IMPRIMATUR,  
November 7. 1663. Roger L'Strange.   

Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae, OR THE LATIN APPRENTICE MADE FREEMAN; Wherein are Discussed the Difficulties which do Encumber those who have to Translate the English Particles, Moods, and Tenses, according to the Latin Idiom, or to make the Reduction of Verbs, and Participles, from Actives to Passives, from Personals to Impersonals, from Finits to Infinits, or Contrariwise;  
To these are Subjoined the Differences and Proprieties of Latin Particles, such as, Suus, Sui, Ipse, Quidam, Quispiam, etc. And an Alphabetical Catalogue of Verbs, which under one Signification will have divers Regiments and Constructions.  
In the Last Place followeth (as an Epiphonema) most Useful and Methodical Rules of Composing.  Ovid. 
Principiis obsta, serò Medicina paratur  
Cum mala per longas invaluere moras.  
Published for the Instruction of Youth, By Alex. Gordon, Gent.  
LONDON, Printed by T. M. For Mathias Walker, at the Sign of the three Hearts, at the West end of St. Paul's, 1664.   modern bookplate  

FOR THE Right Honourable, HENRY HOWARD Esquire, Eldest Son of the Right Honourable Henry Howard Esquire, and Heir Apparent to his Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Premier Duke, Premier Earl, and Premier Baron of England, and First of the HOWARDS.  
Most Honoured SIR,  
I Hope I shall not need a further Apology for this Presumption, then to let Your Honour understand, that I have been known a Servant to Your most Illustrious Family, and have been Dignified with the Quality of Conductor (As Tutor) to Your Noble Cousin, Mr. John Howard, Only Son to that Incomparable Person, the Right Honourable, my Lord Viscount Andever, and Heir apparent to the House of Berkshire; Quem terris tantum ostenderunt fata, An inestimable Jewel, that Nature but showed, and strait put up again. This Gemm being thus Ravished from the World, and me, to whom I originally intended this Service, Elucent reason cast me upon this boldness, to make my Address to Your Most Honourable Patronage, who are the Heir of all the Hopes of all Your Superexcellent House, and the Top of so Numerous and Noble a Family, next after Your most Illustrious Father, who hath by His known Gallantry, and Transcendent Generosity superadded more Lustre and Glory to his dead Ancestors than ever he received from them, though all so Eminently Recorded in the Book of Fame; In the next place, I presume Your Noble Goodness will be more inclinable to Pardon this great Boldness that I have taken, to Plant Your Honoured Name in the Frontispiece of this Tyrocinium, it being so suitable to Your Tender Years; and I hope it will prove useful for Your Honour, and all the Nobility of the Nation, to make Your Ingress more easy into the Latin Tongue; which with Your other Perfections, that all the World already not only Prognosticates, but reads in Your present Epitome, will (I doubt not) place you in a greater Volume, amongst all those Glorious Heroes, before spoken of, under the Canopy of Immortality; and if this small Mite of Mine, may contribute any thing towards it, I shall arrive at my utmost ambition, which is (next after my Deceased Master) to have Served so Princely a Person as Yourself, and to be Honoured so far as to be Owned still, by Your Most Excellent Family, in Quality of a Servant; and by Your Great Goodness; As,  
Sir, Your Most Humble Honourer, and Obliged Faithful Creature, Alexander Gordon.   

THE PREFACE TO THE READER.  
MAny there are that think that a Scholar, who hath been carefully Instructed in his Rules of Grammar, and hath Learned his Syntax several times over, needs no further Instruction for matter of Composing; But it is not known by Experience, the most evident Demonstration in Nature, that, notwithstanding the Grammattical Theory done in the exactest manner, Young beginners when they come to the Practical part, do not only stick, but fall into great absurdities and faults, no less worthy of Pity then Remedy; The reason hereof is so manifest, that there can be nothing said against it; to wit, that every Language hath its own Dialect, or particular way of speaking, the Latin hath its Latinismes, the English its Anglicismes, but of the last of the Grammar makes not (nor cannot) any mention, therefore it is no marvel, if one that hath learned his Grammar, fail exceedingly, when he meets with difficulties whereof he hath heard nothing. And as often as this falls out, our Young Scholars striving to Regulate the Latin by the English Phrase, stumble into most Ridiculous errors, not knowing the Antipathy and diversity that is oftentimes found betwixt two Languages, As for Example.  
The English Verbs are often to be rendered into Latin by the Active Voice, when they are of themselves of the Passive; and contrariwise, by the Passive, when they are in the Active; As, Cicero is followed by all Orators; If you would say according to the English Dialect; Cicero sequitur ab omnibus Oratoribus, you should be guilty of Incongruity, because a Deponent hath no Passive Voice, wherefore you must put it Actively into Latin, and say, Ciceronem sequntur omnes Oratores: I am well pleased with your Civility; here your English Verb is of the Passive Voice, and in Latin it is put Actively, thus; Placet mihi tua urbanitas; But in following your English Phrase, you would say, Placeor tuâ urbanitate, Although it hath not the Passive Voice.  
Oftentimes there goeth Prepositions in the English before the Infinitive; As, Without drinking, without eating, before drinking, or eating; so that in this Case, if one would follow the English phrase▪ and say; Sinè manducare, antequàm Libere, antequà, manducare, He would be Ridiculously Incongruous.  
But what shall I say of the diversity of the Tenses in both Languages? which is so great, that the Imperfect of the English, is often expressed by the Present in the Latin; As, He loves you so much, that he would lose his life for you, Ità te amat, ut pro te vitam amittat. Sometimes the Present Tense of the English is rendered by the Perfect Tense of the Latin, and the English Perfect by the Plusquam Perfect.  
Neither can the English Gerunds or Participles be put by the same Gerunds & Participles of the Latin, and we are often necessitate, to reduce the Participles to the Finite Mood of the Verbs from which they descend, specially, when the Verbs have no participle and then it is hard to know in what Tense they are to be put.  
Besides all these difficulties, consider how hard a thing it is, to change the English Particles, such as, (That What, By, Of, etc.) into the Particles and ways of speaking suitable to the Latin: seeing they are so diversely taken in both Languages.  
Lastly, That I may not insist in showing a thing of itself so manifest, what gross mistakes are there seen amongst young beginners, in not knowing the Nature and Proprieties of the Latin Particles? such; As, Alius, Alter, Quisque, Aliquis Quidam, Sui, Suus, etc.  
Of all which difficulties (and that not small ones) your Grammar gives you no Solution: neither can it Arm you, against the Pains and Troubles that is found in Translating the English into Latin; seeing it was only moulded to Initiate us in the Rules and Artifice of the Latin Tongue, and not to discuss the difficulties arising from the Translation of strange Tongues and Languages.  
Wherefore to supply this defect, and to give young beginners greater Facility and Encouragement, I have by much Industry and Pains, Compendised and Expounded in this little Book, the most Importent and Obvious difficulties, that we meet with in Composing; when we have to do with the English particles; As, When, What, That, &c, or with the Latin Particles; such as, Aliquis, Quidam, Quispiam, Sui, Suus, etc. or when we are to change the English Moods and Tenses, into the Moods and Tenses of the Latin; or if there be any reductions to be made from the Active to the Passive; from an Impersonal, to a Personal, from the Infinite Mood, to the Finite, and contrariwise; to which I have added, a Catalogue of Verbs, which have divers Regiments and Constructions under one signification; with the most considerable Verbs, that in changing their signification, change their Construction; and a most curious and sure Method to be practised in Composing. But although this Work stood me in great Pains, and long Study; Yet, I will hold myself well satisfied and recompensed, if you can Reap any Profit thereby, the which, I heartily wish and pray for; who is,  
Your Wellwisher and Servant, Alexander Gordon.   

The Bookseller, to all Ingenious Youths, Especially those of Sheffield, in Yorkshire.  
Dear Country Men;  
FEaring that you should have Charged me with the Detestible Vice of Ingratitude (having from your AIR Received my BIRTH and EDUCATION) if at this occasion I should have been forgetful of Your Advancement, when I am in some Capacity to Contribute thereto, I thought this a fit opportunity for the better vindication of myself from the aforesaid Crime, and to give a most evident proof of the Zeal I have for Your Progress in Virtue and good Literature. It is my good fortune to Print a Book so Ingeniously contrived and fitted for all sorts of Persons that intent to attain the Perfection of the Latin Tongue that it can sooner be Paralleled then be enough Commended, though both Impossible.  
Yet lest I seem to cry it up above its Merit, I wish you not to pass Sentence before due Perusal, and then I doubt not but you will dignify it with some Loftier Elogium and Commendation than what hath fallen from my Unlearned Pen. Wherefore Countrymen, since I am so happy as to have the Publishing and Vending of this Inestimable Book, I should have justly been Taxed with Ingratitude, a most unnatural Vice; If I had not by some means (than which none seemed to me more fitting then this) to Acquaint You therewith, desiring your pains in perusal, that thereby You may be Arts-Master, and Free Men in the Latin Tongue; Is the continual Wishes Of;  
Dear Country Men, Your Affectionate Friend and Servant, MATHIAS WALKER.   

TO MY Honoured Friend Mr. Alexander Gordon, On His Most Excellent, Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae.  
Dear Friend;  

'TIs said the work that's well begun, 
Dimidium facti qui bene caepit, habet.   
Is half at least already done  
The Latin Tongue (if that be true)  
Is here in brief, half taught by You;  
And if that half be more than whole, 
Dimidium plus toto.   
You are the Master of the School,  
Must teach our Teachers, and the first,  
That ever I could see, that durst,  
Attempt amongst the Learned Throng,  
To Rudiment aright, the Latin Tongue.  
Thou open'st Shop, and giv'st whole Sale,  
What others do but by Retale.  
For as the whole consists of Parts, 
Totum constat ex partibus.   
So Particles accomplish Arts;  
Thus whole in part, and whole in all, 
Anima est totam toto & tota in qualibet parte.   
thou'rt Soul of Art Scholastical.   
J. M. A. M. Ludi-Magister.   

TO MY Ingenious Friend, Mr. Alexander Gordon: Requiring my Judgement upon His, Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae.  
Sir,  

When you command the judgement of your Friend,  
You do not sure oblige him to commend,  
Or favour what you writ, but do desire  
His strictest censure, as a Test of Fire;  
Nor can you bribe my Judgement, you shall be  
Not purchased deer, nor yet sold cheap by me.   

I'll tell you of your faults, and I must say  
You have done ill, at this high time of day,  
To offer yet more Light; which being done  
Seems like a Candle lighted to the Sun,  
Or drops t' augment the Sea, and it oddly looks,  
That learning should be overwhelmed with Books,  
Which like or'ridden Horses, are soon foiled,  
And Nauseous turn, as Cram that's twice boiled   

Yet Methods may be several, and Books  
Like the same dishes, vary with the Cooks;  
So then the World may pardon you and say  
To the same place, thou goest a new found way:  
Though after many, yet thou follow'st none,  
Thy way tends clearly to perfection.   

But yet another Quarrel doth occur  
Against thy Book, which gives the greatest slur,  
That thou dost prostitute the Latin Tongue,  
To Porters, Carmen, and the numerous throng  
Of Common People, nay to th' other Sex,  
Whose constant course, is for to Plague and Vex  
The world with torrent of their tongues too much,  
It is supposed you would not have yours such;  
But well, t' excuse that fault, it may be said  
That tongue by tongue as Burne, by fire is laid;  
And 'tis presumed, those tongues (if not subdued)  
Would, with a Lingua, never be so Rude:  
Then teach'em tongue it right, and bened ashamed  
To make a woman to be Linguist Famed.  
These are th' Exceptions I have met, and true,  
And salved them, but not flattered Book, or You.   
H. R. Amica Veritas.   

Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae.  

CHAP. I. Of the Particle (That.)  
WHEN this Particle (That) may be changed into any of those Following, to wit, which, who, whom, then of Necessity it must be rendered in the Latin, by the Relative (qui, quae, quod,) which according to the Nature of the Verb following, will be put in divers cases; As in the Accusative, when the Verb following is an Active; an Example, I have read the Book that you did write, id est, which you did write, Vidi librum quem scripsisti; The Injury that I forgot, id est, which I forgot; Injuria cujus oblitus sum; The Man that I hurt, homo cui nocui.  
But if (That) cannot be changed into none of the above mentioned Particles, than you must have recourse to the Rules following.  
(That) Following English Verbs which are expressed in Latin be any of these; dico, affirmo, credo, puto, scio, intelligo, narro, commemoro, memini, spero, pollicior, and many others of the like signification, is cut off in the Latin, and the Verb following it, is put by the Infinitive Mood; As, I say that Peter is a good Man, Dico Petrum esse probum; I hope that Paul will become Learned, Credo Paulum fore Doctum. Take heed of saying, spero, quod Paulus futurus sit doctus; Trusting to the Authorities of some Ancient Writers, who studied more to make their concepts, and notions be understood, then to the purity and Elegancy of Speech; neither take for your warrant in this point, the Ecclesiastical Writers, who for the too frequent use of this way of speaking, Credo quod Paulus futurus sit Doctus, do clearly hold out the verity of the Proverb, Grammaticae Leges plerumquè Ecclesia Spernit.  
When (That) doth follow in your English Verbs of fear, which are put in the Latin by, timeo, metuo, vereor, and their Synonimes or Verbs of the like signification; you must know if you fear any thing, which you would not wish to come to pass, or if you fear that any thing will not come to pass which you desire should fall out. If it be the first sort of fear, than the Particle (That) is put be (nè) as the Scholar fears that the Master comes to know his ignorance; Veretur Scholasticus ne ignorantiam suam resciat Preceptor, which he would not wish to come to pass, lest it being known, he should suffer for it.  
If in place of (That) you have (Lest) as the Scholar fears least the Master come to know his ignorance; it is to be done with, as you have heard of (That;) But if your fear be the second sort, than (That) is expressed by (ne non,) or (ut) with the Conjunctive Mood, as I fear that my Father send me no Money, Vereor ne Pater non mittat ad me pecuniam, separating ne, and (non) as you see in this Example; or you may say, vereor ut mittat pater ad me pecuniam.  
If (That) chance to go after any of these Verbs, Consulo, moneo, suadeo, persuadeo, rogo, impero, statuo, permitto, efficio; it is to be rendered in the Latin by (ut) with the Verb following in the Subjunctive, or the Verb following is put in the Subjunctive Mood, and (ut) is understood; or it may be put in the Infinitive Mood; and if in place of (That) the Particle (To) followeth any of the above written Verbs, do with it as you have heard of (That) Examples hereof. I advise you that you obey your Master, or to obey your Master; Suadeo tibi ut praeceptori obtemperes, vel praeceptori obtemperes, vel obtemperare; I admonish you that you eat idleness, or to shun, moneo te ut otium fugias, vel otium fugias, vel otium fugere; I pray that you come and see me, or to come and see me; Rogo ut ad me venias, vel venias, venire.  
If (That) Fellow the Substantive, Nouns descending from these Verbs, it is put by (ut) with the Conjunctive Mood; As it is the King's pleasure that the Citizens Assemble; Vult Rex ut Cives congregentur; or, by the Substantive descending from the Verb (Vult) Voluntas Regis est, ut Cives Congregentur; So you say, Desiderat Pater ut studeas, vel desiderium Patris tui est, ut studeas, Your Father desires that you Study.  
When the Particle (That) doth follow any of these Particles, (tàm, so, ità, so, adeò, s●, tantus, so much, talis, such, tot so many,) it is put by (ut,) with the Subjunctive Mood; As my Brother is so Learned, that he is ignorant of nothing; Adeó doctus est Frater meus, ut nihil ignoret; The desire I have to see you, is so great, that I cannot express it; Tantum est mihi desiderium, tui videndi, ut illud verbis complecti nequeam. Curius Dentatus had so many Men, and so much Land, that he knew not in which he was Richest; Tot Homines erant Curio Dentato, tantumque Agri, ut in utro Ditior esset, non ipse posset aestimare; The Battle of Can, was so bloody, that the Romans lost forty thousand Men in it. Adeo cruentum fuit praelium ad Cannae, ut in eo desiderata fuerint Quadraginta Romanorum millia.  
(That) being put after Verbs that signify to hinder, dissuade, or forbidden, is expressed, be (nè quìn, quo minùs.) As the Master forbids that we play; Vetat praeceptor nè ludamus, vel quo minùs ludamus. I was not the cause that you brought not to pass your intent. In causa non eram, vel non per me stetit, quìn, propositum tenueris, vel quo minùs propositum tenueris; The ill Wether will hinder me that I cannot come to you. Impediet me adversum tempus, quo minùs ad te proficiscar. You may likewise put these Verbs in the Infinitive Mood; as Impediet me ad te proficisci.  
If (That) follow (But) it is put by (quìn,) with the Verb following in the Conjunctive Mood; As I doubt not, but that you love me. Non dubito quìn me ames; and since (quìn) is made mention of, know this much of it, by the way: that when it is an Interrogative Particle, it is put with the Indicative Mood; As why do not you read? Quin Legis? why follow you not your Friends good Counsel? quin amicis bené momentibus obtemper as?  
If (That) follow these Verbs, Oportet, decet, convenit, necesse est, aequum est, par est; or if your English have (to) in place of (that) any of them are put by (ut) with the Subjunctive Mood; As, it is needful that you learn, or, which is the same, you must needs learn, necesse est ut discas, vel discas, and suppress (ut;) it behoveth you to give place to the stronger, or you must give way to the stronger; Oportet valentiori cedas; it is necessary that a man pay tribute to Nature, necesse est ut homo naturae satisfaciat. It is reasonable that we oblige those who have obliged us; aequum est ut de nobis bené merentibus parem gratiam referamus.  
All these ways may be said also by the Infinitive, as Oportet valentiori cedere, hominem nature satisfacere, aequum est, nos de nobis bené merentibus parem gratiam referamus.  
(That) after these Impersonal Verbs, to wit, (fit, evenit, accidit, contingit) is only expressed by (ut) with the Subjunctive Mood; As it falleth out often that the most Learned are deceived; Saepé fit, vel contigit ut doctissimi hallucinentur.  
(That) signifying (because) is put by (quod,) with the Verb following it in the Indicative Mood, or the Verb is put in the Infinitive, and (That) is omitted; As, I am glad that you are come, id est, because you are come; Gaudeo quod venisti, vel quod veneris, vel te venisse.  
Mark these ways of speaking in the Particle (That,) when it followeth (one,) which are expressed by, putà to wit, nempé idem, scilicet, idem, with the Infinitive: when there followeth no Verb, which will have the Particle (That,) put by (ut) with the Subjunctive; As, the Master sayeth one thing of you, that you are given to play. Vnum de te ait praeceptor, putà te ad ludum propensum esse; But if the Verb requires (That,) to be changed in (ut,) than you put the Verb following (ut) in the Conjunctive; As I request you one thing, that you would lend me money, unum te rogo nempé, vel quippé ut pecuniam mihi des mutuam; for (rogo) is one of the Verbs after which (That) is changed into (ut) as I have already shown.  
(That) after (idem,) is expressed by (ac, atque, ut, cum;) as I am of the opinion that Peter is of, or I am of the same mind that Peter is of. Idem sentio ac Petrus, atque Petrus, ut Petrus, cum Petro; I have the same right that my Brother hath; Idem mihi jus est ac Fratri, vel cum fratre.  
(That) is some times put by an Adverb, as in those two Examples; It is not the first time that he hath done this. Non nunc primùm hoc fecit; The time will come that I can repay your Favour; erit ubi parem tibi gratiam referam.  
(That) being put between two Comparatives in the English, is changed into (quò) which hath (hòc) or (eò) before the last Comparative; as, the more that a man is modest, the more he is to be loved; quò quis modestior, eò vel hoc amabilior, or it is put by (ut quisque) with the Superlative going after it, and hath (ità) with the Superlative after it, where the last Comparative of the English is, as ut quisque modestissimus, ità &, amabilissimus; Another Example, The more that a man is worthy of honour, the lesser he coveteth it; Quò quis gloriâ dignior, eò minus gloriae cupidus, or by the second way; ut quisque gloriae dignissimus est, ità & gloriae minimè cupidus.  
But if in these ways of speaking, the Particle (That) is found between two Verbs which have before them, the mark of the Comparative degree, to wit (the more, the lesser) or between a Verb, and an Adjective, which is compared by (magis) for the Comparative, and (maximé for the Superlative; Then because neither a Verb, nor this sort of Adjectives can be compared, according to the General Rule, you must use (quó magis) for the first Comparative, and (eò magis, or hoc magis) for the second; Or if you will make use of the Superlative, according to the second way, you must make use of (ut maximé) all is clear in the following Examples; The more one drinks that hath the Dropsy, the more he thirsts, Quó magis bibit qui intercute laborat, eó magis sitit, or by the second way, ut quisque maximé bibit, qui intercute laborat, itá maximé sitit; the lesser that one studies, he is the less capable of Learning, Quó minus aliquis studet eó minus est ad discendum idoneus, vel, ut quisque minimé studet itá ad ediscendum minimè idoneus. Some times the Particles that accompany the Superlative, are left out, As the gooder a man is, he dyeth the more cheerful; Optimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur.  
(That) In these following ways of speaking is put by (quod or tamèn) as, not that I hate you, non quod te oderim, vel te tamèn non odi; if there be two negations, it is put by (quin) As, not that I am not for you, Non quìn tuâ causâ cupiàm.  
(That) Is put by (quod or ut) with the Subjunctive indifferently, specially when it followeth the word (strange or admirable) in the English; As, it seemeth strange to a Country Clown, that a cloth is laid for him at Dinner; Mirum, novum, vel insolitum, videtur Rustico, quod, vel ut sibi prandienti mantile apponatur. The People of Rome thought strange that the Consul his Son should be put to death; Populo Romano mirum videbatur ut Consulis Filius, vel quod Consulis Filius ad supplicium raperetur.  
At other times (That) is expressed by (quidèm) as it is true that you have done me great service, but yet you have disobliged me; Multa quidèm meâ causâ fecisti, verum tamèn mihi displicuisti.  
When (That) followeth the English Particles (so far) it is expounded by (ut, nè) with the Subjunctive, or (nedùm) with the same Mood; As Lucan is so far from surpassing Virgil, that he comes far short to him; Tantùm ab est ut Lucanus, Virgilium superet, ut ne assequatur quidèm, vel nè assequitur quidèm Virgilium, Lucanus, nedùm superet, vel adeò non superat, ut nec assequatur; Another affirmative Example; I am so far from despising you, that I prefer you to all my Schoolfellows; Tantùm abest ut te contemnam, ut te caeteris meis anteponam Condiscipulis.  
In these Interrogations, to wit, is it so that? shall it be said that? you must make use of the Conjunctions (ita nè verò, siccine verò) as, is it so that you mock me? itanè verò mihi illudis? shall it be said that you will gain-stand a man who hath so much obliged you? Siccinè v●rum tàm benè de te meritum oppugnas.  
(That) In these ways of speaking; were it not that, if it were not, etc. is put by (nisi quod) or tamèn) As, I would in this compare the with Children, were it not that, or if it were not that you seem to me more Imprudent than they; In hoc te cum pueris conferrem, nisi quod mihi etiam videris iis imprudentior, vel videris tamèn illis Imprudentior.  
(That) After (Interest or Refert) is changed into (ut) with the Subjunctive; As it is good for the Commonwealth, that evil men be punished; Interest vel Refert Reipub ut Improbi coerceantur; Or you may say by the Infinitive, Interest Reipub. Improbos coerceri.  
The Particle (That) in these ways of speaking, (there is no appearance that,) it is not likely that,) is put two ways, according to the two expositions which the above mentioned words admit; for if (there is no appearance that) is the same in sense with (I cannot believe that) than the Verb following (That) is put in the Infinitive without exception, As there is no appearance that a wise man hath done so filthy an Action, id est, I cannot believe that, etc. Non mihi fit verisimile virum prudentem ità turpitèr errasse; But if (there is no appearance that) is the same that (it is not just or reasonable that) then (That) is put by (ut) with the Conjunctive; As, there is no appearance that a Schooler will despise his Master, id est, it is not just, or it is not reasonable that etc. Aequum non est, ut Discipulus Magistrum vituperet.  
(That) In these ways of speaking (suppose that I have spoken so, I will that I have said so) is put all these ways; volo dixerim, ut dixerim, fac dixerim, dixerim sané, or by the Infinitive, fac me dixisse, volo me dixisse.  
(That) In these ways of speaking, (The thing that troubleth me most is that, &c) the thing which comforts me most is that, etc.) can be put two ways; An Example of the first: the thing that troubleth me most, is that you oppose a man who hath so much obliged you: Quod autèm me vehementius offendit illud est, quod eum hominem oppugnas à quo tot beneficia acceperis: The which is put thus after the second way: Illud autèm me vehementius offendit quod virum de te bené meritum allatrare non desinis.  
(That) in these ways of speaking (take heed that) have a care That) give order That) is put by (ut) with the subjunctive, if it be an Affirmative speech: As have a care that all things be ready at my coming: Cura ut parata sint omnia cum venero. But if it be a Negative speech, you must use (né) as take heed or see, that nothing be wanting: Vide nequid desit: Have a care that your Enemy assault you not, when you least think of it: Cave ne te in opinantem Inimicus opprimat.  
When you find (That) in this Speech (he is the learnedest man that ever I know) you must put it in the plural Number, though it be a Relative of the singular Number, in the English, as, Est Omnium quos noverim doctissimus; or you may make use of this way; Neminem eo novi doctiorem.  
If (That) be found in this sort of speech or (as) in place of (That) it is rendered into Latin by (quàm) which hath after it the Superalative. As, I will do your affairs the carefulest that I can, or as carefully as I can. Res tuas curabo quàm diligentissimé potero: I have recommended you to the Master with all the affection that I could. Te praeceptori commendavi quàm diligentissimé potui: I shall inform myself the exactest that I can, or as exactly as I can; quàm accuratissimè potero singula percunctabor: sometimes (ut) is put in place of (quàm) as, Commendavi te preceptori ut studiosissimé potui.  
In these and such like Interrogations, is that to say that? doth it follow that? think you that? the particle (That) which is in the last place, is changed, into (num ideò, nùm continuò) as, though the Master hath not chide me, think you that he will forebear you? Si me praeceptor non objurgavit, nùm ideò, vel num continuò idem tibi licere putas? If I perform not what I promised, is it therefore that I am to be holden as a false man? Si nondùm prestiti quod pollicitus sum num continuò me perfidum appellabis?  
If it be not an Interrogative speech, than you must put (non) in place of (numb) as, though I have spoken with a wicked man, it followeth not that I am wicked also: Si cum Improbo ex occursu locutus sum, non ideò vel non continuò sum Improbus.  
Here are some particular ways of speaking in the Particle (That) How comes it that you are so glad? Quid est quod tam laetus sis? I shall tell you the reason that I writ not so often to you, as I was accustomed to do: dicam quid sit quod ad te tàm saepè non scribam quàm solebam, vel cognosces ex me quid est quamobrem non scribam tàm saepé quàm solebam: What is it needful that I say? Quid dicam? vel quid commemorem? What doth hinder that you come not when you list? Quid causae est quìn cum libet venias?  
If (That) go after (providing) or (if) it is expressed by (modò ut, modò, si) As all things will go to your liking, providing, or if, that you follow your brother's Counsel: Omnia tibi ad votum eadent, modò ut fratris sequaris consilium, vel, modò sequaris, vel, si sequaris fratris confilium; Somètimes (That) is left out, as may be seen in these examples: It is just that Cicero be praised; Jure laudatur Cicero. Although that I have written and spoke to you: Quamvis & tibi scripserim & coram monverim.  
Having now as exactly, as briefly, resolved all the difficulties which arise in composing one, this Particle (That) I would entreat all who desire to profit hereby, to make and contrive such Themes, as may contain these difficulties, and practise, till they be well acquainted with them; neither speak I only of what is contained in this Chapter; but also concerning the difficulties which are to be explained in the Chapters following.   

CHAP. II. Of the Particle (What.)  
THis particle is put many ways in the Latin, as the former.  
When it is so repeated in the English, there was twenty, what good what bad: it is put by (tùm, tùm) or (partìm, partìm) as, Erant viginti tùm boni, tùm mali, vol partìm boni, partìm mali.  
(What) in these ways of speaking which follow, is many ways expressed: As, from what place so ever he cometh: undé, undé, veniat, vel undévis veniat, undelibet veniat, undecunque veniat. In what part so ever he be, or wheresoever he be, Vbi, ubi sit; Vbivis sit, ubicunque sit, ubilibet sit: By whatsoever part he goes: Quáquá transeat, quàlibet, quàcunque, quàvis transeat; To whatsoever part he goeth: Quòcunque eat, quèquò eat, quòlibet quovis eat: At whatsoever price you bought this Book: Quanti, quanti▪ emeris librum hunc, quanticunque, quantilibet, quantivis hunc librum emeris: Come what will come, whatsoever comes to pass: ut ut cadat, ut cunque cadat, utilibet cadat.  
(What) being an Interrogation is diversely expressed; as, in these following Interrogations: what is the matter? quid rei est? What means this? Quid sibi vult istud? What have you to do with this man? Quid tibi rei cum viro isto? Vel quid tibi cum isto viro? What reason have you to be glad? Quid est quod tam latus sis? What shall become of me? Quid mihi fiet posteà? What shall become of the money? Quid pecuniâ fiet? What of that, or what then? Quid tum? Quid indè? Quid tum posteà? Quid tum indè? What can I help that; if you he resolved to do it? Quid isthic? Si certus es ea facere facias? What can you do, you must accommodate yourself to the humour of the man: quid facias?  homo est ità morem geras: To what purpose should I speak to you? Quorsum te alloquar? Cui bono te alloquar, quamobrem, quem ob finem te alloquar? What shall I say to you? Quid tibi dicam, quid commemorem? As to what concerns me; Quod ad me attinet, quod ad me spectat, vel pertinet, quoad me: As to what you writ concerning your Brother: Quod ad me scribis de fratre.  
This Particle, hath other praticular ways of speaking, without an Interrogaon: as, I know not what to think or say; Inops sum consilii, vel quid consilii capiam nescio: I know not what is my destiny, Quae me fata maneant ignoro.  
If (What) can be changed in (so fare as) than it is put by (eatenùs, quatenùs) as, I Love you in what you are good: Id est, in so far as you are good: Eatenùs te amo, quatenùs te virum bonum Intelligo.   

CHAP. III. Of the Particle (Then.)  
(THen) is expressed (by tunc, tùm, tunc temporis) when it specifieth a certain time; As, than I was not at home, tunc, vel tùm, vel tunc temporis domi non eram.  
(Then) going after a Comparative is put two ways: to wit, it is either cast out of the speech, and the word following is put in the Ablative case; As my brother is learneder than I: Frater meus est me doctior: Or else, (Then) is put by (quàm) which hath the same case after it that the Comparative going before it is of; As, Frater meus est doctior quàm ego, aiunt meum fratrem esse doctiorem quàm me: but the best way is, by leaving out (Then) as in the first example?  
(Then) is put by (quin, ut, quàm ut,) when it is to be put after these Particles (parùm abfuit, nihil propius factum, propè factum est) As there was little wanting than I had thrust him out of my house, parùm abfuit, vel nihil propius factum erat, quin illum domo meâ extruserim, vel quàm ut illum extruserim, vel propè factum est, ut eum extruserim: If your English phrase be, I was very near thrusting him out of my house, it is also, to be this way rendered in the Latin. In these ways of speaking, he is no sooner gone then, (he is no sooner come then) The Particle (Then) is put by (statìm atque, simul ac, ubi primùm) as, the Master is no sooner gone out then the Scholars fall a playing: Staìm atque egreditur Magister ludunt Scholastici, vel ubi primùm egreditur, etc. he was no sooner come than he told all things: Simul ac venit omnia mihi nunciavit.  
(Then) is put by (quàm, ac, atque) when it followeth (Alius, alias, aliter, alibi,) as, he is another sort of man than I did take him to be: Alius est quàm putabam, ac putabam, atque putabam: That is to be otherwise understood than you think: Id aliter Intelligendum est, atque existimas.  
In these ways of speech following (Then) is expressed by, (tanquàm, quasi, sicùt, ut, velùt, etc. And this is when (Then) goeth after the Particle (more) as, he looked no more on me then as a servant. Me tanquàm famulum intui usest, vel qua si famulum me habuit  
But if (Then) in this sort of speaking hath a Verb after it, which is, as often as (if) followeth (Then,) you must change it into (quàm si, ac si,) as, he praised me no more, then if I had deserved none: tam parc● me laudavit ac si nihil laudis meritus fuissem: I have no more power than if I had no friends: Tàm nihil possum quàm si nullus mihi amicus esset.  
(Then) is diversely put in these ways of speech following: I will be finer now than ever I was. Tàm elegens ac splendidus ero ut alias numquàm, vel nunquàm aliàs elegentior, quâm nunc ero: I was never sicker than I am now: Nunc primùm aegr●to, vel aegroto ut nunquàm alias, vel ingravescit morbus, vel aegroto ut nunquàm gravius, there is nothing more acceptable to a rich man then money: Nihil diviti magis in votis pecuniâ.   

