The Frontispiece explained.  

THE greatest light is not excused,  
But often with Clouds and Mist abused,  
Darkness on our side doth appear,  
But Light is in his Hemisphere;  
The mischief to ourselves is done,  
Though Clouded, yet 'tis still a Sun;  
Whose rays more glorious are, and bright,  
After the darkness of a Night,  
And finds his Lustre gains by this  
Combined Antiperistasis.  
The Palm Tree pressed, yet still will rise,  
And all the weight on it despise:  
Spices, when beaten, are most sweet,  
With more delight their object meet;  
As doth the Walk of Camomel,  
When Trodden, best affect the smell.   

Than maugre Clouds obscuring force,  
This Giant still will run his course.    

 engraved panel of sun behind clouds with a banner 
OBNUBILATUS SOL TAMEN   engraved panel of a man grinding spices 
TUNDO. FUNDO   engraved panel of a a man walking in a field in front of a castle 
A Brief Discourse Of .  
CRESCIT SUB PON DEAR  
ALCATUM VIRET   engraved panel of a palm tree  engraved panel of a sun emerging from behind clouds with a banner 
E TENEBRIS CLARIOR   
London Printed for Henrii Brome 16●●    

A DISCOURSE OF , AND THE HOT WATERS There.  
ALSO, Some Inquiries into the nature of the Water of St. Vincent's Rock, near Bristol; and that of Castle-Cary.  
To which is added, A Century of Observations, more fully declaring the Nature, Property, and distinction of the BATHS.  
WITH An Account of the Lives, and Character, of the Physicians of .  
By THO. GVIDOTT, M. B. Physician There.  Virtute vincam Invidiam. 
LONDON, Printed for Henry Brome at the Gun in St. Paul's Churchyard, the West end, 1676.   

Librum hunc dignum judicamus qui Imprimatur  
Geo. Ent, Praeses. D. Whistler Censor.   

CLARISSIMORUM MEDICORUM LONDINENSIUM. COLLEGIO CELEBERRIMO SPECIATIM VERO EXCELLENTISSIMO VIRO D. D. GEORGIO ENT EQUITI AURATO PRAESIDI DIGNISSIMO NEC NON SPECTATISSIMO IU. VIRATUI D. D. THOMAE COX D. D. DANIELI WHISTLER D. D. HUMPHREDO BROOKES D. D. THOMAE FRANCKLAND, CENSORIBUS DOCTISSIMIS RELIQUISQUE SOCIIS ERUDITIONE INGENIO SAGACITATE INSTRUCTISSIMIS HOC QUICQUID EST NOVI DE THERMARUM BATHONIENSIUM NATURA ET VIRIBUS SUBMISS OFFERT T. G.   

To the RIGHT WORSHIPFUL, And my Much Honoured Friend, Sr. Edward Greaves Baronet, Fellow of the College OF PHYSICIANS in London, AND Physician in Ordinary TO HIS MAJESTY.  
Honoured Sir,  
THE kind reception you were pleased to afford a small Paper of mine, that had lately the honour to have your Name prefixed, hath given this encouragement to present to your view, a further Collection of Experiments touching the same Subject, relating to the Waters of , a place you were pleased once to grace with your Practice, and still with your Favours, for which a more than ordinary respect is, in gratitude, your due.  
Besides, Considering you have so far favoured my late Inquiries, as to assist me by your presence, and be an Eye-witness of some of the Experiments, and are a sufficient Judge of them all, I could not fix on any fit than yourself, and the Learned Body you have Relation to, to make this Address unto, or give the Trouble of this present Dedication.  
It hath caused me sometimes not a little to admire, That the Metropolitan Waters of all England, (as I may term Them) to say not more, should lie 2000 years, and it may be much longer, in so narrow a Diocese; for the discovery I have made of many Things relating to Them, (of which in part here is some Account) that were never taken notice of by former Persons, and those few Writers that have Treated of Them, will Justify the Expression.  
The Principles formerly were accounted Sulphur, Copper, Iron, and a little Marcasite; of late, Bitumen, Nitre, and some Sulphur, which last I endeavour to Confirm, with the Addition of many more, which will partly Constitute, and partly evidence the Nature of these Waters: Besides the beneficial discovery of the Rational use of the Bath-waters in Potion, which hitherto having been but as a good Backsword, are now become a Single-Rapier, ready to save, and not destroy, unless ill managed by a distempered hand.  
I confess I did not think to have appeared in this Dress, having designed, and in part completed, as you know very well, something else, that would have better suited with my Condition, the Dignity of the Subject, and Reputation of These Waters. But finding some hasty Chirurgeon that hath already lanced what I intended should have had a longer Time to digest, and expecting, as none but in reason must, the Pretences of many others, I found myself obliged to appear, though in a careless habit, and in a manner undressed, rather than too much to exercise the Patience, if not justly incur the Censure of those friends, whose kindness shall induce them to give me a Visit.  
And although my Nature inclines me rather to a diffidence, than presumption on any thing that is my own, yet I must be so far confident as to believe, that the Existence of Nitre in the Waters of , so much questioned by some, and my particular Concern, is so fully established by the following Experiments, made with my own hands, as to keep those words upright in my late Letter to yourself, wherein I assert it to be undeniable. And whoever shall take the pains to satisfy himself in that Particular, as I have done, and shall let me know wherein he is dissatisfied, and can convince me to the Contrary, whom I will assure he shall not found obstinate, he shall have the Honour, if that be any thing, of making me his Convert, (for I think my single Reputation a small Sacrifice on the Altar of Truth;) but if not, it will appear, which is no great matter on either hand, that some Body hath been mistaken.  
However the Satisfaction is not little, nor the Omen bad, that I have already gained the Approbation of a Person so Judicious as yourself, who have formerly taken pains on the same Account, and on which side soever the Scales shall turn, I have had this opportunity of doing something to oblige my Country, as well as acknowledge myself  
Sir, Your most humble and faithful Servant, Tho. Guidott.   

A PREFACE TO THE READER.  
THat the Reader may be acquainted with the occasion, time, and manner of my making these Inquiries (which are not hasty conclusions, but the product of more mature consideration) I shall here premise something concerning that, and also discourse of, as more pertinent in this place, some other matters tending to the enlargement of the Reputation, and usefulness of the Waters.  
Taking therefore into consideration the performances of some before me, and the attempts of others, in my time, which were not satisfactory, and having the advantages of a more retired nature, and constant residence on the place, with those Conveniencies which some others have not had, I thought it worth my while to employ my leisure hours in some Experiments on the Waters, which none had done before to any great purpose, the Waters having hitherto been rather admired than understood, if so I might give my own Curiosity satisfaction in that affair. And indeed, no vain glorious humour of desiring to be Popular, which I never affected, nor itch to have my Name in print, which hath been already sufficiently done by the kindness of my friends, and therefore needs not any labour of my own again, was the occasion of my entering on this undertaking; but observing the Bathwater was drank by some, and probably like to advance, I could not satisfy myself in advising my Patients to it, unless I had first made a particular search into what it did contain, it seeming as absurd to me to tell my friends tbat depended on my judgement for their health and preservation, they should drink the Bathwater, which I knew nothing of, as to advice them to the use of such Spirits, Pills, or any other Medicine, I was ignorant of the composition of, or had procured from others.  
Had I found this done to my hand, I could well have dispensed witb the confinement and risk this design hath occasioned, and spent these hours I have done in my Study, as cheerfully elsewhere, but finding little satisfaction in what had been before performed, I first made collection out of the best Mineral Authors, such as Fallopius, Agricola, Baccius, and others, what was the best way to obtain a Sediment out of any Water, and than how to know of what that sediment did consist, making application of this Theory to the Waters of this place.  
Observing than the ways of gaining a Sediment to be chief sour, Evaporation, Distillation, Precipitation, and Insolation, the last, as too laborious, I thought fit to wave, and resolved on the other three, Evaporating precipitating, and distilling first small quantities of all the Baths, which gave me encouragement to proceed to greater.  
Having obtained a Sediment, which I call the Contents of the Water, the very Notion of which was but lately a stranger here, I trusted not to my single judgement, but made it known to the best Physicians of my acquaintance, with whom I had Converse, particularly my ever honoured friend Sr. Edward Greaves, whose encouragement to this design hath not been little, and also addressed myself in writing to the very Ingenious and Eminent Doctor Willis (whose loss all Ingenious Philosophers and Physicians must lament, his many thoughts now dying with him) whose assistance I desired by Letter dated 1. Sept.— 73, in these words:  
Sir,  
THe Acquaintance I had the happiness to have with you formerly in Oxon, and the Civilities you have been pleased to confer on me since, with the readiness you have ever expressed of encouraging all ingenious Inquiries, have emboldened me to give you this Interruption. The desire also I understand you have expressed to Mr. Robert Chapman an Apothecary of this City, of a better account of the Contents of these Waters, which hath hitherto I know not how, been too much neglected, and concerning which I have of late made some Experiments, hath further encouraged me only at present to acquaint you, that about Michaelmas next, God willing, I shall have a conveniency by a friend of mine, your Neighbour, to sand you the true Contents of all the Baths apart, which if you please to examine, and honour me so far as to return me your thoughts of the Ingredients, being doubtless a Compounded body, I shall with all alacrity and obsequiousness imaginable give you a larger account of my Observations, which I forbear to do till you please to favour me with an Answer, that so I may not preoccupy your more exact enquiry. The thing itself being of so grand import, and so well suiting with your own genius, I may promise' myself the greater happiness in your Correspondence, etc. which is all the trouble shall at this time be given by  
Your most humble Servant, T. G.  
According to this Letter, I sent the Doctor what I promised, on the 15. of October next ensuing, by my facetious, learned, good friend, Mr. Alexander Dyer, with this Letter, which because it contains the rude draught of what I afterwards took more pains about, and not much different from what I now publish, I shall here insert.  
Honoured Sir,  
HEaring nothing of Colonel Morgan, the Person I designed for conveyance of what I formerly promised, I have now met with a convenient opportunity by my worthy friend Mr. Alex. Dyer to present you with as true an Anatomy of the Baths, as my present inspection will permit: viz. The Contents of all the Baths, Kings, Cross and Hot, in Iron and Glass Vessels; the former ℥ i of each, the latter ℥ two. or thereabouts; that in Glass being all that one Gallon of the Water of each Bath did afford; the other in Iron, not the whole quantity, but sufficient, I hope, for your satisfaction, that came from four Gallons, the King's Bath yielding in Iron, on my first Experiment ʒxiiii; the Crossʒxii ss; the Hot ℥ ix. ℈ two: but on my second Trial performed in the late wet weather, much lesle out of the same vessel, and quantity of water, which may suggest something to Enquiry if I found it hold. But usually out of 4 Gallons in a Vessel of mixed Metal, I commonly evaporate it in, I have ℥ i out of a gallon of all the Baths alike, so that I judge about ʒii. to be the common proportion out of a gallon the Water will afford.  
Now of these ʒiis, as I suppose, you will easily discover all is not Salt, but according to my best observation I found a third part only Saline, or ℈ two. in ʒii: the residue, which I have sent under the name of Residuum Sedimenti non Salinum, will not relent but continues of a gritty nature, and I suppose, consists of two different substances.  
The Ochre ariseth in a large quantity, where the stream of the Bath meets with any resistance; but what I am not so fully satisfied in for the present is, that though so much continually is breathed out of the water, nothing yellow is discovered in the Contents.  
The Oleum Salis Thermarum per deliquium, is only that Salt I have sent you by the name of Sal Thermarum relented in the air, and cleansed from impurities that will subside, but tincted greenish by a touch of Copper it met with in extracting, when otherwise the true colour is more inclining to Amber.  
One thing more also I think fit to advertise you of, that in Glass Vessels there is a thin crust in the outside covering that part that is most Saline, as thin as the thinnest Wafer, but not Salt at all, which I have caused to be separated in the Contents of the Hot Bath, and put in a distinct glass containing ʒi. gr. 10; this more flakey and much lesle, if at all Saline, being only ℈ two. gr. 14. The Kings and Cross Bath are alike, mixed here in one glass, only the Hoth Bath separated for your further satisfaction.  
You have also the Sand, Mud, and Scum, in Boxes by themselves, all which I submit to your more exact scrutiny what names to call these by, which is the grand thing in question, and on which will be built, as I conceive, the truest Hypothesis of the Nature and Virtues of these Waters that hath yet been given, and much different from what hath hitherto been supposed and presumed on.  
I hope to have the honour of a few lines from you, what your thoughts are of the nature of these particulars, which will be very acceptable to  
Sir, Your obliged humble Servant, THO. GUIDOTT.  

