the times of the late Rebellion; in which, Rights both Civil and Sacred were invaded, and our College exposed to public sale by mercenary Villains. But upon the return of his Sacred Majesty, He was pleased to take this Royal foundation into his protection, and in the 15th year of his Reign gave them his Letters Patents, confirming all their former Privileges, and endowing them with many new ones; amongst which, this of being exempted from bearing and providing Arms, etc. is contained in the following words. And we will and by these presents for Us, Our Heirs and Successors do give and grant unto the said Precedent, Fellows and Commonalty of the King's College of Physicians and their Successors, that all and every Physician and Physicians, that now is or are, or that hereafter shall be elected and admitted and made a Member of the same College, shall from time to time be wholly and absolutely freed, exempt and discharged of and from serving and appearing in any jury or juries for the trial of any matter or cause, or taking, finding or executing of any Commission or inquisition whatsoever, and of and from being or chosen to be Churchwarden, Constable, Scavenger, or any such or the like Officer or Officers; and of and from the undertaking, execution or exercise of all and every the same and such like Office and Offices, place and places, and every of them; and also of and from all Watch and Ward, and of and from bearing and providing Arms within our Cities of London or Westminster or either of them, or within 7 miles' compass thereof. And in case they or any of them shall at any time hereafter by any ways or means be designed, appointed, nominated or chosen into, or to undergo, or bear, or perform any of the said Office or Offices, place or places, Duty or Duties or any of them within our said Cities or the Suburbs or Liberties thereof, or limits aforesaid; That all and every such designation, appointment, nomination, or election shall be utterly void and of none effect, Any Statute, Act, Ordinance, Constitution, Order, Custom or Law to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding.  
In the Seventeenth of his majesty's Reign, he was pleased, pursuant to his Royal Patent, to send the following Letter in behalf of the College by Sir Alexander Frazier his chief Physician, the Superscription of which was:  
To our trusty and wellbeloved the Lord Mayor of our City of London for the time being, and to the Deputy Lieutenants and Commissioners of the Militia of London and Westminster that now are and hereafter shall be, and to all other Officers and Ministers whom it may concern.  
CHARLES R.  
WHereas in conformity to several Grants and Charters made by our Royal Progenitors Kings of England unto the College of Physicians in our City of London, We have been pleased of our especial Grace and Favour to confirm all their ancient Privileges and Immunities (with the addition of some further Powers and Clauses for the reguiation of that faculty) by our Letters Patent bearing date the 26th of March in the 15th year of our Reign; Wherein amongst other things it is expressly provided and by us granted that every Physician who is or shall be a Member of the said College be free and exempt and discharged of and from all Watch and Ward, and of and from bearing and providing Arms within our Cities of London or Westminster or either of them, or within 7 miles' compass thereof: We have thought fit hereby to acquaint you therewith, and with our pleasure thereupon; Willing and Requiring you in your several Places and Stations to give effectual orders from time to time, that the said exemption from Watch and Ward, and from bearing and providing Arms, be now and hereafter punctually observed in favour of the Members of the said College within the limits aforesaid; And that you suffer them not to be any wise molested on that behalf. And for so doing this shall be your Warrant. Given at our Court at Whitehall the 28th day of June 1665. in the seventéenth year of our Reign.  
By his majesty's Command, William Morice.  
This is a true Copy of His majesty's Letter,  
Will. Morice.  
Thus by the especial grace and favour of the Kings and Queens of England the College of Physicians have been freed from bearing and providing Arms; and though some particular Member may of late have been summoned upon that account by the Lieutenancy, yet upon producing his majesty's Patent and asserting his Sovereign's Natural right in dispensing with a Corporation of men from bearing and providing Arms (which was an inherent prerogative in the Crown; and therefore an Act of Parliament was made in 13 Car. 2. 6. positively declaring, That the sole and Supreme Power, government, command and disposition of all the Militia and of all Forces by Sea and Land, &c, is and by the Laws of England ever was the undoubted right of his Majesty and his Royal Predecessors) They were freed from any further trouble. An instance of which we lately had in the case of Dr. Novel then Candidate of the College of Physicians; who Anno 1680. was summoned to appear before the Lieutenancy of London for not bearing and providing Arms. Upon which Summons attending with the Patent of 15 Car. Secundi Regis nunc, The Lieutenancy upon a long debate of this matter, desired him to leave a Copy of that part of the Patent which exempted the Members of the said College from bearing and providing of Arms, and they would advise with their Council thereupon; ordering the Dr. to attend them their next Committee day, in which they promised to give him their positive resolution. Accordingly he attended, and they told him that they were satisfied that the words of the Patent were sufficient to exempt the Members of the College from bearing and providing Arms, and desired that a List of them might be given in under the College Seal, which was accordingly done.   

The Opinion of Sir Francis Pemberton (late Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas) as to the College's finding Arms, given under his hand, April, 1680.  
Quest. Whether the King may not excuse the College from finding Arms by virtue of his Letters Patent granted after an Act of Parliament, which requires all persons to find Arms without exception?  
Ans. I conceive his Majesty may by his Patent excuse the College from finding Arms, if he think sit.   

The Opinions of Sir Edmund Saunders (late Lord Chief Justice of England) and Mr. Holt, given under their hands upon the same account, An. Dom. 1682.  
Quest. Whether the general clause of Non obstante in the King's Letters Patent concerning the College of Physicians (expressed in these words, And we will and by these presents for Us, Our Heirs and Successors do give and grant unto the said Precedent, Fellows and Commonalty of the King's College of Physicians and their Successors, that all and every Physician and Physicians that now is, or are, or that hereafter shall be elected, admitted and made a member of the same College, shall from time to time be wholly and absolutely freed, exempt and discharged of and from bearing and providing Arms within our Cities of London or Westminster, or either of them, or any of the Suburbs or Liberties of the same Cities or either of them, or within 7 miles' compass thereof, Any Statute, Act, Ordinance, Constitution, Order, Custom or Law to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding) doth operate upon the Acts of Parliament of the 13, 14 and 15. years of his now majesty's Reign for regulating the Militia, and thereby exempt the Members thereof from bearing or providing Arms according to the purport of the said Acts, they being not by name mentioned in the said clause of Non Obstante?  

Sir Edmund Saunders his Opinion.  
The Patent doth discharge the Physicians from bearing or providing of Arms, notwithstanding the Militia Act.   

Mr. Holt his Opinion.  
I conceive by the Patent, all the Members of the College are exempted from being at any charge to wards the Militia.    
FINIS.   

AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE COLLEGE'S Proceedings AGAINST EMPIRICS AND Unlicensed Practisers, etc. In every Prince's Reign from their first Incorporation to the Murder of the Royal Martyr, King Charles the First.  
By CHARLES GOODALL Dr. in Physic, and Fellow of the said College of Physicians.  
LONDON, Printed by M. Flesher, for Walter Kettilby, at the Bishop's Head in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1684.   

TO THE RIGHT WORSHIPFUL Dr. Whistler PRECEDENT, The Censors, and Fellows of the College of Physicians in London.  
'TIs now about 165 years since your College was first founded by Royal Authority. The causes which moved the renowned Princes, King Henry 8. Q. Marry, Q. Elizabeth, King James and our present Sovereign (whom God long preserve) to stamp such eminent characters and signal marks of their Royal favour and bounty upon you; cannot be unknown to those, who have read over the Acts of Parliament passed in two Prince's Reigns; with the Charters granted by others, and Printed in this Book. In which, you may find it thus expressed; That they out of their Princely wisdom deeply considering, and by the example of Foreign well-governed States and Kingdoms truly understanding, how profitable, beneficial and acceptable it would be unto the whole body of this Kingdom of England, to restrain and suppress the excessive number of such, as daily professed themselves learned and profound Practisers in the faculty of Physic; Whereas in truth, they were men illiterate and unexperienced; rather propounding unto themselves their private gain with the detriment of this Kingdom, than to give relief in time of need.  
And likewise duly considering, that by the rejecting of those illiterate and unskilful practisers, those that were learned, grave, and profound practisers in that faculty, should receive more bountiful reward; and also the industrious Students of that profession, would be the better encouraged in their studies and endeavours, etc.  
Upon these and many other weighty Motives, causes and considerations (recited at large in the forementioned Acts and Charters) did our Kings and Queens of England, erect, found and establish a College, Commonalty, or Incorporation of Physicians in the City and Suburbs of London, and for 7 miles every way in distance from the same; to be, remain and have existence for ever. Now, much honoured Colleagues, How far you have answered the great and noble ends of these Princely favours and Royal Grants, will fully appear in this book; I mean, as to the primary cause of your Incorporation, viz. The restraining and suppressing illiterate, unexperienced and unlicensed practisers.  
As to the Second, viz. How far you and your predecessors have answered the Character of learned, grave and profound practisers in the faculty of Physic, will in some measure appear in this Epistle; wherein I have endeavoured to give a true, though brief account, of several memorable passages relating to the Lives and Works of some of the eminent Physicians of this College.  
This is a work (I must confess) more fit for a large Volume, than an Epistle; a work, which I hope in due time may be attempted by a more able and elegant pen, than I can pretend to: and that, because I know there want not good materials to encourage such an honourable and worthy undertaking, several Authors having already written somewhat memorable of the Worthies of this our Royal College; our own Annals acquainting us with much more; and the learned Dr. Hamey having left behind him (in a Manuscript of his own writing) the lives of above 50 of them. Some of which were highly valued for their knowledge in the learned Languages; others for being general Scholars, polite Latinists, accurate Grecians, eloquent Orators, great Antiquaries, and deep Philosophers. Others for the improvement of their own faculty in the Theoretic and Practic, Anatomic and Spagirick parts thereof; that they were and are no less valued and esteemed in other Countries than in their own; having by their matchless and most incomparable works, not only merited, but obtained the name of immortal. Some are admired and read in foreign Universities, as Hypocrates and Galen were of old; and others so much valued for their late incomparable and sagacious Medical observations; that the Disciples of foreign Professors are obliged to a diligent reading and careful practice of them. No wonder therefore, that Emperors and Princes have courted these Aesculapii of their several Ages, to attend them in their Courts; and foreign Universities have been so ambitious of encouraging them to ascend their Chairs; their excellent learning and parts being of such an illustrious extraction. And that I might not seem (by this their due character) to impose upon the World, or flatter them; I will (as I promised) give a short Essay of a future History intended, of the Memoirs of some of the worthy Members of this honourable Society.  
The first of which I shall mention, was the most famous Dr. Thomas Linacer, who was born at Canterbury, educated under the Learned Sellingus; and from him sent to Oxford; where after a short stay, he was An. Dom. 1484. chosen Fellow of All-Souls College. In which he made great proficiency in Learning, and then traveled into Italy, residing chiefly at Rome and Florence, where he highly improved himself by daily conversation with the Learned men of that Age. No English man, saith Dr. Fuller, in those times had so learned Masters, viz. Demetrius and Politian at Florence, and Hermolaus Barbarus at Rome; So noble Patrons, viz. Laurence Medici's Duke of Florence; who (whilst he was beyond the Seas) was intimately familiar with him, admiring him for the greatness of his Wit and Learning; K. Henry 7. and K. Henry 8. upon his return into England, (to both which he was chief Physician;) So highborn Scholars, Prince Arthur (eldest Son to Hen. 7.) with many Lords Sons his contemporaries; So learned friends, Erasmus, Melancthon, Ludovicus Vives, Grocinus, Latimer, Tonstal, Sir. Tho. More, etc. who, for his accurate skill in the Greek and Latin Languages, in other Sciences, and in his own profession, esteemed him the ornament of his Age; upon which account he gives him this following character, viz. That upon his return into England he brought Languages along with him, and was the first restorer of Learning in our Nation. It is a question whether he was a better Latinist or Grecian, a better Grammarian or Physician, a better Scholar or man for his moral deportment.  
He was created Doctor of Physic in Oxford, and made public Professor of that faculty; in which University he afterwards founded 2 Physic Lectures, and one in Cambridge. From Oxford he was commanded to Court by K. Hen. 7. to take the principal care of his own and the Prince's health.  
He was highly instrumental with K. Hen. 8. in the tenth year of his Reign, for obtaining his Letters Patents for the founding of a College of Physicians in London, etc. In which he was named with great honour as one of those 6 whom the King first made choice of for constituting this Royal foundation. He was chosen the first Precedent of the College by the Physicians named in the King's Patent; and continued in that office by an annual choice of the Electors for 7 years together; he being by them highly valued for his profound Learning, great prudence, and excellent government. He kept all the College Comitia in his own house during his life; died Precedent of the College, and at his death gave them for ever his house in Knight-rider street for a College and Library.  
He translated several of Galen 's works (as De inaequali temperamento, de temperamentis, de naturalibus facultatibus, de sanitate tuenda, de pulsuum usu, de methodo medendi, etc.) into the Latin tongue, with that admirable elegance and singular politeness and purity of style, that he not only exceeded all former Interpreters of the great Galen, but deserved the following character for his translations, which Erasmus hath given in one of his Epistles, Mitto tibi libros Galeni operâ Th. Linacri melius Latinè loquentes, quam antea Graecè loquebantur. Erasmus had that value for our famous Linacer, that in other Epistles he often calls him Meum Linacrum, intimum amicum, praeceptorem, patronum, etc. He wrote a Latin Grammar called Grammaticae rudimenta, which he dedicated to the Princess Mary; which Grammar is now of such account in some Universities in Poland, that all Students are posed in it, before they take their first degree. He wrote a little before his death (at the earnest and importunate request of some friends) a most admirable book, de emendata Structura Latini Sermonis. Many other Books he left behind him extraneous to his faculty, which for brevity sake I must now omit.  
He died at London much lamented the twentieth of October, 1524. and was buried under a stately Monument erected to his memory by Dr. Caius, in the Cathedral Church of St. Paul 's; a little above which was a Phoenix placed, with the following inscription.  Vivit post funera virtus. 
Dr. Richard Bartlot, was admitted into the College of Physicians and made Precedent thereof in the Reign of K. Hen. 8. in which he lived and flourished, as likewise in the Reigns of K. Edw. 6. and Q. Mary. He died An. Dom. 1557. with the following character given him by the Learned Dr. Caius in his Annals; This good and venerable old man (very famous for his Learning, great knowledge and experience in Physic,) died in the 87th year of his age, at whose funeral the Precedent and College attended; it being the first time that the Statute book of the College adorned with silver was carried before the Precedent. He was buried in great St. Bartholomew ' s.  
Dr. William Butte Fellow of Gonvile-hall in Cambridge, and Physician to K. Hen. 8. was Anno Dom. 1529. admitted into the College of Physicians. Upon which he was required to subscribe to the due observation of the Statutes of the College, and to give his promise to use his best endeavours for advancing the honour and perpetuity thereof. He is mentioned by Bishop Parkhurst and Fox with honour; Ascham, in his Epistle Commendatory to Dr. Wend, extols him highly; and the learned Dr. Caius hath dedicated most of his Books to him. His esteem was such in the College of Physicians, that he is entered in their Annals with the following Character; Vir gravis; eximiâ literarum cognition, singulari judicio, summâ experientiâ, & prudenti consilio Dr. He died in the Reign of King Henry the Eighth, and lies buried in Fulham Church, with this Inscription; Guil. Buttius Eq. Aur. & Medicus Regis Henr. viij. etc. obiit Novemb. 17. 1545. etc.  
Dr. William Freeman was admitted a member of the College, Anno Dom. 1529. After which, his Learning and eminency were such, that he was made Censor, Elect and Precedent of that Society. In the time of his Presidentship, viz. Anno Dom. 1546. he with Dr. Bartlot, Clement and Wotton procured from John Barker King at Arms, the College Arms; Manum videlicet è nube demissam aegri brachium complectentem, dimidiatas irides per ambitum, & in imo malum granatum, ut in ejus literis testimonialibus ad hoc conscriptis, videre licet.  
Dr. George Owen, a very learned and great Man, was bred in the University of Oxford, and after made Physician to King Henry the Eighth, and Queen Mary. He was admitted into the College An. Dom. 1544. He with Dr. Wend, and Dr. Huys (by their care and interest in Q. Mary) procured that eminent Statute for the College, which passed in 1 Q. Marry, Sess. 2. C. 9 printed page 30, etc. of this Book. He was of that repute in Q. Mary 's Reign, that there falling out an unhappy difference betwixt the College of Physicians and the University of Oxford, concerning their giving a degree in Physic to an illiterate person, rejected by the College; (which not being composed betwixt themselves) the College made their Appeal by Letter to the Right Reverend Cardinal Pool Chancellor of Oxford, and then Commissionated by Q. Mary to visit that University for the Reformation of Religion; who so ordered affairs there, that Oxford was obliged to consult this Learned Man, and Dr. Thomas Huys (the Queen's Physicians) de instituendis rationibus, quibus Oxon. Academia in admittendis Medicis uteretur. Which being agreed betwixt them, Hoc Statutum Reverendissimus approbavit, & authoritate suae legationis & Cancellariatûs, ut observent, injunxit.  
He and the learned Dr. Thomas Huys, and Dr. Robert Huye, with several other Physicians of note, died of a Malignant, Epidemical, Intermittent Fever; which reged so severely, An. Dom. 1558. and is so admirably described by Dr. Caius in his Annals, that I could not omit inserting the History of this Disease, in his own words.  
Tertio die Octobris, An. Dom. 1558. Electio Praesidis erat, quod postridie Divi Michaelis ex statuto esse nequibat; distractis hinc inde omnibus Collegis in populi subsidium; Qui febribus tertianis, duplicibus tertianis, & tertianis continuis ita vexabatur populariter per omnem mensem Augusti, & Septembr. pérque universam insulam Britanniam, perinde ac peste aliquâ, ut nullus locus quieti aut privatis negotiis esse potuit. Ex hoc morbo periere multi, non in Urbe solùm, sed ruri etiam; inter quos Urbanus Huys erat, quod dolens refero, ex immodica fatigatione per aestus graviores, dum aulicos curaret, morbo correptus.  
Per eos menses vix erant sani, qui aegris ministrarent; vix Messores qui messem meterent, aut in horreum recolligerent.  
Hos morbos exceperunt Quartanae populariter, ut non aliàs aequè per hominum memoriam; & aliquot Quintanae & Octonae etiam, sed hae breves & sine periculo; Illae plurimos de vita sustulerunt, flores videlicet gravitatis, consilii & aetatis maturae.  
Ex his Georgius Owenus erat, Regius Medicus & Dr. Oxon. Qui obiit die 10. Octobr. & sepultus est apud S. Stephanum in Walbroke Londini, 24. ejusdem mensis.  
Dr. John Caius was born in Norwich, bred in Gonvile-Hall in Cambridge; from whence he traveled into Italy, and studied there under the learned Joannes Baptista Montanus; He took his Doctor's degree first at Bononia, where, for some years, he was Greek Lecturer. At the age of 21 years he began to translate out of Greek into Latin Nicephorus Callistus 's Treatise of Confession in Prayer, and another of chrysostom, de modo orandi: and out of Latin into English Erasmus 's Paraphrase on Judas, and Epitomised his Book de vera Theologia.  
After his return into England, he took his Doctor's degree in Cambridge, and was so considerable a Benefactor to Gonvile-Hall, as that he obtained Letters Patents of Philip and Mary, which made him Co-founder; and the Hall had then this Title given it, viz. Gonvile and Caius College, Founded to the Honour of the Annunciation of Blessed Mary the Virgin. He built the Court called after his Name, Caius-Court, of freestone, and gave his Books and Plate to the College; He likewise Founded 3 Fellowships, and 20 Scholarships; procured the College a new Coat of Arms, Symbols of the faty of Physic.  
He was admitted into the College of Physicians in the Reign of King Edward the Sixth, An. Dom. 1547. He there passed through all the learned and difficult Offices thereof, having for several years been chosen Censor, often Register and Treasurer, 〈…〉 seven years or more, Precedent of this Royal Foundation. He was esteemed a man of a happy wit, great ●●●ning, and admirable skill in the Greek Tongue, as well as in his own Profession; He had the repute of one of the greatest Physicians of that Age, and was Physician to King Edward the Sixth, Queen Marry, and for many years to Queen Elizabeth.  
He was the first Inventor of those Ensigns of Honour by which the Precedent of the College is distinguished from the rest of the Fellows, the account of which he hath thus entered in his Register.  
Ante hunc annum nulla à Collegio condito reddita ratio fuit acceptorum & expensorum; nulláve solennis ratio instituendi aut honorandi Praesidentem Pulvinari, Caduceo, Libro & Sigillo, aut excogitata aut usitata; ulláve deponendi munus & officium; primúsque hos honores & excogitavit Caius & usus est. Neque certè inanes sunt honores isti. Name Caduceus sive virga argentea, regendum significat mitiùs & clementiùs, contra quam solebant olim, qui virgâ regebant ferreâ; prudenter autem regendum, agendúmque docent serpents, prudentiae Indices; Sustineri autem istis modis Collegium, indicant insignia Collegii in summo posita. Jam verò cognitione Collegium fulciri indicio est Liber, cujus etiam summum occupant eadem insignia. Quòd autem pulvinar, honoris honestamentum sit; & sigillum fidei signum & firmamentum, nemo est qui nescit. Vocentur haec virtutis Insignia.  
He hath left behind him a Book written with his own hands of the College Annals, bearing date An. Dom. 1555. and ending An. Dom. 1572. which Book was the first that ever was wrote of their affairs, and is managed with that excellent Method, clearness of Style, and fullness of Matter, that all the memorable Transactions of the College are there to be sound entered in their due time and order: I cannot therefore but heartily wish, that he may ever continue an Exemplar to all succeeding Registers of this Royal Foundation.  
He was so eminent a Defender of the College Rights and Privileges, that there happening in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth to arise a difference betwixt the Physicians and Surgeons; whether the Surgeons might give inward Remedies in the Sciatica, French Pox, or any kind of Ulcer or Wound, etc. Doctor Caius was summoned (as Precedent of the College) to appear before the Lord Mayor and others of the Queen's Delegates; Before whom he so learnedly defended the College Rights, and the Illegality of the Surgeon's practice in the forementioned cases, against the Bishop of London, Master of the Rolls, etc. (who brought many Arguments in behalf of the Surgeons) that it was unanimously agreed by the Queen's Commissioners, that it was unlawful for them to practise in the forementioned cases.  
He was so Religious in observing the Statutes of the College, that though old, he durst not absent from the College's Comitia without a dispensation; which he hath entered after the following manner in the conclusion of his Annals.  
Decimo quinto Novembris, An. Dom. 1572. visum est Praesidenti & caeteris Electoribus praesentibus omnibus in his Comitiis concedere, ut Joanni Caio Doctori, propter senium & alia Collegii negotia perfuncta laboriosius per anteacta tempora, liceat abesse à Comitiis & convocationibus omnibus praeterquam ordinariis, quae celebrantur in fine trimestris cuiusque spatii, si in Urbe suerit & per valetudinem liceat, & eye in quibus gravia Collegii tractantur negotia.  
The Learned Treatises which he wrote (besides his Commentaries, Translations, and Correction of several Authors) are too many to insert in this Epistle, I shall therefore give an account but of some of them which are the following.  