CAAP. iv Of the Particle (To.)  
THis Particle is put sometimes by (quàm, or atque) as, you have done contrary to what I commanded: Fecisti contrâ quàm mandaveram; vel contrà atque mandaveram.  
(To) going after (mos, or Consuetudo) is expressed by (ut) with the subjunctive: As it was a custom amongst the Romans to praise Valiant men after their death: In more positum erat apud Romanos, vel mos erat Romanorun, praeclaros viros post mortem publicé laudare.  
If (To) follow ● Verb of motion, which is a Verb that signifies to go out of one place to an other, and if it answers to the question (quò) to what place, if a proper name of a Town follow it, it is put in the Accusative without a Preposition; As my brother goeth to London: Frater meus proficiscitur Londinum: If (rus, and domus) follow, they are put this same way: as, he hath sent his Son to the Country: Filium suum misit Rus: I go home: Eo domum.  
But if the name following (To) be an Appellative, or a name of some Nation, Island, or Province, than you must use the Accusative, with the Preposition (in, or ad) As, he hath sent his Son to the School: Misit suum filium in Scholam: He is gone to Flanders: Contulit see in Belgium.  
But if (To) following a Verb of motion, have after it a Verb, this Verb may be put four ways, if it be not a defective Verb: First by the supine in ('em) As, I go to Rome, to see my Brother, Proficiscor Romam visum fratrem: or, by the gerund in (di) with (causâ or gratiâ) as, causâ videndi fratris, or by the Gerund in (dum) with the preposition (ad) as, ad videndum fratrem: Lastly by the future of the participle, which agreeth as with its substantive, with the Nominative of the Verb of motion, in gender, number, and case; as, Porficiscor Romam visurus fratrem.  
Here remark two things: first that defective Verbs, such as Neuter Verbs, which want for the most part their Supins and consequently the future of the participle which is form thereof, cannot be put all these ways, but only by the Gerunds.  
Secondly, That Active Verbs which are put in the Gerund in (di) or (dumb) agree with the Substantives following, in Gender, Number and Case, which sort of Speeches the Grammarians call Oratio per Gerundivum; as, Can â amandae pacis, for Causâ amandi pacem, The first way is the best, though the last is not to be contemned, specially in Poetry: Ad petendam pacem, for ad petendum pacem: The first way is only to be followed amongst the Latins, and the last is proper to the Greek. What I have said of Active Verbs, let it serve also for Deponents of the Active signification, and for these two, which are not Actives (frui, uti) for you say, Causâ fruendae tuae consuetudinis, vel ad fruendam tuam consuetudinem: But let these Verbs which have not the Accusative after them, but the Genitive, Dative, or Ablative, let them I say, abide in their Gerund without alteration; and put the Substantive following them, in the Case that they govern: As, Causâ Miserendi Matris, and not Miserendae matris, ad placendum parentibus; and not, ad placendos parents.  
(To) being put after (pertinet, attinet, spectat) is changed into (add) with the Accusative; As, this belongs to me: Hoc ad me spectat, vel, pertinet: All his Intentions are to make War: Omnia illius Consilia ad bellum spectant: And sometimes you say without the preposition, Quod me Spectat, what belongs to me: Quod me attinet, Idem.  
(To) after these Verbs delector, capior, afficior) is not expressed: but these Verbs will have the Ablative after them, without a Preposition: and thus is the Particle (In) put, if you have it, in place of (To) As, I take great pleasure to hunt, or in hunting, Delector venatione, I take pleasure to read Cicero: Afficior lectione Ciceronis.  
If (To) following these three Verbs have after it a Verb, this last Verb is put in the Gerund in (do,) as I delight to read: Delector legendo, vel lectione: And if the Verb have a Noun after it, and be an Active or deponent of the Active signification, it is put Gerundively, that is, made an Adjective, agreeing with the Noun substantive following, in Gender, Number and Case; As, I love to read Cicero: In legendo Cicerone multúm Delector.  
(To) put after (Refert, est, Interest,) hath the Noun following it, in the Genitive; As it belongs to a wise man to foresee things; Sapientis est Prospicere futura; But if it hath after it one of these Pronouns; meâ, tuâ, suâ, than these Pronouns are put in the Ablative, with this note that is prefixed; As, it belongs to me, meâ Interest, to you, tuâ Refert; but if you make use of (est,) than you must put the Pronoun in the Neuter Gender, as, meum est, tuum est, suum est.  
(To) going after, Pronus proclivis, propensus, is expressed by (ad,) which hath the Noun following it, in the Accusative, and the Verb in the Gerund in (dumb;) As, he is inclined to Vice, Pronus est ad vitia, vel in vitia; Youth is prone to undertake things rashly; Proclivis est Juventus, ad res temerè suscipiendas; You are much given to flattery, Pronus es ad blandiendum; Under this Rule is also comprehended the Substantive Nouns, descending from these Adjectives; as Proclivitas, propensio.  
Some times (To) is left out, and the Noun following it, is put in the Ablative, without a preposition, or with the prepositions, (cum, or sinè,) and this is done when (To) is the same that (not without;) as, Cicero was banished to the great grief of the People; id est, not without the great grief, etc. Summo totius populi dolore, Cicero in exilium ejectus fuit, vel cum summo totius populi dolore, vel non sine summo totius populi dolore; He was called back to the great contentment of all; Summâ omnium laetitiâ ab exilio revocatus fuit Rochel was taken to the great admiration of all Europe; Magnâ cum admiratione totius Europae capta fuit Rupella.  
If (To) be the Mark of the Infinitive Mood, and hath a Substantive before it, the Verb of the present of the Infinitive, is put in the Gerund (in di:) yet in Poetry you may use the present of the Infinitive; and most commonly these Substantives are, tempus, occasio, opportunitas, desiderum, causa, impedimentum, etc. As, it is time to study; Tempus est studendi; You have no cause to complain; Nulla tibi causa est conquerendi; You have an occasion to write; Oblata est occasio tibi scribendi; which likewise must be done, if any of these Adjectives go before (To,) to wit, Cupidus Avarus, Avidus, Studiosus, Peritus, Imperitus, and others of the same signification; As, desirous to know; Cupidus sciendi; Your Brother was very earnest to know your health; Avidus er at Frater tuus cognoscendi tuam valetudinem; He is mighty desirous to learn Liberal Arts; Artium liberalium est studiosissimus, vel ediscendi artes liberales; He is very fitting to ride; Est equitandi idoneus.  
Mark these ways of speaking in the Particle (To) What had I best do, to sight? It were to endanger myself; to suffer disgrace? it is worse than death itself; Quid agam, aut quò me convertam, pugnem? tum in ri●ae discrimen adducor; feram dedecus? & hoc morte pejus, vel si pugnem, sin contumeliam feram, etc.  
When (To) following, rogo, quaeso, suadeo, obtestor, consulo, and others of this signification, goeth before some other Verb; It is expressed by (ut) with the Subjunctive; As your Father prays you to obey your Master; Rogat te pater tuus, ut preceptori mori gereris; I counsel you to leave ill Company; Aucior sum tibi, at ab Improbis te se jungas.  
Some times (To) going before an Infinitive, is expressed in the same Mood, and becomes a Nominative to a Verb; As Deum & proximum amare est legem ad implere; To love God and our Neighbour is to fulfil the Law. To Read, and not to understand is to neglect; Legere & non Intelligere, est negligere. (Intelligere) is the Nominative to (est.)  
(To) after the Verb (Jubeo) hath the Verb following in the Infinitive Mood; As, I command you to come into the School, Jubeo te Scholam Ingredi  
Here are certain ways of speaking in this Particle, which cannot be reduced to any General Rule; As, this will turn to your Honour; Istud tibi erit Honori, vel istud cadet in honorem tuum; To your profit, in tuum emolumentum hoc verget, vel hoc erit in rem tuam, vel erit hoc tibi magno usui; To speak to ones praise; Ad vel in laudem alicuj●s dicere; To boil any thing to the half; In partem dimidiam aliquid decoquere.  
(To) Following these Verbs, Cohortor, Accendo, Acuo, Pervenio, Aspiro, Specto, and many of the like signification, is expressed by (ad,) with the Substantive Noun, following in the Accusative, and the Verb in the Gerund in (dumb;) As, Caesar did exhort his Soldiers to Cross Rubicon; Hortatus est suos milites Caesar, ad transmittendum Rubiconem amnem.  
Catiline did stir up the factious Citizens to make War; Catilina ne farios & tumultuantes Cives ad bellum acuebat, vel accendebat. Caesar came to the Empire by his Valour; Caesar ad Imperium pervenit virtute suâ; Every one cannot aspire to such praise; Non est cujusvis ad eam laudem aspirare; Pompey did not look so much to his own Renown, as to the safety of the Commonwealth; Non tàm ad gloriam suam Pompeius spectabat, quàm ad Publicam Salutem.  
(To) going after these Verbs, Attribuo, Ascribo, Assigno, hath the Noun following it in the Dative; As, Alexander did attribute the Germans Answer to pride; Alexander Macedo Germanorum responsionem attribuit superbiae, vel Germanis responsionem attribuit superbiae; I ascribe it to your wisdom; do hoc tuae prudentiae; I impute this to your rashness; Assigno istud tuae temeritati.  
When (To) goeth after, the Verb (Sum,) the thing and person is put in the Dative; As, it is profitable to the Commonwealth; Est summae utilitati Reipub. This is acceptable to me; Hoc mihi cordi est; This will prove Honourable to you; Hoc erit tibi honori.  
If (To) follow these Verbs, Antepono, Praepono, Postpono, Posthaheo, etc. The Noun following (To) is likewise put in the Dative; As, Cato did prefer a cruel death to a dishonest Life: Mortem atrocem Cato anteposuit ignominiosae vitae, vel vitam ignominiosam morti atroci postposuit.   

CHAP. V Of the Particle (After.)  
THis Particle is sometimes a Preposition, and sometimes an Adverb, and because the ways of speaking in this Particle, cannot well be drawn to some General Heads and Observations, as I have done in these proceeding: I will here insert Examples, containing the greatest difficulties, that can arise upon this Particle.  
Many things come in my mind, one after another; Aliud ex alio mihi occurrit; He had three Sons Consuls one after another; Tres habuit Filios deinceps consuls; He was killed some Months after; Aliquot post menses occisus est; The day after his death; Postero die quàm excessit è vivis, vel postridié illius diei, etc. Five days after you did write to me; Quinto die quàm ad me scripseras, vel postquàm scripseras, vel post diem quintam scripseras.  
He that was Admiral after Lysander; Qui praefectus classis proximus post Lysandrum fuit.  
After Egypt, there is no part so fertile of Roses; as Campania; Proximé post Aegyptum, vel ab Aegypto Campania, copiâ Rosarum.  
After I had gone from you;  abii à te, vel postquàm à te discessi.  
A little after he did come and see me: Non ità multó post venit me visurus.  
After you, there is nothing I love more than solitariness; Secundum te nihil mihi amacius solitudine.  
He was made Heir after the Son: Secundum filium Haeres institutus fuit.  
After my Father, there is none I love so much as him: Cúm à patre discessi nemo mihi illo charior.  
The next after him: Froximus ab illo.  
The first after the King: Secundus à Rege.  
I shall be wiser hereafter: Sapiam posthàc, vel imposterùm ero cautior.  
After labour, rest seems more pleasant: Post laborem quies gratior.  
After Breakfast: á Jentaculo: After Dinner: à prandio.  
Sleep is not good immediately after Dinner: Non bonus est somnus statìm à prandio.  
After some space of time: Ex intervallo.  
After many presents, sent from the one to the other: Multis ultrò citróque missis muneribus.  
A Man eloquent after Wine: Homo ad Vinum disertus.  
After such Letters: Sub tales Literas.  
Immediately after the Holy days: Statìm sub dies Festos.  
After the General had fallen, the Army did lose Courage:  cecidit Imperator confestìm acies cecidit.  
After many prayers, I did obtain Favour: Post quàm multotiès rogavi tandem in gratiam redii, uél eum saepissimé precatus in gratiam redii, vel multis effusis precibus in gratiam redii.  
After many Assaults, the Town was taken: Postquàm sepissimé oppugnatum, tandèm expugnatum est oppidum, vel crebró lacessitum, tandém captum est oppidum.   

CHAP. VI Of (Because.)  
When (Because) goeth before a Verb, it is expressed by (quia, or quoth) with the Indicative; As, he is angry, because fortune frowns: Irascitur, quia fortuna, vel quod fortuna sibi adversatur.  
But if it have a Substantive Noun after it, than it is expressed by (é, ex, á ab) with the Ablative; whereof here followeth the most considerable and hardest examples.  
My Head acheth because of the Sun: Caput mihi dolet á sole.  
He hath a red face because of his bodily heat: á Colore corporis vultus rubet.  
He is most clement, because of his Innocency: Ab innocentiâ clementissimus est.  
He did make use of soothsayers, because of his superstition: á Superstitione animi vates adhibuit.  
To cry because of his Friend's death: De amici inter●tu flere.  
Because of certain Reasons: Certis de causis.  
He is mad because of the Injury that is done to him: Insanit ex Injuriâ.  
He is guilty because of that matter: Ex eâ re est in culpâ.  
To honour a Man much because of his Quality: Multùm alicui tribuere ex dignitate.  
He is become proud because of his Riches: Ex Divitiis eum superbia invasit.  
He did fall sick because of his anguish: Ex aegritudine animi in morbum incidit.  
Sometimes you may use (prae, or pro;) As he seethe not the Sun, because of the Multitude of arrows; Prae sagittarum multitudine solem non videt.  
He will easily do it, because of his great power: Pro summâ Auctoritate, id facilé consequetur.   

CHAP. VII. Of the Adverb (Otherwise.)  
THis Adverb is Expressed three ways, according to its three divers significations, which may be shown in as many Examples almost.  
Thou speakest otherwise then thou thinks: Alitèr loqueris, ac sentis; alitèr loqueris, alitèr sentis.  
Thou hast done otherise then I commanded: Alitèr fecisti quam mandaveram, vel contrà fecisti quàm mandaveram.  
Writ to me oftener than you have done, otherwise I will accuse you of pride or negligence: Scribé sepiùs ad me quam anteà, alioqui, te vel naegligentiae, vel superbiae accusabor, vel scribe saepiùs quàm hactenùs scripseris sìn minùs, vel sìn alitèr, super biae aut negligentiae nomine mihi suspectus eris.  
Alexander the Great was proud, otherwise a Gallant Man, and of very good parts: Macedo erat elato animo, alioqui vir praestantissimus, multisque animi dotibus & ornamentis instructus, vel caeterò vir praestantissimus, etc.  
He used me no otherwise then as his Servant: Non secùs mecum egit ac cum Servo suo.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the Particle (Against.)  
THis Particle is diversely put, seeing it is sometimes an Adverb, and sometimes a Preposition, the which diversity will be easily known in the following Examples, which shall consist of both parts.  
Cicero did speak at other times, many things against Verres: Cicero olìm multa dixit in Verrem, vel multis orationibus invectus est in Verrem.  
That which you say makes against yourself: Contràtemet facit quod dicis.  
The Tribunes did stir up the People against the Senate: Tribuni adversùs Senatum plebem concitarunt.  
You ought not to go against the Prince's Ordination: Adversùs edictum Principis facere non debes.  
That is come to pass contrary to all men's expectation: Praeter omnium spem, & expectationem id accidit.  
Against my Opinion: Contrà Sententiam meam, vel Opinionem.  
Against my desire: Praeter votum.  
Against all right and reason: Praeter jus & fas, vel praeter jus & aequum.  
He hath done contrary, or against his custom: Praeter norem fecit.  
Against his Nature or Inclination: Praeter Naturam & Ingenium.  
You speak against yourself: Tecùm ipse pugnas, vel á te ipse dissent is, tibi ipsi contradicis, pugnantia loqueris.  
He goeth against all men: Omnibus adversatur.  
He hath done this against his will: Invitus hoc fecit  
The Law was made against the Senate's will: Nolente ac repugnante Senatu lata Lex est.  
This Herb is powerful against the biting of Beasts: Herba ad Bestiarum morsus efficax.  
I am ready to fight against any man: Paratus sum cum quovis in certamen descendere, vel cum quovis congredi.  
You have ever been against me: Semper mihi fuisti infensus, me semper oppugnasti.  
My House is just over against the King's Palace: Domus mea est é Regione curiae, vel est juxta Curiam.  
To go against his word: Fidem violare, pactum rescindere, a side resilire, ire inficias promissi.  
Have all things ready against the morrow: In diem crastinum vide ut parata sint omnia.  
I keeped this against your coming: In adventum tuum hoc reservavi.  
Against what time shall I come: Quotâ horâ veniam, quando veniam.  
To fight man against man: Vir viro congreditur, vel congredi viritìm. Foot against foot: Concertis pedibus decertare.  
To lay a Siege against a Town: Opidum obsidione cingere, obsidere Vrbem.  
To lay ten pieces against one: Decem nummos aureos ad unum deponere, vel periclitari.   

CHAP. IX. Of (Not only) or (Only) alone.  
IF this double Particle have after it (but also) than it is expressed by (non solùm, non modò:) As, I am ready to put in hazard, not only my goods, but also my life for you: Non opes modò verùm etiàm & vitam ipsam pro te effundere paratus sum: He hath not only spoiled this poor Traveller, but also wounded him grievously: Miserum hunc viatorem non solùm spoliavit, verùm etiàm eum gravitèr vulneravit.  
The which way of speaking may be yet put otherwise: As, Viatorem spoliavit, atque adeò vulneravit gravitèr, cùm spoliavit, tùm etiam gravitèr vulneravit, vel parùm erat spoliasse, nisi & gravitèr vulnerasset.  
(Only) in these ways of speaking following, to wit, (except only my Brother, or my Brother being only excepted) hath the Substantive Noun, with the Adjective agreeing therewith, in the Ablative: As I give you power over all of them, except only my Brother, or my Brother only being excepted: Do tibi Authoritatem in caeteros omnes, excepto Fratre meo: But if in these Speeches there follow a Verb; then (Only) is put by (modò, si,) with the Verb in the Subjunctive, or else the Verb is put in the Imperative; As, Do tibi in alios quoscùnque Auctoritatem, modò Fratrem exceperis, vel si Fratrem exceperis, vel tamèn fratrem excipe.  
This Particle is yet put divers ways, as will be seen in the following Examples; As, Let us two only speak together: Nos duo inter nos loquamur, vel loquamur remotis arbitris.  
You are my only stop: Praeter te nullum, mihi impedimentum, vel tu unicus mihi obex, atque impedimentum: You are the only man that can prefer me to this charge: Tui solius opera, hanc provinciam assequar, vel per te tantùm, vel te adjuvente aut favente perveniam ad hoc munus, vel fave as solus, & mea haec erit provincia: Speak only when you are desired: Rogatus tantùm loquere.   

CHAP. X. Of the Particles (By, and Through.)  
When these Particles are found in the English, most commonly the Substantive Nouns following them, are put in the Ablative without a Preposition: As, Caesar came to the Empire by his Courage: Caesar Imperium fortitudine suâ adeptus est: Cicero did become the best of Latin Orators, by his Industry: Labour & Industriâ suâ omnium Latinorum Oratorum facundissimus evasit Cicero, vel eloquentiae Principatum tenuit: He is fallen into these Inconveniences by his own fault: Suâ culpâ incidit in has miserias.  
Sometimes we use (per) with the Accusative; As to do any business by an Ambassador: Per Legatum rem agere: To kill his Enemy by snares: Per insidias inimicum interficere.  
To do any thing through malice, through Strife, Impudence, Deceit, Play, Jest, Envy, Violence: Per Malitiam, per Cavillationem, per Imprudentiam, per Dolum, per Fraudem, per Ludum, per Jocum, per Invidiam, per Vim, aliquid facere.  
To spend excessively that which was gotten by robbing: Luxuriâ effundere quod per scelus paratum fuit.  
To obtain any thing through meekness, or by meekness: Aliquid per amicitiam & gratiam impetrare.  
He hath loosed all through his too great meekness: Per comitatem nimiam omnia disperdidit.  
He killed himself through despair: Per desperationem manus sibi violentas Intulit, vel attulit.  
To absolve a man through favour: Per gratiam aliquem absolvere.  
To desire a thing through Avarice: Per avaritiam aliquid appetere.  
To entertain his friends by Letters: Cum amicis per Literas colloqui.  
They pray through the streets: Per compita viarum supplicatum est.  
To become great by another's ruin: Per alterius ruinam, vel incommodum ascendere.  
To fall in want or necessity through his own fault: Per culpam suam venire in necessitatem.  
He did lose the Empire by his cowardliness: Per Ignaviam suam Imperium amisit.  
To end his Life by a disgraceful death: Per dedecus & Ignominiam, vitam amittere.  
To do any thing through Contempt, or Despite: Per contemptum aliquid facere.  
I Conjure you by the Memory of your deceased Father: Per cinerem defuncti patris, vel per manes defuncti patris te testor.  
By the honour that is due to the immortal gods: Per deos Immortales, vel per deûm Immortalium fidem.  
I have received two Letters from you, by the Post: Binas á te Literas per Tabellarium accepi.  
These Evils were brought upon us by the Shoulders: Nobis sunt haec mala per milites Importata.  
In these and such like Examples (by or through) are expressed by (per.) In these Examples following, they are put by (de, é, ex, á, ab.) as,  
I shall pay you by my Brother: á fratre tibi solvam.  
Who cannot be tamed by Labour? Quis á Labour invictus?  
He did this through Anger or Envy, or out of anger ab irâ & odìo hoc fecit.  
This is done by my Counsel: De meo consilio id actum est. By the common opinion: Ex communi Sententiâ.  
To do any thing by Agreement or appointment: Ex Compacto, vel de Compacto, aliquid agere.  
By the Authority of Parliament: Ex Auctoritate Senatus.  
To do a thing by force or necessity: Ex necessitate quid quam facere.  
I shall know that by you: Id ex te Cognoscam.  
I understand by my Friends Letters: Ex amicorum Literis Intelligo  
Men Judge of the Intention by the issue: Ex eventu rerum animus Judicatur.  
I did it by the Physicians advise, or ordinance: Ex Medicorum praescripto, vel consilio id feci.  
To say any thing by Heart: Aliq memcoritèr dicere, vel memoriâ aliquid exponere.  
To rule himself by the will and pleasure of another: Ex alterìus voluntate se gerere.  
To begin Dinner by a Drink: á potu prandium Incipere  
To keep one's Friendship by good Offices: Alicujus benevolentiam Officiis tueri, vel retinere.  
You will pass through my Hands, some of these days: In manus meas, vel Inpotestatem meam aliquando venies.  
I have passed through many dangers: Multa subivi discrimina; vel multis periculis defunctus sum.  
Remark this by the way: Hoc obitèr attend, vel observa.  
I pass by your former Escapes: Anteriora crimina missa facio, vel praetereo silentio, vel praetermitto, vel taceo.  
By your Leave: Tuâ bonâ veniâ, vel cum tuâ bonâ veniâ.  
By your Favour be it spoken: Pace tuâ dixerim, vel cum tuâ bonâ veniâ dixerim.   

CHAP. XI. Of the Particle (For.)  
When this Particle is opposite to (contrà) than it is put by (pro) As, the good Subject fighteth for his Country: Bonus Subditus pugnat pro Patriâ; Therefore not against his Country: I have often hazarded my Life for my Friends: Saepé capitis periculum adii pro amicis.  
If (For) be the same that (Because) it is expressed by (ob, propter;) As, Aeneas is praised for his piety, id est, because of his piety: Laudatur Aeneas ob pietatem, vel propter pietatem: Nero is condemned for his cruelty: Ob crudelitatem damnatus est Nero: If you love me, you will do this for my cause: Si me amas id meâ causâ facies: There should not be so great a punishment for so small a fault: Non erant tàm graves paenae exigendae ob culpam tàm levem.  
In these ways of speaking, which follow (For) is put by (quamvis, quantumvis) and others of the like signification: As, for as Valiant and Courageous as you are, you dare not fight with me: Quantumvis fortis & audax es, vel quamvis sis fortis & audax, mecum tamèn in certamen descendere non audes: For as great an Orator as Cicero was, he would never, though he were alive persuade me: Cicero quantumlibet eloquens & disertus, vel eloquentissimus licet, & si a mortuis resurgeret id mihi neutiquàm persuadere potuisset.  
When (For) can be changed into (Be,) it is put by (cùm) with the Subjunctive: As, for a Learned man he is exceedingly mistaken, id est, to be a Learned man he is etc. Cum sit vir Doctus turpitèr errat, vel hallucinatus est.  
In this sort of speech following (for) is put by (á cum, or pro) As that what you say makes for me: Quod dixisti pro me facit, á me facit, mecum facit: To plead for one that is criminal: á Reo dicere: I am for you: Sto á tuis partibus.  
Sometimes you use (secundum) in place of (for;) As the Judge hath given Sentence for me: Judex secundum me judicavit.  
Again, you will find (for) expressed by putting the Noun or Pronoun in the Dative, and this so often as (for) followeth an Adjective, or Verb of Commodity or Discommodity; As this food is healthful for you: Cibus hic est tibi saluberrimus: The pot doth not boil for you: Tibi nec seritur, nec metitur: I had not keeped this too long time for you: Hoc tibi tàm diu non servareram.  
When (for) signifieth (in stead) it is put by (pro, loco, vice, in vicem) As he gave me Brass for Silver, id est, in stead of Silver: Aes mihi dedit pro argento, loco argenti: I have ever holden you for a Father, id est, instead of a Father: Te semper pro Patre, vel Patris loco habui.  
Sometimes (for) is put by (in) with the Accusative, as, He gave me an excellent Tablet for a reward, Insignem mihi bullam dedit in praemium, vel praemio; He did give five hundred acres of Land to his daughter, for her dowry, Quingenta terra jugera filiae dedit, in dotem: He hath roast meat for supper, Vtitur assá carne in coenam: He hath alleged many things for proof hereof, Multa in hujus rei fidem vel argumentum protulit; to take for a pattern, in exemplum sumere; He ordained two Censors for each City, Duos in singulas Civitates describebat Censores, He gave four hundred Sesterces for every man, Quadringintoes in singula capita sistertios dedit; He taketh a penny of Impost for every Bottle of Wine, Assem portorii nomine in singulas vini Amphoras exigit; He payeth twenty pence for every supper, Viginti asses that in singulas caenas. When (for) is followed by the Future tense, than it is put by (in) with the Noun of time following in the Accusative; as, He hath invited me to supper for the next day: Me in diem proximum ad caenam condixit, vel vocavit.  
There is a truce made for ten years, Induciae in decem annos factae sunt; for ever, in aeternum; for the Year to come, in annum sequentem; for the time to come, in reliquum tempus; for some few days, in paucos dies; for ever and ever, in perpetuum, in omne tempus, in secula seculorum.  
Sometimes (for) may be put by (pro, vel ut) and this is when it can be changed into (in regard) as he is most wise for his age, id est, in regard of his age; prudentissimus est pro aetate, vel est, ut in e● aetate prudentissimus; he was learned for these times, Erat ut illis temporibus eruditus.  
(For) is put by (de) when it is the same, that (because) as, he is not angry for nothing, id est, because of nothing, non irascitur de nihilo, for certain causes or considerations, certis de causis.  
(For) being put after the Verbs of Buying, Selling, Changing or Acquiring, and others of the like signification, hath the Noun following in the Ablative, without a Preposition, as, I have bought Ovid for twenty pence: Mercatus sum Ovidium viginti solidis. I have sold my Horse for fifty crowns, Quinquagenta coronariis equum vendidi. I have changed Lucan for Virgil; Lucanum Virgilio commutavi.  
When the Particle (for) specifieth the end, or final cause why such a thing is done, than it is put by (ad) as all things were created for the use of man, than the cause of creating things was for the use of man, Omnia creata sunt ad usum hominis. Great men do many things for the instruction of others, Viri magni multa faciunt ad aliorum disciplinam: The Consul ordained that there should be Money lifted for the use of the Church: Ad templum Consul decrevit pecuniam.  
(For) Is sometimes put by (de) specially, when it may be changed in (as concerning) as, for the hand-ball I fear no man, id est, as concerning the hand-ball, etc. De pilâ palmariâ neminem timeo.  
At other times it is expressed by (à, or ab,) As, for Friends I have none: Inops sum ab Amicis: For Philosophy he knoweth it alittle: à Philosophiâ mediocriter est Instructus.  
There be some ways of speaking, wherein (for) is omitted, and the Noun following is put in the Nominative: As, he is holden for a Learned man: Habetur vir doctus: You take me for the man that I am not: Is tibi videor qui non sum.  
Now do I set down particular ways of speaking upon this Particle (for) which cannot be reduced to some general heads: As, Every one for himself: Pro suâ quisque parte: Virtue ought to be desired for itself: Virtus per se expetendae est, vel propter se: For one pleasure, a thousand griefs: Mille dolores parit unica voluptas: For what man do you take me to be? Quid hominis me esse putas? For what cause are you angry with me! Quid mihi succenses? vel quid est quod mihi succenseas? That shall be for your profit: I● erit è tuâ, vel in rem tuam, vel ex usu tuo, ex rationibus tuis: This Herb is good for the Fever: Herba ista valet ad Febrim: For to speak nothing of his thefts:  de furtis ejus taceam, ut furta illius missa faciam, ut silentio praeteream furta illius: He hath this Suit for Sunday, or Holidays: Hac Veste utitur ad dies Festos: For one loosed two saved: Damnum etiàm cum lucro compensatum, ex damno dupla nata utilitas, vel copiam peperit inopia.   

