Chorographia, OR A SURVEY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TINE. The Estate of this Country under the Romans. The Building of the famous Wall of the Picts, by the Romans. The Ancient Town of Pandon. A brief Description of the Town, Walls, Wards, Churches, Religious Houses, Streets, Markets, Fairs, River and Commodities; with the Suburbs. The ancient and present Government of the Town. AS ALSO, A relation of the County of Northumberland, which was the bulwark for England, against the inroads of the Scots. Their many Castles and Towers. Their ancient Families and Names. Of the Tenure in Cornage. Of Cheviot-Hills. Of Tinedale, and Reedsdale, with the Inhabitants. Potestas omnium ad Caesrem pertinet, proprietas ad singulos. NEWCASTLE, PRINTED BY S. B. 1649. S. P. D. DILECTIS BURGENSIBUS, ET PROBIS HOMINIBUS NOVICASTRI SUPER TINAM. W. G. Fortiter Defendit Triumphans. blazon of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Portus, Castrum, Carbo, Salmo, Selina, Molaris, Murus, ●o●s, Templum, Schola sunt Novi gloria Castri. TO THE CANDID READER. EVERY Country hath had his Chronologer, or Writer, to portrait unto their countrymen their antiquities, and noble acts. Greece had his Homer. Rome his Virgil. Our Britains had their Gildas. Saxons had their Beda. England had of late his learned Camden, and painful Speed, to delineate and portrait unto their countrymen the antiquities and situations of all shires in England. Yet it is impossible, that any one man, being never so inquisitive, and laborious, should attain unto the perfect knowledge of all passages, in all places. I have adventured to write of the Antiquity of this Town and Country, which by reading and experience, I have gathered out of the ruin of Antiquity; that those Monuments which these late wars have obliterated and ruined, may be left to posterity, for tempus edax rerum. I find a great difficulty in my undertakings, because the Records of this Country are but few, and confused, being so often infested by the Scots and Danes, who consumed and fired all before them, wheresoever they came. Questionless many brave men have lived in this Town and Country, many memorable acts of Chivalry have been achieved; but they are all buried in oblivion. I hope the courteous Reader will pardon the faults committed herein, Nam in priscis rebus veritas, non ad unguem quaerenda est. Many errors, many suppositions upon probabilities, may be found in it. Humanum est errare & decipi. I have begun the work, I hope some of my Fellow Burgesses will finish what I have begun; to the everlasting memory of this famous town. Some cretiques have presumed to correct and blame me (with their indigested zeal, and unknown enthusiastic knowledge, of chimoeras, in their giddy pericraniums) for fables and errors; as the Priest, that found it written of St. Paul, Demissus est per sportam, mended his book, and made it demissus est per portam; because Sporta was an hard word, and out of his reading. But ne suitor ultra crepidam, let no man profess that he knows not. It's true, He that writes, resembleth a man acting his part upon a theatre or Stage, where the spectators have their eyes fixing upon him, all observing his gesture and words; if he fail in either, presently he is censured and condemned. Lastly, we live in an age, that mechanics will presume to step into Moses chair, and become politians to contradict and control whatsoever is acted and done according to the laws divine and human. One thing I desire of these fantastics, Carpere vel noli mea, vel ede tun. Vale. W. G. THE CONTENTS. Fol. THE first Natives of this Island. 1 Romans first in Britain. 2 The first Roman Conquest in the North. ibid. The North brought into a Roman Province. 4 The coming in of the Saxons. 6 The first Denominations of Newcastle. 7 The Walls and Gates of Newcastle, and who built them. 8 The Bridges of Newcastle upon Tine. 12 The Churches in Newcastle. 13 The Streets and Buildings of the ancient town of Pampden. 17 The Grants and Charters to the Town. 19 The highest and North Parts of the Town. 22 The Sandhill. 23 The middle Parts of the Town. 25 Pilgrim Street. 27 West-Gate Street. ibid. The Government of the Town. 29 The 24 Wards of the Town. 31 Of the River Tine, and the Commodities. 32 Divine Providence over all Nations and Countries. 37 The Suburbs of Newcastle. 39 Of the Noble and Ancient Families of the North, and their Castles. 41 Chorographia; OR, A SURVEY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE. THE FIRST NATIVES OF THIS ISLAND. THE Britains were Autochthenes, natives of this Island, for more ancient inhabitants we find none. The People of this Nation is thought to have been descended from the neighbouring Gauls, in regard of the same Religion, Language, and Manners. Their original from the Trojans, by Brute, is altogether fabulous; there being no Greek or Latin Authors, or any Monument in this Island, which makes mention hereof. Their Descent from the Gauls is more probable, being the next parts of the Continent unto Britain, or their way from Asia or the East, from whence all Countries was first peopled. ROMANS FIRST IN Britain. THE Romans were first certain and know foreigners in this Island. C. J. Caesar was the first of Romans that invaded Britain; he having subdued the Nation of the Gauls, made his journey into Britain, Cassivellanus reigning King. Some Victories he achieved, some Hostages he took; imposed a Tribute upon the Nation, and so returned into the Continent; he made no Conquest of them, but discovered them to Posterity. A long time after, the Roman Emperor Claudius, sent Aulus Plantius hither, accompanied by two Brethren. Sabinus Vespasian, who made war against the Britains, vanquished them in several Fights, took Camalodunum, the chief seat of their Kings, and their King took prisoner, planted a Colony at Camalodunum, (now Maldon in Essex) and reduced the higher or South parts of Britain into the form of a Roman Province. THE FIRST ROMAN CONQUEST IN THE NORTH. IN the year of Vespasian, the great and populous Nation of the Brigantes are warred upon, and in part overcome. These Brigantes containeth all the Country North of Humber to the river of Tine and Picts Wall, called lower Britain. Julius Agricola in the reign of Domitian, set limits here to the Roman greatness, and extended it Northward into the Seas and Friths of Dunbriton and Edenbrough in Scotland. The Emperor Adrian, not long after, removed the Pale more Southward, and the better to keep out the Enemy, drew a Trench and Wall of turfs cross the Land, betwixt the two Seas. The Roman Britains being continually molested by often incursions of the barbarous People called Caledonii, or Picts, who broke down the Sodd Wall, harrying and spoiling this Country. Which moved the Emperor Severus to build a Wall of Stone, with great wisdom and industry, to strengthen this Northern Parts of Britain, against the many inroads of the barbarous Picts: At every miles end of this wall was a Tower, and in the wall a Pipe of mettle betwixt the Tower or sentinel Houses, that so soon as a man had set his mouth to this Pipe they might hear through all the sentinels, where the Enemy were, and so, in a short time, giving warning from one end of the wall to the other. One of