De medendi methodo.  
De Ephemera Britannica.  
De Antiquitate Cantabrig.  
De canibus Britannicis.  
De rariorum Animalium atque Stirpium historia.  
De Thermis Britannicis.  
De libris Galeni qui non extant.  
De antiquis Britanniae urbibus.  
De pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae linguae.  
De Annalibus Collegii Gonvilli & Caii.   
He Translated several of Galen 's Works out of Greek into Latin; of some of which, the following account is given by the Learned Gesnerus; Galeni libros duos de motu musculorum, vetustate corruptos, integritati restituit, & annotationibus illustravit; Galenum de Anatomicis, de sanitate tuenda, de Comate, de Pharmacis, de substitutis medicamentis, & alia in multis locis emendavit. For Cornelius Celsus, there is this account given of him; Cornelium Celsum valde corruptum repurgavit, additis argumentis & scholiis, unà cum librarum ac ponderum Celsi ratione.  
He died at Cambridge in his great Climacterick year (which was An. Dom. 1573.) foretelling his own death: He was buried in the Chapel of his own College, upon whose Monument, instead of an Epitaph, are inserted the two following words, Fui Caius.  
Dr. Richard Caldwall was born in Staffordshire, educated in Oxford, where he took his degree of Dr. in Physic. He was a person so highly valued for his Learning, Gravity and excellent Morals; that he was examined, approved and admitted into the College, and made Censor thereof in one and the same day; and within less than six weeks, was chosen one of the Elects of the said College.  
He was made a Member of that Society in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth 's Reign; was Precedent thereof An. Dom. 1570. His affections were such to the College, that he with the Lord Lumley, in the 24th year of Queen Elizabeth 's Reign procured Her Majesty's leave, under the Broad-Seal, to Found a Surgery-Lecture in the College, and to Endow it with 40. l. per annum; which is laid as a Rent-charge upon the Lands of the Lord Lumley, and Dr. Caldwall, and their Heirs for ever. The words of the Letters patent run thus,— Solvend. eidem Presidenti & Collegio seu Communitati & Successoribus suis annuatim, ad usum Lectoris Artis seu scienty Chirurgie infra domum sive Collegium Medicorum London. in perpetuum alend. & manutenend. juxta Ordinationes & Statuta dicti Johannis Domini Lumley & Richardi Caldwall in Medicina Doctoris fact. etc.  
This generous and noble gift of Dr. Caldwall 's, and the Lord Lumley 's, was so highly resented by the College, that immediately Letters were drawn up and presented to both of them, by the Precedent Dr. Gifford; wherein they did not only acknowledge their great obligations due for this so honourable and generous a Donation, most thankfully by them accepted; but as a testimony thereof, did immediately decree, That 100 l. should be forthwith taken out of their Public Stock to build the College Rooms more ample and spacious for the better celebration of this most solemn Lecture.  
Cambden gives the following short account of this our great and worthy Benefactor and Colleague. An. Dom. 1585. hoc anno fato functus R. Caldwallus è Collegio Ae●nei Nasi Oxon. Dr. qui ut de Repub. benè mereretur (adscito in partem honoris Barone Lumleio) lectionem Chirurgicam honesto salario in Medicorum Collegio Londini à Thom. Linacro fundato, instituit; Juxtáque ad S. Benedict. inhumatur, monumento laqueis plintheiss & charchesiis, scamno Hippocratis, glosso●●miis & aliis Chirurgicis ex Oribasio & Galeno machinamentis exornato.  
Dr. Robert James was created Doctor in Physic in the University of Cambridge, and admitted into the College of Physicians in the 27th year of Queen Elizabeth 's Reign. He was one of Her Majesty's Physicians, and highly in Her favour; as will appear by the two following Letters written by the Queen in his behalf, the one to the Emperor of Russia, the other to his Empress, the Copy of which are the following.  
Potentiss. Principi ac Domino Johanni Basileo, Dei gratiâ Russiae Imperatori, Magno Duci Moscoviae, etc.  
Elizabetha, Dei gratiâ, Angliae, Franciae & Hiberniae Regina, fidei defensatrix, etc. Potentiss. Principi ac Domino Johanni Basileo eâdem Dei gratiâ Russiae Imperatori, Fratri, Consanguineo & Amico nostro, Salutem.  
Potentissime Princeps, Frater & Consanguinee charissime,  
TAm per literas tuas, quam per sermones nostrorum, qui Ruthenâ ad nos proficiscuntur, accepimus, te non egere solùm, sed desiderare etiam, qui necessitatibus tuis serviat, Medicum. Quod hominum genus, quoniam & plurimarum rerum cognitionem, & morum probitatem non vulgarem postulat; Noluimus vel non parum providae esse salutis tuae, vel negligenter honoris nostri; quin virum tam probitatis laude insignem, quam cognitionis in re medica, usúsque laude commendatissimum, ad te mitteremus; eáque propter è domesticis, è nostris ex eorum numero, qui corporis salutisque nostrae, secundùm Deumc, ustodes sunt, Robertum Jacob in Medicina Doctorem, virum literatum, artis suae peritissimum, morum honestate probatissimum, ad te mittimus; non quia libenter eo careremus, sed quoniam tibi, tanquam nobis, volumus & cogitamus facere benè: Eum ut pari cum gratia à nobis accipias, & honore merito prosequaris, etiam atque etiam rogamus, etc.  
Serenissimae & Potentissimae Principi ac Dominae, Dominae Orinae, Imperatrici totius Russiae, etc. Serenissima & Potentissima Princeps, Soror, Consanguinea, & Amica nostra charissima,  
SIngularis, quae de insigni vestra prudentia, virtutibus rarissimis, & moribus tantâ Principe verè dignis, fama circumfertur, crebro etiam sermone praestantis viri Doctoris Jacobi Medici nostri confirmata, facit ut Serenitatem vestram vero animi affectu amemus, eique fausta & foelicia omnia ardenter optemus. Ideóque de valetudine & incolumitate vestra, non solicitae esse non possumus. Itaque non solùm (quod à nobis amanter petiit) Obstetricem expertam & peritam misimus, quae partûs dolores scientiâ leniat; sed Medicum etiam nostrum, qui nostram valetudinem curare solebat, praedictum D. Jacobum unà amandamus, hominem vobis anteà cognitum, fide plenum, ut Medicâ arte, in qua excellit, Obstetricis actiones dirigat, & vestrae valetudini fideliter inserviat, etc.  
Dr. Theodore Goulston was born in Northamptonshire, bred in Oxford, made Fellow of Merton College An. Dom. 1596. and after took his Degree in that University. In the 8th. year of King James his Reign, he was chosen Candidate of the College of Phyficians, being well approved by the Precedent, Censors, and all the Fellows; the year following he was made Fellow of the same, and after Censor thereof.  
His affection to the public good and to the advancement of the faculty of Physic was such, that by his last Will and Testament he gave 200 l. to purchase a Rent-charge for the maintenance of an annual Lecture within the College of Physicians London. Which said Lecture was to be performed from time to time by one of the four youngest Doctors in Physic of the said College, and to be upon 2 or 3 or more Diseases, as the Censors should appoint or direct. And this Pathological Lecture to be read yearly in some most convenient season, betwixt Michaelmas and Easter, upon some dead Body (if possibly by any means such a Body could be procured) upon 3 days together, in the Forenoon and Afternoon of each of the said days. There are several of his Works extant, as his Paraphrasis & Tabulae in Aristotelis lib. 3. de Arte dicendi, 1619. and the same year, Aristotelis de Rhetor. seu Arte dicendi libri tres Graeco-Latini, etc. Galeni quaedam Graeco-Lat. Graeca recensuit, Latina de novo fecit, An. 1640. He died in the Parish of St. Martin's within Ludgate, London, in the late Reign of King Charles the First.  
Dr. William Harvey, eldest Son of Thomas Harvey, was born at Folkston in the County of Kent, bred up to Learning, and sent from School to Caius College in Cambridge, from whence he traveled into Italy, studied at Milan 5 years, than took his Degree of Doctor in Physic there, and after in Cambridge; His eminency and reputation were such, that he was made Chief Physician to King James and King Charles the First. He was admitted Candidate of the College An. Dom. 1604. and 3 years after, Fellow. Upon the death of Dr. Davies, Reader of the Surgery-Lecture, Founded by the Lord Lumley and Dr. Caldwall; the Elects of the College (the week after) chose Dr. Harvey into that place. Who there Read those incomparable Lectures, de motu Cordis & Sanguinis in Animalibus; which he 9 years after published at Frankfort, viz. An. Dom. 1628. and Dedicated to Dr. Argent (than Precedent of the College) and to the rest of his Colleagues; who were not only ocular witnesses of the truth of those experiments published in that Book, but earnestly solicitous to have them printed; as will appear by the following account taken out of his Epistle. Meam de motu & usu Cordis & circuitu Sanguinis sententiam, E. D. D. anteà saepius in praelectionibus meis Anatomicis aperui, novam: sed jam per novem & ampliùs annos, multis ocularibus demonstrationibus in conspectu vestro confirmatam, & ab objectionibus doctissimorum & peritissimorum Anatomicorum liberatam, toties ab omnibus desideratam, à quibusdam efflagitatam, in lucem & conspectum omnium, hoc libello produximus; Quem nisi vobis transmissum E. D. D. minùs sperarem prodire posse integrum & tutum; cum penè omnium illarum observationum, ex quibus aut veritatem colligo, aut errores redarguo, è vobis plurimos & fide dignos appellare possum testes, qui dissectiones meas vidistis, & ocularibus demonstrationibus eorum, quae hic ad sensum palam assevero, assistere candidè & astipulari consuevistis. Persuasissimum habui, quòd si coram vobis nostróque Collegio tot tantisque viris doctissimis nobilitato, propositum sustinere potuerim, ab aliis tum demum minus pertimescendum; & jam illud, quod mihi à vobis, ob amorem veritatis, contigit unicum solatium; ab omnibus aliis, qui similiter sint Philosophati, non minus esse sperandum.  
This Book was so judiciously wrote, and solidly founded upon experimental demonstrations, as well as learnedly defended against Riolan, Primrose, Parisanus, etc. that in a short time the Author was no less styled, than merited the name of, immortal Harvey. Some few learned men indeed were so invidious at the great reputation that this our learned Harvey had acquired, that they endeavoured to eclipse his glory, in pretending that Father Paul was the first Inventor of the Circulation; and Honoratus Faber was so vain, as to profess himself the Author thereof. The first of these was most solidly and ingeniously confuted by the learned Doctor Charleton, in his Anatomic Lectures Read in the College Theatre An. 1682/3, and published An. Dom. 1683. And Honoratus Faber, by the great Jo. Alph. Borellus, in his Historia & Meteorologia Incendii Aetnei, Anno 1669. wherein he gives this short account about Faber's pretensions to this great discovery. cum verò sit omnino incredibile, & impossibile hominem Nobilem, religiosum & pium ea quae vera non sunt asserere voluisse; nil aliud in ejus excusationem dicendum restat, nisi quòd cum ingenio velocissimo praeditus sit, à celeritate ipsa quâ aliena legit, & propria scribit, multoties decipiatur. Quod aliàs ei contigisse non erit supervacaneum ostendere; ut inde pateat solemne ei esse Auctores alicujus nominis furti insimulare, hâc solummodo de causa, quia cursim & oscitanter eorum opera legit. Si enim patienter & debitâ attentione dignatus fuisset legere ea quae spatio 38 annorum edita fuerant, & vulgatissima per Universam Europam erant, proculdubio non scripsisset Anno 1666. lib. primo de Homine Prop. 2. se circulationem sanguinis invenisse & docuisse ab Anno 1638. antequam Gul. Harveii exercitatio anatomica de motu Cordis prodiret; quem pariter multa Fabri inventa in suis exercitationibus inseruisse affirmat; Omnes enim sciunt Harveium, Anno Dom. 1628. Francofurti typis Gual. Fitzeri suam exercitationem primùm edidisse; scilicet decem annos antequam Cl. Fabri sanguinis circulationem docuisset.  
An. 1627. This great and learned Man was chosen one of the College Elects; and in the year 1651, a second Book of his was printed, viz. his Exercitations the generatione Animalium, de partu, de membranis ac humoribus uteri, & de conceptione. For the publication of which, both the present and future Ages are highly indebted to that great ornament of our College, Sir George Ent, as may fully appear in that excellent Epistle which he hath dedicated to the Precedent and College, and published before that incomparable Book. In which, he having given the Character of Doctor Harvey, with an account of many things relating to his Life (and that in so elegant and polite a style) I could not omit the transcribing of it, in his own words. Harveum, magnum virum, Collegiique nostri summum decus & ornamentum, non procul, eo tempore, ab Urbe commorantem, naturae rerum perscrutandae intentum reperio, & vultu hilari alacrique animo, Democriti instar, cuncta investigantem. Tum ego protinus: Satin' salva omnia? Quî possint, ait, ubi turbarum plena Respublica, egóque adhuc ipsemet in alto mari? Et profectò (addidit) nisi studiorum solamen, rerúmque olim à me observatarum recordatio animum mihi reficerent; nihil est cur ultrà superesse cupiam, etc. Ego excipiens, hujusce rei hanc causam reddidero, inquam; quòd, dum alii plerique aliorum cerebro sapiunt, & à veteribus tradita (addito variae dictionis, novaeque methodi mangonio) pro suis venditant; tu semper, de Naturae arcanis, Naturam ipsam consulere malueris. Ipse enim (memini) aliquando mihi narrabas, nunquam te Animalis cujuspiam dissectionem instituisse, quin aliquid in eo inexpectatum repereris, de quo tibi anteà nulla cogitatio. Ita est, inquit; placuit mihi semper ipsorum Animalium inspectio; indéque non modò levia naturae arcana, sed ipsius Creatoris summi imaginem quandam indipisci nos posse, sum arbitratus. Et ut multa olim à doctis viris reperta sint, crediderim tamen longè plura abscondi adhuc in impervestigabilis Naturae obscurâ nocte: miratúsque sum saepenumerò, imò risi eos, qui ab Aristotele, Galeno, aut alio aliquo nomine, omnia consummata adeò atque absoluta crederent, ut nè hilum quidem superaddi possit. Natura equidem ipsa est arcanorum suorum fidissima interpres; quae in uno genere, aut pressiùs aut obscuriùs exhibet; ea clariùs & potentiùs in alio explicuit. Nemo sanè de partis alicujus usu sive officio rectè determinaverit; qui ejus in pluribus animalibus, fabricam, situm, annexa vasa, aliáque accidentia non viderit, secúmque diligenter pensitaverit, etc. Viri eruditi plurimi (dixi) quibus indefessum tuum in excolenda Philosophia studium exploratum est, ulteriora tua experimenta avidè expectant. Harveus subridens, Ergóne autor sis, ait, ut è portûs hujus (in quo dego) tranquillitate, me dem iterum in infidum mare? Nôsti, quantum turbarum pristinae meae lucubrationes concitaverint, etc. Imò verò, respondi, virtuti id praemium usitatum est, ut benè merenti malè rependantur gratiae. Ostendit mihi exercitationes de generatione Animalium, ingenti labore elimatas; & concedo tibi, inquit, scripta haec mea vel continuò edendi vel imposterum supprimendi liberam potestatem. Acts eam ob rem plurimis gratiis, valedixi; abiique, ceu Jason alter, vellere aureo ditatus. Domum autem reversus, dum singula perlustro, mirabar equidem tam ingentem the saurum tamdiu absconditum latuisse: &, dum alii apinas, tricásque, & cramben bis (imò centies) coctam magno cum fastidio exhibent, virum hunc eximias suas observationes tam parvi facere. Enimvero quotiescunque nova inventa depromit, haud multorum more se gerit; nempe, tanquam loquatur quercus, aut lactis gallinacei haustulum propterea mereatur; sed quasi fortuitò, aut facili negotio in res illas incidisset; quas nihilominus datâ operâ, studióque indefatigabili rimatus est. Candoris etiam eximii hoc argumentum est, quòd nullius Autoris nomen lacessat, sed suam ubique pacatè proferat sententiam. Dicere enim solet, indicium esse causae non bonae, pro eâdem rixosè acritérque contendere: veritatem autem patrono non indigere. Cúmque facilè potuerit integrum hoc opus de suo texere; maluit tamen (evitandae invidiae ergô) Aristotelis & Aquapendentis ductum sequi, tanquam ipsemet subtegmen adderet. De eo haud dicam amplius, vobis praesertim, quibus Virtus, Candor, & Ingenium illius optimè perspecta sunt.  
These two Books are of that great and admirable use in our Profession, that without a diligent reading and understanding of them, we must remain egregiously ignorant in many material points relating to it. As particularly may appear in his Book de motu Cordis & Sanguinis in Animalibus; In which he hath refuted that error of the Ancients concerning Attraction, and given a most clear account, how the nourishment is conveyed to all parts of the Body; how Medicines (although outwardly applied) have often so considerable an effect upon the body; And how Contagion, either from the biting of a Mad Dog, Serpent, or otherwise in the Lues Venerea, should vitiate the whole habit of the body, without hurting the part touched; And how, after the wound is healed should procure those dreadful symptoms so long after: All which, and many Problems more, he hath ingeniously solved by this Doctrine of the Circulation of the Blood, which hath conveyed the different particles transmitted into it, through the whole Body, and thereby produced the symptoms attending the forementioned Diseases. This Doctrine is of that great use, that without it we can give no rational account of the causes of many Distempers, nor the operation of Medicines, etc.  
In his Exercitations the generatione animalium, after he hath given the Anatomy of the parts serving for generation in the Hen, he acquaints us with the formation and growth of the Egg, and afterwards with the several parts whereof it consists; He than proceeds to give an account how the Chick is form, which he observed by a daily inspection of the Eggs, during the time of Incubation; and was the first who discovered that the original of the Chick was from the Cicatricula: He than gives an account in what order the several parts appear, and confutes a multitude of errors delivered by former Writers, proving, that the punctum saliens is the heart, that Blood is not form by the Liver, because its Parenchyma is form after, and of the blood, and grows to the bloud-Vessels; Nor yet by the Heart, because that is not in being, till some time after the Blood; He proves, that all the Viscera at their first formation appear white; that the Veins are the first conspicuous foundation, as it were, of the whole Body; that the division of the parts into Spermatical and Sanguineous is ridiculous, since all come from the same original. He delivereth an account of the parts serving for Generation in Deer, and how the Foetus is form; He acquaints us that nothing is to be found in utero, for a considerable time after coition; and how Analogous Conception is to an Egg, and that it is some time in utero, before it is affixed to it: He takes notice of several memorable things concerning the generation of other Animals, both Oviparous and Viviparous. In speaking of the formation of the Humane Foetus, he delivereth several curious observations, made on Abortions of several Ages; as also instances of Superfoetation, Hermaphrodites, of a Foetus found in Tuba uteri, etc. When he discourseth de partu, he gives very strange and memorable instances, to show how much the Foetus doth conduce to its own birth. Besides these, there are several remarkable observations scattered through the whole Book; as de partu difficili, de gravidatione falsa, de ulcere uteri, de uteri procidentia, etc. As also, de Uteri membranis, humoribus, placenta, de conceptione, de calido innato, de humido primigenio, etc. Of his Cure of a Sarcocele of that bigness, that none durst undertake the cure, either by Cutting or otherwise; which he happily performed by tying the Artery, and thereby depriving it of nourishment; By which means it was afterwards easily extirpated.  
This great and learned Man designed to have made the World (and especially his own Faculty) happy in several other Learned Treatises. As,  
A Practice of Physic conformable to his Thesis of the Circulation of the Blood.  
Tractatus de pulmonum usu & motu, de eventilatione omni, aerisque necessitate & usu; de variis & differentibus organis hujus causâ in Animalibus factis.  
Tractatus de quantitate sanguinis in unoquoque aut singulis pulsationibus protrusâ, & quando plus & quando minus, & qua de causa; itidem de Circuitûs causis, utilitatibus, & sanguinis arcanis.  
Observationes, de usu Lienis.  
Exercitationes, de respirationis causis, organis & usu.  
Observationes, de motivis Organis Animalium & de Musculorum fabrica.  
Tractatus de Animalium amore, libidine & coitu.  
Observationes Medicinales, de Herniae carnosae curatione, aliisque curationibus praeter vulgi sententiam & methodum foeliciter peractis.  
De nutritionis modo.  
Historia multorum Animalium, praesertim Insectorum, ab inconspicuis prae exiguitate principiis & seminibus (quasi atomis in aëre volitantibus) à ventis huc illuc sparsis ac disseminatis, ortorum.  
Anatomia Medica ad Medicinae usum maximè accommodata, ubi ex multis Dissectionibus corporum aegrotorum gravissimis & miris affectionibus confectorum; quomodo & qualiter partes interiores in situ, magnitudine, constitutione, figurâ, substantiâ, & reliquis accidentibus sensibilibus à naturali forma & apparentia permutentur, & quam variis modis & miris afficiantur, enarrare susciperet.  
An. 1654. Dr. Harvey (though absent) was chosen Precedent of the College; who, coming the next day, owned his great obligation to the Electors, for choosing him into a Place of the same Honour and Dignity; as if he had been elected to be Medicorum omnium apud Anglos princeps; but that his Age and Weakness were so great, that he could not discharge the duty incumbent upon that great Office; And therefore requested them to choose their former Learned Precedent Dr. Prujean, who had been highly serviceable to the College, in his former discreet and prudent government.  
About two years after, this Learned and Bountiful old Man came to the College, and after his making an Elegant Speech, he presented them with public Instruments in Writing, whereby he gave them his Land of Inheritance to College uses for ever; and then resigned his Lecturer's Place (which he had for many years performed with great honour) into the hands of that Learned and incomparable Anatomist, Sir Charles Scarburgh. About a year after, this our immortal Harvey died in the 80th year of his Age, at whose Funeral attended all the Members of the College.  
Not long after his death, the following Character of this great Man was drawn up, and is now to be seen at the College in a Copperplate, under his Picture.  
Gulielmus Harveus  
Anglus natu, Galliae, Italiae, Germaniae, hospes,  
Ubique amor, & desiderium,  
Quem omnis terra expetîsset civem,  
Medicinae Dr. Coll. Med. Lond. Socius & Consiliarius,  
Anatomes, Chirurgiaeque Professor,  
Regis Jacobi familiae, Carolóque Regi Medicus,  
Gestis, omissique honoribus, clarus;  
Quorum alios tulit, oblatos renuit alios,  
Omnes meruit;  
Laudatis priscorum ingeniis par;  
Quos honoravit maximè imitando,  
Docuitque posteros exemplo,  
Nullius lacessivit famam, veritati students, magis quam gloriae,  
Hanc tamen adeptus,  
Industriâ, sagacitate, successu, nobilis  
Perpetuos sanguinis aestus circulari gyro,  
Fugientis, séque sequentis,  
Primus promulgavit mundo;  
Nec passus ultrà mortales sua ignorare primordia,  
Aureum edidit de ovo atque pullo librum,  
Albae Gallinae filium:  
Sic novis inventis Apollineam ampliavit artem,  
Atque nostrum Apollinis Sacrarium Augustius esse  
Tandem voluit;  
Suasu enim & curâ D. D. D ni Franc. Prujeani Praesidis &  
Edmundi Smithi Electoris  
An. MDCLIII.  
Senaculum, & de nomine suo Museum, horto superstruxit,  
Quorum alterum plurimis libris, & instrumentis Chirurgicis,  
Alterum omnigenâ supellectile ornavit, ac instruxit,  
Medicinae Patronus simul & Alumnus:  
Non hîc anhela substitit Herois virtus, impatiens vinci,  
Accessit porrò Munificentiae decus;  
Suasu enim & consilio D ni D ris Edu. Alstoni Praesidis,  
An MDCLVI.  
Rem nostram angustam prius, annuo LVI. l. reditu  
Auxit;  
Paterni fundi ex asse Haeredem, Collegium dicens,  
Quo nihil illi charius, nobisve honestius:  
Unde aedificium sartum tectum perennare,  
Unde Bibliothecario Honorarium suum, suúmque Oratori  
Quotannis pendi;  
Unde omnibus Sociis Annuum suum Convivium,  
Et suum denique (quot menses) Conviviolum Censoribus parari  
Jussit:  
Ipse etiam pleno theatro gestiens se haereditate exuere,  
In manus Praesidis Syngrapham tradidit,  
Interfuitque Orationi veterum Benefactorum novorúmque Illicio,  
Et Philotesio Epulo:  
Illius, auspicium & pars maxima;  
Hujus Conviva simul & Convivator.  
Sic postquam satis sibi, satis nobis, satis gloriae,  
(Amicis solùm non satis, nec satis patriae) vixerat,  
Coelicolûm Atria subiit,  
Jun. iijᵒ MDCLVII.  
Quem pigebat superis reddere, sed pudebat negare:  
Nè mireris igitur Lector,  
Si, quem marmoreum illic stare vides,  
Hîc totam implevit tabulam.  
Abi & merere alteram.  
Doctor Baldwin Hamey, Son of Doctor Baldwin Hamey, was born at London, took his Degree of Doctor in Physic at Leyden, was admitted Candidate of the College An. Dom. 1630. and three years after Fellow; After which he was chosen Censor, Anatomy-Reader, Elector, Register, and Consiliarius; and though often Precedent, yet he always refused that Office. His affections were such to the College, that he was not only a liberal and great Benefactor to that Society himself, but encouraged his Friends to be the same, as particularly Mr. Francis Tyron Merchant Druggist of London, who gave 250 l. to the College, to be disposed of to certain uses mentioned in his Deed of Gift: He presented the College with a most delicate and curious Vnicorn's Horn, which being richly adorned with Plates of Gold, was Presented by the College to His Sacred Majesty, upon his happy and glorious Restauration to his Crown and Dignity. After the dreadful Fire of London (in which the College was reduced to Ashes) he gave at least 200 l. towards the building of a new one; And what he farther gave to this his beloved Society (together with his deserved Character) is so admirably and elegantly described by our learned Precedent Doctor Whistler, in the College Annals, that I shall give the account thereof in his own words.  
Sciant posteri, quòd Baldwinus Hamaeus, Baldwini filius, Musarum ac Apollinis, dum vixerat, deliciae erat. Tam sciens Latinae linguae; non ipsum Latium magis Latinum fuerat; tam Graecae, non ipsae Athenae magis Atticae. Moribus ac vivendi regulâ ad amussim compositus. Olim diúque hujus Collegii Socius, tandem saepius Censor, denique Registarius. Praesidis munus saepius oblatum, semper noluit. Equitis aurati à Regia Majestate non semel obtinendum titulum cum gratiis non voluit; nè Doctoratûs excellentiam contaminaret. Acceptis simul ac repudiatis Honoribus inclytus. Sub Hasta Collegium iniquitate temporum positum, Pater hic, non sibi, sed Collegio magno impendio redemerat. Postulante necessitate in omnibus sumptibus faciendis publicae utilitati, cum primis munificum se ostendebat. Totum Coenaculi nostri intestinum Opus tam ornatè, tam affabrè exstructum propriis sumptibus consummavit. Supremis tabulis Collegium lautissimorum duorum praediorum Haeredem reliquit, nè vita nimium desideraretur.  
The College had that sense of their great obligations to this their noble and worthy Benefactor, that near 20 years before his death, the following Decree was made in their public Comitia: Omnibus Collegis Bonum factum visum est, ut, in gratitudinis testimonium, Tabula marmorea in honorem Doctoris Hamaei (ut pote insignis Benefactoris) in Bibliotheca Harveana extruatur.  
Dr. Francis Glisson was born in Dorsetshire, educated in Caius College in Cambridge, was made Doctor in Physic in that University, and after, public Professor; which place he continued in for about 40 years. He was admitted Candidate of the College Anno Dom. 1634. and Fellow the year following. He was chosen Anatomy Reader in the College Anno 1639. His Lectures De morbis partium were so highly valued and tended so much to the honour of the College, that he was particularly requested to make them public, as appears in his Epistle printed before his book De Hepate An. Dom. 1654. which was 13 years after his Reading: the account of which he thus gives. Placuit Amicis praesentibus rei novitas, & quae inde verisimiliter in rem Medicam profectura esset utilitas; mihique acriter institerunt, ut quae intra privatos Collegii cancellos exhibuissem, quamprimum id commodè fieri posset, publici juris facerem. In this book he hath given a more exact description of the Liver and its several vessels than any Anatomist before him: Amongst many other things most worthy of observation, the discovery of the Capsula communis or vagina portae is owing to him, who hath likewise given us certain rules for the more easy distinguishing of the Vena Cava, Porta & Vasa fellea in excarnating the Liver. He hath given such an excellent account of sanguification (discharging the Liver from that office) and proved it by so good arguments and clear experiments, that few have since doubted the truth thereof. He acquaints us, how by the continual concoction of the blood, the bilis is necessarily produced, and separated from the blood, and gives the reasons of its bitter taste. He gives an admirable account of the Lymphducts, discourseth about the Succus nutritius with the manner of its conveyance, and offers his conjectures about the use of the Spleen and other Glands, etc.  
An. Dom. 1650. He published to the World an account of the Rickets (being assisted therein by 2 of his Fellow Colleagues, the learned Dr. Bate, and Dr. Regemorter) In which, we have not only the original, causes, symptoms and method of curing that disease delivered, but also a most admirable collection of many Anatomical observations, discovering how the several Viscera of those that died of this disease, were affected.  
In his book De ventriculo & intestinis, (which was dedicated to the University of Cambridge and to the College of Physicians, as that likewise De Hepate) printed An. Dom. 1677. He discourseth of the Cutis & Cuticula, with the several colours which are observable in Hair; and there delivereth several ingenious Problems. He discusseth in that book many considerable questions concerning Rumination, and why some Animals have more Stomaches than one, as likewise concerning the structure, tenacity and various uses of fibres: He acquaints us with his thoughts that the Stomach and Guts are not wholly made up of Membranes (as most have formerly supposed) but have a considerable quantity of Parenchyma, which he conjectureth to be glandulous. He examineth the nature of hunger and thirst, and showeth wherein they specifically differ from the other 5 senses: He proceeds to show the manner of deglutition, concoction, distribution of the chyle, secretion, etc. concluding with an Appendix concerning fermentation. Throughout the whole book there are abundance of ingenious questions discoursed of, some of which relate to diseases; as the difrences, causes and signs of flatus, what are the most proper discutients of them; of Hypochondriack flatus; of the parts affected in a Rheumatism, as also of febrile and malignant ferments, etc.  
He wrote also another excellent book in quarto before this, De vita naturae, which having no such particular relation to our Faculty, I have at present pretermitted. He was chosen one of the Elects An. Dom. 1655. was several years Precedent of the College, and died Anno Dom. 1677.  
Sir John Micklethwait was admitted Candidate of the College An. Dom. 1642. the year after Fellow; and the year following (though absent) chosen Reader of Dr. Goulston's pathological Lecture. The learned Dr. Clerk long Precedent of the College, had that esteem and value for those excellent accomplishments of mind and body, with which he was endowed, that he married him to his eldest daughter. He was of that repute in the College, that they chose him no less than 7 or 8 times Censor, employed him in most of their Committee affairs, made him one of their Elects Anno Dom. 1659. and after that, Treasurer of the College; and then Precedent, which office he continued for 6 years and died Precedent. He was Physician for many years to the 2 famous Hospitals of Christ-church and St. Bartholomew's, and in the time of his Sacred Majesty's late sickness at Windsor, was sent for by an Order of Council, where he behaved himself with that gravity, prudence and judgement in his profession, that the King (as a signal mark of his Royal favour) Knighted him, and was (as I am informed) much concerned at his death. He was a man of great eminency and reputation in his profession, especially amongst the Nobility and persons of the best Quality in Court and City. His Piety towards God, and Charity to the poor was very exemplary, and therefore no wonder that his death was so universally lamented. I had the honour and happiness to be so intimately acquainted with him, that I cannot give him a less character, than what the learned Dr. Caius hath given of Dr. Butte. Vir gravis, eximiâ literarum cognition, singulari judicio, summâ experientiâ, & prudenti consilio Doctor. He died of an Inflammation and Gangrene in his bladder in the 70th year of his age, was buried in the Parish Church of St. Botolph's Aldersgate, at whose Funeral attended Sir George Ent the Praeses natus of the College, with the rest of the Members in their Formalities. The following inscription is entered upon a Marble in that Church, to the memory of this grave, wise and learned man.  
M. S.  
Heic juxtà Spe plena resurgendi situm est  
Depositum mortale  
Joannis Micklethwaite Militis,  
Serenissimo Carolo Secundo à Medicina  
Qui, cum primis solertissimus, fidissimus, felicissimus,  
In Collegio Medicorum Londinensium  
Lustrum integrum & quod excurrit,  
Praesidis provinciam dignissimè ornavit;  
Et tandem emenso aetatis tranquillae stadio,  
Pietate sincerâ,  
Inconcussâ vitae integritate,  
Benignâ morum suavitate,  
Sparsâ passim Philanthropiâ  
Spectabilis,  
Miserorum Asylum,  
Maritus optimus,  
Parens indulgens,  
Suorum luctus,  
Bonorum omnium Amor, & Deliciae,  
Septuagenarius senex  
Coelo maturus,  
Fato, non invitus cessit  
iv. Kal. Augusti Anno Salutis MDCLXXXII.  
Caetera loquantur  
Languentium deploranda suspiria,  
Viduarum ac Orphanorum  
Propter amotum Patronum profundi gemitus  
Pauperúmque,  
Nudorum jam, atque esurientium  
Importuna viscera,  
Monumenta, hoc marmore longè perenniora.  
Moerens posuit pientissima Conjux.  
Dr. Thomas Wharton was bred in Pembroke Hall in Cambridge, took his Degree of Doctor in Physic in the University of Oxford, was admitted Candidate of the College An. Dom. 1647. and Fellow 1650. After which, he was chosen Censor 5 or 6 years, and in the year 1656. published an excellent book, which he called Adenographia sive Glandularum totius corporis descriptio, which he dedicated to the College of Physicians and in particular to Dr. Hamey, Glisson, Bathurst, and Sir George Ent. In which he hath given a more accurate description of the Glands of the whole body, than was formerly done; and whereas Authors had ascribed to them very mean uses (as supporting the divisions of Vessels, or imbibing the superfluous humidities of the body, etc.) He assigned them more noble and considerable uses, as the preparation and depuration of the Succus nutritius, with several other uses belonging to different Glands as well for conservation of the individual, as propagation of the Species. Amongst other things, we ought particularly to take notice of his being the first who discovered the Ductus in the Glandulae Maxillares, by which the Saliva is conveyed into the mouth. He hath given also an admirable account of morbid Glands and their differences, and particularly of Strumae and Scrophulae; how new Glands are often generated; as likewise of the several diseases of the Glands of the Mesentery, Pancreas, etc. which opinions of his, he often illustrates by Anatomical observations. He was a man of eminent esteem and practice in the City, where he raised a considerable estate, and died much lamented by his own faculty as well as others.  
The Right honourable Henry Lord Marquis of Dorchester, Earl of Kingston upon Hull, and Viscount Newark, etc. was born at Mansfield in the County of Nottingham Ann. Dom. 1606. and created Marquis of Dorchester by K. Charles I. at Oxford, An. 1645. His Father was Robert Pierrepont of Holme Pierrepont Esquire, the ancient seat of this most ancient family; who was created Viscount Newark and Earl of Kingston by his late Majesty Anno 1633. His Mother was Gertrude Talbot, of the noble house of Shrewsbury; and had she been male, had born herself that title.  
From his youth he was very much addicted to books; he spent some time in Emanuel College in Cambridge, and for many years seldom studied less than 10 or 12 hours every day; insomuch that he had early passed through all manner of Learning both Divine and Humane, as the Fathers, Schoolmen, Casuists, the Civil and Canon Law; and was reasonably well versed in the Common Law; So that he did no small honour to that profession in being admitted a Bencher of Gray's-inns, where he performed his exercise of reading in the Hall before his admission, and then treated the Benchers, Baristers and Students of that Inns of Court, with a noble and sumptuous dinner.  
In the year 1649. He found himself of an ill habit of Body, caused (as he conceived) by a long sedentary course of life, and trouble of mind for the barbarous and inhuman murder of his Sovereign, and the deplorable condition the Nation was in: He was recovered from this Chronical distemper, by the advice of the learned Dr. Harvey, Sir Francis Prujean, Sir Charles Scarburgh, and others; who in a short time brought him again to a good state of health. After which that he might be as careful to preserve it, as he had been to obtain it, he (at the age of about 43) applied himself to the study of Physic: And though he fell to this study late, yet no man ever began upon a better foundation, nor pursued it with greater application; he having then gone through the whole body of Philosophy, Mathematics and all other Learning. After he had for some years diligently applied himself to the study of Physic and Anatomy, His Lordship An. Dom. 1654. presented the College of Physicians with 100 l. to be laid out in books; which I find thus entered in our College Annals, Henricus Marchio Dorcestrensis, cujus insignis peritia & indefessa studia in utroque Juretam Municipali quam Civili, in Mathematicis, in Medicina, & ad ipsam spectantibus Chymicis Anatomicisque artibus, cum illustribus titulis de Victoria certant; centum libris in libros emendos erogandis, Museum Harveanum, primus, magnificéque cohonestavit: An. Dom. 1658. He was admitted Fellow of the College; a short account of which being entered by the learned Sir George Ent (than Register thereof) I have here transcribed in his own words, Die Julii 22 An. Dom. 1658. Illustrissimus Vir, Marchio Dornaviae proponitur eligendus Socius; omnésque Socii praesentes in illius admissionem laetis animis suffragantur. Mox Dr. Scarburgh à Praeside ad id muneris designatus, tum illius virtutes, animúmque verè Heroicum; tum honorem hoc facto in Societatem nostram collatum, eleganti oratione extulit. Ipséque Marchio, Artis Medicinae praestantiam, decúsque ac laudem sibi à Collegio concessam, breviquidem sed nervosâ oratione apertè professus est: Simul Statutis nostris nomen suum adscripsit; pollicitúsque est, se Collegii statum ac dignitatem sartam tectam pro viribus conservaturum: tandémque bellaria in praesentes omnes liberalissimè effudit. This most illustrious and learned Nobleman, in his Latin Oration made in the public Hall of the College upon his admission into that Society expressed a great value for the Art of Physic, which (he said) many Princes and great men had highly esteemed, and made profession of; And that for his own part, he took it for the greatest honour (next to that conferred upon him by his Majesty) to be ranked amongst them; which esteem he continued to that Learned Society to his last end; He having often been heard to say, that he did believe them the Learnedest Society of their profession in the World; and therefore as a testimony of his value for them, he left them the best Library for Physic, Mathematics, Civil Law and Philology, in any private hand in this Nation, for a choice collection of books, to the value of above 4000 l. Which Library after the Marquess' death, was presented to the College by his daughter the Right honourable the Lady Grace Pierrepont; Her Honour knowing it to be her Father's intention, in his life time.  
In short, this Noble and great Lord was a man of that exemplary Loyalty to his Prince, and of those great attainments and proficiency in Learning, that he merits a just volume to set forth his deserved praises. He died upon the 8th of December An. Dom. 1680. in the 74th year of his age, of a Gangrene and mortification in his left Leg; which proceeded from an inflammation procured by the rubbing off a little skin on that heel. He was carried some time after he had lain in state at his house in Charter-house yard, to his ancient seat of Holme Pierrepont near Nottingham, where he lies interred amongst his Ancestors.  
Dr. Thomas Willis was bred in Christ-church in Oxford, and in the time of the late Rebellion was one of those Scholars who voluntarily listed himself (in the Academic Regiment) to serve his Sovereign; in which service he continued for many years, till that Garrison was surrendered. After which, he applied himself to the study of Physic; retaining still that affection to the Government of the Church of England, that when our Liturgy was thrust out of our Churches, and it was rendered criminal to attend its Worship; he dedicated part of his house to those holy uses, that so the public Prayers and Offices of the Church might be there performed; where he constantly attended twice a day, and had several friends with him thrice a week; there being likewise a Sermon preached and a Sacrament constantly administered the first Sunday in the month.  
He during those unhappy times improved very highly not only in the knowledge, but likewise in the practice of Physic, being more admired and sought to than any of his Contemporaries in that University, but still resolved that he would not take his Degree under the then pretended Government. He wrote during his Majesty's exile those most incomparable Tracts De fermentatione, de Febribus, & de Urinis; which he published An. Dom. 1659. In which book, he hath showed himself to have been no less versed in Chemistry than in other parts of Natural Philosophy, having ingeniously asserted and rationally proved, that the generation, perfection and corruption of Natural as well as Artificial Bodies, do depend upon fermentations according to the different proportion and motion of their constituent principles, viz. Spirit, Sulphur, Salt, Water and Earth. According to these principles he hath given us the Analysis of the blood, with a new Hypothesis of Fevers and excellent observations concerning them. In his Epistle before his Tract De Febribus, he gives this account, for instituting a new doctrine of Fevers: In re medica (idque jure merito) non ea nostris, quae prioris aevi hominibus placuere: quip veteres, supposito circa motum sanguinis falso, innixi; velut per lubricum & loca paludosa pròcedentes, saepius foedè, nec minùs periculosè lapsi sunt. Quare ex quo insignissimus Harvaeus noster circulationem sanguinis tanquam novum in Medicina fundamentum posuit, nihil mirum si instaurandam penitus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & fulcimentis veteribus collapsis, aedificium ab ipso solo (quod aiunt) reficiendum curaverint posteri. Olim inter antiquos, prout humoris nutritii, sanguinis, & succi nervosi distributio & motus naturales, ita eorundem praeternaturales, & effervescentiae febriles omnino in abstruso & tenebris latuerunt: Nunc verò cum nova affulserunt lumina, & prius abditas rerum causas novisse datum est; minimè decet viros prudentes, & Philosophiam professos, usque clausos tenere oculos, atque in luce ipsa etiamnum caecutire: praesertim verò circa morbum, à quo tertia pars mortalium usque hodie cadit, malle cum antiquis errare, quam cum Neotericis verum sentire, aut verisimiliter opinari, animum insignis pervicaciae reum arguit. cum itaque prioris Medicinae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, basin instabilem & minùs firmam habere; atque huic plurima erronea & planè falsa superstrui facilè sit ostendere, quid obstat quin nos principia certiora nacti, circa Febres scientiam meliorem eruere conemur, etc. He hath likewise in this book given us the Chemical Analysis of Urine, as also an account of the quantity, colour, consistence and contents of the Urines of healthful and sick people, with several methods of examining them by distillation, evaporation, precipitation, etc. and also discovered the great uncertainty of Vromancy in several diseases.  
About a year after his publication of this book, his Sacred Majesty was restored to his Crown and People; after which, he took his degree of Doctor in Physic and was chosen Professor of Natural Philosophy; Upon which, notwithstanding the multiplicity of his practice, he seldom failed for a considerable time of Reading once a week (in Term time) such Lectures as invited more than an ordinary number of the most ingenious young Students and others of the University to be his constant Auditors. Whilst he continued at Oxford he published 2 other excellent books, One his Cerebri Anatome printed An. Dom. 1664. the other, De morbis convulsivis printed An. 1667. In the first of which, he hath given us a far more accurate Anatomy of the Brain than any before extant, and his ingenious conjectures about the uses of its several parts, particularly the oblique ascension of the Carotid Artery, and the cavity form by the Sinus laterales before they enter the Jugular Veins. His distinction of the Nerves is worth remark, viz. that some of them arise from the Brain, which are serviceable to voluntary motion; Others from the Cerebellum, which furnish spirits for involuntary: He hath also traced the Nerves, which are inserted into all the Viscera, and by laying open their different originations, plexus and ramifications hath given us a much clearer account of the sympathies of the several parts of the body either in their natural or preternatural State, than any we had before. He hath likewise in this book, given a most ingenious account how the Animal spirits are generated and instilled into the Brain, how their faculties are performed, how nutrition is caused and distributed, with many things more relating to sense and motion and the explication of several abstruse diseases, highly ingenious and probable. He hath carried on his Hypothesis about the Nerves, and given a very rational account of the affections of the Head, with their several causes and cures; and particularly in his Treatise De morbis Convulsivis, he hath shown us, how much former Authors have been mistaken in their notions concerning Hysterical and Hypochondriacal affections; and that the most rational account that can be given of the symptoms attending those distempers, is by attributing them to convulsive motions: He likewise conjectures, that the Colic, Tympanites and some sorts of Asthmas are in great part nervous distempers, and then finisheth that book with a most ingenious and excellent discourse of the Scurvy, as to its causes, differences, Diagnosticks, Prognostics, Symptomatical diseases, deriving their Original from it; with the different methods of cure.  
An. Dom. 1667. He left Oxford and came to London, where he immediately fell into a very large and full practice; notwithstanding which, he found time to write several excellent and useful books; as one against Dr. Highmore in defence of his Hypothesis De Hysterica affectione & Melancholia Hypochondriaca; with 2 other Tracts De sanguinis accensione & motu musculari; After that, he wrote a most Learned book De Anima Brutorum & morbis Capitis; then his 2 last, viz. his Pharmaceutices Rationalis pars prior & posterior; In which he hath given us a most accurate account of the Anatomy of the Stomach and Intestines with their several coats; as also a description of the several Membranes that compose the Veins and Arteries; likewise an excellent Anatomy of the Lungs; To which he hath added a rational account of the operation of Medicines, whether Emetic, Cathartick, Diaphoretick, Cardiack, Thoracick, Epatick, or Opiate; and endeavoured to render them intelligible by Mechanical principles. He hath also (in those books) discoursed of the diseases of the Breast, Liver and Spleen; as likewise concerning Phlebotomy, Hemorrhages, Issues, Vesicatories and Cutaneous diseases, illustrating the whole with many curious observations. The first of these books which he published An. Dom. 1674. he dedicated to the College of Physicians. Upon which dedication the College passed the following Vote, Placuit omnibus, nemine refragante, ut summae gratiae habeantur Doctori Willis ob Pharmaceuticem Rationalem Collegio datam.  
I shall finish my present History of this pious, learned and great man with part of that excellent and deserved Character given him by the Learned and Reverend Prelate the present Bishop of Oxford, in a Postscript to the Preface before the Doctor's second part of his Pharmaceutice rationalis. Dum haec prelo subduntur, tristissimus affertur nuncius, Autorem immortalitate dignissimum, pleuritidis ineluctabili impetu oppressum, è vivis excessisse, nec profuisse Domino arts, quae aliis omnibus profuerant: Dabit veniam Lector, si memoriae tam sacrae aliquantisper parentemus; nec supervacuum ducet paucis audire, qualis ille vir fuerat, qui talia scripserat: porrò intelligere gestiet, quam bonus erat ille, qui tam doctus; quam etiam in pietatis praxi exercitatus, qui in praxi Medica versatissimus—  
Pientissimae animae divini numinis cultus eadem usque cura insederat, & quandoquidem horis Canonicis in Ecclesia Parochiali Aedibus suis vicinae precibus publicis per negotia interesse non liceret; ut officia sacra primo mane & sero vespere ibidem celebrarentur, procuravit; iisque, negotiis quibuscunque frustra reclamantibus, semper ferè vacavit. Insuper cum videret institutum illud utile admodum fuisse pluribus, qui in vicinia pariter toto die in mercatura aliisque artibus exercendis distringebantur, Sacerdotem id munus per futura secula obiturum idoneo salario dotavit.  
Sed leve hoc documentum egregii in pietatem animi. Quanquam ipso nemo magis frugalis & ad rem attentus, nemo magis munificus; omnia scilicet sibi, nihil autem pauperibus & miseris negaverat. Praeter illa quae propriâ manu elargitus est, Eleemosynarios & dispensatores in Urbe, Rure & Academio sparsos habuit. Rem multis experimentis mihi compertissimam loquor; faciliùs quis ab ipso centum Aureos, idoneo pietatis opere proposito acceperit, quam à plerisque aliis extorserit totidem Asses. Et quanquam diutinae diligentiae & perpetuae frugalitati amplas quas collegerat opes jure merito quis potuerit imputare, ego imprimis effusissimae quam dixi largitioni, & benedictioni insuper divinae acceptum referendum censeo. A prima ejus adolescentia ad ultimum vitae diem, nullam pecuniarum quam acceperat summam pro suo habuit, donec Deo & pauperibus partem non contemnendam sacram fecisset: cúmque ante paucos dies, quódque mihi semper dolendum, ultimò unà colloqueremur, de rationibus istis dispungendis (tanquam venturi fati fuisset praescius, & de pauperibus magis quam prole sua solicitus) consilia diligentissimè agitabat.  
Mitto dicere, quam in adversa fortuna infractus, in affluente fuerat temperans; quam in summa eruditionis fama modestus, cum indignè lacesseretur, quam ad injurias condonandas facilis, quam Principi ultima passo fidus, Ecclesiae oppressae obsequens, in Artis professione candidus & apertus, in studiis indefessus, sermone parcus, in toto vitae statu Christianus. Quae omnia pro merito exequi, non unius horae, paginaeve res esset. Breviter dicendum, quòd perpetuis precibus, studiis, laboribus, eleemosynis, vigiliis exercitus, tandem annos ferè 57 natus sub praesentis Novembris initium, Tussi (nunc temporis epidemiâ) laborare visus est, quae (cum ceu leve quiddam spreta esset) in Pleuritin & Peripneumoniam illico transiit. Cúmque Vir consultissimus sanguine saepius misso, & remediis diligenter adhibitis non relevaretur (Amicis meliora ominantibus) vitae exitum advenisse statim animadvertit; & post triduum, constitutâ re familiari, sumpto S. Eucharistiae viatico, & pace Ecclesiae acceptâ, integris ad extremum spiritum sensibus, piam animam Deo commendavit, vitámque laudatissimam pari exitu clausit.  
I shall now conclude this Epistle with a brief and short account of some of the works and some few late discoveries and useful improvements of the eminent Members now living and flourishing in this Royal foundation; as particularly, the present learned Precedent Dr. Whistler, who published his disputation concerning the Rickets An. Dom. 1645. 5 years before Dr. Glisson put forth his book; though it was by a different name, which he called Paedosplanchnosteocace, from the parts principally affected in that disease. Then he delivereth the diagnostic signs, as also what is to be found Preternatural in the viscera of such as died thereof. The causa continens he proves to be obstructions of the viscera from too thick and viscid nutriment, part of which being retained in the viscera they grow bigger; and the more serous and aqueous parts being conveyed to the Muscles of the arms and legs, renders them weak and flaccid. Amongst the Causae procatarcticae, he reckoneth the too early giving flesh to Infants. He affirmeth the viscera to be affected before the Bones. He than proceedeth to the Prognostics, Indications, Method of cure and Medicines proper to answer that end. He showeth that the sacrification of the Concha of the ear seems to be established by the Authority of Hypocrates, and was the first that founded a practice upon the doctrine of the circulation of the blood.  
Sir George Ent (the Ornament of his Age) in his Apology for the Circulation of the Blood, hath learnedly defended Dr. Harvey against Parisanus, rendered a very rational account concerning the Operation of Purging Medicines, and given several Reasons for rejecting the common opinion about their Elective Operation; as also exploded those several Faculties which made so much noise in the Schools, etc. The same learned Author, in another Book, wrote against Dr. Thruston, hath proposed several Opinions, and defended them with great wit and learning, As, that the finer part of the Alimentary Juice is conveyed from the Stomach and Guts to the several parts for their nourishment, by the mediation of small concave fibres; That the same Alimentary Juice is that, which in the use of Vomits and Purges, is discharged by these passages into the Stomach and Guts, and not by the lacteal Veins or Arteries; That the Febrifick matter in Intermittents is not lodged originally in the Blood; That in the Small Pox the purulent matter is not derived out of the blood, but out of the aforesaid Nutritious Juice, which likewise in Abscesses, etc. is that which suppurates; That the Membranes and Nerves suck in their nourishment from the Glands of the Mouth and Throat, whilst we chew our Meat; That the blood serves not to nourish the Body, but to keep it warm; That Urine is not conveyed to the Kidneys by the Emulgent Arteries (which only bring the blood thither to cherish and keep them warm) but by the Nerves; That the only use of the Diaphragm is to facilitate Respiration by guarding the Heart and Lungs, that the lower Viscera do not throng in to them; That Respiration is not needful to the motion or Circulation of the blood; That Animal Motions are not made by the influence of the Animal Spirits; but that in each part is seated a private sense, which is under the command of the Soul. And that therefore there are no Animal Spirits, but those in the blood, called by the Name of Calor nativus, etc.  
Sir Charles Scarburgh (Principal Physician to his sacred Majesty and his Royal Highness the Duke of York) was the first who introduced Geometrical and Mechanical Speculations into Anatomy, and applied them as well in all his learned conversation, as more particularly in his famous Lectures upon the Muscles of Humane Bodies for 16 or 17 years together in the public Theatre at Surgeons-Hall; which were Read by him with infinite applause and admiration of all sorts of learned persons about the Town, who resorted in great numbers to those Readins. His Syllabus of the Muscles is, and ever will be used there, It having a prospect of two excellent ends especially; One to show all the Muscles, as they naturally rise in dissection, the other to place every one of them by his proper Antagonist.  
Dr. Charlton's very learned and laborious Works (as his Diatriba de Lithiasi; His Oeconomia Animalis; His Exercitationes Pathologicae; His Inquisitiones Anatomico-Physicae; His Book de Scorbuto; His Anatomical Prelections in the College Theatre, with many other ingenious Treatises,) have given him a very high and deserved Reputation in our own as well as foreign Universities. The following Character I find given of him in Antiq. Oxon. Academicis studiis maturus, in Aulam B. Mariae Magdalenae admissus, ubi sub Tutore seu Praeceptore Wilkinsio in studiis Philosophiae profecit; nec minùs postea in Medicina: ad cujus facultatis Doctoratum evectus est ann. 1642. aetat. 22. tum Caroli primi favore, tum gratiâ Academiae Oxon. nec multo post Regi praedicto Med. Ordinarius: Vir proculdubio doctus, & in sua facultate clarus. And 'tis very well known how highly he hath been courted to accept of the Professors Chair at Milan.  
Dr. Crown hath made most ingenious and excellent Observations de ovo, long before Malpighius' Book upon that Subject was extant, Which are published at large by Mr. Oldenburgh, in his Philosophical Transactions; as likewise a most curious Theory of Muscular Motion, published in Mr. Hook's Philosophical Collections.  
In Dr. Lower's Book the Cord, and Dr. Nedham's de formato foetu, are to be found so many excellent Observations relating to the advancement of Physic (As the swift motion of the blood through the heart, the commixture of the air with the blood, the difference betwixt Arterial and Venal blood, the separation of the Chyle, with its sole passage through the ductus Thoracicus, and its different degrees and ways of conversion into blood; the vulgar opinion about defluxions distilling from the brain confuted, by unanswerable Experiments; The passages by which the succus nutritius is carried to the Uterus, and from thence to the Foetus, the manner of separating the nutritious juice from the blood; the examination of the several humours found in the different Membranes subservient to generation, by concretion on the fire, distillation, and coagulation; the nature of the Saliva and other juices conveyed into the mouth, with their passages, etc.) that the Authors are highly admired and quoted by all the learned Men of the Faculty throughout Europe.  
Dr. Sydenham (whom I can never name, without owning my great obligations for the many happy advantages which I have received from his most ingenious learned, and free conversation) hath highly obliged the World, and all ingenuous Men of our Profession, with many incomparable Treatises, lately published; which are drawn (as it were by another Hypocrates) from his most exact and nice observation of Diseases, and their symptoms; to which are added most judicious, Natural Hypotheses, and Curative Indications, deduced from them; He hath given such an exact History of all acute Diseases from the beginning of 1661., to 1680. that there is scarcely a Sentence to be found therein, which is not of moment. Several weighty observations are likewise taken notice of by this sagacious Physician, which other Authors have omitted, as particularly the several constitutions of the Air specifically different, which depend not upon the manifest qualities thereof, but upon some inexplicable causes; and produce Diseases as specifically different; which Constitutions, after some time, give place one to another; and are accompanied with a peculiar and specifically different Fever both as to its symptoms and cure; These Fevers he calls Stationary, distinguishing them from the Sporadique, or Intercurrent Fevers depending upon the manifest qualities or alterations of the Air; The Ptyalisme that attends adult persons, and the Diarrhoea which usually accompanies Children in the Flox-Pox; The day when the Ptyalisme ordinarily ceaseth, with the danger ensuing thereupon; The great tendency to symptomatical sweats, in the distinct Pox; Convulsions in Children before the eruption of the Small Pox, which he observeth to be the usual prognostic of a mild distemper; The Mania or Frenzy following Agues, with the different Cure it requires; The Jaundice observable at the going off of the Colica Hysterica; The limpid Urine, which he asserts to be the most universal and pathognomonick sign of Hysterical and Hypochondriacal affections; which diseases do frequently assume the shape of Nephritick and Colical distempers, yet are really different both in their original and cure; with many of the like kind, dispersed throughout this Book, and his Epistolary Dissertations de Variolis confluentibus; Affectione Hystericâ; Lue Venereâ; Podagrâ & Hydrope; which I am now forced to omit, as also the Lives and Works of several great and learned Men heretofore Members of the College, such as Dr. Gilbert Wotton, Muffet, Gwynne, Turner, Paddy, Atkins, Mayerne, Prujean, Bates, etc. and many now living, who have not only merited a remark in this Epistle, but very highly of the Public. But I hope this present omission will be pardoned, this Epistolary Discourse being only by way of Specimen, to a more full and complete History intended.  
In short; I cannot question, but to see this learned Society flourish (maugre all its adversaries) which was contrived by Royal wisdom, and Founded in Royal bounty; which hath enjoyed such great and learned Men in every Age; which is now happy in so wise and prudent Governors, and blessed with such Learned, Grave, and Profound Practisers in the Faculty of Physic; that there seems to be a Transmigration of the Soul of the immortal Harvey, and other Great Men, into many of the Members now flourishing; Which, that it may ever continue so; is, and ever shall be, Most Honoured Colleagues, the earnest and hearty desire of  
Your most Affectionate Colleague and devoted Humble Servant, Charles Goodall.   

PROCEEDINGS Against Empirics, etc.  
In K. Henry 8 's Reign.  
IN the 33 year of this King's Reign, john Wisdam and john Lister were sued by the College in the Court of Exchequer for practising Physic against the Statutes of the Kingdom; Judgement was given against Wisdam for 10 li. and against Lister for 30 li.  
About the same time one Hammon compounded with the College, and engaged not to practise Physic for the future.  
Several corrupted Drugs and Medicines were burnt in this King's Reign by the order and in the presence of the Censors of the College.   

PROCEEDINGS Against Empirics, etc.  
In K. Edward 6's Reign.  
IN this King's Reign several Practisers of Physic were examined by the College, and found so unfit for the practice of that Art, that they were rejected; Others were punished according to public Statutes, and others Fined.  
In the fourth year of this King's Reign, in the month of September, one Grig, a Poulterer of Surrey, (taken among the people for a Prophet, in curing of divers diseases by words and prayers, and saying he would take no money, etc.) was by command of the Earl of Warwick and others of the Council set on a Scaffold in the town of Croidon in Surrey with a Paper on his breast, wherein was written his deceitful and hypocritical dealings: And after that, on the Eight of September, set on a Pillory in Southwark, being then our Lady Fair there kept, and the Mayor of London with his Brethren the Aldermen riding through the Fair, the said Grig asked them and all the Citizen's forgiveness.  
Of the like counterfeit Physician (saith Stow) have I noted (in the Summary of my Chronicles Anno 1382.) to be set on Horseback, his face to the Horse-tail, the same tail in his hand as a bridle, a Collar of jordan's about his neck, a Whetstone on his breast, and so led through the City of London, with ringing of basons, and banished.  
Whereunto I had added (saith the forementioned Author) as followeth; Such deceivers no doubt are many, who being never trained up in Reading or Practice of Physic and Chirurgery, do boast to do great Cures; especially upon Women, as to make them strait that before were crooked, corbed or crumped in any part of their bodies, etc. But the contrary is true, for some have received Gold, when they have better deserved the Whetstone.   

PROCEEDINGS Against Empirics, etc.  
In Q. Mary 's Reign.  
IN the second year of this Queen's Reign, a great number of Empirical Impostors were prosecuted and punished by the Censors of the College; amongst whom was one Charles Cornet, a Fleming, (an impudent and ignorant Buffoon) who would not be restrained from his ill practices with the bills of his condemnation affixed at the corners of streets, nor yet with imprisonment itself; being patronised by Hugh Weston, Dean of Westminster, and Roger Chamley; The College nevertheless by virtue of the Laws and favour of the Lord Chancellor, several of the Nobility and the King's Physicians, (Dr. Roper and Dr. Vaughan) prosecuted him with all vigour and care; whereby he was forced not only to flee the Town in spite of Weston and Chamley, but likewise out of those privileged places where he had sheltered himself (first in St. Martin's in London, and after in Westminster) They being also imprisoned, who in St. Martin's had afforded him a retreat. The Censors did likewise cause his unwholesome and sophisticated remedies, to be burnt in the open Markets at Westminster.  
After the College had thus diligently prosecuted some of these Empirics and forced others to flee the City and Suburbs, they conceived it would highly conduce to the welfare and safety of the Kingdom, if they extended their Authority to other parts thereof: Upon which account, they drew up the following Letter, pursuant to the Acts of Parliament and Judgement of the most learned Rastal and Walpole, Sergeants at Law, and Sir Robort Brook, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.  
To all Justices, Mayors, Sheriffs, Bailifeses, Constables, and other Ministers and Officers, and to all other to whom it appertaineth, the President and College of Physicians in London sendeth greeting.  
WHere it hath pleased our late Sovereign Lord and King of famous memory Henry the Eight, with the consent of his Parliament holden at Westminster, in the 14 and 15 of his gratiose reign, And our Sovereign Lady Queen Mary, with the consent of her Parliament holden at Oxford in the first year of his Reign, to give authority unto us the President and College of Physicians in London, for the health and safety of their Subjects, to survey, oversee, examine, judge, correct and govern all Physicians' forens and others, together with their Medicines, which practise within the City of London, the Suburbs of the same, seven miles compass, and the rest of England, with authority to commit all offenders against the said Acts for their offences or disobediences, to all their Prisons: And commandment to you all, upon request to you made by us, to help, aid, and assist us, and all persons by us from time to time authorised, for the due execution of the said Acts and Statutes, upon pain for not gevyng such aid and assistence, to run in contempt of the Queen's Majeste, her heirs and successors: We desire you all, and by virtue of the Laws abovementioned do require you, and every one of you, as you tender the good meaning and due execution of the said Acts and Laws and also your own healths, lyves and sanity of your countries, that you aid and assist our welbelovyd N. by us authorised, in all such things as he shall require your aid and help, for the due execution of the said Acts and Laws, for that we understand by complaints made unto us that many lewd, undiscreete, and unlearned persons, as well strangers as of our own nation, be resident in your Cities, Towns and Countries, and others wand'ring about in the same with changeable names and false medicines, to your great abuse, deceit of the Kings people, and loss of goods, and lyves of the same. Yeven at our College in London under our common Seal, the xxth day of Septembre in the year of our Lord God 1556. And in the third and forth year of the Reign of Philip and Mary by the grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both Sicily's, jerusalem and Ireland, Defendors of the Faith, Archdukes of Austrie, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counties of Haspurge, Flaunders and Tyrolle.  
According to the purport of the forementioned Letter, the College constituted seeral Visitors, to whom they granted authority in their name, that they should not suffer any to practise Physic throughout England, unless such as had taken their degrees in Cambridge or Oxford without grace; or were licenced by them or the College under their public Seals. All others were obliged to enter into recognizance, that they would not practise, till they had been examined and approved by the Precedent and Elects of the College under their Hands and Seals. Such as did refuse to give obedience to these Laws, were by the Justices, Mayors and other Officers committed to Prison till they submitted to the due execution of them.  
In the third year of the Queen's Reign, the Surgeons and Apothecaries were prohibited the practising of Physic; and the latter required, that they should not divulge the names of Medicines, nor deliver Physicians Bills to the Patients, they often proving of dangerous consequence to them. Several Empirics were likewise prosecuted and punished, and others forced to flee the Town.  
In the 4th year of the Queen's Reign, the College summoned before them the Wardens of the Grocers and all the Apothecaries of London and the Suburbs thereof; and enjoined them, that when they made a dispensation of Medicines, they should expose their several Ingredients (of which they were compounded) to open view in their shops for 6 or 8 days; that so the Physicians, passing by, might judge of the goodness of them and prevent their buying or selling any corrupt or decayed Medicines; the Wardens as well as the Apothecaries were willing to submit to the judgement of the Censors in this affair.  
After this, the following Letter from the Queen was read to the Wardens and Apothecaries.  
To our trusty and welbelovyd the Precedent and College of Physicians within our City of London.  
Trusty and well-beloved, we great you well. And where our dearest Father King Henry the Eight by his Act of Parliament in the xxxii. year of his Reign did give full authority and power unto the Precedent for the time being of the College of Physicians in London and the Commons and Fellows of the same, and their Successors, that they yearly at such time as they should think meet, might serche, view and examine all such Apothecary wares and drugs as the said Apothecaries have or at any time after should have, and thereof all such drugs as they should find unwholesome and corrupted to burn and destroy according to the meaning and purport of the said Act confirmed and enlarged by us the said Queen in our Parliament in the first year of our Reign. We considering how necessary it is that the said Act should be executed for divers considerations touching health and saulftye of our liege people, and for the avoiding of the like danger and great inconveniences that may hereafter chance, and were like to have chanced lately to one of our nobility by ignorance of the Byar and negligence of the Seller of certain wares, Do streightly will and command you not only from henseforthe to put the said Act in dew execution, but also by these presents do give you like charge and therewith full power and authority to call and convent before you the Wardens of the Grocers and all the Apothecaries within the limits and precincts of your liberties and privileges to you granted by us and our Progenitors and the Parliaments above specified, and them straight to charge and command by authority hereof that from time to time henceforth nether they nor any of them do entreprice to sell or retail any such wares, drug or drugs as hath in them any spice of venom or suspicion of poison or such other as by the receiving of them at the hands of any unlerned or of any malicious or evil disposed person may by any means greviously hurt or put in peril or danger of lief any of our Subjects of what estate or degree soever he or they be, though the seller of any of the said drugs be well assured of the honesty, true dealing and good intent and skill of the byar; And first examine the same for what intent or purpose he buyth the same, and therewithal to note the name of the buyer and time of the buying; Or else that the said Grocer or Apothecary have with him remaining the hand-writing of some discrete, well learned and authorised Physician for his discharge. Willing and straight commanding the said Grocers and Apothecaries and every of them not to fail hereof, as they tender our pleasure, the health and security of our loving Subjects, and as they shall answer for doing the contrary before you to their such losses, damages and penalties as be prescribed in our Laws and Statutes above mentioned, aswell concerning Physicians as also Grocers and Apothecaries. Yeven under our Signet at our Manor of St. James the xxiiii. day of June in the fourth and fivethe years of our Reigns.   