CHAP. XII. Of the double Particle (Without.)  
THe ways of speaking in this Particle (Without) can be better shown by Examples then by general Observations.  
He was condemned without knowing the cause. Indictâ causa damnatus est, vel incognitâ causa: This way may be put (He was condemned without being heard;) which is one thing with the former.  
He was made Consul without opposition: Consul facius est nemine repugnante, vel refragrante nemine reclamante, nemine prohibente, nemine invito.  
In these and other such like ways of speaking, you make use of the Independent, or absolute Ablative, when after (Without) there cometh a Substantive, and an Adjective Independent, one what goeth before; As, Damnatus est indictâ causâ, or when you may in keeping the same sense, form a Substantive and an Adjective, from the Substantive Noun following (Without;) as instead of (without opposition) you may say no man opposing) and so put Nemine repugnante Consul factus est.  
Sometimes (Without) is put by (Quòd) with the Subjunctive: As, providing it may be without your Discommodity: Quod tuo Commodo fiat, quod sine molestiâ tu fiat.  
In the Examples following it is put diversely: As, he did this without thinking thereof: Id temeré fecit, vel Imprudens fecit, vel incogitantèr, vel inconsulto fecit.  
This did befall me without thinking thereon: Id mihi Improvisum, vel inopinatum contigit, vel mihi nec opinanti contigit.  
Without delay: Nullâ interposita morâ, vel nullâ factâ morâ, continuò, évestigio.  
To do any thing without Example: Nullo Exemplo aliquid agere.  
He obtained this without any man's help: Id consec●tus est sine cujusquam auxilio, nullius ope aut operâ emendicata & accersita, vel nullius advocato aut Implorato subsidio, ●uvante nemine.  
Without stumbling: In offenso pede.  
Without offence: Citra offensionem.  
To strike without missing: Certo jectu ferire.  
He escaped without being hurt: Ill aesus & incolumis evasit.  
I have lived without being Calumniate: á Calumnia tutus vixi.  
Hortentius did attain to old Age without being mocked: Intactus á sibilo pervenit ad senectutem Hortentius.  
He hath done this without the consent of his Master: Hoc fecit in, cio, & inconsulto praeceptore.  
Without danger of any offence: Ab injuriâ tutus, extrà omnem injuriam positus.  
The Enemy plundered all the Houses without touching the Churches: Hostis Domos omnes expilavit, à templis manus abstinens, vel templa intacta relinquens.  
This was not without much debate, Non nisi post longam concertationem ac disceptationem, hoc factum est.  
You cannot become a Learned man, without you endure much: Si vir Doctus esse vis multa tibi necessariò ferendae sunt, vel ut multa f●r●s necesse est.  
A Town without defence: Vacuum à defensoribus oppidum.  
You have done me wrong without having deserved it: Mihi Immerenti Injuriam obtulisti.  
He was ill used without having deserved it: Nullo suo merito pessimè exceptus fuit.  
The Soldiers do begin a new the Battle without the Captains Command: Haud expectato Ducis Imperio milites praelium redintigrant.  
He hath come to honour without any trouble: Per ludum, & negligentiam ad honores pervenit.  
The Army had been routed without the Consul's help: Acium fuisset de exercitu nisi in suppetias venisset Consul, vel nisi subsidiarias copias mississet Consul, nisi cohortes subsidio misisset Consul.  
Without any hope: Sine ulla spe, vel omni spe depositâ, omni spe praecisa abjectâ, ademptâ.  
Without doing wrong to any: Nullâ cuiquam factâ, irrogatâ, vel impositâ injuriâ.  
Without being wearied: Citrà taedium, & molestiam.  
The matter is without danger: Res vacat periculo, vel sal●a res est.  
Without fear: Metu vacuus, vel securus.  
Without passion: Perturbationis expers.  
Without respect of Quality: Nullâ habita ratione dignitatis.  
He hath taken many Towns without stroke of Sword: Citrà pulverem & sanguinem, multas Vrbes cepit, vel sine pulvere & sanguine, sine caede.  
I do not Esteem much Learning without Virtue: Doctrinam magni non facio, si virtus abfuerit, nisi accedat virtus, nisi cum virtute conjuncta sit.  
Without reason: Abs re, vel immeritò.  
Without consideration: Temeré vel praecipitanter, inconsultò, caeco Impetu.  
A man without Friends: Vir ab amicis Inops.  
Without civility: Vir inurbanus, inhumanus, rusticus, humanitatis expers.  
Without experience: Vir rerum imperitus, rudis, vir ab usu rerum imperitus, usu rerum carens.  
Without Renown, or Reputation: Vir obscurus, nullius neminis, inglorius, ignotus.  
Take him without this fault, and he is very good: Vir alioqui praestantissimus.  
He is not angry without cause: Non ab● re irascitur, vel non irascitur de nibilo.  
Without trouble: Facilè, nullo labour, nullo negotio.  
I have not got this without pains: Aegrè hoc impetravi, vix hoc sum Consecutus.  
Without noise: Per silentium.  
He did come without making noise: Suspenso gradu venit.  
Without Order or Method: Passim, nullo Ordine, citrà Delectum.  
Without taking his breath: Vno spiritu.  
Without Interruption: Continenter, assidué.  
Without weariness: Citrà fatigationem.  
Without satiety: Citrà satietatem.  
I cannot see that without weeping: Hoc videns tenere lachrymas non possum; á lacrymis temperare nequeo cùm hoc intueor.  
I cannot hear these trifles without laughing: Has audience ineptias risum tenere non possum, facere non possum quin rideam cùm his nugis aures meae verberantur.  
To suffer without complaining: Aequo animo pati, vel aequa nimiter pati.  
To pass days and nights without sleep: Dies noctesque insomnes, vel vigiles traducere.  
He went to bed without Supper. Discessit cubitum incaenatus.  
Without Dinner: Impransus.  
He hath done this without being forced by any: Id fecit á nemine coactus, vel sponte & ultrò h●c fecit.  
Without being requested: Non rogatus hoc fecit.  
I say these things without bragging: Non ut quidquam exprobrem haec dico.  
Without making known his will: Sine significatione suae voluntatis.  
Without taking notice of any thing: Te merè Imprudenter inconsultò.  
To do any thing without deceit: Ex animo aliquid facere, apertè, vel simplicitèr aliquid agere.  
To hear one speak without being troubled: Bonâ veniâ, vel sine molestia aliquem dicentem audire.  
Without compliment:  verè dicam quod res est, ut verum fatear, ut ingenuè libereque loquar, ut nihil dissimulem, ut absque verborum fuco & lenocinio loquar.  
I will pass over these things without speaking: Haec omnia silentio involuam, tacitus praeter mittam.  
You will know well without my speaking how much I love you: Facilè intelliges, vel me tacente quantum te diligam.  
You will do this without danger: Ab omni periculo tutus id facies, vel nullum est ab eâ re periculum.  
You cannot do this without the hatred of many: Id ut facias multorum tibi inimicitiae subeundae sunt, vel multorum suscipienda sunt odia.  
I did this without fear: Intrepidè hoc feci, nulla pericula exhorrescens, levia ducens pericula.  
Without speaking of his Insatiable desire:  de effraenatâ ejus cupidi●ate taceam.  
Without saying any more:  ne quid amplius dicam.   

CHAP. XIII. Of the Particle (According.)  
THis Particle is expressed often by (e, or ex) as may be seen in the following Examples.  
To live according to reason: Ex aequo & bono vivere.  
A Life led according to the Phylosophick precepts: Ex Philosophicis praeceptis acta vita.  
To do any thing according to his quality: Aliquid ex dignitate agere.  
This is fallen out according to my desire: Hoc accidit ex voluntate, ex animi sententia.  
To do according to his inclination: Ex naturâ agere.  
To say any thing according to the common report: Aliquid ex hominum opinion, aut fama dicere.  
To require his money according to Law: Ex Lege pecuniam repetere.  
To give to a man according to his quality: Alicui ex dignitate suâ tribuere.  
According as the occasion offers: Ex occasione, vel ex re natâ.  
To Judge one man according to another: Aliquem ex aliorum ingeniis judicare.  
To consider a cause according to the client's Riches, and not according to equity: Causam ex Clyentis opibus non ex aequitate pendere.  
You will see what you will buy according to the plenty of Merchandise: Ex copiâ mercium consulere licebit quid emas.  
To praise one's actions according to the truth: Celebrare facta alicujus ex veritate.  
To do according to the custom: Ex more ex consuetudine agere.  
According to command: Ex mandato, ex praecepto.  
Things are judged according to the Event: Res ex eventu Judicantur.  
Sometimes according is put by (Pro) As, to take Counsel according to the times: Consilium pro tempore capere.  
To do all things according to one's power and authority: Pro suo jure omnia agere.  
Nothing is fallen out according to my hope: Nihil contigit pro spe meâ.  
Every one according to his Power: Pro suâ quisque facultate, pro suis quisque viribus.  
I have spoken briefly according to my Custom: Pro meâ consuetudine brevitèr dixi.  
He Imposed sums of Money upon the Cities according to the number of Shoulders: Pro numero militum civitatibus pecuniae summas describebat  
I doubt not but that you understand according to you singular prudence: Non dubito quin pro tuâ singulari prudentiâ Intelligas.  
According to every one's deserving: Pro cujusque merito.  
Sometimes (according) is put by (ad) as,  
To speak according to one's mind: Ad alterius voluntatem, vel Ingenium loqui.  
To resolve according to the time: Ad tempus consilium capere.  
According to my meaning: Ad meum Sensum.  
To live according to the instinct of Nature: Ad Naturam vivere.  
According to the time and place: Ad rationem loci & temporis.  
To do according to the Command of another: Ad alterius praescriptum agere.  
According to my ability and strength: Ad portionem virium.  
To speak according to the opinion of others, and not to his own: Ad conjecturam alieni sensus, non ad judicium suum loqui.  
Sometimes (according) is put by (Secundum) As, according to what is alleged and proved: Secundum allegata & probata.  
According to your opinion: Secundum tuam Sententiam.  
There be yet some other ways of putting (according) as,  
According as I can Guess: Quantùm conjecturâ consequi possum, quantùm animi conjecturâ colligere valeo  
According as I see him given to his studies:  illum video erga literas animatum.  
I thanked him according as I was obliged: Pro eo ac debui elli gratias egi.  
According to my Judgement:  meae fert Sententia, prout Sentio.  
A Man according to my heart or mind: Alter ego, vir mei similis, vir mihi ad Ingenium.   

CHAP. XIV. Of the Particle (Upon.)  
THis Particle is put diversely, according to the divers significations thereof: as will appear in the following examples. There cometh every day new hindrances one upon another. Alia ex aliis me quotidiè Impediunt.  
He hath made a brave Speech upon the miseries of man: Praeclaram Orationem habuit de vitae humanae miseriis.  
He layeth the fault upon his Neighbour: In socium culpam suam transfert, vei transfundit.  
Every body layeth the cause of this mischance upon you: Huju, ce mali causam omnes in te Conferunt.  
These reproaches will fall upon yourself: In te cadent hae contumeliae.  
I have Gardens upon the Themes: Ad Tamesim Hortos habeo.  
To lift upon his Shoulders: In humeros tollere.  
You have put a heavy burden upon my Shoulders: Grave onus meis humeris Imposuisti: And if it be meant of any Charge or Office; you say, Durum ac difficilem provinciam mihi mandasti  
He ought not to have been condemned upon so light suspicions: Tàm levibus conjecturis, vel ob tàm leves conjecturas damnari non debuit.  
The King hath taken the Town upon his Enemies: Ex Hostibus, vel ab Hostibus urbem Rex Caepit.  
I confide, or rely upon your power and favour: Tuâ gratiâ & potentiâ nitor, vel in tuâ Auctoritate & gratiâ conquiesco, in te omne mihi praesidium stat.  
He did show upon his Countenance, the envy he had in his Heart: Internum odium, vultu suo praeferebat.  
To play upon the Flute: Ad tibiam Canere.  
I rely upon your Honesty: Fidei tuae me permitto.  
I will take the blame upon me: Omnem ad me culpam accipio, rem mei periculi facio, prestabo culpam.  
I oblige myself to do this upon pain of Death: Velure capitis mei perculo spondeo me hoc facturum, aut peream nisi fecero.  
He was robed upon the way: In Itinere spoliatus fuit  
The matter is just upon doing: In manibus res est.  
There is Money laid upon every City: In singulas civitates imposita Pecunia.  
Your Reputation and Innocency is upon the point of losing: Fama tua & Innocentia sub ictu est, periclitatur fama.  
The King did ordain upon pain of Death, that, etc. Rex edixit sub capitis paenâ, vel propositâ capitis paenâ.  
He is ever bend upon his studies: Semper libris incumbit, studiis semper affixus est, á libris non discedit, libros é manibus non amittit.  
The Swans stand sometimes upon one foot, and sometimes upon another: Alternis pedibus insistunt Grues.  
Upon what ground, or what account do you speak so? Quamobrem haec de me loqueris? vel quid ità de me praedicas? sentis?  
He relieth upon a weak assurance: Infirmis nititut fundamentis, rationibus, argumentis.  
To insult upon a Man: Insultare alicui, vel in aliquem.  
He was taken upon doing of the fact: In flagranti delicto deprehensus est.  
I did this upon my Brother's behalf: Rogatu fratris id feci, vel á fratre rogatus id feci▪ causâ fratris, vel in gratiam fratris.  
He did run desperately upon the Enemy: Praeceps in Hostem ferebatur, caeco impetu in Hostem ruebat.  
He knoweth not upon what foot to stand: Rerum omnium inopiâ laborat, non habet ad quem confugiat, adsummas adductus est Angustias.  
I cannot answer upon such demands: Non habeo quod respondeam ad talia postulata.  
Verres did impose great sums of Gold and Silver yearly upon the People: Verres quotannis magnam vim Auri, atque Argenti á Populo exigebat.  
You are ever upon your toys and trifles: A nugis & deliramentis non discedis, vel jocis semper intentus es.  
He hath shown his industry upon a light matter: In levi Argumento, vel in ejuna materia probavit suam industriam.  
Many evils hang upon your head: Multa tibi mala Impendent.  
He is upon a brave enterprise: Praeclarum quiddam meditatur.  
To seize upon another man's goods: In alienas opes involare, impetum facere in bona aliena, invadere bona aliena  
All the disgrace w●ll fall upon you: Omne ad te dedecus redundabit.  
To look upon himself proudly: Magnificè sese circumspicere, vel efferre sese glorià & praedicatione, sibi plu●●m●m tribuere, arrogare, assumere.  
The King hath power of death and life upon every one of his Subjects: In singulos subditorum Rex vitae necisque potestatem habet.  
He hath said thus upon the Testimony of the Poets: Ex fide & Testimonio Poetarum id protulit.  
He relieth upon his Riches: Opibus suis nititur, vel confidit, animos illi pecunia facit.  
To build his fortune upon the ruins of another: Ex alterius incommodis, vel per alterius incommodum, & calamitatem ascendere.  
To do any thing upon a sudden: Ex tempore aliquid agere, ex Improviso.  
He said upon his Oath: Juratus dixit.  
Upon my faith I will not do this: Do fidem me hoc non facturum.  
To fight upon the head of an Army: Pugnare in prima acie, vel in primis ordinibus.  
He came here upon horse: Equo vectus huc venit, vel equo insedens.  
Upon your peril be it: Tuo sit periculo, vel cum tuo fiat periculo.   

CHAP. XV. Concerning the Particle (Of.)  
When this Particle (of,) is put before a word, it is expressed by putting the word in the Genitive Case; and although this observation be very obvious, yet it is not to be neglected, but often to be inculcate into the memories of young beginners; specially since it comprehends a great many of the Rules belonging to the Genitive, as may easily appear in the following Examples  
But mark first that this way of speaking (john's Book) is the same with (the Book of John;) And so in these ways of speaking, the Letter (S) put with the Substantive; As (John's Book) is the mark of the Genitive, and sometimes (his) is the mark of the Genitive case; As John his Book, Liber Joannis: But to come to the proof of the preceding Assertion, which is that the former Observation comprehendeth the most part of the Rules belonging to the Genitive.  
As much of Water, as of Wine: Tantum Aquaequantum vim: By the Rule, Adverbs of Quantity, Time and Place govern the Genitive.  
A young man of great expectation: Magnae spei Adolescens: By the Rule, Nouns of Propriety, Praise, or Dispraise are put in the Genitive.  
I have need of money: Opus est mihi pecuniae: By the Rule, Opus governeth the Genitive or Ablative.  
Desirous of honour: Cupidus laudis: By the Rule, Adjectives of Desire, and of the Active signification govern the Genitive.  
Caesar's Cousin: Affinis vel Consanguineus Caesaris: By the Rule, Adjectives of Affinity, Similitude, etc. govern the Genitive or Dative.  
Some of the Philosophers: Phylosophorum aliqui: By the Rule, Partative Nouns govern the Genitive.  
The modestest of the Brethren: Modestior fratrum: By the Rule, that the Comparative when we speak only of two things, governeth the Genitive.  
To stand in need of Counsel: Egere Consilii: A hogshead of Wine: Dolium plenum Vini; Both said by the Rule that Verbs and Adjectives of Plenty, and Scarcity, are put with the Genitive or Ablative.  
To take care of his own Affairs: Rerum suarum satagere; By the Rule, that Satago governeth the Genitive.  
Condemned of theft: Damnatus furti: Accused of Avarice: Accusatus Avaritiae: By the Rule, Verbs of Condemning and Accusing have the Genitive.  
I remember of a Proverb: Recordor Proverbii: By the Rule, Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting govern the Genitive or Accusative.  
He reputes him of his enterprise: Paenitet eum incaepti: You are ashamed of this disgrace: Pudette hujusce infamiae: By the Rule, Paenitet, Taedet, Miseret, Pudet, Piget, have the thing in the Genitive, and the Person in the Accusative.  
It is for the good of the Commonwealth, that evil men be punished: Interest Reipub ut mali coerceantur: By the Rule, Interest, Refert, Est, govern the Genitive.  
But seeing that the Noun following (Of) is not always put by the Genitive: I will touch the most frequent and necessary Exceptions arising from this Observation.  
Sometimes (Of) is put by (é, or ex,) with the Ablative, as in these ways of speaking; Of a Slave he is become a Freeman: é Servo Libertus facius est: Of a Rich man, a Poor man, of an Ignorant, a man most Learned, of a Blessed, an Unhappy man: é Divite, Pauper, ex Ignaro, Doctus, é Beato, Miserrimus, Evasit: Of a man, he became as suddenly a Boar, as if he had tasted of Circe's Potion: Repentè ex homine factus est Verres tanquàm gustato Circeo poculo.  
When (Of) is put before the matter, whereof any thing is made, than it is put by (ex) with the Ablative: As, an Image of Brass: Simulachrum ex aere: a Vessel made of one Precious Stone: Vas ex una Gemma conflatum: And by (é) if the Noun of the matter begin by a Consonant.  
When (Of) is put for concerning, than it is put by (de:) As, the Master told us a pretty story of the Fox, id est, concerning the Fox: I epidam fabulam narravit nobis Praeceptor de Vulpe.  
Likewise (Of) is put by (de) after the Verbs of Diminishing, and taking Away; As, you have taken away much of your affection: Multùm detraxisti de amore tuo: We must sometimes quit some thing of our right: Interdum aliquid de jure nostro cedere oportet.  
Now cometh particular ways of speaking, which cannot be reduced to any general Observation: As, I am glad of your coming: Adventu tuo gaudeo: One of the Vulgar sort: Vnus é plaebe, unus é multis: A man greedy of Nature: Homo ex naturâ suâ avidus: To do a thing of purpose: Ex destinato aliquid agere, de indurist● aliquid agere, datâ operâ, ex praeparato, consultò vel studiosè aliquid agere.  
He was a Soldier the space of ten years without Interruption: Decem continuos annos militavit.  
He did this of his own accord: Id su● sponte fecit, vel non invitus id fecit: He is of such a nature: Talis est ejus indoles, ità ● naturâ est comparatus: He is a handsome man of person: Corporis praestantiâ conspicuus est: He is of mean Parentage: Est natus obscuris Parentibus, humili loco natus, vel ortus est: He is of Noble Parents: Est nobili loco ortus, natus est praeclaro Stemmate, vel conspicuis Parentibus: He is of my acquaintance: Est mihi notus, est mihi Cum illo familiaritas, illo utor valde familiariter: I make great account of your favour Magni facio tuum beneficium, in summo pretio est tuum beneficium.   

CHAP. XVI. Of the Particle (in.)  
THough I may very safely leave off to speak of (In) as it is a Latin Preposition, as of a thing not belonging to my purpose, yet in behalf of young beginners, of whose profit I am most solicitous; I will rather be thought guilty of transgressing in matter of Method, then sparing of my pains in serving them; to the effectuating of which, I will speak of this Particle, as it is a Latin Preposition, and an English Particle.  
(In) As a Latin Preposition, governeth sometimes the Accusative, and sometimes the Ablative, according to the diversity of Verbs that are put with it, or its own divers significations, concerning both which the Scholar must have recourse to the following Rules.  
The Preposition (In) being put with a Verb of Rest, id est, which signifieth no local Mutation, or going from one place to another, hath after it the Ablative: He prayeth in the Church; here is no change from one place to another, wherefore you say, Oratin Templo: He walks in the Hall: Ambulat in Aula.  
But, when it followeth a Verb of Motion; id est, which signifieth to go from one place to another, than it hath after it the Accusative; As, he is gone to the Church, the place from which he is gone, is the place that is left; and the (Church) to which he is gone, is that which he hath acquired; and so you say, Abiit in Templum: He hath gone up to his Chamber: Ascendit in cubiculum,  
Remember that it is not enough that a Verb signify a Moving, but it must of necessity signify to move out of one place to another, in such ways that the two places, to wit, (á quo) the place from which, and (ad quem) the place to which you go, must be distinct; As when a man goeth from his House to the Church, he leaveth his House to go to the Church: Wherefore we say not, Ambulat in Hortum, he walketh in the Garden, nor, natat in Fluvium, he swimeth in the River, although (Ambulo and Nato) signify a moving or motion, but we say (In horto, ambulat, natat in Fluvio) Because he that walks in the Garden doth not go out of it so long as he walketh therein, and although he changeth places in going from one end to the other, these places are all of the Garden; neither is it the same thing when you say he walketh in the Garden, and he walketh from one end of it to the other; For in the first there is no deserting of one place to acquire another; but in the second you leave this end to go to the other, and this way it is a motion.  
This Rule comprehends also all Metaphorick motions, which are so called, because of the Proportion and Similitude which they have with a true motion; As, he hath casten his goods into the Sea, here is a true motion, from one place to another; But when we say, he hath casten himself in misery; here is a Metaphorick motion, which will have also the Accusative; As, See met conjecit in summas Angustias: Besides this local motion, there is another which the Philosophers call (Motus Alterationis) a Motion of Alteration, which is, when a thing changeth from one Estate to another, or from one Nature to another, whether it be from one Accident to another, or from one substance to another; In this sort of motion, the Preposition (In) will have after it the Accusative: As, God did change Water into Wine▪ here is one substance changed into another: Deus Aquam in Vinum mutavit. Daphne was metamorphosed into a Laurel: Daphne in Laurum est transformata: He changeth white into black, cold into heat, moisture into dryness: Album in nigrum, frigidum in calidum, humidum in siccum convertit; he turneth all to his own gain: In suum emolumentum omnia convertit.  
There be yet many significations, wherein this Preposition governeth the Accusative.  
First when (In) is put for (Contrà) or Adversùs,) As Cicero said many things against Catiline: In Catilinam Cicero multa dixit: Caesar did make wars against the French: Caesar in Gallos' bellum gessit.  
Secondly, when it is put for (Ergà,) my love for my Brother: Meum studium in Fratrem, id est, erga Fratrem: Your spite against your Enemies: Tuum in tuos inimicos odium, id est, erga inimicos.  
Thirdly, when (In) is put for (Pro;) As, he hath given Land to his Daughter for her Dowry: Agrum dedit Filiae in dotem, id est, pro dote, loco dotis, vice dotis: The King hath promised to him that is Victorious, a Horse for a Reward: Victori Rex pollicitus est Equum in praemium, id est, pro praemio, loco praemii. He did allege many things for proof: Multa attulit in hujus rei fidem.  
Fourthly, When (In) goeth before some thing that is to come: As, they have made a Truce for twenty years: Inducias in viginti annos Impetraverunt. He hath called me to Supper to morrow: Me ad caenam invitavit in posterum diem. The Eclipses of Sun and Moon, are foretold for many years: Solis & lunae defectiones praedicuntur in multos annos. The enemy doth increase from day to day: Crescit in singulos dies hostium numerus. I expect my Brother at every hour: Fratrem in horas expecto.  
Fiftly, When (In) is found in a distribution or division, it hath the Accusative: As, Binos censores in singulas civitates distribuit. He did establish two Censors for every Town: Quaternos denarios in singulas vini Amphoras exigebat.: He did exact a penny of every bottle of Wine.  
Now it remains that I speak of it, as it is an English Particle.  
When (In) is the same thing with (for) than it is put by (In) with the Accusative; As, he gave his Daughter Land in Dowry: Id est, for her Dowry, Dedit filiae agrum in dotem. The King did promise a horse to him that should be Victorious in recompense: Id est, for a Recompense: Rex pollicitus est equum Victori in praemium. He hath alleged many things in proof of this: Multa attulit in hujus rei fidem, vel Argumentum. To do any thing in hate or spite to another: Aliquid in odium alterius facere. I will do this in your Favour: In gratiam tui id agam.  
When (In) doth answer to the question (quomodò) it is put likewise by (In) with the Accusative: As, let him be clothed in some strange kind of way: Peregrinum in modum exornetur. Here (In) answers to (quomodo) or how was he clothed. They were tormented in a slavish fashion: Servilem in modum cruciati sunt.  
You take all things in ill part: In malam partem accipis omnia.  
When (In) is in a speech answering to the question, (in quo, or, qua in re) It is left out in the Latin, and the Noun following is put in the Ablative, without a Preposition, as he exceedeth some in Piety, others in Learning: Alios peitate, alios Doctrinâ superat. Sometimes the Ablative hath before it the preposition (In) as in these ways of speaking, following, it is a brave thing to out go others in some thing: Praeter caeteros in re aliquâ excellere pulchrum est. He hath spent his Life in Grief and Sadness: Exegit vitam in Luctu & Maerore,  
Although (in) be put before a Noun of time in the English, it is ordinarily left out in the Latin: As, in the Winter season, he: in Summer, Aestate: in the Spring time, Vere: in harvest, Autumno. in these times, Temporibus illis: the Month of April, Mense Aprili: Yet in these ways following, the Preposition is expressed, as in the flower of his Age: In florente etate, vel in flore aetatis. In his Youth: in juventute sua. In his old Age: In senectute, vel, in extremo vitae tempore. In our Time: In nostro saeculo. In five years: In quinquennio. In Cicero his Counsel-ship, In consulatu Ciceronis: In Charles the Second his Reign: In Imperio Caroli ejus nominis Secundi.  
(In) going after Verbs of plenty, or scacity, is left out in the Latin; As he abounds in learning: Abundat doctrimâ. He is wanting in friends: Eget amicis: Neither is this only to be done with Verbs, but with Adjectives likewise of this Nature: As, he is Rich in Lands: Est dives agris: A Land barren in Grain: Terra infaecunda frugibus.  
Now followeth particular ways of speaking, upon this Particle (In) which can be easier expressed in Examples then drawn to some general heads; As, to turn In a Circle: In Orbem vertere. In a Point, In aciem vertere. In Peace and War: In Togâ & Sago, in Pace & Bello.  
In time of the Pest, Grassante lieu, in full Senate, in frequenti Senatu. In a public Place: In Publico, in Propatulo, in Aperto. A place in Sight: Locus editus, vel facilè, in aspectum cadens, vel in conspectu locus. In form of a Hill: In speciem Montis, instar Montis. In shape or form of a Cap: In modum pilei. In Readiness: In Procinctu, in Promptu. To set an Army in array: Aciem Instruere. To fight in the front of an Army: In prima Acie, vel in primis ordinibus Pugnare. There was four in All: Erant in universum quatuor, vel omninò quatuor, ad summum quatuor: A thing pleasant in show: Res preclara in speciem. In a word: Paucis. In despite of you: Velis Nolis. In despite of the Senate: Nolente ac refragante Senatu. A matter in question or debate: Res controversa, vel de qua ambigitur, vel quae in controversiam cadit. To keep his own in subjection. Tenere auctoritatem in suos. To live in private: Privatam vitam agere, domi se tenere, aliorum consuetudinem colloquia, vel contubernia fugere: To live in good Reputation: Sanctè & Religiosè vivere. Died in Blue: Ceruleo colore infectum. He is in his right and proper Element: Hîc Regnat, hîc Triumphant, hac in materiâ Luxuriat & abundat He is in great power and favour: Gratiâ & auctoritate pollet. He is in good humour: Hilaris est, totus ad hilaritem compositus est.  
He is in to an Ecstasy: Extrà se est, à seipso peregrinatur.  
He is in an Agony: Animum agit.  
He is not in capacity of appealing: Appellationis beneficio excidit, provocationis munus non habet.  
In Play, per ludum, per jocum, joco.  
He is in danger for your Cause: Periclitatur tuâ causâ,  
Your Father is in trouble for you: Patrem afficit sollicitudo ex te.  
In Imitation of any one: Per similatìonem alicujus.  
He is in danger of his Life: Periclitatur sálus illius, vel capite periclitatur.  
He is in danger of losing his Cause: Periculum est ne causâ cadat, vel ne ejus causa laboret.  
To be in good esteem: Benè audire.  
He is in a happy condition: Omnia illi ad voluntatem fluunt, omnia succedunt ex animi Sententiâ, arridet illi fortuna, res illi cadit ad nutum.  
To Sail in going up the River: Adverso flumine Navigare. In going down: Secundo flumine Navigare.  
To speak in considerately: Temerè & in cogitantèr loqui.  
He is in bad Terms with his Father: Cum patre non Convenit.  
He is in good Terms with his Brother: Amantissimè & Conjunctissimè cum fratre vivit.  
He hath given his Daughter in Pledge: Filiam in obsidem dedit.  
He came in great Pomp: Amplissimo comitatu venit.  
He cometh in great haste: Magnâ celeritate, vel magnâ cum celeritate Advolat▪  
In Short:  paucis dicam, verbo dicam, ne multa, ne multis.  
To tell every thing in Order: Ordine singula persequi, per capita singula commevovare.   

CHAP. XVII. Of the Particle (If.)  
When the Partile (If) goeth after any of these Verbs, Nescio, Quaero, Dubito, Perpendo, it is put by (utrùm, ne, a, nùm) which have the Verb following in the Subjunctive: As, I know not if you Love me: Nescio utrum me ames. He asked me if you was of my opinion: Quaesivit ex me mecumne sentires. I doubt if I should grant you your request: Dubito an petitioni tuae subscribere debeam. The King is consulting with his Officers, if it be expedient to declare War: Deliberate Rex cum ducibus suis num bellum indicendum sit.  
(If) is put also by (utrùm, num, ne,) after (refert, interest) as it is little matter, if you did this yourself, or by another: Parùm interest, utrùm ipse hoc feceris an aliis faciendum mandaveris. It is nothing to you if I said this or not: utrùm hoc dixerim nec ne tuâ nihil refert.  
(If) is put by (si, or quamvis) when it is the same in English with (although, albeit) As, if you would give me all the World, I would not do that: Si mihi dares omnia, non istud agerem. If you were Eloquent, as Cicero, you could never persuade me: Id est, although, or albeit you were Eloquent, as Cicero, etc. Quamuìs par esses Ciceroni Eloquentiâ, nunquàm mihi persuaderes.  
When (if) is the same with (when) it it is put by (si) with the Subjunctive: As you shall oblige me if you will write often to me: Id est, when you will write, etc. Gratissimum mihi feceris si ad me sepissimè scribas. You shall befriend me if you send me Money: Id est, When you send, etc. Mihi maximè proderis si ad me pecuniam mittas. You will come if you think good: venies si tibi visum fuerit.  
When (if) can be changed into (unless) it is put by (nisi) which hath after it the Subjunctive or the Indicative: As, if you carry not yourself more humble & modest you will cause your friends to forsake you: Nisi te submissius atque modestius geras omnes à te amicos alenabis.  
If I be not deceived this is the man that I did suspect: Nisi me animus fallit, hic profectò est quem suspicabar: (If) in both these Examples can be changed into (unless.)  
When (If) hath after it these words (at least) which is expressed in the Latin by (tamèn, attamèn, certè, at certé, at saltem) it is rendered into the Latin by (si non, si minùs,) As, If I cannot altogether take away your grief, at least I shall diminish it: Si dolorem tibi hunc eripere non possum, diminuam saltem. But here observe that (si) is put without (non, or minus) if your speech have in it a Negative Verb, As, Si dolorem hunc tibi eripere nequeo diminuam saltèm. If then you should put after (si) (non, or minus) with the Negative Verb (nequeo) your speech would be Affirmative; two Negatives making always an Affirmative. But where the Verb with the which (if) goeth, is Affirmative, there (si nòn, or si minùs) are put conjunctly: As if I cannot prevail too day, at least the day after, here (prevail) is an Affirmative Verb, and so you say, si hodiè non possum, postridiè saltem.  
Moreover albeit the Verb be Affirmative: Yet if there be any other part of your speech rendering it Negative, you must use (si) only: As, Si mihil possum body, at certè postridiè.  
If my affairs have not succeeded well, I cannot at least but praise your good will: Si minùs benéres meae contigerint, non possum non laudare voluntatem tuam. If you could not come, at least you might have written: Si venire non potuisti, saltèm potuisti scribere.  
(If) is most commonly put by (si) after the Pronouns: As, if you should do this: Hoc si feceris: Who if he comes: Qui si Venerit. I do marvel if this should come so too pass: Mirabar hoc si sic abiret.   