these Towers remaineth whole in the town wall of Newcastle in Pampden, older than the rest of the Towers, and after another fashion, standing out of the wall. THE NORTH BROUGHT INTO A ROMAN PROVINCE. AT this same time began this Country to flourish, (being reduced into a Roman Province) to be civilised to learn Roman Letters, habits and manners; for before this time, the inhabitants went naked, had no houses to live in, neither did they till the ground, (as one writeth) De praeda & venatione frondibusque arborum vivunt; degunt in tentoriis nudi & sine calceis. Xiphilin. This country had the presence of the Emperors of Rome; York a Municipium of the Romans, and the seat of their Emperors during the time of their abode in this Island, attending the wars of the Picts and Caleedonians, famous for the death and funeral exequies of the Emperor Severus and Constantius, and the happy Inauguration of Constantine the Great, son to Constantius, here beginning his reign over the Roman and Christian world. I find in the time of the Romans, many places in Northumberland that was their stations about this famous wall, called sometimes, Vallum, a Rampire; sometimes, Murus Pictious, or Murus Severi. The most remarkable is upon the Tine-West-Hexam, called of old Axelodunum, the station of the first Cohort of Spaniards, a Bishop's Sea under the Saxons. Corebridge Curia of Ptolemy, a city of the Otadeni. Prudo Castle, the station of the first Cohort of the Batavi. Sighhill, of old called Segedunum, the station of the fourth Cohort, named of the Lergi. Pons Aelii, the station of a Cohort of Cornavii, now Ponteland. Gabrosentum, the station of the second Cohort of the Thracians, probably (saith my Author * Camden. Newcastle upon Tine. Pampden, a part of Newcastle, probably a station of the Romans, having an ancient Roman Tower, and another ancient building called the Wall-Knowle, a part of the Picts Wall. This town of Pampden is very ancient: probable some building was erected here in this place to their great god Pantheon; this Wall being the outmost confines of the Roman Empire, called now Pandon. I find of the Kings of Northumberland, that had a house in Pampden, which we call now Pandon-Hall; an ancient old building and Seat of the Kings of Northumberland. Tunnocellum the station of the first Cohort, named Aelia Classica, now Tinemouth, at the mouth of Tine. There is a Village near Newcastle called Hetton, where there is an old Roman Tower, probably named from the proconsul Aetius, who was sent from Rome into these Parts; whom the Britains petitioned for help in these words, Aetio ter Consuli gemitus Britannorum, &c. Repellunt nos barbari ad Mare, repellit Mare ad barbaros, inter hac oriuntur duo genera funerum, aut jugulamur, aut mergimur. Beda. When the Romans had their Empire much weakened by their own discords, and by the eruptions of the Goths and Vandals, proconsul Aetius was forced to retire their Legions from the Northern parts; so leaving the Country naked, the Picts did break in, who most miserably wasted and spoiled the country. THE coming IN OF THE SAXONS. THUS Britain became a prey again to the Picts; when the Britains had despaired of Roman help, they sent into Germany to crave help of a People called Saxons, who entered and inhabited Britain to their aid against the Picts. The Picts being vanquished and overthrown, through their valour; possessed themselves of this North kingdom upon the driving out of the Native Britains. The victorious Sexons erected their Heptarchy, or seven several kingdoms. The kingdom of Northumbers was the most spacious, populous, and victorious kingdom against the Picts or Scots, until the Danes invaded these Northern parts, and broke out like a violent thunderclap on the Northumbers, and put the English Saxons to much slavery and bondage many years, until they were expelled by the English. The kingdom of Northumbers being in Peace, began to build and erect many strong Castles for defence, against the Scots and Picts, as Dunstonbrough Castle, Bambrough, Alnewicke, Morpeth and Tinemouth, which was the Seats of the Kings of Northumbers. In time of this Heptarchy, many famous Monasteries were erected, viz. Hexam made a Bishop's Sea under the Saxons; many erected in this town of Newcastle and Pandon. Some of their Kings were interred in Saint Augustine's friars, now called the manors. The upper Part and West was called Monk Chester before the Conquest; a place wholly dedicated to Devotion and Religion. Chester signifies a bulwark, or place of defence; which showeth that in ancient time, under the Saxons, it had been a place of Fortification for Religious men that lived in Monasteries. THE FIRST DENOMINATIONS OF NEWCASTLE. AFTER the Conquest it got the name of Newcastle, by the Newcastle, which Robert de Curtois son of William the conqueror built there out of the ground against the neighbouring Scots. This town of Newcastle, and town of Pampden made one town, by the Grants of the Kings of England, being in old time belonging to the County of Northumberland. This town of Newcastle is seated upon the Picts wall and side of a steep hill, upon the North side of the River Tine; The Picts wall came through the West-Gate, Saint Nicholas Church through Pampden; then to the town East, called Wallsend. The bounds of the town upon the West the Lands belonging to the prior of Tinemouth; On the North, the town Moor, as some say, the gift of Adam de Athell of Gesmond; Upon the East, the Land of Biker; Upon the South, the River of Tine. Gateside in the County Palatine of Durham. THE WALLS AND GATES OF NEWCASTLE, AND WHO BUILT THEM. THE town of Newcastle is environed about with a strong thick stone wall, having seven Gates or Ports, with many round Towers and square Turrets. These Walls began to be built in King John's reign, the North part of the Wall at Newgate. The West part of the town in King Henry the third's reign. Pandon Gate and the East and South of the town's Wall, builded in Edward the first his reign, and so continued building, until it was finished. The town is two miles in circuit, with trenches in the outside of the Wall, rampered within with earth. The cause that moved them in those days to build this great Wall, was the often invasions of the Scot; into this place and Country; they were continually infesting and sorraigning this Country, and rich Monasteries in these Northern parts; the Religious Houses of this town, and adjacent, being above forty houses, which hath been dedicated to pious uses. There was a rich man (in Edward the first's reign) of Newcastle, that was taken prisoner out of his house, and carried into Scotland, ransomed and brought home; which act moved the townsmen and Burgesses, and the religious men therein, to contribute towards the building of these Walls. The question is, who builded these walls? Some are of opinion that King John builded it; others Roger de Thornton. King John gave many privileges to this town, and probably, the Newgate and Walls thereabout, was built in his time: that North part of the Wall being the ouldest, and of another fashion then the the other Walls. As for Thornton, who lived in Henry the 6 days, all the Walls of the town was finished: it is probable that Thornton builded the West-Gate, which is a