PROCEEDINGS Against Empirics, etc.  
In Queen Elizabeth 's Reign.  
IN the first year of this Queen's Reign Thomas Glamfelde was committed to prison for practising Physic, and Stalworth and Gylmyn (Norwich Empirics) fined upon the same account.  
In the second year of her Reign a Commission was given by the College to Walter Hawgh a Norwich Physician, and to Hugh Glynne a Chester Physician to Prosecute all Empirics of their own and neighbour Counties.  
Several others were summoned before the College, and severely rebuked for exposing Pills to sale without their approbation; Others were punished for the ill preparation of Medicines; Amongst whom, one Edward Stephens, a sweet Grocer (that he might be released from his imprisonment for obstinately refusing to appear upon the President's summons) of his own accord fell down upon his knees before the Precedent, and humbly begged pardon of the Queen's Majesty for his disobedience to the Precedent of her College, the Lord Cobham and several others being present.  
In the 6th year, several Empirics were prosecuted, others were imprisoned for practising Physic.  
In the 12th year, the Wife of one Bomelins an Empirick having procured the Lord Treasurer's Letter to the College, petitioned, that her husband might be discharged from prison, he having given satisfaction to the Queen's Majesty for his violation of the Statutes, in practising unlearnedly and by Magical Arts. To this Letter the College answered, that her husband must first pay 20 l. for his practice and 15 l. for expenses in the suit, and likewise give security that he would not practise Physic for the future. After this, the Precedent of the College and Dr. Caius were appointed to wait upon Sir William Cecil (Secretary of State) he having wrote a Letter to the College in favour of Bomelins; upon whose application, the Secretary was pleased to express great respect to the College and all the members of it, assuring them that he should be well pleased to have Bomelins banished the Kingdom. Some time after Bomelins was released from prison by consent of the College, having given Bond of 100 l. that he would not for the future practice Physic in London nor in any other parts of England.  
It was ordered by the College, that the Precedent should enter an Action against Dr. Lewes (Judge of the Admiralty) for suffering William Rich an Empirick committed to his care in the Marshalsea to practise Physic against the Laws of the Kingdom, his own trust, in contempt of the College, and to the great prejudice of the Queen's Subjects.  
A foreign Physician who had taken his Degree at Louvain in Brabant, was summoned before the Precedent and Censors, and examined by what authority he practised Physic in England without licence: He pleaded his ignorance of the Laws, and was dismissed upon promise of not practising in London nor any other parts of England; being likewise ordered to return into his own Country in a few days.  
Dr. Walker was summoned to appear before the College to answer several things objected against him by Dr. Corimbec, he having examined and admitted some Physicians in Norwich and Norfolk and extorted above 100 Marks from several Empirics in those parts, whom he had licenced to practise: He was Fined for not appearing, and Letters were wrote by the College to Dr. Corimbec to authorise him to cite those Empirics to appear before the College in order to their due punishment.  
One Sylva an Italian was charged before the Precedent and Censors for evil practice, in that he undertook to cure an old woman by suffumigation, with which she died; and prescribed Stibium to another person troubled with an affection of his Lungs to his great prejudice. He was afterwards examined and rejected by the whole College by reason of his egregious ignorance in Philosophy and Physic, and was fined 20 l. for having practised Physic for half a year to the apparent hurt of the Queen's subjects; and the year following was committed to prison, in that he had practised without College licence.  
Thomas penny was summoned for practising Physic, but pleading that he had taken his Doctors degree, he was dismissed, and ordered that he should bring his Letters testimonial to the Censors, which accordingly he did; but upon examination was found so ignorant in the first principles of Philosophy and Physic, that he was thought unfit for that employment, and prohibited the practice thereof, and afterwards imprisoned for contemning the Judgement of the College and adventuring to practise without their licence.  
In the 13th year of this Queen a Surgeon was Fined 20 l. for practising Physic, but upon the intercession of some persons of Quality the College forgave him 20 Marks of that Fine, upon condition that he bound himself in a bond of 100 l. that he would not practise for the future; which refusing, he was forced to pay the forementioned 20 l.  
Richard Reynold was examined and rejected as being very ignorant and unlearned; But voluntarily confessing that he had practised Physic for 2 years, the College ordered that he should be imprisoned until he had paid 20 l.  
In the 14th year, One Emme Baxter an impudent and ignorant woman was committed to prison for practising Physic the 7th of February; Upon the 11th she was brought before the College, where her husband William Baxter and Nicholas Staples (a Citizen) entering into bond to the College and their Successors, that she should not practise for the future in London nor any other parts of England, she was dismissed, paying all Fees due to the Officers of the Prison, etc.  
In the same year it was argued in the Lord Mayor's Court before Sir William Allen then Lord Mayor, Whether the Surgeons might give inward medicines in the Sciatica, French Pox, or any kind of Ulcer or Wound; Many arguments were used by the Bishop of London, Master of the Rolls etc. for their practice in this manner: Dr. Caius the Precedent of the College being summoned by the Lord Mayor, in his own and the Queen's Delegates names did defend the illegality of their practice upon the forementioned accounts; After which it was agreed by all present, that they ought not to practise.  
In the 23th year of the Queen's Reign, one Baptista an Empirick was fined by the Precedent and Censors 6 l. 13 s. 4 d. which he paid to the Precedent. He afterwards paid 5 l. to the College ob rem malè gest am in praxi, gave bond to pay 5 l. more at our Lady day, and at Midsummer was required to pay 10 l. or else to be punished ex Collegii arbitrio.  
One Moses was punished 20 l. for illegal practising of Physic, and gave bond to the College to pay that sum within a twelvemonth.  
A Letter was sent from the Right honourable Sir Francis Walsingham Secretary of State to the Precedent and College of Physicians in favour of one Margaret Kennix an outlandish, ignorant, sorry woman; the Copy of which follows.  
To my very loving friends Mr. Dr. Giffarde Precedent of the College of Physicians in London, and to the rest of his Associates or Fellow Assistants belonging to the same and every of them.  
AFter my very hearty commendations unto you, Whereas heretofore by her Majesty's commandment upon the pitiful complaint of Margaret Kennix I wrote unto Dr. Symondes' then Precedent of your Cellege and fellowship of Physicians within the City, signifying how that it was her Highness' pleasure that the poor woman should be permitted by you quietly to practise and minister to the curing of diseases and wounds, by the means of certain Simples, in the applying whereof it seemeth God hath given her an especial knowledge, to the benefit of the poorer sort, and chiefly for the better maintenance of her impotent husband, and charge of Family, who wholly depend of the exercise of her skill: Forasmuch as now I am informed, she is restrained either by you, or some other of your College, contrary to her Majesty's pleasure, to practise any longer her said manner of ministering of Simples, as she hath done, Whereby her undooing is like to ensue, unless she may be permitted to continue the use of her knowledge in that behalf. I shall therefore desire you forthwith to take order amongst yourselves for the readmitting of her into the quiet exercise of her small Talon, lest by the renewing of her complaint to her Majesty through your hard dealing towards her, you procure further inconvenience thereby to yourself, than perhaps you woold be willing should fall out. Whereas chose it will be well taken, that you afford her the like favour she hath found at the hands of your Predecessor. And so not doubting but that you will therefore accordingly consider to leave the poor woman satisfied in this behalf, I bid you heartily farewell. From the Coorte the viiith of December, 1581.  
Your loving friend Fra. Walsingham.  
To this Letter the Precedent and College returned the following answer.  
To the Right honourable Sir Fra. Walsingham, Knight, Secretary to her Majesty, and one of her Highness most honourable Privy Council.  
RIght honourable, having received your Honour's Letters in the behalf of one Margaret Kennix for her quiet practice and ministering of Physic, and willing us in the same as well in respect of her special knowledge in Simples, as also for avoiding such inconvenience as may otherwise ensue, that she may be readmitted to the practice of her Talon: May it please your Honour, for that all, and every one of us, are for our parts, most desirous in all dutiful sort, to have your Honour satisfied herein, and therewithal truly to be advertised of the matter, what report soever hath hitherto been delivered for her knowledge and ability, in that thing, wherein in very deed, her weakness and insufficiency is such, as is rather to be pitied of all, than either envied of us, or maintained of others: We therefore have sent some of our company to attend upon your Honour, and to deliver our most humble and dutiful answer to the same; most humbly beseeching you to afford them your good accustomed and favourable hearing. And for that we are fully persuaded, there is no one thing more allowable in your Honour's eyes, than the preservation of wholesome Laws, and the maintenance of good and laudable orders, being not only the chiefest stay, but also the greatest ornament and beauty of a Commonwealth: We are of opinion that the diligent care which we have, and are bound to have, over the health and lief of her Majesty's Subjects; the dutiful regard we bear to the maintenance of our privilege, granted especially for that respect, by her Majesty's most noble Predecessors; and the strait band of our Oath and Conscience, which we esteem of greater weight than 〈◊〉 we can release ourselves thereof at our pleasure; will procure your Honour to enter into a more favourable consideration of our doings herein, then to think us any whit culpable, for not suffering either her, or any other whatsoever (being not qualified accordingly) to intrude themselves into so great and dangerous a Vocation, not only against good order, privilege and conscience; but also to the evident danger of the lief and health of such her Majesty's most loving subjects, as shall be abused by their notorious and wilful ignorance. And therefore being in good hope that your Honour will nothing mislike, for seeking lawful and direct means to resist such dangerous disorders, as by other means we cannot redress; And professing ourselves to be most willing and content to abide any inconvenience whatsoever may ensue, rather than to be brought to allow of so disorderly an attempt, either in her, or any other her like: and therewithal most humbly beseeching your Honour, that as most excellent Virtues and Learning hath made your famous to the World and posterity, so it might please you to be a favourable Patron to such as have been trained and brought up therein: We most dutifully take our leave and wish you increase of all honour and prosperity.  
From our College the 22 of December, 1581. Your honour's to command The Presidente and Society of the Physicians of London.  
Thomas Thumwood with his Wife were summoned to appear before the Precedent and Censors for her practising of Physic, where he promised to enter into a penal bond of 20 l. to the College that his wife should not practise for the future, and in the same month did seal a Bond obligatory upon the same account.  
Robert jones being security for one Dean an Empirick, that he should not practise Physic in London, etc. Dean leaving the town, jones humbly petitioned the College that he might be discharged his bond, which was granted accordingly.  
In the 24th john Gyle a Surgeon appeared before the College, being charged for practising Physic contrary to Law; which was proved partly by witness, and partly by his own confession; wherefore he was fined 20 l. and sent to the Counter. About 2 months after, he was sent for out of prison by the order of the College, and then behaved himself so insolently and answered so ignorantly, that he was forthwith returned back to the same prison, Propter malam in re medicâ praxin.  
In the 25th john Booffeat appearing before the College propter malam & audacem praxin in re medicâ, was committed to prison; but upon the intercession of a Person of Quality he was freed from thence, upon condition that if ever he practised Physic again, he should submit to any penalty the College should assign.  
One Leaguer a Surgeon was ordered to enter Bond to the College propter malam & illicitam praxin, which if he refused, he was to continue in prison, until his Fine was paid.  
john Not an Empirick of the County of Kent, appeared before the College propter audacem suam & illicitam in medicinâ praxin; He was ordered to give bond with sufficient security, that he would not for the future practice Physic; which refusing, he was committed to prison. After this, he procured the following Letter in his behalf from Secretary Walsingham.  
AFter my very hearty commendations: Whereas I understand that you have caused one Not, a practitioner in physic, to be committed to prison in the Coumpter in Woodstreet, where he presently remaineth; Forasmuch as both myself have heretofore used him, and divers other Gentlemen have also received good by him: These are heartily to pray you, that you will not detain him any longer in prison, to his great hindrance and utter undooing, but rather, at this my request, to suffer him to go at liberty, without putting him to farther trouble, unless there be some great cause to the contrary, wherein I will think myself beholding unto you: and so do bid you heartily farewell.  
From Westminster the 28th of September, 1586. Your very loving friend, Fra. Walsingham.  
To this Letter the College returned the following answer.  
To the Right honourable Sir Francis Walsingham, Knight, Secretary to her Majesty, and one of her Highness most honourable Privy Council.  
WHereas it hath pleased your Honour to direct your Letters unto us in the behalf of one Not, to the end that we would no longer detain him in prison, unless there be some great cause to the contrary: May it please you to be advertized, that we and every one of us, being most desirous to show our ready and dutiful good minds to your Honour, immediately sent for the party to our College, mynding in respect of your Honour's motion, to have dealt with him by all manner of courtesy. And albeit we know him to be utterly ignorant in that profession, and such one as hath been often heretofore convented before us, and found subject to great punishments, and yet released from all extremity upon his own caution put in amongst us, and earnest promise that he would never after that deal with the practice of Physic. All which notwithstanding, he now more stubbornly than heretofore (upon what encouragement we know not) of purpose infringeth our privileges, and the wholesome Laws of this Realm, which we by solemn Oath are bound to maintain: and therewithal protesteth openly, (and that most infamously as we think, and offensively to the credit and good name of such as admit him to their persons) that he dealeth with none but only for the Pocks. Yet seeing it hath pleased your Honour to deal for him so earnestly, (whose good opinion we are and ever willbe most willing to satisfy in what we may) we were fully resolved, freely to remit all offences, and to set him at liberty, only upon his own small bond, for the not abusing of himself hereafter in Physic within this City of London, according to the Statutes of the Realm provided for the same, and our particular Oaths taken in that behalf: Which most reasonable demand for that he so wilfully denieth to accomplish, We have therefore sent the bearer hereof, an officer of our College, as well to make report of the truth, as also seeing the party himself hath refused this favour, most humbly to entreat your Honour, to accept of our good meaning minds; and so most humbly take our leave.  
Your honour's most dutifully The Precedent and Society of the Physicians of London. London 2 Octob. 1586.  
After this, Not entered into bond that for the future he would not practise Physic, which being forfeited, the College put it in suit, whereby he was forced to flee into foreign parts. But returning again in K. James' Reign, He was complained of by Dr. Gulston and a Gentleman who had taken Physic of him, whereby he fell into a great Vomiting and Looseness, Hiccough and great pains complicated with a paralytical disposition; And though this Gentleman sent for him when he was in great extremity, yet he would by no means come: About a month after, he was summoned and brought by an officer to the College, where before the Precedent and Censors he confessed that he was no Graduate, that he understood not Latin or Physic, unless it were the Stone which he could so dissolve in the bladder, that it might be discharged by gravel; and Fevers, which he could cure by external applications. He denied what had been proved against him by the forementioned Gentleman and others. However the whole business being examined, the Precedent and Censors fined him 14 l. and committed him to prison. About 5 years after, a poor woman complained that being ill of a stopping about her throat and breast she went to him, who would and did see her Urine, and thereon said, she had an Imposthume there and would soon die if not cured before Spring, her Spleen being come up into her Lungs. For which he was summoned to appear at the College, where he said that an Imposthume about the throat and breast might hold 3 months without growing worse; that the Spleen was in the radical parts. Being told of some of his professed tricks in Alchemy, and examined therein, his answers were all impertinent and ignorant. For which and his ill practice he was fined 5 l. to be paid presently or committed to prison, and he interdicted all practice for the future. But his Son paying this fine, and becoming Surety for him, he was released.  
In the 28th, David Ward an Empirick was committed to prison propter suam in Medicina praxin illicitam, and fined 20 l. He was afterwards discharged and prosecuted at Common Law.  
In the 29th, Henry jeffry confessed his practising of Physic in London for 6 years; being examined in the rudiments of that Art, he was found very ignorant not only in that, but all other learning; Wherefore he was prohibited practice and a small fine laid upon him to be paid to the College.  
Godfrey Mosan was fined 20 l. at one time, and 10 l. at another, for his evil and illegal practice in Physic, and for his egregious ignorance. He gave bond to pay the forementioned sums upon several days limited therein.  
Peter Piers was brought before the College and committed to prison for giving Pills of Antimony, Turbith and Mercury Sublimate, by which he had killed several persons.  
One Bright being also summoned, and not appearing, a Warrant was issued out for seizing him and committing him to the Fleet; Others were imprisoned for practising Physic, and others had their Bonds put in suit against them upon the same account.  
In the 30th year of the Queen (being in the year 1588., a time of most public and eminent danger) the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen sent their Precept to the College of Physicians, requiring them to find Arms. This being looked upon as an infringement of College privileges, they deputed some of their Members to wait upon the Right Honourable Sir Francis Walsingham Secretary of State, humbly to beg the favour of him to write his Letter to the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen to require them that they should give the College no farther trouble, but suffer them to live free and undisturbed; they being freed from finding Arms by virtue of Royal Charters given to them by the Royal bounty of their Princes and Acts of Parliament made in their favour: Which the Honourable Secretary was pleased to do, and the College thereupon discharged from farther charge or trouble.  
Paul Fairfax a foreign Empirick gave out Bills stuffed with arrogance and ostentation of the admirable virtues of a Water which he called his Aqua Coelestis, with which he cheated the People: He confessed that he had practised Physic in London for 4 months, and pretended that he had done several Cures with his water and other remedies, for which he was fined 5 l. and required to give bond that he should not practise for the future, which if he refused, he was to be committed to prison. Upon this he procured a Letter from the Lord Chamberlain directed to the Precedent and College, which he delivered with Letters testimonial of having taken his Degree at Frankfort; which seeming to be fictitious, they were kept by the College and he forbidden to practise Physic. However the following Letter was presented by the Precedent and College in answer to the Lord Chamberlain's.  
To the Right Honourable our very good Lord, the Lord Hunsdon Lord Chamberlain, one of the Lords of her Majesty's most honourable Privy Council.  
RIght Honourable and our very good Lord; Having received a Letter from your Lordship in the behalf of one Paul Fairfax, for the liberty of his practice in Physic here in London, and understanding by the Contents of the same, that your Honour hath been misinformed, as well of the quality of the man, as also of our dealings towards him: We most humbly beseech your good Lordship to accept of our answer which we here present in most dutiful wise. Touching the Man, albeit by some travel he seemeth to have gotten some kind of Language, and therewithal hath boldly put himself into some Empirical practice, more dangerous in truth to the Patient then any-wise commendable to the Practitioner: Yet upon just examination we find the man very weak in the substance of all kind of good learning; and rather to be pitied for his fantastical conceits, and well weening of his own ignorance, than any wise to deserve toleration in so dangerous a function. A man never trained up in any good School of Learning, ignorant in the very principles of the Art: and for lack of other good matter, furnished with certain ridiculous terms and childish phrases, invented only to entertain the simple hearer, and to delude the unlearned multitude withal. And whereas he layeth some challenge to a Doctorship: He hath in deed showed unto us the Letters Testimonial for the same: Yet we being better acquainted with the course of Universities than he, have a better opinion of Frankfort, then to think that wittingly and willingly they would commit so foul an error, as to admit either him, or the like. And having made good survey of the Letters, find by evident proofs, that they are vehemently to be suspected, to have been rather by some sinister means devised, than by any ordinary course obtained.  
Touching us and our hard using of him, as he termeth it to your Lordship, as well by imprisoning his body, as by exacting the payment of money to his great impoverishing: May it please your good Lordship to understand, that as yet he hath paid no one penny; but standeth bound indeed, and that for a very small sum, considering the quality of the offence, and the straightness of our Laws in that behalf: and yet for the payment thereof hath as long a day as himself requested.  
And as for his imprisonment, it was rather procured by his own undiscreet frowardness, than meant by us at all, if he had showed any conformity in time. For being a Gentleman as himself sayeth, and having so good acquaintance as he protested, being offered to be set at liberty if he would have put in but any one sufficient surety (a matter of great ease for him to do, if the rest of his talk had been to be credited) He as one rather contemning us, and our friendly dealing, than not able to satisfy our reasonable request, more upon stomach then discretion, made choice of imprisonment. Thus have we delivered unto your good Lordship a truth: beseeching your Honour so to interpret of our dealing toward him, and all other in the like degree, as of men altogether abhorring from all extremity, but enforced to do that little which we do, even by the very duty that we owe to our Laws and good orders, and by the consideration of our strict solemn Oath, and conscience in that behalf. And so praying for your Lordship's most prosperous estate, we most humbly take our leave.  
At our College this last of january, 1588. Your Lordship's most humble The Precedent and Society of the College of Physicians in London.  
john Halsey, appearing before the College, confessed that he had practised Physic in London for several years, wherefore the College ordered that he should pay 20 l. for his former practice, and take a licence for the future, if found fit; or else, give bond of 100 l. that he should not practise hereafter in London: which if refused, then to be committed to prison. He desired time to consider, and then promised forthwith to enter into bond as required by the College.  
Tomazine Scarlet, a Woman so egregiously ignorant that (she confessed) she understood nothing in Physic, neither could read or write; yet had hundreds under her cure, to whom she gave purging Medicines, Stibium, etc. For which she was required to give a bond with good security that she would not practise for the future, which accordingly she did. But after some years, practising again and refusing to give bond as before, she was committed to prison, but then procured Letters from Court to the Precedent of the College, that she might be released; but by Order of the College, she was continued. And after some short time being sent for, she refused to desist from practice, or to give bond for her due observance of the Laws as before demanded, wherefore she was for this contumacy of hers, remanded back to prison. About 3 years after, she was again committed to prison and fined 10 l. for practising Physic, and using dangerous Medicines, as Stibium, Antimony, Mercurial Unguents, etc. all which she confessed. Five years after, she was a third time sent to prison and fined 5 l. upon the same account.  
In the 31 th' of the Queen, Paul Buck a very impudent and ignorant Empirick appeared before the Precedent and Censors, and then confessed he never had any liberal education, yet had practised Physic in London for 6 years, and pretended himself able to cure all diseases: Being examined by the Precedent, he was found unable to give any reasonable account to any question asked him, wherefore he was committed to prison and fined 10 l. for his illegal and ill practising of Physic. About a month after, he was sent for out of prison, and required by the Precedent and Censors to forbear the practice of Physic for the future, and for his so doing to give bond with security, he being wholly ignorant of that Art, and unlearned in all other; to which he replied, that he would not give any bond upon that account, but was resolved to practise as he had opportunity. Upon this insolent and saucy answer, he was remanded back to the Counter in Woodstreet, there to continue till he gave bond to the College for his good behaviour. After 6 months' imprisonment, he was ordered by the Beadle to appear a third time before the Precedent and Censors, but refused to come. The month after he procured the following Letter from Secretary Walsingham.  
To our very loving friends the Precedent and Censors of the College of Physicians.  
AFter our very hearty commendations; Whereas I understand that you have of late committed to prison, one Paul Buck a practitioner in Physic and Surgery, for exercising the same, without a dispensation from you: for as much as I am credibly enfourmed, that the man hath done much good in his said profession, and is otherwise of a very good and honest disposition; I am therefore moved, very earnestly to pray you, that you willbe content, the rather for my sake, to yield to his enlargement, and not further hereafter to molest him upon this occasion. For the which you shall make me beholding unto you; and find me ready to requite it towards you. And so I commit you to God.  
From the Coort at Greenwich this 10th of February, 1589. Your very loving friend, Fra. Walsingham.  
To which the College returned the following answer.  
To the Right Honourable Sir Fra. Walsingham, Knight, Principal Secretary to her Majesty.  
RIght Honourable, Whereas it hath pleased you to write unto us in the behalf of one Paul Buck an ignorant and audacious Practitioner in Physic, perceaving that your Honour hath been misenformed as well of the man, as of the manner of our dealing with him: We have therefore sent our Precedent, and some of our Society with him to attend your Honour's leisure, and to deliver the true report thereof. Most humbly beseeching you, That for so much as we are by Oath and Conscience tied to do that which we do; and for that the inconveniences are intolerable which daily fall out by the suffering and supporting such vagrant and loose persons, altogether unskilful in that wherein they make a coolorable Profession; It might stand with your Honour's pleasure and good liking, to leave it to our discretion and liberty, as much as in us lieth, by all good orderly means possible to reform the same. Protesting unto your Honour, That as we take small delight in punishing the ignorant, so to all such as be honest and learned we will always be most ready and willing to show what courtesy shall lie in our small power. And so, etc.  
The Precedent and Dr. james waited upon Secretary Walsingham with the forementioned Letter, which he most readily read over and accepted very kindly from the College, assuring them that he would never act any thing against the benefit or dignity of their Society; And if at any time by the importunity of friends, he did write upon such an occasion, he notwithstanding left them to act what they thought most prudent. Upon this Buck was sent for by the Beadle out of prison, but he refused to come; Wherefore order was given to acquaint the Secretary with this his obstinate and contumacious behaviour, and to continue him still in prison. About 2 months after, the Keeper of the Counter set him at liberty without the consent or knowledge of the College; wherefore the Treasurer was forthwith ordered to advise with the Recorder of the City and Counsellor Daniel for prosecuting the Keeper of the Prison for this his illegal releasing of Buck. About 2 or 3 years after he was again brought before the College, confessed practice, and was then ordered to appear at the next Court, that he might understand the College pleasure. In the interim he procured the following Letter from the Lord High Admiral.  
To my loving friend Mr. Dr. Baronsdale geave these.  
AFter my hearty commendations: Whereas this bearer my servant paul Buck a practitioner in Physic is much sought after, and well liked of by many, and hath as I am informed done many great cures to the good of many, and the hurt of none, I am to pray you being Governor of your fellowship, to grant him a licence to practise Physic hereafter unto such as shall at his hands come to require the same. And in token of a duty to your house, and that he willbe from time to time governed thereby, he will present the same with 20 l. fine, and will pale an yearly Rent of 20 s. per an. unto the Treasury of your said house: And besides that ye shall pleasure a great many that desire his freedom, you shall make me ready to requite the same to you in any good I can do you, or your house. And so fare ye well.  
From the Court at Nonesuch the 29 of May 1593. Your loving friend, C. Howard.  
Upon reading this Letter the College returned the following answer.  
RIght Honourable and our very good Lord, Whereas it hath pleased your Lordship to write your Letters to Dr. Baronsdale our Precedent (who hath imparted the same to the whole Society) in the behalf of one Paul Buck your Lordship's servant: That in respect he is such a practitioner in Physic, as is well liked of many, and hath done many and good cures therein, he might therefore have a licence granted from us, to exercise his practice in Physic to so many as hereafter shall come at his hands to require the same. May it please your good Lordship to be advertised, That for so much as we know the man to be utterly ignorant in all the parts of Physic, and to have in him not so much as any taste of any good learning at all, but to be one only trained up in mechanical matters, and by profession and whole course of his lief, nothing else but a mere Goldsmith, and not only to have committed many gross and dangerous errors, to the great hurt of divers that have been deluded by him, and his cunning shifts; but also do find him to be a man of very hard report, for some suspicious and loose behaviour under pretence of the show and colour of Physic: We are therefore most humbly to beseech your Honour, that it may not be offensive to your good Lordship for us to use the liberty of our conscience, in refusing to admit such a person to the practice of so weighty a profession, who hath nothing more in him to grace and commend himself thereunto, but only such untrue informations as have been delivered to your Lordship to the great abuse of your Honour in that behalf. And so beseeching your good Lordship to think well of us, and to vouchesalf us an honourable and mild construction of these our do, who are otherwise most willing in all things else, that are in our power, to be at your Honour's commandment, We most humbly take our leave.  
From our College this 2 of july, 1593.  
After this, he procured Letters to be wrote in favour of him by the Earl of Essex, and another noble Peer of the Kingdom; but notwithstanding it was resouled by the whole Society, that he should not be licenced to practise Physic. He was therefore again cited to appear before the College and fined 5 l. for practising Physic, which sum he promised to pay the Treasurer of the College within one month. After this, he was punished 3 l. upon the same account, and afterwards 10 l. in that he had practised without licence from the College, as likewise without Art or Judgement; for which sum he was to be committed to prison until he had made due payment thereof.  
john No a Tallow-chandler, appearing before the College and confessing that he had practised Physic for 3 years, he was committed to prison and fined 10 l.  
Robert Tanner appeared before the College and brought along with him the Archbishop of Canterbury's licence in justification of his practice; but being found by the Precedent and Censors a very ignorant and illiterate person, he was interdicted practice for the future.  
john Lumkin, a Surgeon, being summoned before the College he confessed his practising of Physic in Dropsies, Gout, Rheumatisms and other diseases, and his prescribing of purging remedies, diet-drinks, etc. He was afterwards charged for mala praxis upon several Patients (as his dropping of Oil of Sulphur into a Patient's eyes, from whence an inflammation ensued, and other ill accidents, which endangered a total blindness; His prescribing Stupefactive Pills to a Citizen troubled with an Ischury, by which he fell into a total suppression of Urine, and made not one drop of water for ten days, but died most miserably on the 11th) which being proved before the Precedent and Censors, he was forthwith committed to prison propter malam praxin & immodestos mores, and fined 20 l. About a twelvemonth after, he was committed a second time to prison for offences of the like nature, but then procured a Letter from the Archbishop of Canterbury (by the interest of the Dean of Rochester his great friend and Patron) for the procuring his freedom; But when the Archbishop understood by the Precedent and Censors how insolently he had behaved himself and slighted the College's authority, he would intercede no further for him. About 5 days after, a fresh application was made to the College in his behalf, upon which they consented to his enlargement conditionally that he gave a bond of 40 l. that he would not practise for the future.  
Edward Owen a Surgeon and bold practiser in Physic was complained of by joan Apseley, in that he had undertaken her cure for 40 s. of which he had received 10 s. in hand, and had given her a diet-drink, purging medicines with Mercury (by which her gums were ulcerated) and other medicines without any advantage. He was punished by the Censors 40 s. After this, he was summoned a second time for practising Physic, and offered that he should either give a bond of 40 l. that he would not practise for the future; or else pay presently 40 s. to the College; and if after he practised, it should be at his peril: If he refused what the Censors now proffered, he was forthwith to be committed to prison. But to prevent that, he promised the payment of the Fine imposed, to the Precedent, within a few days. Not long after one Sharp a servant to the Queen made great complaint to the College against Owen, and desired their Letters testimonial of his illegal and illiterate practice, which were granted in the following form. Be it known to all men by these presents, that one Edward Owen of Surrey, a kind of Surgeon, as himself affirmeth, hath oftentimes been convented in our College of Physicians of London, for his bad and unlawful practice in Physic; and whereas we have found him not only utterly ignorant in the same, but moreover we do certainly know the great dangers that many of her Majesty's Subjects have been brought unto through his ignorance, and lewd dealing therein, as well by the just probation of others, as also by his own confession, as appeareth in our College Books of Records, and yearly examynations: and for that it appertaineth unto us of the said College, by virtue of our privileges granted by her Majesty's Predecessors, and Act of Parliament, not only to have a care to seek out, but also to punish such lewd Impostors, and abusers of her Majesty's good and true Subjects: In regard therefore of our duties therein, we have not only from time to time (as we cooled come by the said Owen) punished him partly by imprisonment, partly otherwise for his offences in that behalf: but also have utterly forbidden him to deal in the practice and exercise of Physic, as he will answer it at his peril, according to the true intent and meaning of the Laws of the Realm provided in that behalf, for all such Intruders and Malefactors.  
Notwithstanding, several fresh complaints were made against him ob malam praxin, as his prescribing purging Physic, which occasioned superpurgation and the Patient's death; a Mercurial fume which procured lameness in a second Patient, and death in a third. For which evil and illegal practice he was committed to prison and fined 10 l. which sum he paid to the College and readily discharged both Sergeants and Beadles fees.  
One Harman a foreigner, was complained of to the Censors for practising of Physic and taking money beforehand in promise of cure; upon appearance, he was interdicted practice and ordered to return half the money received.  
In the 33th of the Queen's Reign, One Salthowse an Apothecary, having prescribed Physic to one Robert Cade, he fell into a superpurgation and died within 7 days; wherefore he was adjudged by the Censors to be forthwith committed to prison and fined 10 l.  
Roger Powel, a very eminent and famous Impostor, was cited to appear before the College for that he had hanged up a table in several parts of the town, wherein he boasted of his great cures and long experience: being examined, he confessed himself illiterate, but withal affirmed that he had great and eminent experience in Physic, that he had cured very many of dangerous diseases and had long practised in London. He had Letters from the Queen, which gave an account of his poverty, and fortunate success in Physic. The College notwithstanding passed the following sentence upon him, that he should be committed to prison and fined 20 l. But out of respect to the Earl of Derby (to whom he had some relation) they were willing he should be released from prison, upon condition that he gave bond to the College with sufficient security that he never after would practise Physic in London or within 7 miles. Some years after, there were several fresh informations and complaints exhibited against him; upon which he was condemned by the Censors for his ignorance in Physic, fined 4 l. and committed to prison until he could give better satisfaction of his skill in that Art; or at least, until he entered bond that he would never practise for the future. After this he was again accused for undertaking the cure of a woman ill of a Tympany, who died under his hands. He confessed that he had been punished 20 years passed for practising Physic, but having paid his fine, he thought he might lawfully practise: He confessed that he had given medicines and used external applications for an Anasarca: But being asked what a Tympany or an Anasarca was, he could not tell. Wherefore he was fined 5 l. pro mala praxi, to be paid the next Censors day, and ordered to restore the money received in the forementioned case.  
In the 34th, Robert Walmesly was punished by the Censors 4 l. for illegal practice; Afterwards being examined by them, he was found unable to give the definition of a disease, or any tolerable account of any question proposed to him in Physic; wherefore he was required to give bond of 40 l. that he would not practise for the future.  
William Forester, Master of Arts and Clergyman, was summoned before the Precedent and Censors, where he confessed that he had practised Physic in London for three years; being examined, he answered ridiculè & ineptè: He said, that he was ignorant of the Laws and Customs of the College, and therefore requested that he might be pardoned for what was passed. He was interdicted practice for the future, and told that if he were found guilty he should be punished for what was passed. After this, Forrester was complained of by some Patients, of whom he had received considerable sums of money without any advantage; By others, in that he had bargained with them for their Cures, taking part in hand and reserving the other part till the Cure was performed. Wherefore he was admonished to appear before the Censors, which he promised; but neglecting, a Warrant was issued out for his imprisonment, and a Fine of 10 l. inflicted for his illegal and ill practice and not giving obedience to College summons. About 3 years after, fresh complaints were brought against him, for prescribing a Vomit and Purge upon the same day to a woman with child (and one who not long before was troubled with spitting of blood) by the violence of which she miscarried, and died within 3 days. One Margaret Peacock likewise made complaint of Forresters killing her husband by a Vomit, prescribed him at 5 in the afternoon one day, which gave him an hundred stools, and wrought so violently by Vomit, that he died next evening at 9 a clock, wallowing in his own blood and humours discharged by the violent operation of the forementioned medicine. Others charged him with agreeing for 20 l. for a cure, of which he had received 10 l. yet by his negligence or ignorance the Patient was dead. Of others he had received 5 l. upon the same account without any advantage to the Patient. Upon these and the like complaints, he was again summoned to appear at the College, but having obtained a Licence for practice from the University, he sent that to the College, and refused to come: Wherefore Orders were given for a speedy prosecution of him according to Law, for his evil and illegal practice. Upon which, he makes friends to the Attorney General, who requested the College to be favourable to him, Forester being willing to pay 10 l. that the Suit depending might fall, or he be admitted of the College, which was denied upon his impudent and insolent behaviour.  
In the 35th of the Queen the following letter was wrote by the Lord Treasurer Burleigh to the Precedent of the College in the behalf of Dr. Butler of Cambridge, that he might be allowed liberty of practising Physic in London, when he came thither upon private business or was sent for by any Patient.  
To my very loving friend Mr. Dr. Baronsdale.  
AFter my hearty commendations. I understand by Mr. Butler a Professor of Physic in the University of Cambridge, and a man (as I doubt not but you know) for his experience and learning very well reputed of, having occasion sometimes to repair to London either about his private business, or at the request of such as are desirous to have his advice; And understanding that he may not practise without breach of a Statute of the Realm and order of the College, except he have allowance and licence so to do from you; And being very loath to give offence any manner of way, is very desirous to have your good favour towards him in that behalf. Whose request for the good opinion I have of his learning and honesty, I cannot but recommend to your good furtherance, that at some one of your Assemblies you will propound his request and procure allowance thereof. For the which I will think myself beholden unto you, and be ready to requite with any favour I may both toward yourself and the College. And so I bid you heartily farewell.  
From my house at Westminster the 14th of February, 1592. Your loving friend W. Burghley.  
To this Letter the College returned this answer, That a free liberty of practice should be allowed Dr. Butler when he came to London; provided that if he came to live in Town, he would submit to the customary examinations of the College and pay the usual Fees due upon that account.  
Dr. Raphael Thorey, who had taken his degree at Leyden, was summoned to appear at the College for practising of Physic: He confessed that he had practised for 3 years, but only amongst the French and Foreigners. He was complained of by one Mr. Edward's for prescribing a Vomit to his Wife being a Phthisical woman, with which she died suffocated in a few hours. The College proposed 3 things to his choice; either to pay 5 l. to the College for his illegal practice; or be obliged in a Bond, that he would not practise Physic for the future in London or within 7 miles; or else to be imprisoned and prosecuted according to Law. He readily accepted of the first condition of paying a sum of money to the College, and promised for the future to submit himself to their pleasure. He afterwards was examined and had a Licence given him.  
Simon Forman, a pretended ginger and great Impostor, appearing before the Precedent and Censors confessed that he had practised Physic in England 16 years, and 2 years in London. He pretended that he had cured many Hectical and tabid people by the use of Elect. è Suc. Ros. in Wormwood water. He boasted that he made use of no other help for the discovery of distempers but his Ephemerideses, and that by the heavenly Signs, Aspects and Constellations of the Planets, he could presently know every disease. Being examined in the principles of Astronomy as well as in the Elements of Physic, he answered so absurdly and ridiculously, that it caused great mirth and sport amongst the Auditors. He was interdicted practice and punished propter malam & illicitam praxin 5 l. which he readily and faithfully promised to pay. About 2 or 3 years after he was examined a second time, and found very ignorant. He confessed that he had never read any Author in Physic but one Cockis an obscure English writer, and of no reputation. He then acknowledged (as before) that he only practised Physic by his skill in Astrology, in which Art being again examined, he was found not to understand the common principles of it. Wherefore he was committed to Prison and fined 10 l. to be paid to College uses, propter illicitam praxin & insignem audaciam. After a month or 6 week's imprisonment, he was released by an Order from the Lord Keeper; upon which, the College ordered that the 4 Censors with Dr. Smith should wait upon his Lordship to acquaint him with the cause for which they had committed so notorious an Impostor to Prison, and to Petition his Honour that he might be again recommitted by virtue of the former Warrant signed by the Censors of the College. Nine months after, this bold and impudent Impostor appearing before the College, confessed that he had prescribed a compound water to a Gentleman in a burning Fever, upon the taking of which he immediately died. Being asked upon what grounds he practised Physic or durst adventure to give medicines to the sick; he answered that he understood the nature of diseases and proper remedies only by Astrology. Being then examined a third time in that Art by the Queen's Physician, he was again found a mere Impostor and ignorant in that as well as in Physic. Wherefore he was by a Warrant from the Censors committed again to Prison. This so humbled Forman that after he got out of Prison, he fled to Lambeth as a place of protection from the College Officers; Wherefore the College presented the following Letter to the Most Reverend the Archbishop of Canterbury against him.  
To the most Reverend, our singular good Lord, the Archbishop of Canterbury 's Grace.  
MOst Reverend and our singular good Lord; May it please your Grace to be advertised, That one Simon Forman an intruder into the profession of Physic, hath of long time in this City, as well to the great prejudice of our privileges as also to the intolerable abuse of her Majesty's Subjects, been a great Practitioner in the same, making a deceitful show and colour to the ignorant people, that his skill is more than ordinary, depending upon the speculation and insight of Nativities, and Astrology; thereby miserably deceiving the innocency of such simple minded people, as resort unto him for Counsel; For redress whereof we have heretofore convented him in our College assemblees, and having made good and sufficient trial of his skill, as well in the one as the other, have found him exceeding weak and ignorant in the very Principles of them both, as appeareth by his most absurd answers, yet extant in our College book of ordinary examynations: And thereupon according to the Statutes of the Realm, we have heretofore utterly forbidden him to deal any further in practice of that science wherein he hath so little skill. All which notwithstanding, the said Forman, as we are informed, hath now placed himself in Lambheath, being a Town under your Grace's Jurisdiction, mynding thereby as it should appear, to abuse your honourable protection touching the premises. In consideration whereof, we humbly beseech your Grace, that as well in regard of the insufficiency of the man, as also for the better maintenance of our ancient privileges, he may be frustrate of his expectation in that behalf: and that by your Grace's favour we may be aided and permitted, without any let or impediment, to use such lawful and ordinary course, as both wholesome Laws and our Privileges have provided for the suppressing of him and the like offenders: and we shallbe bound to pray for your Grace's long lief and honourable prosperity. And so we most humbly take our leave. 28 junii, 1601.  
To this Letter the Archbishop returned the following answer.  
AFter my very hearty commendations: Forman nether is nor shall be countenanced by me: nether doth he deserve it any way at my hands. I have heard very little of him: insomuch, as I had a meaning to call him by virtue of the commission Ecclesiastical for divers misdemeanours, if any man woold have taken upon him the prosecution of the cause against him. In which mind I remain still: And therefore use your authority in the name of God. My Officers shall give you assistance, or else they shall be no Officers of mine. And so I commit you to the tuition of the Almighty God.  
From my house at Croyden the 4th of july, 1601. Your loving friend Jo. Cantuar.  
After this, Mr. Pelham, a Physician, and another person acquainted the College with the notorious cheats that Forman made use of for deceiving the people, as his enquiring the Patient's name and place of habitation; then erecting a figure; after that, passing a judgement of the disease and event thereof; then prescribing remedies, etc. Upon which the Censors ordered a Citation for his appearing before them; But he refusing to appear unless he might have their promise for his safe return, he was prosecuted at Law according to direction of Council, de mala praxi & illicita.  
IN the 37th, William Chetley, an Apothecary in Bishopsgate-street, having given a lenitive Clyster, Bolus and Pills without the advice of a Physician, was fined by the Censors, and had likewise been committed to prison for his illegal practice, but that some of the Fellows interceded for him.  
john Grove, a Surgeon, being examined and confessing the prescribing of a most dangerous purging Medicine, he was fined 5 l. and committed to prison propter istam insignem audaciam, periculosam inscientiam, & illicitam praxin.  
In this year of the Queen's Reign the College ordered the following Letter to be sent to the Surgeons of London, that they might wholly abstain from the practice of Physic.  
To our very loving friends the Master, the Wardens, the Assistants and the residue of the Company of the Surgeons in London.  
AFter our very hearty commendations. Among many other laudable Ordinances and Statues, confirmed by her majesty's Royal assent, and authority of the High Parliament, It is not unknowen to you, upon what substantial and grave advice, by the authority aforesaid, Our Society of this her majesty's City of London is invested with a Privilege, touching the practising of Physic within this said City and certain circuits thereunto adjoining, expressly named and limited by the said Statutes concerning the same: and that none whosoever are to meddle therein without our express consent and allowance. And for that we are bound by Oath, and otherwise charged in duty and conscience, to see the said Statutes duly from point to point observed, so much as shall lie in our power so to do; and for that intent and purpose have ordained among ourselves certain solemn meetings and assemblies (which are in the year 16 times at the least) only for the sufficient inquiry of the Premises: These be to signify unto you, That as we oftentimes find many offenders in that behalf, by intruding themselves into our liberties, and that to the great danger of her majesty's Subjects, and manifest infringing of her Laws; So among that number so offending it falleth out that no few of your Company are culpable in the same, whom we for the most part have hitherto forborn either to punish or molest; and that only for the good will that we have always born to you and your Society. But for that we now see by daily experience, that upon our lenity and sufferance, this inconvenience more and more increaseth, insomuch that both in credit and otherwise, it seemeth to touch us more near than well can be endured; We have therefore thought it good to put you in mind thereof, and therewithal earnestly and friendly to request you, that among yourselves some such discreet Order may be taken heerin, that the like offence hereafter may not be committed by them, or any of theirs. Wherein if we shall perceive you as ready to fulfil our honest request, as we are willing to maintain good amity and concord with you and your Company, we willbe very glad thereof, and give you thanks therefore: If not, then as we are fully minded to defend our privileges, and to deal with the particular Offenders therein, as order of Law and our Ordinances in that behalf requireth; So we trust the body of your Society will not be offended therewith.  
And so we bid you most heartily farewell, this 12 of November, 1595.  
In the 38th, 1596. Roger jenkin's and Simon Read, were both charged for illegal practice: The first (being a Surgeon by profession) denied his being guilty thereof, which notwithstanding was proved by his giving judgement upon Urines, undertaking cures, etc. Wherefore he was enjoined to pay a fine to the College, give bond not to practise, and interdicted that profession. He submitted to the censure of the College, and promised to give bond of 40 l. that he would not practise in Physic. But that being afterwards proved against him, the Censors committed him to prison with Read and others, by the authority of the College signed with their Common Seal.  
As for Read, he being examined by the Censors in Latin according to the Custom of the College, refused to answer in that language; being then permitted to answer in English, he likewise refused it; Being then allowed to answer in writing what account he could give of any disease which he would make choice of, he chose a Diarrhoea, and being examined what that was, he told them it was a flux of the Womb proceeding from gross humours in the Stomach. He was judged illiterate and altogether unskilful in Physic. At the same time he was complained of by one Cuckston for undertaking the cure of his wife labouring under Melancholy, whom he had bled, purged, and hanged a paper charm about her neck. The Censors fined him 5 l. and committed him to Prison.  
About a month or 5 weeks after, Read procures a Letter to the College from a person of Honour in his behalf, upon whose account the College agreed to deal favourably with him upon the following conditions. 1. That he should release a poor man out of Prison, which he laid in Gaol under the knavish pretence of a debt of 〈◊〉 when in truth he owed him nothing, the whole prof●…n being vexatious. 2. That he should release another poor man from Prison and further prosecution, and restore him 40 ●. unjustly taken from him under the pretence of curing his wife. 3. That he should be obliged to the College (with good Sureties) in a bond, that he would not practise Physic in London nor within 7 miles of the same. Which conditions being performed, the Censors ordered his release from Prison and forgave him his fine. After this he was summoned a second time before the Censors, and charged for illegal practice; he confessed it and declared that he could live by no other employment; wherefore he was again committed to prison and fined 20 l. propter illicitam suam praxin. About 2 months after, jenkin's and Read procured a Habeas Corpus from Sir john Popham Lord Chief Justice of England for their appearance before him; the full account of which is thus entered in our Register.  
April 8. 1602. There was an assembly of the Precedent, Censors and Fellows of the College convened in order to hear and consider what jenkin's and Read (whom they had lately committed to prison) could say for themselves, why they should be discharged; they having falsely made complaints of the severity and injustice of the College, by which means they had procured a Writ, called Corpus cum causa, from Sir john Popham Lord Chief Justice of England, in order to a full hearing of this cause before him: Wherefore the College deputed the Censors to wait upon the Chief Justice to acquaint him with the truth and Justice of their proceedings, and to expect his Lordship's judgement therein.  
Accordingly they met jenkin's and Read at the Chief Justice's house, highly complaining of the wrong done them by the Precedent and Censors of the College, by whose authority they were committed to prison for illegal practice, and continued there for some weeks. One Mr. Harris a Counsellor at Law appeared in behalf of jenkin's and Read. The Chief Justice having diligently read over the Statutes of the Kingdom relating to Physic; demanded of jenkin's how he durst practise that Art without a Licence from the College. Upon which he first denied practice, then answered ambiguously and with hesitation. At length fearing lest the Chief Justice should give him his Oath, he confessed that he had sometimes practised, but as he thought not illegally. What, saith the Judge, did you ever procure the College Seal to justify your practice? No saith jenkin's, but I practised as a Surgeon, and in that art the use of inward Remedies is often necessary. To which the Chief Justice answered, That in such cases a Physician was to be called, it being upon no such account lawful for the Surgeon to invade the Physician's Province. The Counsel for these Empirics objected, that the Precedent and Censors had no authority to commit to Prison, but only to leave their causes to be determined by other Judges. The Chief Justice reproved their Counsel, and declared that the Authority of the College in committing to prison was very legal and valid. jenkin's then complained very much, quod ob raram praxin, and that by the prescription of others he should have so severe a fine inflicted; upon which the College Register was searched, and there it appeared that before this Fine he had been 6 times accused for practice, and several times had been fined in small mulcts. Upon which account, the Chief Justice declared, that he thought it most reasonable that after he had been treated with so great clemency (and yet rendered himself incorrigible) he should have a severe Fine inflicted upon him. And by reason that Physicians bills were often pleaded to justify illegal practice, he thought it most advisable that all Physicians for the future should write upon all their bills their Patient's names and day of the month and year, by which means the Cheats of Empirics and other Impostors might more easily be detected. Thus the Chief Justice having heard this cause, and well approved of the censure of the College, ordered that jenkin's should be forthwith returned back to Prison, until he had given satisfaction to the Precedent and Censors. Some friends of jenkin's moving that he might give security for his appearance and not be reimprisoned; the Chief Justice answered, that it was not in his power to grant their request, for the Laws of the Kingdom had determined that, as a Privilege belonging to the Precedent and Censors. It was then objected, that by the Law no Citizen of London could be imprisoned per forinsecum aliquem. The Chief Justice reading the words of the Statute and observing that they would bear no such sense; replied, that by such interpretations they might likewise infringe his authority.  
As to Read, he complained that the College had fined him more than the Statute would allow; upon which complaint the Chief Justice diligently looked over the words of the Statute, and declared, that the College might inflict what penalty they pleased, but the Keeper of the Prison was not obliged to detain his prisoner, if they exceeded the fine of 20 l. He then justified his practice by a Statute made in the 34, 35 H. 8. C. 8. By which it was lawful for any person having the knowledge of herbs, etc. to practise at least in some diseases; to which the Chief Justice answered, that this he ought not to do, because he was not admitted by the College.  
In short, the sum of the Chief Justice's opinion in hearing and deciding this cause was the following.  