Postscript.  
IN an ordinary infusion of any of the Contents in Common Water, you will observe a white gritty substance, which will harden into a stone in the bottom of the glass, one of which I have sent in the Box containing Sedimentum non Salinum; above that a bluish light, and more dirty substance; than the Salt in the Water to which it gives a yellow tincture.  
The Doctor's business being much on other accounts, I cannot understand he did any thing in this, only in a Latin Letter he had occasion to writ me not long after, on the account of an Honourable Patient, for whom we than were both concerned he takes a very kind notice of my Letters, and Experiments, and gives me thanks in this expression, Clarissime Domine, Multum Tibi debeo pro Litteris & Experimentis Tuis circa Aquas Thermales mihi jam pridem missis, quae officia Tua ut gratissima habeo, ita compensare studebo; but sent me no other satisfaction.  
A little after, having an opportunity of obtaining the Contents of many Hogsheads of the Water, I wrought them all of, and came to an exact separation and distinction of Particulars, as expressed in the Observations hereunto annexed, and as occasion served, communicated my Experiments to my Honoured friends, the Learned and accomplished Sr. Charles Scarborough, Doctor Thomas Witherley, Dr. Nathaniel Highmore, and Dr. Thomas Harbech. This I think is sufficient to take of the surmise of Singularity, if any such thing by chance should be thought upon.  
And here I cannot but admire how a Judicious man should be so far imposed on by any person whatsoever, as to imagine, that a satisfactory enquiry into the nature of these Waters was so nice a speculation, as to be inconvenient or useless [according to these words; I have been desirous heretofore to have attempted some discovery of our Baths, 
Jord. Nat. Bath, c. 17. in fin. p. 147.  according to those Principles: but being thought (by some) either not convenient, or not useful, I was willing to save my labour, which perhaps might have seemed not to be worth thanks.] For, what can be more necessary, and therefore useful and convenient too, than to know the Principles of any Water we recommend our Patients to? and what did all the Mineral Writers that treated of such Waters before him whose authority he uses, but either make such inquiries, or speak by guess? and which of these two is the more useful or convenient, is easily determined.  
Besides, by this means we act as rational Physicians, and free the Baths and Mineral Waters from that aspersion they labour under, of being accounted Empirical Medicines, whereas they are the exact composition of the best Physician, and perform their operations by virtue of the Ingredients they consist of, and the blessing of God Almighty, as all other good Medicines and Prescriptions do.  
Moreover, this way we can better judge of the reason of the effects, which without this, perplex the understanding with an ignorant admiration, and we prove no better than the ordinary Spectators at a Puppet-play, who admire the motions, but know nothing of the hand within that occasions them.  
I confess indeed, his thinking his pains might not have deserved thanks, might somewhat discourage him; but a man of Resolution would have considered that things of this kind, subjected to public view, would fall either into the hands of understanding, generous and unbiast persons; or else ignorant, self-interested, and narrow Souls: the former ever have been, and will be ever ready to give what encouragement ingenuity shall deserve; and for the other, they are not much to be regarded, being best brought to a knowledge of themselves by an understanding of their errors; and as their mouths are no slanders, so their thanks are but slender, if any, commendations. And thanks be to God for it, there have been and now are many worthy, brave, and generous Spirits in this our Nation, who can discern and make distinction 'twixt things that differ, else had would be the condition of those that have broken through that opposition at which others have boggled, and think it no disparagement to undergo rude Censures from the ruder multitude, in prosecution of a design for public advantage.  
Although the Credit of the Waters hath been preserved by Bathing, and advanced by Drinking, especially these two Summers last passed, yet a far greater degree of Reputation may be acquired, by a more particular account of the more remarkable Cures that are annually wrought, principally thereby; which being digested into the nature of a Register, would mightily conduce to the satisfaction of those that seek remedy here in the like distempers. And although I have endeavoured what in me lay to promote so necessary a good work, yet such is the stupidity of some to things of their own advantage, that nothing of this nature hath yet been performed, although recommended by the learned Doctor Jorden, 
N. B. Ch. 18. in fin. p. 163.  than practising on the place, and often inculcated, though with like success, by myself: So that to the wondered honour of those on whom it must reflect, the Waters have been more beholding to the gratitude of Foreigners in registering their own Cases, than to the care and duty of those that are at home. I shall instance in the Case of Sr. Humphrey Lloyd, who having received a hurt in his Hip, high the kick of a horse in Milan, was grievously afflicted with a Sciatica for a twelve months' time, and after having made use of much Physic, from several Physicians, to little purpose, in only six days using these Waters was perfectly recovered. His words are these; Alia Belgarum urbs, Ptolomaeo, 
Fragm. Descr. Brit. p, 16.  Aquae Calidae; Antonino, Aquae Solis; Britannis, Caer Badon; & Anglis,  dicitur, Balneis Aquarum Calidarum saluberrimis clara; Cujus rei ego certissimus testis esse possum. Nam cùm ex ictu equi Mediolano, in Italia, excepto, dolore Schiatico duodecim continuis mensibus laborarem, diversisque Doctissimorum Medicorum auxiliis, non convalescerem, his Balneis, cum tantum sex diebus usus essem, sanitati pristinae restitutus sum.  
And that I may mention one fresh in the memory of all, whose gratitude in this kind deserves a remembrance, Mr. John Revet, an aged man, hath very lately publicly testified his cure of an Hemiplegia, in a months bathing, by an Inscription round a very fair Brass ring, on the right hand of the Entrance into the Queen's Bath out of the Kings, after this manner; Thanks to God. I John Revet his Majesty's Brazier, at 56 years of age, in this present month of July 1674, in this place recovered a cure of health and limbs, of the Dead Palsy, on one side, from head to foot.  
That this way of Registering of Cures was also thought necessary, and recommended before the time of Dr. Jorden, may appear from the words of Mr. Jones, an honest Cambrobritan (whose authority I am constrained to make often use of in the following discourse, in regard he is the only man that hath treated any thing largely of these Waters,) which I recite as they are, being the plain words of an honest meaning man. 
Baths A●d, lib. 4. fol. 33.  I wish▪ saith he that you leave a Note of the Commodity received, and a knowledge of your condition and calling in the Records of the Mayor of the City, where it shall be registered, until a Physician be appointed, who than shall be joined with the Mayor, paying to the Poor-man's Box, and 4 pence for Registering your benefit received there. [And in another place; 
Buxtons' Benefit, fol. 22. ] Always provided the day of your coming thither be noted before you enter into the Baths, and the day of your departure, with the Country of your habitation, condition, or calling, with the Infirmities or cause you came for, in the Register book kept of the Warden of the Bath, or the Physician that there shall be appointed, and the benefit you received, paying four pence for the Recording. This Register may be so contrived as that the Patient's name, or only letters thereof, as shall be thought expedient, with their place of residence, distemper, and time of using the Waters, may be expressed in short; a model whereof, in many instances, we have in Jo. Bauhinus de Aquis Bollensibus, lib. 1. cap. 17.  
And whereas mention is here made of the Poor-man's Box, it gives me a good occasion to remind this Age, of what prudent and charitable disposition the former Age was, in which for the necessary support of the many Poor that came hither for relief, (now sufficiently numerous, and burdensome too) Reparations and Conveniences of the Bath, and other good uses, a Tax, or Pole-bill was made, and willingly consented to by the users of such Waters, by which a certain reasonable rate, or sum, was required of every man or woman of all conditions, from a Duke to a Yeoman, by which all Clamours, now too frequent, were prevented, and all occasions of Exactions taken away, no person paying, or requiring more than what was commonly known to be their due, reserving their Gratuities to dispose of as they please. The money collected to be put into the Treasury of the Bath, and entrusted in the hands of one or two honest and sufficient persons, who should every Michaelmas give up their Accounts, and dispose of good part of the money chief to the use of the poor abroad that come with good Certificates, or accounts of their condition, to be approved of by competent Judges in this case, and other necessary, good, and charitable uses, as shall be thought requisite; provided the Baths, Pumps, or any of their appurtenances be supplied, and kept in good order and repair. And this was never intended in any violent or compulsory way, but only as a fair proposal to the better disposed persons, who by their good example, and readiness to comply in this particular, may have an efficacious influence on the more captious and excepting, to beget in them a better understanding of this charitable, and orderly design.  
Neither can this Tax in reason be imagined to be prejudicial to the Waters, as some others are reported to have been; on the imposition of which the Waters are said to have lost their virtue: for however the truth of such stories may be admitted, which are delivered by credible Authors, and I cannot contradict, yet certain it is, that if any such thing ever happened, it was either on the restraint of a public resort, by denying Poor people the use of the Waters, or else by an Impost collected by the Officers of the Prince to his private advantage; whereas this is only to prevent exactions, and moral abuses, between man and man, and the Poor rather hence to be relieved than exacted of, with a probability of a much greater resort that will be procured by a reasonable demand, and good order withal.  
The overplus of this Collection, if rightly managed, and the years prove lucky, may in a short time, make a purse for the covering one or two of the Baths also, whereby the Waters would be rendered useful all the year, which by reason of the coldness of the ambient Air, and fear of injury thereby, and no other, are thought not so fit to be used in the Winter season, the Waters than being as effectual as in Summer.  
And this would be agreeable to the use and custom of most of the Baths in Europe which are covered, and thought by the best Physicians to be a means of keeping the Waters to an even Temper, being an equal defence against the wind and cold of the Winter, and the troublesome heat of the Sun in Summer; so that nothing external causing alteration supervening, the benefit of the Waters may be safely received from the first of January, to the last of December, which would be much for the relief of those infirm persons that require a longer stay than ordinary here, and by their so long absence from the Bath, do but wove Penelope's web, undoing in the Winter, what is done in Summer; whereas if they did in this manner, as we say, follow their blows, they probably would not only prevent a relapse, but set themselves in a way of perfect recovery with one resolution, without many come at several seasons, being many times not so well at their second coming, as they went away on their first season of bathing.  
For this use I think the Queen's Bath most convenient, both in regard it is but small, and also more especially for the conveniences of the Slips, and Houses about it, where it is almost no more than out of Bath, into Bed; and if well covered, and care taken in rising, may be as well as if a man made use of a Bath in his own house or Chamber where he lies. After which the Cross Bath may follow, if it be thought fit, the Kings, and Hot, being kept open still.  
But against this I foresee two Objections will be made. First, That it will be inconvenient in the Summer time to sit so close, if no offence doth arise from the steam. And, Secondly, That it will be injurious to the Lights about the Bath.  
To the first, I answer generally; That those persons that desire good, will think nothing an inconvenience that is in order to it, and those that come for pleasure may be somewhere else; yet that it may appear to be made out some other way, I suppose the increase of Heat, which sometimes that Bath wants, procured by keeping the Air out, and the steam in great measure in, (which yet will not be more than will well be endured) will make a sufficient recompense for this supposed molestation. And as for the Steam, a vent hole, or Tunnel at the top, will so discharge, that it may not be offensive or troublesome at all.  
As to the Lights, the Cross Bath will certainly inconvenience none, and the Queens may be so contrived, if made flat, as to do the same but if built more erect for gaining room below, there will be but a very little blind, or perhaps none at all, to the lower Windows on the Hart lodging side, which house, by reason of the accommodation of the Slip thereunto belonging, being, in all probability, likely to partake most of the profit, may contribute a little in this kind. But to avoid all exception, the Cover may be so made with shutters on a Timber frame, that it may be easily taken of if there be occasion, and as soon closed up again, if necessity shall require.  
One thing more I shall only add, which as a means to establish greater order and content, with submission to more political judgements, I here propose, That I conceive that the persons having dependence more immediately on the Bath, may be better paid by Salaries, than the Nunquam-satis-arbitrary way now on foot; That their number may be lessened, being by that reason, and (the consequent thereof) their necessity, only such as repined at now, and pray one upon another; and that two Sergeants, four able men to manage the Pumps, and cleanse the Baths, four Women to introduce and place the Females; with twelve Chair-men, may be sufficient. The Salaries to be paid them by the Officer in chief, collected by the Sergeant, and raised by a moderate demand by the Pole from the users of the Waters, according to their conditions, quality, and time of stay at the Bath, expressed in a Table for that purpose mentioned before; and if any other clamorous demands, uncivil deportment, neglect, or want of duty, should at any time hap in those Servants, upon complaint made, to be animadverted on, suspended, or discharged by the Authority under which they are. These things some may make light of, but the Prudent will consider.  
T. G.    