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Particle (When.)  
IF (When) go before a Passive Verb, or an Adjective Noun, which is not a participle of the Active voice, it may be put either by (cùm) with the Verb in the Indicative: As, I came when I was desired: Veni cum rogabar. I did this when I was sick: Id feci cum eram aeger. Or else (when) is left out in the Latin, and the passive Verb is put in the Preterite. or Future Tense of the Participle: according to the Tense of your English; neither is the Substantive Verb expressed with the Adjective following it, but the Adjective alone: As, Rogatus veni, I came when I was desired: I did this when I was sick; aegrotus hoc feci. I did subscribe when I was forced, Coactus subscripsi. I did fight when I was hurt: Saucius pugnavi.  
And that you may know when this Particle is put so, it is when it can be resolved into (being) As, I subscribed being forced. I did fight being hurt, etc.  
If (When) go before an Active Verb, Neuter, or Deponent of the Active signification, it is put either by the Ablative absolutely, or by (cum) with the Subjunctive or Indicative; and to know when it is put absolutely, and when by (cùm) take notice if (that) go before (when) and then it is expressed by (cùm;) As, they say that when Cesar came to Rubicon, he doubted if he should cross the River, Aiunt Caesarem cum pervenisset ad Rubiconem haesitaste transmitteretne Fluvium nec ne: They say that Marcus Antonius, when he was Loving Cleopatra did seldom sleep: Dicitur Marcus Antonius cum deperiret Cleopatram, rarò dormivisse: But if (that) neither expressly nor tacitly doth go before (when,) than it is put by the Ablative absolutely; As, Thiefs are robbing when good men sleep, Fures Latrocina exercent dormientibus bonis.  
If (When) be put betwixt a Verb, and a Particle of the Present Tense, it is there left out; As, I did observe this when I was reading: Hoc legens annotavi, or it is put by (cùm) with the Subjunctive, and sometimes the Indicative; As, Cum legerem hoc annotavi; or, it is put by (Inter) with the Gerund in (dumb;) As, Inter legendum hoc annotavi; And (when) is put this last way, when it is the same with (while.)  
But if there follow the Verb a Noun, than you must not use the Gerund in (dum) with (inter,) but other the Gerund in (do) in giving it the case that the Verb from which it descends, doth govern; As, I did learn this in reading Cicero: Legendo Ciceronem hoc annotavi, or you may make a Gerundive of the Gerund, id est, make the Gerund to agree with the Substantive following, in Gender and Number and in the Ablative Case with (in) going before; As, In legendo Cicerone hoc annotavi.  
I said before, that (When) was sometimes expounded by the Independent, or absolute Ablative; but that you may know when this aught to be done; Observe that if the English Participle, which is known by its ending in (ing) have no dependence upon the Nominative of the preceding or following Verb, than you use this Ablative; As, when I was reading Cicero, you was playing; Here playing depends not upon (I) which is the Nominative to (Reading) nor contrary-wayes (Reading) depends not upon (you) the Nominative to (Playing,) wherefore you say, Me legente Ciceronem ludebas, vel te ludente legebam Ciceronem.  
But if there be a dependence, than you use, (cùm, dum, or inter) according to what is already said.  
Mark well this way of speaking upon (When,) what think ye were my thoughts when I did hear these words: Quo animo me esse putas his auditis, haec ut audivi, haec audientem, haec dum audiebam.   

CHAP. XIX. Of the Particle (Since.)  
THis Particle is sometimes the same that (Seeing,) and then it is put by (cùm) with the Verb following it in the Conjunctive Mood; As, Since you are such a man, I will have nothing to do with you: Talis cùm sis, nolo mihi tecum rem esse; or else by (Quandoquidem, or quoniam) with the Indicative; As, Since I cannot escape, I will fight manfully: Gnavitèr pugnabo quoniam, vel quandoquidem nullus super est fugae locus.  
(Since) going before a Substantive Noun, is changed into (ex quo,) and in place of the Noun, is used the Verb descending from it; As, Since Dinner: Ex quo pransus sum: Since I supped: Ex quo caenavi.  
But if you cannot have a Verb from the Substantive Noun following (Since,) than you must put the Noun in the Ablative with (Ex;) As, I had no Letter from you since Friday: Ex die Veneris nulla mihi á te reddita Epistola: I did hear nothing since Yesternight: Ex Hesternâ nocte audivi nihil.  
(Since) in these ways of speaking, following, is put by (Quod, quum, ex quo;) As, It is a long time since he departed; Diu est quod abivit, quum abivit, ex quo abivit, It is ten years since he died: Decem anni exierunt ex quo mortuus est, decimus hic est annus ab ejus morte.  
Sometimes (Since) is put by (Jam dudùm, jam pridèm,) (dudùm est quod pridèm est quod:) As, it is long since you played: Jamdudùm non lusisti, dudùm est quod lusisti: It is not long since: Non ità pridèm est: These other ways of speaking, are to be observed; Since that day, Ex illo Die: Since the first of January, Ex Calendis Januariis: Since Cicero's Consulship, Ex Consulatu Ciceronis: Since Nero's time, á Tempore Neronis: Since the day before the Nones of June, till the day before the Calends of September, Ex ante diem Nonarum Juniarum, usque ad pridiè Calendas Septembris: Since that time, Ex illo tempore: A long time since, A Longo Tempore.   

CHAP. XX. Of the Particle (Whether.)  
THis Particle (Whether) being put Interrogatively, is expressed diversely; sometimes by (quò,) and this is when you ask one whether he goeth; As, Quò tendis: Whether go you? At other times whether is changed into (utrùm,) and this is when you ask one which of two, or more things he will do, or embrace; As, whether will you study, or play, Vtrùm vis operam studiis navare, an ludo?  
It is put by (utrùm) without an Interrogation; As also after (Refert, Interest,) As, It matters not whether you did it yourself, or commanded it to be done by others: Parùm Interest, utrùm ipse feceris, an aliis faciendum mandaveris.  
When (Whether) is followed by (so ever) than it is put diversely according to the signification of the Verb following; for if it be a Verb of motion to a place, than it is put by (quòcunque, quòlibet, quôvis) As whether soever he goeth: Quòcunque, vel quòlibet se confert; But if the Verb following signify a rest in a place, than (whether) is put by (Vbicunque, ubilibet, ubivis;) As, whether so ever he be, I shall think on him; Vbicunque sit, ubivis sit, semper illius Recordabor.  
(Whether) In these ways of speaking which follow, is put by (siuè;) As, you shall not be rewarded for your works, whether they be good or bad: Nullum feres praemium laborum tuorum, siuè boni, siuè mali sinè; And fail not to put the Verb after (siuè) in the Conjunctive Mood.  
These other ways of speaking, are to be observed: Whether I die or live, you shall not repent it: Moriar, non moriar te non paenitebit: Do I well, do I ill, it concerns you nothing: Rectè an perperàm agam, tuâ nihil refert: Go whether you please: Ito quòcunque velis: Whether he be Poor or Rich I care not: Sat pauper an dives perindè mihi est.   

CHAP. XXI. Of the Particle (But.)  
THe Particle (But) is most elegantly doubled sometimes in stead of (&) As, I say not that he is a wicked man, but a good and honest man: Ipsum non dico Improbum esse sed probum sed honestum.  
When (But) is taken conditionally, it is expounded by (siverò) (sin autèm;) As, you shall oblige me if you come hither, but if your health cannot permit you, I pray stay: Gratissimum mihi feceris si hùc veneris; si verò per valetudinem non potes, quaeso domi maneas.  
If (But) follow the Verb (Dubito) or its Synonimes, it is rendered by (Quin) with the Conjunctive; As, I doubt not but you love me: Non dubito quin me ames; and not only is it so expounded after (dubito) and the like Verbs; But also when it followeth a Negation; As, I cannot but think much of your Virtue: Non possum quin Virtutem tuam magni faciam: There passeth never a day but he comes to see me: Nullum intermittit diem quin ad me veniat.  
(But) is put by (quàm, nisi, praetèr, praeterquàm,) and thus so often as it goeth after (what is) or (nothing else) As, poverty is nothing else but the despising of riches: Nihil aliud paupertas quàm contemptus, praeter contemptum divitiarum: What is envy, but a grief conceived of another man's happiness: Quid est invidia quàm dolour, praeterquàm dolour, nisi dolour, ex alterius faelicitate conceptus.   

CHAP. XXII. Of the Particle (At.)  
AS this Particle is put by the Latin Preposition (Apud,) it sufficeth to say that it governeth the Accusative; As, at that same place: Apud eundem locum.  
There are many excellent ways of speaking on this Particle, whereof here followeth the most considerable.  
At mid night: De mediâ nocie.  
At night come hither: Hùc veni sub noctem  
At the third watch: De tertiâ vigiliâ.  
At the break of day: Sub primam lucem, subauroram.  
At the declining of his age: Sub exitu vitae.  
You deal with me at the Rigour: Summo jure mecum agis.  
He did speak at his own commodity: Suo commodo dixit.  
Writ at your leisure: Per otium tuum scribe.  
(At) going before a Noun of Time, is expressed by the Ablative, when the question is by (Quando,) without a Preposition; As, he did return at three of the clock: Rediit horâ tertiâ: He went away at the dawning of the day, Primâ luce profectùs est: You came at the right time, Tempore advenisti: It shall not be ill said if you use (per or sub;) As, Per tempus venisti, sub lucem profectus est.  
To ask at any body, Quaerere ex aliquo.  
I have obtained this at my Brother's request: Id rogatu Fratris assecutus sum.  
I am at your devotion or will: Sum tibi ad arbitrium, sum tibi ad nutum.  
The Labourer is wakened at the Cocks crowing, the Soldier at the sound of the Trumpet: Agricola ad Galli cantum, miles ad tubae sonitum excitatur.  
Cicero was banished at the great grief of the People, Cicero in exilium conjectus est, magno totius populi maerore.  
To serve one at a fit occasion, Alicui ipso tempore praesto esse.  
To pay at his day, Ad diem solvere.  
At the first sight, Primâ front, primo congressu, primo obtuitu vel intuitu.  
To tell at a word, Verbo dicere.  
To expect on at every hour and minute, Aliquem in singulas horas, & momenta expectare.  
One waiteth for you at the door, Te praestolatur ad fores aliquis.  
I know my lesson at twice reading over, Bis relegendo lectionem meam teneo.  
At the second time, Secundâ vice.  
At our House, Domi, vel in aedibus nostris.  
He liveth at the Sign of the Lion, Degit ad Leonem.  
I did this at another man's charges, Istud alieno sumptu praestiti.  
At the most, Ad summum; At the least, Ad minimum.  
I come at a call, Vocatus advolo.  
He is angry at a word, Verbo excandescit.  
At an instant, Continuò, statìm.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Particle (Out.)  
HEre as in the former Particle, are many useful ways of speaking, whereof I have collected the most considerable.  
To do a thing out of folly, Temerè & inconsultò aliquid agere, ex inscitiâ aliquid facere.  
To outlive his Parents, Superesse Parentibus.  
You are out of purpose: Jàm ineptis, a scopo deflectis.  
You are out of Countenance, Erubescis.  
He is out of his wit, Extrà se est, inops mentis est.  
You are out of danger, Extrà periculum es.  
You are out of the fashion, Es consuetudini difformis, vel dissimilis, à consuetudine, alienus es, vel abhors.  
You are out or mistaken, Hallucinatus es, captus es.  
Without doubt, Procul dubio.  
Out of one trouble into another, é Scylla in Charybdim, é foco in cineres.  
He is out of hopes, Spem omnem abjecit, vel deposuit, despondet animum.  
To put out ones eye, Alicui oculum effodere, vel exculpere.  
To put one out of doors, Aliquem suis aedibus ejicere, vel extrudere.  
To put out of mind, Ex animo delere aliquid.  
Out of pride and envy, Ex superbiâ & invidiâ, prae Arrogantiâ & invidiâ:  
You are out of your Element, á Propriâ deflectis materia.  
To lay out money upon any thing, Pecuniam in rem aliquam insumere, vel impendere.   

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Particles (Whiles) or (Till.)  
(While) is commonly expressed by (dùm, or donèc,) with the Indicative, or Conjunctive Mood; the Conjunctive Mood is made use of, when (dùm or donèc) is betwixt two Verbs; As, hear whiles he speaks, Audi dum loquatur; But if (Whiles) goeth not between two Verbs, than you make use of the Indicative; As, none hears whiles he speaks, Dum loquitur nemo audit.  
(Whiles or Till) going after (Expecto) are always put by (dùm or donèc,) with the Subjunctive; As, I expect whiles my Brother, or till my Brother come, Expecto dùm veniat Frater.  
When (Whiles) is put with a Verb, which hath no dependence upon any other Verb in the speech with it, than it is put by the absolute Ablative: This dependence is known, if the Nominative of both Verbs be one and the same, and if they be divers, then are they said to be independent one of another: As while the Navy was fight▪ Cleo patra was flying, Here (Navy, and Cleopatra) the two Nominatives, are two divers things: Wherefore you say, Pugnantibus classiariis militibus, fugiebat Cleopatra, vel fugiente Cleopatrâ pugnae Instabant Classiarii: This may be said by (dùm, or donèc) As, Dùm pugnabant Classiarii fugrebat Cleopatra.  
But if the Verb or Verbs following (while) have a dependence on what goeth before, than it is put by (dumb, donèc, or inter) with the Gerund in (dum) according as I have shown above in the particle (when) with whom this particle hath great Affinity.   

CAAP. XXV. Of the Particle (Above.)  
(ABove) is sometimes put by (suprà) As, What is above us, doth not concern us, Quod suprà nos, nihil ad nos.  
In these ways following it is put by (praeter, in, inter) As, above all virtues I praise modesty, Praetèr caeteras, virtutes laudo modestíam; in caeteris virtutibus, inter caetera● virtutes  
Sometimes by (in, or, prae) As, I detest Avarice, above all things, Ab Avariti● imprimis abhorreo: The Captain did forbear above others, In Caeteris, vel prae caeterà dux se abstinuit.  
Mark these Particular ways of speaking, I have ever esteemed this above all things. Mihi id semper. Antiquissimum fuit: I Love Plato above all Philosophers, Ex omnibus Philosophis Platonem unicè dilig●: This is above my quality, Id digintat●m meam excedit, veb exuperat: It is a thing above my ability or force, Hoc viribus meu● est Impar. This is fallen out above expectation, Id praeter spem contigit: To Swim with the Head above Water, Super natare aquam capite.  
It is yet put by (amplius) As, I had walked a mile and above, when I did meet you, miliare & aliquid amplius confeceram, cum me tibi habuisti obvium.  
In these ways it is expounded by (antè, Imprimis) As, above all things fear God, Antè omnia Deum time: Imprimis Deum time: Or, you may say, Quidquid feceris Deum time.  
It is sometimes put by a Verb; As in these following examples: There is none above the King in his own Kingdom, Nullus Regi praesidet in Regno suo, nemo Regi praeest, vel nemini Rex subest.  
These ways of speaking deserve attention; He is learned above measure, Est suprà modum, vel fidem Doctus, mirandum in modum est Doctus, majorem in modum est Doctus.  
He is above me in Leaning and Virtue, Doctrinâ & Virtute me superat, Antevertit▪ Antecellit: He is above, Est Supernè.   

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Particles (As.)  
THis Particle (As) in a Comparison is put by (ut, sicùt, velùt, tanquàm) As, for example, our time slideth away, as the gliding water,  aqua labatur sic tempus.  
When (As) goeth before an English Participle, it is expressed by (cùm,) with the Verb in the Conjunctive: An example hereof: As I was walking by the Thames, I did see our Master, Cum d● ambularem in Thamesis ripâ vidi praeceptorem, nostrum: You may say by the participle though not so Elegantly, nor according to the Latin phrase, specially in prose, Deambulans vidi preceptorem nostrum: But in Poetry you may speak so.  
If there follow not your participle which hath (As) before it, a Noun, you can express (as) by (inter) with the participle in the Gerund in (dumb;) As; Inter deambulandum prope Thamesim vidi praeceptorem: If there follow a Noun than it is put Gerundively according to what is already said in the preceding Chapters: As I was Reading Virgil, I did see our Master, In Legendo Virgilio, Vel legendo Virgilium vidi nostrum praeceptorem: This way of speaking by the Gerundive is only in Active Verbs; Neuters and Deponents are other put by (cum;) or in the Gerunds in (do) if they be not wanting, or by (inter) with the Gerund in (dum,) but take heed that you use not this last way of speaking, when the Nominatives of the Verbs which are in your speech, are divers and distinct things, otherwise you will commit an amphibology, or Doubtsome speech; for Example, As, I was fight, John did hurt me. Here (J. and John) which are the Nominatives are divers, so if you should say, Inter pugnandum mihi nocuit Johannes, it would be doubtsome whether (pugnandum) went to (mihi) or to (Joannes) wherefore you must in this case use (cum) As, Cum pugnarem mihi nocuit Joannes: Or the Participle, specially when it is not in the Nominative Case; As, mihi pugnanti nocuit Joannes.  
When this Particle (As) is twice put, the first (As) is expressed by (adeò, ità, tàm) and the last by (ac, quàm, ut) which have after them the same Case and Moods that goeth before them; As Caesar was, as Courageous, as Alexander, Adeò fuit strenuus Caesar, quam Alexander, Ità fuit strenuus ac Alexander: He Reads as well as he writs, Ità Legit, ut Scribit; aequè Legit ac Scribit: Where it is to be remarked that, (As) in this Example insinuateth a Comparison.  
But when (As) is doubled without a comparison, it is to be put by (quàm) with the Adjective following Adverbially put in the Superlative degree as, I shall recommend you to the King as carefully as I can, Te Regi commendabo quàm Studiosissunè potero: I did inform myself, as exactly as I could, Quàm accuratissimè potuerim singula perscrutatus sum: And here in stead of (quàm) you may use (ut) As, ut Studiosissimè potui, ut Accuratissimè potui.  
These two ways of speaking are not to be forgot; I Love you as much as any man, Tàm te amo quàm qui maximé: My House is as much frequented as ever it was, Domus mea frequentur ut cum Maximè: To which I add yet a third way, As I am an honest man this is true, Vel honestus non sum vel hoc verum est; ut honestus sum ità & hoc verum; ne honestus sim nisi hoc verum sit.   

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Particle (Would.)  
THese be the most usual and considerable ways of speaking upon this Particle.  
What more? he would have killed me, Quid? Quod me etiàm occidere voluit.  
What would you give for that time again? Quanto velis pretio tempus illud Redemptum, vel Redimendum?  
Who would not be angry with you? Quis tibi non succenseat?  
If you did so, would you not put your self in great danger? Ità si faceres nonné te praecipitem in discrimen ageres?  
Would I could see him whom I look for? Faxit Deus hominem quem expecto videam.  
Would you ever have thought this? Numquid unquàm hoc tibi in mentem venisset▪  
Who would have ever thought of this? Quis hac de re unquàm cogitasset.  
Here is one would speak with you, Aliquis te alloqui cupit, vel quaerit te ad coloquium quispiam.  
Who would believe any such thing? Quis tale credat?  
I would not do this for my life, vel si mibi vitam daret istud non facerem; ne, si de vitâ salvandâ ageretur, istud agerem.  
I would not disoblidge my friend for any thing, Nullam ob causam deessem amico.  
I would not do this for twenty pieces, Vel propositis mihi viginti numis aureis hoc non agerem.   

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Particle (from.)  
THough this Particle be of a large extent, I shall only insist upon the most considerable ways of speaking thereon.  
(From) going after (Celo) is expressed by putting the thing as well in the Accusative as the Person; As, I will keep or conceal nothing from my Friends, Nihil celabo amicos.  
When (From) followeth, (peto, postulo,) and their Synonime, or Verbs of Receiving, and Distance it is put by (á, or ab) with the Ablative; As, you, should not have asked so much money from me, Tantam vim pecuniae á me petere non debebas: I received Letters from my Father, Accepi Literas á patre meo: The Castle is not far from the Town, Non multùm abest castrum ab Vrbe.  
(From) is also put by (á or ab,) in these ways of speaking from my Infancy, Ab ine●nt● aetate, á teneris unguiculis, ab incunabulis: From the beginning, Ab initio: This did not come from him, á se id non prompsit: There is no danger to come from the Nobility, Nihil periculi est á Nobilitate: Salute him from me, Dic illi salutem á me.  
Sometimes by an Adverb, as in these speeches following, The Lungs draws in the Air from without, Ducunt spiritum extrinsicùs Pulmones: He was killed with a stone from above, Lapide desupèr interfectus est.  
Elsewhere (From) is put by (in) with the Accusative; As, the number of our Enemies increaseth from day to day, Hostium numerus in singulus dies augetur, The Plants grow from hour to hour, In singulas horas crescunt Plantae; From time to time, Identidèm, subindè, per intervalla.  
Or it's rendered by (per,) As to give a thing from hand to hand, Per manus aliquid tradere.  
Sometimes by (é, or ex,) or by this Adverb (Eminùs,) As, to fight from a far, Ex longinquo praeliari, To fight from a high place, Ex edito loco pugnare, To fight far from off himself, Eminùs pugnare.  
There are yet many ways whereby this Particle may be put, which I shall comprehend in some few Examples.  
To relate all from point to point, Ordine singula persequi, per capita, singula commemorare.  
From the beginning to the end, A capite ad calcem.  
From one thing to another, Ex alio in aliud.  
From door to door, Ostiatim, vel per ostia.  
From house to house, Domatìm, per Domos  
To run from one place to another, Hìnc illùc vagari, vel transcurrere.  
Men come here from all parts, Vn lique hùc accurrunt homines, ex qualibet gente hùc congregantur homines.  
There is something fallen from you, Aliquid tibi excidit.  
To rise from a low Degree, to a high Dignity, Ab infimo Gradu, ad summam Dignitatem evehi, vel ascendere.  
A man risen from nothing, Ex vili & obscuro illustris.  
From a child I was ever so minded, Eo fui animo á puero.  
From my youth, I have ever been so brought up, A juventute ità fui educatus.  
After many presents sent from both hands, post multa hìnc indè, vel ultrò citròque collata munera.   

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Verb (to Make or Cause)  
IF this Verb (Make) be the same thing in signification with these words (was the cause) than it is expressed by, Facio, Efficio▪ Perficio, Impello, Adduco and others of the like signification, with the Verb following in the Subjunctive, after the Conjunction (ut;) As, your Civility made me implore your assistance, id est, was the cause that I implored your assistance, Fecit humanitas tua, ut tuam opem implorarem: Your request made me undertake a thing so hard, and so far contrary to my profession, Effecit postulatio tua ut rem tàm arduam tàmque ab instituto alienam susciperem: His great learning made me desirous of his acquaintance, Summa hujus v●ri eruditio me impulit ut in ejus familiaritatem venirem: The Masters too great vigour and severity made me forsake my Studies: Magistri nimia severitas fecit, vel in causà fuit, ut discendi voluntatem abjicerem: It was anger made him do this ill action, Ad hoc tàm atrox facinus patrandum ipsum ira impulit.  
All which ways may be put by the Ablative in changing the Verbs into the Passive voice; As, Humanitate tuâ adductus sum, ut opem tuam implorarem, irâ impulsus tàm atrox facinus patravit.  
You may make use of (propter, or ob) when (made) is the same with (was the cause;) As, the singular Courtesy of Pompey made him be loved by all men, Effecit singularis humanitas Pompeii ut ab omnibus amaretur; vel propter singularem humanitatem Pompeius amabatur ab omnibus.  
Sometimes (made or cause) is put by (Jubeo) with the Verb following in the Infinitive of the Passive; or by (Curo,) with the future of the Participle of the Passive; As, the King did make build a stately Church, Rex Aedem magnificentissimam construi Jussit, vel construendam curavit: The King caused levy new Forces, Rex novas copias contrahi jussit, vel contrahendas curavit.  
Cogo, Adduco, Compello, are the Verbs whereinto (make or cause) are changed, when they are the same in signification with (to force;) As, necessity makes a man do many things, id est, forceth a man to do many things, Multa facere hominem cogit necessitas: Cicero made Catiline go out of Rome, Compulit Cicero Catilinam Vrbe cedere; But if (make or cause) do not signify to do any thing through compulsion, but perswasively, and without using violence; than it is put by (suadeo, persuadeo;) As, he caused me by his wise Counsel, or admonitions leave off sensensual pleasures, Sapientissimis suis admonitionibus mihi persuasit, ut voluptatibus nuntium remitterem: I could never make him forsake ill company, Nunquàm illi suadere potui, vel precibus meis ab illo nunquàm impetrare potui, ut improborum congressus fugeret.  
In these ways following, (Make) is expressed by one Verb in the Latin, though it hath two in the English; As, a good Prince makes himself beloved by the People, Bonus Princeps sibi Populi benevol entiam conciliat, vel allicit sibi benevolentiam populi: A Tyrant makes himself be hated by all men, Omnium in se invidiam concitat Tyrannus.  
Thus having reduced to some general heads all the ways of speaking on this Particle, that are capable of any general Observation; I come now according to my ordinary Method to speak of the particular ways of speaking on those Particles.  
To make himself be admired by all men, Omnibus movere admirationem, omnes in admirationem traducere, vel rapere.  
To make others be admired, In aliis admirationem efficere.  
To make one's peace with the Prince, Benignum aliquem reddere Principi, in Principis gratiam aliquem reducere.  
To cause an untimely birth or abortion, Partum abigere.  
To Cause, abolish a Law, Legem abrogare.  
To make his house larger, Aedibus accessionem adjungere.  
To cause, pull down the Walls of a Town, Vrbis Maenia diruere.  
To cause, augment any thing, Alicui rei incrementum dare.  
To make a man change his way of living, Hominem ad aliam viam aliosque mores traducere, hominis naturam Ingeniumque mutare bominem de statu vitae dejicere.  
To make one fear, Alicui metum incutere torrorem alicui injicere; aliquem in terrorem adjicere, in metum adducere.  
To make himself be feared by his Subjects, Auctoritatem tenere in suos.  
To make one's hat fly off, De capite pileum decutere.  
To make a branch or fruit fall from a Tree, Ramum vel fructum de arbore decutere.  
To make one confess the Truth, Alicui veritatem extorquere.  
To make a thing unknown to appear, Rem occultam aperire.  
To make one angry, Aliquem ad indignationem, vel iracundiam adducere; alicui bilem aut stomachum movere; aliquem ad iram impellere, aut provocare.  
To make one comprehend or understand any thing, Aliquèm ad Intelligendum aliquid adducere; vel ad rei alicujus intelligentiam aut notitiam perducere.  
To make one condescend to our will, Aliquem ad voluntatem nostram adducere.  
To make, id est, force or constrain one to consent, Alicui consensum extorquere, vel exprimere.  
To make one desirous of any thing, Alicui rei alicujus cupiditatem adferre, vel injicere.  
To make one despair, Desperationem alicui afferre spem cuipiam addimere, ad desperationem adducere, adigere compellere, é spe aliquem deturbare, alicui spem praecidere.  
To make one fall from his Dignity, De Honoris loco, vel gradu aliquem dejicere.  
To make mad, angry any body, Aliquem uvere, ad furorem adigere.  
There is an Herb that makes men drunk, Est Herba quae temulentos facit, quae temulentiam facit.  
To make man look for great things of himself, Magnam sui expectationem apud omnes concitare.  
To make his mind known, Alicui mentem suam aperire.  
To make one proud, Alicui animos facere, aut inflare.  
To make one's escape, Alicui fugam patefacere, vel viam ad fugam aperire.  
To make himself be heard, Sibi audientiam facere.  
To make the Master have an aversion from the Servant, Herum á servo abalienare Servum apud Herum in invidiam vocare.  
To make one do any mischief, Aliquem ad nefas adducere vel impellere.  
To make one err, Aliquem in errorem inducere.  
To make room in a throng, Turbam sum movere.  
To make one sigh, Alicui gemitus exprimere aut elicere.  
To make himself be laughed at by all men, Omnibus se ridendum proponere, vel cachinnas movere.  
To make a Colony, In Regionem aliquam, vel Coloniam, incolas mittere.  
To make a man give his oath, Sacramento, vel jurejurando aliquem adigere.  
To make information against any one, In aliquem quaestionem habere vel quaerere.  
To cause Register, In Commentarios neferre, in Publicas Tabulas perscribere, in acta refer.  
To cause Act a Comedy, or Tragedy, Comaediam aut Tragaediam in Theatrum dare, Public é exhibere.  
This will make you praiseworthy, Id tibi laudem afferet.  
To make a Rebellion, or Troubles, Tumultus & Seditiones ciere, Excitare, commovere.  
To make one forget any thing, Alicui res alicujus oblivionem afferre, rem aliquam in oblivionem alicui adducere.  
To make one cry, Alicui lachrymas elicere, aliquem ad fletum movere vel adducere.  
To make himself be spoken of forever, Nomen suum ad posteros transmittere, vel ab interitu vindicare: He will make his house or family be ever more spoken of, Memoriam sempiternam in domum suam inferet:  
To make one lose courage, Alicujus animum frangere.  
To make every man pay his reckoning, or shot, Ab aliquo symbolam, vel collectam exigere.  
To make two quarrel together, Duos inter se committere, inter duos rixam commovere.  
To make one change his Opinion, Aliquem de sent entiâ depellere.  
To make one leave off his work, Ab opere aliquem avocare.  
To make Victual dear, Infer carit aetem annonae, annonam incendere, vel excandefacere.  
To make victual cheap, Levare annonam.  
To make one laugh, Alicui risum movere, cachinnos commovere, vel concitare.  
To cause one revive, Demortuum ab Inferis revocare, vel defunctum resuscitare.  
To make one mindful of any thing, Aliquid in memoriam cujusdam revocare, alicui, rei alicujus memoriam commovere; aliquid in memoriam redigere, vel reducere.  
To make a Town yield by force, Vrbem ad deditionem cogere.  
To make a Town yield without external compulsion, Ad voluntariam deditionem perducere urbem.  
To make himself be looked on by all men, Omnium infe oculos convertere.  
To make one take Courage again, Alicui animum reddere, erigere, excitare, relevare.  
To make one ashamed, Alicui pudorem incutere, aliquem pudore suffundere.  
To make a Shire revolt, Provinciam ad defectionem trahere.  
To cause the people revolt, Plebem concitare, seditionem conflare.  
To make one silent, Alicui Imponere silentium.  
To make one tremble for fear, Aliquem horrore perfundere, vel ei horrorem incutere.  
To cause one's goods to be sold at Port Sale, Subhastare bona alicujus; Per praeconem vendere; praeconis voci subjicere.  
To make an end of any labour, labori finem imponere, vel postremam manum; laborem absolvere.  
Here ends the Treatise of those English Particles, which give greatest occasion of failing to young beginners, when they are to be put according to the Latin version: now come I to speak, how the English Tenses and Moods may be changed according to the style of the Latin Tongue: and how the Active voice in the English, can be reduced by the passive in the Latin, or contrariwise: how an Impersonal doth become personal, etc. And because that Tenses are included in Moods; I will first speak of the Moods, wherein I shall have occasion to treat of the Tenses.   

CHAP. I. How the Finite Moods and all their Tenses may be changed according to the Latin, when they are not to be reduced to the Infinitive Mood.  
THere be certain ways of speaking in the English, that seem to be in the Present Tense, which must be expressed in the Latin by the Preterite. Tense; As, my brother is born, Natus est frater meus: The Church is built, Constructum est Templum: The Town is ruined, Eversum est oppidum.  
I said that these speeches seem to be in the Present Tense; because they have not before their Verbs (Have or Did) which are most commonly the mark of the English Preterite. Tense; but being rightly considered, they be of the Preterite. Tense; because they express bypast actions, and so of all Verbs containing the like actions, although they never have (Did nor Have) before themselves. As, he bought, he fought, Emit, Pugnavit.  
When the Present Tense or Future of the Indicative, do follow the Particle (If) they are put by the Future of the Conjunctive or Indicative Mood: As, You will come if you please, Venies si tibi videbitur, vel visum fuerit: If you do this, or if you will do this, you shall oblige me, Id si feceris, magnam á me gratiam inieris: which also is to be done, whensoever any of these Tenses do follow Verbs of doubting, and have, (If) going before them▪ As, I doubt not but you will send me money, if you receive, or shall receive any, Non dubito quin pecuniam missurus sis, si aliundè acceper is.  
An Interrogation being made in the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, or rather Potential; whose mark is (Might, Should, Can) is put in the Latin by the Present Tense of any of those two Moods; As, who would love so wicked a man? Virum tàm nefarium quis amet? Who could not understand so easy a thing? Quis rem ità facilem non Intelligat? What should I say? Quid dicam?  
This Imperfect of the Subjunctive of these two Verbs (Volo and Nolo;) is expressed most commonly by the Present of this Mood. As, I would rather die then live in so great shame, Mori malim quàm tàm ignominiosè vivere.  
I could wish that you were more circumspect in your Affairs, Velim te in rebus tuis cautiorem esse.  
The Present of the Imperative may be put many ways; As, Writ to me often, Scribe add me saepi simè, scribito, scribas velim, fac scribas.  
The Future of the Indicative, the Imperfect and Plusquamperfect of the Subjunctive, must be rendered by the Future Tense of the Participle of the Active, with the Substantive Verb (Sum,) as often as these Tenses follow after any of these Particles. (Tàm, ità, adeò, tantus, quantus,) and others of this nature. As, He is so impudent that he will deny this, Adeò est Impudens ut hoc negaturus sit: He is so liberal, that he would give you all he is worth, tàm liberalis est, ut omnia sua bona tibi daturus sit vel esset: He did love you so much, that he would have loosed his Life for you, if you had desired him, Tanto te amore prosecutus est, ut pro te moriturus fuisset, si ità tibi visum fuisset.  
Sometimes the Future of the Indicative, is put by the Present of the Subjunctive; As, You will see Men there who slight all things, Videas illìc homines, qui omnia rideant: Perhaps you will object, that he is too old to carry Arms, Forsitàn mihi objicias eum seniorem esse, quàm qui arma ferat.  
Sometimes the Imperfect of the Potentional is put by the present Tense; As, You would think him mad, eum delivare putes.  
The Future of the Indicative Mood, is put by the Future of the Participle, and the Verb (Sum) after the Verbs (Nescio, Ignoro, Dubito.) As, I know not if you will come, Vtrùm venturus sis nescio: I know not what you shall do, quid facturus sis ignoro: For the rest of the Moods and Tenses belonging to this Chapter they are so easy, that there needs nothing be spoken of them.   