1. There is no sufficient Licence without the College Seal.  
2. No Surgeon, as a Surgeon, may practise Physic, no, not for any disease, though it be the great Pox.  
3. That the authority of the College is strong and sufficient to commit to prison.  
4. That the censure of the College rising from lesser mulcts to greater, was equal and reasonable.  
5. That it were fit to set to Physicians bills the day of the month and the Patient's name.  
6. That the Lord Chief justice cannot bail, or deliver the College prisoner: but is obliged by Law to deliver him up to the College censure.  
7. That a Freeman of London may lawfully be imprisoned by the College.  
8. That no man, though never so learned a Physician or Doctor, may practise in London, or within seven miles, without the College Licence.   
Upon this the Precedent and College presented the following Letter to the Lord Chief Justice.  
To the Right Honourable Sir John Popham Knight, Lord Chief Justice of England, and one of her majesty's most honourable Privy Council.  
RIght honourable, Albeit we acknowledge ourselves to be most infinitely bound already to your good Lordship for many your most honourable favours extended to us and our Society heretofore, for the which we render your Lordship most humble thanks; Yet such is your Lordship's great care, and continual good inclination to the maintenance of learning, good orders, and virtue, That not only we and our Society, that now is, are now again more deeply obliged to your honour, but also all our posterity in time to come shall have just cause to pray for your Lordship's long lief and prosperity; whose unspottable Integrytie hath been so well known to all England these many years (and many more shallbe, as we hope, to the great good of our Country, and to your Lordship's everlasting praise and Memory) and whose tender particular favours have been so honourably and so willingly performed to us of late, in defence of our privileges against one jenkin's and Read, two ignorant intruders into the profession of Physic, and two dangerous infringers, and abusers of her majesty's Laws and Liege people: as while the memory of the Society and College of Physicians of London shall remain, so long shall your Lordship's honourable most worthy name be celebrated and recorded, among all such as either love or profess the title of Learning. And here, for our parts, we protest we are right sorry, that our weakness is such, as we are not any otherwise able, moor than only by bare words and speeches, to make manifest our inward affections, and dutiful good meaning to your honour: But yet all that little, whatever it is, that lieth in our poor power to perform, we here offer and present unto your Lordship with most humble devoted minds, to do your good Lordship any service that we can. And so desiring to rest in your honour's good conceit and opinion, we most humbly take our leave, and pray for your Lordship's long lief and prosperity.  
This 10th of April, 1602. Your Lordship's most humble The Precedent and Society of the College of Physicians in London.  
After this, upon the submission of jenkin's, and request of the Chief Justice, a third part of the fine (of 20 l. imposed upon jenkin's by the Censors) was remitted, and he discharged from Prison. Read likewise by the interest of the Bishop of London procured his discharge.  
About 2 years and 4 months after, jenkin's was again charged for practising of Physic, which he denied, but several instances of it being given, he confessed that to some few Patients of Fevers, etc. he had prescribed purging physic, etc. Being then charged with selling of one sort of drink to all that came for it, he confessed that he had sold such a Medicine, but for the future would never do it, and if in this manner or any other hereafter he should act contrary to the privileges of the College he would readily submit to the severest punishment. Upon this modest confession of his and promise of not offending for the future, but more especially out of respect to the Lord Chancellor, in whose service he was, the Censors inflicted no punishment upon him, but only interdicted him practice; and then order was given by the College that 2 of their Members should wait upon the Chancellor to acquaint him how ill jenkin's had behaved himself towards the College, and how candidly they had dealt with him upon his Honour's account. This was taken very kindly by the Lord Chancellor, who returned the College thanks for their kindness to jenkin's, and promised that for the future jenkin's should behave himself inoffensively to the College; otherwise he was willing that he should be punished, as they should see reason for it. After this, fresh informations were brought against him, all which he denied a great while; But at last desired to have all that was passed remitted, and on that condition faithfully promised that for the future he would give no advice upon the sight of Urines nor any inward Physic; and if therein he was found faulty he willingly offered to pay 5 l. for every time so doing; Upon which promise, and submission he was again dismissed.  
Bartholomew Chapel appeared before the College and was fined for practising Physic without Licence. About 3 months after he procured Letters to the College in his behalf from the Lord Treasurer, Lord Shandois, etc. Upon which account the College deferred any further prosecution of him till Michaelmas Term; at which time being examined, he was found unfit for practice, and afterwards interdicted and bound in a bond of 40 l. not to practise for the future.  
Patrich Brownegold was cited before the Precedent and Censors, and charged for prescribing Physic, which he stoutly denied, but being proved by 2 or 3 witnesses present, it was ordered that he should give a bond of 10 l. for his appearance the next month, and in the mean time should desist from practice; He appeared at the time prefixed and gave a bond of 40 l. that he would not practise for the future.  
Mr. Rawlins, Master of Arts in Oxford, appeared upon summons before the College and confessed that he had practised Physic, having cured a woman (as he said) of an immodicus mensium fluxus by attenuating remedies; which flux proceeded (according to his opinion) from an imbecility of the Muscles and infirmity of the Stomach: He was bound in a bond of 40 l. to abstain from the practice of Physic. Two months after, he was examined by the Precedent and Censors, but giving no satisfaction in his answers, he was advised to greater diligence in his Studies. Near a twelvemonth after he was a second time charged for practising Physic, which he denied; but confessed that he had given a medicinal drink for stopping a Dysentery, which he would not allow to be practising, although he declared that he gave this drink because he found the Patient to have a weak and languid pulse, from whence it plainly appeared that he had practised Physic, and had forfeited his bond. But because he behaved himself submissively and confessed his fault, the Censors were kind to him and dismissed him without punishment, only interdicting him practice and admonishing him not to be guilty of the like fault for the future. About 2 years after he was again summoned for practising Physic (although he had taken his Doctors degree in Cambridge.) He desired that he might be examined in order to his admission, which was done, and he notwithstanding fined propter praxin praeteritam.  
Joseph Smart a Surgeon, was charged for practising Physic, which he did not much deny, but modestly defended the lawfulness of it. He was punished 5 l. propter malam & illicitam praxin, if for the future he should be found guilty of practice within the College liberties.  
Edmund Messenger, a Surgeon, was complained of to the Precedent and Censors for his practising of Physic. He was summoned and appeared: confessed that he had given several purging potions to a Patient, but this he had done in a case relating to Surgery. He acknowledged that he had bled a man very weak, and reduced to an extreme low condition with a looseness. He owned likewise that he had given him several cooling and medicinal Potions. He was interdicted practice, and for this his illegal and ill practice committed to prison with a fine of 5 l.  
In the 39th, John Carter, Master of Arts of 20 years standing in Cambridge, was fined propter praxin praeteritam 3 l. 6 s. 8 d. to be paid within a quarter of a year. Being afterwards summoned to appear before the Precedent and Censors, and not coming; It was ordered by the Censors, that for this his contempt he should be imprisoned as soon as he could be found. About 2 years after, he appeared before the Censors, and promised that he would forthwith leave the City and never return to practise in it any more. He was ordered to give bond that for the future he would not practise Physic within London or 7 miles, which he readily promised to do.  
In the 40th, An. 1598. Katherine Clark was cited and appeared before the Censors; she was accused of practising Physic, and convicted by the testimony of others and likewise by her own confession: She was enjoined to appear before the Precedent and Censors at their next convention, and to bring along with her her husband, or any other honest man approved on by the College for her security that she should not practise hereafter. Being afterwards charged by Mr. Bredwell for giving purging Physic to one Morgan, etc. she was fined 5 l. and committed to prison ob hoc suum factum & illicitam praxin.  
cecily People, being accused by Mr. Wood, Mr. Hind and Mr. Cole Surgeons, for using very ill and absurd practice upon one Dorothy Gatensby, whose cure she had undertaken by fumigation, the Patient dying within 12 days; which ill practice she had likewise used upon 2 others; She was obliged to bring her husband along with her the next Censors day, that they might both enter into bond, that for the future she should not practise Physic.  
Richard Powel, a Dyer, appeared before the Precedent and Censors, and confessed that he had given purging Physic to a man and his wife; wherefore he was fined 40 s. and committed to prison.  
Thomas Watson a Surgeon, being accused by a Patient, that he had undertaken the cure of an Ulcer in his Throat for a sum of money; Watson confessed that he had given him a purging potion for a week, but pretended that it was done by the advice of Dr. Bredwell, who testifying that he had given no such advice, Watson was committed to prison and fined 40 S. propter malam & illicitam praxin.  
In the 42th, Francis Anthony, Master of Arts in Cambridge 26 years, and afterwards Doctor of Physic in our own Universities, appeared before the Precedent and Censors; confessed, that he had practised Physic in London for 6 months, and had cured 20 or more of divers diseases, to whom he had given purging and vomiting Physic; too others, a diaphoretic medicine prepared from Gold and Mercury, as the cases required: But withal acknowledged that he had no Licence to practise. He was examined in the several parts of Physic, and found very weak and ignorant: Wherefore he was interdicted practice. About a month after, he was committed to the Counter prison and fined 5 l. propter illicitam praxin, in that he prescribed Physic against the Statutes and privileges of the College; But within a fortnight or 3 weeks he was by a Warrant from the Lord Chief Justice taken out of Prison and restored to his liberty. Wherefore it was ordered, that the Precedent and one of the Censors should wait upon the Chief Justice with a Petition from the College to request his favour in defending and preserving the College privileges; upon which Anthony submits himself to the College's censure, and begs their favour. Wherefore it was ordered that he should forthwith pay to the Treasurer of the College the 5 l. due sore his fine, which he ●…ed to do, and was likewise interdicted practice. Not long after he was again accused of practising Physic, which he confessed, wherefore he was punished 5 l. for practising against the Statutes of the College and his own promise; But he resusing to pay it, was committed to prison and fined 20 l. About 8 months after, order was given by the Censors for prosecuting him at Law, he having confessed 3 years' practice within the City, and his prescribing medicines lately to one that died and to another in great danger. After this Anthony's wife petitioned the College, that they would deal mercifully with her husband and restore him to his liberty. This Petition was rejected, it being now out of the College's power to set him at liberty, the suit depending being commenced in the Queen's name as well as the College's. Wherefore about 2 months after, Mrs. Anthony delivered a second Petition to the College with so great importunity and tears, that partly upon that account, and partly upon the account of Anthony's poverty, etc. they granted the following Warrant to the Keeper of the Prison.  
Whereas Francis Anthony at the Suit of the Precedent of the College or Commonalty of the Physicians of the City of London, lieth in execution after judgement, for a certain sum of money, whereof 30 l. are due unto her Majesty, and the rest to the said Precedent for the time being and the Commonalty: We the said Precedent and Commonalty aforesaid are contented for our parts so much as concerneth us to discharge the abovenamed Francis Anthony, so that it be no ways prejudicial to her majesty's part, due upon the said execution. Given under the College Seal this 6th of August 1602. Regnique Reginae Elizabethae quadragesimo quarto.  
Two years after Anthony's release from prison, Dr. Taylor with 2 Physicians more of the College and some other persons complained against him for prescribing Physic to several Patients, amongst which one died upon the use of his remedies; another lost all his teeth, a third fell into such violent vomitings and looseness that the day after he died, and charged his death upon Anthony, who had said that when all other remedies failed him, he used this as his last and extreme one, which in the nature of it would either kill or cure. The Precedent and Censors gave order for his prosecution according to Law. After which order several fresh complaints were brought against him, as his prescribing his Aurum potabile to a Reverend Divine, who upon his deathbed complained that this medicine had killed him, he falling upon the use of it into an incurable inflammation of his Throat, etc.  
In the 43th, Richard Edwards, a servant of an Apothecary lately dead, was charged for practising Physic. He confessed that he had given Clysters and other medicines to some sick persons, but not of his own invention, but such as he had taken from bills on the file: he likewise confessed that he had given various remedies to a woman troubled with the Scurvy, etc. Wherefore he was sent to prison and fined 5 l. A second time practice being proved against him he was fined 40 s. ob illicitam praxin.  
In the 44th, john Clark being summoned by the Beadle to appear before the Precedent and Censors to answer what should be charged against him for practising Physic without Licence, wrote a Letter to excuse his absence; which he said was not occasioned from from any contempt of College authority, but from fear of being arrested by some Creditors. About 6 months after he appeared, and denied that he had practised from the time he was interdicted by the College; but confessed that he had exposed to sale some choice waters; the composition of which he was required to declare to the Censors upon a certain day appointed for that purpose upon the penalty of a contempt. A month after appearing before the Censors, he was required to give an account why he sold a Pint of Cinnamon water for 5 l. He answered that the College had no power to examine him; that he made use of an extraordinary purging remedy, and was master of another for Fevers made out of Mummy, communicated to him by Hugo Plate; that the book entitled Tuba Apollinis was wrote by him, etc. He was thrice admonished to think of a better course of life; but notwithstanding obstinately persisting to violate the Laws of the Land and privileges of the College, was fined 20 l. and ordered commitment to Prison: but making his escape out of the custody of the College Officer, he procured a Protection from the Lord Chamberlain; upon which account the College directed the following Letter to be drawn up and presented by some of their Members to the Right honourable the Lord Chamberlain.  
RIght Honourable and our very good Lord: Understanding by the report of Mr. Dr. Forster our Precedent, that your Lordship is somewhat hardly conceited towards us and our College, about the dealing with one Clerk, presupposed to be your Lordship's man: We are humbly to crave your Lordship's patience and favourable hearing, till we have made plain our true and innocent meaning therein. May it please you therefore to understand. That as we are bound by the Laws and orders of the Realm, and by a solemn Oath taken of every one of us particularly for the strict observation of the said Orders: So also we have had of late her majesty's Princely express commandment, that we should have a diligent care and circumspection for the punishment and weeding out of all such ignorant persons, as under pretence of practising of Physic, do mightily abuse her majesty's Subjects in that behalf, as well to the great endangering of their lives, as also to the manifest exhausting of their goods. And for that the numbered of those ill disposed abusers are more in number than we can well find out, and more subtle in their crafty devices, than we can well express: we have therefore of late obtained my Lord Chief Justice's most honourable Warrant for our better assistance in that behalf. And now whereas one Clerk among others hath been greatly complained of unto us by divers, as a notorious offendor and malefactor among the rest; and finding his dealing therein to be very offensive, and to deserve just blame and correction; and the man himself to be very weak and ignorant in the true principles of Physic: beside the manifest contempt and breach of our privileges, whereunto we are so precisely sworn; We could do no less in discharge of our duty then to inflict some condign punishment upon him for the same. But now understanding that your Lordship is well affected to the man, and that it pleaseth you in some respects to use his necessary service, and attendance upon your honourable person: We for our parts shallbe very glad and willing to see him to do any such good office, as shall be pleasing to your Honour, and answerable to your good Lordship's expectation. But if under pretence and colour of that his service, he shall further intrude himself to do any act in Physic, to the abuse of her majesty's Subjects, and infringing of our Privileges; Then we beseech your good Lordship to pardon us if we persist to maintain that which by her sacred Majesty and her Princely predecessors, hath so long time been most graciously granted: and by all her majesty's most honourable Lords of her Privy Council (of which number your Lordship is one at this present, and that you may so long be, to your Lordship's good liking and contentment, we pray with all our hearts) hath hitherto from time to time been most honourably allowed and protected. And so most earnestly praying for your Lordship's perfect and speedy recovery, we most humbly take our leave.  
At our College the viiith of March, 1602. Your Lordship's most humble The Precedent and Society of the College of Physicians in London.  
Edward Coker, an Apothecary, was accused by several persons of giving and prescribing Physic; which he denied, but being convicted by their testimony and matter of fact, he was committed to prison and fined 20 l. After which he gave bond to the College that he would not practise for the future. Yet afterwards he was accused by one Gregory Cary for an Impostor and illegal practiser, he having agreed with him for a certain sum of money for the cure of his distemper, and given him several Vomits and Purges to no purpose; yet had sued him for his bargain; Wherefore the Censors resolved forthwith to commit him to prison; but upon his great importunity and submission they remitted that punishment upon condition, that he paid a moderate fine to the College the next Court. About 9 months after he with several other Empirics were cited to appear before the Censors; but refusing to come, the Beadle was commanded to give them all summons to appear at the next Censors Court upon the penalty of 20 l.  
Richard Briggs appeared upon summons, and confessed that he had practised Physic in London 7 years, and affirmed that he had cured several Patients sick of dangerous distempers, and had wrote bills to several Apothecaries whom he named. Wherefore he was forthwith sent to Woodstreet Compter, but was within 3 days released, because he ingenuously acknowledged his fault, promised that for the future he would offend no more, and engaged several friends to wait upon the Censors to implore their favour.  
Mrs. Woodhouse, a famous Empirick living at Kingsland, appeared before the Precedent and Censors, She was examined of the virtues of Medicines, and asked first her opinion of Pepper, she said it was cold: Violets and Strawberries, cold and dry. The purging Medicines she used to give were Diaprun. and Hamech, as likewise Stibium in infusion or substance to 25 grains. She declared that she knew whether any woman was with child by her Urine, and she was so certain in this, that she seldom was deceived in four of an hundred: She prescribed to a young man sick of a burning Fever half a spoonful of Mithridate in 6 spoonfuls of Aq. Coelestis, with which he sweat 48 hours, and had he not then taken some cooling waters to have tempered the violent heat, he must have perished. She likewise professed that she had cured several bewitched and Planet-struck. She was ordered a fortnight after to appear upon the forfeiture of a bond of 20 l. which she had given for her appearance. About five or 6 years after, some members of the College were appointed to wait upon the Lord Treasurer to request his favour and leave for the prosecution of her, she having procured a protection from his Lordship. The Lord Treasurer returned this answer, that the College had their free liberty to prosecute her as they saw reason; and that not only in this, but in all other concerns he would express all the favour and kindness he could to their Society.  
james Henly, a Surgeon, was complained of by the Wife of one Williams, for that he had given her husband Pills of a yellowish colour, with which he had many Vomits and Stools, and was now in great danger of his life. Henly confessed that he had agreed with her husband to cure him for 20 s. and that he had given him pills of Turbith, which he had given to 500 Patients without any danger, and that in this he had done no more than what was practised by all other Surgeons. His cause being heard, he was by the Censors committed to Newgate.  
john Actor, a Surgeon, was charged for practising Physic; which he confessed, and thought he lawfully might, as a Surgeon; upon which account he had prescribed purging Physic and other remedies to Patients; and brought along with him one to attest several cures performed by him. He was fined 5 Marks and committed to Prison. Being afterwards convicted ob illicitam & imperitam praxin, he was again fined and imprisoned. And some years after being complained of upon the same account, he was brought from Windsor by a Warrant under the hand of Secretary Windebank directed to john Penyal the College Officer.  
In the last year of Q. Elizabeth's Reign, john Baldwin being formerly interdicted practice, was now again charged with the same; of which he was convicted by the testimony of others as well as his own confession. Wherefore he was fined 6 l. and committed to Prison.  
Edmund Gardiner, in the same year of the Queen, was committed to Prison for practising Physic. Whilst he was there, Letters were sent to the College in his behalf from one of the Queen's Court; upon which account it was agreed by the Censors that he should be restored to his liberty upon the payment of 5 Marks to the College. In the 6th year of King james his Reign Gardiner's wife appeared before the Precedent and Censors, and paid to the College 6 l. 13 s. 4 d. and brought along with her two Sureties, who gave bond with her husband for the yearly payment of 3 l. until the full sum of 30 l. was paid, which was recovered of him by a Suit at Law, and duly paid at the times prefixed to the Treasurer of the College.   

PROCEEDINGS Against Empirics, etc.  
In King James 's Reign.  
Arm Dickson appeared before the Precedent and Censors being charged by Mr. Goldstone and 2 or 3 more for practising Physic, with which she had killed a Gentleman of his acquaintance, having given him a Medicine which had wrought so violently by Vomit and Stool that he died in the operation. She confessed that she had given him Physic, but said it was innocent; but the matter of fact was so notorious, and the event so fatal, that she was forthwith committed to Prison and fined 5 l.  
Dr. Saul, being made one of the Queen's Physicians, and yet an illiterate and ignorant person in his profession: the College ordered the following Letter to be presented to the Right Honourable the Lord Sidney.  
RIght Honourable and our very good Lord: The great care that your good Lordship hath for the preservation of her majesty's health, as it is right well known to others, so hath it been fully signified unto us, by the speech of Dr. Brown Physician to his most excellent Majesty. In regard whereof we perceive by him, it is your pleasure that your Lordship might be rightly and thoroughly enfourmed of the true sufficiency of one Saul, who is entertained into her majesty's service; a matter of no small moment touching her majesty's health and safety. Wherein we are thus much to say, in respect of our bounden duty, and upon our credits: That this said Saul in the year 1591. made his appearance at our College upon one of our solemn meeting days, there to be examined for his skill and sufficiency in Physic, and there being orderly opposed in the Latin tongue according to our custom and as we are bound to do, stood mute and answered not one word, either for that he woold not or cooled not understand us. Then being demanded in English, what part of Galen, or other good Authors he had read; He answered that he had read Galen all over. Then being required to name some one book or other of the said Author that he said he had read, to the end he might have been examined with all favour in that book which he was best acquainted with, He cooled not so much as name any one book of his. And for that he then showed us certain Letters testimonial of his Doctorship at the University of Leyden, (gotten by what corrupt and indirect means we know not) we requested him to impart those questions unto us, wherein he answered when he proceeded Doctor. But herein also he refused to name any one of them unto us. Whereupon his ignorance so manifestly appeared unto us, as we cooled do no less upon our Oaths then to forbid him from practice at that time: and thereupon immediately wrote our Letters to one Heurnius Doctor of the Chair there, sharply reprehending him for committing such an error, and for suffering such gross abuses to the great discredit of themselves and their University: who promised the like fault should never be committed again. And from that time till now of late, we never heard more of this Saul: and do not a little marvel, how he cometh by this credit in Physic, unless either by infusion, learning hath been powered into him; or else by some extraordinary means, he hath of late obtained a special gift of healing. And thus having most faithfully discharged our duty to your good Lordship, not with any malicious mind to the party, but in regard of our loyal fidelity to her Majesty; we most humbly take our leave.  
About the Second year of King james his Reign a Copy of the Surgeon's Letters Patents (which they had procured from the King's Majesty for enlarging their Privileges) was read to the College, which being found long and full of Law subtleties; It was ordered that some of the Fellows should examine and compare their Old Charter with their New; which being done and reported to the College, the Precedent with two of the Elects waited upon the Lord Cranbourne to acquaint him what great inconveniences and mischiefs would ensue, not only as to the privileges of the College of Physicians, but likewise as to the public good of the whole kingdom, in case their Letters Patents were passed. Notwithstanding, the Surgeons presented a Petition in Parliament to procure an authority for prescribing inward as well as outward medicines in Wounds, Ulcers, and French Pox, a Copy of which is the following.  