THE CONTENTS.  

CHAP. I THe Introduction, pag. 1  
Chap. II. The Opinion of a late Author concerning the Nature of the Baths of , pag. 6  
Chap. III. An Examination of some particulars in the former Chapter, p. 12  
Chap. iv Of Nitre in the Bathwater, p. 20  
Chap. V Of Sulphur in the Bathwater, p. 26  
Chap. VI Of Vitriol in the Bathwater, p. 33  
Chap. VII. A further proof and illustration of former particulars, p. 37  
Chap. VIII. A Letter formerly written to Sr. E. G. p. 42  
Chap. IX. Of the Antiquity of the Baths and City, p. 55  
Chap. X. Of the Roman Antiquities in , p. 66  
Chap. XI. Of the Abbey Church in , p. 76  
Chap. XII. Of the Baths of , p. 94  
Chap. XIII. Of the use of the Bathwater in Potion, p. 106  
Chap. XIV. Of the virtues of the Bathwater taken inwardly, p. 115  
Chap. XV. Of the Water of St. Vincents Rock near Bristol, p. 122  
Chap. XVI. Of Castle-Cary Water. p. 125  
A Century of Observations, p. 131  
The Lives and Character of the Physicians of , p. 163    

 illustrated map of Bath 
  
Places within the City observed by letters A St. mary's B High Street C Market House D St. Peter's E The Abbey F Abbey Gate G St. James H Sta●●les Street I Abbey lane K King's ●ath L Tennis Court M Sta●●les Church N Cheap Street O Corks lane P Vicarage lane Q Spuriers lane R The Timber green S St. Michaels T Westgate Street V St. John's Hospital W Cross  X Hot  Y Lazours  Z St. Katherine's hospital   inset on the map of Bath depicting the Kings Bath and the New Bath 
The form of King's Bath  
The form of the New Bath   inset on the map of Bath depicting the Cross Bath, the Hot Bath, and Lazours Bath 
The form of the Cross Bath  
The form of the Hot   
Lazours Bath    

A Discourse of , AND THE HOT WATERS There.  

CHAP. I The Introduction.  
HAving formerly, in the year 1668, annexed a brief discourse of  to one of Doctor Jorden's of Natural Baths and Mineral Waters, under the name of an Appendix concerning , by which and some other pains I had taken about the Treatise itself, I thought I had obliged (as was the opinion of most) not only the Relations of the deceased Author, but all his Friends and Wellwishers; but meeting, contrary to all expectation, with ●ude and unhandsome returns from an Impudent person, to whose Temper the modest Doctor was a great stranger, and of whose behaviour he would be much ashamed, were he now alive; who on his pretended relation hath repaid me with ill language, and foolishly threatened me with Trouble for my good william. Now to put an end to all disputes of this kind, I have thought fit to appeal to any understanding person, that hath his senses exercised, and his wits about him, (for all have not, and some have none at all) whether my Additions have been any impair to the Doctor's Reputation, whom I have treated with all the Civility imaginable; and for the Sale of the Book (a good argument of its acceptance) I believe there were not more sold in the Doctor's life time, of what he printed himself, than went of the first year of my Impression. But to silence all Cavils and silly Objections of this nature, I have discharged that Author, and published in this discourse my own thoughts and Observations, and how much different they are from his, or agreeable to Truth, may best be determined by the ingenious Reader.  
I did intent indeed, according to my Promise in the end of my Preface to the Edition of Dr. Jorden, to have amplified that small discourse into an History of ; but finding no encouragement since to that design, and many things that have made me altar my resolution, my intentions are to wave that, and apply myself, in some convenient time, to the Roman Court, where I shall have a fairer Trial, and more Justice done me. In the mean time, I hope this may in some measure stop the gap, and release me of my obligation to the Candid world; especially considering that the Antiquities of the Baths and City can hardly, I think, be improved higher, and the Mystery of the Sacred Waters of Minerva, is not to be profaned, which it wants little of if idly prostituted to vulgar Capacities; which, besides that they are incompetent Judges in other matters, are apt to put a sinister interpretation on those very things, that really are, and were so intended for their own advantage; neither had I published the Observations I now do in this language, had it not been on a more particular account.  
The ill Usages and great Indignities I have already met withal, from an ungrateful people, in the prosecution of my design of making further Inquiries into the Nature of those Waters, are not here to be mentioned; they are sufficiently known to be products of Envy and Malice, and as I have hitherto contemned what pitiful opposition could be made against me by the united strength of Envy, Pride, Beggary and Revenge; so I shall not surcease my Thoughts in due time of performing that which will be better esteemed by more Judicious persons, and tender me and my design most acceptable when best understood. It was a fit return of a grave Divine to a vainglorious opposer of his good Inclinations, Nec propter Te coepi, nec propter Te desinam. Thou, Satan, said he, hast nothing to do with my Concerns, for thou art at neither end of my design; and as I did not begin to do thee a kindness, so I will continued notwithstanding thy rage. Such unclean Spirits have no more to do with public affairs, than to interrupt the quiet of better than themselves; and are like a troublesome Cur on the Road, that doth little else, with a besom tail and a whiffling bark, than make a man well mounted look back, his horse kick, and so returns.  
It hath ever been the fate of New Discoveries to meet with Course entertainment at their first appearance; and whereas men are usually courteous and civilly demeaned to strange Persons, they treat strange Opinions and new Inventions at another rate. 'Tis the only Policy accounted to keep a balance among men, and if any one by a more than ordinary industry and God's blessing on it, hath made at any time a conquest in the Intellectual world, whereby 'tis thought he may get the start of his Neighbours, a rotten Cabal shall make head against him, and perhaps, use him with as much severity as a forceable Intruder on another's right; whereas the Secrets of Nature are free to all, and the Victor here enters not by Blood, and Rapine, and Tyrannical oppression, but in a way both innocent in itself, and advantageous to others.  
When I reflect on the hard measure the Renowned Dr. Harvey met withal from the pride and peevishness of some conceited Brethrens (who esteem nothing Currant but what bears their image and superscription, if not minted in their own brain) on his first demonstration of the Circulation to the World, I cannot but conclude, if I had no other instance for it, That neither Ingenuity, Learning, Modesty, nor any thing that is good and truly valuable can give protection from, though a sufficient antidote against, the poison of Envy; Envy, that spreading Ring-worm, that Vbiquitarian infection, that Canker of what is sound, and Rust of what is bright! to be found almost in all places, in Town and in Country, in the Shop and in the Street, in the Tavern and in the Alehouse; it hovers over all, and pitches where it can, till at last, if it hurt not others, it preys upon itself: 
Thou wicked Fiend! that ne'er didst good,  
But hast perversely it withstood,  
And ever will, till Time shall be  
Not more, or We  
Be rid of Thee.   
But to pass by things of this nature with that of the unconcerned Grecian to as abusive persons, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; or that of Tacitus, Convitia spreta exolescunt, the best answer being nothing at all; I shall rather choose to acquaint the Reader, That whereas I conceive, when I writ my Letter of Observations, that Bitumen and Sulphur were not primarily concerned in the Body of the Waters, and therefore no way observable in the Contents; by fresher Experiments and Observations of a later date, I am inclined to believe, that Sulphur is one ingredient in the Contents of the Waters, though not proportionable in quantity to the Salts, and lost in the bringing them to a better colour. For if two or three ounces of the Contents, which at first much resemble the courser sort of Sugar, be put into a Crucible in order to fusion, when the Crucible is read, and before the Salt doth run, there is the perfect colour and smell of Brimstone, insomuch that it may be sensibly discerned in any part of the room, and as the Salt draws nearer the state of Fusion, the Sulphur wastes and is diminished; so that as dross or Recrement it burns of in Calcination, and is no way concerned in the refined Salt, though one Ingredient in the Waters, and contained in their body.  
I shall further add, that I made a Lixivium of the Salt calcined before fusion, when probably the Sulphurous parts, or so reputed, were not all consumed, and observed so great a foetor in the Lixivium representing Sulphur so effectually to my smell, that it presently obtained the Testimony (if that be any thing) of that sense.   