CHAP. II. How to put a Verb of the Finite Mood into the Infinite Mood, in the Tenses suitable to your Speech.  
YOu must first know that any Mood, excepting the Infinitive, is a Finate Mood, such as the Indicative, Imperative. Optative, etc.  
Next, that when two Verbs occur in a Speech, no Conjunction intervening; the last is put in the Infinitive: but to know in what Tense, here is the difficulty. Hoc Opus, Hic Labour; Wherefore to the better understanding hereof, consider the Rules following.  
When the Verb that is to be put in the Infinitive is of the Present, the Perfect or Future Tense in the English, you may safely keep it in the self same Tenses in the Infinitive of the Latin; As, I think Peter is a good man, Credo Petrum esse bonum: That he was ignorant, Fuisse ignarum: That he will be ignorant, Fore ignarum.  
The Future of the Subjunctive, whose mark is (will have, shall have) being to be put in the Infinitive, is put by the Preterite; As, I trust he will have read my Letters before now, Illum meas Literas legisse reor ante hoc tempus.  
When the English Imperfect Tense, whose mark is (was) is to be put by the Infinitive Mood; You must know what Tense goeth before it; If there be either the Present Tense of the Indicative, or Future of the same Mood, whose mark is (shall or will) than the Imperfect following is put by the Preterite Perfect Tense of the Infinitive; As, I believe that Caesar was valiant, Fortem fuisse Caesarem puto: Perhaps you will say that you was doing thus, Fortassis dices te hoc fecisse.  
If the Imperfect of the Indicative be to be used in the Infinitive, it is put by the Preterite Perfect Tense, how often it followeth the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, whose mark is (should or could) or the Plusquamperfect of this Mood, whose mark is (would or could have;) As, you would say that I was Learned, Diceres me fuisse Doctum: I would have said that Pompey was very happy, if he had not died miserably, Dixissem Pompeium fuisse fortunatissimum, nisi miserè periisset: But if the Imperfect of the Indicative, which is to be put by the Infinitive Mood, have before it another Imperfect of that same Mood with it, than it is used in the Present Tense of the Infinitive; As, you was saying, that you was my Friend, Te esse mei amantissimum praedicabas: Which likewise must be done with this Imperfect, if there goeth before it the Plusquamperfect of the Indicative, whose mark is (had) As, I had believed that you was an honest man, unless, etc. Arbitratus eram te bonestissimum esse nisi, etc.  
If this Imperfect of the Indicative, have going before it the Preterite Perfect Tense of the same Mood, whose mark is (have or did) it is rendered by the Present or Perfect Tense of the Infinitive; As, I have heard from your Commarads that you was very foolish in your Youth, Accepi ab Aequalibus tuis, te Juvenem fuisse imprudentissimum: Hearing this report of you, I did think that you was to be pitied, His de te auditis putavi te commiseratione dignum esse: Cicero hath left in writing that Catiline was the betrayer of his Country, Cicero memoriae, vel script is prodidit Catilinam suae Patriae proditorem esse, vel fuisse.  
If the Imperfect of the Subjunctive be to be put by the Infinitive, and have before it a Verb of any other Mood or Tense, it is put by the Future of the Infinitive; As, I hope that my Father would come if he were in good health, Arbitror Patrem meum venturúm esse si valeret: I thought you would do this for my sake, Id meâ causâ te facturum esse putavi: I did foresee that this would have no good success, Id malè cessarum auguratus fui: But if the preceding Verb be of the same Mood and Tense, with the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, than this Imperfect being to be used in the Infinitive, is put by the Present Tense; As, I should think that Peter would become a good man, if he would hearken to his Master, Petrum crederem probum esse si auscultaret Preceptorem suum.  
The Plusquamperfect of the Indicative Mood, whose mark is (Had,) being to be used in the Infinitive, is put by the Present Tense, when a Verb of this same Mood and Tense goeth before it, or the Plusquamperfect of the Subjunctive; As, I had thought that ye had been ingrate, or I should have thought that ye had been ingrate (by the Plusquamperfect of the Subjunctive) Te ingratum esse judicassem, vel judicaveram.  
But if the Verb going before the Plusquamperfect of the Indicative, which is to be put by the Infinitive, be not of the same Tense, than it is put by the Preterite Tense, and the Future of the Participle; and and for the better knowing these ways of speaking, it is to be observed, that they are accompanied with these Conjunctions (Simo, nisì, modò, sed;) As, I believe the Post had come if the Wether had been fair, Credo venturum fuisse Tabellar●um sì per tempus Licuisset: I heard that Peter had not died, if he had not spoken harshly to the Judge, Audivi Petrum non moriturum fuisse, nisì judicem Verbis Injuriosis lacessisset.  
But if it chance that the Verb which is to be put in the Future of the Participle hath no Supine, and consequently no Future of the Participle; you must in this case have recourse to the Substantive Verb (Sum) and put in the same Tense that the Defective Verb is of, and the Defective is put in the Subjunctive with () before it; As, I believe Peter had studied if he had had wherewith to maintain himself, Credo fore ut Petrus Studuisset, si per opes potuisset: Which may also be done with Verbs that have both Supine and Future of the Participle; As, I believe that John had read if, etc. Credo sore ut legeret Joannes si, etc. vel Lecturum fuisse Joannem si, etc.  
If the Future of the Subjunctive, whose mark is (shall have, or will have,) have going after itself the Present or Future Tense of the Indicative, it is put by the Future of the Verb (Sum) with () going after it; As, I trust my Son shall have done all that I commanded him when he cometh, or shall come to us again, Credo futurum esse ut filius mandata confecerit cum ad nos remeat vel remeabit: I believe the King will have obtained many Victories when he returns, or will return from the Wars, Credo futurum esse, ut Rex multas reportaverit▪ Victorias, cum á Bello redit, vel redibit.  
If any Verb following (Promitto, Polliceor, Spero, Minor, and their Synonimes) be of the Present of the Infinitive in the English, it is put in the Latin by the Future of the Infinitive; As, he hath promised to come, Pollicitus est se venturum esse: I hope to become Learned some day, Spero me aliquando fore Doctum: He threatneth to put all to Fire and Sword, Omnia se Flammâ, & ferro Vastaturum esse minatur: Yet nevertheless Cicero useth sometimes the Present of the Infinitive after (Spero;) As, in this Example, Speramus quidèm fier● senes, in stead of saying, Speramus nos senes factum iri.   

CHAP. III Of the Difficulties upon the Infinitive Mood.  
OFtentimes Young Beginners confound the Present Tense of the Infinitive with the Gerund in (di;) for preventing whereof I have set a Chapter apart; But before we enter into the difficulty, it is to be remarked that (To) going before a Verb is a Mark that the Verb is of the Infinitive Mood.  
When between a Verb of the Finite Mood, and a Verb of the Infinitive, there is no Substantive Noun, than the Verb is to be put in the Infinitive in the Present Tense, or any other that your English requires; As, I desire to see my Brother, Cupio videre Fratrem.  
But if there goeth a Substantive before the Verb, that is to be put in the Infinitive; Such as, Tempus, Otium, Occasio, Facultas, Licentia, Necessitas, Consilium, Voluntas, Consuetudo, Causa, Cupiditas, Desiderium, Ratio; then instead of the Infinitive you use the Gerund in (di;) As, he waits his opportunity to surprise his Enemy, Captat opportunitatem opprimendi Adversarii: The Master hath given us liberty to play, Magister nobis fecit ludendi veniam: He takes liberty to do all that he lists, Sumit sibi licentiam quodvis faciendi: I am necessitate either to pay or to give over, Incumbit mihi necessitas aut solvendi, aut cedendi: I am resolved to make a Voyage into France, Cepi consilium proficiscendi in Galliam: He hath no desire to study, Abjecit animum studendi: You have no reason to be angry with me, Causam succensendi mihi nullam habes: I have a desire to go into Italy, Incessit me cupido eundi in Italiam.  
If before the Infinitive there go an Adjective, which is put in the Neuter Gender, and so becometh a Substantive, which falleth out when it can be resolved by (res) as (turpe) id est, res turpis, the Verb may be kept in the Infinitive, or it may be put by the Subjunctive with (ut) As, it is needful to suffer many things in this life, Necessarium est multa pati in hac vitâ, vel ut multa patiamur: It is free to every body to study, Liberum est unicuique Studere, vel ut Studeat unusquisque: It is a brave and honourable thing to die for his Country, Praeclarum atque honorificum est pro Patriâ mortem oppetere, vel ut quis pro Patriâ mortem oppetat, vel spiritum reddat.  
It is a base thing to give way to his passion, Turpe est libidini servire, vel ut quis libidini serviat: It is a hard and rare thing to excel in many things, Difficile atque adeò satis rarum est in multis excellere, ut in multis quis excellat.  
If the Infinitive follow after these Adjectives, Cupidus, Avidus, Studiosus, Gnarus, Peritus, Imperitus, and their Synonimes; It is to be rendered by the Gerund in (di,) and the Substantive Nouns descending from it, are to be put in the Genitive; As, Caesar was desirous to make wars, Caesar cupidus erat faciendi bellum, vel belli: Alexander was skilful to Command an Army, Erat Alexander peritissimus gubernandi Exercitus: He is very unapt to teach, Est imperitus docendi.  
If the Infinitive go after (Dignus, Indignus) it is put in the Subjunctive in the Person, that the Pronoun of your English is of, and it hath (qui, quae, quod) before it; As, he is worthy to be praised, Dignus est qui laudetur: She is unworthy to be heard, Indigna est quae audiatur.  
If there go a Verb of Motion, (id est,) which signifieth a local Mutation, as I have already spoken of above;) Before the English Infinitive; this Infinitive may be put four ways, to wit, by the Supine in ('em,) by the Gerund in (di) with (causâ or gratiâ) by the Gerund in (dum) put Gerundively, if the Verb be an Active or a Deponent of the Active signification; and lastly by the Future of the Participle which agreeth with the Nominative of the Verb of Motion, in Gender, Number and Case; Examples hereof;  
There came a Trumpeter from the King to admonish, etc. Praeco á Rege venit, monitum, monendi gratiâ ad monendum, moniturus.  
Here observe that Neuter Verbs cannot be put all these ways, because they want for the most part the Supine, and the Future of the Participle; next that when you make use of the two Gerunds, to wit, (in di, and in dumb) they may be elegantly in Active Verbs and Deponents of the Active signification put Gerundively, id est, made agree with the Noun following, in Gender, Number and Case, As, Veni causâ monendae Matris, ad monendam Matrem: But other Verbs are kept in the Gerunds, and have the Noun following in the Case that they Govern.  
The Passive Infinitive of the English, being to be rendered by the Latin Infinitive, is either put by the Future of the Passive, or by the Relative (Qui, quae, quod) or (ut) with the Verb in the Subjunctive of the Active; As, I give you my Son to be Instructed, Trado tibi Filium meum erudiendum, vel quem erudias, vel ut erudias eum.  
The English Infinitive is put by (cùm, or quamuìs) with the Subjunctive Mood, in these ways of speaking; He hath profited little to have studied so long, Parùm profecit cum tàm diù Studuerit, Quamvis diù studuerit: You have used Peter very ill to have received so many Courtesies of him, Quamuìs tàm multa beneficia á Petro, acceperis, pessimè tamen á te exceptus est: He is exceedingly deceived to be a Learned Man, Cum sit Doctus turpitèr hallucinatus est.  
These ways of speaking by the English Infinitive, to wit, he is not a man to lie, to betray his Friend; are so rendered in the Latin, Non is est qui mentiatur, qui amicum prodat.  
When these Particles, (Tàm, Adeò, Ità, Tantus, Tantùm, Tota, Talis;) are to go before the English Infinitive, than it is put in the Conjunctive Mood with (ut) going before it; As, he is so impudent, as to despise his Master, Adeò est Impudens, ut Magistrum vituperet: Take heed you fall not into the fault that is so common among young beginners, which is not to put the Verb that is to be in the Subjunctive, in the same Tense that the preceding Verb is of; As, Adeò est Impudens ut Magistrum vituperaret; for to say, vituperet, because (est) going before is of the Present Tense: And to Illustrate this further, I will bring an Example of every Tense; He was so Impudent as to despise his Master, Adeò erat Impudens ut Praeceptorem suum vituperaret: He hath been so Impudent as, etc. Adeò fuit Impudens ut Praeceptorem vituperaverit: He will be so Impudent as to despise his Master, Tàm erit Impudens ut Magistrum vituperaturus sit.   

CHAP. IU. Of the Gerunds.  
THough I have already spoken of the Gerund in (di,) yet I must needs in this Chapter speak again of it, (though a little more amply than before) for formality's cause.  
When the Participle of the English, which is known by its ending in (ing) hath going before it, (in or by,) it is commonly rendered in the Latin by the Gerund in (do;) As, he spends his time in Reading, Legendo tempus terit: He is much delighted in hunting, Delectatur venando: He is lean by Studying, Emarcescit studendo: Here again remark what I have often said, that if your Gerunds be to govern any Noun after themselves, (I mean Gerunds of Active Verbs, or of Verbs of the Active signification) then may you put them Gerundively, id est, as Adjectives agreeing with the Substantive Nouns following, in Gender, Number and Case; As, Tempus est visendi amici, for visendi amicum; It is time to see a Friend, In legendis historicis tempus impendit, for legendo historicos; He spends his time in reading Histories: Est ad amicitiam colendam idoneus, for ad amicitiam colendum: He is good to keep Friendship with: but the Gerunds are not to be changed, if they are neither Actives, nor of the Active signification; As you have no reason to hate your Friend, Nulla tibi causa est invidendi amico, and not amici.  
Nevertheless, Fruor, Vtor and Fungor, though they govern the Ablative, are found to be put Gerundively, because they did formerly govern the Accusative, as is to be seen in Old Authors; As, Causa fruendae voluptatis, ad utendas divitias, ad defungendum officium.  
You change the English Infinitive by the Gerund in (di) when it hath a Substantive Noun before it; As, I had no occasion to write to you, Nulla mihi oblata fuit occasio ad te scribendi; The Substantives which most frequently go before it, are already set down in the Chapter, showing the distinction of the Infinitive from the Gerund in (di.)  
When the English Infinitive hath going before it a Verb of motion, whereof you have heard the mark; which is a changing or removing from one place to another, or from one substance or quality to another, it is put by the Gerund in (dumb;) this last way of changing is called a Metaphorick motion; so it is absolutely necessary that we understand by motion a desertion or leaving off one place to acquire another; For though you say, I walk in my Chamber; and walking cannot be without a motion, yet it is not the motion that I speak of, because you may walk all day long in your Chamber without going out of it; Examples of both motions Real and Metaphorick: I am going to London to salute my Friends; here is a desertion of a place, for you must go from some place, and so say, Proficiscor Londinum ad videndos amicos: The Master exhorteth his Scholars to study, Praeceptor Discipulos impellit ad studendum. This Verb (Exhort) is a Verb of a Metaphorick motion, because it carrieth with it the change of a condition, which is from not studying, to study; For if they did study, he would not exhort them to study; The General exhorteth his Soldiers to fight valiantly, Imperator Milites accendit ad fortitèr dimicandum.  
These Adjectives, Aptus, Idoneus, Facilis, Pronus, Proclivis, Segnis, Acer, Alacris, and others such like, will have the Verb which is of the Infinitive Mood in the English, to be put by the Gerund in (dum) in the Latin; or if a Noun follow them, it is put by (ad) in the Accusative; As, he is a fitting man to move Sedition, Est ad Tumultum excitandum ldoneus: He is easily brought to pardon injuries, Est ad condonandas injurias facilis, vel est facilis ad veniam: He is given to revenge, Pronus est ad ulciscendum, vel ultionem: He is loath to break peace, but most careful to keep it, Ad pacis faedus violandum segnis, ad continuandum alacris.  
In these ways of speaking, to wit, when the Verb hath no Substantive after it to govern, as in time of Supper, in time of Reading, the Verb is put in the Gerund in (dum) with (inter,) and if there go a Noun after (in time of) you use the Verb from which it descends; As, in time of Supper, Inter Caenandum, from (caenare) cometh (caena:) In time of studying, Inter Studendum, which ways that you may know better, may be changed thus; Whiles, or when I was Supping, while, or when I was reading.  
But if in these ways the Verb governeth a Noun after it, than this Verb is put by the Gerund in (do) Gerundively, if it be an Active, or any of that signification, or in the Present of the Participle which agreeth with the Nominative of the Verb following, or else by (dùm, or cùm) with the Indicative or Subjunctive; As, in time of hearing my Lesson I laughed, In audiendâ Lectione risi, audience Lectionem risi, dum audiebam Lectionem risi, cum audirem Lectionem risi.   

CHAP. V Of Participles of the Present, and Preterite Tense.  
THe mark of the English Participle of the Present Tense is its ending in (ing,) as Loving, and the Participle of the Preterite Tense is known by its ending in (ed) as Loved.  
If there go before the Participle (ing) this English Particle (without) you must know if your Speech be Negative, or Affirmative; If it be Negative, than the Participle is put by the Conjunctive Mood, and (without) is put by (Quìn, Prius, Quàm, Antequàm;) As, he will not undertake so weighty a thing without ask my Advise, Rem tantam non suscipiet quìn me consulat, rem tantam non antè suscipiet quàm me consulat, vel consulverit.  
But if the Speech be Affirmative, (without) is put by (Quamuìs, Nèc, Nequè, Tamèn,) and other such like Particles, with the Participle, as before in the Subjunctive Mood; As, he hath undertaken, a Voyage without acquainting me therewith, Peregrinationem suscepit quamvis me non consuluerit, nèc tamèn me consuluit; or by (Priusquàm or Antequàm) you may say, Priùs peregrinationem suscepit quàm me consuluerit; Antè perigrinationem suscepit quàm me consuluerit; Or by the Independent, or absolute Ablative you may say, Me inconsulto peregrinationem suscepit; But take heed in using this way, that the Nominative of the Verb which is expressed by an Adjective in the Ablative, be not the same thing with the Nominative of the following or preceding Verb, in which case you must not use this Ablative, unless you can diversify or distinguish them without altering the sense; As, he did undertake this Voyage without ask my advice; Here the Nominative to (ask) and (undertake) is one thing, to wit, (he;) So that you cannot here use the Ablative, if you put it into Latin, according as it is in the English, but if you will diversify them so, He undertook this Voyage, I not being consulted; you may say then, Me inconsulto peregrinationem hanc suscepit; But if it cannot be diversified, than you must have recourse to some of the ways ; As, he was condemned without being heard; here the Nominative to condemned, is the same thing that goeth to the Participle (being heard;) neither can it be diversified, wherefore you do not here use the Ablative; but (Priusquàm) Antequàm, etc.) Priùs damnatus est quàm auditus fuerit.  
Or if it be a Participle of the Passive Voice, which is known by its ending in (ed) or, by the Particle (being) going before a Verb, then if it cannot be diversified or made independent of the Verb preceding or following, it is put in the Preterite of the Participle, and agreeth with the Nominative of the Personal Verb, in Gender, Number and Case; As, he did escape his Enemy's hands without being hurt, Illaesus hostium manus evasit: He did this undesired, Id fecit non rogatus.  
Sometimes you may express these ways of speaking by the Substantives descending from the Participles; As, without declaring his will, Sine significatione suae voluntatis: Without doubting, Procul omni dubio.  
These ways of speaking (having Loved, having Taught in the Active Voice, or (having been Taught, having been Loved) in the Passive Voice, are diversely expressed in the Latin, according to the divers nature and sorts of Verbs which you shall have to do with; for if your English Participle be in the Active Voice, and the Verb that you must render it by, be either a Deponent, or Common Verb, than it is put in the Preterite Tense of the Participle, and made agree with the Nominative of the Finite Verb, as with its Substantive; As, having spoken many things to good purpose he went away, Multa Commodè locutus abiit: The Father having comforted his Children died, Pater consolatus Filios obiit.  
Observe further, that (having) going before a Verb, maketh it of the Participle of the Active; But if (been) go between it and the Verb, than the Verb is in the Participle of the passive; Just so, if a Verb ending in (ed) follow the particle (after) it is in the participle of the Active, but if the word (been) go between (after) and the Verb, the Verb is in the Participle of the Passive; neither in this do I contradict myself in what I have said in the beginning of this Chapter concerning the mark of the Participles; because I speak of Participles taken absolutely, id est, without having any thing going before them, as Loving in the Active, Loved in the Passive; therefore if you find in the English (after) instead of (having) what I have said of the one, may be applied to the other; As, After that the Father had comforted his Children he died, Consolatus filios suos Pater obiit.  
But if your English Participle be to be rendered by an Active or Neuter Verb, than you must make use of (postquàm, or cùm) with the Indicative or Subjunctive, and not of the Preterite of the Participle, because they have none; As, The Father having admonished his Children, departed this Life, Postquàm monuisset suos Libros Pater; é vivis excessit; The Scholars having Studied do play, Cum Studuissent Scholastici Ludo vacant.  
But know that the Active hath this privilege which the Neuter Verb cannot have, to wit, that it may be put Absolutely in the Ablative, when it is changed into the Passive Voice, the which the Neuter wants; As, The Scholar goeth home having said his Lesson, Dictâ Lectione Scholasticus domum repet●t.  
If the Relative (is, and ille) follow your Participle of the Active you cannot use the Independent or Absolute Ablative, but you must either make it agree in Gender, Number and Case (if you will change it from the Active to a Participle of the Passive) with its Antecedent, or by (Postquàm or cùm) with the subjunctive Mood, if you will keep it in the Active Voice.  
As, The Master did send away his Scholars, having told them of what they had to do, Dimisit Discipulos suos Magister, de officio suo monitos, vel postquàm eos de officio movisset: And in this case the Neuter Verbs are put by (cùm, or postquàm) because they have no Preterite Participle of the Passive voice, to be put the other way.  
In these ways of speaking, following, the Preterite participle of the Passive voice in the English, is kept so in the Latin, if you have to do with an Active Verb; As, the Scholar becometh more diligent being chided by his Master, diligentior evadit Discipulus objurgatus á Praeceptore; This doth also comprehend common Verbs; As the sick man died having been comforted by his Pastor, Aeger à Pastore consolatus obiit. But if the Verb be a deponent, you must not put it so, by reason that it hath no Passive, and for evading of this fault so common among Scholars, change the Verb which was in the Passive in the English, into an Active in the Latin; As, The Captain escaped without being followed by his Enemies, Dux evasit Hostibus eum minimè sequentibus. Or if this way seemeth not good to be used, strive to find a Synonime to this deponent, which may be put Passively.  
Sometimes the English Participle is put in the Conjunctive by (quamuìs) and this so often, as there followeth it in the English the word (Nevertheless;) As, Themistocles having done great service to his Country, was nevertheless, or notwithstanding put away by his fellow-Citizens. Quamuìs Themistocles fortitèr & praeclarè pro patriâ gessisset, à Civibus tamèn suis ejectus fuit.   

CHAP. VI Of the Participles of the Future Tense.  
THere be two Participles of the Future Tense, that of the Active which ends in (rus) and the other of the Passive which ends in (does.)  
The Future of the Indicative, the Imperfect and Plusquamperfect of the Subjunctive are expressed in the Latin by the Future in (rus) so often as there goeth before these Tenses any of these Latin Particles, (tàm, ut, adeò, ut, ità, ut, eatenùs, ut, and such like; As, He hath so great power with the King, that he will obtain easily of him what he listeth, Tantùm valet apud Regem ut ab eo facilè quidlibet Impetraturus sit; He is so merciful and meek that he would pardon his Enemies, Adeò clemens est & humanus, ut veniam daturus esset Inimicis; He loved me so much, that he would have shed his blood for me, ità me diligebat ut Sanguinem suum pro me profusurus fuisset.  
And if these Moods be of the Passive Voice, & these Latin Particles go before them; they are expressed in the Latin by the Future in (dus;) As the Town is so destitute of help, that it will be taken before the fifteenth of this Month, Ità ab omnibus presidiis inops est, & vacua Civitas, ut antè decimum quintum mensis diem capenda sit; The Citizens were in such extremity, that the Town had been sooner taken if it had sooner been Seiged, Adeas Angustias adducti erant cives ut citiùs oppidum capiendum fuisset si Citiùs obsessum.  
Sometimes the Future of the Indicative of the Active is put by the Present of the Subjunctive, although it follow the Latin Particles abovementioned; and this is when the Verb that should express the Future of your English, hath no Supine, and consequently no Participle of the Future Tense; As, The Enemy is so formidable, that none will Assault him, Adeò formidabilis est hostis ut cùm eo congredi nemo velit; The matter is so Intricate, that you shall not be able to clear it, Ità res Implicata est ut eam explicare non possis.  
These three Tenses are put by the Future in (rus) when they follow (utrùm, an nùm;) As, I know not if the Post will come, Vtrùm venturus sit Tabellarius nescio; He asked of me if I should send him Books, Quaesivit ex me nùm missurus essem Libros; I doubt if he would have done this for my cause, Dubito an hoc meâ causâ facturus esset.  
You may in these ways of speaking, make use of the Verb (Debeo) and put the English Verb which ought to be in the Future of the Participle, in the Infinitive Mood: As, I know not if I shall go to the Judge, Vtrùm Jùdicem convenire debeam ignoro; You ask me if you shall come to this Country, Quaeris an in Gentem hanc venire debeas; I doubt if I shall do this for you, Vtrùm hoc tuâ causâ facere debeam dubito.  
If these ways of speaking (my Brother should come, my Master should write) carry no obligation or necessity with them, than you make use of the Future in (rus) As, Venturus est Frater, Scripturus est Magister; but if these speeches include any necessity, than you make use of (debeo, oportet, necesse est.) As, My Brother should come to see his Father; here is an Obligation, wherefore you say, Debet frater venire causâ videndi patris, A Son should obey his Parents; Oportet Filium Parentibus morem gerere.  
These three Tenses, the Future of the Indicative, the Imperfect, and Plusquamperfect of the Subjunctive, are expressed in the Future of the Participle with the Verb (Sum) in the Conjunctive, because of (Quin) going before it, whensoever they follow (dubito) or its Synonimes; and this as well in the Passive, as the Active: As, I doubt not but that the Post will come to morrow, Non dubito quìn cras venturus sit Tabellarius; I doubt not but you should be punished, Non dubito quin mulctandus esses.   

CHAP. VII. How to reduce a Participle to the Finit Moods of its Verb.  
THis Reduction of the participle to the Finite Tense of its Verb, is, necessary because of certain Verbs, such as, Odi, Caepi, Novi, Memini, which having no participle of the present Tense, must be reduced to the Finite Mood and Tense of its Verb suitable to your Speeches, by means of some certain particles.  
Another reason is, because, the frequent using of the present of the participle, is not so elegant in the Latin as in the Greek; wherefore let these reasons be sufficient for the Consideration of the following Rules.  
When you find any of the above written Defective Verbs in the Participle of your English, or if the present of the Participle of other Verbs can be changed into a Finit Mood by (when, or, if,) than you put them by a Finit Mood in the Latin with (Cùm, Dum, Quando, Quandiu;) As, a Scholar maketh great progress in a short time, he being diligent, id est, if he is diligent, or when he is diligent, Scholasticus magnum progressum brevi facit cum diligens est, & in lectione assiduus: The Soldier remembering the dangers past, is glad, Quando Miles in animum revocat pericula quibus perfunctus est, gaud●t: Caesar not being desirous to Reign, was loved by the Romans, id est, when he desired not to Reign, etc. Caesar Populo Romano Charus fuit, quamdiu Imperium non affectabat: A Scholar being modest, is praised by his Master, Discipulus a Praeceptore laudatur dum modestus est.  
When your English Participle of the present Tense, can be put Finitly by (because,) than it is put in the Indicative or Subjunctive with (quòd,) or in the Subjunctive with (cùm;) As, the King is Loved deservedly being so meek a Prince, id est, because he is so meek a Prince, Jure merito amatur Rex quod Princeps sit, vel est humanissimus: Pompey did overcome many Nations, he being a brave Warrior, id est, because he was a brave Warrior, Pompeius multas Nationes subjugavit cùm, vel quòd esset bellicosissimus  
You may put these Participles by (ut potè, quippè,) As, Omnes amant Regem ut potè humanum, or you may use (qui, quae, quod) before these Particles, and say, Omnes amant Regem quippe qui sit humanus.  
The participle of the present is expressed, when we speak generally of any thing, by the Adverb (Quando, or Cùm;) As, a Prince is much Esteemed being Courageous; here it is not specified what Prince, and so you say, Commendatur Princeps quando est magnanimus: But when we descend to particulars, the participle is expressed better and oftener by the Conjunction (quòd) with the Conjunctive Mood; As, Commendatur Carolus ejus nominis secundus quod sit Magnanimus.  
When the present of the participle can be rendered into a Finit Mood by (although,) than it is put in the Latin in the Conjunctive Mood with (cùm or quamvis;) As, so long as a Child is in the years of minority, he differs nothing from a Servant, being the Lord and proprietor of all, id est, although he be the Lord, etc. Quamdiu Pupillus durat in tutela nihil deffert á servo cum, vel quamvis sit Dominus omnium: Socrates was condemned as guilty, being most innocent, Socrates ut nocens daninatus est quamvis fuerit Innocentissimus.  
I doubt not but you think already this reducing of participles to be most necessary in respct of the Verbs, which have not this Tense, but it is not unnecessary in other Verbs, who have the present of the participle; seeing (as I have above said) the present of the participle is more elegantly used in the Greek then in the Latin, yet it is sometimes found in the Latin, and most frequently in the Poets; wherefore I have shown you how to change it in Prose sufficiently, I only add that if your participle doth not agree with the Nominitive of the Finit Verb, than it is put by the absolute Ablative; As, the Scholars take heed whilst the Master is a Teaching, Attendunt Scholastici docente Praeceptore.   