strong and fair Gate, in memory that he came from the West Country, according to the old saying, In at the West-Gate came Thornton in, With a hap and a halfpenny, and a lamb skin. The Walls and Gates was builded by several Persons, as by the names of the round Towers doth appear. Some of them was builded by the friars and Monasteries that did dwell in the town, as the White, black, grey, and Austin friars. Others, named Durham and Carlisle Towers. Others by Noblemen and Gentry of the Country, as Nevil's Tower, adjoining to his house in West-Gate. There is seven Ports or Gates in Newcastle, beside postern Gates, which belonged to the religious Houses. In the lower part of the town upon the River is many little Gates to that famous long Key. 1. West is Close-Gate, called so from a street called the Close, which goeth up the water, to a place of recreation, called the Forth, given to the town for good services performed by the Burgesses of the same. In Edward the S. reign, three hundred valiant Men issued out of the town, through a postern Gate, came suddenly in the night upon a great Army of the Scots, which lay in that part West of the town; raised the Army of the Scots, put them to flight, and took Earl Morray prisoner in his tent, and others, 2. The next West is West-Gate, a stately and fair Gate, builded by Roger de Thorneton, a rich man that lived in Hen. the 6. days, the high way West into Northumberland and Cumberland. 3. Is Newgate, the ancient and strongest of all the Ports, having a causey that leadeth to the Town-moor, and towards the north parts of Northumberland and Scotland. Now a Prison for Debtors and Felons. 4. Pilgrim-Street Gate; so called because of pilgrim's lodging in that Street; and went out of that Gate to the Shrine of the Virgin Mary in Gesmond; to which place, with great confluence and devotion, people came from all parts of this land, in that time of Superstition. 5. Pandon-Gate, so called from the ancient town of Pampeden, where was the Picts Wall, and a Roman Tower, lately decayed; out of which Wall is a Causey that goeth into a place of recreation and perambulation, called the Shields-Field; and a way to a Village, called the Walls-End; by Beda, Villa ad Murum, and so into Tinemouthshire. 6. East of the town is Sand-Gate, built upon the river side. Without this Gate is many Houses, and populous, all along the water side; where Shipwrights, seamen, and Keel-men most live, that are employed about Ships and Keels. THE BRIDGES OF NEWCASTLE UPON TINE. 7. THE Bridge of this Tower, over the River Tine, consisteth of Arches, high and broad, having many Houses and Shops upon the Bridge, and three Towers upon it: the first on the South side, the second in the middle, and the third in Newcastle side, lately built upon an Arch in the Bridge, used for a Magazine for the town, and an old chapel. There is a blue Stone about the middle of the Bridge, which is the bounds of Newcastle Southward, from Gateside in the County Palatine of Durham. There was a strange accident upon the Bridge, happened to an Alderman of Newcastle, looking over the Bridge into the River, with his hands over; his gold ring fell off his finger into the water; which was given for lost. It chanced that one of his servants bought a Salmon in the Market, opening the belly of the Fish, found his Master's ring in the guts. The other Bridge within the town is the upper and nether Deane Bridge; under the last Bridge came Boats up from the River, and the Picts Wall came over that Bridge, and so along into Pandon. The stock Bridge in Pampeden, where is thought to be the ancient Market for Fish; where Boats came up from the River. THE church's IN NEWCASTLE. THERE is four Churches and Parishes in this town. The first is Saint Nicholas, in the midst of the town; a long fair, and high Church, having a stately high stone Steeple, with many pinakles; a stately stone Lantherne, standing upon four stone Arches, builded by Robert de Rhodes, Lord prior of Tinemouth, in Henry 6. days: It lifteth up a head of Majesty, as high above the rest, as the cypress Tree above the low Shrubs. BEN. JOHNSON. My Altitude high, my Body four square, My Foot in the Grave, my Head in the air, My Eyes in my sides, five Tongues in my womb, Thirteen Heads upon my Body, four Images alone; I can direct you where the wind doth stay, And I tune God's Precepts thrice a Day. I am seen where I am not, I am heard where I is not, Tell me now what I am, and see that you miss not. In this Church is many porches, especially Saint George's, or the King's porch; built by some of the Kings of this land. In it are many sumptuous windows; that in the East surpasseth all the rest in height, largeness, and beauty, where the twelve Apostles, seven deeds of Charity, &c. built by Roger de Thornton, (a great benefactor of this town) with this inscription, Orate pro anima Rogeri de Thornton, & pro animabus Filiorum & Filiarum In the North part of the same is a Shrine of Henry the fourth, Perey Earl of Northumberland, who was killed by the hands of rebels in Yorkshire, gathering up a Subsidy; he was buried at Beverley, and this made in memory of him in his own country, he having a house in this town and Parish; and other noblemen, and gentry had in those days in this town. Orate pro anima Henrici Perey 4. Northumbriae, qui per Rebellium manus occubuit, &c. In the South part of the middle of this Church, under a Window, is an ancient tomb of a warlike Gentleman, lying with his legs a cross his Escutcheon of arms, and Sword; after the fashion in those days were they only interred, who took upon them the cross, and were marked with the badge of the cross, for sacred warfare, to recover the Holy Land from the Turks. In the choir and walks about it is many fair Monuments, tombs, and Marble-Stones of Majors of this town, their names and arms engraven in stone, with their titles of (sometime Major of Newcastle) honours; not one word of their good deeds; their generations and names are worn out. Only that thriee noble Major, Master Robert Anderson, whose memory will continue until there be no more time; Aere vel marmore perennius, viz. His gift of twenty pound per annum for ever, to the four Churches in Newcastle. Dignum laude Virum, Musa vetat Mori. There is a tomb (as is reported) belonging to the Fitz-Williams not placed, who going ambassador into Scotland, died, and was interred in Saint Nicholas. 2. Is All-hallows, omnium animarum, Panton theon, from the ancient name of that part of the town Pampeden; having a broad and square Church, and more populous than all the three other Parishes, and able to contain more people than the rest, having three Galleries. There is few Monuments or tombs in it. Only one stately tomb of that worthy benefactor, Roger de Thornton, having a large jet stone, curiously engraven with his arms, and the arms of that noble Family of the Lord Lumley, who married a daughter of Thornton's. He died in the reign of Henry the seventh. There was one Thomas Smith, Shipwright, of this Parish, that gave four pound eighteen shillings ten pence, yearly, for ever, to the distressed poor of that Parish. 