To the Honourable Knights, Citizens and Burgesses of the House of Commons in his majesty's high Court of Parliament assembled.  
The humble Petition of the Masters or Governors of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barbers and Surgeons of London.  
Most humbly showing,  
THat whereas it hath pleased his Majesty to grant unto the College of Physicians of London a Patent under his majesty's great Seal of England, and thereby hath given them not only many large privileges and other grants but also power to call and convent before them in London and 7 miles' compass, and to examine upon Oath the servant or attendant upon any person or persons that shall either give or take Physic, and in fine to imprison at their pleasure all such persons as do or shall administer any internal remedy whatsoever; By reason whereof they do not only take unto themselves the Arts of the Physician, Chirurgeon and Apothecary, but do likewise go about to restrain your Petitioners from using unto their grieved and wounded Patients such wound-drinks, Potions and other inward remedies as they by their long practice, study and tried experience have found most necessary for the recovery of their diseased Patients as well in the City of London, as in all his majesty's services both by Sea and Land, in preserving both their lives and limbs, and without which many times they cannot perform their Cures nor give such speedy ease and remedy to the grieved Patients, as otherwise they may and can do; which Patent is very prejudicial not only to your Petitioners, but to all his majesty's subjects who shall have occasion to use their help, and will prove a great and heavy burden to the Commonwealth in general, when for every hurt appertaining to the Surgeons cure the Patient must be forced to entertain a Surgeon, a Physician and an Apothecary.  
The humble Suit of your Petitioners is, that this honourable House will be pleased to take the same Patent into your grave considerations, and the unlawful privileges and hurtful power to them given to set Fines, to take Recognizances, inflict Imprisonments, and other authorities grievous to his majesty's subjects, and to them given by the same Patent, being by your wisdoms weighed and examined, and the Petitioners with their Council heard, that this honourable House upon hearing thereof, being truly informed of the said general wrong, such course may be therein taken through your Justice and grave Wisdoms, as may tend to the relief of your Petitioners and the good of the Commonwealth. And they as in duty bound, shall daily pray to God for your ever during prosperities, etc.  
Your Petitioners preferring their Petition to his Highness touching the Premises, his Majesty was thereby graciously pleased to leave the Petitioners free to seek any lawful remedy for their grievances either in Parliament or otherwise.  
Rich. Cooper. Tho. Allen. Rich. Mapes. E. Ingolsbye. Will. Clowes. john Woodall. Tho. Bonham. Christoph. Frederick. C. Primrois. joseph Fenton. Rich. Wateson. james Mullins.   
This Petition was rejected by the Parliament and thrown out, to their no small disappointment and regret. After this ill usage of the College, the Surgeons desired a conference to take away all occasion of future offence and to maintain mutual friendship, being informed how highly the College resented this ill action of theirs. They protested that there was nothing attempted by them to infringe College privileges, yet confessed that their Bill was very unjust and unreasonable; which (they said) was not theirs but their Counsels fault; who designing to express great cunning and subtlety in drawing of it, perverted the true sense, intended by them. The Precedent replied, that it had been more prudently and fairly acted, if they had consulted the College and taken their advice, before they attempted the passing of a Bill of this nature, for it was now apparent that they endeavoured clancularly and by mean tricks to have procured an Act of Parliament to the great prejudice of Physicians and the very subversion of the College. They endeavoured to excuse themselves by declaring that they never intended any such thing. But the case was so plain, that there was no denial of it. However the Precedent told them, that if they had any thing to offer to the College, they should bring it in writing; which if thought just and reasonable, they might expect the Colleges encouragement and assistance; provided they brought not along with them any member who had behaved himself rudely and insolently towards the College; whereof one of them having been guilty, and afterwards ingenuously confessing his fault, was pardoned and received again into favour.  
About this time it was ordered by the College, that Mr. Nicholas the Keeper of Woodstreet Compter should be prosecuted at law, for releasing an Empirick (sent to his Prison by the Censors Warrant) without their consent.  
Dr. Jacob Domingo, being accused of practice and behaving himself insolently and rudely towards the College, was by the Censors committed to prison; but afterwards acknowledging his fault and declaring that what he said, was in passion and precipitantly, for which he was heartily sorry and begged pardon, he was discharged from prison without a fine, upon condition of his payment of the Fees due to the Keeper of the Prison, and abstaining from practice for the future. After this, he was cited and appeared, and being asked by what authority he practised Physic, he told them that he had a Licence to practise; which being demanded, it was found that he had a Licence to practice in the Country but not in London nor within 7 miles of the same. It was therefore ordered by the College, that he should be committed to prison propter contemptum. Not long after being cited again, he appeared before the Censors and passed his examination for Licentiate intra urbem, which was granted him, he being found worthy thereof, and obliged to pay the usual Fees due from Licentiates.  
Dr. Bonham, being examined by the Precedent and Censors, was dismissed quia minus aptèrespondit; About 7 months after he was examined a second time, but giving no satisfaction, he was required to follow his Studies more diligently, and to appear at the next general Court. A twelvemonth after he was examined a third time, but because he gave little satisfaction to the Censors, he was fined 5 l. for practice, to be paid the next Comitia; or else to be committed to Prison. About 6 months after, it was ordered by the Censors, that seeing Dr. Bonham had been often cited and not appeared, he should be arrested by the authority of the Censors, and committed to Prison with a fine of 20 l. About a month after, he appeared before the Precedent and Censors, and behaved himself very insolently, declaring that he had and would practise Physic in despite of the College, neither would he give any obedience to the Precedent or Censors, they having no authority over those who had taken their degrees in Physic in our own Universities. And to prove this, he brought his Council along with him, who endeavoured to distort the Statutes to that sense. But the Precedent and Censors considering the whole cause with its circumstances, committed the Doctor forthwith to Prison. In the same month Dr. Bonham's Case was heard before the Judges of the King's Bench, by whose authority he was released out of prison: But upon new practice proved against him, he was again committed; after which, he procured Letters in his behalf from the Archbishop of Canterbury; but upon the application of the Precedent, Censors and Register to his Grace, acquainting him with the whole matter of fact, their proceedings at Law, the opinion of the Judges, their success in their trial, their readiness to pardon him upon his submission and acknowledgement of his error, and revocation of that Suit commenced against the College; He declared himself fully satisfied with the Justice and equity of the College in their proceedings, and professed that in case he did not submit upon the terms proposed, he was unworthy their favour, neither should he for the future intercede for him.  
William Foster, a Surgeon in Fanchurch street, was complained of for hanging out a table at his door, in which he exposed to sale a powder for the Green-sickness. Being charged with this, he pretended that it was his Wife's doing without his consent. Some of the Fellows declaring that they had heard the powder was dangerous and had prejudiced several persons; he replied, that his Wife had injured none by the use of it, but relieved many, naming 2 persons. Upon this, it was ordered that he and his Wife should appear next Court, and bring along with them the receipt of this powder; which if he neglected, the College would proceed to a more severe censure against him. Accordingly he and his wife appeared at the time appointed, and endeavoured to excuse this crime by the example of others, who were guilty of the same; to which was answered, that they likewise in due time should be cited and punished. They acknowledged their fault and begged the College's pardon, which was granted them upon condition that for the future they meddled not with the affairs of Physic.  
Arthur Dee was summoned before the Censors for much the same crime; he having hanged out a table, in which he exposed to sale several Medicines, by which many diseases were said to be certainly cured. This crime was esteemed such an intolerable cheat and imposture, that the Censors ordered him to appear with his remedies in order to the inflicting a due penalty upon him.  
Alphonsus de Sancto Victore was brought before the Censors for practising Physic without Licence. Being examined, he was found a very ignorant man, educated in the Camp not in the Schools. He was charged for killing a London Merchant sick of a Dropsy, whom he bled under the tongue and took above 3 pints of blood from him: likewise for undertaking the cure of another person for 20 l. of which he had 5 l. in hand, and left him in a much worse condition than he found him: He was therefore interdicted practice.  
Mr. Hutton, an Apothecary, being often summoned by the Beadle to appear before the Censors, and yet refusing, the Censors gave order that he should forthwith be committed to prison for this his contempt. But he coming to the College and humbly begging their pardon, and promising for the future that he would solely apply himself to his trade, the Censors pardoned him his former faults upon condition of performing his present engagements.  
William Turner, Bachelor of Physic in Oxford, having lived 2 years in London and practised Physic therein, was cited to appear before the Censors; by whom being asked by what authority he practised in London, he first pleaded his privilege as having taken a Degree in Physic in one of our Universities, then as being a Citizen of London; But when it was shown him, that neither of these could bear him out in the breach of those privileges granted to the College of Physicians by Act of Parliament, he submitted to the Censors judgement and was ordered next Comitia to pass his examination, as a testimony of his ability, and was in the interval forbidden practice. He afterwards was examined, approved and admitted of the College.  
Robert Swain was complained of by 2 sufficient witnesses, that he had given a medicine to one Mary Walker a Woman with Child, with which she miscarried the day after; And he being summoned and not appearing, It was ordered by the Precedent and Censors that he should be fined 5 l. and committed to Prison (if he could be taken) which was accordingly done the same month. It appearing afterwards from his own confession and the accusation of others that he did not desist from practice (though he had twice obliged himself to the College de non practicando) he was committed to prison with a fine of 5 l.  
Rose Griff● was complained of by Helen Piers for mala praxis, in that she had given to her and several other Women big with Child such remedies as put them into violent vomiting and stools with great danger of their lives: She confessed that she had given Lozenges of Antimony, pulvis sanctus, purging potions of Sarsa-paril. Senna, Hermodactyls, etc. For which she was arrested in the name of the College and sent to Prison.  
Thomas Woodhouse, a Surgeon, was cited to appear before the Precedent and Censors for practising Physic, but no witness appearing against him, he was dismissed. He was afterwards summoned upon the same account, when upon examination he confessed that he had given a certain Pill, which he called Pantalagogon, and a Cathartick diet. He was required by the Censors to bring along with him 5 l. the next Comitia as a mulct for this offence, or else he should be committed to Prison.  
Henoch Clapham appeared before the Precedent and Censors, being charged for setting up Bills on several posts in the City, wherein there were large promises made of the cure of several diseases. This he confessed, but withal he said, that he was ignorant of the College Privileges, neither had he committed any thing willingly against the Laws. Wherefore he was forbidden practice, which he promised not to be guilty of for the future.  
Dr. Tenant was accused by Mrs. Randol, who came before the Precedent and Censors in the beginning of October, and witnessed that Dr. Tenant had visited a servant of hers about a month before, and had given him purging pills 4 days together, and likewise powders 4 days more, with which he had been purged so much beyond his strength, that she despaired of his life. She farther testified that the Dr. had undertaken his cure for 6 l. (of which he had received 40 s.) Which cure he was so far from performing, that whereas he had a tolerable stomach before, since the Doctor's undertaking him he had not tasted any thing, but pined away and now was dead of a Marasmus. Not long after, an Apothecary complained against the Dr. for his prescribing to a servant 2 pills for which he had 12 s. and at night a little Syrup for which he had 20 s. and after that some other Syrup for which he received 12 s. which were no advantage to the Patient, he dying in a few days of a flux of blood. One Mr. S●gar King at Arms, with his wise, complained to the College against him, in that he had undertaken the cure of an Hydropical Gentlewoman, and had received of her 30 l. partly for his pains and partly for his Medicines (whose price he had advanced beyond all reason and conscience) yet left her without a cure. He was so impudent and unconscionable in the rating of his medicines, that he charged one Pill at 6 l. and an Apozeme at the same price. After this, one Mrs. Whitney and Mr. Fulres came to the Precedent and Censors, and charged Dr. Tenant with mala praxis, in that he had given to her husband (not very ill, but only complaining of a gentle preternatural heat) one Pill of the bigness of a pease, for which he had 6 s. the operation of which was such, that it never ceased from Vomiting and Purging him from Friday morning till Sunday, at which time it had given him 40 Vomits and 30 Stools, with so great violence, that he shortly after died. He was arrested by order of the Precedent and Censors for evil practice and contempt, etc. fined 20 l. and committed to Prison. Afterwards, an order was given for prosecuting him at Law, upon which he engaged a person of Quality to be his Advocate to the College that they might not proceed in their Suit against him; which was granted upon the payment of 20 l. fine, and 10 l. for practice and Costs of Suit. He was interdicted practice; yet it was proved again upon him in a short time, having taken of one 27 l. for the cure of a Quartan Ague which still remained: Of another 20 l. for the cure of the Stone without advantage; of another 6 l. for the cure of a Lientery. Upon his sight of the Urine of one of his majesty's Guards, he declared that the night following he should have a grievous Fit, and the same day seven-night should die. The man yet lives and is like to recover. Upon these and the like complaints the College commenced a fresh Suit against him.  
Thomas dousing and his Wife complained to the Precedent and Censors against one Air, who had given to their daughter a Medicine in the form of a Lozenge, which wrought so violently with her, that she never ceased Vomiting first humour, than blood (though various sorts of remedies were used) until she died.  
Peter chamberlain a Surgeon, was charged by Dr. Ridley for prescribing an Electuary to Mr. Lile's son; and Pills to a Girl, which procured a continual purging for 3 days. The Precedent reproving him for practising Physic against the Laws, told him, that if he did not desist from practice, he must expect to be dealt with more severely. About 3 months after, Dr. Rawlins accused him of illegal and evil practice, in that he had undertaken the cure of a person complaining of an Arthritick disease, by Unction, Sweeting Potions, Purging Physic, etc. for which he was fined 5 Marks, and obliged to give bond for the payment. He paid 3 l. 4 months after, and upon his submission was remitted the rest. He was again charged by Mr. Patinson for practising Physic upon one Mrs. Blosse, which at first he would have excused; but then ingenuously confessed it, and was only fined 4 Marks. Some time after a fine of 40 s. was imposed upon him de praxi medica illicita & mala. He notwithstanding persisted in practice, confessing that he gave a drink to a Gentlewoman for 3 days to dry up a moisture that (he supposed) came from her back, for which he was fined and committed to prison: and though application was made to the College by the Lord Mayor, yet the Precedent and Censors would not consent to his release, because he was committed pro mala praxi. A Petition not long after was presented to the College against him for undertaking a cure for 10 l. (of which he had received half:) and left the Patient worse than he found her. He was likewise complained of for mala praxis in Childbed women, etc. upon which the Censors interdicted him all practice.  
Mr. Doughton, a Surgeon, was complained of by Mr. Flood an Attorney, for that he had undertaken the cure of his Wife, ill of a Maniack distemper, for 20 l. and had done her little or no good; for after a month or two she relapsed into as bad a condition as formerly. But he confessing his fault, and having been never before convicted of the like, the Precedent and Censors inflicted only a fine of 40 s. upon him, with an admonition that for the future he should not intrude himself into a profession that he understood not. After this, he was charged with a very inhuman and unskilful practice upon a woman in labour, by which both Mother and Infant perished, which was proved against him by the Midwife: Wherefore the Precedent and Censors ordered his repayment of 5 l. which he received by agreement, and required a bond of 200 l. that he should never profess or practise Midwifery for the future.  
Edward Putman, an old Germane Impostor, brought a Letter from the Earl of Exeter in favour of himself; Wherefore he was examined leniter tentandi causa by the Precedent and Censors; But found so egregiously ignorant that he knew not the definition of a disease nor the several species thereof. Wherefore it was agreed by the Censors, that out of respect to the Right honourable the Earl of Exeter, he should be pardoned for his former Practice, but interdicted for the future; and that a Letter should be sent to the Earl to acquaint him with the proceedings of the College in this affair.  
Mrs. Sadler, being charged of illegal practising Physic, she appeared with 3 or 4 of her Neighbours, and confessed that she had given some Compositions, which by chance might purge twice or thrice; but she gave no Medicines. This vain excuse of hers deserved a greater punishment; but at that time the Censors only ordered, that her Neighbours which she brought along with her should engage on her behalf, that she should not practise for the future; which they did, by subscribing their names to a Paper drawn up for that purpose.  
Philippus Bernardinus, an Italian, was charged for selling a purging Medicine, which he pretended was not brought into England by him, but vended for a Merchant, to whom he was to give an account; but withal confessed, that he had given one dose of it to a person sick of a Fever. Wherefore he was obliged in a bond of 40 l. to appear at the next Comitia; which he did, and was by the Censors fined 20 l. and ordered to be imprisoned until that sum was paid.  
Mrs. Pain, a bold and impudent woman, was complained of by a Gentlewoman for practising Physic and undertaking the cure of several persons; amongst whom, was a Son of hers of 13 years old, to whom she gave (as she said) gentle Pills, which wrought the same day 40 times, and the day after near as many: She than anointed the Child's body, head, and all parts (the Stomach only excepted) for 3 days, and for 9 days after sweat him with hot tiles, never suffering him to go out of his bed; Notwithstanding a salivation appeared not, but his Jaws and glands swollen so violently, that they despaired of the Child's life. After this, a servant of one Mr. Crowder appeared before the Precedent and Censors, testifying that he was sent to Mrs Paine, and that she alone (without any other advice) had undertaken the cure of his Master, and had received of him 5 l. which she thought too mean a reward, having neglected more valuable Patients at the same time. At her first coming to him he was so well, that he could walk about his Garden; but having taken from her a Vomit and preparatory Medicine, and after that been anointed thrice on his head, back, breast, arms and thighs with a Mercurial Ointment, he died under her cure. She being hereupon summoned to appear before the Precedent and Censors, pretended that all she had done was by the order and authority of Dr. Bonham. But being a second time cited to appear before them upon a penalty of 40 s. and yet neglecting to come, she was fined 10 l. and order given for her commitment to prison, with a total prohibition of practice.  
In the 7th year of this King's Reign, the following Warrant was sent from the King's Council to the Magistrates of the City of London for the attachment of Empirics.  
To all Justices, Mayors, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Constables, Headboroughs, and all other his majesty's Officers and Ministers to whom this shall or may appertain within the City of London, Suburbs and Liberties thereof, and the limits within mentioned, and to every and either of them.  
WHereas by the Laws and Statutes of this Realm, power is given to the Precedent of the College or Commonalty of the faculty of Physic within the City of London and Suburbs thereof and seven miles' compass of the same for the time being, or to such as the same Precedent and College for the time being, shall according to the Statute in that behalf made, authorise, to have the fine, search, correction and government of all persons using the faculty of Physic within the limits aforesaid, and to punish all such as shall unlawfully use or practise the said faculty within the same Precincts, contrary to the true intent and meaning of the Statute in that case made, with this further authority, that all justices, Mayors, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Constables and other Ministers and Officers within the City of London and Precinct aforesaid, upon request to them made, should help, aid and assist the Precedent of the said College and all persons by the said Precedent and Commonalty from time to time authorized for the due execution of the Acts and Statutes in that behalf made, upon pain for not giving such aid, help and assistance, to run in contempt of the King's Majesty, his Heirs and Successors. Now forasmuch as we have been informed by the Precedent of the College, that there are sundry unskilful persons within the precincts and limits aforesaid, who do use and practise the said faculty contrary to the same Statutes of this Realm in that case provided, and to the great peril and danger of the lives of many of his majesty's subjects; These are to will and require you and in his majesty's name straight to charge and command you, that henceforth at all time and times you according to the tenor of the said Act be aiding and assisting to the said Precedent and to those that shall be lawfully authorized by the said Precedent and College, for the apprehending of all such persons as shall unlawfully use and practise the said faculty within the limits aforesaid contrary to the intent and meaning of the Statutes aforesaid, when they or any of them shall give you notice of and require, and thereupon to bring them before the said Precedent or those authorised as aforesaid to their College, there to be examined and proceeded against as to the Law in that case shall appertain. Whereof fail you not, as you and every of you will answer the contempt in that behalf made. Yeven under our hands at Whitehall the xxiiiith. day of July An. Dom. 1609. and in the seventh year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord James by the grace of God King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. and of Scotland the two and fortieth.  
R. Cant. T. Ellesmer Canc. R. Salisbury, H. Northampton, T. Suffolk, W. Knollys, J. Stanhope, Jul. Caesar, Tho. Parry, Tho. Fleming. Jo. Corbet.  
About 13 years after, the King was pleased to send a Letter to the Precedent and Censors of the College, requiring them to summon all illegal and ignorant practitioners, in order to examine their sufficiency, and to punish the insufficient according to the Laws in that case provided. The Contents of which are as follow.  
To our trusty and well-beloved the Precedent and Censors of the College of Physicians within our City of London.  
JAMES R.  
TRusty and well-beloved, We greet you well. Whereas the Art of Physic by many unlearned men (making gain by the profession thereof to the great hurt and prejudice of many of our loving subjects) is much abused in many places in this our Realm, but especially in our City of London, and the Suburbs thereof, the government whereof (as touching the practice of the said Art and the practitioners thereof) being by the Laws and Statutes of the Realm, committed unto you the Precedent and Censors of our College of Physicians, and you having also from us by our Letters Patents more ample authority for the suppression and correction of such Delinquents; We therefore minding, so far as in us lieth, the speedy reformation of all such abuses and inconveniences, do by these presents, as heretofore, yet more strictly, charge and command you the Precedent and Censors aforesaid to call before you all such irregular and ignorant Practitioners, as contrary to our Laws and authority do abuse that Art, and to examine their sufficiency; and such as you shall find not sufficient, to punish for their said practice, according to our Laws in that case provided. And whereas we are credibly given to understand that many having been punished and warned by you to desist from any further practice, do yet obstinately notwithstanding persist in the former contempt of our Laws and commandments, We will and command you that you proceed against such Delinquents with all severity according to the tenor of our said Letters Patents and the due course of our Laws by fine and imprisonment, or by causing them to enter into Recognizances with condition restraining them to offend any more, or otherwise as the case shall require and is agreeable to justice. And our will and pleasure is, that such offenders as shall be so imprisoned shall there remain without being enlarged, unless it be upon their conformity and submission to you the said Precedent and Censors, or other due course of Law. Wherein we require all our judges and justices, that they be very careful and circumspect not to do any thing that may give encouragement to such offenders, by enlarging any such too easily without due examination of the causes of their Commitment, first calling thereto the Precedent and Censors or some of them, to declare the true reasons and causes thereof. And whereas we are given to understand that oftentimes upon the solicitation of some or other friend or person of Quality, suitor to you for the sad Delinquents after their conviction, you have been moved to wink at their faults and neglect their punishment, to the great prejudice of the health of many of our poor subjects, Our will and pleasure is, and we do hereby straight charge and command you, that henceforth neither for favour, friendship, or respect of any you forbear the just censure and punishment due by our Laws to such Delinquents, as you shall answer us on the contrary at your peril; and that you require the aid and assistance of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of our City of London (whom by our Letters we have so required to do) for your better expedition in the execution of this our Royal will and commandment, not doubting but that you with more care will seek to suppress such intolerable abuses, and satisfy our trust in this case committed to you. Given under our signet at our Palace of Westminster the second day of July in the twentieth year of our reign of England, France and Ireland, and of Scotland, the five and fiftieth.  
At the same time another Letter was sent from the King to the Lord Mayor, aldermans and Justices of London, the Copy of which is the following.  
WHereas in the time of our Predecessors of famous memory, by several Acts of Parliament, as also by our late Charter, there hath been sufficient provision and power given and granted to the College of Physicians in London to reform and suppress all and singular unlawful and unlearned practitioners in Physic, and hearing nevertheless that divers unskilful and unlearned men and women do rashly adventure to enter into the practice of Physic to the great danger and hurt of our subjects; We therefore now finding that neither Acts of Parliament, nor our Charter heretofore granted, have for want of execution wrought such good effects as we wish always for the good of our subjects, do by these presents charge you the Lord Mayor, aldermans and justices of peace within our City of London and the precincts, that with all readiness you do aid and assist the Precedent and Censors for the time being of our College of Physicians in London, or such Officers as the Precedent and the said College shall appoint, in the doing of all such things as by the said Acts of Parliament or Charter ought to be done for suppressing of all and every such person or persons, as contrary to the Laws of our Realm, or Charter or Acts of Parliament aforesaid shall dare to adventure in the practice of Physic upon any our subjects in the City of London, the Suburbs and precincts of the same, or within seven miles thereof. And to the intent that this our purpose tending to the safety of our subjects, and the suppression of irregular practitioners, may with more diligence and authority be effected, We do will and command you the Lord Mayor of the City of London, that at your next Sessions these our Letters may be so read and published, that all justices of peace as well within our said City, as also the Suburbs and precincts of the same, may take knowledge of this our pleasure and command.  
Mrs. Briers, and old woman, was convicted of mala praxis, fined 5 l. and ordered to be imprisoned. After this, having given security that she would not practise for the future; yet prescribing Unctions, Sudorificks, Ointments, Plasters, Potions, etc. to several persons; Her bond was put in suit against her Security, and a new mulct laid upon her.  
Nicholas Rowland, a Surgeon, being accused for practising Physic and that proved against him by witness, was fined 10 l. de praxi pessima, and order given for his imprisonment.  
Mr. Holland, an Apothecary, was charged for practising Physic upon several persons; which being proved, he was fined 5 l. and ordered to be forthwith imprisoned without present satisfaction given to the College. But he continuing contumacious, all the members of the College were prohibited writing of Bills to his shop, or making use thereof, until he had cleared himself the non exercenda medicina. After this, he appeared before the Precedent and Censors, and declared his readiness to acknowledge the College authority; but giving no other testimony thereof, but only desiring his fine might be remitted, he was heard no further, but dismissed. A few months after He attended the Precedent and Censors a second time, and being asked whether he would pay his fine and acknowledge his offence; He than begged the Colleges pardon, paid his fine, and promised that for the future he would behave himself respectfully to them; upon which account, his censure was remitted, and he received into favour. But being afterwards complained of by Dr. Wineston, that he did support Mr. Bugs, who stood in opposition to the College; he denied any combination with him, yet confessed that he had made Physic for Mr. Bland and other illegal practisers; which was likewise plainly proved by his file of Bills that were sent for. After some time the Precedent sent the 4 Censors to visit his shop, where besides divers bills found upon the file written by Empirics and ignorant Mountebanks (of which they brought some away) they also found false compositions of Medicines, not made according to the rule of the London Dispensatory, which he was bound to observe; Wherefore the Censors ordered that those medicines should be forthwith destroyed, which was accordingly done.  
Dr. Eyre was cited before the College for practising physic in London without Licence. Upon his appearance he gave no satisfaction to the Precedent and Censors, wherefore they ordered his prosecution at Law, and had a Verdict against him de praxi illegitima; upon which he applied himself to the College, begged their friendship, and promised submission. Then he was examined by the Precedent and Censors; but not giving satisfaction of his ability for practice, He was rejected; and about 2 years after summoned to give an account by what authority he practised Physic in London; He replied that he practised in the Country not in the City, but thought he might, as being born here. But practice being proved against him, the Censors told him that they would sue him de praxi illegitima pro ann. But he paying 20 l. de praxi praeterita to the Treasurer of the College, the Censors let fall their suit. But he being after guilty of ill practice (which was proved against him) the Censors unanimously fined him 10 l. and ordered his imprisonment, which latter was dispensed with upon condition that he would at the next public Comitia own his obligations to the Precedent, Censors and College for this their favour, which he readily promised and performed both in person and writing, paying likewise the fine imposed upon him. After this he was examined in order to his admission into the College; which examination having passed, He was required to take great care and caution in his practice, and in difficult cases to call to his assistance some of his Colleagues.  
Dr. Burgess having been in Orders and now practising Physic in London, was summoned before the Precedent and Censors to give an account by what authority he practised in this City contrary to the Statute-Law of this Kingdom. He ingenuously confessed; Not by any authority, but by the indulgence of the College; and told them he had formerly offered himself to examination, though he had not yet been examined. The Precedent replied, that by a Statute of the College (which was read by the Register) they could not examine, admit, or permit any to the practice of Physic, who had been in Holy Orders. Besides, if the Statutes of the College would allow it, He told him, that an admission to a person that had been so qualified, was repugnant to the Statute Laws of the Kingdom and Canons Ecclesiastical. He replied with great temper and candour, that he would not contradict either the one or the other, but lay down practice in London. After this, he was convened a second time before the Precedent and Censors and interdicted the practice of Physic within the College Liberties, to which he submitted, and promised that he would speedily betake himself to the Country. Some of the Fellows of the College were complained of for consulting with him.  
About the 10th. year of this King's Reign, the following Letter was sent to the College of Physicians (upon the death of the Countess of Rutland) by the Right Honourable the Lord Viscount Lisle, to summon before them one Mr. Talbot, a Fellow of Merton College in Oxford, to inquire into the Medicines prescribed by him in this noble Lady's Case, that so they might find whether either by presumption or unskilfulness her Honour's end was procured or hastened; the Contents of which Letter are the following.  
To the Right Worshipful the Precedent and College of Physicians in London.  
AFter my very hearty commendations, I have thought it fit to give you knowledge that on Friday last being the 31th. of Julie, the Countess of Rutland my worthy and dear Niece did depart this life. Among other that did minister Physic unto her during her sickness here in London, was one Mr. Talbot, a Fellow of Merton College in Oxford, whose proceedings with her, and the Medicines he gave her (for during the time he was with her no body but he did prescribe any thing unto her) are greatly suspected, if not to have procured, yet to have much hastened her end. Of this no man can better speak than three of your own College Dr. Gifford, Dr. Fox and Dr. Poe, who came unto her when she left the other, and took great pains with her: Likewise at her death, and some days before Mr. Abraham Allen the King's Surgeon did attend her. My request is, that you will hear what they will say, and accordingly call the said Mr. Talbot afore you; and if you do find that either by presumption in him or unskilfulness (for from any malice I do absolutely discharge him) that noble Lady's end were procured or hastened, you will take such course in censuring and punishing of him, that the respect due unto a person of her estate departed as she is, may be observed, and that his example may be a warning to others to proceed with conscience and discretion, when they take the charge of the life of any upon them. I have lost a most beloved and kind Kinswoman in the flower of her age; and therefore do greatly desire a true account of the reason of her death. And so I commit you to the protection of the Almighty.  
At Baynard's Castle, the 2d. of August, 1612. Your very loving friend, R. Lisle.  
In the 12th. year of King James his Reign, some of the Members of the College being required to find Arms, the College appointed two of their Fellows, viz. Sir William Paddy and Dr. Lister to solicit their cause (with the Recorder of London, the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen) in the behalf of the Fellows, Candidates and Licentiates for immunity from the charge of service for Men or Armour: Whereupon Sir William Paddy, accompanied with Dr. Lister, before Sir Tho. Middleton, Knight, then Lord Mayor, and a full Court of Aldermen, upon the fourth of October, 1614 after a short preamble made (that is to say, that the Fellows of the College of Physicians of London became Suitors unto the Lord Mayor and that honourable Court, that it would please them to take into their considerations the privileges granted unto the College by Acts of Parliament, whereby they were, as heretofore they have been, exempted from the charge of service) proceeded to the Reasons following.  
First, applying his speech to Sir Henry Montague, Recorder for the City, he desired him that he would indifferently peruse the words in the preamble of the Act of Parliament recited thus, In consideration, etc.  
Herein may it please this honourable Court, not only all Articles, Grants and other things contained in the Letters Patents, but also for enlargement of further Articles for the said College, are to be interpreted available to the said College, in as large and ample manner as may be taken, thought and construed by the same 14 Hen. 8.  
Then may it please you to observe, that in the 32d. of H. 8. they and every of them of the said Body Corporate or Fellowship and their Successors shall at all time and times after the making of the said Act be discharged to keep any Watch or Ward in the said City of London or the suburbs of the same. And here the said Sir William requested them to note the word [any] which in true weight of construction was to be extended, as if that Clause had been in more words expressed.  
Then he farther urged that for the Surgeons, where in the first entrance of the Act, it was thought expedient by the wisdom of the Land to provide for men expert in the Science of Physic and Chirurgery.  
And therefore when it followeth, that in this Act of Parliament the Surgeons by express word are exempt from the bearing of Armour, it may truly infer, that Physicians are exempted (as before) from any Watch or Ward; as also Physicians here recited in the preamble, should receive a greater or at least the same immunity; especially since Physicians are by their Science Surgeons without further examination and approbation to be had from the Bishop of London, whereunto mere Surgeons are subject.  
Then a grave and reverend Knight, an Alderman of the Bench, replied, That he took, the words in the Act of Parliament for the Surgeons (viz. bearing of Arms) were to free their persons, and not to exempt them from the charge of the service.  
Whereunto Sir William Paddy answered, under his favour and the Judgement of the Bench and Mr. Recorder, that the difference between bearing and wearing of Armour was such, that the very Etymon of the word bearing, as in many other cases, comprehended both, and therefore should give immunity from both.  
And therewithal Sir William Paddy added this Reason, that by the wisdom of the Land it must needs be intended Physicians of the College should be exempted from this and other like services for that in the time of all outward War or domestic, they or some of them do attend the Armies in person; whereof he there exhibited a Catalogue of divers he had from the Register. And now may it please you my Lord Mayor and this honourable Court, we address ourselves only to you, under whose government we are seated, and with love we seek from you favourable construction for just relief; which as in your worth you have always afforded to all, so do we assure ourselves you will dispense unto us, who live best by your love, and will ever be ready to do you service.  
Then Mr. Recorder perusing every branch of the Statutes recited, and the reasons urged, and opening every part thereof at large, did gravely and judicially conclude, that the Acts of Parliament did surely intend to give to the College as much immunity as in any sort to the Surgeons.  
Whereupon the Court desired to have a true Catalogue of the Fellows, Candidates and Licentiates of the College in number then forty and one, which Sir William Paddy and Dr. Lister from the Register did immediately deliver up unto them; Which Catalogue the Court then (upon this reason) required, lest others not of the College should delude them, and so claim privilege.  
Hereupon was ordered a dispensation for the College from bearing of Arms, and immediately after a Precept was awarded by the Lord Mayor and Court to commit all other Physicians or Surgeons refusing to bear or find Arms, who were not by the College allowed, or Surgeons licenced according to form.  
In the 13th. the following Letter was sent to the Precedent of the College concerning the death of the Lady Arabella.  
To my very loving Friend the Precedent of the College of Physicians in the City of London.  
AFter my hearty commendations: Whereas the Lady A●●bella is lately deceased in the Tower, and that it is his majesty's pleasure, according to former custom, upon like occasions, when persons of great quality do die in that place, her body should be viewed by persons of skill and trust, and thereupon Certificate to be made of what disease she died, as to their Judgement it shall appear: These are therefore to will and require you to appoint some three Physicians of your Society, of good reputation as well for their learning as otherwise, who together with the Physicians of the said Lady Arabella, shall presently repair unto the Tower, and there view and search the Corpse of the said Lady, and to return jointly their opinion unto me of the nature of the disease whereof she died, that we may acquaint his Majesty therewithal. And so I bid you heartily farewell.  
From the Court at Whitehall this 27th. of Sept. 1615. Your loving friend Ralphe Winwood.  
According to the King's command, some Physicians of the College met at the Tower, and, upon a diligent inspection of the body of the Lady Arabella, were of an opinion, that the cause of this noble Lady's death was a long chronical sickness; that the species of her disease was a cachexy, which daily increasing (partly by her own neglect and partly by her aversation to medicine) did at length bring her into a confirmed indisposition of her Liver and extreme leanness, from which causes death must needs ensue. This testimony was signed by the Precedent, Register, and four Fellows of the College.  
john Bartley, a practiser in Physic, was accused by an Apothecary for ill practice; after which upon a Censors day a Reverend Divine with his Wife made complaint, that this Bartley having through ignorance and unskilfulness prescribed a very violent Medicine to their daughter, had thereby hastened her death; An exact relation of all the particulars, with the names of the persons present, (drawn up in writing and signed with both their hands) they offered to the Censors, earnestly desiring that the Officers of the College would take cognisance thereof, and by their censure give them all the assistance they could, they intending to prosecute Bartley and bring him to trial for the death of their daughter. The sum of their Narrative was this, That the said Bartley being by certain Women recommended to them, and having bargained for the cure, and received part of the money in hand, he gave their daughter amongst other Medicines a remedy which both vomited and purged her (notwithstanding she had long laboured under an old Cough) from which time she began visibly to sink and died in a few days after. The Censors considering on the one hand the prayers and tears of the Parents, and on the other hand Bartley's not being present to answer for himself, thought they should do what became them, if they condemned the fact for mala praxis, as it stood reported in the Narrative.  
In the 11th. of this King's Reign, the following Warrant was sent to the Apothecaries from the King's Council, requiring them to deliver to the Precedent and Censors the Bills of all illegal Practisers.  
To all the Apothecaries within the City of London and the Suburbs thereof.  
THese shall be in his majesty's name straightly to command you, that upon the coming of the Precedent and Censors of the College of Physic in London to your shops or houses, you deliver unto them without any delay or excuse, all such Bills and Receipts as you have of any Practitioners not licenced by the College; Whereunto though you be bound by the Laws of the Land, yet we have thought fit upon some causes known unto us now, by these our Letters to command you to do the same.  
April 22. 1613. 

G. Cant.  
Pembroke.  
Ellesmere, Canc.  
Ro. Rochester.  
Jul. Caesar.  
Gilb. Shrewsbury.  
E. Wotton.  
Th. Parry.    
Dr. Browart, a Leyden Physician, was charged for practising Physic in London, etc. contrary to Law; He replied, that it was necessity that obliged him to practise, and that he was ignorant of the College authority. The Precedent told him, that practising without licence, was entering upon the lawful possession of others, against all right and reason; But because he had behaved himself modestly, he was respectfully dismissed. He requested a connivance from the College if he might not have their admission. The Precedent told him, that neither the one or the other was to be granted without examination. About two months after, he applied himself to the Precedent and Censors, and desired that they would permit him to enjoy the privileges granted him by the University; and therefore He would put on the hat of honour (as he called it) which the University had put on him, and not stand bare. The Precedent told him, that it was their custom, and a good one too, that men should be examined uncovered, and that this honour was not so much paid to the Precedent and Censors, as to the College in which they (under the King's Majesty) bore the Character of Magistrates. He therefore, pulling off his hat, told them that he had been a Doctor four years, and professed Physic in his own Country and in France. The Precedent demanded how that appeared, and whether he had any Patent or Letters Testimonial; which he not then being able to produce (having left them, as he said, in his own Country) the Precedent told him, that he could neither practise nor proceed any further towards the procuring a Licence till he brought his Patent, and then afterwards must be examined, which he refused. But when he understood that it was unavoidable, He took out of his pocket the King's Letter wrote to the Precedent and College in his favour. After which he was again summoned to appear before the Precedent and Censors, and being by them examined, he was permitted to practise.  
One Brown, a Surgeon, was complained of for giving internal Medicines in affections of the Eyes, which was proved against him and he fined 50 s. which if not paid in fourteen days, he was to be imprisoned: but this he prevented by paying his fine to the Treasurer of the College at the time appointed.  
William Blank, Chandler, confessed his practising of Physic, yet owned he understood no Latin, but thought he had learning for it: He was interdicted practice, and threatened fine and imprisonment, if found guilty for the future. Not long after, he was accused, and confessed his giving of Medicines to one, who (he said) had a convulsion of the Stomach, with infection of the Liver, and raised his Lungs into his Throat; which he brought down by applying a Tench to his back. He said, that he may, must and will purge as others did. Wherefore for his ill and unlawful practice the Censors committed him to the Compter with a Mulct of 40 s. which he paid and was released within three days. He was again convented, and declared, that he practised but in trifles; as Fevers. He prescribed to one man a Medicine compounded of Cordials, Purgatives and Opiates. Being charged with giving a Vomit, he said that all accusations against him were as the witnesses against Christ, that in three days he would destroy the Temple and build it again; and to answer before the Precedent and Censors, was but as to Herod and the rest that would harden their hearts. For erecting of Figures, he confessed he used it. As for Surgery, being asked if he had his Letters of admittance, had been examined, or were of the Lecture Bill, he knew not what it meant; Only for his money he had been translated from the Chandler's to the Barber Surgeons, etc. For his evil and illegal practice, he was censured imprisonment and fined 5 li. which paying before his commitment, the Precedent told him, that if hereafter he were found guilty of the like, he should be more severely treated. Notwithstanding practice was again proved against him, and two very unlearned Bills of his writing presented by the Precedent, upon which he being examined, could answer nothing but with ignorance and insolence, not knowing what or whence or to what use the Diascordium was, for which he wrote; but said the Precedent and Censors would use him as they did Christ, taking that for the Temple which he meant his body, and such like. The Censors unanimously fined him 10 l. and ordered his commitment to the Compter. After which he appeared with several of his Patrons, to whom the Precedent gave an account of their fair and just procedure towards him. He told them, that he was no better than his Master, who was God the Saviour of us all. He was charged, that for pains in the Back he caused hairs to be cut; and being asked why, he answered because the vapours spread: But he said that those pains were a Sciatica, a moisture falling from the Head into the Whirlebone. Being asked what a Dropsy was, he said it came first from an indisposition of the Liver, sometime too hot and sometime too cold, about the Navel or about the whole Body. He was remanded back to prison with his former fine. But the Sheriff taking him home, he went abroad, braved and practised unlawfully, as was proved by his Bills, which he said were to draw water between skin and flesh by Urine. Being asked amongst other things whether Mugwort had that virtue; he replied, Ay by Dodonaeus. Upon this, the Censors made a new Warrant for his commitment, and increased his fine to 15 l. Some short time after, he appeared again, denied several rude and insolent words proved against him, saying, that the great ones words in this World were as Gospel, but the little ones as Apocrypha. He behaving himself rudely and begging no pardon, was again remanded to prison; But within a few days a petition was sent by his Wife and Children to beg of the College, that he might be freed from Prison and his fine remitted; upon which the Precedent and Censors, commiserating the miserable condition of his family, remitted part of the fine, and took his promise for not practising for the future within the College Liberties. About 3 years after, practice was proved against him, for which he was ordered to pay 5 l. to the College for a fine, and give bond of 20 l. to practise no more. Within a twelvemonth, he procured the following Letter from the Bishop of Lincoln then Lord Keeper.  
To my very loving friends Dr. Moundford Precedent of the College of Physicians, the four Censors, and the rest of that Company, London.  
AFter my very hearty commendations. Having heretofore recommended Mr. Blank a Physician unto you, whereupon you were then pleased to favour him (for which I do give you many thanks) I do now again upon new and just occasions redouble my suit in his behalf, very heartily praying you to do him what favour you may in his profession and practice. And so not doubting but for my sake and his own merits you will respect him herein, I commit you to God.  
Your loving friend Jo. Lincoln. C. S.  
To this Letter the College returned the following answer by six of their Members.  
Right Reverend Father in God, and most noble Lord,  
'TIs long since we have been fully satisfied what reverence and respect, that favour your Honour is pleased to show to men of Letters, requires of us. And we humbly desire you to believe, that we shall never sail of being careful to pay it to your Lordship all manner of ways. For we account it no small advantage to us, if the meanness of our condition will permit us to do any thing that may be acceptable to your Lordship; And we are troubled that your Lordship should make an experiment of your power over us in the affair of a man whom the Laws of the Kingdom, the Obligation of our Oaths, and the most strict commands of his Majesty forbid us to have any regard to. We have sent your Lordship by some of our Body the King's Letter, wherein he forbids it; and we are certain that the commendation your Lordship hath given of this illiterate fellow did not proceed from your own opinion of him, but the suggestion of others. But if it should prove that we are so mistaken in this matter, that your Lordship should have any good opinion of the least ingenuity or learning that your Lordship knows he hath, We engage ourselves not to put any longer stop to his Petition. But if on the other side it shall appear, that contrary to right and without any merit of his own, but by the application of those he hath made complaint to, he hath obtained the recommendation of so great a person, We beseech your Lordship to take upon you the defence of the public concernment of health, the interest of the Universities, and the necessity we are under, and not to think that what we have here done hath been from an affectation of denying what your wisdom will easily perceive by the foresaid Letter we had no power to grant. God preserve your Honour long in safety for the good of Church and State.  
After this he was complained of for prescribing a suffumigation in an acute disease, upon which the Patient was in danger of being choked; and being examined in that and the like diseases, he desired to be excused from answering; upon which the Precedent advised to put his bond in Suit. Not long after, an Apothecary charged him for prescribing a Powder to a Gentlewoman, who complained of being highly inflamed and burnt up upon the use of it. Being required to give an account by what authority he practised Physic, he produced Letters from the Bishop of Lincoln giving him liberty to practise within the liberties of Westminster. As to the witness which appeared against him, he said, He which died upon the Cross, died by false witness. He was by the Censors proceeded against, and an Action entered. He was likewise accused for practising Physic unlawfully and unadvisedly upon the person of one Mr. Bonner: Blank appearing upon summons, confessed that he had practised Physic in London 13 years, that he did it by Licence according to the Statutes of the Kingdom, having my Lord of Canterbury's Licence fortified by the great Seal of England. But notwithstanding this plea, (for his bad practice upon Mr. Bonner,) he was sentenced by the 4 Censors to pay 20 l. and to lie in Newgate till he paid it. About 4 days after, he brought Letters Patent granted him from the Archbishop of Canterbury and confirmed by the King: However he was committed to Newgate, ob pessimam praxin, Mr. Fitz-Williams attesting that Mr. Bonner was killed by sleeping Pills of his Prescription. A week after, Mr. Precedent proposed that the cause of Blank's imprisonment by the Censors (being by Blank questioned in the King's Bench) should be exemplified and registered, viz. How he was by sentence of that Court remanded unto his Prison from whence he came by virtue of a Writ of Habeas Corpus. After this, Mr. Emmery a Scrivener came to the College to pay the fine imposed upon Blank, viz. 20 l. which was then received and a Warrant signed for his enlargement. About a month after he again appeared upon summons, where he was admonished upon pain of the severest punishment by the Laws to be inflicted upon such Delinquents as he was, that he should not adventure any more to practise Physic, it being an employment by him so little understood. Yet 3 years after, he was brought again before the Precedent and Censors▪ by the Messenger, and being admonished to cease from practice, having neither learning nor licence so to do, he justified his practice by the Statute made in the 34 H. 8. c. 8. and appealed to the Law for his defence; Wherefore it was resolved to put him in suit, which accordingly was done.  
George Butler, being cited to appear before the Precedent and Censors, returned this answer, That he was the King's servant and must attend his Majesty. About 3 years after, upon a fresh summons he appeared, and confessed the giving of Physic, to cleanse the body, being such as made way for Surgery. He showed a Licence from his Grace of Canterbury, which gave him liberty to practise Surgery, and Physic so far as was necessary and convenient to that Art; which Licence was confirmed under the great Seal. About Easter following, he gave 3 Pills to Mrs. Style for a sore Leg and stopping at the Stomach; by which she died that night she took them. To another woman he gave Pills under the pretence of a sore Leg between 7 and 9 of the Clock in the morning, with which she grew sick and vomited with great extremity and died about 5 of the Clock in the evening, being very well before, and going up and down. He left his Patent with the Precedent and Censors, they never requiring or desiring him; upon which, application was made to his Grace the Lord Archbishop, to the Right Honourable the Lord Chancellor, the Master of the Rolls and Attorney General, that Butler's Letters Patents might be recalled; which they consented to. About 2 months after, Butler appearing before the Censors, was asked if he would stand to his former Licence for practice; he answered he would ask his Council. Being then required to give over the practice of Physic; he answered, I mean so to do. He knew not that his Licence was called in by the Lord Chancellor, nor that a Vacat was set on it. Mr. Precedent charged him that he employed one to sell his Medicines, which he denied; but for a sore Leg or the like he confessed he gave somewhat inward: But now understanding that it was unlawful, he promised to do so no more. He said he was never told of my Lord of Canterbury's displeasure at his Licence. In short, he was interdicted all practice in Physic. But not long after, Butler came to the Precedent and Censors, being recommended to them by the Lord Chief Justice, upon which the Precedent asked him if he did profess Physic; He said, No. Being then asked, do you give Physic? he said, No. Being charged with several proofs against him, he denied them. He confessed he was no Graduate nor of any University, but said that he understood Latin, and that he practised as a Surgeon. Being then examined in Latin, he denied to answer; which was told him, should be related to the Lord Chief Justice that sent him to the College. He replied, that he cared not three pence for their Information. He confessed that he had caused Medicines to be made, and that the Apothecaries took of him 100 l. per ann. In his Surgery cures, he owned that he gave Physic to kill the cause inwardly. Being asked what the Pox was, he answered an infection taken in nature afore action. Upon this examination, etc. the Precedent and Censors drew up the following Letter, which they forthwith presented to the Lord Chief Justice.  
MAy it please your Lordship to be informed, That whereas according to your Lordship's command George Butler appeared to be examined of his sufficiency and knowledge in Physic and his practice therein, before us the Precedent and Censors of the College of Physicians, First he acknowledged himself not to be learned, Graduate, or of any University, neither indeed do we find him to have any learning, by such speeches which he let fall from him in conference: and as for examination in Latin and in Physic, he refused to answer: And for the point of practice, amongst many particulars alleged against him, he did acknowledge in general, that he doth give inward Physic, if his Patients in Surgery do need it, and that the Apothecaryes' do take of him 100 l. a year for Medicines and drugs. And being charged with 2 several practices, the one on the person of Mrs. Style, as doth appear by the aforesaid Butler's confession in our Register, for a sore Leg and a stopping in her Stomach, when she had no sore Leg, but under that pretence he gave her Pills, of which she died (according to the words of the Register) the same day: The which practice we the Precedent and Censors do condemn for ill and unlawful. The other practice was upon the body of Margaret Shover, now again confessed by him, who took upon him to cure her (as he saith) of the Pox; but being by the Censors asked what disease the Pox is, he did not give any reasonable answer, such is his ignorance: But her disease upon Register doth not appear to be so, although he gave her the Unction for the Pox, and other purging Physic, neither according to Science or Conscience.  
Not long after he was complained of by a woman to whom he gave 25 Pills, for which he expected 30 s. a piece; To another he gave 4 Purges, and had her petticoat in pawn. He promised her help within 7 days or to give her 100 l. But after 9 days she was very ill and continued in great weakness. Upon this and the like complaints the Censors fined him 10 l. and ordered his imprisonment for 14 days, and that he should not be released but by the President's order. About 3 years after, he was again complained of for giving Pills of Opium to a Woman, by which she was stupefied. Being called, he blew up a powder into her Nose, promised her recovery, but she died in one hours' time. The like evil practice he was guilty of upon two more: For which the Censors ordered him to be arrested; but he petitioned that he might answer the College action without an arrest; which was granted, provided he would find Sureties to answer the College Suit if he were cast at Law. Which being done, and this Cause appointed to be heard at the King's Bench Bar, 6 of the Fellows of the College were deputed to attend there; and after this hearing Dr. Harvey, the Treasurer, and the 4 Censors were desired to take special care in the future management of the College's cause against Butler; who had procured a protection from the Lord Chamberlain, upon which account 4 of the Fellows were ordered by the Precedent to wait upon his Lordship to take off his protection, that the College might proceed in their Suit against him. The Lord Chamberlain upon their application declared his readiness to comply with the College's request, and ordered his Secretary to write the following reference against Butler.  
The College of Physicians having represented that one George Butler, under colour of being sworn an extraordinary Chirurgeon to his Majesty, doth take upon him to give Physic and practise Chirurgery without either skill or Licence, to the apparent prejudice and endangering of the lives of his majesty's subjects; and thereupon desired leave to take the ordinary course of Law to inhibit his practice, and to prevent the danger which may ensue thereby: I do hereby declare and publish unto all such as it may concern, that I have and do give free leave and liberty unto the said College to use all lawful ways and means accustomed in like cases, either by arrest or otherwise, for the suppressing and prohibiting of the said Butler's further practice, in as free and ample manner as if the said Butler had never been sworn the King's servant. Whitehall the 25th of November, 1626.  
About 8 months after, several fresh complaints of great mischief done by Butler in his practice were exhibited against him: As particularly for giving a sleeping potion to one Patient, who was sound dead in his sleep. The wife of this man thus murdered, applied herself to the Censors, and desired that Mr. Butler might be punished for professing that, which he did not understand; which she pressed the more, because (she said) such a man as he, might kill many both Body and Soul, every one being not so well prepared for death as her husband. She desired a Certificate from the College concerning Mr. Butler and his ill practice. After this, Butler sent a Letter to the Precedent and College, which being read, was rejected. After this a servant of Butler's acquainted the Censors, that while she dwelled with him, a woman came to him for Cure, who within 3 weeks died and was carried away secretly, without tolling the Bell, or any Minister being called. Upon this information, Butler endeavoured to imprison this servant, using all arts to take her, which occasioned her application to the College for their protection, complaining of the many injuries she had received from Mr. Butler since her appearing against him. Wherefore the Precedent ordered the following Letter to be drawn up and presented to the Lord Chief Justice, in her behalf.  
MAy it please your Lordship to understand, that the Petitioner on the 7th of Jan. last past came to our College voluntarily to complain of the evil practice of Mr. Butler as is in the petition specified; since which time we are certainly informed, that he hath laid heavy actions upon her and kept her in prison as is above specified, We conceiving the chief grounds of his violent proceedings against her to have risen upon her complaint made to us: In consideration of her misery, (We having no power to relieve her) do presume humbly to entreat your Lordship to take such course as your Lordship in your wisdom shall think fit, that she may obtain the benefit of her Petition.  
After this, Dr. Winston signified to the College that Butler sent a petition to him to be presented to the College, which he refused. Then Butler sent a Letter to the Precedent, after which it was agreed, that if he paid in the money recovered and due to the College before the Term, than the other Suits depending might be suspended, if it pleased the Precedent.  
A Letter about this time in the behalf of Butler was brought from the Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas by Captain Butler, directed to the Precedent and Censors of the College, the Contents of which are the following.  
Mr. Doctor Argent,  
I Am informed of a Judgement which is obtained against Mr. Butler at your Suit, and the rest of the College of Physicians for 60 l. which I find him very willing and ready to satisfy, so far forth as his ability will give leave for the present. He will pay half the money in hand, and the next some time the next Term, which I conceive is no ill payment, his estate considered. Therefore I desire you and the rest of your College to take him thus far into your consideration: And what you do herein I shall take as done in respect of me, who am entreated to write in his favour by some whom I am willing to satisfy in this request, appearing to me to be but reasonable, and little hurtful to yourselves. But to animate him of any other against your Government I neither do nor ever will write.  
Your very assured loving friend, Ro. Heath. Julii 1. 1633.  
Captain Butler promised that on Friday 36 l. of the money due from Butler should be paid, and desired time till the next Term for the payment of the rest; The College took time to consider for a few days, and then promised him their answer.  
Upon the Friday aforementioned (according to promise) Captain Butler brought 36 l. from Mr. Butler, to whom (by Mr. President's appointment) was given the following note.  
It was ordered by Mr. President and Censors the 5th of July 1633. that Mr. George Butler (having sent in 36 l. in part of Payment of the 66 l. due to the College, by a judgement given against him in the King's Bench in Easter Term in the 7th year of his Majesty K. Charles 1. his Reign) at the request of the Lord Chief justice of the Common Pleas, should have time given him for the payment of the other 30 l. till the 20th of November next ensuing; and in the mean time, all prosecution upon the foresaid judgement should surcease.  
Mrs. Bendwell was complained of by Thomas Audley for undertaking his cure in 3 days though in a Hectic Fever, she telling him that she had cured those whom the Doctors had left and could not cure. She gave him a Purging drink that wrought day and night, and brought him to exceeding weakness. He said that about the same time, she gave his Laundress physic, of whom she had Linen to pawn, which she was warned to bring in. Complaint was likewise made against her by a man and his wife, who had bargained with her for a cure, and had pawned a dozen of Napkins to raise money for her payment, etc. She was fined by the Censors 40 s. and a Warrant was making out for her commitment to prison; But being a miserable old woman, and submissive, the Warrant was stopped. After this a fresh complaint was made against her, that for pain in the Head and Stomach she gave drinks, and had Linen in pawn; She confessed her Diet-drink of Liquorish, Senna and Coloquintida, accounting 16 drachms for one ounce. She was commanded by the Censors to restore the Linen that night to the College Beadle, and ordered a small fine, and prohibited all practice.  
Thomas Greenwood, Surgeon, was accused by one William adam's, that for the grief of a little skin rubbed off with his saddle in riding, he promised cure in 4 days: but physick'd him a fortnight, gave him diet-drinks, purged and over heated him, and now sued him for 20 l. for the cure. Being asked what his disease was, he replied Morbus Gallico; The Censors orders his imprisonment, and a mulct of 5 l. to be inflicted upon him.  
Christopher Beane, a prisoner 7 years for Debt in the King's Bench, was charged for giving Physic to one Mr. Sparkes, who, as Beane said, had a Rheum and sharp humour running from his Head to his Legs, which came by an obstruction of the Liver, with an ascent to the Head and thence down, for which he fomented, anointed and purged. He was told of applying of clouts, which he said wrought by natural means; likewise using the Adamant, to which he used no words, but said it was both attractive and repulsant; the one over draws, the other draws back, North draws and South drives back: This he said he did to drive back the humours; which it will disperse, that is, drive back. He being poor and already a prisoner, was fined but 40 s. ordered to be kept in prison by the Censors, and prohibited all practice.  
In the 15th year of this King's Reign, the following Petition was presented to his Majesty for the obtaining a Patent for the cure of Ruptures.  