CHAP. II. The Opinion of a late Author concerning the Nature of the Baths of .  

Joh. Mayow LL. D. & Med.  AND here I cannot but take notice of a Novel Writer, who Magisterially thus determines: Quod ad Nitrum & Sulphur attinet, quibus Thermas Bathonienses imbutas esse hactenus creditum est, eorum neutrum Aquis Thermarum istarum solutum esse arbitror: As to what concerns Nitre and Sulphur, with which the Baths of  have hitherto been thought to be impregnated, I suppose there is nothing of either of them dissolved in the Waters.  
A bold assertion! which had it been vented and believed but 50 years ago, would have prevented much trouble in evincing the contrary; but, since 'tis in fashion to be peremptory, I do assert, That both Nitre and Sulphur are to be found in all the Baths of , and that dissolved in, and mixed with, the Body of the Waters. In order to the Proof of which, I shall take some account of the forementioned Author's 15th. Chapter of his Tract of Sal-Nitre, the arguments he hath against it, and his opinion to the contrary.  
His words therefore, as well as I can translate them, are these:  
Among the most celebrated Baths, we may justly reckon those of , in which admirable Waters, a continual Vestal and sacred Fire is maintained, as if things of a most different nature were interleagued. Before I come to the manner how these Baths receive their Heat, it will not be improper if I make some enquiry into the Contents of these Waters.  
It is therefore manifest, that the Baths of  are impregnated with a certain Salt of an acid nature, for if any Sal alkali, or volatile Salt purely salined, be mixed with these Waters, a precipitation will ensue, and the Waters will become turbid, and of a milky nature.  
Moreover, The Bathe-water poured on boiling Milk, will coagulate it, as any other acid doth.  
Neither doth this acid Salt seem to be the only Salt of the , but is complicated with an Alkali; for if the Water be evaporated quite away, a certain Salt of a more fixed nature will be found in the bottom of the vessel, which, on the pouring of any acid on it, will ferment.  
Of the same nature also are the Mud and Sand of the , which are wrought up with the Springs; for any acid liquor being poured on them, an Ebullition will follow.  
There may be also observed in these Waters a Salt, or rather a Lime-Chalk kind of Earth, sticking to the bottom of the Gouts, or passages, almost in all places where the Water passeth.  
From what hath been said may be collected; That the Baths of  are impregnated with a certain acid saline Salt, and the Salt of the  seems not much unlike Tartar vitriolated, or Aluminous Salt.  
The Reason why these Salts destroy not one another, but each of them ferments with its contrary Salt; may be understood from what hath been delivered in the former Chapter: To wit; These Salts are so imperfect, that in Conjunction they cannot destroy one another. But more of these Salts, hereafter.  
As to Nitre and Sulphur, with which the Baths have hitherto been thought to participate, I suppose, That neither of them is dissolved in those Waters.  
That there is no Nitre in the Waters appears by this, That the Salts that remain after the Evaporation of the Bathe-water, put on a Coal, burn not, as Nitre doth. Although I shall not deny, that those immature Salts of an Alkali nature, (which are also contained in the Sand, and 
* If that be meant by Fimus in the Author, to express which, Lincus or Lutum had been more proper.  Mud of the ) being exposed sometime to the air, may, perhaps, by its influence be converted into Nitre.  
As to Sulphur, which hath been so much reported to be in all Baths, 'tis not, I believe, dissolved in these Waters. Because,  
If a Solution of Alom, Vitriol, or any other Salt, whether acid, or fixed, be mixed with the Water of the , Sulphur discovers not itself to be precipitated, either by a fetid smell, or any other sign; which notwithstanding in the Solution of Sulphur in the water of unslak't Lime, or made into a Lixivium, doth appear, where the Sulphur by the affusion of any acid Liquor is precipitated.  
I am not ignorant that the Water of these Baths, if Salt of Tartar, or a purely volatile Salt, be cast into it, will presently turn white, as is declared before; which colour proceeds not from Sulphur, but a stony, or Aluminous matter precipitated, not much unlike to what is observed in the Water of unslak't Lime, when any fixed Salt is mixed therewith; in which notwithstanding it is not to be supposed the Sulphur is dissolved; for if Sulphur be boiled in Water of unslak't Lime, the Water becomes white, not by the affusion of a fixed Salt, as before, but of an acid; so that fixed Salts may dissolve Sulphur, but not precipitate it. Wherhfore if Sulphur be contained in the Waters of the , they would be precipitated, not by a purely saline, as formerly, but an acid Salt, and the Sulphur so precipitated would discover itself by a fetid smell, which it doth not do.  
To which I add, That an acid Salt, or something Aluminous, doth seem to predominate in the Baths aforesaid, so that they become altogether unfit to dissolve the Sulphur.  
Moreover, If Common Sulphur be boiled in those Waters, they are never tinged with a yellow or Sulphurous colour, neither can Sulphur, by any means, be precipitated from the decoction, as I have often experimented.  
And therefore I much admire the famous Willis, in his Treatise of the heat of the Blood, should affirm, That Sulphur boiled in Bathe-water may be dissolved after the same manner, as if boiled in Water of unslak't Lime.  
Now if Sulphur seems to be dissolved in the Waters aforesaid, the occasion of the mistake, I suppose to be, That the decoction was made in a vessel, in which some fixed Salt had been decocted, so that the Solution of the Sulphur may be made by some particle of a fixed Salt, with which the vessel might be seasoned.  
Concerning the Baths of , 'Tis the common Opinion that Silver dipped into them is coloured yellow, in the same manner as if it were cast into a Solution of Sulphur, and hence it is supposed that the Baths have Sulphur in them; but experience evinceth the contrary; for Silver put into the Bathwater becomes not reddish, or yellow, but rather black.  
The mistake may seem to arise from this, That 'tis customary with the Bathe-Guids to tinge, and as it were gild over pieces of Silver with a Salino-Sulphurous Mud, or Dung, such as is often found in houses of Office, and put them of to Strangers, for a little profit, as if they were coloured with the Bathe-water.  
And here this is to be noted, That a kind of Bituminous Mud, with a small pittance of Common Sulphur, is brought up with the Springs, which only swims on the top, or else continues at the bottom, but never is dissolved in the Waters themselves.  
Neither is Sal Armoniac, as some imagine, to be found in these Waters; for if on the Solution of Sal Armoniac, Salt of Tartar be injected, the purely saline volatile Salt (of which Sal Armoniac in part doth consist) being at liberty from the acid Salt, to which it was formerly united, will presently fly of into the air, and will quickly be discovered by a pungent affecting the nostrils, which is never observed in the Bathe-waters.  
last; As to Vitriol, the Cross and Hot  seem to have none at all; for if Galls are beaten, and infused in these Waters, they neither turn purple nor black; which would certainly be, if these Waters had Vitriol in them.  
The King's  seems to have a little Vitriol in it; for if some beaten Galls are cast into that Water, it will have a light tincture of a black purple colour.  
'Tis also to be noted, That a certain 
* Minera, for Minerale, is corruptly, though Chemically, used here  Mineral of a Metallick nature, ariseth out of the Earth, with the Springs of the , which is easily turned into Vitriol. For if any acid liquor be affused on the Sand (which breaking out with the Springs, is found in the bottom of the ) it being corroded with an acid Menstruum, not without a remarkable effervescence, will in part be converted into Vitriol, just as it happens to the filings of Iron corroded with an acid liquor.  
For if that Sand of the  corroded with an acid liquor, be put into the Infusion of Galls, the liquor acquires an atropurpureous colour. Whereas if the Infusion of Galls be put on the Sand newly taken out of the , and not corroded with an acid liquor, it will, by no means, be of a purple colour; an apparent sign, that the Metallick Sand of the , unless corroded with an acid Menstruum, doth not turn to Vitriol.  
It is further observable; That the Sand of the  kept some time, and exposed to the open air, will of its own accord, be converted into Vitriol; for if that Sand be mixed with the Infusion of Galls, the Water will contract an atropurpureous appearance.  
Moreover, If it be laid on the Tongue, it hath a perfect Vitriolic taste; and no wonder, for the Nitro-aereous Spirit, after some time, closeth with the Metallick Mineral, and Salino-Sulphureous Marchasite, of which Vitriol useth to be made, mixed in the Sand, and causeth it to ferment, and at last, as was showed before, converts it into Vitriol, etc.   