CHAP. VIII. How, and when the Impersonal Verb should be reduced to a Personal.  
IT is necessary to know first your English Impersonal before you can reduce it to a personal in the Latin; wherefore observe that when your Verb hath no certain or particular Nominative, than it is an Impersonal, as it is believed; here is no mention made of any particular or determinate thing: but it will yet appear better, by comparing a Personal with an Impersonal, as (Ego Amo,) here is a certain determinate person, but (Creditur) hath no certain Nominative, when it is Impersonally taken.  
If before your English Verb there be (They, or One) which have no dependence upon any Antecedent, than this Verb is Impersonally put in the English, and may be kept so in the Latin; As, they drink when they Sup, or one drinketh when one Suppeth, Bibitur cum Caenatur; but if (One, or They) be Relatives depending upon some Antecedent, than the Verb following them is only put Personally, because in this occasion they will signify some certain and determinate thing, they being of the same Number and Person with their Antecedent; As, I love my Brother and Sister, and they Love me, Amo Germanum & Sororem, & illi me, vicissim amant; Here (They) is a Relative to the Antecedent (Brother and Sister.)  
Having given you the mark of English Impersonals, I come now to speak of the way of reducing them.  
If the English Impersonal is alone, and hath no Noun or Pronoun after it, than it is kept Impersonally in the Latin, as it is reported every where, Ità fertur undique.  
But if it be accompanied with a Noun or Pronoun, with which it hath Connection, than it may be reduced to a Personal Verb, which is done diversely, according to the divers sorts of Verbs which you meet with.  
First the English Impersonal is reduced to a Personal in the Latin, by changing it out of the Active voice into the Passive, and in putting in the Nominative the Noun or Pronoun which should have been in the Accusative after the Active now changed; As, they praise the Scholar's modesty, id est, the Scholar's modesty is praised, Laudatur Scholasticorum modestia: They esteem you a prudent man, id est, you are esteemed prudent, Haberis sapiens: One thinks you too meek, Haberis plus aequo mansuetus.  
But if the Verb that you have to do with, have no Passive, as the Neuters and Deponents; in this case we must make use of the first or third person of the Plural Number; As, one favoureth for the most part the Powerful, Potentioribus ut plurimùm favemus, vel favent, sup. Homines: One doth admire Learned Men, Miramur Doctos, or Mirantur Doctis, sup. Studiosi: They may bring Remedy sometimes for the greatest Diseases, Interdùm medemur, periculosissimis Morbis, vel medentur, sup. medici.  
If a Neuter Verb be taken Passively in the English, it may not only be put by these two ways, but also Impersonally in the Passive Voice; As, evil men are favoured, (here favoured is taken Passively in the English) and so you may not only say, Favemus Improbis, vel favent, Sup. Homines, but also favetur improbis: Princes are obeyed, Obtemperamus Principibus vel obtemperant, sup. subditi, vel obtemperatur Principibus; which cannot be done with a Deponent, though it have a Passive Construction in the English.  
To reduce these two Impersona's (one should, or aught, one can,) you must put the Verb following them in the Passive, though it be in the Active of the English, and the Noun and Pronoun following it, is made the Nominative to (debeo) into which these Impersonals are changed; As, one should or ought Love Virtue, Debet virtus amari: One cannot do that, Id fieri non potest.  
But when the Verb that goeth after (debeo, or possum) hath no passive, than you must do as is already said concerning Neuters and Deponents, which is, to make use of the first or third person of (debeo or possum) and the Verb following is put in the Infinitive, according to the fashion of an Active; As, one ought to obey God's Commands; Debemus parere Dei Praeceptis, vel debent sup. Christiani: One ought to follow or imitate Good men, Probos imitari debemus, vel debent sup. Homines.  
These Impersonals, Aiunt Dicunt, Ferunt, Scribunt, Narrant, Memorant, etc. may be put two ways, first Impersonally with the Noun or Pronoun following in the Accusative, and the Verb in the Infinitive; As, they say that I am apt to study, Dicunt me ad Studia, esse maximè idoneum: They writ that Attilius Regulus died for his Country, Scribunt Attilium Regulum pro Patriâ occubuisse.  
Secondly, these Verbs may be put personally in the passive Voice, and have for the Nominative to them the Noun or pronoun following (that;) As, Dicor aptus ad studia, Fertur Attilius Regulus pro patriâ occubuisse; Here take heed that you use not these Verbs Impersonally in the passive, and put the Noun or pronoun in the Accusative; As, Fertur Attilium Regulum pro patriâ occubuisse; which way of speaking is not used.  
If the Impersonal have a case put with it, which goeth before (That,) than it is kept Impersonally in the Latin with the case that it requireth; As, it was told me that you were rash, Nunciatum est mihi te esse temerarium, and not, Dictus es mihi esse temerarius.  
If there goeth a Verb of the Future Tense after the Impersonal, this Verb of the Future is expressed in the Future of the Participle of (Rus, or, Dus;) As, it is thought that you will die, Crederis moriturus esse: It is thought that you will be praised, Crederis laudandus esse.  
But if in this case there follow your Impersonal a Verb in the Future Tense, which hath no Future of the participle in the Latin, than your Impersonal is kept in the Latin, and instead of the Future of the participle which is wanting, you use (fore) with (ut) going to the Defective Verb, which is put in the Subjunctive Mood; As, it is believed that you will study, Credunt fore ut studeas: It is reported that you will please your parents, Nunciatum est, fore ut placeas parontibus: It is expected that the Sun will shine to morrow, Vere simile est fore ut cras Sol splendescat.  
Take heed you fall not into that common mistake concerning the Impersonal (it seemeth to me) which is expressed by (videri;) oftentimes have I seen it put thus; It seemeth to me that you are unmindful of your Duty, Videtur te esse immemorem tui officii; But in these ways of speaking (videri) must be made a personal, and say, Videris mihi immemor esse tui officii.  
These English Impersonals are kept Impersonally in the latin, to wit, it Raineth, Snoweth, Haileth, Thundereth, Lighteneth, Pluit, Ningit, Grandinat, Tonat, Fulgurat; yet according to the opinion of some that will have (Deus or Natura) to be the Nominatives to these Verbs, they may be called personals.   

CHAP. IX. When and how you should reduce an Active to a Passive, or contrarily.  
THis Reduction is sometimes voluntary and without necessity, safe only for variety: but at other times it is so needful, that it cannot be omitted, as may be seen in the ensuing discourse.  
If your English Verb be of the passive voice, and must be expressed in the Latin by a Neuter or Deponent, than you must change it into an Active; As, the Grecians and the Romans are admired by all other Nations, id est, all other Nations do admire the Grecians and the Romans, Mirantur Graecos & Romanos aliae Nationes: Cicero should be followed by all Orators, id est, all Orators ought to follow Cicero, Ciceronem caeteri Oratores imitari debent: Innocent men are favoured by good men, id est, good men do favour Innocent men, Boni favent Innocuis: The reason is, because Neuter Verbs taken personally have no passive, neither can we use Deponents in this Voice, otherwise we could say, Graeci & Romani mirantur á caeteris nationibus, Innocentes faventur à bonis.  
Yet you may use the Future of the participle in (dus) of Deponent Verbs, and that passively with the Dative in place of the Ablative; As, Cicero imitandus est Caeteris Oratoribus.  
When the Action of an Active Verb doth fall upon some Animate or living thing, than it is most commonly kept in its Voice; As, I accuse you of Pride, Accuso te Arrogantiae.  
But if it falleth upon an Inanimate thing, than it is changed into the Passive Voice, and this thing is put in the Ablative, without a Preposition, the which reduction is not so much for necessity's cause, as variety: Seeing it may in this case be kept Actively, in making the Inanimate thing the Nominative, and putting in the Accusative, which was in the Nominative, of your English; As, I am very angry at your Pride. Here (Pride) is the Inanimate thing, Offender tuâ Superbiâ, vel tua Superbia me offendit; I am not moved at your threats, Minis tuis non moveor, vel minae tuae non me movent; And as you see done with these two Active Verbs (Offendo and Moveo) so do in this case with others.  
You must change the Active into the Passive, so often as there is danger of making an amphibology or doubtsome speech; As, I think that Peter exceedeth Paul, Petrum à Paulo superari Puto; And if you would say by the Active, Patrum superare Paulum puto; It is uncertain whether it be Peter or Paul that doth exceed, because the Latin construction can suffer any of these senses. Peter doth exceed Paul, or Paul exceedeth Peter, which Pyrrhus King of the Epyrods knew to be true to his woeful experience in the Response that he had from the Oracle; Aio te Aeacida Romanos vincere posse; I say Pyrrhus Son to Aeacus, that you (according to his explication) can overcome the Romans; When the true Interpretation was; I say that the Romans can overcome you, for so it did fall out; into which mistake Pyrrhus had never fallen, if the Devil had spoken to him by the Passive Voice, and said, Aio te vinici posse á Romans; But he desired not to be understood, wherefore he made choice of this doubtsome way by using the Active Voice.  
If you be to reduce an Active (which governeth the thing in the Accusative, and the person in the Dative) to the Passive Voice; As, If you had this example, Tabellarius mihi reddidit Epistolam; the thing to wit (Epistolam) is put in the Nominative, and that which was the Nominative to the Active Verb, is put in the Ablative, with (á, or ab,) and so you say á Tabellario mihi reddita fuit epistola.  
And when you would reduce a Verb to the Passive Voice, which had not the thing in the Accusative, than the person is made the Nominative to it in the Passive Voice; and the thing in the Case that it was in before; As, In this example: Interdico tibi domo meâ, I forbidden you coming to my house; you say, Interdiceris á me domo mea; here (domo mea) which is the thing, is kept in the Ablative as it was before, but the Person (tibi) is here made the Nominative.  
To make this reduction of the Active to the Passive in these Verbs (Celo, Rogo, Doceo,) which taken Actively, govern two Accusatives; one of the Person, and another of the Thing you must make the Person the Nominative, and the Thing, is yet kept in the Accusative; As, Celasti me consilium tuum; You kept up your Counsel from me, you reduce it thus. Celatus sum á te consilium tuum▪ Praeceptor docet Scholasticos Rhetoricam, The Master teacheth his Scholars Rhetoric; Scholastici docentur Rhetoricam á Praeceptore.  
If an Active Verb follow after (Jubeo, praecipio, mando) and their Synonimes, it is put by the Passive voice; As, The King did command to build a Church, Rex Templum aedificari Jussit; He commanded to levy Forces, Copias conscribi jussit.  
Yet you may use the Infinitive of the Active, if there go an Accusative before it; As, The King commanded the Architector to build a Church, Rex jussit Architectorem Templum aedificare; or if there go any other case before it besides the Accusative; As, The King gave order to the Officers to levy new Troops, Mandavit Rex Ducibus novas copias contrahere.   

CHAP. X. What must be done when you join two Verbs of a Divers Construction with one word.  
IT is a very ordinary thing in our young Scholars, to join with one word two or more Verbs, which are of a divers Regiment; because it is usual in the English phrase: Wherefore I have set a Chapter a part for preventing of this fault.  
When you find in your English, Verbs of divers Regiments put with one word; you may put them one of two ways, either by changing them into their Synonimes until they both be of one nature, and consequently of one Regiment or Government, or by rendering to each Verb the Case that it requireth, which is done by doubling the word Governed; as for example, A Flatterer praiseth and Flattereth every body, if you would put it so; Adulator laudat & blanditur omnibus, or blanditur & Laudat omnes, you would defraud one of these Verbs of its case, but in applying any of the ways above mentioned, you will satisfy both of them.  
First, Then change (Blanditur) into a Synonime of the Active signification, that it may have the same case that (Laudat) hath, which is (Colo) and then say; Adulator colit & Laudat omnes; or you may change your Active (If it be easier to be done, then by altering the other) into a Synonime of the same nature that the other Verb is of.  
Secondly, You may repeat the word Governed (Omnes) and put it after each Verb in their proper Cases; As, Adulator & omnibus blanditur, & omnes laudat; if you find it not expedient to repeat the governed word, then after the last Verb put (is, or ille) in the case convenient, and say Adulator omnibus blanditur eosque Laudat.  
Remember to leave out the Conjunction, if the governed word be repeated oftener than twice; As, Adulator omnes Laudat, omnibus blanditur, omnium captat benevolentiam, by the figure Polyptoton, or Metagoge.  
Perhaps you may say that in satisfying one Verb explicitly, you do not defraud the other, since the Case that it governeth is understood; As, Adulator laudat omnes & blanditur, sup. omnibus; yet this is rather to be remarked then followed wheresoever you find it, and most usually these ways of speaking are put by one of the ways above, and use in matters of this kind, is equivalent to a positive Rule or Law.   

CHAP. XI. Concerning the mark of an Active Verb, and the Regiment of Passive Verbs; and Verbs of Receiving.  
IT is hard, if not impossible to make known perfectly by precepts, which is known by practice; so stands the Case now with me, who is to give the mark of an Active Verb, which by practice and long experience is certainly know. For let a young Scholar consider the definition of the Active Verb left to him by the Grammarians, and he will find it in appearance agree to a Neuter Verb, for they say, that an Active ends in (o) and signifieth to do some Action, which by adding the letter (r,) becometh a Passive; but one that is little acquainted with an Active Verb, may imagine all these marks to agree to the Verb (Noceo) which is a Neuter, and so he is little surer by this definition then without it: But though it were harder than it is, yet I would not refuse to contribute something herein, for the benefit and ease of young beginners, who are often deceived in this point; notwithstanding, the definition of an Active Verb. Neither do I promise to bring you such a definition, that it can put you out of all doubts; but one that will bring you easier and more sure to the general knowledge of an Active Verb. A Verb is most commonly either an Active or of the Active signification (these words comprehend the Deponents of the Active signification) if it ends in (o) or being a Deponent, in (or) and if it can be joined with these two words (Some thing) in a right and pertinent sense; As, I Read, this Verb which is (lego) ends in (o) and you may say in good sense, I Read (Some thing;) but (Sedeo, Gaudeo, Valeo,) are not Actives, albeit they end in (o,) because you cannot add to them in a right sense these two words (Some thing) for we say not I fit some thing, but upon some thing; neither I rejoice some thing, but at some thing, etc. So the words must have an immediate dependence upon the Active Verb. Thus having given you a general kind of knowledge on this subject, I come to the general exceptions.  
You must except these kind of Verbs following from this definition, who though they end in (o,) and may have after them in right sense (some thing,) yet are they not to be used as Actives, these are they: Verbs of Studying, Placing, Displacing, Favouring, Obeying, Envying, with Noceo, Interdico, Egeo, Careo, Fido. Except of Deponents; these, Blandior, Adversor, Medeor, Medicor; which have the Dative, with Vescor, Vtor, Abutor, Fungor, Fruor, which have the Ablative, Misereor and Miseresco, which have the Genitive.  
Though you will find many more, both Actives and Deponents to be excepted; when you give yourself to reading; yet these that I have made mention of, are the most general and obvious, and are capable with the preceding definition to give you a general Idea and knowledge of an Active Verb.  
The mark of a Passive Verb is, that it ends in (or) and signifieth to suffer, id est, signifieth the reception of some action; As, Amor, I am Loved, than I receive the Love of another.  
The Syntax saith, that the Passive hath after it, the Ablative with the Preposition (à, or ab) but this should be so understood, when the word that is put in the Ablative, is a Person or any living Thing; As, Amor à Deo, I am loved by God; otherwise if that which is in the Ablative, be not a living or animate thing, you must leave out the Preposition; As, I am overcharged with grief, Obruor dolore; He is troubled with a heavy sickness, Gravissimo conflictatur morbo.  
According to what hath been said of the Passive in Living and Animate things, so must you do with the Verbs of Receiving, for if the word which is put in the Ablative after these Verbs, be a Person or living thing, Then is put before it (à or ab;) As, I received Letters from my Father, Accepi Literas à Patre meo. And if this word be inanimate or without life, than it hath going before it (é, or ex;) As, I received great contentment from your Letters, Incredibilem ex Epistolis tuis cepi voluptatem; or é venatione, In hunting; é Musicâ, in Music; Ex Agriculturâ, In husbandry; Albeit you will find Cicero in these ways of speaking, make use of the Genitive; As, Capere fructum Laboris, Vigiliarum, Industriae; To reap Fruits of his Labour, Vigilancy and Industry.  
By the way I remark, that the Compound, (accipio) is used most with Persons or Animate Things, and the Simple (Capio) with Inanimate or not Living Things, or else some of its Synonimes; As, Haurio, duco, peto, traho.  
The Grammar saith that the Participle governeth the Case of its Verb, nevertheless the Participle of the Passive is put with the Dative, although the Verb from whom this Future descendeth, governeth the Ablatve; as we must suffer in this Life; Multa nobis ferenda sunt in hâc vità. I must write a Letter; Scribenda est mihi Epistola. And thus far of English Particles, Moods and Tenses, &c, To this I add a most useful Treatise of Latin Particles and of Verbs, which have a Particular Regiment.   

CHAP. I. Concerning the Relative Particles (Qui, Quae, Quod.)  
THese Pronouns (Qui, Quae, Quod,) being put after a Negation, hath the Verb, whereof it is the Nominative in the Subjunctive Mood; As, There is no Philosopher of Epicur. his opinion, Nullus est Philosophorum qui cum Epicuro sentiat vel Epicuro assentiatur; You have said nothing that is approved by Learned men, nihil dixisti quod probetur eruditis, there is none but accuseth you of negligence, Nemo est qui te negligentiae non accuset; I find nothing here suitable to my mind, Nulla mihi res hic occurit quae animo meo satisfaciat.  
This must also be done as often as (Qui, Quae, Quod,) followeth an Interrogation; As, Is there any that thinketh so? Est ne aliquis qui ità sentiat?  
Oftentimes (Qui, Quae, Quod,) is put in stead of (ut) and then it hath the Verb following in the subjunctive; As, I sent my servant to you, to acquaint you with my return, Mitto ad te puerum meum, qui te de riditu meo certiorem faciat, in stead of, ut te certiorem faciat: I bring my son, that you may instruct him; Trado tibi filium meum quem erudias, vel ut erudias, That you may have a care of him;  ejus curam habeas, vel cujus curam habeas, That you may show him the way of Virtue, Cui virtutis viam monstres, vel ut ei vertutis viam monstres: I shall send you my Father's Letters, that you may read them, Mittam ad te Patris Literas, quas Legas.  
These Relatives are put very appositely with the Conjunctive Mood, in stead of (ut) after the Particles (tàm, ità, adeò, talis, qualis, tantus) and their Synonimes; As, I am not so Impudent, as to call myself too Good, Non sum tàm Impudens qui me nimis Bonum dicam; Neither am I so ignorant as not to know my one defects, Neque adeò sum ignarus qui meos defectus non cognoscam, vel ut meos defectus non cognoscam; He is not so well advised as to do this, non est ità Imprudens qui hoc faciat.  
Observe that it is not required that these Particles (Tàm, ità, adeò, etc.) be in express words, to the useing of these Relatives, (Qui, Quae, Quod,) with the Subjunctive, in place of (ut,) it is enough if they be understood; As, A good Prince ought to make Laws, that may keep the Peace and Unity of his Subjects: before (Laws) may be understood the word (Talis) which is one of the named Particles, and so you say; Bonus Princeps Leges condere debet, vel tales Leges condere debet, quae subditorum pacem & concordiam tueantur; I wish you children, that may follow your virtues, id est, (such Children,) utinam liberi tibi contingant, qui virtutes tuas imitentur; send me a boy that may be serviceable to me, id est (such a boy) Mitte ad me puerum, qui commodis meis inserviat, qui rebus meis consulat.  
In all which examples, you see only mention made of Actions to be done; in which ways of speaking, you must of necessity put the Verb in the Subjunctive Mood, after (Qui, Quae, Quod) but if you speak of an Action past, or which is in doing, then after these Relatives you make use of the Subjunctive or ndicative; As, the Prince hath made Laws which keep the Peace and Unity of his Subjects: here is a thing actually done, to wit (Laws made,) wherefore you say; Princeps Leges condidit quae pacem & concordiam tuentur, vel tueantur, He hath children that do follow or imitate his Virtues: Here is a thing actually a doing, Liberos habet qui illius virtutes imitantur vel imitentur.  
We say also by the Indicative or Subjunctive, Aliquid dixit quod Praeceptorem offendat, vel offendit; he hath said something that offendeth the Master, but by the Subjunctive only, Vereor ne quid dicat quod Praeceptorem offendat; I fear lest he say something that may offend the Master, which proceedeth from the diversity of the Tenses above remarked, because the last Example is of a thing to come; for as yet he hath not offended the Master; and the first a thing done, for in it he hath actually offended the Master.  
These Relatives (Qui, Quae, Quod,) comprehendeth sometimes under their signification, these Pronouns (Ego, Tu, Ille,) and this so often as before these Relatives in the English these words, (Because, Seeing, Although) can be understood; As, you ought not to spare money, you who abound in all things, Pecuniae parcere non debes, qui scilicet rerum omnium Copiâ circumfluis, vel cum rerum omnium Copiâ circumfluas; Because before the Relative Particle (You,) is understood (Seeing;) As, seeing you abound in all things; he will soon discover the cause of the sickness, he who is a skilful Physician, Sup. because he is a skilful Physician, Morbi causam facilè pervestigabit quippè qui sit Medicus peritissimus, vel quod sit Medicus peritissimus: You are to blame in accusing others of Avarice, you that thinks only how to enrich yourself, Sup. Seeing you think only how, etc. Immeritò alios Avaritiae insimulas qui ad augendas opes totus incumbas, vel cum totus incumbas: You assault me who hath ever been for you, Sup. Although I have ever been for you, Tu me oppugnas qui ad tuam causam me semper adjunxerim: He hath disappointed me in a little thing, I who have so often exposed my life for him, Sup. Although I have exposed my, etc. In re minimâ mihi defuit qui pro ispo toties vitae periculum adierim, vel quam vis adierim periculum vitae: Sometimes you may use before these Relatives (Nempè, Scilicèt, Quippè ut Potè,) as you see in the foresaid Examples.  
Take heed that you use not these Relatives after (Quaero, Interrogo, Nescio, Dubito, etc.) A mistake very incident to young Beginners, but instead of them put after these Verbs (Quis, or Quid;) As, he did ask me who was come hither? Quaesivit ex me quis huc venerit: What is my Brother now a doing? Quid agit Frater meus? If there be an Interrogation it availeth as much as if the Verb (Quaero) were expressed; I know not who did this wicked action, Quis tàm nefarium facinus patraverit nescio: He bethinks himself what to answer, Secùm cogitat quid responsurus sit: But sometimes (Qui) is found as well as (Quis,) whether the Speech be Doubtful or Interrogative; As, Qui tantus fuit Labour, was there ever so great a Labour? Si diligentèr considerabis qui vir ille fuerit: If you consider narrowly what sort of man he was.  
In the preceding Examples, where there is an Interrogation, you use the Indicative; As, Quis ità sentit? Who thinks so? But if in these Interrogative ways, your Verb be of the Potential, which is known if there go before it (can, or would, or should,) than it is put in the Potential Mood; As, who can think so? Quis ità sentiat? Who would not weep? Quis non fleat? Who should not be angry? Quis non succenseat?  
When these Relatives (Qui, Quae, Quod) have before themselves the Pronoun (Is) and be both to be put in the same Case, than you may leave out the Antecedent (Is,) expressing the Relative by the Neuter Gender in Number and Case convenient; As I do much approve that which you say, Valdè probo quod dicis, instead of valdè probo id quod dicis; But if they be not to be put in one Case, than you must express the Antecedent; As, I am much delighted in that which you say, In iis admodùm delector quae dicis.  
If there go explicitly in the English, and tacitly in the Latin these Particles, (Aliquis, Quidam;) these Relatives put with the Conjunctive Mood, serve for expressing these two ; As send some body before to acquaint me of your coming, Praemitte qui me de adventu tuo moneat, Sup. Aliquem qui me de adventu, etc. He did appoint a certain man to kill me, Destinavit qui me trucidaret, Sup. quendam.  
I have often seen Scholars who had made a good progress, use these Relatives (Qui, Quae, Quod,) to the expressing of (Who) or Which) in a comparison between two; As, which is the Learnedest of the two Brothers? and so they have put, Qui est amborum Fratrum Doctior? Take heed therefore not to use these Relatives in this Case, but in place thereof make use of (Uter) in Gender, Number and Case convenient; as, Amborum Fratrum uter Doctior: I know not which of the two is wisest, Uter prudentior sit nescio: And if your Comparison pass the number of two, than you must not use any of the Relatives but (Quis) with the Superlative; As, if you would say, speaking of many Soldiers, who is the stoutest of them? Quis omnium est fortissimus, vel quis quem fortitudine superet? He asked me which was the modestest of my Scholars, Quaesivit ex me quis meorum Scholasticorum esset modestissimus, vel quos qui modestiae laude seperarent.  
(Quod) is elegantly taken for a Substantive; As, Quod habebat militum ad Caesarem adduxit; for quos habebat Milites, etc. He brought to Caesar what Soldiers he had, Quod Floris, quod roboris in juventute erat, amiserant: They had lost that vigour and strength that is found in youth.  
(Qui, Quae, Quod) are put sometimes for (Modò, Dummodò) with the Verb in the Subjunctive Mood; As, he will obtain easily this favour of the King, so great is his power with him, Quae est ejus Auctoritas apud Regem, ut abeo beneficium hoc facilè impetraturus sit.   

CHAP. II. Of the Particles (Quis, Quantus, Qualis, Cùm, Postquàm, Tametsi, Etiamsi, Quamvis, Quando.)  
BEcause there is little to be said upon these Particles, I thought it fitting to comprehend them all in this one Chapter; but though it is little that can be said of them, yet is it very useful and necessary to be known.  
Besides that, I have said in the preceding Chapter, that (Quis) is used in an Interrogative Speech, instead of (Qui;) and then hath it the Verb in the Indicative, and this (Quis) going before (Can, Can or Should) hath the Verb in the Potential Mood; It is needful that you know that after these Particles (Simo, Nisì, Nè) (Quis) is most appositely put for (Aliquis;) As, if any body comes, Si quis venerit: If he saith any thing unseasonably, Si quid incommodè dixerit: Lest he do any thing rashly, Ne quid temerè & inconsultò agate: And if it chance that after these above-written Particles, (Simo, Nisì, etc. you are to make use of the Feminine of (Quis,) which is (Quae, vel Qua,) or of the Neuter of the Plural Number, which is likewise (Quae, vel Qua) you must make use of (Quadratus;) As, if any storm begin to rise, Si qua excitetur tempestas: Lest there fall out some misfortune, Ne qua clades contingat: If any wars should threaten us, Si qua bella nobis imminerent: Lest some evil befall us unawares, Ne qua mala nos incautos opprimant.  
(Quis) being put Interrogatively, with the Potential Mood, is equivalent in an Affirmative Speech to (Nemo;) As, who would approve these things? Quis haec approbet? which in signification is the same with Nemo haec approbet: and if it be a Negative Speech, (Quis) is equivalent to (Omni;) As, Quis haec non approbet? Who would not approve these things? which is the same that, Omnes haec approbent.  
(Quid) is often and most elegantly put in place of a Substantive; As, Quid Hominis est? quid Mulieris? pro quis Homo est, quae Mulier: What sort of man is he? What sort of woman is she? So we say, quid animi, quid consilii, quid causae, quid rei.  
(Quis) going between two Verbs, hath the last of them in the Conjunctive Mood, if it be the Nominative to it▪ As, I know; not if any body hath told him this, Nescio nùm quis illi hoc dixerit.  
(Quantus) is sometimes put as a Substantive in the Neuter Gender; As; Tantùm Agri, Quantùm Pecuniae; and if (Quantus, and Qualis) go between two Verbs, and be the Nominative to the last Verb, than they have it in the Subjunctive Mood; As, you cannot believe how much I love you, Vix credas quantùm te diligam: You do not consider what man he is, Non attendis qualis vir sit.  
When (Cùm) is an Adverb of Time, and signifieth (When,) it is put with the Indicative, saith the Grammarians; As, Cùm Amo, when I Love, Cùm Doceo, when I teach: But notwithstanding it is put with the Subjunctive Mood, rather than the Indicative; When it goeth before a time past; As, when I was writing, Cùm Scriberem, vel Scribebam: He holdeth his peace when he hath said many things, Tacet cùm multa dixerit, vel dixit: He did play when he had studied, Ludebat cùm studuisset, vel studuerat: The which you are to do also with (Postquàm) as, he doth study after he hath prayed, Studet postquàm oraverit, vel oravit: After he had prayed, Postquàm oraverat, vel oravisset.  
Although that (Quandò) an Adverb of Time, hath the same signification with (Cùm;) Nevertheless it is not put with the Subjunctive but with the Indicative: If (Cùm) signify (Seeing) than it hath always the Subjunctive; As, I will go visit my Cousin, seeing I am so near, Ibo visurus cognatum cum illi sim proximus.  
(Quamquàm, Etsi, Tametsì,) have after themselves the Indicative; but (Quamuìs, Etiamsì,) will have the Subjunctive, neither is it needful to set down the Examples.   

CHAP. III. How to distinguish (Quidam) with (Aliquis, or Quispiam) and concerning the Proprieties of (Quispiam and Vllus)  
When you use the Preterite or Imperfect Tense, you must make use of (Quidam,) because it signifieth a certain or determinate thing, which is particular to these Tenses, seeing a thing being done is no more indifferent to be or not to be done; As, he sent to me one of his Servants, than it is no more indifferent which of them he may send, Peter or Paul; but one of them particularly is sent, and so you say, Misit ad me quendam é suis.  
But if your speech be not limited to a certain and determinate person, as it is, when you use the Future Tense; because if you be to do a thing, it is indifferent to do it this way, or another way; or, if there be many in your choice to do this or the other thing, and so no limitation; In this case I say you must use (Aliquis, or Quispiam;) As, I will send you one of my men, Mittam ad te é meis aliquem, vel quempiam meorum: so we say by the former Rules, Quidam me rogavit: A certain man inquired for me, Rogabit me quispiam: Some body will inquire for me; because the last Verb is of the Future Tense, and so no limitation; and the first is of the Preterite Tense, and consequently of a determinate thing.  
Albeit you will find in some Authors (Quispiam) instead of (Quidam;) yet this is rather to be remarked then followed.  
Though (Quisquàm and Vllus) be almost of the signification that (Quispiàm) is of, yet they differ from it in this, that they are never used but in an Interrogation, Negation, Doubt, or Inhibition; As, is there any man in the World more greedy? Num quisquàm est Mortalium magis avarus? There is none that can perform these things, Haud ullus est qui haec praestare queat: If ever a man was delighted with Music, Si quisquàm fuit qui Musicâ caperetur: I forbidden any man to come hither, Veto ne huc accedat quisquàm.  
(Quisquàm) hath after it most elegantly the Genitive; As, An hoc dubitavit quisquam omnium quin prudentia fortitudini esset Anteponenda: Was there ever a man that doubted, but wisdom ought to be preferred to strength, An quisquam gentium est aequé miser? Is there under Heaven a man so miserable?  
(Quisquàm) is sometimes put with (Vnus) or (Altar;) As, Ne quisquam unus malis artibus posteà esset tàm Popularis: Lest that any in time coming should make himself Popular by unlawful means, Non est alter hodiè quisquam illo faelicior: There is none in the World this day more happy than he.  
Lastly (Quisquàm) may be put instead of (Quamvis or Quilibet;) As, Nisì vos fortiores cognovissem quoquàm, id est, quovis vel quolibet.   

CHAP. IV Of the Pronoun (Quisque.)  
(QVisque) which is the same in signification with (Vnusquisque,) goeth after a Superlative most elegantly; As, Optimus quisque ità sentit; It is the opinion of every good man, Optimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur: The best man dyeth with greatest Indifference,  quisque optimè decit, ità maximè decendi facilitatem tenet: The more a man is eloquent, the easier he findeth it to express himself.  
It is found also going after (quò) with the Superlative; As, in this passage of Cicero, quò quisque te maximè cognatione attingebat, ità maximè manus tua putabatur: The nearer that one is in Relation to you, the more he is believed to be one of your Company; sometimes (quò, quisque) is found with the Comparative, as, quò quisque modestior, eò omnibus charior; but the first way is most in use.  
Oftentimes (quisque) is put with (quotus) in an Interrogation; As, Quotus quisque invenitur qui privatis Commodis salutem Publicam Anteponat? How many are found that prefer the common good and happiness to their own particular interests?  
(Quisque) is put with the Ordinal Number, in these ways following; Decimus quisque, Every tenth man: Vicesimus quisque, Every twentieth man, etc. Tertio quoque die ad me venit, He came to see me every third day; Quartâ quâque horà comedit, He eateth every fourth hour, or once in four hours: Quinto quoque anno Romam petit, He goeth once in five years to Rome, or every fifth year; in which kind of Speeches (quisque) must ever follow and never preceded the Ordinal Number.  
It is likewise found going after (Sui, Suus, Qui, Quae, Quod;) As, Pro se quisquè contendit, Every one doth what he can: Est sua cuique sententia, Every one hath his own opinion: Suas cuique dotes largitur Deus, God giveth to every one a Talon: Natura animantium cuique sua dedit Arma, Nature hath given Arms for defence to every living Creature: Quod cuique contigit, Which befell every man: Videndum est diligentèr cui quodque loco sit aptissimum: It must be observed carefully for what place every thing is fittest, Permagni refert, quo quidque tempore agatur; It is of great consequence the time that every thing is done.  
(Quisque) is repeated sometimes, as in this Example of Cicero; Quid, quemque, cuique praestare oportet, What one man ought to do for another.   