To the King's most Excellent Majesty,  
The humble Petition of Robert Pawlet and Ralphkewe.  
MOst humbly showing that your majesty's poor suppliants have by their long travail, experience and practice in Physic and Chirurgery attained unto a rare secret for the curing of Ruptures in people of all ages without any pain or administration of Physic, but only with outward application and inward Cordials; and being willing to participate the benefit thereof to the glory of God and comcomfort of your majesty's subjects so diseased throughout your Highness' Dominions,  
We do most humbly entreat your majesty's gracious Letters Patents during our lives freely to practise the same by ourselves or sufficient Deputies, without the let or hindrance of any whatsoever. And that it may appear that we have no intent to abuse your majesty's Grant or wrong your Subjects, we do freely offer that it shall be contained in your majesty's Letters Patents that no party so grieved shall pay for his cure until he be perfectly cured, and that all such as are poor and unable to pay, shall be cured freely without paying any thing. And we shall according to our bounden duties ever pray to God for your majesty's long and prosperous Reign.   
At the Court at Theobalds' 25 Febr. 1617.  
His majesty's pleasure is, that the Precedent of the College of Physicians in London shall take consideration of this Petition, and certify his Majesty in what manner it is meet for his Highness to grant the Petitioners request.  
Sidney Montague.  
The College returned the following answer.  
THe Precedent and College of Physicians of London the 20th of this present March being assembled together to consider of the Petition referred unto them by his Majesty, finding the effect thereof to be a Royal Patent to be granted for the Practising of a Secret in Ruptures, and suspecting all secret practices, which for the most part are but colours and shadows for ignorance and falsehood, and because there are many sorts of Ruptures and of divers causes not all curable by one Medicine, They do humbly pray his Majesty that the said petitioners may come to the said Precedent and College, and before them make manifest by reasons and experience the truth of the said remedies, and they will upon true knowledge had thereof inform his Majesty of the certainty and truth thereof, leaving all to his majesty's most Royal consideration.  
Henry Atkins Precedent of the College of the Physicians of London.  
john Lamb, a bold Empirick, was complained of for demanding 40 or 50 l. for his Cures, as lately of Mr. Pickering in Cheapside who died in his hands. Mr. Evans gave in the following account against him, and in these very words. The persons to whom Lamb (a notable Mountebank and Impostor) gave Physic, and got great sums of money thereby this last year, are; Mr. Springham a Mercer, Mrs. Springham, Mrs. Puckle, Mrs. Cutts, Mr. Moss a Lawyer, Mrs. Newport, Mrs. Littleton, Mr. Wilson the Keeper of Newgate; A Gentlewoman whom he undertook to cure, and took a great sum beforehand and did her no good; He also cheated one Parry of 6 l. by showing him delusions; He cheated one Mr. Penny of 40 s. by showing him tricks in a Crystal; He cheated one Mrs. Littleton of 3 l. 10 s. by making her believe he showed her what husband she should have. He gave Physic to one Mrs. Palmer, and undertook to cure her for 40 Marks, whereof he had half in hand, but the woman died, and he cozened her. He now gives Physic to one Mr. Tristram, of whom he hath received 40 l. to cure him; He gave Physic to the Countess of Exeter, and by means of delusions in a Crystal insinuates himself into Lady's esteem and conceits. On Saturday last he got 50 l. for undertaking a cure. The Censors ordered Lamb to be summoned, and Evans was required to prove the forementioned accusations against him. After this Lamb procures the following Letter in his behalf from the Bishop of Durham.  
To the Right Worshipful my very loving friends the Precedent and the rest of the College of Physicians of London.  
WHereas the bearer joh. Lamb in some examinations of his taken by us hath professed that he maketh a poor living by practice in Physic and Chirurgery, whereto by his long experience and practice he holdeth himself sufficient, affirming that he hath done many and great cures in each kind: His Majesty being herewith acquainted, hath commanded me to send him to you, that upon the conference with him you may both deliver you opinions of his fitness, as also take such further course with him according to your opinions of his worth as appertaineth to the care and trust of the welfare of his majesty's Subjects inhabiting in and about the City of London by Law committed unto you. So I commit you to God and rest  
Your very loving friend, B. Duresme. Durham house Dec. 1627.  
This Lamb was very famous throughout the Town, being admired for his great skill in the hidden Arts of Magic and Astrology, for which reason he was highly admired by some Ladies of Quality, who were very bountiful to him; But in truth he was a very wretched Knave, and formerly well known to the College for many of his wicked and knavish Impostures, and at this very time by the command and at the instance of some persons of Quality, was in prison, out of which that he might free himself he personated the Physician to the right Reverend Bishop of Durham; who being sent by him (as appears by his Lordship's Letter) to the College, He was by the Censors found most egregiously ignorant, as appears by the following examination, a Copy of which with the College's answer to the Bishop's Letter was sent by Sir William Paddy, the Contents of which are the following.  
To the Right Reverend Father in God the Lord Bishop of Duresme, one of the Lords of his majesty's most honourable Privy Council.  
Right Reverend, and our especial good Lord,  
ACcording to your Honour's order signified unto us by your Letter, to take Mr. Lamb into our examination, who was brought before us the 18th of this December; It may please your Honour to understand, that we have attended the performance thereof with all the duty and care we could. And for that we conceived your Honour's pleasure was, and so likewise our own Statutes do direct us, that he should be entreated with favour, rather than otherwise, We therefore caused him to be opposed, though contrary to our custom, in that language wherein alone he is good; and further in the easiest way of Physic and Chirurgery that we could think of. The brief of which examination and of his answers we have sent herewith to your Honour, that your Honour may see the particulars of our proceedings with him; and from what confession of his own, and from what other evidences besides it comes, that by the sentence of the College Mr. Lamb stands convict and guilty of all manner of infufficiency and ignorance in this faculty: Whereof that your Honour hath been pleased to require to be certified from us, and to that end hath caused the Offender to be brought hither as the true and proper place of his trial, as an Act intended by your Honour to advance the cause of learning, We do acknowledge ourselves to be ever most highly bounden to your Honour, and in our most dutiful manner do give your Honour most humble thanks therefore. Almighty God keep your Honour in long prosperity. At our College house the 19th of this December.  
Your Honours humbly at commandment 

Io. Argent Pres.  
Sim. Fox Regist.  
Othowell Meverell.  
Fr. Herrin.  
Robert Fludd.  
Helkiah Crook.    
The Examination of john Lamb before the College of Physicians as it was sent to the Bishop of Duresme.  
1. Being asked of his beginning in Physic, and of the means how he came by his knowledge, and whether his bringing up were that way or no, and required to read a little in a Latin Galen.  
He answereth, that he never had taken to that study, that he makes no profession thereof, but that he lives by making Gentlemen merry; nor understandeth Latin.  
2. Being asked by what signs he knows a disease, and how to cure it.  
He answereth, he knoweth no signs but only as he is told by the party; and for cure, that he is not wont to use any thing but a few outward things, and sometimes a little pulvis sanctus, which from the Apothecaries he hath learned to be a Purge.  
3. Being asked in Astrology what house he looketh unto to know a disease, or the event of it: and how the Lord Ascendant should stand thereto.  
He answereth, he looks for the sixth house: which being disproved, he saith he understands nothing therein, but what he hath out of Caliman: and being asked what books he hath read in that Art, he saith he hath none but Caliman.  
4. Being asked how he knows an Apoplexy, and how he cures it.  
He answereth, he knows nothing unless he be told, nor doth use any thing for cure but a few Oils and Unguents, and that for satisfaction only.  
5. Being asked in Chirurgery, What is a Revulsion or Derivation.  
He answereth, he knoweth not the terms.  
6. Being charged with contradiction, that in the College he confesseth himself ignorant and denieth practice, whereas in his examination by the Lord Bishop of Durham he made show of long experience and sufficience, and of having done many great cures, as by his Lordship's Letter appeareth.  
He answereth, that he did not profess any such thing to his Lordship, and that he craves mercy of the College, and that they would not be the cause of his undoing.  
7. Being pressed from the notoriousness of his practice and public fame that goes of him, and the great resort made unto him.  
He answereth, it is without his desert, that he cannot hinder comers to him: and that all he did was trifles, and fooleries, and babbles to get a little money.  
Dr. Alexander Leighton, being required by the Censors to give an account by what authority he practised Physic, He told them by virtue of his Doctour's degree, which he had taken at Leyden under Professor Heurnius. He was charged as being in Presbyter's orders, and asked why he did not stick to his Ordination. He excepted against the Ceremonies, yet owned himself a Preacher, and acknowledged his practising of Physic. In several parts whereof he was examined, but giving no satisfaction, and being perverse as to Ecclesiastical affairs, He was by the Precedent and Censors interdicted practice. After this, endeavouring to procure a Licence, it was denied him, because in Holy orders, the Statutes of the College declaring that none such should be admitted into the College, or permitted to practise: Wherefore he was a second time forbidden practice. But he still persisting to practise in London or within 7 miles, was arrested, and afterwards censured, tanquam infamis, he having been censured in the Star-Chamber, and lost his ears.  
Ellen Rix, was complained of by Mrs. Lee for her boy dead of a consumption, Rix having promised her in 14 days to make him sound, and bargained for 3 li. she had 15 s. aforehand, and arrested her for the rest. She gave this boy purging drinks once a day for 7 days together; and twice a day for 7 days more. But the boy died in a fortnight after. She likewise complained of her for promising an absolute cure to her husband in 14 days of a dead Palsy; she had of him 3 li. and was to have as much more upon cure. She confessed practice, and was censured imprisonment with a mulct of 5 li. and required to give bond, that she would not practise for the future. She lay in prison for 14 days, than endeavoured her enlargement by Habeas Corpus; which being denied, and being referred to the Censors, she was then willing to pay part of her fine presently and the rest shortly after, and give a bond of 20 l. (with security to the King) that she would not practise for the future.  
George Houghton, Apothecary, was accused for giving of Pills to one Robert Roe, by which he had in 2 days threescore stools, fell into a bloody Flux, and the emrod's, and died therewith, upon which there was a suspicion of poison: but he said that they were only Mastic Pills, and that but 3. The Censors deferred their sentence for the present, he being bound to answer this miscarriage in a higher Court. After this, the Censors passed the following Judgement upon Houghton's practice upon the body of Mr. Robert Roe Counsellor at Law, That it was altogether unlawful for him to give Pills or any other Medicine without the Counsel of some approved Physician. For the Pills, which the said Houghton says were Mastichinae, it is not probable they could work any such violent effect, being familiar and gentle Pills in themselves. He was by a general consent of the Censors adjudged to pay the sum of 40 s. which he was contented to do. After this, some members of the College accused him of prescribing Physic to several, for which he was summoned, and appeared, confessed his fault, begged pardon, was interdicted practice, and promised not to be guilty for the future. But some time after he was complained of for giving a drink wherein was Lac Sulphuris, for which he took 5 s. and agreed to have 5 s. more, if it did the Patient good. He took it thrice, and after the third taking fell into a great Fever, and so continued burning, still complaining that the Rogue Houghton had killed him. Before his taking this, he walked up and down the house and did eat his meat, which he never did after to his death. Houghton confessed the giving of the said Lac Sulphuris, but he thought he might do it without offence, saying he did give it in Charity; but that was contradicted by his taking money for the medicine and compounding for more. He confessed it was mixed with Cinnamon water, by which it was made much more hurtful to the Patient, whom he conceived to be in a desperate case; Yet he gave him this Lac Sulphuris, not esteeming it physic: but nourishment it is not, and is therefore physic or poison. This case being examined by the Censors was by general consent found to be evil practice, for which he was fined 20 li. and committed prisoner to Newgate. But Mr. Leighton the Keeper of Newgate after some time suffering Houghton to escape, had the following Letter sent to him.  
WHereas the thirtieth day of August last past the body of Geo. Houghton was sent to your prison by the 4 Censors or Governors of our College for the time then being, with an imposition of a fine of 20 li. him to keep without bail or Mainprize till he should be released by us, upon pain of forfeiting the double, as appeareth by the Statute of the first of Q. Mary: Now since you have let our prisoner escape, by these we demand of you the said sum of 40 li. to be brought to our Precedent Dr. Fox at his house in Carter lane London; otherwise you must give us leave to proceed against you by order of Law, as our Council shall direct.  
Abraham Hugobert, Apothecary, being summoned to appear before the Censors, was by Dr. Argent charged for the following practice, viz. That about the beginning of March, An. Dom. 1622. He gave pills to a servant of Mrs. Hillar near Wool-Church, who within 3 or 4 days died. Hugobert confessed his giving pills, but would have excused it by the poverty of the boy. Pills of Hiera he gave to one weak and aguish with a naughty pulse. The Censors asked if those pills or Aloeticks were fit in that case. He said he made no profit, but denied the party had a Flux. The Censors fined him 5 li. and ordered his commitment to prison.  
Robert Booker, was examined by the Precedent and Censors concerning his skill in Physic upon the request of a person of Honour, to whom the Censors returned the following answer.  
WHereas by your Honour's appointment one Robert Booker was brought before us to be examined concerning physic given by him to one john Parker lying in St. Martin's lane, May it please your Honour to know, that we the Censors did accordingly examine the said Robert Booker concerning the said party: and we do find that he anointed him with certain Oils from the Neck to the Foot, using at the time of his anointing this Charm: Three biters have bit him, heart, tongue, and eye: Three better shall help him presently. God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost. And that also the next day he gave him a drink, which he drank, and more he did not to the sick Patient, but he would have done; and said it had been better for him he had followed his Counsel further: making them believe that he was bewitched, and that he would discover who had bewitched him. Of which witchcraft, howbeit there may be some by the strongness of the sick man's infirmities, yet from our examination we cannot find the said Booker to have any skill therein. And thus we thought fit to acquaint your Honour, that after his punishment for his rash and evil practice he may be further ordered as your Honour shall think fit.  
Toby Simson was cited to appear before the Censors, who for his absence was excused by a Gentleman from Lord Holderness Kelly and Lond, who had written for him and his sister Agnes King in cases of the Gout and outward applications. At length he appeared, and his majesty's late Letter to the College for the punishment of Empirics was read to him. Several witnesses were examined against him, who proved his giving of potions, powders and other medicines, for which he received 10 li. and had got 40 li. in few months. Being asked what the Palsy was, he could not tell; nor what the Gout was. Yet as to the kinds of the Gout, He said there were the running and standing, and that in set parts. Whence it had its Original, he knew not; but for the signs of it he could feel them with his fingers. As for his Medicine, he made it not; and sor the Ingredients he would not discover them: What Doses he gave of his powder and whereof it was made, he could not tell. The Lord Bishop of London returned thanks for respect had to his Letters, and desired that no extremity, but some favour might be shown to Toby Simson; who being present and continuing in his ignorance, and refusing to reveal his Secrets, the Censors did agree that his practice was evil practice, and therefore fined him 20 li. and ordered his imprisonment.  
Theodore N●ileman, having Letters wrote in his favour by a person of great Honour for procuring him a Licence, was examined by the Precedent and Censors. He complaining of having received a hurt in his head, was asked, what part were you hurt in? he answered in the Middlemost; the head is divided into 3 Coats. Which are they? He replied the Suitors. What is the Suture runs down the head? The Coronal. Being further asked what disease he had cured, he replied the Yellow Jaundice. What is that? The overflowing of the Gall. What part goes it to? To the Maw. What is the Maw? The place of the first decoction. Having several other questions proposed to him, it was resolved by the Censors that he was insufficient; and therefore forbid practice.   

PROCEEDINGS Against Empirics, etc.  
In King Charles I. his Reign.  
MAster Precedent with 3 of the Fellows of the College waited upon the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper Coventry to return him thanks in the name of the College for the great favour he was pleased to express to them in the affair of the Surgeons, who endeavoured to procure a Licence for their practising Physic in all cases Chirurgical, and a power of Licensing for the future those that should practise their Art. But this Noble person opposed their most unjust Petition, refusing to grant the Seal, and gave the King a full and satisfactory account of this his denial.  
Edward Graves, Apothecary, was complained of by a Woman whose Husband died under his ill practice, He having bled him whilst ill of a Dropsy and Tympany; Graves confessed the practice, but charged the Patient's death upon an ill course of diet and immoderate use of Wine. The Censors upon a full examination of both parties unanimously agreed, that he should be imprisoned and fined 5 li.  
james Winter, Apothecary, was accused for trying practice upon one Cottaw, to whom he gave a purging Potion for a light galling. When Cottaw told him that he was exceeding well in his stomach, he gave his opinion that he was therefore in the greater danger, and for that reason prescribed him 9 pills; which (Cottaw complaining) had done him no good, he ordered him another pill, with which all his teeth grew loose. He extorted 30 s. from him. Winter confessed that he had given him 2 pills of Turbith Mineral and diet-drink. For which the Censors fined him 10 li. which he promised to pay within a week.  
Dr. jaquinto was accused of evil practice upon a Woman with Child, who miscarried upon the use of his Medicines, for which the Censors ordered his imprisonment and a fine of 5 li. to be inflicted upon him. Upon this he procures the following Letter from the Earl of Manchester.  
To my very loving friend Dr. Argent Precedent of the College of Physicians in London.  
Mr. Precedent,  
I Am informed by Dr. jaquinto, whom I have long known and heard well of, That upon occasion of business that stays him for a while in this City, He was requested by Mr. Basil Nichols to minister physic to his daughter, for which he is now questioned in the College, though both the Patient and her Parents confess she received good thereby. And he hath entreated me to mediate his freedom from further trouble and molestation during his stay, he behaving himself inoffensively, without intruding himself into other men's Cures: Which I am induced unto both for the honour of our Nation which hath been ever hospitable to strangers, and also for the respects I bear to learning and his profession, having practised in this Kingdom 25 years, and thereby done good to many. I do therefore pray you and the rest of the College of Doctors, the rather for my sake to afford him to favour that he may live quietly, demeaning himself orderly, and I shall take it kindly, and wherein I may, rest  
Your very loving friend, W. Manchester.  
When it pleased God to visit me with a great sickness at Exeter this Doctor was of use to me, which makes me willing to use for him any favour I have with you.  
W. M. Canon Row, Feb. 14.  
To this Letter the College returned the following Answer.  
To the Right Honourable the Earl of Manchester, Lord Precedent of his majesty's most honourable Privy Council.  
Right Honourable and our very good Lord,  
HAving seen your Honour's Letter directed to Dr. Argent, Precedent of this College, and by him showed unto us the Censors thereof and the rest of this Society, in favour of one Mr. jaquinto, that we would for your Honour's sake forbear to molest him in his practice: It may please your Honour to understand, that we are all of us exceeding glad to have this occasion offered us to gratify your Honour, the rather for the remembrance we have of your Honour's many favours done to this Profession, and of the support which your Honour in general giveth to the whole estate of Learning. And notwithstanding we are not altogether without fear, lest your Honour in your deeper Judgement may conceive us to be men somewhat too remiss in our public duty, in not showing what we think hath been misreported to your Honour in this business: Whereupon happily might have followed, that your Honour would have been pleased to relinquish the patronage of him, the matter whereof he is convicted being no less than the miscarriage of a woman with Child, however it be now carried: Yet we are enforced to satisfy your Honour in this in a double respect: First for your Honour's care in not extending your demand further than that little while which he is to stay here; and secondly for your Honour's testimony of personal use made of him, against which we may not contest: So that there remaineth now on the part of our duty, Humbly to entreat your Honour to take in worth this poor service we present you, in suffering the said jaquinto to live quietly during the time limited: And what he hath concealed from your Honour for fear of a rebuke, which is, that he is fined by the College in a certain sum of money, though but little, to the King, that your Honour would excuse us of it, it being not now in our power to reverse it. And we most humbly recommend our best service to your Honour, wishing to the same all increase of estate and happiness.  
Your Honour's humbly at commandment 

Argent, Pres.  


Ro. Fludd,  
Helkiah Crook,  
Fr. Herrin,  
Otwell Meverell,   Censors.   At our College-house this 18th. of Feb. 1627.  
About a year and half after, jaquinto was summoned to appear before the Censors, and admonished that he should not practise out of the Venetian Ambassadors house. He was charged for a debt of 40 s. (being the remainder of a fine imposed upon him by the College) which he promised to pay within a week. He was after this accused by Dr. Crook for practising physic and prescribing improper remedies to a young woman sick of a Fever and Catarrh, which being examined and judged by the Censors unsuitable for the Patient's distemper, He was fined 5 li. which by the intercession of the Venetian Ambassador was remitted, provided he abstained from practice for the future.  
One Reve, an Apochecary, was charged by Dr. Clement for practising physic, and for behaving himself rudely towards Physicians; likewise by Dr. Hinsloe. Reve excused himself that all he had given was by the prescription of Dr. Yeluerton. He was after this frequently complained of both by Physicians and Patients, upon which account he procured the following Letter from the Earl of Exeter.  
To my very loving friends the Precedent and Censors of the College of Physicians.  
Good Mr. Precedent,  
I Have had almost 20 years' experience of the civil carriage, honesty and sufficiency of my servant John Reeve Apothecary, and am confident that in all affairs of his vocation he hath as skilfully, carefully and legally demeaned himself as any of his Profession whatsoever. Nevertheless I understand that at sundry times since May last he hath been molested with Messengers from you and the Censors, to make his appearance personally before you, when by reason of his great sickness myself was deprived of his desired attendance in my service, and well might you in such case have spared him also. But I conceive that the false information of malicious persons against him, and the Messengers fond hopes to enforce unnecessary fees from him, was the cause of his molestation. His service is of such consequence and esteem with me, that he is daily and hourly upon every notice to attend me, and I may not want him, being well assured of his honest and fair demeanour as well in the affairs of his profession, as in all his actions. And therefore I desire you to forbear sending Messengers for him, or interrupting him any further, wherein you will oblige me (who in no wise would see him suffer) to acknowledge your respects towards him, and rest always  
Your very loving friend J. Exeter.  
To this Letter the Precedent and Censors returned the following answer.  
Right Honourable,  
WE have in our dutifullest manner received your Honour's Letter written to us the Precedent and Censors of this College, in the behalf of John Reeve, Apothecary, your Honour's servant, of whom we are very glad to hear how honest and useful he hath been to your Honour, for the desire we have that your Honour should be well served, and should be as glad to have had the like testimony from others of his behaviour towards them, wherein how little he hath answered the good opinion that your Honour hath of him, your Honour may please to understand by this ensuing report. Which is, That upon the 19th. of January, 1637. one Sibyl Butler came before us in our College, and declared how John Reeve, Apothecary, finding her husband inclined to a Consumption, and for a month before, and at that time being afflicted with a continual scouring, did let him blood, and gave him a sleeping pill every other night for 3 weeks together, whereupon he died; and thereupon the said Reeve being convented before us the 26th. of the same month, the accusation was verified by witnesses and made so plain that he was brought to confess how he had let the said Butler blood twice, and given him certain pills and other things all of his own head, and (as he said) out of his own Judgement, alleging for his so doing that there were Physicians that would not give poor folks Counsel if they wanted money. This practice found so soul and contrary to Art by the Censors, in a person that hath no calling or ability to give Physic, was the cause of our sending for him, which whether it be a molestation or no, as he informs your Honour, we remit to your Honour's Judgement, now that your Honour is truly informed of the truth; wherein we humbly desire your Honour to believe us without counterpoising his report with ours: and the rather, for that we forbear to aggravate his fault with such circumstances as he knoweth we are able to bring against him, if it were not for putting him out of your Honour's favour. And for satisfying your Honour, and to show how absolute a power your Honour hath over us and every of us, we do remit to your Honour how far the same shall be pleased to command us to proceed in the matter of the complaint; Only we are humble Suitors to your Honour to excuse us in the point of calling him before us upon the like occasions, except it be at such times as we shall know he is in actual service with your Honour, for that this being the due way granted us for the execution of our duty, unless we shall leave it as a precedent for all other Offenders to decline us, we may not remit it, being bound by the trust that the State putteth upon us, and charged by the continual commandments of the Kings and Queens of the Realm, and other admonitions of the Lords of his majesty's honourable Privy Council, and lastly tied by Oath at our entering into these places, to look diligently to the abuses committed by bad practisers upon the lives of his majesty's Subjects, and in which we as yet were never interrupted by any solicitation; and so with our heartiest prayers for your Honour's long and prosperous estate, we humbly take our leaves.  
From our College-house, the 28. Decemb. 1638.  
Bartholomew Vanderlash was accused for practising Physic, which he denied, but yet confessed that he had given healing draughts. Upon which, order was given for prosecuting him in the Court of Exchequer. After this, he was complained of by Dr. Crook for giving purging pills to a woman in a Fever, and Physic to another person, for a year and half: Dr. Spicer likewise exhibited several informations against him to the Precedent and Censors: As likewise one Mrs. Fitten, to whom (for a small pain and redness in her leg and arm) he had given a powder in white Wine, which purged her vehemently upward and downward above 25 times, and 12 times the next day. After which he gave her 4 fluxing pills (of which she took only 2) which caused a salivation for above 20 days, for which she was forced to seek ease from Dr. Argent. Vanderlash denied not this fact, but avouched that he gave her the physic by directions from Dr. Read. But because he confessed that he had no bill from the said Doctor, the Censors took it for his own practice, which they declared to be very bad: and sent him to Newgate thereupon, with a fine of 20 li.  
Russel Hutton, Surgeon, was complained of for giving pills of Turbith Mineral to one afflicted with a Dysury, upon which he fell into pissing of blood, ulceration of the mouth and other ill symptoms. He was punished 40 s. which if not discharged by the next Censors day, he was to be committed to prison for mala praxis.  
Du Pont was accused for prescribing Mercurial powder to several persons, who had received great mischief by them; One of them having lost 14 teeth; Another by a Mercurial fumigation (prescribed by him) fell into swooning fits, lost her teeth and was so dangerously ill, that 2 Physicians were called in for her relief. Du Pont being taken by the Beadle and brought before the Precedent, was released upon his brother's engagement for his appearance before the Censors, but he broke his word; his brother excusing him that he durst not come, lest he should be imprisoned. But though he did not appear, yet evil practice being proved against him by several, the Censors fined him 20 li. and ordered his imprisonment (till it was paid) as soon as the College Officer could take him.  
Mr. Bugs, Apothecary, was complained of for practising physic; being charged therewith, he said that he would not accuse himself, but that being proved against him, he refused to give any answer, behaving himself very insolently and saucily. After this, He was accused by a Gentleman to whom he gave great hopes of curing his Son (pretending himself a Physician) but when he saw that he would die, he engaged this Gentleman to the Tavern, demanded money of him, and after a week sent him a bill. Bugs gave a Vomit to another, which wrought so churlishly, that for 3 hours the sick person was in continual lipothymies. One Watson took physic of Bugs, who died under his hands. Dr. Grent acquainted the Censors that a Pewterer complained of Bugs, who by his physic put out his Eyes. Complaint was likewise made, that he gave physic to one Burton, who died by 3 a Clock the next morning: the particular account of which is the following.  
Laurence Relfe, servant to Mr. George Burton, Haberdasher, saith, that he was sent by his Master to call Mr. Bugs to him; and he thinketh that Mr. Bugs was with his Master Maii 4ᵒ in the morning, and further saith, that his Master was that day abroad in divers places, and that coming home he complained that he was stuffed in the stomach and could hardly fetch his breath, and that having sitten a while and rested himself, he found himself well. But he having met with Mr. Bugs in the evening, and complaining that he was stuffed in the stomach, Mr. Bugs promised speedily to help him, and thereupon in the evening sent him a Clyster, which Mr. Burton then refused to take, finding himself well, and having, as he said, a good stomach to his Supper, he would first sup. After Supper Mr. Buggs' man came again, the rising from the Table he went to his Chamber, where the Fellow gave him the Clyster, upon which he fell presently very sick, so that the Fellow went home to tell his Master how ill Mr. Burton was; who presently sent him some things to take (which was after acknowledged to be Syrup of Violets and Flos Sulphuris.) But he growing worse and worse, Laurence Relfe was sent to fetch Mr. Bugs himself, who brought him by twelve a Clock at night to his Master, where presently Mr. Bugs did let Mr. Burton blood: after which seeing him to grow sicker, Mr. Bugs went home, saying he would send him some things to give him ease, which he sent by his own servant, being three things, each of the bigness of a pryone, which he took all severally, and died by 3 a Clock in the morning.  
William Wallye, Mr. Buggs' man, being called to inform the College the truth of this business concerning Mr. Burton saith, that he knew Mr. Burton, and that he died on Friday last, and that his Master made a Clyster for Mr. Burton, which was sent by his younger Fellow and given about 7 at night, and that about 12 at night his Master let Mr. Burton blood, but this Wallye was not with his Master at the doing thereof, for he was at the Tower, giving one Mr. Foster a Clyster, which his Master ordained and sent him to give: and more he knoweth not.  
Upon this and the like informations the College prosecuted Mr. Bugs at Law, whereby he was made a prisoner in the Fleet; after which, the Precedent presented to the College the following Letter sent from the Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas about granting Mr. Bugs an Habeas Corpus for the Summer Vacation.  
To his very worthy friends the Precedent and College of Physicians in London.  
Gentlemen,  
MAster john Bugs, a prisoner in the Fleet at your suit and at the suit of one more only, hath been a suitor for an Habeas Corpus. The other hath both by word and writing given his consent. He informeth me that with a little liberty he will make so good use thereof as to give you satisfaction, which otherwise he shall be disabled to do; and he will not give your College offence. I recommend him to yourselves, and desire a word from you, whether you will be entreated to do this for this turn only. If his carriage hereafter shall not be such as shall deserve your favour, his condemnation will be the greater; otherwise you may do honour to yourselves and subdue him by a courtesy. For myself I am and shall always be  
Your very loving friend 30 June, 1632. Ro. Heath.  
At the request of some friends I will him well; but will not overrule, but persuade your consent.  
Ro. Heath. To this Letter the Precedent returned the following Answer.  
To the Right Honourable Sir Robert Heath, Lord Chief Justice of his majesty's Court of Common Pleas, deliver this.  
Right Honourable,  
UPON the receipt of your Letter on the behalf of Mr. Bugs for the obtaining of an Habeas Corpus, I called our Society together: Where I received a command from all, first to give your Honour all humble thanks, That you would be pleased to do so great a favour to our College as not to grant the Writ without our consent; and especially with this addition, not to overrule us: For the quality of this Bugs, we beseech your Honour to understand from us, that he hath always been a dangerous Empirick, and against whom there are many complaints in our Register; and never any man behaved himself with that insolency, and contempt against our College as he hath done, in arresting and suing to a trial 3 of our Doctors for performing service to the Commonwealth, in searching his Shop and carrying away his dangerous and evil medicines to be examined by the Censors. Yea and since his eviction in this our suit, he hath yet persisted in his evil courses, and hath been an unfortunate Practitioner upon one Master Burton, who having well supped, and then received certain administrations from the said Bugs, who also let him blood that night with his own hands, the Patient died before morning, as we are informed, and this very day we purposed to examine this business, but that in tenderness to your Honour we did forbear till we had given you an account of him and his dangerous ways. As for the other Creditor, we are informed that the debt was but supposed from the beginning, only to remove him from the Compter to the Fleet, and therefore that consent was easy. Sir, the trust that the King and State hath placed upon us, binds us in all duty and conscience to prosecute such dangerous abusers, for the preservation of the lives of his majesty's people. And therefore we beseech your Honour to continue your favour and help to suppress and punish such illiterate men as formerly you have done. And we shall be bound to pray God for your Honour's health and safety. And so I rest,  
Your Honour's humble servant, Joh. Argent. Julii 13. 1632.  
After this, the Clerk of the Apothecary's Hall came to mediate for Bugs, desiring that his Fine might be paid at 2 several payments. It was thereupon agreed between the Precedent, Censors and Bugs, that he the said Bugs should pay 10 l. presently, 20 l. at 6 months' end, and 20 l. at 6 months after; and that he should seal a Release of Errors both to the College and all Ministers and Officers used by the College in this business; which he agreed to, and since hath paid 10 l. and sealed the Bond and Releases. Within 2 months after this Dr. Hawlye accused Mr. Bugs for giving Physic, whereupon order was given for his citation, but producing Dr. Laurence his Bills for the Physic given, he was discharged. He was likewise accused for suing one Smith in the Exchequer for Physic, and that in his Plea he termed himself [in Medicina peritus] and sued pro curatione luis venereae. But to this accusation he said, that one Dr. Cartmeale gave directions to that Smith for cure of the Pox. In july 1633. Dr. Fox presented to the College Mr. Bugs his Bond, which was forfeited for not paying of 20 l. which his Sureties neglected and refused to pay, though they were put in mind thereof. It was therefore thought fit by the College that an Action should be entered against them. Whereupon Mr. Townesend and Mr. Broomsall (Mr. Bugs his Sureties) appeared, but refused to pay the money due to the College for which they stood bound, wherefore their Bond was forthwith put in suit by the College. After this, Mr. Bugs his Bills were brought to the College, and he complained of by Dr. Clarke for practice. It was therefore ordered by the College that Bugs should be arrested with a Quo minus out of the Exchequer, notwithstanding he had taken a Doctour's degree at Leyden. After this, the Physicians place in Christ's Church Hospital being void by the death of Dr. Clement, and it being justly feared that Bugs or some other irregular man was like (by the favour Bugs had with the Officers of that house) to get into that place, to the prejudice and dishonour of the College; It was therefore considered how to prevent that mischief. Some made him incapable, because he could not practise in this City without authority of the College, which was held a cause sufficient to exclude him. Others said that the Founder of that place, Mr. Beale, gave it first to Mr. Bredwell, and ordained, that after him one of the College should always succeed into the vacancy. That reason was also allowed effectual as the other. In fine it was concluded, that a Letter should be written from the College to the Lord Mayor to give him notice of both: which was accordingly done and presented by Dr. Baskervile. After this the Precedent having heard by Dr. Oxenbridge, that there was further cause for the exclusion of Bugs found in the Register of Christ's Church, of this tenor; viz. That the Physician that is to be chosen to that place, is to be a Learned man, well qualified, and approved by the College of Physicians in London; He went himself together with Dr. Oxenbridge to the Lord Mayor, to advertise him of the intention that the Precedent of Christ's Church Hospital had to thrust in Bugs as Physician to that Hospital contrary to all Law and Reason, and the express words of the Donour found in the Register. By whom they were received respectfully, and with a great deal of assurance, that he would see the College should have right and favour shown them: and thereupon he sent immediately the Sword-bearer to the Precedent of the Hospital to certify him of the College's reasons. Mr. Bugs after this upon summons appeared, and being demanded how long he had practised Physic, he answered that he had practised 2 years or more, viz. since he returned with the title of Doctor from Leyden. Being further demanded in what School or University he had been bred and brought up, he answered, that he had never been an Academic, or brought up in any University; but yet he had been bred in such a way as might well enough enable him to become a Doctor of Physic, which was in a Poticary's shop; which he held sufficient to make a Physician. Upon which Mr. Precedent gave express charge to the said Bugs that he should not any more presume to practise Physic, being contrary to the Laws of the Kingdom, which were then read out of the book of Statutes to him. He then asked how he should live, or what he should do? It was replied, that he should return to his trade, and set up an Apothecary's shop; so he might live honestly in the profession wherein he had spent his life, and have the favour of the College, which had been formerly offered by some of the Fellows, who for his better encouragement had promised him half their practice. But he said, that would be too great a dishonour to him. Whereupon the Beadle was commanded to take out the Copy of an Information given in against Bugs in the Court of Exchequer, Anno 1632. for 2 years' practice, being an exact pattern drawn by great Council to direct the College for the future in their proceedings against unlawful practisers; whom the College till this time had sued only for one years' practice. It was also ordered by the Precedent and the College, that out of hand a Suit should be commenced against Bugs for 2 years' practice.  
james Winter, Surgeon, was complained of by joan Kelloway, in that she being lamish and troubled with a running pain, Winter undertook her Cure about Midsummer was 2 years; for which cure, he was to have a Hen and 20 Chickens, and a Lamb when she was well. After this, Winter sent her some Diaprunis (as he called it) to purge her, by his Wife; who also after 3 days gave her a Pill, upon which she said she should spit. At Michaclmas following he gave her the unction, anointing her Legs, Thighs and Arms twice, upon which she spit 20 days. After this, he gave her Purges, Diet-drinks and Pills; He used also Cupping-glasses, Vesicatories, and made Issues in her Legs, promising to make her well: And for this cure he had 10 Sheep valued at 3 l. 10 s. only he gave Harry Kelloway her husband 10 s. in money back. His wife also after her anointing, took from this complainant her Waistcoat, her Smock and her Head-geer, saying they were her Fees if they were worth 20 l. But this complainant yet not finding herself well, about May last, by his appointment, she had the Unction again, and Mr. Winter was once present at her anointing. Upon this she fluxed more than before, which he seeing, said, that now she would be a sound woman; and after, he gave her diet-drinks and pills, and then his wife gave her 2 Clysters; for which she had a brood Goose and 2 Goslings; for this he also challenged further content, but the man refused to give it unless his wife were well, and then he would give him 20 s. more.  
William Trigge, Shoemaker, was summoned to appear before the Censors for practice objected against him; He confessed his practising Physic in the Rickets, bloody Flux, Plague and Gout; but now he understood that he ought not, he would observe the President's commands and abstain totally from practice. Yet notwithstanding this engagement, Elizabeth Goodridge within 5 months exhibited complaints against him, for giving her husband Physic, of whom he received 20 s. for which she was constrained by reason of her poverty to pawn divers of her clothes and householdstuff; And he was to have 40 s. more at the end of the Cure. Trigge prescribed him Drinks, Pills, Plasters, Vomits, etc. Being called and asked whether he were the King's or Queen's servant, He refused to answer, but said he was God's. He confessed his giving the Physic charged against him by Goodridge. Wherefore the Censors taking into their consideration the practice of the said William Trigge upon Thomas Goodridge, and examining particularly the manner thereof, did censure it to be evil, and therefore fined him 10 l. and committed him to the Compter prison in Woodstreet, till he should pay his fine. About 4. months after this censure, Mr. Cook the Surgeon informed, that upon the 13th of August 1631. Trigge came to a woman sick of a burning Fever, to whom he gave a Clyster and Cordial, and on the 14th a Vomit of his own preparing; after which she grew worse, still declining, till the 18th, upon which day she died. Anno 1632. Philip tiler of London-bridge Cloth worker and William Ley of Lumbardstreet (who were bail for Trigge) desired to be released from their bail by the College. Answer was made, that if they restored the Prisoner, they should be freed. Dr. Winston likewise proposed to the Precedent and College the following request from the Warden of the Fleet in reference to Trigge, viz. That whereas there was 25 l. recovered from Trigge, to the which the Warden of the Fleet is liable, in regard of his Escape: Yet now the Warden of the Fleet requests a mitigation, in regard the prisoner is escaped; and is willing forthwith to pay to the College 20 l. The College at the motion of Dr. Winston was not unwilling to accept that sum, leaving the business to Dr. Winston's discretion; giving him full authority to receive the said 20 l. to the use of the College; with this proviso, that if hereafter the said Warden of the Fleet shall recover the full sum, that then he shall pay the other 5 l. to the College, and not otherwise. Which 20 l. Dr. Hodson paid Dr. Fox the College Treasurer, having received it of the Warden of the Fleet as part of the debt due from Trigge, with a promise of paying the rest in case he recovered it. After this Dr. Spicer and Dr. Hodson gave an account to the Censors of Trigge's practice, and Dr. Oxenbridge complained of his undertaking to cure an Hydropical woman by way of Paracentesis, and that the patient died within 14 days. Upon this Trigge was summoned, but not appearing, his wife came to excuse her husband's absence; She confessed he was by his breeding a Shoemaker, but now he made profession only of distilling waters, and that he did use to give certain Powders and Cordials to such as were infected with the Plague. Henry Aron, Surgeon, appeared and averred that he being called to view the body of one Widow Thompson (whom Trigge had undertaken to cure of a Dropsy by Paracentesis) found, that the said Trigge had opened her belly himself in a place not proper for that operation, viz. upon the midst of the direct Muscle on the right side. Dr. Oxenbridge and Dr. Rant were likewise present with Mr. Aron at that time, and were witnesses of that indiscreet and Artless operation. Wherefore Trigge being brought to the College by a Messenger of the Council table, and charged with opening the body of an Hydropical woman, whereupon death ensued; he confessed the fact. And being demanded how he durst presume to undertake such an operation, being a Lastmaker by his profession; he answered that he had seen Mrs. Nobes a Midwife open a body dead of a Dropsy, and that thereby he learned to make some observations, touching the dissection of men's bodies. Besides, he excused himself, that what he did was done in the presence and with the assistance of a Physician, viz. Mr. Pordage. But the Censors judged it a bold, dangerous and unlawful practice, for which they committed him to Newgate and fined him 20 l. After this Trigge's wife appeared in the behalf of her husband lying in Newgate, and being questioned touching his practice; she confessed that he made his Pills and Electuaries himself, and particularly Mithridate and London Treacle. That he had practised Physic in London 4 years since he came from Canterbury, and that otherwise he could not have lived. In conclusion, she paid 20 l. for her husband's fine; desiring he might be released from Newgate. Whereupon a Warrant was signed by the Precedent and Censors for his Enlargement. A week after he was again summoned to appear before the Censors, who interdicted him the practice of Physic any more, upon pain of the severest punishment. He then professed, that he was bred and brought up in distilling of waters, to which trade he purposed to apply himself. And complained that many Distillers of Aqua vitae in London made use of the Lees of Starch Wash and such trash to the great abuse of the King's Subjects, which he was able to make out. But practice being afterwards proved against him, he was prosecuted at Common Law.  
Thomas Cook, Surgeon, being charged for practising Physic, confessed that he gave some few medicines to the Poor. Being asked how he came to understand that profession, he said from his Master Mollins. He was admonished to abstain from future practice, which he promised, and so was dismissed. But about 3 months after, Dr. Winston complained that he had Salivated a Woman, upon which Salivation she died in 4 days. Wherefore, he was sent to Prison and fined 5 l. But upon his payment of 40 s. and confessing his fault, he was taken out of Prison. After this, he was again convened and accused for giving Mercurial Pills; he craved pardon for his offence, and promised never to offend again, and so he was sent away. Yet within a few years, he was again questioned concerning the death of a person of great Quality, to whom he gave (as he affirmed) first half an ounce of Cassia, and the like quantity of Manna for a bowl, than Mercurius dulcis 5 times. The flux began to rise the third day: In conclusion this honourable Lady died. His Censure was, 1. To give security by bond of 100 l. not to practise the same way of fluxing by Mercury. 2. To acknowledge his ill practice to the Lady Knevet, and to bring back a testimony from her to the College, that he had confessed the same. He accordingly brought the ensuing Letter.  
My good friends,  
I Understand by this bearer Tho Cook, that he is by your command in custody of a Messenger for some occasions best known to yourselves; upon which you have enjoined him, to repair to me to make submission; which accordingly he hath fully and fairly done with much sorrow; and for my part I remit and forgive all offences to me, and desire with your savours he may be freed; and so wishing you all happiness I rest  
Your loving friend, Ka. Knyvett. This 2d of March, 1638.  
In the 5th year of this King's reign, several Empirics pretending their Protection from Court, the Precedent and Censors presented the following Petition against them to the Lord Chamberlain.  