3. Church is Saint John's, a pretty little Church, commended by an Arch-Prelate of this kingdom; because it resembleth much a cross. In this Parish the Earls of Westmoreland had his house, as others; good benefactors to this town. 4. Saint Andrews, the ancientest of all the four, as appeareth by the old building and fashion of the Church. In it is to be seen a pardon of a Pope for nine thousand years to come. Likewise there is an ancient large Stone of one Adam de Athell of Gesmund, with this inscription, Hic jacot Dominus Adamaus de Athel, Miles qui obiit, Anno, 1887. The Parson of the town is the Bishop of Carlisle, who hath his Vicar or Substitute, and a fair old house belonging to the Vicar. THE STREETS AND BUILDINGS OF THE ANCIENT town OF PAMPDEN. I COME, in the next place, to describe every part of this town, what it was in the times of the Heptarchy of this Kingdom, and in after succeeding ages. First of Pampeden, alias Pantheon, It hath retained his name, without much alteration, since the Romans resided in it. After the departure of the Romans, the Kings of Northumberland kept their recidence in it, and had their house, now called Pandon-Hall. It was a safe bulwark, having the Picts Wall on the North side, and the River of Tine on the South. This place of Pandon is of such antiquity, that if a man would express any ancient thing, it is a common proverb, As old as Pandon. In it is many ancient buildings, houses and streets; Some Gentlemen of Northumberland had their houses in it. There is an ancient place called the Wall-Knowle, called since, Saint Michael upon the Wall-Knowle, having a high and strong Tower, now called the Carpenters-Tower, adjoining to that place upon the Town-Wall. There is below, towards the River of Tine, an ancient Religious House, called Trinity-House, (not many houses in England named by that name) now converted to another use, for the Masters of Trinity-House, which have many privileges and immunities granted unto them for services done by sea. In this part of the Town of Pandon, below, is many narrow Streets or chairs, and ancient buildings; through the midst of it the River of Tine flows and ebbs, and a burn runs, called Pandon-burn. This place, called the Burne-Banek, stands very low; It is recorded, that in Edward the thirds time an hundred and forty houses was drowned by overflowing of water; ●ince the houses towards the Key side are heightened with balist, and a high stone Wall, without which Wall is a long and broad Whars or Key, which hindereth the like inundation. In the upper part of this Pandon is an ancient Religious House, founded by the Kings of Northumberland, now called the manors, (formerly Saint Augustine friars) where the Kings of Northumberland was interred; since, in succeeding ages, enlarged and beautified with stately buildings, cloisters, and a fair Church. The kings of England, since the Conquest, kept house in it, when they came with an Army royal against Scotland; and since the suppression of Monasteries, made a Magazine and Storehouse for the North parts. Now of late that princely fabric demolished and laid level with the ground. The pride, covetousness, luxury, and idolatry of these houses brought a sudden ruin upon themselves and houses. In this place of Pandon is a Bridge called Stock-Bridge, where Fishers come up with their fish, and sold them here. THE GRANTS AND CHARTERS TO THE town. THE antiquity of this town is known to be from that time, that the Romans had command in the Northern parts, who built the Picts Wall. After their departure the Saxons became masters of this country; then the Danes. The Danes being vanquished and expelled this land, the English enjoyed it, until William the conqueror made all England vassals, and obey his Norman laws, as far as the River of Tine. King William overthrew the Northern forces in Gateside-Foil, near Newcastle. Since which time, great is the privileges that Kings and Princes hath endowed this Town with. Robert son of William the conqueror built the Castle, called Newcastle, against the often inroads of our neighbouring Scots. King John gave the first Grant to Newcastle, and endowed it with many privileges and immunities to the good men of the same. King Henry the third made it a Corporation, whereas formerly it belonged to the County of Northumberland, as by Henry the thirds Charter doth appear,— Noveritis nos concessisse & demisisse, & hae Charta nostra confirmasse pro nobis & haredibus nostris, probis hominibus nostris, de Novo-Castello super Tinam, & haeredibus corum villam nostram cum Novo-Castello, cum omnibus pertinentibus suis ad seod firmum, &c. The Town of Pampden was granted to the beloved Burgesses, and good men of Newcastle, in King Edward the first's reign, as by his Charter appears,— Sciatis quod dedimus & concessimus, & haec Charta nostra confirmavimus, pro nobis, & haeredibus nostris, dileetis Burgensibus, & probis hominibus nostris ville Novieastri super Tinam, onmes terras & tenementa cum pertinentibus in Pampeden in Biker, juxta predictam villa Novicastri, &c. Et quod predicta Villa Novicastri, & terrae, & tenementa predicta in Pampeden, unica Villa de cetero sint, & unus Burgus, ad uniendum & concludendum dictae Villae Novicastri in angmendationem, emendationem, & securitatem, ejusdem Villae, &c. All the Kings and Queens of England successively granted unto the Town some honour or privilege, and enlarged their Charters. Edward the third gave them the Forth, for the good services of the townsmen. Edward the fourth gave them power to choose yearly Mayor and Aldermen, in lieu of Baylisses. After Kings granted to the Mayor and communality, all the Royalties of the River of Tine, from sparrow-hawk, unto Heddon-Streames; and that no ship load and unload any manner of goods, wares, and merchandizes, in, or any place of the River, but only at the Key of Newcastle. Also granted Commissioners to measure keels. King Edward the sixth grants the Town of Gateside to be united to the Town of Newcastle. Repealed by Queen Mary. Sir Thomas White, Lord Mayor of London, gave one hundred pound yearly to the chief Cities and Towns of England, for ever, to be lent to four clothier's Merchants for ten years without interest. The Town of Newcastle enjoyeth her hundred pound in her turn; The first hundred pound which came to Newcastle was in 1599 The noblest gift that ever was given in England by any subject. Some think, in time, it will engross the most of the money in this land. THE HIGHEST AND NORTH PARTS OF THE TOWN. THE ancient parts of the Town of Newcastle was in the upper parts of it, about Newgate, where are many old houses and cottages, which served these religious houses with provisions: This part of the Town is called to this day, the Hucksters Booths. These people, in those days, had their livelihood from those friars and Nuns that lived in that part of the Town. In after ages the Burgesses and good men of the Town began to trade, and venture beyond the seas, into foreign places; they builded many ships; procured a Charter from the Kings of England to carry fells beyond seas, and bring in sorraign commodities. The Staple was then at Antwerp in Brabant, called Commune totius Europa Emporium. This Charter of the Merchant Adventurers, was the first Charter that was granted by any King to any Town. After which Grant, this town flourished in trading: builded many fair houses in the Flesh Market. (then