CHAP. V Of the Pronouns (Alius, and Altar,) and wherein they differ.  
When we speak of two things we make use of (Altar;) As, Of two Consuls, the one was for Peace, and the other for War, Amborum Consulum alter ad pacem, alter ad bellum incumbebat: The one was stouter, the other wiser, Alter audacior erat, alter prudentior: One of them betrayed the Army, and the other sold it, Alter exercitum prodidit, alter vendidit: The one side was strong in men, the other in skilful Commanders, Alteri numero militum, alteri ducum peritiâ praestabant.  
But if in these ways of speaking, you speak of more than two, then must you use (Alius;) As, some of the Senators did praise the action of Brutus, and some did think it blame-worthy, and others had not the courage to speak their mind, Senatorum alii Bruti factum laudarunt, alii repraehend●bant, alii quid sentirent exprimere non audebant.  
There are some Scholars modest, and some Impudent, Scholasticorum alii modesti, alii impudentes.  
When you should repeat these Particles (Altar, Alius) you may make use of (Vnus) for any of them; As, Vnus ludit, alter studet, The one playeth, and the other doth study: Vnus garrit, alius tacet, & alius dormit, One talketh, another keepeth silence, and another sleepeth.  
You will find sometimes (Nemo) put with (Altar;) As, that of Quintilian, tantùm inter se distant ut nemo sit alter similis; There is so great a difference between them, that they have no resemblance to one another; Although I must confess this way of speaking to be very rare, and rather worthy to be remarked then followed.  
(Altar) is often put for (Secundus;) As, Altar á Rege, Next to the King, or the second man of the Kingdom: Altero quoque die, Every second day, or other day, one of two days: Altero & vicesimo die, the one and twentieth day: Altera die quàm á Brundusio solvit, The day after he took sail from Brundisium: Vnis & alteris literis, By my first and second Letters: Vnus aut alter dies intercesserat, A day or two had passed.  
(Altar) doth express the great similitude that is found between two; As, if you would say of a great Orator, Est alter Tullius: He is another Cicero; or of a Poet: Est alter Virgilius, he is another Virgil, or of a Gallant man: Est alter Caesar: Altar Alexander, He is another Caesar, another Alexander: Hence is it, that the Etymologists say (Frater) is Quasì ferè alter, because of the great resemblance and sympathy that is often found in Brothers.  
If (Altar) ought to be repeated, than you may do according to what hath been already said, or else repeat (Vterque) in its place; As, Alter alterum odit, the one hateth the other, Vel uterque utrumque odit: Or here you may use a Verb of the contrary signification, and say, Alter alterum non amat, vel neuter alterum amat, by a Noun.  
There be some other ways of speaking upon this Particle worthy of remark; As, Alterum tantùm, As much again: Etiamsi alterum tantùm perdendum sit; Although I should lose as much again, or twice as much, necesse est partem pedis aut aequalem esse alteri parti, aut altero tanto, aut sequi esse majorem, A part of a foot must of necessity be equal to another, or twice as big, or as much and half as much. For (altero tanto) you may use duobus tantis, for (tertio tanto) tribus tantis etc.  
(Alius) Is repeated, and that very emphatically, for it comprehendeth, being repeated, more in two words then four or five English words can express; As, Alios alia delectant, Some are delighted in one thing, and some in another: Aliis alius vivendi mos est, Some liveth after one fashion, and some after another; Alius alio dicendi stylo utitur, every man hath his own way of speaking. Aliud ex alio me quotidiè impedit, I meet every day with new hindrances; Aliud ex alio mihi occurrit, One thing calleth to mind another; Aliud ex alio malum, One evil bringeth with it another; Aliud ex alio peccato non destitit, He committeth fault upon fault; Alia ex aliis iniquior a postulando, Demanding things more and more injust; Aliud ex alio quaerebat, He went from one purpose to another; Aliis super alias epistolis mihi gratias egit, He sent me letters of thanks one after another.  
As (Altar) Doth signify a Sympothy or similitude, so (Alius) signifieth a diversity, and dissimilitude; As, Alia mihi mens est, I am of another mind or of a contrary mind; Alius es multò quàm soles, You are far another man than you use to be; Alia atque alia commemorabat, He told divers things; Haec Herba alio atque alio loco exoritur; This Herb groweth in many places; Alium atque alium Dominum sortientur, They will choose divers Masters; Rem eandem alio atque alio verbo efferre novit, He can express one thing diversely, and by the Adverbs, (Alias and Aliò) you say Aliud aliás de iisdem rebus indicant, They think sometimes one thing, and sometimes another concerning one thing; Simia & sorts ipsas disturbavit, & alias aliò dissipavit, The Ape did trouble the Lots, and threw some one way some another.   

CHAP. VI Of the Pronouns (Sui, and Suus)  
AMongst all the Latin Particles there is none more hard to be understood or fuller of doubts and incertainty than those two (Sui, Suus) for oftentimes the Masters themselves are mightily put to it, yea and often fail. Wherefore many learned Grammarians, have often strove to clear these mistakes and difficulties; but by the too great abundance and diversity of Precepts, the young beginner falleth into greater mistakes than before. Wherefore I will for remedy hereof, make only use of one observation, which as it is easier put in practice then many, so of all, I know it to be the best and surest for this purpose.  
When (Sui and Suus) and the Nominative of the preceding Verb, belong both to one and the same Person; and the English Particles of these pronouns, to wit, (Him, His, Hers, Theirs,) cannot without altering the true sense, be rendered by (Of Him, Of Her, Of Them,) than you use to express them in Latin by these reciprocal Pronouns (Sui, Suus,) But these two conditions being wanting, you ought to make use of (is, ipse, ille,) the proof hereof may be shown in one example; The Master Loveth his Scholar for his modesty, Magister amat discipulum suum propter modestiam ejus; Here (suus) and the Nominative of the Verb Preceding, belongeth both to the same Person, to wit, (Magister;) but the last (his) in the English, goeth to the Scholar and not to the Nominative of the Verb, (Amat.)  
Next you cannot change the first (his) by (of him) and keep the right sense; for if you say the Master loveth the Scholar, of him, it's understood that of another man, and not his own Scholar; but the last (his,) may very well be changed by (of him,) because it is not the Master's modesty, but of some other man; to wit, of his Scholar.  
Neither imagine with yourself that to the putting of (sui and suus) both these conditions must be had, it is sufficient if you find the last, though the first be wanting, As, Aiunt Jacobum & suum filium hinc profectos esse, They say that James and his son are gone from hence; you cannot say here, (the son of him;) otherwise it is of another man than James; but the Nominative of the Verb, is (homines,) and so it doth not with (suus) belong to the same person.  
Further, that you may more easily know when (suus) and the Nominative of the Verb goeth both to one and the same person, look if the Substantive Noun with which it agreeth, appertaineth to the Nominative of the Verb; As, (discipulus) in the former example, appertaineth to the Nominative (Magister) therefore (suus) which goeth with (discipulus) as with its Substantive, and the Nominative of the Verb, belongeth both to one person.  
For the demonstrative (sui) your English, may give you assurance when it should be put, to wit when you have (himself, or herself;) As, John loveth himself, Joannes se amat, vel seipsum, aut semet amat.  
And to know when the Particle (him) is put by (sui) look if (him) and the Nominative of the preceding Verb (but with all of the most noble and most considerable Verb) (for often there goeth two or more Verbs before it) belong to one person, which if it come so to pass, requireth (sui,) and if not, one of those, (is, ille, ipse;) As my Brother prayeth you to write to him, Frater meus te rogat ut ad se scribas. Here (him) is the same thing with the Nominative to (rogat.) Marcellus recommendeth his son to you, and prayeth you to keep him in his homage, Marcellus commendat tibi filium suum, atque petit ut eum in officio contineas. (Him) is not the same thing here with the person that recommendeth or prayeth: Wherefore I use one of these three (ille, is, ipse) If you are in doubt whether to put (sui, suus,) or (ille, is.) You may for greater security, make use of (ipse,) which participateth both of the Reciprocol Pronouns signification, and of the Relatives.  
When there may be an Amphibulogie in following the preceding rule, you must not use it, but change the Active into a Passive; As here, Petrus amat amantes se, it is doubtsome whether Peter loveth those that love himself, or those that love themselves, for the Latin can suffer both ways, Frater meus indignatur quod condiscipulus suus accuset se negligentiae: here (se) may go with the Nominative of the first Verb (Frater,) or with (condiscipulus) the Nominative to (Accusat.) Wherefore to speak more clear; Frater meus indignatur quod a condiscipulo negligentiae accusetur; Petrus amat eos á quibus redamatur.  
Sometimes the sense is so clear, that though the Pronouns could agree with divers things without altering the Latin Concordance, yet you need not change your Verbs; As, Petrus rogat Paulum ut ad se scribat; here (see) belongeth to (Petrus) because if it went to (Paulus,) than it would be out of sense: For no man is requested to write to himself; but if you say Petrus rogat Paulum ut res suas curet, Peter requesteth Paul to look to his affairs, it is doubtsome both in English and Latin, for (suas) may as well be meant of the affairs of Peter as of Paul, and so may (his) and by changing the voice of your Verb, the doubt will yet remain; so this doubt or any of this kind cannot be cleared better, then by referring the Pronoun (suus) to the principal Verb (rogat,) and so it goeth with Peter's affairs, and not with Paul's, and if it were, Petrus monet Paulum ut res suas curet, (suas) is to be understood as belonging to Paul's affairs, because we admonish our friend to have a care of his affairs, and we request him to look to ours.  
When the Verb (videtur) is an Impersonal, that is, hath no Nominative, than it hath after itself the Pronouns (ille, is;) As, Vbi Caesar Romam venit visum est ei senatum cogere, When Caesar came to Rome, he thought good to Convocate the Senate: but being taken personally, id est▪ having a Nominative, than it will have after it the reciprocal Pronoun (sui;) As, Petrus videtur sibi esse doctissimus, Peter imagineth himself very learned.   

CHAP. VII. Of the Negative Particles, Non, Haud, Nemo, Nunquàm, Nullus, Nihil, Nèc, Neque, etc.  
WE say Commonly in Latin, (duo negativa saciunt affirmativum) two Negatives make an Affirmative, but to come to the right knowledge of this axiom, you must look to the ordering and placing of the Negatives.  
First, If these Adverbs, (Non, Haud, Minimè,) be put after (Nemo, Nunquâm, Nullus, Nihil:) It is true that the affirmation, resulting from these Particles so placed, is diametrally opposite to a negation; As, Nunquàm non, id est semper, nemo non, vel nullus non, id est, omnes, nihil non, id est, omnia.  
If (non) go before these Particles▪ there will not be so great a contrariety and opposition betwixt the Affirmation and Negation; As, Non nunquàm, id est, aliquando, non nullus, id est aliquis, non nihil, id est aliquid.  
When the Conjunctions (Nèc nequè) goeth before a Negation, the Speech is Affirmative; As, Nequè illum non amo, id est illum amo, nequè sum nescius, id est, probè scio, nec vel nequè nego, id est fateor.  
When (Nèc, Nequè) followeth any Negative, they cannot make an Affirmative Speech, although you should repeat them never so often; As, Nunquàm illum nequè vidi, nequè attigi, I never saw him, nor touched him: Nemo unquàm istum virum nèc laudavit nèc amavit, No man ever did praise or love this man, Vsquè adeò partinax est & perfrictae mentis, ut nemo illum nèc precibus flectere, nèc nimis movere potuerit, aut a susceptâ semel sententiâ depellere; He is so stuborn and fierce-minded that none can get him neither by prayers nor threaten to leave off the opinion that he once undertakes.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the words (Patria) and (Gens.)  
When the word (Patria) is accompanied with any of the possessive Pronouns, either in Latin or English; As, Meus, Tuus, Suus, Noster, Vester, Mine, Thine, His, Ours, Yours, it is made use of; As, I have fought for my Country, Pugnavi pro Patrià meâ: Cicero did save his Country, Cicero Patriam suam ab interitu vindicavit.  
But when it is not accompanied with these Pronouns, than you must make use, for expressing (Country) Of Regio, Ager, Provincia, Solum, Locus, Pars, Gens, and other such like; As, Ulysses traveled over many Countries, Ulysses varia loca peragravit: Hannibal did west Italy, Agrum Italicum vastavit Hannibal: Pompey did enlarge the Roman Empire by the Conquest of many Countries, Multas Regiones, vel Provincias Imperio Romano Pompeius adjecit; My Brother is to come very soon to this Country, In has patres Frater meus propedièm est venturus: This Country did at other times flourish in Learning, Gens haec olìm Studiis floruit.  
Of (Gens) remark likewise, that it is not taken only for a Country, but also for a Family; As, Gens Fabiorum, The Family of the Fabians: Virro ex Gente Patritiâ, A man of a Noble Family, or of good Extraction.  
To this Treatise I subjoin another of great concernment, which is concerning Verbs that have a particular, or divers Regiment, and because there are four which must be explained at large, because they contain greater difficulties than others, I will set apart two Chapters for treating of them.   

CHAP. IX. Of (Persuadeo) and (Moneo.)  
So often as these two Verbs are of the same signification with (consulo, horror, impello) and others such like, they have the same Regiment with them, that is, they have () going after them with the Verbs following in the Conjunctive Mood; As, the Master persuadeth me to join piety with Learning, id est, he counsels me, etc. Praeceptor suadet mihi ut cum literis pietatem conjungam: He did often admonish me to shun Idleness, id est, he did often exhort me, etc. Saepè me monuit ut otium fugerem.  
But if (Persuadeo) signifieth to make one believe, and (Moneo) to acquaint or advertise, than the Verb following is in the Infinitive; As, he did acquaint or or advertise me that my Brother was dead, Monuit me Fratrem fato functum esse: He did make me believe that you were gone, Persuasit mihi te profectum fuisse.  
It is to be observed that (Suadeo) is most commonly used in the first signification, and (Persuadeo) in the second.  
Although it may be known by the tenor and order of speech, what signification (Moneo and Persuadeo) are of; yet because the Young Scholar oftentimes taketh not time to peruse the whole Speech, I shall give him two short and sure Rules for this purpose.  
The first is, when (Moneo and Persuadeo) are of the same signification with (Consulo, Horror, Impello, Auctor sum, etc.) Then the Verb following, is either of the Indicative or Infinitive Mood, as may be seen in the preceding Examples of the first signification; As, the Master doth persuade me to add piety to Virtue; here the Infinitive, or that I add piety to virtue, here is the Indicative.  
But when they are of the second signification, to wit, to make one believe, or to advertise one, the English Verb following is in the Indicative, and not in the Infinitive; As, he would make me believe that he hath greatly obliged me, and not, to have greatly obliged me.  
The second is, that these two Verbs, being of the second signification, to wit, for, Certiorem facio fidem facio, may have after them a Verb of the Present, Preterite, or Future Tense; As, he makes me believe that he hath obliged me, or doth oblige me, or will oblige me; but being of the first signification, to wit, of Horror, Consulo, Auctor sum, they will be put with a Verb of the Present Tense; As he counsels me to distrust my Enemies.  
There is yet another mark to come to the knowledge of what signification they are of; which is, they being taken for (Consulo, Horror, etc.) they have after themselves a Verb of a divers person; because no man doth counsel himself, but some other, as, Suades mihi ut fiam diligentior, te monuit ut meliùs negotia curares.  
Where you see in the first Example, the second and first Person, and in the second, the third and second; but being of the second signification, to wit, of Confirmo, fidem facio, etc. They with the Verb following are both of the same person; As, you will make me believe that you have obliged me; here the Nominative to (Make) and (Oblige) is (You.)   

CHAP. X. Of the Verbs (Consentio, Dissentio) and their Synonimes.  
THese Verbs, Consentio, Convenio, Congruo, and others such like, will have after them the Person to whom the consent or agreement is made, in the Dative, or in the Ablative▪ with (Cùm;) As, Socrates Platoni, vel cum Platone consentit, Socrates is of Plato's Opinion.  
The Verbs that are of a contrary signification to these, govern the Ablative with the Preposition; A, or Ab; As, Ab Aristotile Plato dissentit, Plato is not of Aristotle's Opinion: Ab Antonio Caesar dissidet, Caesar disagreeth with Antony.  
But when there is two on more persons consenting or dissenting, copulated by a Conjunction, and therefore will have the Verb in the Plural Number, than you must put the person which ought to be in the Dative after Consentio, and that which was to be put in the Ablative after Dissentio, in the Accusative with the Preposition (Inter;) As, Socrates and Plato are of one mind, Socrates & Plato inter se consentiunt, and not Sibi vel secùm consentiunt, otherwise it were to say that Socrates is of his own mind or opinion, and Plato of his; which is not the sense of your English; So likewise Antonius & Caesar inter se dissident, Antony and Caesar are at variance, or disagreeth; The reason hereof is, that the Verbs (Consentio, Dissentio, etc.) must of necessity have two distinct terms, to make a conveniency or disconveniency betwixt the two persons.  
Now (Petrus & Paulus) being thus coupled make but one term, unless they be distinguished and multiplied by the Preposition (Inter) which hath a Disjunctive force with it; hence it followeth that, if you had to put; Antony dissenteth from himself, and Caesar from himself, you should not use (Inter) to diversify them, because Antony nor Caesar are not distinct from themselves, although they both dissent from themselves, and so you say, Antonius & Caesar á se dissentiunt, which is the same with, Antonius á se dissentit, Caesar á se dissentit.  
Although (Inter) cannot be put with a Noun of the Singular Number, because it tendeth to a distinction of persons, yet if it be a Collective Noun, you may use (Inter) because taken Collectively, this Noun is equivalent to the Plural Number; As, Phylosophi inter se dissentiunt, & consentiunt, The Philosophers do agree and disagree; but if you say, Phylosophi secùm consentiunt, & á se dissentiunt; It is, that every one in particular agreeth or disagreeth with himself; so likewise, Homines inter se amant, it is, men loves one another, but Homines se amant, signifieth every one loveth himself.   

A Catalogue of Verbs which have divers Regiments and Constructions under one signification.  
JOhn Behourt, Scholar amongst the Jesuits, besides many worthy observations wherewith he hath enriched John Dispauter's Grammar; did make a little Treatise, De variâ verborum in vario sensu Constructione, Of the divers construction of Verbs of divers significations; At the end whereof he did promise another, De variâ verborum in eodem sensu Constructione, Of the divers Construction of Verbs under one signification; but because he did never, nor will not fulfil his promise, I have for the comfort of young Beginners, gathered them out, and for their greater conveniency, I have set them down according to the Alphabet.  
I will not herein, more than in my former Treatises be tedious, by setting down the whole Text of the Writers out of which these Verbs are drawn, although Behourt hath done so in his De variâ verborum in vario sensu Constructione; I will only set down simply the Examples which I have drawn out of good Authors, whose Authorities are holden for Rules in the Schools.  

A.  
ABdicare Magistrum, vel abdicare se Magistratu, To give over his Office.  
Abrogare Legem, vel Lege, To abolish a Law.  
Abjicere se alicui ad pedes, vel ad pedes alicujus se abjicere, To kneel down to any Body.  
Abnuere aliquid alteri, vel alteri de re aliquâ abnuere, To refuse any thing to any body.  
Abdere in terrâ, vel in terram, To hid any thing under ground.  
Abjudicare sibi libertatem, vel abjudicare se a libertate, To deprive himself of liberty.  
Abire Vrbe, vel ab Vrbe, To go out of Town; and this way may you put many Verbs which have the Preposition repeated wherewith they are composed, or understood, according to the Writers will; So we say promiscuously: Abbess, Vrbe, Domo, Curiâ, vel ab Vrbe á Domo, á Curiâ, To be out of Town, from Home, or from the Court: Exire Class, vel é Class, To go out of School: Ingredi Templum, vel in Templum, To go into the Church: Adire aliquem, vel ad aliquem, To go to one, etc.  
Acquiescere rei alicui, vel in re aliquâ, To rest, or take pleasure in any thing.  
Abstinere scelere, & á schelere, vel á schelere se abstinere, To refrain from wickedness  
Abundare re aliquâ, vel in re aliquâ, To abound in any thing.  
Accedere ad Dei similitudinem, vel Deo ad similitudinem accedere, To resemble God.  
Adjicere, adjungere, appellere animum studiis, vel ad studia, To set his mind upon his studies, by the Rule, Ternum pro quarto, &c  
The which Rule comprehendeth a great many more Verbs of this same construction, so we say, Accidere, & advolui pedibus alicujus, To fall at one's knee: Abdere se literis & in literas, To betake himself to reading: Accingere se operi & ad opus, To buckle, or prepare himself to his work.  
Accommodare se tempori & ad tempus, To turn with the times.  
Applicare scalas muris & ad muros, To scale the Walls: Alligare Arbori & ad Arborem, To tie one to a Tree: Adrepere amicitiae, vel in amicitiam alicujus, To creep into ones favour: Imminere occasioni, vel in occasionem, To wait upon an occasion: Illabi animis & in animos. To enter into ones mind or Affection: Imprimere aliquid animo & in animunt, To imprint or beat any thing into one's memory: Instillare auribus aliquid, vel in aures, To pour any thing into one's ear: Imponere onus alicui, ve● in aliquem, To impose a charge or burden on any man, and many others.  
Abhorrere aliquem, vel ab aliquo, To have an aversion to any man.  
Accedere alicui ad genua, vel ad genua alicujus, To prostrate himself at one's knees.  
Accipere aliquid ab aliquo, ex aliquo, & de aliquo, To hear something of any body.  
Acceptus est Plebi, in Plebem & apud Plebem, He is Papular, or much liked by the People.  
Accusare aliquem inertiae. inertiâ & de inertiâ, vel alicujus inertiam accusare, To accuse one of negligence or slothfulness: We say likewise, Aliquem in re aliquâ Accusare.  
Acceptum refer, vel in acceptum, To keep an account of any thing, and set it down in the book of receipts.  
Adaequare pietatem doctrinae, vel cum doctrinâ, To make equal piety with devotion, or to be as devout as learned.  
Adherescere rei alicui, in re aliquâ, & ad rem aliquam, To adhear, or stick to a thing.  
Adhibere saevitiam aut severitatem in aliquo, & in aliquem, To use one severely.  
Admirari rem aliquam, vel de re aliquâ, To marvel at any thing; Admirari hominem in aliquo, vel aliquid in homine admirari, To marvel at something in any man.  
Admiscere aquam vino, vel cum vino, To mingle water with wine.  
Admonere aliquem, aliquid, alicujus aut de aliquo, To admonish one of any thing.  
Adoptare aliquem, pro filio, vel aliquem sibi in filium adoptare, To adopt one for his son.  
Adesse judicio, in judicio, ad Judicium, To be present at the giving out of Judgement.  
Adulari aliquem, vel alicui, To flatter any body.  
Aequiparare virtutes suas, ad virtutes alterius, vel cum Virtutibus, To compare his Virtues with another man's.  
Aggredi dicere, vel ad dicendum, To begin to speak.  
Allicere aliquem ad benevolentiam, aut, allicere benevolentiam alicujus, To obtain one's grace or favour.  
Antecedere, antecellere, anteire alteri, aut alterum, To exceed, or out go another.  
Appellare Tribunos vel ad Tribunos, To appeal to the Tribunes.  
Appellere Classem ad locum aliquem, aut Classe appellere, To Arrive, or Land at any place.  
Arcere progressu, vel á progressu, To hinder one from advancing.  
Adscribi in civitatem, in civitate, & civitati, To be enfranchised, or made freeman of the City.  
Aspergere sale carnes, vel salem carnibus, To salt meat; We say also, Maculis vitam Aspergere, vel maculas vitae; To wrong one's Reputation.  
Assentiri aliquid alteri, vel in aliquo, To be of one mind with another in any thing.  
For Verbs of this sort, beginning by the letter (B) there is seldom found any, wherefore I pass to (C.)   

C.  
Caelare Argentum, argento & in Argento, To grave in Silver.  
Capere aliquid manu, vel in manum, To take in your hand.  
Capio taedium, odium, satietatem, hujus rei, & hujus rei taedium, odium, satietas me capit, I am become weary of this thing.  
Capere fructum laboris, & Industriae, vel ex labour & Industriâ, To reap fruits of his Labours and Industry.  
Career re aliquâ, & aliquando rei, & rem, To want any thing.  
Cavere aliquem, vel ab aliquo, & eavere sibi ab aliquo, To take heed lest any man hurt you, or to distrust any body.  
Cedere jus, vel de jure, To yield off his own Right.  
Cedere honorem suum alteren, vel honore, To yield up his honour to another; So we say, Cedere foro alicui, & curia, The trick of Bankers to be out of the way, and so defraud him that had put money into their Bank.  
Certare cum aliquo, & apud poetas, alicui, To contest with any man.  
Circundare maenibus Vrbem, vel maenia Vrbi, To wall a Town.  
Cogitare, cognoscere rem aliquam, vel de re aliquâ, To think, or know of any thing.  
Cogitare animo, in animo, cum animo, To think with himself.  
Colloqui cum aliquo, alicui, & aliquem, To speak with one.  
Colere aliquem loco, vel in loco Parentis, To esteem one as a Parent.  
Committere se fidei alicujus, vel in fidem, To confide, or trust himself to one.  
Committere existimationem suam alicui, vel de existimatione suâ, To give up his honour and reputation to another.  
Commonere aliquem officii, officium, & de officio, To admonish one of his duty.  
Communicare cum altero rem aliquam, vel de re aliquâ, To communicate or reveal any thing to another.  
Communicare honores alicui, vel cum aliquo, To make one partaker of his honours.  
Commutare fidem pecuniâ, vel cum pecuniâ, to sell his trust and faith.  
Comparare accusatores alicui, & in aliquem, To suborn men to accuse others.  
Confer vel comparare alterum alteri, vel cum altero, To compare the one with the other.  
Comprehendere memoriam rei, vel rem memorià comprehendere, To remember of any thing.  
Comprimere linguam alicujus, vel alicui, To put one to silence.  
Concedere alicui doctrinâ vel de doctrinâ, To yield to one in matter of Learning.  
Concidit animus, vel animo, He looseth courage, or he fainteth.  
Concitare Expectationem sui, vel de se, To gain himself a good Reputation.  
Conciliare sibi benevolentiam alicujus, & ab aliquo, To gain one's affection.  
Conciliare alterum alteri, vel alterum cum altero, To reconcile two that had fallen out.  
Concludi in caveâ & in Caveam, To be shut up into a Cave or dark place.  
Condemnare aliquem Arrogantiae, Arrogantiâ & de Arrogantiâ, To condemn one of Pride; and so of other Verbs of the like signification; Accusare, arguere, insimulare.  
Condere Corpus sepulchro, in sepulchrum, & in sepulchro, To bury any dead Corpse.  
Confidere firmitati Corporis & firmitate, To confide, or trust to his Bodily strength.  
Confiteri crimen, vel de crimine, To confess of his fault.  
Conflictare morbo, vel cum morbo, To struggle or fight with a disease.  
Congerere Titulos alicui & in Aliquem, To Honour one with Titles.  
Congredi alicui, cum aliquo, & contrà aliquem, To fall out with any man, or to encounter him.  
Congruit ejus sermo tuis literis, vel cum tuis literis, His discourse agreeth with your letters.  
Consentire alicui, vel cum aliquo, to be of another man's mind.  
Conjungere Pietatem Doctrinae, vel cum Doctrinâ, To add Piety to Virtue.  
Conqueri fortunam & de fortunâ, To complain of fortune.  
Conscendere navem, & in navem, To embark.  
Conjunctum esse alicui & cum aliquo, To be familiar with any man.  
Consequi aliquem Itinere, vel in Itinere, To wait upon one in a Journey.  
Conserere manum, vel manu cum Hostibus, To come to hands with the Enemies.  
Considere in aliquo loco, & apud aliquem locum, To sit down in some place.  
Consulere malè, de aliquo, & in aliquem, To use a man hardly.  
Consulere alterum de re aliquâ, & aliquid alterum consulere, To ask one's advice concerning any thing.  
Constat ei mens, vel constat ment, He is of the same mind without alteration.  
Consuescere alicui, vel cum aliquo, To frequent one's company.  
Contendere vires & nervos, vel viribus & nervis contendere, To employ his force and power.  
Contingere se inter se, & contingere inter se, To be allied with one another, to touch one another in Lineage.  
Convenit Petrus cum Paulo, vel inter Petrum & Paulum convenit, Peter and Paul, do agree together.  
Convenit hoc Petro cum Paulo, vel Petro convenit cum Paulo de hoc, Peter and Paul, do agree in this.  
Convincere aliquem maleficii, vel maleficium alicujus, To convince one of some wicked deed.  
Convivere alicui & cum aliquo, To live with one.  
Cupere alicui, vel causâ alicujus, To desire one's good.   

D.  
Damnari sceleris, To be condemned of some wicked deed.  
Damnari de Vi, To be condemned for having used Violence.  
Capite damnari, To receive sentence of Death, to be condemned to Die.  
Damnari in Metallum, To be condemned to the Mines.  
Decedere officio, vel de officio, To fail in his duty; and likewise we say, Decedere, jure, sententiâ, provinciâ, viâ, vitâ, possessione, etc. vel de jure de sententiâ, etc.  
Decernere, aut deliberare rem aliquam, aut de re aliquâ, To ordain, or consult of any matter.  
Decidere spe, ex spe, & de spe, To lose hopes.  
Declinare de vitiis, vel á vitiis, To fly, or shun vice.  
Declinare de viâ, vel declinare se extrà viam, To go out of the way.  
Defendere aliquem ab injuriâ, vel defendere injuriam alicujus, To save one from receiving a wrong.  
Defendere , & á sole, To save one from the heat of the sun.  
Defer Studium suum amicis, vel ad amicos, To offer his service to his friends.  
Deficit me animus, vel mihi, deficio animo, deficitur animus. I faint, or am discouraged.  
Defigere oculos in terram, vel in terrá, To cast down his eyes.  
Deflectere ex itinere, & iter deflectere de cursu, & deflectere se de curriculo, To go out of the right way.  
Delinquere aliquid, & in aliquo, To offend in something.  
Depellere agnos lacte, & à lacte, To wean the lambs; so you say, Depellere sententiá, & á sententid, To make one change his opinion.  
Deperire aliquem amore, vel amore alicujus, To be passionately in love with any one.  
Deplorare miserias, & de miseriis, To lament calamities.  
Deponere mentum in gremio alicujus, To lay his chin upon another's breast.  
Deponere malleolum in terram, To beat a hammer into the earth.  
Deponere aliquid in fide, in fidem & apud fidem alicujus, To put any thing in another man's trust.  
Deprecari reditum alicujus ab aliquo, vel pro reditu alicujus aliquem deprecari, To pray one, for the returning of another.  
Derogare fidei testium, vel de fide, To derogate from the Testimony of witness.  
Desistere sententiâ, á sententiâ, vel de sententiâ, To leave off, or forsake his opinion.  
Desperare salutem alicujus, saluti, vel de salute, To despair of ones health.  
Deturbari spe, de spe, ex, spe, To be quite out of hopes.  
Detrahere alicui & de aliquo, To detract, or speak ill of any one.  
Detrahere dignitatem, vel de dignitate, To diminish one's honour and reputation.  
Detrahere pretio, & de pretio, To take, or withdraw from the price of any thing.  
Diffidere alicui, & de aliquo, To distrust one.  
Dimicare de re, vel pro re, To contest about any thing.  
Disceptare controversias, vel de controversiis, To examine differences.  
Disputare aliquid, vel de aliquo, To dispute, or treat of any thing.  
Discrepare sibi, vel á se, in re aliqua & de re aliquâ, To disagree, or descent from himself in something, to contradict himself.  
Dissentire ab aliquo, & cum aliquo, To be different in opinion from another man.  
Dividere Nummos militibus & in milites, To distribute Money amongst Soldiers.  
Dare pecuniam faenori, faenore, & in faenus, To give money upon interest.  
Dare aliquid in manu & in manum, To give into ones hand.  
Dare operam alicui exercitationi, & in aliquam exercitationem, To betake himself to some exercise.  
Doleo Caput, Capite, vel á Capite, vel Caput mihi dolet, My Head doth pain me.  
Doleo Patris interitum, interitu, & de intoritu, I am much troubled for my Father's death.  
Dubitare aliquid & de aliquo, To doubt of any thing.  
Ducere gloriae, vel in gloriam aliquid, To esteem any thing honourable.  
Dominari alicui, & in aliquem, To domineer over one; and likewise, Fortuna in rebus dominatur, Fortune dominiereth over all things.   

E.  
Efferri funere, & cum funere, To be carried forth to burial.  
Efflagitare auxilium alicujus, vel ab aliquo, To ask help of any man.  
Egredi urbe, urbem, extra urbem, To go out of Town.  
Elabi é telis alicujus, & inter tela, To escape one's darts.  
Elaberare in re aliquâ, & aliquando, in aliquid, To take pains upon any thing.  
Emergere, aquis, ex aquis, & extra aquas, To go out of the water.  
Eminebat ex ore, crudelitas, vel in ore, cruelty did appear in his face.  
Emungere alicui argentum, & aliquem argento, To cheat any man of his money.  
Enunciare Arcana hominibus, & apud homines, to divulge secrets.  
Ire subsidio & in subsidium, to assist, or help one.  
Eripere alicui vitam, vel aliquem vitae, to kill one.  
Eripere aliquem morti, vel á morte, to deliver one from death.  
Exardescere gloriae cupiditate, & ad gloriae cupiditatem, to be much ambitious of honour.  
Excellere aliis, inter alios, preter alios, & super alios, to exceed others.  
Excidit memoria hujus rei, vel haec res exciditè memoriâ, they speak no more, or mind no more of this thing.  
Excusare se alicui, & apud aliquem, to excuse himself to any one.  
Excusare aliquid & de aliquo se excusare, to excuse himself of any thing.  
Eximere vinculis & é vinculis, to take one out of prison or bondage.  
Exorare, expetere, exposcere aliquid deos, aut á diis, to ask the gods something.  
Expectare ducem in castris aut in castra, Sup. venturum, to expect the Captains coming to the Camp.  
Explere animum alicujus, & alicui, To give all satisfaction and contentment to a man.  
Expostulare cum altero in injuriam, vel de injuriâ, To complain to one of the injury that he hath done.  
Exprimere vocem alicujus, & alicui, To draw a discouse or words out of one.  
Exprimere verbum verbo, é verbo, de verbo, To tell, or give an account of a thing, word by word.  
Exprobare vitia adversariorum, vel adversariis vitia exprobrare, To object to our adversaries their vices.  
Expellere, expedire, ejicere, exterminare extrudere, exturbare, Vrbe, vel ex Vrbe, To ' banish one from off the Town, or out of the Town.  
Exuere vestem alicui, vel veste aliquem, To take off ones .  
Exuere Jugum, & exuere se Jugo, To shake off the Yoke.   