CHAP. III. An Examination of some Particulars in the former Chapter.  
HOW far this Author hath ploughed with my Heifer, I leave to the consideration of those that have been any way acquainted with my design; and shall only here take notice, what Observations are agreeable with, or different from those I have often made with the greatest exactness, and repeated Trials, submitting all to the unbiast judgement of Indifferent persons.  
And first of all, I concur with him, that the Baths of  are in part impregnated with a certain Salt of an Acid nature; but why this acid Salt should be called Aluminous, I am not yet so fully resolved, as much on other accounts, so somewhat on this, That although an acid Spirit be in Alom, yet the most perceptible taste is either acerbe or austere; which being not observed in these Waters, I have so much reason to judge Alom not predominant, as asserted here.  
The Experiment he mentions of precipitation or alteration of the Waters to a milky colour, or almond Milk, we own to the Ingenuity of the Industrious Mr. Stubbe, who, though he had not the good hap to discover what was precipitated, yet gives it the general name of an insipid Magistery, 
Pl. ult. red. To a Nonpl. p. 135.  and is nothing else but Freestone finely wrought, and intimately mixed with the body of the Waters.  
If any blame me for calling it by so homely a name, I desire they would consider, that I had rather call it so than a Metallick Mineral, or a Salino-sulphureous Marchasite, supposing it more agreeable to all their apprehensions that will be concerned in things of this nature, and whom I would not have abused with hard names and uncouth expressions; the effect of Ostentation, or sanctuary of Ignorance.  
That this is Freestone appears by this, that 'tis insipid, gritty, scowrs, leaves a white colour like Chalk on the fingers after it, and is inclinable to an union into a stony consistence.  
That this is not Calx vive, or any lapis Calcarius that holds affinity with it, I am much induced to believe from this, 
See Obs. 83  That neither the Insipid magistery, nor the more gritty powder, being nothing different but in fineness and colour, will, either alone or together, open the body of Sulphur, which is usual with Calx vive, as I have fully experimented by decocting two parts of the powders with one of Sulphur in a proportionable quantity of Water, which gave the water very little alteration, and as little was precipitated. To make it further evident, I calcined a large Crucible of it with as strong a fire as could well be given, yet nothing quick or limy did appear, but dead and gritty ashes, which, mixed with water, neither made it white, nor created any disturbance. But more of this in what will follow.  
That the Bathwater will coagulate milk, I confess, but not as any other acid liquor doth; for this doth it sooner upon affusion, and makes a hard curd; that with the Bathwater, must boil again and that pretty smartly, else a soft white Curd, as commonly it is, will not appear.  
I also agreed with the forementioned Author in this, That there is a considerable quantity of an 
* Under this Notion, I take the liberty to understand Common Salt, or Sal Marine, consonant to the proper notation of the word: for the Salt of Kali or Glassewort is Marine, though used indifferently by the Chemists for the fixed Salt of any Vegetables, by Calcination.  Alkalizate Salt, mixed with some other Salt in the body of the waters, and apparently distinguishable by the taste, as well in a Lixivium made of the Contents of the waters, as in both the Courser part, the result of the Evaporation, and also the purer part, when made white and refined; and that this Alkali doth constitute good part of the Saline matter, with which the Baths are impregnated.  
For I am apt to believe, that great part of the acidity is breathed of in evaporation, either in the Bath or over the fire, or both ways together, in regard very little of that taste is perceptible in the Salt extracted, but the Saline is easily discovered. To the confirmation of which the acting also of acids on it may somewhat conduce, and the experience of many this Summer, who according to my directions have dissolved the Salt in the Bathwater to improve it, and have sensibly found an increase in the other taste, but little or nothing at all in acidity.  
Neither doth the Lixivium, though made very strong, nor the Oleum per deliquium dropped 20, 30, or 40 drops into a small proportion of water, tinge with Galls either purple or black.  
I may also urge as an Argument for the evaporation of Vitriol, the abundance of a yellow Ochre which ascends with the steam of the Bath, and is there chief to be found where the steam of the Water meets with any resistance, as I have noted elsewhere, which probably may be the Terra Vitrioli: And although 'tis not very easy to give the reason, why the Vitriol should not be as visible as the Ochre, or else make it more acid than we found it to be; yet if we conceive it to be in succo primitivo, aut Solutis principiis, and there per halitum, and so per transitum too, it may better be conceived to go of, and not imbody as the other Salts do. Yet that all the Acidity is not breathed of, will appear from this, That the Bathwater cold will coagulate Milk. And what is more, the same water distilled from a gallon to a pint, a fourth part of that pint will make a curd, when the distilled water in the Receiver will do nothing at all: Which may probably proceed either from something Vitrioline, or rather from the acidity of Sulphur, in regard the Salt made white, in which is nothing wanting but the Sulphur, will not coagulate, as the water doth; whereas the browner Salt before calcination, dissolved in Spring-water, william. So than, this Alkali is but one part of the fixed Salt, found in the bottom of the Vessel after evaporation ad siccitatem.  
For a further confirmation that an Alkali is contained in the waters, which, considering the Quantity that may continually be made evident both to light and taste, will scarcely be judged to need other demonstration. Yet 'tis observable, that the Cross-Bath having lately been kept drawn four or five days, the Saline matter not meeting with water sufficient for its dissolution, was driven up in substance from the Springs, and again reverberated by the ambient air, and incrustated on the tops of the stones that were above the water in the bottom of the Bath, which gave me some divertisement to behold, and, on examination, appeared much alkalizate both by taste and ignition; some pungency also I observed in it, which I rather judged to proceed from the acrimony of Nitre than Tartar, but the predominant taste was clearly alkalisate, which after the Nitrous parts were wasted, was lesle exceptionable in the remaining calx on the Iron after burning, in which the Alkalisate taste was most remarkable; not to mention its crepitation, and that some pungency also is observed in an Alkali itself.  
To make it further evident that this accretion did probably arise from the Minera, I believe, not far distant, and was not engendered or contracted from some floating particles in the air derived elsewhere, and there settling by way of Magnetism, as some may imagine; 'tis further remarkable, That neither the stones under water, nor, what is more material, any stone either of the Seats, or in the sides of the bottom of the Bath, remote from the water, had any Salt affixed to them, but only those, as I may so term it, that peeped out of the water, the tops of which only, as I said before, were incrustated. So that had a Magnetism any place here, the Salino-Nitrous particles must, I conceive, have lighted as well on the stones of the same nature hard by, as where they were, the reason of the thing being much the same. For a fuller Testimony of this, See Obs. 88  
I acknowledge also this, That a great Fermentation is produced by the affusion of Acids on the Sand and Mud of the Bath, (but do not tell you who first observed it) and a much lesle on the Scum; yet I must be excused in this, if I say, That I cannot conceive how this should arise from the action of Acids on a Saline matter, in regard it transcends my understanding to apprehended, how any Salt can possibly lie at the bottom of the Bath, either in the Sand or Mud, undissolved, and the waters not higher impregnated than we found they are.  
'Tis a trivial Observation, that what is dissolvable in any liquor, the pores of it will receive till it can hold not more; neither can I be yet persuaded, that there are just so many porosities in the Bathwater assigned for Vitriol, and the rest taken up with other Bodies, seeing the dissolution of Vitriol in the Bathwater afterwards, and the alteration in taste that happens thereupon, is sufficient to give me satisfaction to the contrary.  
But to speak a little more to this, because the Author insists so much upon it; If any Vitriol be contained in the Sand, 'tis no absurdity to conceive that warm water may dissolve it and fetch it out; now, if half a pint of warm water be poured on an ounce of Sand, with what agitation you shall think convenient, and thus let stand infused ten or twelve hours, the water than decanted, and the sand dried and weighed again, there will be little wanting in the weight, abating for the Ochre, which ariseth first to the top, through the body of the water, much like white Vitriol, afterwards precipitates and settles at the bottom on the Sand, and is hardly preserved in the decantation.  
The Ebullition therefore, on the affusion of acid liquors on the Sand, I conceive doth arise from somewhat not Saline (if Taste be the judge) of which I shall treat more at large by and by: So that the Sand and Salt are not further of the same nature, than as fermentation may arise upon different Commixtures. How this may be reconciled to the Experiment I sometime made, of making Ink with Bathwater and Galls, and the Sand of the Bath, with other things which might have been no small encouragement to this opinion, I shall have occasion in part to declare hereafter, but more when I found my Answer is required.  
As to the Salt, or rather, to use the new-made word, Calcineous kind of Earth, sticking to the bottom of the Gouts and passages, almost in all places where the water passeth, I was never yet so happy, though I have searched particularly to found any such thing. I confess I have heard it spoken, that five years ago, or thereabouts, there was a Gout out of order at the Cross-Bath, in the rectifying of which there was observed some such matter adhering to the Passage; but this, I suppose, was as much above the Civilians knowledge, as the Physicians, and whether a bore Tradition with some other uncertainties, to say not worse, be a sufficient foundation for this Hypothesis; That the Salt of the Bath doth much resemble a Vitriolated Tartar, or Aluminous Salt, I shall leave those to determine that know the meaning of this approved Sentence, Nullum simile est idem. And seeing that the Author chooses to call this adherent matter by the name of a Chalky kind of substance rather than a Salt, I think I may not be much mistaken if I imagine it to be Freestone; concerning which I can say not more, till I shall happily meet with the like accretion.  
That the Fermentation on the affusion of Acids on the Sand, ariseth chief from the acting of that liquor on Freestone in conjunction with some Testaceous particles, and not from any other Saline matter, seems evident from this; That whereas these parts with a blue Clay or Marle, Rubrica, Ochre, and Chrystal-pebbles, are clearly distinguishable by a Magnifying-glass in the Sand, when the a●i● liquor hath done its worst, and the difference between the Sand and it, is amicably composed, the remaining particles of Sand that will not ferment, are only some part of the Marl and Crystals; And this I call Arena castrata, because, by this means, the Sand loses its fermenting vigour, though the stones do remain.  
And whereas the Mud of the Bath, which seems chief to consist of this blue Clay or Marle, with something Sulphurous, will do the like; the Fermentation I conceive doth arise not so much, though something I confess, from the Earth itself, as the Testaceous particles with which it abounds, in which Earth nothing Saline can be discovered to which the ebullition may make any pretence.  
To this may be added; That the colour of the Acid liquor, after Saturation by the Sand, is altogether the same with what ariseth from the Freestone, both equally resembling the infusion of the filings of Steel; so that in this also there is an agreement.   