called the cloth Market.) The Merchants had their shops and warehouses there, in the back parts of their houses, the River of Tine slowed and ebbed. where boats came up with commodities; which trade of merchandizes continued many years. In that street the Mayors, Aldermen, and richest men of the Town lived. In after times, the Merchants removed lower down towards the River, to the street called the Side, and Sandhill, where it continueth unto this day. THE SANDHILL. Now let us describe unto you the other Streets and Markets in this Town: First of the Sandhill, a Market for fish, and other commodities; very convenient for Merchant Adventurers, Merchants of coals, and all those that have their living by shipping. There is a navigable River, and a long Key or wharf, where ships may lie safe from danger of storms, and may unload their commodities and wares upon the Key. In it is two Cranes for heavy commodities, very convenient for carrying of corn, wine, deals, &c. from the Key into the Water-Gates, which is along the Key side, or into any quarter of the Town. In this Market place is many shops and stately houses for Merchants, with great conveniences of water, bridge, garners, lofts, cellars and houses of both sides of them. Westward they have a street called the Close. East, the benefit of the houses of the Key side. In this Sandhill standeth the Town-Court, or Guild-Hall, where is held the Guilds every year by the Major and Burgesses, to offer up their grievances; where the Major keepeth his Court every Monday, and the sheriff hath his County-Court upon Wednesday and Friday. In it is kept a Court of Admiralty, or River Court, every Monday in the afternoon. This is a Court of Record for inroling of deeds and evidences. There is a Court of pie-powder, during the said two fairs, Lammas and Saint Luke; All the privileges and power that a Court-Leet can have, is granted to this Court. Under the Town-Court is a common Weigh-house for all sorts of commodities. King Henry the sixth sent to this Town, as to other Cities and Towns, brass weights according to the standard. Near this is the townhouse, where the clerk of the Chamber and Chamberlains are to receive the revenues of the Town for coal, balist, salt, grindstones, &c. Next adjoining is an almshouse, called the Mason de Dien, builded by that noble benefactor Roger de Thorneton. Above which is the stately Court of the Merchant Adventurers, of the old Staple, resident at that flourishing City of Antwerp in Brabant; since removed to the more Northern provinces under the States. Their Charters are ancient, their privileges and immunities great; they have no dependence upon London, having a governor, twelve Assistants, two Wardens, and a Secretary. There is an old chapel upon the bird. Next West is a street called the Close, where are many stately houses of Merchants and others. The Earl of Northumberland had his house in this street. Near the Sandhill East, is Allliallows bank, or Butehers bank, (where most Butchers dwell) the way to All-hallows Church: the South side of which is many chairs or Lanes that goeth down to the Key side. THE MIDDLE PARTS OF THE TOWN. NEXT up street is the street called the Side. In the lower part of it standeth a fair cross with columns of stones hewn, covered with lead, where is sold milk, eggs, butter, &c. In the Side is shops for Merchants, Drapers, and other trades. In the middle of the Side is an ancient stone house, an appendix to the Castle, which in former times belonged to the Lord Lumleys, before the Castle was built, or at least coetany with the Castle. Next up the Town North, is Middle-street, where all sorts of Artificers have shops and houses. The West side of this street is the oatmeal Market. On the East side of it is the Flesh Market, I think the greatest Market in England, for all sorts of Flesh and Poultry that is sold there every Saturday; the reason is not the populousness of the Town that makes it, it is the people in the Country, (within ten miles of the Town) who makes their provision there, as likewise all that lives by coal-trade, for working and conveying coals to the water; as also the shipping which comes into this River for coals, there being sometimes three hundred sails of ships. In this Market is kept two fairs in the year, for nine days together; one of them at that remarkable time of the year, the first of August; the other is held the eighteenth of October, upon Saint Luke's day. Next above North, is the big and oat Market every Tuesday and Saturday in the week. In which street is an ancient house, with a large gate, called the Scots Inn, where the Kings, Nobility, and Lards of Scots lodged in time of truee or league with England. PILGRIM STREET. EAST again is Pilgrim Street, the longest and fairest street in the Town. In it is a Market for Wheat and Rye every Tuesday and Saturday. Likewise an house called the pilgrim's Inn, where Pilgrims lodged that came to visit the Shrine in Gesmond, or Jesu de Munde, which occasioned to call this street Pilgrim-street. In the upper part of this street is a Princely house, built out of the ruins of the Black friars. Both East and West of this street is many passages into other parts of the Town; as the neither and higher worm-bridge into the West; the manor chair upon the East, having a way to that sumptuous building of the Minorites, of old called Saint Augustin friars; also a street called Silver Street, having a passage down to Pandon. WEST-GATE STREET. UPON the West of the Town is Denton chair, which goeth into West-Gate Street, which is a broad street, and private; for men that lives there hath employment for Town and Country. The Earl of Westmoreland had his house in this street, and other Gentlemen. In this street is an hospital, called the spital; In the East of that chapel is the place for electing of Majors, Aldermen, sheriffs, and other Officers in the Town, next Monday after Michaelmas Day. In which place is made of late, a famous grammar-school, Writing-School, and houses within the spital for the Masters. Protos Archididascalos, or the first head schoolmaster, was that Reverend Master Robart Fowberry, a learned and painful man to indoctrinate youth in Greek and Latin. In the North side of the street towards West-Gate, is an ancient building, called now, Bennet Chessie friars, where now the nine Crafts of this Town have their meeting houses. It was called in old time, the Grey-Fryers. In the South West of the Town is the whitefriars, and near that a street called bailiff-gate, which in former times belonged unto the Castle and County of Northumberland: there is a Postern Gate, where prisovers taken in time of hostility with Scotland, (and selous of the County of Northumberland) were brought in privately into the Castle in Newcastle, where the common jail for the County is. Near this street is two ways which goes down into the Close; the Long stairs and Tudhill stairs. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWN. Now let us speak concerning the Government of this Town. The first Grant was, Burgensibus & probis hominibus Novieastri super Tinam, To the Burgesses and good men of the Town of Newcastle: Out of whom yearly was chosen Baylisses, which is the ancient Officers of Cities and Towns in England. King Edward the fourth out of his abundant grace and favour to the aforesaid Town, Burgesses, their heirs and successors, grants yearly to choose a Major and six Aldermen; and that the aforesaid Major and Aldermen, for the time being, or any four, three, or two of them, have full power and authority to inquire, hear, and determine all manner of complaints and causes, appertaining to the office of a Justice of the Peace. Instead of Baylisses is chosen a sheriff yearly. King Richard the second gave the Sword to be carried before the Major, which represents royal power and authority, delegated by Charters to them, their heirs and successors, from their sovereign. The power of a Major is great, the highest dignity or honour that can be bestowed upon a City or Town; according to that office amongst the Romans, of Propraetors, and Proconsuls; who had in all Countries and Kingdoms under their command their viceroys or Representatives. In after times upon a division among the Aldermen, there were four Aldermen more added; so now it is governed by a Major, Recorder, ten Aldermen, and one sheriff. Their Officers are two Clarks, one for the Town Court, the other for the Town Chamber. The Officers that attendeth upon his person, is a Sword-bearer, with a Cap of Maintenance, a water-bailiff, seven sergeants, in their Gowns and Maces. All these nine Officers goes before the Major and Aldermen in their gowns to Church, and at any solemnity. In former times the Aldermen of the Town had their scarlet gowns, but the proud Scot got them by Conquest, as they did other Ornaments of the Town, thinking no English in authority, worthy to wear Seerlet but themselves, and so they continued lording over us for two years, until they were hired out as they were brought in, being a mercenary Nation, for any Nation for money. There are twelve Trades or Crafts, which are chief in electing of Major, and other Officers, viz. Drapers, Mereers, glover's, tailors, Boothmen, shoemakers, Bakers. Tanners, Sadlers, Butchers, Smiths, and Dyers. There is the By-crafts, which are fifteen in number, every one of them hath their Meeting-houses in the Towers of the Wall, and are called at this day by the name of the By-crafts; their ancient names is after the name of the founder. THE TWENTY-FOUR WARDS OE THE TOWN. THERE is four and twenty Wards in the Town, every Ward hath his Tower or Gate in the Walls, which they were to keep in times of hostility with the Scots, whereof these are some. White friar's Tower Ward. Nevil's Tower Ward. West-Spittle Tower. Stank Tower. Pink Tower. Gunner's Tower. West-Gate Tower Durham Tower. Thickets Tower. Carlisle Tower. Barthram Mumbugget Tower. Evers Tower. Saint Austin's Tower. Walke-Knowle Ward, &c. OF THE RIVER TINE, AND THE COMMODITIES. THE Port or Haven of this River is able to receive Ships of four hundred tuns, having Rocks on the North side of the Haven, and Sands upon the South, dangerous in a North-East Wind. Incidit in Seyllam, qui vult vitare Charibdim. Upon the North side of the Haven, is an ancient strong Castle, the Seat of the prior of Tinemouth. King Henry the eighth converted the Castle from a Priory, to be a defence for the River and Country, against foreign Invasions. 1. The Southside of the River is Warwick-shire, in the County of Durham, where is many Salt-pans', which makes white Salt out of Salt Water, boiled with Coale. 2. An other Commodity that this River bringeth forth, is coal in great abundance; most of the people that liveth in these parts, lives by the benefit of coals, and are carried out of this River into most parts of England southward, into Germany, and other transmarine Countries. John Johnston out of the poems of the Cities of Britain, Newcastle. Seated upon high rock she sees Dame nature's wonders strange, Or else to others, wittily, doth vent them for exchange; In vain why seek you Fire, from Heaven, to serve your turn, The ground here either keeps it close, or quickly makes it burn. Nor that which folk with stony flash, or whirlwind grim affrights, But giveth life to earthly things, and minds to living wights; This melteth Iron, brass, and Gould, so pliable and soft, What mind th' allective shade of Gould, stirs not, nor sets aloft. Nay more than so, men say it doth, dull metals change to Gold, To say therefore it is a God, our alchemists are bold. If God he be as thou glvest out (great Master) of thy word, How many Gods than doth this place, and our Scotland afford? Many thousand people are employed in this trade of coals; many live by working of them in the Pits; many live by conveying them in wagons and wanes to the River Tine; many men are employed in conveying the coals in Keels from the Stathes aboard the Ships: one coal Merchant employeth five hundred or a thousand in his Works of coal; yet for all his labour, care, and cost, can scarce live of his Trade; nay, many of them hath consumed and spent great estates, and died beggars. I can remember one, of many, that raised his estate by coal-trade; many I remember that hath wasted great estates. I shall illustrate this by a story of two Spaniards brothers, which traveled into the West Indies, with that estate and means which they had acquired; One of the brothers was a Miner, to employ many slaves in silver Mines; the other brother was to be an Husbandman, to provide corn, Sheep, and other provisions for the Miner and his men; much silver was got out of the ground by those Miners; the Husbandman got moneys out of his stock for his commodities. After many years delving and labouring in these silver mines, at last, the Mines was exhausted and decayed, and all the money which he had got for many years' labour and cost, was run into his brothers the husbandman's hands, and all his stock upstanding, he living all that time of the profit that his ground yielded. So it is with our Coale-Miners, they labour and are at a great charge to maintain men to work their Collieries, they wast their own bodies with care, and their Collieries with working, the kernel being eaten out of the nut, there remaineth nothing but the shell, their Collieries is wasted, and their moneys is consumed: this is the uncertainty of Mines, a great charge, the profit uncertain. Some South Gentlemen, hath upon great hope of benefit, come into this Country to hazard their moneys in Coale-Pits. Master Beaumont, a Gentleman of great ingenuity, and rare parts, adventured into our Mines with his thirty thousand pounds; who brought with him many rare engines, not known then in these parts; As the art to boor with, iron rodds to try the deepness and thickness of the coal; rare engines to draw water out of the Pits: wagons with one horse to carry down coals, from the Pits, to the Stathes, to the River, &c. Within few years, he consumed all his money, and rode home upon his light horse. Some Londoners of late, hath disbursed their moneys for the reversion of a lease of Colliery, about thirty years to come of the lease; When they come to crack their nuts, they find nothing but the shells; Nuts will not keep thirty years; there's a swarm of worms under ground, that will eat up all before their time, they may find some Meteors, ignis fatuus, in stead of a Mine. 3. Commodity that this River bringeth forth is Grindstones, which