To the Right Honourable Philip Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, Lord Chamberlain to his Majesty,  
The humble Petition of the Precedent and Censors of the College of Physicians,  
Shows,  
THat whereas there are divers Empirics, which contrary to Law and conscience presume to practise Physic in and about the City of London, as one Butler a Glover, Trigge a Lastmaker, Bugs one of the Queen of Bohemia's Players, sometimes an Apothecary; One Hill, one Blagden; one Blank a Pewterer; and one Sir Saunder Duncombe a Pensioner to his Majesty, with divers others, against whom the College cannot take the benefit of their Charter and his majesty's Laws, by reason that they shroud themselves under the colour of being his majesty's servants:  
The Petitioners humbly beseech your Lordship, in tender regard of the health and safety of his majesty's subjects, to give them leave to take the ordinary course of Law for the suppressing of the unlawful practice of the aforesaid Empirics, and all others that shall assume the like boldness.  
And they shall pray, etc.   
To this Petition the following answer was returned.  
None of the persons complained of in this Petition, nor any other are admitted to his majesty's service to entitle them to the practice of Physic against the Charter of the College and his majesty's Laws. And therefore if the Petitioners conceive that they have cause of Suit, having acquainted the parties interested with my reference, they may freely take the benefit of his majesty's Laws for their relief.  
Pembroke and Montgomery. Febr. 7. 1630.  
Humphrey Beven, Chemist, was complained of for giving a Vomit to one Royston's daughter, who in the time of her vomiting fell into convulsions and died. After this he was accused for giving a Medicine to Mrs. Lane on a knife's point, upon the taking of which she voided clods of blood upwards, and next day her gums were made black thereby, and so she fell to spitting and spawling till she died. The Precedent and Censors did not think this business fit for them to censure; and therefore it was referred to the Courts of Justice.  
Thomas Bowden, Surgeon, confessed that he directed severl Medicines (as Purges, Diet-drinks, etc.) to a Patient for the Morbus Gallicus, and thought it lawful, he being so taught by his Master. The Censors examining the case could not discover it to be a Gonorrhoea impura, but only a strain gotten by a fall, which caused the running of the reins. The practice having been 2 or 3 years past, the Censors inflicted no other punishment upon him, but only discommuned him until he submitted to the College, which was done by the consent of all the Fellows, and signified by the Beadle to all their Members. About the same time one Flood an Apothecary was likewise discommuned, who afterwards submitted himself to the College, and craved a release from their interdiction; which was granted, he paying the mulct of 20 s.  
Mr. Sweno Clark and Executor to one Mr. William Turner presented a Petition against Mr. Clapham, an Apothecary, for giving physic to the said Mr. Turner, whose bills of charges he presented. Mr. Clapham appeared, to whom Mr. President declared the complaint made against him concerning his practising Physic upon one Mr. Turner, and of his suing the Patient's Executours, and required him to produce what Doctors bills he had in that case. Mr. Clapham answered, that he had Dr. Peter Moyden alias Muden his Bills, even from September, 1630. till the latter end of March following: which Dr. Moyden was sometime his fellow-servant in Mr. Garret's house, but afterwards fell to the study of Physic. He confessed that the Doctor never was with Mr. Turner, only saw his urines at Mr. Clapham's shop, and was instructed by him of the disease. He saith farther that Mr. Turner much despised Physic and Physicians, yet relied upon him, and was content at the last that Dr. Bruart should be brought to him, who came (as he said) too late.  
Margaret Woodman, dwelling in Alhallows in the Wall, who kept Mr. Turner in his sickness, saith, that Mr. Clapham did usually look upon Mr. Turner's urines, causing them often to be turned, sometimes liking and sometimes disliking them: and that all the time she was with him, which was 10 weeks, she knew of no other Doctor but Mr. Clapham: and she saith farther, that by his bathing and medicining him, his Legs did not only swell, but that his Toes rotten, and his Legs became extremely noisome.  
Mr. William Kerbye, in Maiden lane, Merchant, saith, that Mr. Turner being taken with a giddiness fell, and by his fall hurt his Hip, for which he did advise him to use Counsel, and he answered, he used Mr. Clapham who was his old acquaintance; but Mr. Kerbye wishing him to use better Counsel, he said that Mr. Clapham told him he had the Counsel of a Doctor, and further saith, that then he could use his arms well, and that even to his death almost he had his senses well: and he saith that he told Mr. Turner, that Mr. Clapham had received of him 50 li. to which he answered that he had had of him twice as much. And he saith that Mr. Bruart coming to him, said he was called too late.  
Mr. Henry Shelberrye, Scr. faith that Mr. Turner had his fall about the 7th. of October last, to whom Mr. Turner said he feared the swimming of his head, of which he had a fit 20 years ago coming from Paul's; and he asked Mr. Turner, whose Counsel he used? he said Mr. Clapham was his ancient Apothecary and one that knew his body well, yet that he had moneys from him for a Doctor.  
Mr. Slater saith, that he was with Mr. Turner the day he died, and that he heard Mr. Turner's Maid blame Mr. Clapham, who she said had received of her Master in his sickness well near 100 li.  
Mr. Clapham saith, that if he would have taken 5 li. or 6 li. for his Bill, that then this complaint had not been made. Mr. Clapham neglecting to attend the Censors upon due warning, they gave Mr. Sweno the following Certificate upon mature deliberation.  
WHereas Mr. William Sweno, Executor to one Mr. William Turner deceased in April last, hath complained to us the Precedent and Censors of the College of Physicians in London, of William Clapham, Apothecary, for that he administered Physic for divers months together to the said William Turner, for which he hath received great sums of money to the sum of 80 li. and more, and yet hath presented more Bills, and sued the said Executors for 12 li. 14 s. and 10 d. more, as appear by his Declaration exhibited to the honourable Court of Common Pleas. We taking into consideration the misdemeanours that are daily in this kind presented unto us, and having sent for the same William Clapham, and examined him concerning this business, as also having examined divers of his Bills, brought in by him to us, and affirmed by his Servant to be the Original Bills, which we find not to agree with those mentioned in his Declaration, neither in substance nor number; And that besides, the Bills presented to us, are not likely to be of any Physicians prescribing, they being irregular and contrary to Art. Therefore we do certify to all whom it may concern, that we have just cause to think that the Patient hath been unconscionably and unreasonably dealt withal. In witness whereof we the Precedent and Censors of the College have hereunto set our hands. Dated the 18th. day of November at our College.  
Subscribed by the Precedent and Censors.  
In the 7th. year of the King's Reign, Mr. Precedent presented a Letter sent to him and the College by his majesty's command concerning the poisoning of Mr. Lane, the Contents of which Letter and of this whole affair are the following.  
To my very loving friends the Precedent and the rest of the College of Physicians in London.  
AFter my hearty commendations. Since the Sentence passed against one Cromwell for the murder of his Master, because he persisted in a constant denial of the fact, it hath occasioned his majesty's gracious care to inform himself by all means possible, which might serve to draw the truth thereof into further light and evidence. To that purpose as there hath been employed the ministry of Divines to persuade his conscience, and the fear of death to unmask it; so his Majesty taking notice of some question was made amongst the Physicians, whether the party dead were poisoned or Noah, hath thought fit to hear the judgement of you the College of Physicians thereupon, and doth accordingly require and authorize you to assemble yourselves in such manner as in the like enquiryes and consultations is accustomed, and there to take as exact information as may be from the relation of such as were present, of the state of his sickness, the manner of his death, and what hath been besides observed upon the view and opening of his body, or may yet be collected from the sight and trial of the Medicine, if any part of it be still remaining. Whereupon having heard and weighed the arguments on both sides, you are to set down your opinions in writing, with the reasons of them, under your hands, and present the same unto his Majesty before Wednesday next, his Majesty not intending to suspend the course of Justice any longer, unless something may appear in the mean time fit to induce and warrant a further act of mercy towards the prisoner. Thus much I was commanded by his Majesty to signify unto you of his Royal pleasure; and so I bid you heartily farewell, and rest  
Your very loving friend Herald Hollande. Greenwich the 27th. of May 1632.  
By this Letter, the College is commanded to take exact information from the relation of such as were present, of Mr. Lane's sickness, of the manner of his death, and what hath been observed upon the view and opening of his body, as also from the sight of the bolus which was left. It being therefore enquired of Mr. Matthewes Apothecary (of whom without the Counsel of any Doctor he took physic) what sickness Mr. Lane had, he answered that he was not sick, but that he was desirous to take a Medicine, which Dr. Poe had heretofore appointed him; and which he since had taken sundry times. The Medicine (he said) was this.  
℞ Pulu. Sanct. ʒjss. Syr. Augustan. ℥ i. Vini albi ℥ iij ss. m. f. potio. This he took upon Monday, and he had thereby 7 or 8 stools: But not thinking himself sufficiently purged he desired Master Matthewes that he might have it again, which Master Matthewes accordingly prepared on Tuesday, for Wednesday; but he took not this Medicine till Friday following; upon the taking of which (after the walking 5 or 6 turns) he vomited and grew sick. The Medicine also did work downward much, even to the purging of blood, and the said Mr. Matthewes gave Mr. Lane a Cordial of Diascordium.  
Dr. Gifford was called to Mr. Lane on Sunday, and can say nothing what was done before. He then found that Mr. Lane did cast and scour much, and that he was feverish, his breath stinking, his mouth black, especially on the right side and about his gums. The Doctor the nappointed him Clysters of milk, and to drink milk and water. On Monday against night, he did appoint him a Bolus with Laudani Parac. gr. i. ¼, which night he vomited the Bolus and purged much more than before, casting and scouring blood after the Bolus. On Tuesday the Doctor gave him some Diacodium and Plantain Water. On Wednesday he appointed him Laudani gr. i. cons. flor. garyophyllor. ℈ i. Cromwell was sent for this Bolus who returned not home in half an hour. The Apothecary's man saith it was sent gilded, but the gilt was broken, and being suspected to be more in quantity than was appointed, it was tasted, and it made their mouths sore that tasted it, and then it being searched, there appeared a white powder in it. And it is confessed that Cromwell came to Mrs. Bacon's shop and bought 2 drams of Sublimate there, which he pretended to grave knives withal; and with a third part thereof he then and there did engrave a knife, the other 2 parts he carried away with him, of which he being questioned, denied the same, making this excuse, that the asker was neither Constable nor Justice: and being further questioned what he did with the rest of the Sublimate, he said it was between the window and his desk, where a piece of Sublimate was found but not the powder. Dr. Gifford did think that there was a mortification in his mouth.  
Dr. Gifford did answer to 2 Objections made concerning the poison.  
1. That the Corpse was outwardly fair. Resp. The evacuation did prevent the coming of the poison to the skin.  
2. It was said, the bottom of the stomach was not offended. Resp. The sides of the stomach were offended, and the evacuation came so suddenly upon the taking it, that it did not settle.  
Dr. Andrews saith, that he was called with others to view the body of Mr. Lane, which they found outwardly fair, his lips only appearing white as if they had been blistered. Some blackness there appeared in his mouth, and his Tongue was black and hard, but from his throat to his stomach it was very fair: The stomach its self in the bottom was fair; but the upper part had a blackness, round about which it was inflamed; the blackness he scraped off with his nail, but the other coats were sound. In the Aspera Arteria, there was seen no offence, but one lobe of the Lungs seemed to be rotten; and one part of the Liver was pale and scirrhous.  
Dr. Meverell saith, that he being on Saturday to view the body, he found an Eschar between the gums and the Cheek, with blackness of the teeth, the tongue also black and hard, but the gula all fair and clear. In the Stomach in the upper part, a circular inflammation with a blackness in the middle, which with his nail was easily scraped off. His Liver was hard and his Lungs bad, yet not so as that they should cause his death. At the Sessions he said the same, but there the Lord Chief Justice ask him, that if the Circumstances which were alleged by the sworn witnesses were added to that he saw whether then he thought him poisoned; The Dr. answered, that he did think that he died of poison.  
Francis White, servant to Mr. Matthewes saith, that hearing that the Bolus was disliked, he went and did fetch back the Bolus; and that opening it he found Sublimate in it, which he showed Cromwell; and after this, Francis going home, Cromwell followed him, and wished him by Fleet-bridge to cast it away, which he refused to do.  
Dr. Gifford did further declare that Cromwell had 2 powders, one white which was sublimate, the other black which was some Amalgama of Quicksilver, which Cromwell said he had out of his Master's pocket. He did also desire the College to take into their consideration what Scammony could do, whether by that the mouth and stomach could be made black so suddenly, and to cause an Ulcer with an Eschar upon the side of the mouth. After the forementioned examination of several Witnesses, the following Letter by his majesty's Order was sent to the College.  
To my very loving Friends the Precedent and College of Physicians in London.  
AFter my hearty commendations: You have by some other of his majesty's servants understood his pleasure, in that which now I must by his express pleasure require of you: That you assemble together, and inform yourselves as particularly as you can; First, whether that man (for whose death one Cromwell a young man is condemned) did in your judgement die of poison or otherwise. And secondly, whether that Potion which was sent from the Apothecary and which he received, had any poisonable Ingredients which might produce this effect. In these things you must return to his Majesty the report of your Judgement on Friday at the farthest; which you must do with the more care according to your best skill, because herein you may perceive how tender his Majesty is both of his Justice and Mercy: for as he is always most graciously inclined to favour when the offence is of a nature capable of remission; so he is no less graciously severe in regard of Justice and public example, that the crying Crimes of blood, and especially by poisoning, which hath no pretence of sudden anger, shall not escape unpunished. Do therefore your duties to inform him in the truth to the uttermost of your knowledge. So I rest  
Your assured friend to do you service john Cook. Greenwich 29 Maii 1632.  
BY this second Letter the College was required to resolve two things.  
First, Whether Mr. Lane died of poison or no?  
Secondly, Whether the Potion which was made by the Apothecary, and taken by Mr. Lane, had any poisonable Ingredients therein, which might produce this effect.  
Mr. Precedent was desirous to hear what might further be informed by the Assistants, Doctors, or any other: and first there presented himself  
Mr. Francis Banister of Bedford; who came to Mr. Lane his Son-in-Law, on Wednesday about 2 or 3 a clock in the afternoon. There he found the ℞ of Dr. Gifford's Bolus, which he sent by Cromwell to Mr. Matthewes; who after some long stay, brought it to Mrs. Lane, which she did presently deliver to this Mr. Banister her Father; which he seeing, thought it more than was directed by the Doctor; and presently taking it, he found it sharp, offending his tongue: Then he sent for one Walter Mr. Matthewes his man, to whom he said, the Bolus was not rightly prepared; and therefore caused him to go to make another Bolus according to the direction: Which Bolus being brought Mr. Lane took, and it did well with him: and Francis the Apothecary's man coming thither on Thursday morning, Mr. Banister caused him to taste the Bolus, of which he presently complained; and that night both the Apothecary's men came and showed him the Sublimate in it, by which both their mouths were distated; and on this Thursday Mr. Banister told Dr. Gifford, that there were the symptoms of Mercury, for his evacuations were bloody, his tortions great, his mouth black, exulcerated, stinking, and withal he had convulsions.  
Mrs. Elizabeth Lane, sister to Mr. Lane, who was in the house from his first falling sick, saith, that upon Friday, upon the taking the purge, he presently after half a dozen turns in a little room fell a vomiting, and vomited black humour and blood, and that upon every stool he was ready to faint; and she saith, that Cromwell found fault with the maid for giving the Child Pills in that Porringer out of which Mr. Lane took the Medicine.  
Dr. Fox, before he would make report of what he knew in this business, produced the Copy of a Report made by himself, Dr. Andrews, Dr. Meverell, and Dr. Ramsey which was as followeth.  
We are of opinion that having found in this body some inflammation and mortification, whereof must necessarily follow death, by the force of them, and that yet the same inflammation and mortification might proceed from some other causes; it cannot be resolved by Art, whether this Gentleman died by Poison or other means. Which he pressed much to be assented to by the whole College (and the other Doctors did acknowledge this Note to be the sense of that which they subscribed unto) but the College thought fit a little to advise thereon.  
Then Dr. Fox related that he was called to Mr. Lane by a stranger to him, and that he found some passion in the house. After some time the body was opened, and the mouth, gula and stomach were found so as hath been formerly related: and saith that the Chirurgeon said the Guts were fair. Then Dr. Fox, as a Censor, began to inquire after the Physic given to Mr. Lane, and who gave it; and calling for Mr. Matthews he enquired of the Potion, by whom he was informed what it was. After this, the Dr. coming to consult, soon found cause to suspect poison. Dr. Andrews conceived otherwise, by whom Dr. Fox was partly led, and the rather because the Apothecary was found to have given one irregular medicine; and the Dr. related how one joslyne died by Physic given him upon an old receipt of Mr. Butler's.  
Dr. Ramsey saith, that about Noon one told him his Neighbour Mr. Lane was dead, upon which he went thither presently, and heard their complaint: and then he looked upon his gums and teeth. Next day he came to meet the other Doctors, and found things as formerly have been related. And he acknowledged that he set his hand to the Note formerly related, and thought all had been done; but withal he protested that he was and is of opinion, that Mr. Lane was poisoned.  
Mr. Pindar, Mr. Cox, Mr. Dixon, and Mr. Scot Surgeons, being all at the opening of the Body, do severally acknowledge the blackness and Eschar in the mouth, and the mortification in the stomach; and Mr. Cox saith, that a quarter of a yard beneath the Stomach he found an inflammation inclining to a blackness.  
After this information had, Mr. Precedent propounded to the Colleagues to give their opinions whether Mr. Lane died of a violent death or naturally.  
They every one severally were of opinion that he died a violent death upon some external cause.  
Secondly, Mr. Precedent propounded to the Colleagues whether they thought him to have been poisoned or not.  
The Question being considered severally by the Fellows, 18 of them were of opinion that he died of poison: but 4 of them (namely, Sir William Paddy, Dr. Andrews, Dr. Crook, and Dr. Cademan) did impute his death to the medicine.  
Thirdly, Mr. Precedent desired the Colleagues opinions concerning the medicine sent from the apothecary's, whether that had in it any poisonable thing, which might produce such an effect.  
To this all the Fellows with one consent made answer, that they could not give a direct censure concerning the Potion delivered by the Apothecary, and made without the direction of a Doctor: but if it were no other than pulvis Sanctus formerly set down, that then they were of opinion that there was no poisonable thing in it, which might produce such an effect.  
But in the Bolus which remained there was found poison, and all the Fellows did acknowledge it to be Sublimate.  
Dr. Fox pressed the Colleagues for their opinion concerning the Note by him exhibited; and their general opinion was, that they having had no proofs but only the inspection of the body, they could not certify assuredly of the poison.  
Then Sir Theodore Mayerne was requested by the Precedent and the College, to draw up the opinion of the Colleagues to be presented to his Majesty and to send it to Mr. Precedent, which he accordingly performed: and the Friday following it was delivered to his Majesty by Mr. President, Dr. Clement, Dr. Hodson and Dr. Meverell at Greenwich, in these words.  
The determination of the College concerning the Questions proposed to them by the King's Majesty about the death of Joseph Lane.  
THe College of Physicians in London being lawfully assembled by the command of their Soveregin Lord the King, about certain questions proposed concerning the death of joseph Lane, reported to be killed by poison, and having made a diligent search, and well considering all circumstances relating, 1. As to the state of the body of the foresaid Lane; 2. As to the disease which (by a long series of violent symptoms) brought him to his end; 3. As to the kind and appearance of his death; 4. As to the observations made upon his dead body by the Physicians and Surgeons present; 5. As to the conjectures taken from the strict examination of a Bolus extremely suspicious, whose parts were artificially separated, found in Mr. Lane's house when dead, and after brought into Court before the Judges, and from thence to the Physicians at their College: To whom (by the command and in the name of the King) Letters were wrote from the Right honourable Sir john Cook principal Secretary of State, that they might diligently inquire and give a faithful account to the following Questions. 1. Concerning Lane's death, whether it was procured from poison? 2. Their opinion about a purging potion carried the 4th of April, 1632. from Mr. Matthewes an Apothecary's shop to Mr. Lane's house, and taken by Lane the 6th, whether it had any thing of poison in it? The College after very mature deliberation, did humbly present the following Decree to his sacred Majesty as a testimony of their obedience.  
1. That the said Joseph Lane did certainly die of a violent death. 2. That he had taken poison, and that corrosive. 3. That they could determine nothing certainly concerning the Potion sent and given by Mr. Matthewes the Apothecary to Mr. Lane without the advice of any Physician, because many of their medicines were too negligently prepared by their servants. But if that Potion did only consist of those ingredients which he had given an account of, and for which we have solely his word, than there was nothing of poison contained therein. 4. In the remainder of the foresaid Bolus there was found Mercury Sublimate, not sweet, but the most harsh and highly caustick, which was separated from the rest of the Bolus and shown to the whole College; In testimony whereof the College by the unanimous consent of the Precedent and Fellows and all present at this consultation, signed this Decree with their own hands, and sealed it with the College Seal, that it might appear more authentic.  
And because that from the beginning of the world to this very day good and wholesome Laws have derived their original from evil manners, the whole College of Physicians do most humbly beseech your most Sacred Majesty that, as the Father of your Country, you would consult the health and welfare both of your City Subjects, and would by your Royal Proclamation strictly command that for the future, No Grocer, Drugster, Apothecary, Chemist, or any other person presume to sell Arsenic, Quicksilver, Sublimate, Precipitate, Opium, Coloquintida, Scammony, Hellebore, or other Drugs either poisonous or dangerous, to poor sorry Women or poor people (which hath been too common) but only to those who are willing to give their names; that if there should be occasion, they may give an account of the reason of their buying these dangerous medicines.  
May it likewise please your Majesty to issue out your Royal Edict under the most severe penalties, that no Apothecary for the future shall dare to compound for the Well, or administer to the Sick any medicines, especially Vomits, Purges, Opiates, Mercurial or Antimonial remedies without the prescription of Physicians then living; which prescription they shall be bound to produce upon the command or request of the Censors of the College. He that shall act contrary, shall be punished by the Law as a public enemy to the life of man. Dated from the College of Physicians in London the Last day of May, 1632. And Subscribed,  


Dr. Argent, Precedent.  
Sir Theodore Mayerne,  
Dr. Atkins,  
Dr. Harvey,  
Dr. Clement,  
Dr. Fox,  
Dr. Fludd,  
Dr. Ramsye,  
Dr. Grent,  
Dr. Cademan,  
Dr. Andrew's,  
Dr. Crook,  
Dr. Oxenbridge,  
Dr. Rand,  
Dr. Winston,  
Dr. Wright,  
Dr. chamberlain,  
Dr. Hawlye.    
Francis Roes, alias Vintner, was accused by William Clerk of ill practice, who (as he affirmed) undertook to cure his wife of a Tympany, of which disease Vintner told him he had cured 40. and amongst those named one Ingrams wife. He had of Clerk 4 l. when he began, and 3 l. after for medicines, and 4 l. more he was to have when he had perfected the Cure. Vintner did not deny the accusation, and being demanded by what authority he practised, he answered he was a Physician and Student in Trinity College in Cambridge, of which College he had been a year or two; and further said that he had been instructed in Physic from a Boy by his Father, meaning Mr. Vintner the Empirick. Being asked what medicines he gave Clark's wife and Ingrams; at first he refused to discover them, saying he had them noted in his books; but after long expostulation, he named jalap and Elatorium (as he pronounced the word) and being questioned what Elatorium was made of, he said it was composed of 3 or 4 things, whereof Diagridium was one. He was censured for giving Elaterium (a medicine he knew not) and particularly to a woman at his own house, whom he afterwards sent home through the open streets, telling her it was a Cordial. He was fined 10 l. and committed to Prison.  
Richard Hammond, Surgeon, was complained of by john Walton, for that he undertook to cure his child of a Dropsy being 9 or 10 years old. He gave him a Clyster, after which he fell into a looseness and died. Hammond confessed that he gave the Child a Clyster made of Ale, Molossos, and white Hellebore, which wrought so violently that the Boy died therewith. Walton likewise affirmed that there was a red powder in the Clyster, which he judged to be red Mercury. For this ill practice he was fined 5 l. and committed to the prison of the Compter in Woodstreet.  
james Virott, Apothecary, was accused by the Wardens of the Apothecary's Company for decayed and ill medicines found in his Shop, which they brought. The Censors refused to take any notice thereof, because they had not visited his Shop which they promised speedily to do, and accordingly within a few days they with the Wardens did visit it, and destroyed his corrupt and ill medicines.  
Mr. Precedent made complaint of the Apothecary's disrespect in general and in particular of Mr. Smith's, who being served with a Sub-poena to appear as a Witness in a College cause, neglected to come. Whereof being reproved by Mr. President, that it was an affront to the College, he told him he might take it as he pleased; and being advised by Dr. Harvey to come to the Precedent to compose this breach, Smith told him that he seared no body under the degree of a Privy Counsellor for any good or harm. Upon this complaint, it was thought fit to put it to the table, whether Mr. Smith should be excommuned for using Mr. Precedent so unworthily, till such time as he should reconcile himself to the Precedent and the College; By scrutiny he was excommuned, till he should so reconcile himself. About 3 weeks after, Mr. Smith came to excuse the offence done to the Precedent, and declared himself sorry that he should give any such offence, and craved the favour of the Precedent and College; wherefore his suspension was remitted, and he again entertained into the favour of the College.  
Susan Dry was complained of for giving Physic to one Margaret Fox, to whom she gave drinks of 10 s. a bottle. She gave physic to one Matthew Evans, of whom she had 2 s. 6 d. in money; with an Apron and Pillow-bear: She took another Woman's Ruff. She was committed for evil practice and fined 3 l. Upon her submission Mr. Precedent took 30 s. of her and released her. He delivered the money to the Beadle, the most of which was distributed to pious uses.  
In the 9th year of this King's reign, the College by advice of their Council sent the following Letter to the Master, Wardens, and Fellowship of the Apothecaries concerning the examination of their servants in order to their freedom.  
WHereas by your Charter, your Apprentices are to be examined and allowed by the Precedent, or one or more of the College which he shall appoint, before they can be made free of the City of London; It hath been thought fit by our College for more conveniency for you and us to appoint their examination to be by the Precedent or such as he shall appoint in that behalf in our College on our ordinary Censors days, which are the first Fridays of every month, days usual for the examination of University men: where if you shall present them at the hour of 2 a clock in the afternoon they shall be examined without any further trouble.  
Mr. Briscoe, Apothecary, appeared before the Precedent and Censors, being accused that he had given one Mr. Primrose 2 drams of troch. de Alkakengi instead of 2 drams of troch. Gordonii, appointed by Dr. johnson, without ask the Doctour's opinion therein. He confessed it was his fault, but when he gave it, he knew not whether it were with Opium or no; and he could not deny but that he said he had troch. Gordonii, when indeed he had not; and also that he pressed the Dr. to give Mr. Primrose some Diacodium, which the Dr. refused to do; and he confesseth that he would have given it him all, but he took but half thereof; and he further saith, that Mr. Primrose lived 4 days after taking the medicine. He also presented the Note of his Censure in the Apothecary's hall as followeth.  

24 Martii. 1634.  
Thomas Hicks, Master; Edward Cook, James Fothergill, Wardens; Gideon de Laune, Richard Edwards, Leonard Stone, Abraham Webb, Roger Harry Young, Henry Field, William Shambrooke, Richard Glover, John Sotherton.  
WHereas John Briscoe is complained of to this Court for falsifying a Bill of Dr. Johnson 's for James Primrose, who was dangerously sick of an Ulcer in his Kidneys and Bladder, whereby his death was hastened (as is reported by divers Doctors) forasmuch as it appeared by the said Briscoe's own confession that he did falsify the Bill of the said Dr. Johnson, viz. by putting into the Potion prescribed troch. Alkakengi cum Opio, for troch. Gordonii, without the consent of the Doctor, which is a breach of the orders of this Company; It is ordered that the said Briscoe shall pay unto this Company for a fine for so falsifying the said Bill or Prescript, 5 Marquis, according to the ordinances of this Company, and for further punishment he shall be put off from being of the Clothing of this Company.  
Tho. Tayler Clericus Societati Pharmacop.   
The Censors are willing to defer the Censuring of this business till they have conferred with their Council.  
The Precedent and Censors considering that there was some difference between the Fellows concerning the permitting of interdicted Apothecaries to make medicines upon their Prescripts; It was agreed and ordered, that excepting cases of absolute necessity, no fellow should give way to any interdicted Apothecary to make his medicine, till they should be reconciled.  
john Hope an apothecary's Apprentice.  
The Coroner of London complained, that a person was suspected to be poisoned by an apothecary's man with a Potion given by him; He desired the Censors to examine the Case, which was the following.  
Elizabeth Vaughan of Puddle Wharf, the Widow of Rowland Vaughan deceased, complaineth, that her late husband being not very well went to Mr. eliot's the apothecary's house, whom he found not within, but found his man john; to whom the said Vaughan said, There is no looking upon your Master under 2 s. 6 s. and the said john answered, he might have a Medicine better cheap: but Vaughan said, it must be a strong one, for he had a strong body. So the said john gave him 2 Apples of Coloquintida directing him to boil them in white Wine, putting thereto some Cinnamon and Nutmeg; which his wife accordingly did, and gave it to her husband about 7 a Clock next morning, which wrought not till 11 at night, but then he grew extreme sick in his belly, and cried out he could not live 2 days, the Medicine wrought both upward and downward; upward he vomited a fatty matter, and downward he voided a pottle of blood. About 4 in the afternoon Mrs. Vaughan went to Mr. eliot's house crying for her husband, but Mr. eliot himself made strange thereof: but understanding that he had taken the infusion of Coloquintida, it is said that he said he would not have given it to the Devil; but he directed her to boil some milk and to give it him presently: But john, Mr. eliot's Apprentice, came home after her, and caused her to fetch some red Rose leaves, and 3 ounces of honey, which he boiled in milk and put it up for a Clyster, which he put up about 11 at night, and Master Vaughan died about 7 the next morning. Besides the Clyster he also gave him half an ounce of Syrup of Coral in some Carduus water.  
john Hope, Apprentice to Mr. eliot, being then present, acknowledged the giving the 2. Apples of Coloquintida in the manner aforesaid: and he further confessed that he had sold 12 Apples of Coloquintida to divers women, who used to boil them in white Wine, since he hath dwelled with Mr. eliot, which is about 2 years and a half.  
The Censors sending for the parties examined, did particularly consider of the practice of john Hope, Apprentice to Mr. eliot, upon the body of the said Rowland Vaughan, by giving him the decoction of 2 Apples of Coloquintida, and adjudged the same to be evil practice in the highest degree, and such as did transcend the Censure of our College, and therefore they did remit it in all humility to the higher Courts of Justice. Upon which this Testimony following was given to the said Elizabeth Vaughan.  

WHereas this 9th. of May, 1635. Elizabeth Vaughan complained at the College, that her late Husband Rowland Vaughan had taken the decoction of 2 Apples of Coloquintida by the direction of John Hope Apprentice to Michael eliot Apothecary; These are to certify that we the sworn Censors for this year, namely, Dr. Fludd, Dr. Winston, Dr. Hodson, Dr. Spicer do affirm, that it was evil practice in the highest degree, and transcending the Censure of our College; and therefore we remit it in all humility to the higher Courts of justice. This was the Act of the Censors the day and year above written.  
Quod testor Guliel. Clement Med. Dr. Regestar. Collegii Medicorum London.   
Mr. Precedent desired that diligent search might be made after the sellers of purging Diet-Ales, and such Comfit-maker's as sold purging Confections.  
Dr. Mayerne wrote a Letter to Mr. President complaining of Mr. Evans a Minister who had abused his name about his Antimonial Cup; Upon which 4 Fellows of the College were sent to the Archbishop of Canterbury to acquaint his Grace therewith, and with the import of Sir Theodore Mayern's Letter. After this Evans was brought before the High Commission, where the Archbishop asked him for his Orders, which he had not then present. He then caused him to be sworn to answer to such Articles as should be objected against him. His Grace was highly displeased at the printing of his Book, of which all that could be found were taken away. The College Beadle was to help to find out more, that they might be destroyed. Sir Nathanael Kitch died of a Vomit made by this Antimonial Cup. The Lady Amye Blunt died by the same Medicine in Charter-house yard. Another case of the same kind was reported by Dr. Harvey.  
Mr. Precedent admonished the Fellows, that none of them should send their Bills to the discommuned Apothecaries; who were the following, viz. Mr. Edward's, Mr. Cook, Mr. Weale, Mr. Haughton, Mr. Holland, and Mr. Kendal.  
In the 10th. of this King's Reign, Dr. Winterton, Professor of Physic in Cambridge, wrote the following Letter to Dr. Fox, Precedent of the College, concerning the University's giving Licences or Degrees in Physic to unworthy and unfit persons.  
To the Right Worshipful and my much honoured friend Dr. Fox, Precedent of the Physicians College, at his house in Carter lane, give these.  
My service and best respects remembered.  
MAster Precedent and my much honoured friend, Whereas I am given to understand that you have heard that the last year I would not give way to two or three for the obtaining a Licence to practise in Physic, nor to a Doctor of Leyden to be incorporated with us without giving public testimony of his abilities, and I further understand that yourself and the whole College are well pleased therewith, I have cause to rejoice: and further thought fit at this time to acquaint you with my real intentions, which I shall eagerly prosecute, if I may have countenance and assistance. I have observed and grieved to see sometimes a Minister, sometimes a Servingman, sometimes an Apothecary, oftentimes Masters of Arts (whereof some have afterwards assumed holy Orders) admitted to a Licence to practise in Physic, or to be incorporated to a Degree without giving any public testimony of their learning and skill in the Profession. And what hath followed hereupon? The Minister hath neglected his own Calling and trespassed upon another's, not without endangering the Souls of the people of God, and the loss of the Lives of many of the King's subjects. The Servingman and Apothecary upon a Licence obtained have been presently made Doctors by the breath of the people, and Doctors indeed undervalved. Masters of Arts after Licence obtained have taken, as I said, holy Orders, that if one profession did fail them, another might supply them. And Incorporation being in an instant obtained by a little sum of money, which by orderly proceeding (I speak concerning the Doctor's Degree) would cost 12 years' study in the University, besides performance of exercises and much expense; It is come to pass, that in the University at this time I do protest I do not know any one that intends the study of Physic, and practice thereof according to the Statutes. Surgeons and Apothecaries are sought unto, and Physicians seldom but in a desperate case are consulted with, when the Patient is ready to die, and in this kind we have too many examples. The consideration of these mischiefs redounding to the Church, Commonwealth, University and our Profession, hath often troubled me, when I had no power to prevent them. But now seeing it hath pleased God and the King to confer such power upon me, that without me neither Licence nor Degree in Physic can be obtained at Cambridge, (for I have solicited Dr. Nichols and Dr. Allet to join with me; and I have prevailed so far with them, that they will do nothing without me) I do intend by the grace of God to give way unto no man to obtain a Licence or Degree without keeping an Act at the least, etc. unless it shall happen that with some one particular man it shall be dispensed withal by supreme Authority or in some extraordinary case.  
But all this will be to little purpose, unless yourself and the College will solicit Dr. Clayton, his majesty's Professor of Oxford, and others of the faculty there, to do the like; or rather Petition to my Lord's Grace of Canterbury, who out of his innate goodness and clemency, and zeal for the good of the Church and Commonwealth, and the honour of the Universities, I am fully persuaded, will grant what you desire, against Apothecaryes' and Surgeon's, and all others which without Licence or authority do practise Physic. I could wish there were some course taken; I know there be already good Laws, if they were put in execution.  
Thus much in haste, (as you may perceive by my writing) I thought good to signify unto you, out of the grateful respect which I bear unto yourself and the whole College, tendering the honour of our common Profession, which I will maintain as much as in me lies, and vindicate from the invasions of Usurpers and Intruders. I have exceeded I fear the bounds of a Letter, but that you will pardon, I hope, considering the occasion. And so with a grateful acknowledgement of your love and favour towards me, and an ingenuous profession of much service I owe unto you, I take my leave, as one that will be ready, upon the least signification, to embrace your commands, and execute them with all alacrity.  
Yours in all dutiful respects, Ralphe Winterton. From the King's College in Cambridge, Aug. 25. 1635.  
Marry Butler was complained of for giving Physic; she undertook the cure of the dead Palsy on a Woman, of whom she had 10 li. and also a promise of 10 li. more when the Cure was performed, for which she sued the party. After this, she was complained of by one Mrs. Ellison for taking upon her to give Physic, and in particular for undertaking to cure her the said Ellison, to whom she gave C s. in hand with promise of as much more when she performed the Cure; but this was so far from being obtained, that she was never well since she took her medicines. Marry Butler denied not that she gave her Physic, but professed that she learned her skill of a Jew: and first avowed that she was authorised to practise Physic by Mr. Endymion Porter, and Sergeant Clowes; and when she understood that they could not licence her so to practise, she sticked not to affirm, that she had authority from the King; and for the evidence and proof thereof, showed a Writ under Seal out of the Courts at Westminster for attaching one that had not paid her for a Cure she pretended to have done: which Seal she made her Neighbours believe was a Licence for her practising of Physic. She confessed she gave Physic to Mr. Richard Shipwright from Christmas till this present, and so continues still. She hath given him inward medicines, and likewise cupped and scarified him: she caused him to be let blood in the forehead, and under the tongue and in the foot: and so she directed Mr. Whittel the Surgeon now dwelling in Croched Friars. For which her pains and physic she hath had already C. s. and is to have a C. s. more when he is well. The Censors thought fit to send her to Newgate for these misdemeanours, and fined her xv. li.  
john Hogsflesh, Surgeon, was accused by several for giving Physic, having no skill nor authority so to do. Others complained of his giving purging Physic and Mercurial Unctions, particularly one Anne Harvey made complaint for giving her husband physic for the Pox, who died of that physic with his mouth full of Ulcers. He had considerable sums of money from many; And was charged for giving to one john Gladwin 3 pills every other day for twice, whereupon he vomited so vehemently, that his sight and hearing failed him for a time. This was proved by his own Letters as well as by Gladwin and his Wife, and a third person. The Censors condemned him to prison and fined him 10 li.  
In the 12th. year of the King's Reign, an Order was sent to the College from the Star-Chamber, to examine the pretended Cures of one Leverett, who said that he was a seventh Son, and undertook the curing of several Diseases by stroking. A full and particular account of this whole affair is the following.  

At the Star-Chamber, the 20th. of October, 1637.  
Present Lord Archbishop of Cant. Lord Keeper, Lord Treasurer, Lord Privy Seal, Earl of Dorsett, Lord Cottington, Lord Newburghe, Mr. Treasurer, Mr. controller, Mr. Secretary Coke, Mr. Secretary Windebank.  
WHereas upon the complaint of Mr. Serjeant Clowes against one Leverett a Gardener, for practising and taking upon him to cure the King's Evil and all other Diseases, the said Leverett was this day convented before the Board, and heard in whatsoever he could allege for himself; Their Lordships conceiving his pretended Cures to be Impostures, did then order that the Precedent and some of the principal Members of the College of Physicians should be hereby authorised and required forthwith to call the said Leverett before them, and to examine his said pretended Cures, as well upon such information and proofs as shall be given them by Mr. Serjeant Clowes, as by any other ways and means which they shall think fit for discovery of the truth. And likewise to cause him to make experiment of his said Cures in their presence, and thereupon to make Certificate to this Board of what they shall find appear before them, and of their opinions concerning the same; and in the mean time the said Leverett is to continue in the Messenger's Custody.  
Ex. Edw. Nicholas.   

3ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, President, Dr. Argent, Dr. Harvey, Dr. Caddiman, Dr. Smith, Dr. Winston, Dr. Hodson, Dr. Meverell, Dr. Spicer, Censors.  
This day there was brought by Mr. Harvey, Counsellor of Gray's Inn, an Order from the Lords dated the 20th. of October last, concerning the practice of one Leverett, who there appeared at the same time, together with divers Men, Women and Children that he said he had cured, and prayed the College to examine them. The College answered that it was not in their order to look back, but to go forward, and therefore wished the Patients for that time, that they would forbear and leave the said Leverett according to the Lords direction to the College, which they did, the College then promising that they would take a time to examine them likewise.  
Mr. Precedent at the same time presented several Articles of Mr. Serjeant Clowes against this Leverett, of all which he was examined; and first he was demanded whether he was committed to the custody of a Messenger; he answered he came of his own accord.  
He saith that he is 60 years of age, that he is the 7th. Son of 8 his Father had, and the 9th. which was last, was a Daughter named Anne, but he did not challenge any virtue by being the 7th. Son.  
He saith likewise that about 3 years since and a half he did his first Cure upon his own Wife, who had been full of pain 3 quarters of a year from her Wrist to her Elbow: In all which time although he did live with her, yet he never touched her Arm, till at last upon her entreaty she desired him to take off the splints and rulers and look on it, which he did; that being bound up by a Surgeon, he felt it and sought for Kernels, but found none. His Wife found present ease and therefore desired him to hold her by the Wrist, which he refused, but she earnestly desiring it, saying she felt ease, he did it, and the next day she was perfectly cured of her pain and was weeding in his Garden.  
Some 6 months after, a Maid dwelling in Thames Street was his second Patient; who desired to be touched by him for a pain in her Elbow, which he did, and she was cured. The third was a Woman in Turn-ball Street, who coming to him and craving his help for a pain in her Arm, he answered she was a foolish Woman; but she said, God had given him the gift of healing. So by her importunity she prevailed that he touched her, and she was very well: their names he knoweth not.  
In the touching of these he did not use any words, nor till he had cured above a dozen; but since, he hath used these words, God give a blessing, I touch, God heals. He saith that upon touching some 30 or 40 in a day, he finds himself weakened by the Virtue which goes out of him, more than when he was a Gardener by digging up 8 roods of ground; so that he is brought to that weakness by touching, that he is forced to go to his bed to recover his strength, which in his daily labour he was not wont to do.  
He saith, he is not always disposed to touch, especially if his hands be cold. He saith he hath cured 300 at the least, he takes money for his Cures, but not by contract; if he should not take money, he might starve, having forsaken his Trade by the calling of God. He denies Virtue to be either in his Gloves or Linen, or any thing that toucheth his naked body, although that was then objected against him.  
He saith that whilst he dwelled at Ratcliff he was assaulted in the Highway one evening by some Surgeons or Physicians, and his Thumb was wrung and strained; but by his own touching he cured it; and that he stood in fear of his life from some Physicians and Surgeons, but of whom he knoweth not.  
He cures the King's Evil, Dropsies, Fevers, Agues, all Diseases and Sores in any part of the body, but he promiseth not any Cure to any, as he is a Sinner, but God cures and he doth his duty.  
He saith that he toucheth none above twice or thrice, and that the first time they find ease and good effect of his touching.  
He was commanded by the College to attend the Tuesday following, which was 8ᵒ Novembris, and was promised to have divers provided by the College for him to touch. He seemed to be very joyful at it, and insisted that they might be of the King's Evil, for that he had cured those that the King had touched, and also some of them under the Surgeon's hands, which could not be cured by them.   

8ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, President, Sir Simon Baskervile, Dr. Ridgley, Dr. Smith, Dr. Argent, The 4 Censors, Dr. Clark.  
This day he retracts that any Virtue goes out of him, but saith he is grown weak by touching, which is as much in effect. He saith he must touch 4 or 5 times before they be cured. He professeth himself at this time to be in good disposition to touch; Whereupon one Richard George, aged about 23 years, and who had complained about 2 years of a tumour in his right knee, was presented to him to be touched. When he saw his knee, he seemed to be discontented, and asked if it were not out of joint; he was answered that it was not. He lamented that the College did not, according to promise, present to him those that were troubled with the Evil; yet in fine he touched this George. He began with these words, I do not promise any Cure, God Cures, God give a blessing, I do but my duty. Then bowing down and laying both his hands a little above the knee, stroking it down, he said to the Patient, You must pray to God to give a blessing to my hands that they may take effect: And so he touched and said, very softly, God bless, I touch, God heals. These words he repeated twice or thrice, still stroking downwards, and then spoke to the Patient with some iterated vehemency to pray to God to give a blessing to his hands. In putting on the Linen to his knee, the Patient touched his own knee with his fingers, whereat he grew into Choler, and said that he had spoiled all, for neither he nor any body else must touch it, nor any Oils nor Ointments nor Plasters must come upon it, and so he touched it twice as before, and repeated the words 6 times again. Then he wiped his hand about the cloth on both sides, and so pinned the Linen about his knee himself, and commanded him not to touch it again till himself should see it. And likewise that the Patient should pray to God for a blessing upon his hand, that his hand might take effect. And further commanded the Patient to drink no small beer but strong, nor wash his hands or face in cold water, but warmed.  
The second Patient was Elizabeth Appleton, aged about years; she was all swelled in the Neck and under the Ears, which is the King's Evil. To which Patient he said as he did to Rich. George the first Patient, only he seemed to cross her Cheek and Neck, where the knots and tumors were.   

10ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, Dr. Gifford, 4 Censors, Dr. Ridgley.  
This day Leverett appeared, who professed that he was indisposed to touch.  
He touched Rich. George and Eliz. Appleton the second time.  
Also judith True, who had a running sore in her breast. Hester Fisher, and Sarah Anderson ulcerated and tumifyed fingers.  
Henry Welch was presented then to him to be touched for a pain in his left hand, from which arose vapours sometimes, which brought him into Convulsion fits; of which Disease Leverett said he had cured some Patients, but he denied to touch the said Welsh, saying that he did not know but there might be some mischief in his hand that might do him harm: Yet at the same time he would have touched one whom he appointed to meet him at the College, that was troubled (as the party said) with Convulsion fits; but the College would not suffer him to be touched in their presence, till it did appear to them that he was really troubled with those Fits.  
His touching of Sores is different from the former tumors; for first he lays his whole hand, and says his charm or words thrice; then he puts constantly the top of his middle finger and repeats his Charm thrice more, and so till he hath done 9 times.  
The binding up is different, for he takes a piece of Cloth and wreaths it into a Circle, than he puts that over the sore, so that the Cloth toucheth it not. And herein he is very curious that it touch not the sore. Then he binds a broader Cloth all over it, and exhorts the Patient to pray to God his hand may take effect.   

14ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, President. 4 Censors.  
This day he touched all that he had touched the 10th. day, and also the foresaid Henry Welch, and likewise one Tho. Scamodye who had a tumour in his foot.  
This day Richard George desired he might be no more touched, for that his Leg and Foot did begin much to swell, which was not swelled before; his knee did not abate in swelling, and his pain there was much greater than it had been 6 months before, but he was persuaded by the College to try further.   

17ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, President, Dr. Argent, 4 Censors.  
This day Welch desired that he might be no more touched by Leverett, for that the said Welch was for 5 hours after Leverett's touching benumbed in his hand and amazed in his head.  
Leverett was expected till after 4 of the Clock, having promised to come with the Messenger.  
Also Sergeant Clowes came this day to the College and brought divers Certificates with him; but the College entreated him to bring the parties themselves the Tuesday following, which was the 21th, which he promised.   

21ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, President, Dr. Argent, Dr. Gifford, 4 Censors, Dr. Harvey, Sir Simon Baskervile, Dr. Cadyman, Dr. Ridgley.  
This day Leverett appeared, and excused his absence on the 17th, saying he was not now disposed to touch. Being asked, Why not himself, as well as his finger? He answered nothing.  
He saith that among his words he never useth the name of Jesus or Jesus Christ; the reason he would not give.  
Mr. Clowes was expected according to promise, but came not. Leverett was (according to his own desire) willed to come the 25th. following, and to bring 6 Patients along with him, whom he said he had heretofore cured.   

25ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, President, 4 Censors, Dr. Cadyman, Dr. Argent, Dr. Smith, Hamey, Goddard, Sheafe.  
William Butts, Messenger, presented Leverett to the College, and Leverett brought divers with him, 3 whereof were examined by those present, as he presented them. The first was Robert Monday, Son of Richard Monday of Chelsey, Waterman, aged about 8 years, for a Sore (as was conceived by the College a Bile) under his left Arme. He saith that he had been Patient to Cook a Surgeon, and was healed by the said Cook; Yet afterwards the sore broke forth again, but not deep: Leverett touched him 4 times, and the party saith, he put a brown paper upon it; Leverett said it was a linen cloth.  
Richard Monday, the Father of the said Robert, aged 37 years, saith that his Child had the sore for one year and a half. He was touched 3 times in less than a months space, but his Wife knew better: He put a cloth on it, Leverett wrapped his Child's hands in a cloth lest he should touch it; It was dried up in a quarter of a years time as it began. Leverett took no money for his Cure.  
Elizabeth Monday, Mother to the said Child, aged 29 years, saith, that her Child was sore about 12 months, it broke of itself; Cook the Surgeon gave her salve, which almost cured it. Then it broke forth again; Leverett touched it 3 times in 9 days, and so it wore away and dried up by degrees betwixt April and Midsummer. Leverett used words in touching.  
The second Patient was Elizabeth may, Daughter to Martin may, aged about 11 years. She saith, that she had the King's Evil in her eyes 7 years, with scales in her face, which hung by Geometry. She learned that word from her Father. Her head likewise broke forth, and was well and ill of itself. Leverett laid his hands only on her eyes and bid her serve God. Leverett touched her 3 times in 9 days, and 3 days intermission between every time. She fell into a looseness before he touched her. She had been with the King 2 years before, and carries the Angel still, but was not well by the King's touching, but within 9 days after Leverett touched her, she was well.  
Martin may, Father of the said Elizabeth, dwelling in Soper-lane, Cook, saith, He was Host to Leverett half a year, and that Leverett touched her many times, but how often he knoweth not.  
The third Patient was Peter Norris, aged 6 years. Leverett saith that he had the King's Evil in his left eye. He saith he hath touched it many times, but the Child saith it is not yet well, and it so appeared unto the College.   

28ᵒ Novembris, 1637.  
Present Dr. Fox, President, 4 Censors, Dr. Argent.  
This day Serjeant Clowes brought with him divers persons which signed the Certificate following.   