CHAP. IU. Of Nitre in the Bathwater.  
THat Nitre is contained in the Body of the Waters is evident from this, that it may, by art, be extracted thence; and I may as well suspect, and, if I please, believe, that I had not money in my pocket, when I took out some silver for a necessary use; as when I see Nitre taken out of the Bath, say it was never there.  
But the difficulty will be to prove the thing; now, I say, a Sceptic may doubt whether a Man be a Man, a Brute a Brute, or whether he makes use of his voice that asks the Question; but whether he be not the wiser man that takes these for granted, and not pragmatically contradicts the unanimous consent of Judicious Writers, is easy to determine.  
I confess it burns not as Common Salt-Peter doth, because it leaves a Calx behind it; but in that more resembles the Nitre of the Ancients, a pound of which being burnt will leave four ounces of Ashes: 
Jord. Nat. Bath. & Min. Wat. chap. 7. p. 53.  Salt-Peter will leave none.  
Neither doth it huff, nor melt altogether in a small quantity as Salt-Peter doth, on the account of an allay it receives from the mixture of another Salt of an Alkalisate taste with some bitterness withal, which remains on the Iron-plate after accension, and is little more than a fourth part of the Body; wherefore to deny the being of Nitre in the Salt, because 'tis not all so, is as absurd, to make a Linsey-woolsey Comparison, as to affirm, there is no Woollen in that sort of Vesture where Linen is; or to say, That a man that is both Lawyer and Physician, hath nothing of Physic, because he hath something of Law.  
But that Nitre is there, though not predominant, seems clear by the shooting in stirias, which is concluded to be the proper form of that Salt; and although Tartar, and perhaps some other Salts, may somewhat resemble it; yet the difference is easily perceptible by the sight, but more by the taste.  
And now I am discoursing of this matter, I conceive the Author did not hit the mark, because he did not make the Bathwater shoot, in that he only mentions, the Salts that remain after evaporation, which, he says, put on a Coal, burn not as Nitre doth. But the shootings so called, in a figure somewhat pyramidal, with many Columellae, or small pillars closely united, put on a red-hot Iron-plate, and so burnt, may altar the case, which I affirm to do, as I mentioned before.  
And, what is not a little considerable, on the burning of six ounces of the Crystals, in order to the Examination of the remaining Calx, the Nitrous parts of the shoots, being many in number, in a short time melted, and ran down both sides of the Iron-plate in a stream, consonant to Pliny's observation of Nitre, 
(Q)  which he affirms ingentibus rivulis profluxisse.  
To which I may add the bitter Taste apparently discoverable in the Salt, insomuch as to bring it within the verge of a suspicious appearance of a Sal amarum (if any such Salt there be distinct from Nitre) which bitterness hath been accounted proper to Nitre, and the waters impregnated therewith, 
De Therein. l. 5. c. 5.  of which the Laborious Ballius gives this Testimony; Differunt etiam Nitrosae Aquae à Salsiae, quòd amarorem Nitrosae sapiunt potius quam Salsuginem, & quo magis syncerum habent Nitrum eo sunt amariores. So that the bitter Calx mentioned before, seems, if any, to be the true Calx of Nitre, and no small argument of its sincerity, although this taste be not perceptible in the water, in regard the Nitre is much diluted, and though sufficient for the purpose, not in so great a proportion there.  
Also for a further satisfaction, if any Aluminous parts were contained in the Crystal shoots, I observed, That the six ounces mentioned before, after they had huffed, melted and ran upon the Iron-plate, were in little more than one minute reduced to somewhat lesle than two ounces of a dead white Calx; which being again dissolved, filtered and evaporated, gave me a plain Alkali with some remaining bitterness, which on the affusion of any acid would ferment, and being put to undergo the fire-ordeal Trial, would neither melt nor boil, but crackle and leap.  
To make a further Trial, whether what was bitter and suspiciously Nitrous might be separated from the Alkali; I dissolved and filtered the same Salt again, and evaporating it ad Cuticulam, it shot partly into a white hoary down, penetrating cooling, and bitter, distinct from the Alkali with which before it was mixed, and partly into an inspissated juice, which I judge to be the succus primitivus of Nitre, with the same qualities; both which put on the Plate did huff and melt as the former, leaving a small bitter Calx behind it, which, I believe, by frequent dissolutions, evaporations, and coagulations, would huff and melt all of, to the utter consumption of its whole body that way, I mean as far as Nitrous, the Alkali showing itself proportionable in the Calx, after every trial.  
And here I would not be mistaken, as if I pretended to that grand Arcanum, the discovery of the Nitre of the Ancients, for I am well assured, that the description of that is very much different from what I am now discoursing of, being acknowledged by Pliny, Dioscorides, and others, to be of a rosy colour, and almost purple, which they used sometimes to dye that colour with (though some white there was also) and came nearer to the nature of ordinary Salt, whereupon Dioscorides in his 85th. Chapter hath these words, Nitre, and the froth of Nitre (or Aphronitrum) have the same virtues as Salt, and are burnt like that; yet because some measures may be taken from that, for the better understanding of what is now under the test, I thought fit in that regard at present, only to make this bore mention of it.  
Neither can the contrary, I think, be evinced from the effects; for cooling, penetrating, and purging, are attributed to Nitre, and confessedly in the waters, the two former evident in allaying thirst, abating inflammations, and quickness of passage: the latter, as plain in its operation, for Nitre as well as Salt, is said both alvum laxare, and urinas ciere, and Baccius treating of nitrous waters, affirms, that they do vacuare, virtute Nitri, per alvum, & per urinas. The like may be said of the external effects by Bathing, which can no way prejudice the being of Nitre there.  
Besides, This way of arguing from the effects is but à posteriori, and lesle significant where there is matter of fact, which may be useful in the dark; but if it thwart with a plain experiment, must yield; for, Quid verba audiam, cum videam facta? And whoever shall undertake a business of this nature may consider, that the best judgement to be made of the effects, is from a constant observation of particulars on the place, which cannot be conceived to be so well done at a distance, but must require, besides some time, a good attendance, as well as practise here. But to return.  
These Stiriae, or Needles, I observed in the water of all the Baths, yet in a different shape and consistence; for the King's Bathwater after a full imbibition of the Salt dissolved, and a strong Lixivium thence procured, evaporated ad Cuticulam, and set in a cool place, shot from the inside of the evaporating Glass into its Cavity, into strong, and compacted Needles, with that strength, that it took some of the Common Salt with it, which appeared in the Nitrous shoots, something like the stars in a clear sky, but white, and in a Cubical form, in perfect squares, or Tessera's distinct from the body of the Nitrous shoots, with which the Nitre was studded, being impacted into it.  
The Cross Bath shot in smaller Needles, but longer and very thin, in great number, directly from the bottom of the glass, very close together, but distinct each from other, much like the Finnow, or hairy excrescence, that oftentimes ariseth from corrupted matter, which on the lest violence offered would break, and not endure any kind of resistance.  
The Hot Bath gave me more trouble to bring it to shoot, insomuch as being frustrated in two or three Experiments, I had almost concluded there was nothing Nitrous there, but the thing afterwards succeeding, I had on a small quantity of the Salt dissolved, and the Lixivium evaporated according to Art, five, or six single Stirias, bigger, 
 engraved figure 
Fig I   engraved figure 
Fig TWO   engraved figure 
Fig III   engraved figure 
Fig IV   engraved figure 
Fig V   engraved figure 
Fig IV   engraved figure 
Fig VI   engraved figure 
Fig VII   engraved figure 
Fig VI   and stronger, though not so long, as those I observed in the water of the Cross Bath, which gave me satisfaction as to that Bath also, in the particular thing of Nitre now under debate. Since which time on another Experiment, I had as firm and compacted Needles from the Hot Bath, as I had formerly from the King's, both which Baths shoot much alike, and different from the Cross.  
I shall not lay any great stress on these observations, in relation to the difference between the three Baths mentioned before, in regard it must be a business of greater experience, and more exact observation of many Circumstances, to state that affair as it aught to be, and is, in good part done in the Miscellaneous Observations hereunto annexed; only this use I may safely make of them, to confirm what I had before asserted, That there is Nitre dissolved in the Water of all the Baths of . And if this be not the thing that hath hitherto been described under that name, by the most approved Writers, I presume we may afterwards take it for a Chimerical notion, that hath no foundation in any work of Nature, but owes its subsistence to a fantastical brain.  
To this may be further added; That the Liquamen, or oleum per deliquium, being closely stopped, and but heated by the fire, presently, as soon as cold, concretes into a Nitrous form; so that we need not call in the secret, and invisible assistance of the external air, to make a Metamorphosis almost as strange as those mentioned by the Poet, when we have clear, and unalterable principles of Nature, and innate propensities, and disposition in matter itself, with a divine impression, that will serve the turn.  
In the rear of these Philosophical Arguments, I shall offer one (supernumerary) Grammatical, which is this; That the Salt I call Nitrous, either in the Sun, or by Candle-light, shines and sparkles very much, consonant to the Notation of the word Nitrum, which probably, may not be so much a Graecian, as the great Etymologist would have it, and derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its scouring, and absterging nature; as a Latinist, and so called à Nitendo; because it gives a greater lustre than any other Salt doth.   