F.  
Id facit á reo, pro reo, cum reo, That makes for him that is Arraigned.  
Facere bona alicui, & in aliquem, To do good to any one.  
Facere mentionem alicujus, & de aliquo, To speak or make mention of any one.  
Facere aliquid consilio, vel de consilio, alicujus, To do a thing by another man's Counsel.  
Fastidire aliquem, vel alicujus, To loathe any one.  
Ferre fructum victoriae, & á victoriâ, To reap the fruit of the Victory.  
Fateri scelus & de scelere, To confess his wickedness.  
Fraudare milites stipendio, vel militum stipendium, To defraud the Soldiers of their pay.  
Fugere conspectum alicujus, & é conspectu, To fly or shun any body.  
Fungi officio, & officium, To do his duty.  
So frui re, & frui rem, To enjoy any thing.   

G.  
Gaudere gaudio & gaudium, To rejoice exceedingly.  
Gigni capite, & in caput, To be born with the head first.  
Gloriari aliquid, de re aliqua, ob aliquam rem, To glory in any thing.  
Gratulari adventu alicujus, vel de adventu, vel adventum, To be glad at ones return.   

H.  
Habere aliquid certum, vel pro certo, compertum vel pro comperto, To hold a thing for certain.  
Habere quaedam dubia, in dubiis & pro dubiis. To doubt of some things.  
Habere aliquid derelictum, & pro derelicto, To leave or abandon any thing.  
Habere aliquid despicatui, vel despicatum habere, To despise a man.  
Habere alicui praecipuum honorem, vel habere aliquem praecipuo honore, & in honore habere, To respect and honour one greatly.  
Habere aliquem pro patre, loco patris, & in loco patris, To look upon one, or esteem him as a Father.  
Habere aliquid odio, in odio & in odium, To hate any thing.  
Habere orationem ad aliquem, apud aliquem, & cum aliquo, to make a speech before one.  
Habere in potestate, vel in potestatem, To have in power.  
Bellè habere, & bellè habere se, To be in good health.  
Habere usum alicujus rei, vel in aliquâ, To be well seen, or expert in any thing.  
Haeret peccatum illi, & in illo, All the fault is in him.   

I.  
Jactare se de re aliquâ, in re aliquâ, ob rem aliquam, & rem aliquam jactare, To vaunt or brag of any thing.  
Illabi animis, animos & in animos, To get into ones affection or good liking.  
Illudere alicui, & aliquem in aliquem, & in aliquo, To scorn or jest at one.  
Imminere occasioni & in occasionem, To look or wait for an occasion.  
Impertire alicui salutem, vel aliquem salute, To greet or salute one.  
Implicari morbo & in morbum, To be detained by sickness.  
Imponere summam manum rei, & in re, To accomplish any thing.  
Imprimere aliquid animo, in animo, & in animum, To imprint any thing in one's mind.  
Incessit me cupido, vel mihi, I have a desire to, etc.  
Incidere in aes, & in aere, to grave in brass, or cut out upon brass, so likewise, Incîdere Marmori, to cut in Marble.  
Inclinat acies, vel inclinatur, The Army taketh the flight, or turneth their backs.  
Includere in carcerem, & in carcere, to put into prison.  
Incubare ova, & ovis, to sit on eggs.  
Incumbere gladio, vel in gladium, to fall upon his sword.  
Incursare aliquem, vel in aliquem, to justle, or dash one against another, to run against another.  
Indicare Conjurationem, vel de Conjuratione, to discover a Plot or Conspiracy.  
Inducere animum, vel in animum, to imagine, or call to mind.  
Endure sibi vestem, aut se veste endure, to put on his .  
Endure se in laqueos, to ensnare himself.  
Inire gratiam ab aliquo, vel cum aliquo, to oblige a man.  
Infer periculum capiti alicujus, & in periculum capitis aliquem infer, to accuse one of a capital crime.  
Infundere aliquid naribus, in nares, per nares, to pour any thing into the nostrils.  
Indulgere alicui, aliquem, & in aliquem, to make much of one, and use him kindly.  
Ingerere probra & convitia alicui, & in aliquem, to reproach a man.  
Ingredi orationem & in orationem, to begin a discourse.  
Inniti hastae, vel hastâ, to lean upon a Pike, or Halberd.  
Insistere rei, in re, & in rem, to be bend, or earnest upon any thing.  
Insistere viam, vel iter, to keep on his way.  
Insputare aliquem, & alicui, to spit upon one.  
Insternere lectum pallio, vel lecto pallium, to spread a cloak upon a bed.  
Intercludere commeatum hostibus, vel hostes commeatu, to hinder an Army from getting victuals.  
Interdicere alicui purpurâ & purpuram, to forbid one to wear Scarlet.  
Interest convivio, & in convivio, to be at a Feast.  
Interjacet via Romam & Venetias, vel Romae & Venetiis, vel inter Romam & Venetias, there is a way betwixt Rome and Venice.  
Intueri aliquem, & in aliquem, to look upon one.  
Invadere Vrbem, & in Vrbem, to assault a Town.  
Invasit cupiditas animis, animos & in animos, I have got a desire to, etc.  
Invehi Vrbem, & in Vrbem, to be brought into the Town by force.  
Insultare alicui, & in aliquem, to insult upon a man.  
Invidere alicujus dignitati, vel alicui dignitatem, to envy one's honour.  
Invitare aliquem Hospitio, vel in Hospitium, to invite one to lodging.  
Invocare subsidium alicujus, aut aliquem in subsidium, to call to one for help.  
Jungere pietatem doctrinae, vel cum doctrinâ to add piety to learning.  
Irruere in aliquem, & aliquando actiuè, irruere aliquem, to rush, or run upon one.  
Jungere currum equis, vel jungere equos ad currum, vel currui, to put the horses in the Coach.   

L.  
Laborare invidiâ, vel ex invidiâ, to be greatly envied and hated.  
Laborare capite, & é capite, To have a pain in the head.  
Laborare ad rem aliquam, vel circà rem aliquam, To take pains upon a thing.  
Levare alicui onus, & aliquem onere, To lighten one of his burden, so we say, Levare hominibus curam, dolorem, metum, laborem, paupertatem, vel levare homines, curâ dolore, metu, labour, paupertate.  
Liberare aliquem culpâ, & interdum culpa, To declare one innocent, or not guilty of what he is accused.  
Malè loqui alicui & de aliquo, To speak ill of one.  
Ludere ludum, vel ludo, to play a game, or at a game.  
Ludere aleam, aut aleâ, to play at Dice, or other games of hazard.   

M.  
Manere ad Vrbem, vel in Vrbe, ad exertitum, vel in exercitu, To stay in Town, or in the Army.  
Sententia mihi manet, vel maneo in sententiâ, I am still of my former opinion.  
Manat arbor picem vel pice, vel pix manat ex arbore, The pitch dropeth out of the tree.  
Mederi vulneribus, & contrà vulnera, To cure wounds.  
Meditari rem aliquam, aut de re aliquâ, To think of any thing.  
Memini me videre, vel memini videre, & vidisse, I remember to have seen.  
Mergere aliquem aequore, in aequore, sub aequore, To dip, or plunge one in the Sea.  
Metuere alicui & pro aliquo, To be in fear for one.  
Mirari aliquid & de aliquo, To marvel at any thing.  
Miscere aquam Vino, vel Vinum aquâ, To mix water with Wine.  
Moderari cupiditatibus, & cupiditates, To bridle or moderate his passions.  
Maerere alicujus mortem, & morte alicujus, To be troubled for the death of any one.  
Monere aliquem alicujus rei, aliquam rem, & de re aliquâ, To advertise one of any thing, and sometimes, monere alicui.  
Morari apud aliquem, & cum aliquo, To stay, or live with one  
Movere aliquem senatu, & é senatu, to put one out of the Senate, or Parliament.  
Mutare pacem Bello, & in Bellum, to change Peace into Warr.  
Mutare se loco, vel mutare locum, to change his room or place.  
Mutare Palium Veste, vel cum Veste, to change his Cloak for a Garment.   

N.  
Narrare alicui pericula sua, & de periculis, to tell one of his dangers  
Niti conjecturâ & in conjecturâ, to build upon ones conjecture.  
In ejus vitâ nitebatur salus civitatis, on his life, was depending the safety of the city.  
Nocere alicui, and sometimes aliquem, to hurt any body.  
Nupta est Caesari, vel cum Caesare, She is married to Caesar.   

O.  
Obambulare foribus, vel ante fores, to walk before the gate or door.  
Obequitare Agmen, vel Agmini, to ride round about the Troops or Army.  
Objicere aliquid crimini, vel in loco criminis, to object any thing as a fault, or crime.  
Oblivisci injuriam, vel injuriae to forget an injury.  
Obrepere animis, & in animos, To creep in to one's affection insensibly.  
Obrepit te fames, Hunger will presently come upon you.  
Obruere terrâ, vel in terra, To hid under ground.  
Obtrectare laudibus alieujus & aliquando laudes, To detract from ones praise.  
Obvenire haereditate, vel ex haereditate, To fall by inheritance.  
Observare oculis & antè oculos, To appear to the eye.  
Obumbrare domum, vel domo, To over-shaddow the house.  
Obvertere signa hosti, & in hostem, To turn the Ensigns towards the Enemy.  
Occumbere morti, mortem, & morte, to die.  
Occupare se ad aliquod negotium, & in aliquo negotio, To be occupied in doing of any thing.  
Occupare pecuitiam faenore alicui, vel apud aliquem, To give unto one money upon interest.  
Offendere alicui, & aliquem, To hurt or offend one.  
Offendere in scopulis & ad scopulos, To hit, or hurt himself against a Rock.  
Offendere animum alicujus, & animum alicui, To offend one, or move him to anger.  
Opponere se periculis, & ad pericula, To expose himself to danger.  
Opponere manum oculis, & antè oculos, To put his hand before his eyes.  
Oppugnare aliquem capite, & fortunis, & alicujus caput, & fortunas oppugnare, To labour to bring one in danger of life and goods.   

P.  
Participare aliquem consilii, vel consilium cum aliquo, To make one partaker of his Intentions.  
Pellere curiâ vel é curiâ, To put, or thrust out of the pleading place.  
Pendet animus meus, pendet mihi animus, vel pendeo animo, I am uncertain, or in doubts.  
Pendére ex arbore, vel in arbore, To hang upon a tree.  
Pendere paenas sceleris, & pro scelere, To suffer for his wickedness.  
Pensare laudem crimine, vel cum crimine, To recompense praise with reproach.  
Penetrare in Vrbem, To go into the heart of the Town.  
Penetrare se in fugam, To take the flight.  
Penetrare se in speluncam, To go into a Cave or Den.  
Pèrcontari aliquid aliquem, ex aliquo, ab aliquo, vel aliquem de re aliquá percontari, To ask one any thing.  
Permittere se fidei, & potestati, vel in fidem & potestatem alicujus, To confide or trust to the discretion and power of another.  
Persequi aliqnem vestigiis, & alicujus vestigia, To follow the footsteps of another.  
Personabat Vrbs tota clamoribus, vel clamores tota Vrbe personabant, Cries are heard all the Town over.  
Pervadere Agros, & per Agros, To pass through Lands or Countries.  
Petere de aliquo, & poeticè, aliquem, To ask at one.  
Petere aliquid alicui, vel pro aliquo, To ask something for another.  
Petere veniam errati, vel ex errato, To ask pardon for his fault or escape.  
Pollet Auctoritate, aut pollet ejus Auctoritas, He hath Power and Credit.  
Ponere coronam in capite, & in caput, To put the Crown upon his head.  
Ponere aliquem, in gratiâ aut in gratiam apud alterum, To bring one into favour with another.  
Ponere in oculis, & antè oculos, To lay before the eyes.  
Ponere spem in re aliquâ, & rem aliquam in spe, To put great confidence in ang thing;  
Ponere insidias alicui, & contrà aliquem, To lay snares for any man.  
Ponere diem totum in aliquâ re, & in aliquam rem, To pass a whole day in doing something.  
Poscere aliquid alterum, vel ab altero, To require any thing from another.  
Postulare injuriarum vel de injuriis aliquem, To accuse one of Injuries.  
Potiri Regno, vel Vrbe, & Regni vel Vrbis, To make himself Master of a Kingdom and Town.  
Praebere se virum fortem, & praebere virum fortem, To show himself a Gallant Man.  
Praecavere insidias, & ab insidiis, To evite snares by foreseeing them.  
Praecurrere aliquem, & alicui, To outrun one.  
Praestare caeteris, inter caeteros, & aliquando caeteros to exceed others.  
Praestare strenuum Ducem, vel se strenuum Ducem, to show himself a Courageous Captain.  
Praestringere oculos alicujus, & alicui, to dim, or dazzle one's eyes  
Procumbere pedibus alicujus, ad pedes, & antè pedes, to fall at one's feet.  
Prodere memoriae vel memoria, to leave in Record.  
Prohibere aditum alicui, vel aliquem aditu, to hinder one from entering.  
Proficisci Romam, & ad Romam, To go to Rome.  
Propugnare aequitatem, & pro aequitate, To fight for Equity, or maintain the Truth.  
Pugnare cum Host, aut contra Hostem, To fight against an Enemy.  
Purgare crimen, & purgare se de crimine, To clear himself of a crime.  
Putare nihil, & pro nihilo, To think of nothing.   

Q.  
Quaerere aliquid ex aliquo, ab aliquo, & de aliquo, To ask any thing from any one.  
Queri injurias & de injuriis, To complain of injures done him.  
Queri alicui, cum aliquo, & apud aliquem, To complain to any body.   

R.  
Recordarirem aliquam, & rei alicujus, To remember of any thing.  
Reddere Spiritum Patriae & pro patriâ, To die for his Country.  
Refer aliquem in reos, & inter reos, To put one among the number of guilty persons.  
Renunciare aliquid aut de re aliquâ, To relate or tell any thing.  
Reponere in numerum, & in numero, To put in the number of, etc.  
Reposcere aliquid alterum, aut ab altero, To ask one any thing.  
Repugnare veritati, aut contrà veritatem, To gainsay the truth.  
Rescribere Literis, & ad Literas, To answer one's Letters.  
Respicere aliquem, & ad aliquem, to look back upon one.  
Restituere sanitatem alicui, aut aliquem, sanitati, To give health to one.  
Retinere memoriam alicujus rei, aut memoriâ aliquid retinere, To keep any thing in mind.  
Ridere aliquid & de re aliquâ, To laugh at any thing.   

S.  
Scatere molestiis, & molestiarum, To be exceeding troubled.  
Sedere equo, vel in equo, To ride or go on horseback.  
Sequi vestigiis aliquem, & alicujus vestigia, To follow one's footsteps.  
Serpere humi, & per humum, To creep on the ground.  
Solvere é portu, aut navem é portu solvere, To departed by Ship from any Haven.  
Solvere obsidionem Vrbis, aut obsidione Vrbem, To raise a Siege from a Town.  
Solvere vitam alicui, aut, aliquem vitâ solvere, To put one to death.  
Spectare gloriam, honores, opes, vel ad gloriam, honores, opes, To aspire to glory, honour and riches.  
Haec domus spectat orientem vel, in orientem, This house standeth Eastwardly.  
Statuere exemplum in homine, & in hominem. To make one an example to others.  
Stare ab aliquo, & cum aliquo, To take one's part, and be for him.  
Stare fide & in fide, To keep his word.  
Struere odium alicui, & in aliquem, to make one be hated.  
Suadere pacem, & de pace, To be for making of Peace.  
Subducerese pugnae vel è pugnâ, To retire himself from the fight.  
Subire, vel succedere muris, muros, & ad muros, to go over, or scale the walls.  
Subjicere oculis, & sub oculos, to lay before ones eyes.  
Supersedere pugnae, pugnam, & pugnâ, to defer the battle to another occasion.  
Suscitare somno, vel ésomno, to awake one from sleep.  
Suspendere arbori, de arbore, & in arbore, to tie or hang up to a tree.   

T.  
Tacere aliquid, & de aliquâ re, to conceal any thing.  
Temperare lachrymis, & á lachrymis, to abstain from crying, & dicimus, temperare se ab aliquo maleficio, to refrain from any wicked thing, or wicked deed.  
Timere aliquem, & timere sibi ab aliquo, to fear that he will receive harm from any one.  
Tradere custodiae, & in custodiam, to commit one to prison.  
Transfigere aliquem gladio, per pectus, & pectus alicujus transfigere, to run a sword through ones body.   

V  
Vacare morbo, metu, & á morbo á metu, to be free of sickness and fear.  
Vacare operi, & poeticè in opus, To betake himself to the doing of some work.  
Vagari orbe, in orb & per orbem, To gad and wander up and down the world.  
Valet auctoritate, aut valet ejus auctoritas, He is a man of power and credit.  
Vehi equo, & in equo, curru, & in curru, To go on Horse, or in Coach.  
Venire auxilio alicui, vel in alicujus auxilium, To come for one's assistance.  
Vertere aliquid laudi, & in laudem, crimini, & in crimen, To praise, or dispraise one in any thing.  
Vigilare ad multam noctem, vel de multâ nocte, To sit up late.  
Vindicare se ab aliquo, & de aliquo, To revenge himself upon one.  
Vindicare scelera alicujus in alterum & in altero, To punish one for another's crime, or misbehaviour.    

Verbs, that in changing their Syntax, change their signification.  
AEMulari alicui, id est, invidere, to envy, Aemulari aliquem, id est, imitari, to imitate, or follow one's example.  
Auscultare alicui, id est, obedire, to obey.  
Auscultare aliquem, id est, audire, to hear.  
Cupere alicui, id est, favere, to befriend one.  
Cupere aliquem, id est, expetere, to desire any one.  
Deficere al cui, id est, desk, to be wanting, or to fail to one.  
Deficere aliquem, id est, destituere, to forsake, or abandon any one.  
Do tibi literas, id est, do tibi perferendas ad alium, I give you letters to deliver to another.  
Do ad te literas, id est, per alium literas, ad te mitto, I send you letters by some one.  
Vaenerare alicui pecuniam, id est, dare ad usuram, to lend out money upon use.  
Faenerare ab aliquo pecuniam, id est, accipere ad usuram, to borrow money upon use.  
Prospicio meae saluti, id est, salutem procuro, I take a care of my health.  
Prospicio periculum, id est, praevideo, I foresee the danger.  
Recipio tibi, id est, promitto, I promise to you.  
Recipio librum, id est, iterum accipio, I receive a book which I had before.  
Recipe te dominum, id est, i, go thou home.  
Refero tibi, id est, narro, I relate or tell to you.  
Refero ad Senatum id est, quod in consultationem venit, I refer it to the senate's Ordinance or Decree.  
Vaco Philosophiae, id est, operam do, I study to Philosophy.  
Vaco ad Philosophiam, id est, otium habeo, I have time to study to Philosophy.  
Vaco culpâ, id est, careo, I am blameless.  
Vacat locus, id est, vacuus est, The place is empty.   

Most easy and useful Rules which ought to be Learned and Practised by all those who are Inexpert in matter of Exercise or Composition.  
I have oftentimes seen and had to do with Scholars, who knew the Speculative part, or precepts of Grammar sufficiently; but when they came to the practical part, or application of these precepts, they failed exceedingly; and being studious to know the cause of this so frequent defect, I found it to be the want of Method and Orderly proceeding in composing.  
Some there is, who will impute this to the want of custom or use; but they are much mistaken herein, for a custom or habit hath for its chief end, to beget a facility, and not a certitude, which is the effect of Rules and Method; wherefore, it is necessary to learn exactly these methodical directions following, and I can assure all those who will take pains herein, (by the experience, that I have had of others) that one or two months' practice will improve them to admiration.  
There is no word in the English, which cannot be reduced to one of the eight parts of Speech.  
If then you meet with a Noun Substantive or Pronoun in the English Argument of your Exercise; the greatest difficulty, and first thing to be looked to, is, in what case they must be put, which is known by finding out the Verbs that follow in your Sentence; As, if you had, My Brother studies and thou plays; the Noun is (Brother) the Pronoun (Thou) the Verbs are, (studies and plays;) question now yourself who, or what, doth the action of these Verbs, to wit, who is it that studies? and you will find it to be the Noun (Brother?) who plays? and it will appear to be the Pronoun (Thou;) therefore the Noun and Pronoun are put by the Nominative case, because they do the actions of the two Verbs following.  
But if the Noun or Pronoun do not do the actions of the Verbs following, they are not to be put by the Nominative case; but in the cases that the Verbs following requires; As, I read Cicero, (Cicero) does not read, but (I;) wherefore it's put by the Accusative, because the Verb requires an Accusative, Lego Ciceronem; So, God sees him, (Him) is not the thing that seethe but (God) wherefore (Him) is put in the Accusative, because the Verb (Seeth) requires it, Deus videt eum.  
The Nominative of a Passive Verb is that which suffers or receives the action of another; As, I am loved (I) is the Nominative, because (I) receives the love of another.  
After you have made a right Concordance with the Nominative and its Verb; fail not in the next place to look what nature of Verb it is, whether an Active, Passive, Neuter, Deponent or Common.  
If it be an Active, or a Deponent of the Active signification, than it will have the thing that the Action of it falls on in the Accusative; As, I worship God, and love my friends; After you have found the Nominative to (Worship and Love) which is (I) then inquire what or whom do I worship and love? and you will find that the action of the first Verb, falls upon (God) and the action of the second, upon (Friends;) therefore you say Veneror Deum, & amo Parents.  
If the Verb be a Passive, or a Deponent of the Passive signification, than it hath after it the Noun or Pronoun in the Ablative, to wit, that Noun or Pronoun, from whence proceedeth the suffering; As, I am loved by you, here the suffering proceeds from (You) because (I) doth receive the love that comes from (You;) Amor á te, if it be an inanimate thing that the suffering proceeds from, it is put in the Ablative without a preposition; As, Obruor miseriis, I am overcharged with miseries; and thus much of the Nominative and the Verb.  
If you meet with an Adjective, do nothing with it before you know its substantive, which is found out by taking your Adjectives (As, if you had a good Citizen and valiant Soldier,) (good and vaviant) and say who or what is good? and it will be found to be the (Citizen,) who or what is valiant? and you will see it to be (Soldier,) having found out your Substantives then make them agree; after see of what degree of Comparison your Adjective is; If it be of the Comparative, remember to give it the Ablative.  
If it be of the Superlative, it will have the Genitive.  
Secondly, consider if it signifieth Plenty or Scarcity, Pleasure or Displeasure, and give it the cases after it, according to its nature.  
To know in what case to put the Substantive, you first look if it be the Nominative to a Verb or not; if it be, it is put by the Nominative, if not, look then if the action of any Active Verb falls upon it, as hath been already said; or if it be an Instrument, wherewith an action is done, or of Price, Time, Measure, Distance, the way how to do an action, the cause why any thing is done, and proceed according to the Rules of the Syntax concerning these Substantives, whereof here are Examples, Pugno ense, emi ass, latus tres ulnas, vel tribus ulnis, disto tria mili aria vel miliaribus, dormio duas horas, vel duabus horis; Surrexi horâ sextâ, lego magnâ difficultate, vel magnâ cum difficultate, taceo pudore, vel prae pudore.  
When you meet with a Relative, which is most commonly (That, Whom, Which, He, She, They) The first thing you are to do, is to know the Antecedent, which is done by taking the Verb or Adjective following the Relative, and questioning yourself by who, or which; As, my Brother whom I Love; (whom) is the Relative; to know its Antecedent, than question yourself so, who is it, or which is it, that I love? It will appear to be (Brother,) then having made it agree in three with the Antecedent, to wit, in Gender, Number and Person, (for in case it doth not agree, unless it go before the Antecedent: As, Quas scribo Literas, etc.) The next care is, to see in what case it is to be put; to know this, look to the Verb or Verbs following, and see if there be found a Nominative to them besides the Relative; If there is one, than your Relative must be put in the case that the Verb or Verbs will have after them, as in the former Example, my Brother whom I love; here (whom) is not the Nominative to (Love) but (I,) wherefore (whom) is put in the Accusative, it being the case that the Verb will have after it; if there is no Nominative besides the Relative, than the Relative is the Nominative; You must proceed this same way with the Antecedent to know into what case it ought to be put.  
But because young Apprentices are often mistaken in this Concordance, in putting the Relative with the Verb that goes to the Antecedent, and contrariwise in joining the Antecedent with the Verbs that have to do with the Relative; I will give him a sure mark to distinguish what belongs to the Relative, from that which belongs to the Antecedent.  
Consider then so often as you have to do with a Relative and an Antecedent, if the Relative sentence be as a Parenthesis, that is, a sentence having so little a dependence or Connection with what goes before it, or after it, that both these parts can make a perfect sentence without it; As, Caesar, when he came to Rubicon, doubted whether he should pass over the River; here (when he came to Rubicon) hath so little a connection with what goes before it, to wit, (Caesar) and the words that go after it, that they can make a perfect sentence without it, thus, Caesar doubted whether he should pass over the River.  
The Relative sentence, is as a Parenthesis, so often as the words going before it, cannot make a perfect sense; but leaves the mind in suspense, and expectation of something to come after; As, If I should begin to speak to one, and say, Caesar, and stop here, would not he expect something to follow, and lie in suspense till I should complete the sentence?  
Thus having made clear what Verbs goes to the Relative, and what Verbs to the Antecedent, it's easy according to what hath been said, to know into what Case to put them.  
There remains now, I should speak of a Participle, seeing of a Noun, Pronoun and a Verb, I have spoken sufficiently, and because I have treated of it at large in some preceding Chapters, I shall only hint at these two things now: first, that so often as it is to be put in the Future of the Passive, you put the Dative after it in stead of an Ablative; As, Amandus est mihi probus, and not á me.  
Secondly, That you look if it hath any dependence upon any Verb Following, or Preceding, or not; if it hath, put the Participle of your English by the Subjunctive Mood, with (Cum) if it hath not a Dependence, put it by the Absolute Ablative.  
This Dependence is known, if your English Participle, agreeth with the Nominative of any Verb of the sentence, as knowing that you was come, I came to see you; Here (I) the Nominative to (came) agreeth with (knowing,) and consequently it depends upon the Nominative, for so you may say; I knowing that you was come, did come to see you, Cum noverim te venisse, veni huc te visum.  
And if there is no agreement betwixt the Participle and the Verb, than you put it by the Absolute Ablative; As, The Soldiers being killed, the Captains did fly; Here you cannot say as in the former example, The Captains being killed, they did fly, wherefore there is no Dependence and so you may put it by the Ablative, Occisis militibus aufugerunt deuces.  
If you find an Adverb, set it plainly down, unless it be of Quantity, Time, or Place, and then you ought to give it a Genitive; of Place, there is four sorts.  
The first is, Adverbs to a Place, which are Huc, to this Place, isthuc illuc, and them you use after Verbs of Motion to a Place.  
The second is, Adverbs from a Place; As, Hinc, from hence, isthinc, illinc, etc. and they are put after Verbs signifying a motion from a Place; As, Abeo, Recedo, Venio.  
The third sort is, Adverbs by a Place; As, Hàc, By this Place, isthàc, illàc, and they are put after Verbs signifying a Motion by a Place; As, Transeo, praetereo, etc.  
The last is Adverbs of Rest; As, Hìc, here, isthìc, illìc, and they follow Verbs of Rest; As, Quiesco, Sedeo. As concerning a Preposition, Interjection, and Conjunction, there can be said nothing more of them then is said in the Grammars.    

ERRATAS.  
PAge 2. l. 3, 4. Polliccor. p. 3. l. 3. r. come. p. 20. l. 18. r. Intuitus. p. 22. l. 14. r. se. p. 31. l. 16. r. amicius. p. 35. l. 9 r. negligentiae. p. 36. l. 24. r. morem. p. 43. l. 25. r. alicujus. p. 46. l. 29. r. terrae. p. 48. l. 17. r quinquaginta. p. 49. l. 25. r. take. p. 53. l. 12. r. redintegrant. p. 59 l. 13. r. your. p. 62. l. 2. r. duram. p. 63. l. 19 r. nititur. p. 67. l. 1. r. vini, and l. 20. r. partitive. p. 82. l. 17. r. alienabis. p. 83. l. 18. r. nihil. p. 85. l. 24. r. then. p. 90. l. 1●. r. si●t. p. 105. l. 3. r. singulos. p. 116. l. 28. r. th●se. l. 30. same p. a (.) p. 166. l. 21. r. send. p. 167. l. 23. r. ill. p. 186. l. 1. r. Sympathy. p. 202. l. 25. r. scelere.   

The Index.  



CHap. 1. Of the Particle, (That.) p. 1  
Chap. 2. Of the Particle, (What.) p. 16  
Chap. 3. Of the Particle (Then.) p. 18  
Chap. 4. Of the Particle (To.) p. 21  
Chap. 5. Of the Particle (After.) p. 30  
Chap. 6. Of the Particle (Because.) p. 33  
Chap. 7. Of the Adverb (Otherwise.) p. 34  
Chap. 8 Of the Particle (Against.) p. 35  
Chap. 9 Of (Not only) or (Only) alone. p. 38  
Chap. 10. Of the Particle (Bianca and Through.) p. 40  
Chap. 11. Of the Particle (For.) p. 44  
Chap. 12. Of the double Particle (Without. p. 50  
Chap. 13. Of the Particle (According.) p 57  
Chap. 14. Of the Particle (Upon.) p. 61  
Chap. 15. Concerning the Particle (Of.) p. 66  
Chap. 16. Of the Particle (In) p. 71  
Chap. 17. Of the Particle (If.) p. 80  
Chap. 18. Of the Particle (When.) p. 84  
Chap. 19 Of the Particle (Since.) p. 87  
Chap. 20. Of the Particle (Whether.) p. 89  
Chap. 21. Of the Particle (But.) p. 91  
Chap. 22. Of the Particle (Ar.) p. 92  
Chap. 23. Of the Particle (Out.) p. 94  
Chap 24. Of the Particles (Whiles) or (Till) p. 96  
Chap. 25. Of the Particle (Above.) p. 97  
Chap. 26. Of the Particle (As.) p 99  
Chap. 27. Of the Particle (Would) p. 102  
Chap. 28 Of the Particle (From) p. 103  
Chap. 29. Of the Verb (To Make or Cause.) p. 106     



CHap. 1. How the Finite Mood, and all their Tenses may be changed according to the Latin, when they are not to be reduced to the Infinitive Mood. p. 115  
Chap. 2. How to put a Verb of the Finite Mood into the Infinitive Mood, in the Tenses suitable to your Speech. p. 110  
Chap. 3. Of the Difficulties upon the Infinitive Mood. p. 125  
Chap. 4. Of the Gerunds. p. 130  
Chap 5. Of Participles of the Present, and Preterite Tense. p. 135  
Chap. 6. Of the Participles of the Future Tense. p. 141  
Chap. 7. How to reduce a Participle to the Finite Moods of its Verbs. p. 145  
Chap. 8. How, and when the Impersonal Verb should be reduced to a Personal. p. 148  
Chap. 9 When, and how you should reduce an Active to a Passive, or contrarily p. 154  
Chap. 10. What must be done when you join two Verbs of a divers construction with one word. p. 159  
Chap. 11. Concerning the mark of an Active Verb, and the Regiment of Passive Verbs, and Verbs of Receiving. p. 161     



CHapter, 1. Concerning the Relative Particles (Qui, Quae, Quod.) p. 166  
Chap. 2. Of the Particles, (Quis, Quantus, Qualis, Cùm, Postquàm, Tame●si, Etiamsi, Quamvis, Quando.) p. 174  
Chap. 3. How to distinguish (Quidam) with (Aliquis or Quispiam) and concerning the proprieties of (Quispiam and Ullus.) p. 177.  
Chap. 4. Of the Pronoun (Quisque.) p. 180  
Chap. 5. Of the Pronouns (Alius, and Altar, and wherein they differ. p. 182  
Chap. 6. Of the Pronouns (Sui, and Suus.) p. 188  
Chap. 7. Of the Negative Particles, Non, Hand, Nemo, Nunquàm, Nullus, Nihil, Nèc, Neque, etc. p. 192     



CHap 8. Of the words (Patria) and (Gens) p. 194     



CHap. 9 Of (Persuadeo) and (Moneo.) p. 195  
Chap. 10. Of the Verbs (Consentio, Dissentio,) and their Synonimies. p. 198     



A Catalogue of Verbs which have divers Regiments and Constructions, under one signification. p. 200  
Verbs, that in changing their Syntax, change their signification. p. 233  
Most easy and useful Rules which ought to be Learned and Practised, by all those who are Inexpert in matter of Exercise or Composition. p. 235    
FINIS.