is conveyed into most parts of the World; according to the Proverb, A Scot, a Rat, and a Newcastle Grindstone, you may find all the world over. 4. Commodity of this River, Is the great plenty of Salmond, taken in this water; which serveth this Town, and other parts. Upon the South side of this River stands a Town, called Jarro, where lived that Venerable Bede, admired for his learning, in those times of darkness. Camden entitleth him, The singular Glory, and Ornament of England. Malmesbury, Vir erat quem mirari facilius, quam dignum praedicari possis, qui extremo natus orbis Angulo Doctrinae, corusco terras omnes perstrinxerat. Beda lived in the time of the Saxons Heptarchy in England, in the Kingdom of Northumbers, seven hundred years after Christ. This River hath two heads, or main streams, South Tine, which runs through Allendale; North Tine, which runs through Tinedale; they meet West of Hexam, and salute one another. DIVINE PROVIDENCE OVER ALL NATIONS AND COUNTRIES. OUR most provident and glorious Creator hath so furnished all Countries with several Commodities, that amongst all nations there might be a sociable conversation and mutual commerce, one people standing in need of another, all might be combined in a common league, and exhibit mutual succours, Non omnia sert anima tellus. From the Indies, gold, silver, gems, drugs, &c. From Italy, silks. From Spain, fruits, saffron, sacks. From Denmark, amber, cordage, Sirs, and flax. From France, wines, and linuen. From England, wool, tin. From these Northern parts, coal, salt, grindstones, &c. Which trade of coal began not past fourscore years since. Coals in former times was only used by Smiths, and for burning of lime; Woods in the South parts of England decaying, and the City of London, and other Cities and Towns growing populous, made the trade for Coale increase yearly, and many great ships of burden built, so that there was more coals vented in one year, then was in seven years, forty years by-past; this great trade hath made this part to flourish in all trades. Camden calls Newcastle, Ocellus, the Eye of the North, the hearth that warmeth the South parts of this kingdom with sire; An Egypt to all the Shires in the North, (in time of famine) for bread. All quarters of the country comes with money in their purses to buy corn to feed their families this summer. This Town hath been famous in sour ages of the world. 1. In the time of the Romans, being in these parts, being the utmost limits of the Roman Empire. 2. Famous for the Monasteries in old times. 3. This Town famous, being a bulwark against the Scots; all the power of Scotland could never win it, since the walls were built; but of late being assisted by the English, was stormed, our churches and houses defaced, the ornaments of both plundered, and carried away, the crown of our heads is fallen, woe now unto us, for we have sinned. 4. Famous for the great trade of Coale, White-Salt, Grindstones, &c. which they furnish other countries with. Newcastle likewise excels in four things before spoken. 1. The Town, Walls, Gates, Towers and Turrets. 2. Saint Nieholas Church Steeple, caput inter nubila condit. 3. The Tine-Bridge, consisting of eight stately Arches, Towers and Houses. 4. The long and fair Key, for ships to unload their commodities. The Revenues of the Town is not great, considering the disbursements for repairing of Streets, highways, Bridges, maintenance of Ministers, schoolmasters, poor, &c. The arms of the Town is the three Castles Argent in a Field Geules. Camden. New. 22. grad. 30. min. Long. 54. gr. 57 M. Lat. Hues. Newcast. 23. grad. 10. min. Long. 55. gr. 20. M. Lat. THE SUBURBS OF NEWCASTLE. GATESIDE, a Burrow upon the South side of the river Tine, an ancient inhabited place, a parish of itself, in the Bishopprieke of Durham. King Edward the sixth, united it to the town of Newcastle; since, Queen Mary gave it again to the Bishop's Sea of Durham. The suburbs out of Newgate and Pilgrim-Street, are ruinated in these late wars; near unto the Barras-Bridge is an hospital dedicated to Mary Magdelane. There is many closes in that part, and large fields of meadows, called the Castle Leases, belonging to the Town; the gift of King John (as some say) to the good men of Newcastle. There is a Postern between Newgate and West-Gate, which goeth into a Close, called the Warden-Close, where the Warden of the prior of tinemouth had his house, garden, fishponds, &c. The suburbs of Sand-Gate escaped the fury of these wars, except some near the walls of the Town, which was fired. One remarkable thing is recorded of two Carpenters, hewing of a tree, blood issued out of the timber in what part of the wood they cut. Below East, is the ballast Hill, where women upon their heads carried ballast, which was taken forth of small ships which came empty for coals; Which place was the first ballast shore out of the town: since which time, the trade of coals increasing, there is many ballast shores made below the water, on both sides of the River. Upon the North side of the River is the Ewes burn, over which is a wood Bridge, which goeth down to a place called the Glasse-Houses, where plain glass for windows are made, which serveth most parts of the Kingdom. Below East is many shores built for casting of ballast out of ships, which brings profit to the town, and the occupiers of the same. OF THE NOBLE AND ANCIENT FAMILIES OF THE NORTH, AND THEIR CASTLES. THE North parts of England hath been in the Romans time, and in after ages, the Bulwarks and Fortresses of England, against the inroads of the Scots; Newcastle for the East parts of this land, and Carlisle for the West. The two great Princes of the North, were the Earls of Northumberland at Alnwick, and Westmoreland at Raby Castle in the bishopric of Durham. The first famous for the great overthrow he gave Malcolme, King of the Scots, and his son Edward, slain at his Castle of Alnewick. The second Earl made famous for taking David King of Scots prisoner, and the overthrow of his Army at nevils-cross, near Durham. The Lord Dacres, and Lord Lumleyes were famous in their generations; the first lived in Cumberland, in his many Castles, the other in the bishopric of Durham, in Lumley Castle; both of them having lands in Northumberland, who held their land of the King in Knight service, for his wars against the Scots. The Bishops of Durham had their Castles in the frontiers, in Norhamshire and Elandshire. The Nobility and Gentry of the North, are of great antiquity, and can produce more ancient Families, than any other part of England; many of them Gentry before the Conquest; the rest came in with William the conqueror. The Noblemen and Gentry of the North, hath been always employed in their native country, in the wars of the Kings of England, against the Scots; all of them holding their lands in knight's service, to attend the wars in their own persons, with horse and spear, as the manner of fighting was in those days. Some Gentlemen held their lands in Cornage, by blowing a horn, to give notice that the Scots, their enemies, had invaded the land. The Scots their neighbouring enemies, hath made the inhabitants of Northumberland fierce and hardy, whiles sometimes they kept themselves exercised in the wars; being a most warlike