CHAP. V Of Sulphur in the Bath water.  
AS to Sulphur, the next thing to be insisted on, as contained in the Waters, I conceive that many that have endeavoured to avoid Charybdis, have fallen into Scylla, and because the ancient Authors have asserted that Sulphur was undoubtedly concerned in all Baths, they will affirm there is none in any; but whoever builds a fabric on this foundation, and certainly concludes, that Sulphur is not in the Bath-waters, because it cannot be discovered by precipitation, I would have forbear a positive determination on a negative experiment, till I see Vitriol precipitated in substance from the King's Bathwater, which is acknowledged to be there. And if I cannot light on an apt precipitater, which every way opposeth the particles to be so discovered, and have some other reasons to incline me to the contrary, I should not be so fond of my own conceit, as to be prevailed upon by a comparative instance of unslak't Lime, to wipe my own Nose, and put out my Eyes, which as far as they can, assure me to the contrary.  
I shall refer the Reader to what is mentioned before concerning the Colour and Smell, in calcining the Contents of the Bathwater in general, and till I shall meet with something that will both burn blue, and give a fetid smell, that is not Sulphur, I shall so esteem that, till ascertained of the contrary.  
I may further add, That the Sulphur is probably incorporated with the Salt, as appears by its passing with it into the Lixivium, and through papers in filtration, and not discoverable but by a strong fire, by which the body of the Salt is opened, and a solution of the Continuum made, in order to fusion; so that if you do not precipitate both, you can precipitate neither, unless a separation of the Sulphur from the Salt be made, which, I presume, is not easy to be done, without the help of fire, by which the Sulphur is consumed: so that the comparative instance of unslak't Lime is little to the purpose; where the Sulphur is separated, decocted, and precipitated; here not so, being not apart, but residing in a Saline-Sulphureous Salt, a piece of whose Body, as we now have it, it seems to be.  
Moreover, Whereas he collects from the Bath-waters not ringing Silver yellow, but rather black, that there is no Sulphur contained in the same; I may retort, and that very justly, this as an argument to assert it. For the proper colour that Sulphur dissolved gives to Silver is not so much yellow as black, as may be easily discerned by putting any piece of Silver, but a very little while, into the decoction of Sulphur made in the water of unslak't Lime, which gives as near the colour of the Silver I have caused to lie some time near the Springs of the Bath, as may be, so that the difference is not discernible; not to mention that some yellowness is observed on the Silver tinged by the Bath.  
Neither am I fully satisfied that the only, or indeed the best, precipitator of Sulphur is an acid; for on the decoction of that Mineral in the water of quick Lime (the Lixivium, though with much Sulphur, not succeeding) and very sudden change, on the affusion of Spirit of Vitriol, into a milky, and much whiter Consistence, the Liquor afterwards settled, and precipitated not as Sulphur, but Limestone; so that the Sulphur, although it gave a greater fetid smell, yet was not so apparently precipitated, as by Oil of Tartar in another glass, which gave the Sulphur in proper colour precipitated, without a permanent lacteous opacity. Whereupon I made this observation, as to the present experiment, That although acids do not precipitate of this lapideous matter alone, yet if in the embraces a strong sulphurous commixture, they will, and the Limestone is most properly precipitated by an acid, if Sulphur be decocted with it; whereas the Body of Sulphur, decocted as before, is best precipitated by a fixed Salt, the Sulphur appearing without whiteness, in its own garb, though not so fetid as on the affusion of an acid.  
It may be also noted that S. Closseus, in his preparation of Lac Sulphuris, in which the body of Sulphur is opened with Calx Vive, directs the Sulphur to be precipitated with Urine.  
The occasion of this mistake (seeing he pretends to give the reason of another, concerning an experiment of a like nature) I conceive to be, That the white matter precipitated on the affusion of any acid, was, without much examination, reputed wholly sulphurous, as appears from these words; For if Sulphur be boiled in the water of unslak't Lime, the water becomes white, not by the affusion of a fixed Salt, as before, but of an acid: so that fixed Salts may dissolve Sulphur but not precipitate it. Whereas the whiteness ariseth much from the mixture of the Limestone, as appears by the open confession of what is precipitated, if standing some time, filtered, and brought to the test by fire, where the Limestone is discovered, the Sulphur being rather disturbed than precipitated by the acid liquor, which makes it give a greater fetor, but never kindly precipitates; the other precipitation with oil of Tartar, which here, contrary to its wont course, joins with the Limestone, which it usually precipitates, and opposeth the Sulphur, is very apparent, and sulphurous beyond contradiction.  
I am not ignorant, that in the preparation of Lac Sulphuris mentioned before, Sulphur also is precipitated by an acid, but that fixed Salts should dissolve Sulphur, but not precipitate it, is what I said I was not so fully satisfied in. Not to mention that the matter precipitated by a fixed Salt is white on the first affusion, though the whiteness be not so permanent, the Sulphur in a short time precipitating in proper colour.  
Besides, If Sulphur be boiled in the Bathwater, and doth not tinge it with a yellow colour, I presume, it cannot thence be argued that there is no Brimstone there, for the colour of the water in which Sulphur is dissolved, is not so much yellow as Lixiviate, or reddish; and therefore Schroder gives this direction for the making that preparation of Sulphur mentioned before, that after the Sulphur and Tartar are mixed, they aught to boil, donec fere omne Sulphur solutum sit, liquorque rubeus appareat; though some addition I confess it may have from the Tartar. Yet Closseus, in his way of making that preparation where there is no Salt of Tartar, but, instead of that quicklime, which gives no such tincture of itself, hath this Note; Coque, donec partes tres aquae sint consumptae, ruboremque contraxerit instar sanguinis, ex Sulphure dissoluto.  
I therefore think it no ill advice here, that they that are so much concerned to give the reason of the mistakes of others, would a little mind to rectify their own, and not be an Argus abroad, but a Mole at home.  
I do also acknowledge, that I believe that the white Magistery or inpalpable Powder, precipitated from the Bathwater on the affusion of Salt of Tartar, or any other analogous, or agreeable Salt, is not Sulphurous, much lesle Aluminous; but rather Stony, of a lapideous substance, the result of an intimate Commixture, with the body of the Waters, which may have no small influence on their fermentation, as may hereafter be more fully considered.  
And as to what reflects on that famous Practitioner, the Ingenious and Learned Dr. Willis, I shall, at present, say not more than this, That observing one so pedantickly dressed up in his own clotheses, he aught not to be affrighted with his own shape; only this may be further noted, That whereas Dr. Willis had desired of me the exacter trial of that Experiment of decocting Sulphur and Antimony in the Bathwater, I well remember I returned him something of both that was precipitated after a double filtration, and the decoction performed in a Vessel altogether free from the season of any fixed Salt.  
Yet I must acknowledge, that what was precipitated was very inconsiderable to what was decocted, and not so much as to make much alteration in the colour of the water; which may deserve their consideration wh● affirm, a Lime-Chalk Stone, or Lapis calcarius, to be contained in the Waters, and yet deny them to dissolve Sulphur, and again affirm, that Sulphur is dissolved in the water of Lime.  
The same alteration of the water into a turbid milky appearance, and the precipitation by oil of Tartar, of an insipid powder, mentioned before, was also observed in the Spa at Scarborough, and Sulphur-Well at Knaresbrough, by William Simpson Doctor in Physic, as appears from several places in his Hydrologia Chymica, and Hydrological Essays, which he there asserts to be Aluminous, and page 118. of the latter Treatise saith; By the addition of Oil of Tartar this Sulphur-water turns white, and that because it is impregnated with a small quantity of a Simple natural Alom Salt. How far Alom is concerned in that water, I shall not here dispute, but leave it to the Learned Dr. Witty, whose concern it is: only thus much I can say, that the like Phaenomenon appearing in these waters, what is thus precipitated here is not Aluminous, as hath been acknowledged by many eminent Physicians, who have seen some quantity of the precipitated powder; and was particularly noted by the ever Honoured Sir Charles Scarbrough, this Summer, here.  
But to prevent any misunderstanding, I must acknowledge that this assertion stands on this foundation, That the white powder precipitated by oil of Tartar from the Waters, is the same with the finer sort of what I had, in greater quantities precipitated spontaneously per decubitum, on the evaporation of many Hogsheads of the Water, and is now to be seen, though not altogether so white nor fine, having undergone many alterations, which being decocted in Spring-water, the water filtered will precipitate with oil of Tartar, as the Bathwater doth; yet if any one shall think fit to deem this Saline, and perhaps, Aluminous; he aught to consider, how any Salt can so soon be devested of the essential property of what is saline, as to be rendered perfectly insipid, when saline at first: though I do not absolutely deny, but that we may attribute, though somewhat Catachrestically, the name of Salt, to something not saline, communicating with it in some other of its properties.  
I know very well that Alom dissolved in Spring-water, the Water filtered and the Salt precipitated with oil of Tartar, will be impaired much in its saline taste; yet so much of the sowrness, and stipticity will remain, as will be sufficient to discover its nature.   

CHAP. VI Of Vitriol in the Bathwater.  
TO pass by the Reason of the Common Artifice of ting Silver at the Bath, what concerns the Scum, and Sal Armoniac, as of no great moment; Vitriol is, by Him, denied to be in the Cross and Hot Bath, because Galls beaten and infused in these Waters, will never turn them purple nor black, which is confessed would certainly be, if these Waters had Vitriol in them.  
How true this is, a slight Experiment will soon evince, and if the Author had ever made trial, his Galls or Sight, must be worse than mine, if a purple colour did not appear.  
To which may be added the Experience and Testimony of my Honoured and Learned Friends Sir Edward Greaves, and Dr. Nat. Highmore, who have both made trial, and found the Waters turn. With the former of whom I lately further observed, that when we had been sufficiently satisfied in the turning colour of the Hot Bath Pump-water, with lesle than half a pint of Water and but two grains of Galls, and had thrown away the Water and Galls, in order to the trial of something else, more of the same Water, though much cooler than when brought at first, being poured into the same glass, turned colour also, receiving a brisk light purple, from the remaining particles of the former infusion about the glass, though nothing of the Galls did appear at all.  
'Tis also confirmed by this, That whereas the Leaves of Oak make little or no alteration in the Water of the King's Bath, the Chips, or inner Bark of the same make rather a better purple in the Water of all the Baths, than the Galls; only the King's Bath tingeth deeper than the other two, as in all Experiments of this nature, it appears to do. The like also will hap on the Seeds of Sumach contused and infused, but with Pomegranate Flowers most apparently, so that the Water of any of the Baths affused hot on that, will presently turn purple; though the colour doth not keep so long in strength, as that which ariseth from the Oaken Chips.  
These things considered, I conceive it no injury to the King's Bath to allow it a little Vitriol, though manifestly derogatory to the other two to deny it, since they make their claim by the same evidence, and that Judge will hardly free himself from the censure of injustice and partiality, that will not hear a poor man's Tale, but suffers an honest Cause that hath weak lungs and a weaker purse to be lost, on the louder clamours of more importunate addresses.  
The truth of this Experiment being thus far called in question, I am the more afraid of the certainty of some others; for I remember an old Story of Mr. Thief in the University, that was want to be very busy in some Booksellers Shops, and entered in the Shop-Book under that name, whoever therefore was taken in the fact but one time, was obliged to quit the whole score, on this account, That he that was really convicted once, might commit the same thing five, ten, or twenty times before, and therefore he the man from whom all was required.  
The Metallick Mineral, so called, hath nothing Metallick contained in it; and if this be so easily, by the air, converted into Vitriol, 'tis very strange we have not yet had any Houses of Vitriol, which surely have endured the air long enough to experience a Transmutation.  
As for the Sand breaking out with the Springs in which Vitriol is supposed to lie undissolved, as was mentioned before, if there were no better arguments for Vitriol than this, I shall not stick to say, that he that depends on this, builds at best but on a sandy foundation.  
That the purple colour appearing from the mixture of the Sand of the Bath, with the infusion of Galls, may not arise from the tincture of Vitriol, seems more than probable by this Experiment. I have formerly declared, that the Sand of the Bath may be so far corroded with an acid Menstruum, as not to ferment any longer, but lie quiet in the bottom of the glass without any motion at all; now, this Sand on the affusion of Common Water gave an excellent purple, when 'tis not likely that any thing saline should remain, after so many washings and reaffusions, as are requisite to reduce the Sand to that condition. Moreover 'tis considerable, the infusion was not acid, nor any way altered from its common taste. But this Experiment I made but once, and had not an opportunity of repeating it again.  
'Tis likewise more observable, That after some hours standing, a purple floccous matter did spontaneously precipitate, upon which there being a clear separation, the Water returned to its pristine colour, and the floccous matter subsided in the bottom of the glass, which being filtered per Chartam, and examined, was perfectly insipid, and not at all Vitrioline.  
Besides, On the Calcination of half a pound of the Sand, when the Crucible was as read and the Sand as hot as usually it is when the Salts do run, the Sand poured out glowing hot, nothing saline was observed to concrete among it, which it would certainly do, if any fusible Salt were there, as in other Calcinations it appears to do.  
I therefore rather judge it to proceed from an insipid but astringent Ochre, such as is mentioned by Fallopius, 
De Met. & Foss. c. 35. de Ochra.  which lying some time in the open air, becomes more sour than when taken out of the Bath, which may occasion the difference between the Sand newly taken, and that which is kept some time; the Ochre itself infused making the liquor much blacker after some standing, as is more fully declared in the following Chapter.   