Accusations laid to the charge of James Leverett an Impostor and cozener of the King's people, under pretence of being the 7th. Son of a 7th. Son, by curing or healing all manner of Diseases, especially the King's Evil, by way of stroking or touching with his hand, without the using of any Medicines either internal or external.  
HE blasphemously saith when he stroaketh any to cure them, there goeth out of him 
Imprimis,  so much virtue and strength, that he doth not recover it in so many days, to the great dishonour of God.  
2. He scornfully slighteth his majesty's sacred gift of healing (by his blessed hand) that Disease commonly called the King's Evil, in comparison of his cure, to the dishonour of his Majesty amongst his Subjects.  
3. He saith he cannot touch any (to heal them) until he find a disposition to it, by the working of one of his hands, and that hand must not be touched by any hand, except it be to put a Pipe of Tobacco or an Angel into it.  
4. He saith the Sheets wherein he hath lain are a special remedy for many Diseases (especially the rising of the Mother) and that many Lords and Ladies have made suit to lie in them, and to my knowledge they have been tried to no purpose.  
5. He saith that he goeth in fear that the Physicians and Surgeons of London will murder him, and dare scarce drink with any man for fear of poisoning, for which he is the more followed.  
6. He hath contemptuously used his juggling tricks since he was before the Lords of the Council convicted as a Delinquent.  
7. Since great Lords and Ladies and Gentlemen and rich men have fond gone unto him, whereof many of them to my own knowledge are blushingly ashamed, yet if it may appear and be proved by any man, That any man, this man, the 7th. Son, or any Son can do it, I think it not fit that his majesty's Royal Person should be troubled and his health endangered by such unwholesome and noisome people, as many of them be, when it may be done by any other.  
All these things before written have been credibly reported to me by honest men, of very good credit, who have been abused by him, and are ready to testify upon their oath if it shall be required; and I conceive it to be my duty and office to call it to examination, which I leave to your grave and learned considerations.  
And rest at your service, W. Clowes, Sergeant Surgeon to his Majesty.   
THese are to certify whom it may concern, that about 16 or 18 months now past, coming to Leverett with my Child; Leverett used these words in my hearing, to some there present, viz. Do you see this fool? He left me and went to the King for the cure of his Child, but I will now make him stay my leisure before I touch him; and so caused me to stay 2 or 3 days, and then touched my Child 3 times upon 3 several days, which did my Child no manner of good, as I conceive. And further, Leverett would reprove any one sharply that offered to touch his hand, saying that virtue went out of him when he was touched. And when Leverett's hands grew hot and began to sweat, he would say, Now I must go to work. And I further certify that the said Leverett willed me by any means to stop up my Child's issue and take off the Angel, pretending that he the said Leverett would do the cure: which issue I did stop for 3 days, and it was like to have cost my Child's life. Nou. 28. 1637.  
Edward Pate.  
THese are to certify whom it may concern, that James Leverett, by profession a Gardener, hath heretofore undertaken to cure all diseases with the touch of his hand, but more particularly the King's Evil, which he did undertake to cure in my Child, pretending that he would take no money, nor make any bargain: But I did find by the carriage and passage of all his proceedings, that he did intend and expect nothing more than money and profit; for notwithstanding he had sufficient security by the promise of a friend for his satisfaction when he had done his work, yet he would constantly perform nothing in the Cure as was expected, unless he were daily fed with Wine and Tobacco, and other gifts, as also with much entreaty; for his pretence was (in these words) that if he should touch so often, he should feel virtue and strength go from him so much that he could not go up stairs to his bed but upon all four. But I think it was rather Drink and Tobacco that did weaken, than any virtue that could go from such a deceiver; for I can prove that he was so drunk upon a Sunday some 3 or 4 months past, that he was fain of necessity to creep up stairs to his bed upon his hands. And I do think he is a mere Impostor and Cozener of the King's Subjects. Nou. 14. 1637.  
Moreover, I was present when he would not touch a Maid unless she would kiss him, to which she did offer herself.  
Tho. Clowes.  
THese are to certify whom it may concern, that having been in company with james Leverett, I have heard him utter such words as these; How that after he had touched several parties in the day time, he found such a weakness to possess him at night, that he was not able to get up stairs to bed without the help of his hands. And this I will affirm if I should be called to answer upon my Oath.  
Samuel Turner.  
THese are to certify whom it may concern, that james Leverett some months since promised the cure of a Tettar upon my right hand, which he would do by way of touching my hand. I told him I did not believe he could do me any good by that means, the infection being in my Liver. He replied, that he could do by way of touching my breast, and could give me as many stools as the cause required, by the way of touching with his hands. And he often touched my hand and breast, yet did me no good at all, nor had no purging operation. For his pains he received 10 s. To speak truth I do believe this Leverett to be a mere Impostor, and one that daily abuseth his majesty's Subjects.  
Witness my hand the 15th day of Nou. 1637. G.  
THese presents certify whom it may concern, that james Leverett, who named himself so to be, some days since promised the Cure of a sore Breast which my Wife had, and likewise my daughter of the King's Evil by way of touch with his hand, which he made trial of. Notwithstanding which they found no benefit thereby. For which his undertaking he received 20 s. of me. This fellow I believe to be a mere Mountebank and deceiver of his majesty's people.  
Witness my hand the 15th of Nou. 1637. Robert South.  

An exact Note taken the 12th of November, 1637. out of the Register book of the Parish of St. Clement's East-cheap, London, as followeth, viz.  

Samuel Leverett, Butcher, was married to Agnes Whitaker, 13 Febr. 1576. 

His children's names are as followeth,  
1. john Leverett his first Son was baptised the 20th of july, 1577.  
2. Henry Leverett his second Son was baptised the 20th of December, 1579.  
3. William Leverett his third Son was baptised the 20th of january, 1582.  
4. james Leverett his fourth Son was baptised the 19th of September, 1585.  
5. Henry Leverett his fifth Son was baptised the 16th of October, 1586.  
6. Simon Leverett his sixth Son was baptised 16 Feb. 1588.  
7. Anne Leverett daughter of the said Samuel was baptised 17 jan. 1590.     
This Register was searched from the time of his marriage, and before, many years, to the time of his death, who was buried in the said Parish the 8th of May, 1621. and so never had any other wife.  
By me David Morris Clerk of St. Clement's East-cheap. Geo. Brome Officer of the College of Physicians London.   
The humble answer of the Precedent and College of Physicians London to the Lords and others of his majesty's most honourable Privy Council concerning James Leverett of Chelsey Gardiner, aged (as he saith) about 60 years.  
May it please your Lordships,  
THat according to your Honour's order dated the 20th day of October last, we the said Precedent and Fellows of the College of Physicians have called before us the said james Leverett, whom we find by the Certificate annexed, to be the 4th Son of one Simon Leverett late of St. Clement's East-cheap Butcher deceased, and examined him and made trial of him 6 several days according to his own appointment concerning his 3 years and a half practice; for so long he pretends to have had the gift of healing, and forsaken his trade, and lived by means acquired by touching of diseased persons.  
First he saith, that when he began to take upon him to cure he used a bare touching without words, but being told, by a woman (whose name he knoweth not) that came to him to be touched for a pain in her Arm, that God had given him the gift of Healing, he afterwards used words whilst he was touching; but who put those words into his mouth, or the certain time when or where, or to whom he first used those words he will not confess.  
Among many whom he pretends to have cured, he made choice of 3 of them, and brought them and others with him to the College to be examined concerning the Cure he had done upon them; namely, Robert Monday aged 8 years, the son of Richard Monday Waterman, for a sore under his Arm, which 3 months after his touching dried up of itself: Eliz. May aged 11 years for the King's evil in her Eyes; She was cured by a flux of belly which happened before and continued after: and Peter Norris aged 6 years, for the Evil, as is pretended, in the left Eye, which is not yet well, as appear to us, nor bettered by his touching, as the Child said. And likewise Sergeant Clowes brought some others, as their Certificates annexed do show, whom he the said Leverett hath formerly touched, but none of these are bettered by his touching.  
In obedience to your Honour's command, we have presented unto him 6 more, which he touched, for that he desired to touch those, and especially if the King have touched them: and he hath touched those 6 divers times in our presence, according to his own appointed times, without the least contradiction or interruption by us made, to which he promised, if not present cure, yet ease; But we find that some of them immediately upon his first touching grew worse, and desired the College that they might be no more touched by him. Yet to remove all scruple and for the better satisfaction of your Lordships we caused him to touch them again, albeit they were nothing bettered thereby when they last appeared at the College, and therefore we remitted them to those who formerly had them in cure.  
The manner and fashion of his touching is as followeth.  
1. He observeth in his touching to lay his hands in certain forms upon the places affected.  
2. He observeth his own disposition of body or indisposition to touch; for if his hands be cold he will not touch, or if he be ill affected in his body, as he was the 17th of Nou. last, when he absolutely denied to touch any.  
3. He mutters whilst he toucheth a certain number of set words, viz. God give a blessing, I touch, God heals.  
4. He toucheth the parts ill affected a certain number of times, as thrice, thrice and thrice.  
5. He covereth the part himself with a Cloth, first wiping the Cloth on both sides with his hands.  
6. He exhorteth the Patient to call upon God, that his hands may take effect.  
7. He professeth that what he doth is by the special gift and calling of God, and that he doth but his duty in these practices.  
8. In touching he never useth the blessed name of Jesus or Jesus Christ, and denies to give his reason thereof.  
9 After his touching he enjoins, that neither the Patient nor any other touch it till he himself take off the cloth.  
10. In touching of Sores, if the circled cloth do touch the Sore, than his touching is in vain for that time, and he must touch again.  
11. He commandeth the Patient that during the time of his cure no oils, ointments or salve touch the cloth or the part affected.  
12. He commands the Patient to eat the best meat, and to drink strong beer, and to wash his hands and face in warm water, and in no case to touch cold water.  
13. He saith he is the Seventh Son of the Eight his Father had.  
To this superstition he adds first this blasphemy, viz. That upon touching he doth find virtue to go out of him, so as he is weakened more by touching 30 or 40 in a day, than when he digged 8 rods of ground in a day. And it is credibly affirmed to us by a person of good reputation, that the said Leverett hath said, that if he touch a Female, he is much more weakened.  
And lastly he adds scorn and contempt towards those whom the Sacred hand of his Majesty hath touched for the Evil, as appeareth by the Certificate of Mr. Edward Pate.  
We therefore the Precedent and Fellows of the College of Physicians (in contemplation of the premises, since it hath pleased your Lordships by your foresaid Order to command us to deliver our opinions therein) do conceive the said Leverett to be an Impostor and a deceiver of over credulous people, who are heartened in their credulity by an erroneous opinion of some prodigious virtue inherent in a Seventh Son, which yet this Leverett is not. Also we conceive his pretended Cures, with the manner of them, to be full of Superstition and Sorcery, and not to savour of any skill of Physic or Surgery, or the operation of natural causes. All which notwithstanding, we in all humility submit to your Honour's grave wisdoms and considerations, etc.  


Simon Fox,  
john Argent,  
Tho. Winston,  
El. Hodson,  
Otwell Meverell,  
Ric. Spicer.   Censors. Dat. 6. Dec. 1637.  
A Doctor in Physic attempting a project to procure the sole and absolute power, either to Licence, or approve of all the Midwives practising in and about London before their admittance; They presented a Petition to the Precedent and College of Physicians, the Copy of which is the following.  
To the Right Worshipful the Precedent and other Doctors of Physic, Fellows of the College of Physicians within the City of London,  
The humble Petition of divers ancient Midwives in the City of London  
showeth,  
THat through the molestation of a Doctor in Physic by appointing them to meet at his house once every month without authority, and with intention, as they suppose, to bring about a project of his to have the sole Licensing of them or approving of all such as shall hereafter be Licenced, out of an opinion of himself and his own ability in the Art of Midwifery, implying a necessity of using him and no other both in those cases, and in all other occasions that shall happen to women with Child, presuming that he hath more exact skill than all the grave and learned Physicians in the Kingdom in those cases; for he threateneth that he shall not repair unto such Women as are distressed, whose Midwives have refused to conform themselves to him.  
Your Petitioners have been enforced to Petition to his Majesty and the most Reverend the Archbishop of Canterbury his Grace for redress therein: And his Majesty hath most graciously harkened unto the complaint, and referred the same unto the Lord of Canterbury and Bishop of London, in whose Jurisdictions and by whose authority they are and have been always licenced, to call the said Doctor before them, and to take such course therein as shall befit.  
And whereas they conceive the said Doctor hath erred and been short in his respect unto this grave and learned Society in such his peremptory assumption of skill beyond them in all cases concerning Women with Child; And that as they are informed other practisers in Midwifery have been examined upon the like occasion by command from King james of ever blessed memory, in the very business and Art of Midwifery;  
They humbly desire your Worships to take the same now into consideration, and so far to respect your Petitioners in this their humble and just complaint, as to give them Certificate unto those Reverend Prelates that there is no such necessity of depending upon the said Doctor more than upon any other Physicians whom these Petitioners do desire to be free and at liberty to make use of in all occasions requisite for their advice and help as well as of the said Doctor, who for aught as they can discern by his carriage would monopolise the whole practice among Childbearing Women, being a young man, to the disparagement of all other Physicians and the enslaving of your Petitioners.  
To this Petition the College returned the following answer, which was delivered by the Midwives to the most Reverend the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Right Reverend the Bishop of London.  
May it please your Lordships,  
UPon consideration taken of this Petition hereunto annexed, presented unto the Precedent and College of Physicians by the Midwives, We the College of Physicians conceiving the said complaint to be grounded upon just grievance, and to conduce to a general good, in the timely prevention of so growing an inconvenience, Have particularly informed ourselves concerning the said business, and do certify that the like project was formerly attempted by another, which is now intended by the Doctor, and therefore was referred by K. james of blessed memory to the Lords of the Council, and by their Lordships to the College of Physicians to certify their opinions thereof; who upon mature deliberation made report to their Lordships of the unfitness of the said proposition, there being no such custom ever used either here or in any other Kingdom. Whereupon the same was rejected and died. And whereas we understand that the said Doctor doth ground his complaint upon the insufficiency of Midwives, whom he would undertake to teach, though licenced by your Lordship's Officers, whom we do believe to be as careful in admitting of Midwives as they are in other Kingdoms; Only we are informed that divers do practise without Licence, and some are Deputies to others, through whom we probably conceive some abuses to grow, because their abilities and honesty of lives and conversations are not testified upon oath as others are who are licenced. But for adding sufficiency to them by the Doctour's instruction, he is not otherwise able to instruct them than any other the meanest Fellow of our College, unless he understand it by the use of Iron instruments, which Physicians and Surgeons may practise if they please; and some do and have done with as good success and dexterity as himself, and therefore there is no necessity of a sole dependence upon him. And it being true that is reported by the Midwives, the Doctor doth often refuse to come to the poor, they being not able to pay him according to his demands; and for the rich he denies them his help until he hath first bargained for great rewards; which besides that they are in themselves dishonest, covetous, and unconscionable courses, they are also contrary to the Laws and Statutes of our College, to which by Oath he is bound. We therefore for this and other reasons we can allege, conceive his suit to be unreasonable and inconvenient. And so do humbly leave the same to your Lordship's grave judgements, unto whom his Majesty referred the consideration thereof.  
Mr. Shambrooke, one of the Wardens of the Apothecaries, presented 2. Apprentices to be examined. He was asked whether they had been examined and approved by their Company. He answered, they had not. Whereupon Mr. President gave him to understand that the College would not hereafter examine any of their Apprentices, except they were first examined and approved by their own Officers; for so and no otherwise the College had decreed to proceed in that business.  
Mary-Peak was complained of for undertaking the cure of one Major's daughter, for which she had 20 l. and 10 s. per week for diet. Yet was she so far from curing her, that she had left her in a worse condition than when she undertook her Cure. She was by the Censors fined 10 l. for her foolish and desperate practising Physic. Her imprisonment was remitted for some considerations, provided she gave security for the payment of her Fine within 26 days.  
Mr. Shepherd appeared before the Precedent and Censors upon summons, he was rebuked for his practising upon Madmen without calling any Physician to the cure according to the tenor of his permission granted him by the College and his own promise. Upon some excuses made by him, his submission to the College Censure, with fresh promises of better conformity hereafter, he was dismissed.  
Physicians of the College of London are bound to write the day of the month and the year of our Lord upon their Bills or prescripts, and to subscribe their proper names thereto, and the Apothecaries should not make any such medicine, as is not so noted and subscribed; except they know the hand to be the hand-writing of some one of the Physicians of the College of London, or that such Apothecaries with their own hands do first date such bills, and note down the names of the Physicians so directing them.  
Christopher Barton, Weaver, was accused for practising the Art of Physic unskilfully and to the hurt of many. One charged him for taking money to cure an old Cough, for which he gave him only white Wine and Sugar, which profited him nothing. Another complained that she had given him money to cure her, but was nothing the better. Upon these complaints he was left to the Messenger till the next Censors day; when appearing, 4 persons more brought fresh accusations against him for his illegal and ill practice. This Barton affirmed of himself, that his Cures were by virtue of his hand, and not by the drinks and liquours he gave. This he understood by his mother, who wished him, having a scald head, to struck his head with his own hand, whereby he was cured. And therefore sometimes he used only his hand, sometimes he gave Wine, whereinto he dipped his finger, that the people might have somewhat to take, but the virtue came from his hand. Barton was censured to pay 20 l. and to remain a prisoner in Woodstreet Compter till released by the Precedent, where he continued till the 19th of October following, never having all that time petitioned the College for his liberty: And then by virtue of a Writ of Habeas Corpus which he had sued forth of the King's Bench, he was carried with his cause to the King's Bench Bar at Westminster. The Copy of which Warrant and the Return thereof, here immediately ensue.  

NOs Johannes Warner & Thomas adam's Vic' Civitat ' London, Serenissimo Domino Regi in 
London. ss.  brevi huic schedul' annex' nominat' ad diem & locum in eodem brevi content' Certificamus, quod ante adventum nobis praedict' brevis, scil' duodecimo die Septembris Anno regni dicti domini Regis nunc Anglie, etc. decimo quinto, Christoferus Barton in dicto brev' nominat' commissus fuit Prisone dom' Regis scil' Computator' scituat' in Woodstreet London praedict' & in eadem Prisona sub custodia Isaaci Pennington & Johannis Woollaston tunc vic' Civitat ' praedict' & in eorum exit' ab officio suo sub custodia nostra detent' virtute cujusdam Warranti Otwelli Meverell, Laurentii Wright, Edmundi Smith & Willielmi Goddard in Medicinis Doctor & Censor' Collegii Medicor' in London sub sigillo communi Collegii Medicor ' London praedict' custodi praedict' Computatorii London praedict' vel ejus deputat' direct' Cujus quidem Warranti tenor sequitur in hec verba.  
ss. We Otwell Meverell, Laurence Wright, Edmund Smith and William Goddard Doctors in Physic and Censors of the 
A Copy of the Censors Warrant for the commitment of Empirics to prison.  College of Physicians in London, being chosen by the Precedent and College of Physicians aforesaid to govern and punish for this present year all offenders in the faculty of Physic within the City of London and the Suburbs thereof, and seven miles' compass of the said City, according to the authority in that behalf to us duly given by certain Letters Patents under the great Seal of England made and granted to the said College and Commonalty by the late King of famous memory King Henry the Eighth bearing date the 23th day of September in the Tenth year of his Reign, And one Act of Parliament made in the 14th year of the said late King Henry the Eighth concerning Physicians, Whereby the Letters Patents aforesaid and every thing therein are granted and confirmed: And by virtue of the said Act of Parliament and Letters Patents aforesaid and one other Act of Parliament made in the first year of the Reign of our late Sovereign Lady Queen Mary entitled An Act touching the Corporation of Physicians in London, did cause to be brought before us the sixth day of this instant September at our College house in Pater noster Rowe in London one Christofer Barton; and we have examined the said Christofer Barton, and upon his examination and other due proofs we have found that the said Christofer Barton hath unskilfully practised the Art of Physic within the City of London and Precinct aforesaid upon the bodies of Richard Ballady of Aldermary Parish London, Michael Knight of St. Buttolph's Parish Aldgate London, and the child of one jane Bigge and some others in the month of january in the year 1638. contrary to the Laws in that behalf made and provided; whereupon we have imposed upon the said Christofer Barton a fine of 20 l. for his evil practice in Physic aforesaid; and we have also for the same cause sent you the body of the said Christofer Barton, Willing and requiring you in the King's Majesty's name to receive and keep him in safe custody as Prisoner, there to remain at his own costs and charges without bail or mainprize until he shall be discharged of his said imprisonment by the Precedent of the said College, and by such persons as by the said College shall be thereunto authorised according to the Statute in that behalf made, And this our Warrant shallbe your discharge.  
Given at the said College the eleventh day of September in the 15th year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King Charles. 

Otwell Meverell,  
Law. Wright,  
Edm. Smith,  
William Goddard.     

To the Keeper of Woodstreet Compter London or his Deputy.  
To Mr. John Penyall one of the Messengers of his majesty's Chamber in Ordinary to execute this Warrant▪  
ET hec est causa acceptionis & detentionis praefati Christoferi Barton in Prisona praedict' sub custodia nostra. Corpus cujus quidem Christoferi coram praefat' domino Rege apud Westm' parat' habemus.  
Being at the Bar the said 19th of October, for that the Lord Chief Justice Sir john Brampston was not present, the other Judges present would not accept of bail, which the said Barton tendered; but suspended the matter until Tuesday the 12th of October following. Barton for that time was returned back, and coming to the Bar again on the said Tuesday with his Council and Bail, the Lord Brampston being then present, my Lord demanded the return of the Warrant which was neglected by the Clerks of the Court, and left in the Crown Office in the Temple; so my Lord would not proceed, but respited the cause until Thursday the 24th of October following, when all parties appearing with Council on both sides, the Warrant and Return was read and the Cause debated, and there the Court plainly declared that he should not be Bailed, it being against the Law, and the Letter of the Warrant grounded upon the Statutes. Then it was desired by Barton's Council, that he might go over to the King's Bench, which also was denied, because he was committed originally to the Compter, and willed if he would have liberty, to submit to the College and make his peace there. Barton being in custody of the Sergeant that carried him up to the Bar exhibited his humble Petition to the Precedent and Censors the 25 of October signed with his own hand, for abatement of part of his fine and for his enlargement, submitting in all things unto them. Whereupon the Precedent and Dr. Meverell one of the Censors were contented to abate the half of his fine of 20 l. and to accept of 10 l. the one half to be paid in hand, which was paid, and the other half at our Lady day next. And so upon the 29th of October signed his discharge and set him at liberty, he being put again before his enlargement into the said Prison.  
Mr. Precedent gave order, that upon the commitment of any Offender, the name of the Constable or other Officer to whom the delinquent was delivered, should be registered.  
john Hunt was presented for setting up Bills for the Cure of several diseases. He was pardoned conditionally, that he set up no more, neither practised for the future.  
Dr. Gerard Boet was accused and confessed that he gave Physic to one Mrs. Stone sick of a Pleurifie; being examined by the Censors as to his practice, he was condemned by them of ill practice, fined 10 l. and sent to the Compter in Woodstreet.  
Mr. Phige, Apothecary, was charged by Mr. Tho. Canby for giving a Clyster, several Papers of Powder, and letting blood one Mr. Robert Canby, who was sick of a Dropsy. Phige refused to give any other answer to the Censors, than that if he had offended the Laws, he was willing to satisfy them. Robert Canby exhibited a note, particularly expressing the said Phige his practice upon him, signed with his own hand. The Contents whereof he likewise attested to be true to the Censors. Wherefore the practice of the said Phige was censured in the following words.  
The Censors of the College of Physicians London at Mr. Robert Canby his request have taken into consideration the practice of Mr. Phige Apothecary used on the body of the said Mr. Canby, and gi●e their judgement, That the practice of the said Phige was altogether unwarrantable, dangerous and prejudicial to the health of the said Mr. Canby, and the administration of his Medicines they censure evil and undue. Subscribed, 

John Clerk,  
William Goddard,  
Edmund Smith,  
John Bathurst.    
Mr. Philip's, Distiller of Waters and Spirits, being accused of practice, because he sold those Waters with notes how to use them, promised that hereafter he would give no more directions.  
Dr. Whitaker, being summoned before the Censors, was asked by what authority he practised Physic; he replied that he had taken a degree at Leyden and was incorporated at Cambridge: He behaved himself very rudely and insolently; Wherefore Orders were forthwith given by the Censors for his prosecution at Law.  
Andrew Kipping, Surgeon, confessed that he had practised Physic in London for 12 months: He pleaded Letters testimonial given him by the Precedent and Elects. He was admonished by the Precedent and Censors that for the future he should abstain from all practice. Yet being after guilty of illegal practice, proved against him, order was given for his prosecution at Law the next Michaelmas Term.  
james Oyston, Master of Arts in Edinburgh, appeared before the Precedent and Censors, and produced Letters Patents from the Most Reverend the Archbishop of York, and from the Right Reverend the Bishop of Durham, whereby they had granted him a Licence of practising both Physic and Surgery: But being now satisfied, that by the Laws of the Kingdom, those Licences were invalid, He desired to pass the examination of the College, that he might carry their Letters Testimonial into the Country with him. His request was granted, he examined, and Letters Testimonial given him, drawn up after the ordinary form.   
FINIS.   

THE INDEX.  

A.  
ANatomy, Liberty granted the College by Q. Eliz. Charter to take yearly 4 Bodies in London, Middlesex, or in any County within 16 miles, p. 35, 36. Liberty granted them by K. James his Charter to take 6 Bodies yearly, for Anatomies in London, Middlesex, or Surrey, 113.  
Antimonial Cup, Several killed by the use of it, p. 442, 443.  
Apothecaries, the principal heads of their Charter: They and the Grocers made one Corporation 4 Jac. p. 119. The grounds for their obtaining this new Charter, 119, 120. By what Physicians it was approved, 120. The Apothecaries separate from the Company of Grocers and made one Incorporation, 120, 121, 123, 124. Subject to the Magistracy of the City as well as other, 121. The persons first incorporated, 122, 123. They were incorporated by the name of the Master, Wardens, etc. and made a Body politic, 126. Capable to purchase or sell lands, 126, 142. To have a Common Seal, 127. To sue and be sued, ibid. Power to choose a Master, two Wardens and 21 Assistants, 128. To have an Hall, ibid. To keep Courts, ibid. To consult about Statutes, Laws, Articles, etc. ibid. The Master, Wardens, etc. being 13 in number to make Laws for the government of the Society, 129. In all their Orders concerning Medicines, to advise with the Precedent and four Censors of the College of Physicians, 130. To punish by Fines and Amerciaments to the use of the Master, etc. without giving account 131. Their Fines to be moderate and not contrary to Law, ibid. Their first Master, Wardens and Assistants, 131. 132. To take an Oath before the Attorney General, etc. 132. The Master and Wardens to be sworn before the Assistants, ibid. Power granted to the Assistants to choose a Master and Wardens, 133. To choose others in case of death or removal, 134. To choose new Assistants and swear them, 135. To administer the Oath to the Master, Wardens, etc. ibid. No Grocer to keep an Apothecary's shop, under the penalty of 5 l. per mens. 136. No Apprentice to be made free unless allowed by the Precedent, or some Physician or Physicians deputed by him; who is or are to be present at his examination by the Master and Wardens, 137, 138. Power to enter Shops and Houses to search and try Medicines, and to burn all unwholesome and hurtful Medicines, 139, 140. Officers to be assistant to the Master, Wardens, etc. in their search, 140, 141. Power to buy and sell Drugs, etc. 141. To choose a Clerk who is also to be sworn, 143. To choose a Beadle and to give him his Oath, 144. A saving of the power of the Precedent and College of Physicians and their authority, ibid. The College to have the same power in their searches, to call the Master and Wardens of the Apothecary's Company as of the Grocers, 145. What Medicines Surgeons may have for their own use, ibid.  
Their wares, Drugs and Stuffs to be searched by the Censors, and burnt, if found faulty, 18, 19, 33, 49, 311, 438. The forfeiture of an Apothecary refusing this search, 19, 33. The forfeiture of such as being elect, refuse to be sworn or to make search, 19 Magistrates shall assist Physicians in this their search, 33. They are not to divulge the names of Medicines, nor deliver Physicians Bills, 310. They should expose their Ingredients to open view upon making a dispensation of Medicines, 311. No poisonous or venomous Drugg to be sold by them without noting the name of the Buyer and time of buying, unless there be a bill sent from some learned Physician for their discharge, 312, 436. Required by a Warrant from K. James his Council to deliver the bills of all illegal Practisers to the Precedent and Censors, 382. Not to compound or administer Medicines without prescription, 437. In all their bills there should be entered the Patient's name, the day of the month and year, 344, 345, 466. Censured for falsifying bills, 439, 440. little advantaged by taking Degrees in Physic, 443, 444. Interdicted practice, 310, 364, 440. required to give bond not to practise, 354. discommuned, 375, 438, 440, 443. Certificates given by the Censors against practising Apothecaries, 427, 471. Sued for practice, 415, 416, 417, 418. Fined, or fined and imprisoned for the same, 333, 340, 351, 354, 364, 375, 403, 406, 407. Their Apprentices not to be examined but at the College, 439. Refused examination, when not first examined by their own Company, 466.  
Arms, Collegiates discharged from bearing or providing Arms, 58, 115, 282, 323, 378.   

C.  
Cambridge, Dr. Winterton, Professor of Physic there, refused to give Licences to some, and incorporation to a Leyden Dr. and why, 443, 444. He resolved against giving any Licences without keeping an Act, 444.  
Cases reported, Dr. Bonham's by Coke, p. 178. by Brownlow, 202. Butler's by Jones, 221. Croke, 225. Littleton, 229. Huybert's  267. Needham's  273.  
Censors, They are yearly to be chosen: out of whom, and by whom, 9, 70, 75. Their office and power to examine persons and medicines, 9, 44, 49, 88 Their power to search Apothecaries shops, and to burn or destroy corrupt or defective medicines, 18, 19, 33, 49, 92, 305, 308. To punish for making bad medicines, or not according to Physicians prescriptions, 49, 50, 51, 95. To summon Apothecaries, etc. to testify against illegal practisers, and to punish them upon refusal, 47, 48, 50, 90, 91, 93, 94. To supervise practisers, and to summon, censure or punish any of them offending, 44, 45, 86, 87. To impose fines, 9, 32, 44, 46, 50, 51, 84, 89, 91, 94, 95, 279, 280. To imprison, 9, 31, 32, 44, 46, 50, 84, 89, 95, 111, 112, 279, 280, 343, 344. In what cases they have power to fine and imprison, and in what not, 188, 189, 195, 207, 215, 216, 217, 279, 280. How the first of Q. Mary hath enlarged their power, 198. Several things to be observed for their better direction, 200, 219. They may commit to prison upon refusing examination; if an ordinance of the College be made to that purpose, 280, 281. No Action of false imprisonment can lie against them for committing for unskilful or temerarious practice, 281. They may sue for two years' practice, 419. The form of a Censors Warrant to imprison, 467, 468. To discharge from prison, 351. They are sworn duly to execute their Office, 80. They are to take the Oaths of Obedience and Supremacy, ibid. They may be removed, and for what causes, 76, 78.  
Charter of H. 8. why granted, p. 6, 7. recited in other Charters and in trials with Empirics, 38, 39, 62, 63, 148, 164.  
Charter of Q. Elizabeth, 35.  
Charter of K. James, why granted, 40. The King promised to consent to a bill in Parliament for confirmation thereof, 59  
Charter of our present Sovereign K. Charles 2. why granted, and at whose humble petition, 66, 67. The King promised to consent to a bill in Parliament for confirmation thereof, 116.  
Charter of K. James to the Apothecaries, 119.  
College of Physicians, why and when made a Body Corporate within London and 7 miles thereof, p. 6, 7, 10, 11, 37, 38, 62, 148. They shall have perpetual succession and a common Seal, 8, 68, 69. They shall be of ability to purchase lands, 8, 57, 68, 114. They may sue and be sued, 8, 42, 68, 107. They may make lawful Assemblies and Ordinances for Government, 8, 53, 54, 83. None shall practise Physic in London or 7 miles, unless he be admitted by the College, 8, 9, 85. Not to be summoned on juries, and to be exempted from watch and ward and all Parish Offices, 10, 17, 18, 115. To have a Hall, 53, 82. To have a Register, 55, 109. To appoint other Officers and to give them an Oath, 56, 110. To remove them upon just cause, 56, 110. Power to take Recognizances to the King, 57, 110, 111. The King's moiety given to the College, 43, 106. All fines given to the College, 51, 52, 106. 6l. per an. to be paid into the Exchequer for and in respect of the King's moiety and fines, etc. 60, 108. The College hath power to remove any of the Elects, Censors or Fellows, and why, 56, 78. Not less than 15 can make a College, 83. Any of the Physicians in London may practise Surgery, 20. Power to punish by fine or imprisonment, 84.  
Their Charter confirmed by Acts of Parliament, Royal Patents and adjudged Cases, 11, 31, 35, 39, 40, 41, 64, 115, 116, 152, 159, 163, 164, 169, 172, 180, 197, 205, 215, 221, 229, 230, 245, 250, 276. All fines except 10 l. and 5 l. per mens. to go to the poor, charges first deducted, 107, 108.  
Copies of several of their Declarations agianst Empirics and illegal practisers, 147, 164, 178, 202, 261. Their Declaration may be in the name of the Precedent and not of the College, and yet good, 223, 225, 251, 256. They may either bring their Action, or exhibit an Information, 217, 229. This information may lie in any of the King's Courts of Westminster notwithstanding the Statute of the 21 K. Jac. c. 4. 233, 234, 243, 256.  
The College may imprison for breach of private Statutes, and impose reasonable fines thereupon, and continue Delinquents in prison till paid, 279.  
They may take a reasonable Sum upon admissions, 279.  
A Letter writ by them against the admission of Dr. Saul to be the Queen's Physician, 357.  
Their opinion required about the death of a Noble Lady, 381. About a Patent to be granted for the cure of Ruptures, 395. About a person suspected to be poisoned, 428. Concerning one pretending great cures as being the seventh Son, 446, 447, etc.   

E.  
Elects. Eight appointed by Act of Parliament, p. 11. Their power what, 11, 12. Ten appointed by the last Charter, 70. their names, 71. They may be removed and why, 77, 78. They should take the Oaths of Obedience and Supremacy, 80.  
Elections. They are duly to be made, 72. Each Fellow hath his single voice, 79. Where voices are even, a casting voice is allowed the Precedent, ibid.  
Empirics. Their several pleas, 154, 222, 265.  
Butler's plea for practice was the 34, 35 H. 8. c. 8. p. 222, 226, 229. The College's Answer, 222, 226, 229. Butler demurs and why, 222, 226, 230. Errors assigned by him, 222, 223, 225. judgement given against him, 222, 223, 224, 228, 259. How Butler exceeded the licence of the 34, 35 H. 8. p. 234.  
Gardiner's plea the same, 154, 156. The President's reply, 157. He pleads the insufficiency of that answer, 158.  
The Precedent defends it, ibid. A judgement given against Gardiner, by the Court of King's Bench upon the Charter of 10 H 8. and the Statutes confirming it, 159. He moves for an arrest of judgement and why, 161, 162, 163. The Court upon hearing the Record, adjudged for the College, 163.  
Huybert. The College's Declaration against him, 261, 267. His plea, viz. that the 14, 15 H. 8. was no Statute, 265, 267. The College's reply, 265. The Record of the 14, 15 H. 8. brought out of Chancery to the Court of King's Bench by Mittimus, 267. Huybert's Council objected that this was no Act of Parliament, wanting the Royal Assent, 267. The Court replied and showed the different method of passing Acts of Parliament with the difference betwixt Statute Rolls and Rolls of Parliament, 268. The Royal Assent not entered till after H. 5. in the Statute Rolls, ibid. The Record brought by the College was not a Transcript of the bill upon which the Answer of the King was written, but a Transcript of the Entry which was made upon the Statute Roll; upon which it is not necessary that the Royal Assent should be entered, and why, 269. The 14, 15 H. 8. appears by the Record certified to be a good Act of Parliament, 270. The Royal Assent was entered at the end of that Session, 271. If the Certificate be false, the Defendant may bring his Action against the Clerk of Parliament or the Clerk in Chancery, 271. The court of King's Bench cannot cause the Parliament Rolls themselves to be brought into Court, ibid. The second objection made by Huybert's Council was; That the Issue was, whether there was such a Record, and that is to be tried by the Record itself; now here the tenor of the Record was only certified and not the Record itself, ibid. The Court answered, that upon the Issue of Nul tiel Record, a Certificate of the tenor was sufficient to prove the Issue, 272, 273. judgement entered for the College against Huybert, 273.  
Needham. The College declares against him upon an Action of Debt 273. His plea double, 273, 274. The College demurred and why, 274. judgement entered against him, ibid.  
Empirics how described in the 3 H. 8. p. 1, 2. not known to the Law, neither can they have action, 252. One set in the Pillory, 306. Another set on Horseback with his face to the Horse-tail, the same tail in his hand as a bridle, with a collar of Iordans about his neck, ibid. The Precedent and College bound by solemn Oath and conscience to prosecute them, 318, 321, 325, 328, 330, 352, 353, 387, 412. A warrant sent from K. James his Council to the Magistrates of London for their Attachment, 370. The King's Letter to the Precedent and Censors, requiring them to put the Laws in execution against Empirics, 372. the King's Letter directed to the Lord Mayor, aldermans and justices of London, requiring them to assist the Precedent and Censors in suppressing Empirics and illegal Practisers, 374. Keepers of Prisons prosecuted for suffering any of them to make their escape, 329, 361, 403, 421. they ought not to practise Physic in prison, 314. they cannot be bailed, 344, 345, 469, 470. How the College proceeded against them when they procured protections, 338, 339, 352, 355, 391, 423, 424. They were summoned to appear upon penalty, 354, 355, 369. punished for exposing bills, purging diet-drinks, purging confections, or tables of the virtue of their Medicines, 333, 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 442, 470, 471. Several of them examined and rejected, 315, 323, 324, 326, 331, 334, 337, 342, 364, 368. their dangerous and evil practice, 315, 323, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 351, 355, 357, 365, 367, 368, 389, 391, 392, 402, 421, 425, 441. their unconscionable dealings, 335, 352, 366, 369, 391, 394, 397, 419, 420, 439, 445, 446. their egregious ignorance and knavery, 322, 326, 330, 334, 337, 354, 355, 384, 385, 390, 395, 399, 400, 404, 405, 421, 445, 446, 467. Interdicted practice, 322, 323, 333, 337, 346, 347, 356, 364, 368, 384, 389, 394, 395, 405, 422. Required to give bonds not to practise, 314, 315, 316, 319, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 332, 333, 334, 342, 347, 349, 355, 368, 375, 386, 387, 401, 420. Letters testimonial granted against them, 332, 392, 403, 442. Some of them fined, others fined and committed to prison, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 333, 334, 337, 338, 341, 342, 349, 352, 354, 356, 357, 365, 369, 384, 385, 387, 388, 391, 401, 404, 413, 420, 422, 439, 446, 466, 467. Sued or prosecuted by the College, 147, 161, 162, 221, 225, 229, 259, 261, 273, 275, 305, 308, 310, 313, 314, 319, 339, 356, 387, 388, 391, 393, 394, 421. they may be sued for 2 years' practice, 419. Country Empirics sued or prosecuted by the College, 309, 310, 313, 314. What the Common Law against Empirics was before Acts of Parliament were made against them, 251.   

F.  
Fellows of the College. Forty constituted by the last Patent, 70. the names of them, 40. they were to continue for life, if not removed for cause, 71. How to be chosen, 77. Power to amove any of them, 78. they are to be sworn duly to execute, 80. to take the Oaths of Obedience and Supremacy, ibid.  
Fines. All fines, forfeitures and amerciaments to be approved by the next College Court, and registered, before any levy is made, etc. the 10 l. and 5 l. excepted, 100, 101. An appeal may be made to Visitors appointed by the King within one month after the fine is approved, 101, 102. These Visitors are to receive and determine appeals, etc. 102, 103, 104, 105, 106.   

H.  
Hospital of Christ Church. No Physician should be chosen into that Foundation, but one approved by the College, 418.   

L.  
Licence. A Licence from the Elects will not justice practice in London, 362, 471. The Bishop's licence cannot do it, 471, 472. the College's licence not to be allowed to those who have been in Holy Orders, 376, 401, 443. Their obtaining a Licence is a general detriment, 443, 444.   

M.  
Midwives. A Petition presented by them to the College, 463. The College's Answer to their Petition, which was by them delivered to the Archbishop, 465.   

O.  
Oaths of Obedience and Supremacy to be taken by the Precedent, Fellows and Officers of the College, 80. Power given to the Elects or to any two of them to administer these Oaths to the Precedent, 81. The Precedent to administer them to the Fellows and all Officers, 82.   

P.  
Physicians. By whom to be allowed for City and Country, 2, 3, 8, 12. All Physicians practising in the several Dioceses out of London (Graduates excepted) must be examined by the Precedent and 3 of the Elects, 12. they are to be licenced by the Precedent and Elects, or any four of them, 96. they are first to be examined, and if able, to be approved by Letters testimonial under the hands of the Elects, 97. Power given to the Precedent and Elects to summon, examine and give testimonials and to reject unfit persons, 97. None are to practise in the Country till they be licenced under pain of 5 l. per mens. and how to be recovered, 98. None to practise in London or within 7 miles of the same, without licence under their Seal, 8, 9, 343, 344, 345.  
Practise of Physic, what is to be esteemed such, 281.  
Precedent of the College, His office and duty, 7, 8. Power allowed him to make a Vice-President, 74, 75. He is to be sworn duly to execute his office, 80. to take the Oaths of obedience and Supremacy, ibid. to administer them to the Fellows and all College Officers, 80, 81, 82.   

R.  
Register made by Patent, 55, 109. He is to be sworn for the true performance of his Office, 56, 110.   

S.  
Seventh Son. The cheats of one who pretended himself a Seventh Son, with an Historical account of the College's proceedings with him, 446, 447, etc.  
Statutes or Acts of Parliament, how to be expounded, 247, 248. The difference betwixt Statute Rolls and Rolls of Parliament, 268. By whom Statutes were formerly drawn up, 268, 269.  
Statutes relating to Physic or Surgery. 3 H. 8. c. 11. p. 1. 5. H. 8. c. 6. 3. 14, 15 H. 8. c. 5. 5. 32 H. 8. c. 40. 17. 32 H. 8. c. 42. 20. 34, 35 H. 8. c. 8. 28. 1 Q. M. Ses. 2. c. 9 30.  
The 3 H. 8. repealed in effect by the 14, 15 H. 8. 185. repealed by the 34 H. 8. 230, 231. Its imperfections, 252.  
The 14, 15. H. 8. Thirty six Acts passed in the same Session of Parliament when this was made, 16. confirmed by the first of Q. Marry, 229. It repeals the 3 H. 8. in 3 main points, 238. not restrained by the 34, 35 H. 8. 253, 254, 258.  
The 34, 35 H. 8. whether repealed or not, is disputable, 227, 230, 236, 238, 250. This Act extends only to Surgeons, 235, 258. It gives liberty only to those who practise for Piety and Charity, excluding all that take money or gain, 258.  
Surgeons. By whom to be allowed for City and Country, 2, 3. Exempt from being Constables, bearing Armour, keeping Watch and Ward, etc. 3, 4, 5. The Authority and liberty of Barbers and Surgeons being made of one Company, 21. By whom and when the Barbers of London were incorporated, ibid. The benefits like to ensue by joining the Barbers and Surgeons into one Company, 22. The Barbers and Surgeons made one Company and incorporated, ibid. The Barbers and Surgeons in London exempt from bearing of Arms or being in Watches or Inquests, 24. Surgeon's may yearly take 4 condemned persons for Anatomies, ibid. No Barber in London shall use Surgery, 25. No Surgeon in London shall use the craft of Shaving, 26. Every Surgeon in London shall have a Sign at his door, ibid. None shall be a Barber in London but a Freeman of the Company, ibid. Four Wardens shall be chosen, and their authority, ibid. The forfeiture of offenders, 27. Any person may keep a Barber or Surgeon as his servant, ibid. Any person being no common Surgeon may minister outward medicines, 28. By what means the Surgeons of London have abused the Statute of the 3 H. 8. c. 11. for their own gain, ibid. It shall be lawful for any person to cure outward Sores, notwithstanding the Statute of 3 H. 8. c. 11. 29.  
A Letter sent to the Surgeons from the College, requiring them to abstain from the practice of Physic, 340. They are not to give inward medicines, 315, 316, 343, 344. Their endeavours to procure Letters Patents and an Act of Parliament to prescribe inward medicines in Wounds, Vlcors and French Pox, 359, etc. The College's resentment thereof, 361. A second attempt of theirs to procure Licence to administer Physic in all cases Chirurgical, 406. Interdicted practice, 348, 363, 367, 422. Required to give bond not to practise, 332, 341, 368, 423. Discommuned, 425. Fined, or Fined and imprisoned by the Censors, 315, 319, 331, 332, 333, 340, 341, 348, 349, 355, 365, 367, 375, 384, 395, 413, 422, 438, 446.   

T.  
Trials of the College against Empirics, & è contrà. Versus Gardiner, pag. 147.  Versus Dr. Bonham, 164.  Dr. Bonham versus the College, 178, 220.  versus Butler, 221.  Butler versus the College, 225.  versus Butler, 229.  versus Bug, 259.  versus Huybert, 261.  versus Needham, 273.  Trials of the College against Empirics, etc. Versus Bourne, 275. Harder, Merry, Stone.   

U.  
Universities. Dr. Bonham's case; The College's Declaration against him for practising Physic in London without licence, 164. Dr. Bonham's Plea, 171. The President's reply, viz. that his plea was invalid, 175. Dr. Bonham justifies it, ibid. judgement given by the Court of King's Bench for the College against Dr. Bonham, 177. He brings an Action of false imprisonment against the College, 178, 202. The College's Plea, ibid. Bonham's reply, 183, 203. The College demurs, and why, 184. The judges divided in their opinions, 184, 186, 209. Why judgement was entered for Dr. Bonham, 188, 189, 196, 201, 220.  
Their Privileges secured in the 3 H. 8. p. 3. They may not practise in London, etc. 184, 185, 204, 211, 212, 277, 335, 336, 364. Summoned to give an account of medicines prescribed in London, 377. Why they are subject to the examination, correction and government of the College, 278. Some of them rejected upon examination, 315, 348, 350, 362, 376. Interdicted practice, 334, 350, 364, 366, 377, 383, 409, 419. gave bond not to practise, 347, 349. Sued or 〈◊〉 by the College, 164, 178, 202, 314, 335, 350, 351, 366, 367, 376, 418, 419, 471. Fined, or fined and imprisoned, 334, 348, 350, 362, 363, 366, 376, 407, 409, 438, 47●.   
THE END.