Nation, and excellent good Light-Horsemen, wholly addicting themselves to Mars and arms, not a Gentleman amongst them, that hath not his Castle or Tower; and so it was divided into a number of Baronies: the Lords whereof, in times past, before King Edward the first's day's, went commonly under the name of Barons, although some of them were of no great living. It was the policy of the Kings of England, to cherish and maintain martial prowess among them, in the Marches of the kingdom, if it were nothing else, but with an honourable bare title. Some Gentlemen of the North are called to this day Barons. The Ancient Families and Names of the Gentry are many, which hath continued from William the conqueror, unto these late days. The Gray's of Chillingham, and Horton, Barons of Warke-castle. Ogles of Ogle-castle. Fenwickes' of Wallington. Widdrington of Widdrington-castle. Delavale of Seaton-Delavale. Ridleyes of williams-week. Muschampes of Barsmore, the chief Baron of Northumberland in Edward the first's reign. Mitfords' of Midford. Fosters of Edderston. Claverings of Callalie. Swinburnes of Swinburne, now of Capheaton Radliffes of Delston. Harbottle of Harbottle-castle, extinct. Haggerston of Haggerton. Hebburne of Heburne. Blankenship of Blankenship. Fetherstonhaugh of Fetherstonhaugh. Herons of Chepehase. Horsley of Horsley. Craster of Craster. Laraines of Kirkharle. Collingwood's of Eslington. Whitfield of Whitfield. Carnaby of Halton. Lisles of Felton. Strudders of Kirknewton. Selby's of Twisel. Eringtons of Bewfrom. Weldon of Weldon. Bradforth of Bradforth. Rodom of Little Haughton. Cars of Ford-castle. Creswell of Creswell. Halls of Otterburne. Thirlwall of Thirlwall-castle. Killingworth of Killingworth. These ancient Noble Families continued many years valiant and faithful unto the Kingdom of England, and flourished all in their times; until the two powerful Earls of the North rose in rebellion in Queen Elizabeth's reign, who drew along with them many Gentry of the North, who overthrew themselves and confederates, and many ancient families of the North. Since many ancient names have been extinct, for want of heirs Male, and have been devolved upon other names and families. Since the union of both Kingdoms, the Gentry of this Country hath given themselves to idleness, luxury and covetousness, living not in their own houses, as their ancestors hath done, profusely spending their revenues in other Countries, and hath consumed of late their ancient houses. The Castles in the North are many and strong. Morpith-Castle, so called, from the death of the Picts in that place. Alnewick-Castle, where the Earls of Northumberland kept their Court; famous for two battles fought against the Scots, who received a shameful overthrow, by the valour of the Earls of Northumberland. Upon Tweed and Borders, are Wark-castle, a Barony of the Grays. Norham-castle belonging to the Bishops of Durham. Barwick upon the left bank and river, a strong Town of war, opposite sometimes against the Scots; the farthest bounds of the English Empire. Upon Till (a River falling into Tweed, above Norham) is Ford-castle. To the West beyond the River, riseth Floddon-Hill, made famous by the death of James the fourth, King of Scotland, slain in a memorable battle by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, general of the English, in the reign of Henry the Eighth. Upon the East Sea is Bambrough-castle, and Dunstonbrough-castle, builded by the Saxons, and sometimes the royal Seats of the Kings of Northumbers. Bambrough-castle afterward converted into a Priory, and did homage and vassalage to their Lord prior. Many battles and skirmishes hath been in this North, and always hath been victorious against the Scots. Besides the forenamed battles of Alnewick-castle, and Floddon; at Solommosse fifteen thousand Scots were put to flight, eight hundred slain, and one and twenty of their Nobles taken prisoners, by the English. There was Lord Wardens of the East, West, and middle Marches appointed, who had power by martial Law to repress all enormities and outrages committed in the Borders. They had their Laws, called Border Laws. In the North toward the Borders, is many Hills; one of them most eminent, called Cheviot Hill, upon the top of it is Snow to be seen at Midsummer; and a Land mark for seamen that comes out of the East parts from Danzieke, through the Baltic Seas, and from the King of Denmark's country; it being the first land that mariners make for the Coast of England. These Chiviot Hills is made famous for the hunting of the Earl of Northumberland: at the hunting the Earl Douglas of Scotland who met him with his forces, and engaged one the other, where was great bickerings and skirmishes, to the loss of many men; where both Earls fought valiantly, called to this day Cheviot Chase. There is many Dales, the chief are Tinedale and Reedsdale, a country that William the conqueror did not subdue, retaining to this day the ancient Laws and Customs, (according to the County of Kent) whereby the lands of the father is equally divided at his death amongst all his sons. These Highlanders are famous for thieving, they are all bred up and live by theft. They come down from these Dales into the low Countries, and carry away horses and cattle, so cunningly, that it will be hard for any to get them, or their cattle, except they be acquainted with some Master thief; who for some money (which they call Saufey money) may help they to their stolen goods, or deceive them. There is many every year brought in of them into the goal of Newcastle, and at the assizes are condemned and hanged, sometimes twenty or thirty. They forfeit not their lands (according to the tenure in Gavelkind) the Father to Bough, the son to the Plough. The people of this Country hath had one barbarous custom amongst them; if any two be displeased, they expect no law, but bang it out bravely, one and his kindred against the other, and his; they will subject themselves to no Justice, but in an unhuman and barbarous manner, fight and kill one another; they run together clangs (as they term it) or names. This fighting they call their Feides, or deadly Feides, a word so barbarous, that I cannot express it in any other tongue. Of late, since the union of both Kingdoms, this heathenish bloody custom is repressed, and good laws made against such barbarous and unchristian misdemeanours and fightings. In this North Country groweth plenty of hadder or ling, good for cattle to feed upon, and for moor-fowl, and Bees; this herb yieldeth a flower in June, as sweet as honey, whereof the Picts in time past did make a pleasant drink, wholesome for the body of Man. Upon the West parts of Northumberland, the Picts Wall is, out of the ruins of which is built many Towers and Houses in that part where the Picts Wall stood; in some of the wast ground the Wall is to be seen of a great height, and almost whole, many stones have been found with Roma upon it, and all the names of the Roman Emperors, Consuls, and Proconsuls, both in Stone and in coin of Silver and brass, with their Emperor's Image upon them; So the Picts Wall goes through Northumberland into Cumberland, where I end my Peregrination and travel, keeping myself within the limits and bounds of Northumberland. FINIS.