CHAP. VII. Containing a farther Proof and Illustration of the former particulars.  
TO make this a little clearer; 'Tis an easy Experiment to power warm water on the Sand, in what proportion you please, which if kept some time will altar the water in which it is infused, into a yellowish or amber colour: when the water is impregnated very well, mix some of this with the infusion of Galls, and presently an atropurpureous colour will appear, in which if you infuse white paper but a very little while, you will quickly be satisfied what colour it will tinge. Now, if this infusion be permitted to cool, the Ochre will precipitate, leaving the water somewhat yellower than in itself it is, to which it also communicates a harsh taste, and at last settles on the top of the Sand, from which it may be separated by decantation. The contrary happens to the Sand newly taken, in which the Ochre clogged with too much moisture cannot show itself, as when older, and more dry. So that I see no reason or necessity, from this Phaenomenon, to assert the existence of Vitriol in the Sand of the Bath, otherwise than as it hath relation to this astringent Ochre, which I do believe receives this ting property by the impression of Vitriol, this being in all probability, as is noted elsewhere, the Terra Vitrioli, or Earth, in which the Vitriol is contained before exhalation; as I conceive, the Marl or Mud is the bed of Sulphur, or the Terra, to which that Mineral doth more nearly adhere.  
And that 'tis this yellow matter that occasions the alteration, may be further evident from this; That after the first decanting, if the Ochre be poured all of, and warm water affused on the Sand again, and that infusion mixed with the infusion of Galls, no change of colour will ensue. To which may be added, that the Ochre itself kept some time, and infused in the decoction of Galls, will, after lying a pretty while, turn that Liquor into a much blacker appearance.  
I shall end this dispute with the observation of one, 
D. Simpson  who affirms, That Artificial Alom will not with Galls strike a purple colour, but the Natural Alom with its inbred Ochre, will; ascribing more to the Ochre than the Alom. So that this may be the end of that Controversy about Alom and Galls tinging Water purple, That Alom, as Alom, doth not tinge, but as in conjunction with this inbred Ochre, or as Vitrioline; for between Vitriol and Alom there are many resemblances, and a worthy Author hath observed, 
Jord. Nat. Bath. chap. 7. p. 52.  that the Basis of Vitriol is Alom, both these being much alike, but that Vitriol hath a garb from Copper or Iron, which in the Ochre gives the ting quality, the Alom, as distinct from Vitriol, contributing nothing at all.  
If any shall affirm this Ochre to be Vitrioline, I have not denied it, having formerly supposed it might be Terra Vitrioli; but what I here question is, whether any Vitrioline saline body, different from the Ochre, be contained in the Sand, or can lie undissolved there.  
'Tis very remarkable what is said, That if the Sand of the Bath, impregnated with an acid Liquor, be put into the infusion of Galls, the Liquor acquires an atropurpureous colour; and no wonder, since the acid Liquor may do much alone, as may be seen in the mixture of Vinegar, with the decoction or infusion of Galls, which supplying in some measure the place of Vitriol, by a kind of analogy inclines the infusion to an inky complexion.  
And as for the Metallick Mineral contained in the Sand, which on the affusion and corrosion of an acid Menstruum, will in part be converted into Vitriol, I have said before that 'tis nothing else but a Common Freestone, a Mineral, I confess, but how far Metallick, I leave to the judgement of the men of that Art.  
For a partial satisfaction in this thing; if the sharpest Vinegar be poured on the Sand in one glass, and on Freestone in another, the same fermentation will appear for the present, and the same bluish colour of the infusion afterwards upon Corrosion; so that it much resembles the colour and smell of the saturated Liquor, on the affusion of Vinegar on the filings of Iron. But whether this be a sufficient argument to dub it Metallick, I shall be better satisfied, when I am convinced of this, That Truth hath never suffered by mere Resemblances.  
But that it may appear that I desire to proceed in this Affair with all ingenuity and freedom from animosity, unless what will seem necessary to discover truth; I shall here recite a Passage out of Dr. witty's Answer to Hydrologia Chymica, leaving how far it may be applicable to the saline Stiria's mentioned before, to the judicious Reader and further observation.  
The Candid Doctor, pag. 63. among other Preparations out of the Minerals of the Spa at Scarbrough, made by Mr. Sam. Johnston, a Physician at Beverly, and by him communicated to the Doctor, m●kes mention of an Essential Salt, which Mr. Johnston calls Anomalous, or sui generis, as differing much from the factitious or natural kinds of Alom, Vitriol, or Nitre, though in some properties it agreed with each of them.  
The Reason of this Scruple, he adds, is this, which Paracelsus hath clearly made out, That here they are not corporally, but 
* I suppose, the Doctor doth not mean, that what is percolated hath no body or substance, but only that 'tis more refined.  percolated, not perfect in their several kinds, but in suo primitivo, not single, but all mixed together, which as yet I could never attain to separate. And therefore this Salt is nothing so acid as Vitriol, nor styptic as Alom, nor inflammable as Nitre, notwithstanding it doth shoot in Stirias. I'll only add this, That they are all here, though in fractis, imminutis, & debilitatis viribus, and the virtues of the Waters to be judged from them all.  
To which I shall only subjoin this Remark, That the Nitre, undoubtedly here, being allayed with the mixture of some other Salts, could not be expected to do altogether as sincere Nitre doth, and the best way, I conceive, to discover the distinct natures in this Compositum, had been to have attempted a separation by frequent Calcinations, Dissolutions, and Coagulations, which, if done, I much admire the several Salts did not appear in proper form, as they did in the anomalous Salt of these Waters, subjected to the same way of trial: and than I somewhat question, whether Alom would have deserved so much favour, as the Doctor's good nature hath allowed it here.  
I shall forbear, at present, to trace this Author or follow his tract any further, as also to examine his Opinion, concerning the Cause of the Heat of the Bath-waters, till my Treatise, in the same language he hath written in, be presented to the World; only thus much I shall say now, That I conceive an Hypothesis founded, though not on a subterranean ●ire, yet on things under ground, may probably give more satisfaction than some airy notions, considering especially, that nothing external to the Body of the Earth, can in reason be supposed capable of reaching these Waters, but rather somewhat included in its own Bowels, which may be near at hand, of an active, even, and durable nature; when, to say not more, nothing is more variable than the air, nor unconstant than rain.  
I shall also distinguish the whole bulk of what relates to the Body of the Waters, into things Saline, and non-Saline: the former I shall endeavour to evince to be Nitre, Common Salt, and Vitriol; the latter, to be partly unctuous, as Bitumen and Sulphur; partly gritty, as Freestone; and partly earthy, as Marle and Ochre. I shall likewise examine what pretences Alom can make, and further discourse of the difference between that and Vitriol: and lastly, inquire into the competition of Lapis Calcarius with Freestone; so that the Bathwater will have relation to, or comprehend in its largest extent, eight distinct Substances, at lest according to my Observations, which will be the business, God willing, of the first Book of my Treatise De Thermis Bathoniensibus, viz. de Aquarum Principiis, una cum earundem appendiculis, nimirum, Arena, sive Sabulo, Luto, & supernatante uligine, sive Spumâ. The second Book shall treat De Aquarum Calore. The third De usu Thermarum; ubi de modo Balneandi; de Aquarum potatione; de Antliatione jam in usu loco dulciae, aut Stillicidii Veterum; de usu Luti, etc. The fourth and last Book, I intent, shall be De Aquarum Virtutibus, & Nocumentis, observationibus quibusdam rarioribus, quantum res ipsa patitur confirmatis: Which Emoluments and Inconveniences shall be both evidently deduced from the precedent Principles, the one recommended, the other provided against. But this will require some time; for I am willing to prevent that fault in myself, which I found in another, and would not have it justly said of me, Canis festinans coecos parit Catulos.   

CHAP. VIII. Being a Letter formerly written to Sir Edward Greaves.  
I Know you (as well as other Ingenious and Inquisitive Persons) are somewhat concerned, and desirous to understand, what Success my late Inquiries have had into one of the Grand Mysteries of Nature, I mean, the BATHS of this City: considering especially that you were pleased the last Summer to afford me the Honour of your Company and particular Acquaintance, and to express a more than ordinary desire of my proceeding in this Thing.  
Concerning which I must tell you, That as I have not been wanting, either to Pains or Pay, in my Proceed hitherto; so I have had the good Hap (which hath been my Encouragement) to meet with many considerable Discoveries. And though the main Body of the Matter collected touching this Affair, be not yet ripe for the Launcet, but will require a longer time to digest; yet some Observations I shall now communicate, which will give a little satisfaction to an earnest desire, and make, in some measure, appear that we have been lame and defective hitherto in a rational Account and true Understanding of the Nature of these Waters.  
It hath been indeed the ill fortune of these Baths, (which I may truly say are as good if not better than any Baths in the world) to lie a long time in obscurity, and not so much as to be mentioned among the Baths of Europe by any foreign Writer, till about the Year 1570. when that Excellent Person Sir Edward Carne, sent Ambassador by Queen Elizabeth to Pope Julius the Third, and Paul the Fourth, made some Relation of them to that famous Writer Andreas Baccius, than at Rome, and writing his elaborate Book de Thermis, into which he hath inserted them, upon his Relation, Lib. 4. Cap. 13. (though somewhat improperly) among Sulphurous Baths.  
About the same time also one John Jones, an honest Cambro-Britan, frequenting the Baths for Practice, composed a little Treatise of them, which he calls Baths Aid, in which are some things not contemptible, though in a plain Country dress, and which might satisfy and gratify the Appetite of those times, which fed more hearty and healthily too, on good Beef and Bag-Pudding, than we do now upon Kickshaws and Haut-gusts; yet nothing of the true Nature is there discovered, only, as almost in all former Writers of Baths, chief Catholic, a strong Stench of Sulphur, and a great ado about a Subterranean Fire, a fit resemblance of Hell, at lest of Purgatory.  
Our Countryman Dr. William Turner, I confess, was more particularly concerned to give a better account, than I found is done in his Discourse of English, Germane, and Italian Baths: And whether want of opportunity, or any other impediment was in cause, I know not; but I found that at this stay they stood till the Famous Dr. Jorden took Pen in Hand, about the Year 1630. To whom I thought fit to make some Additions, at my first entrance on this Place, some five Years since. And although that Learned and Candid Physician had chief and more especially an intent to enlarge the Knowledge of our Baths in , (as he declares to my Lord Cottington, in his Dedicatory Epistle) and hath performed more than any Man before him, yet what was first in Intention, was last in Execution; and how small a part of that Treatise is spent upon this Subject, how short he is in some Material Points, and what Objections may be framed against his Opinion, I may sometime or other, with due Respect, more largely treat of; and for the present shall here, with good Sem and Japhet, cast a Garment over the Nakedness of this my Father.  
What hath been done since (except in some particular pieces of other Tracts, to the Authors of which the Baths are also indebted for their kindness and good will) is not worth the mentioning. The old say true, Little Dogs must piss, and what is writ upon an Alebench claims the greater affinity to the Pipe and the Candle; especially if the best Wine at the Feast (which is usually kept till last) be but a silly Story of Tom Coriat, and an old Taunton Ballad new vampt, abusing the dead Ghosts of Lud, Hudibras and Bladud, with a Nonsensico-Pragmatical, Anticruzado-Orientado-Rhodomontado-Untruth-Le Grand, which we Westerly Moderns, call a GROTELYE, into the Bargain. A pretty Artifice in Rhetoric, to cry a thing up, and besmear, and shed plentifully on the Founder Ordure, both Human and Belluine.  

Road Caper, vitem, 
N. B.  tamen hic cúm stabis ad arras  
In tua quod fundi cornua possit, erit.   

Goat, Bark the Vine; yet juice enough will rise  
To drench thy Head, when made a Sacrifice.   
I have Industriously omitted Dr. Johnson, Dr. Venner, and some others, in regard it would be improper here to Writ more Historically. I shall therefore now let you know not so much what hath been done by others, as what further discoveries have been made by my endeavours, assisted by the careful Pains of Mr. Henry Moor an expert Apothecary and Chemist of this City.  
And here at first I cannot but take notice how that opinion hath so much prevailed as to be accounted Orthodox, and not only received by Tradition as certain, but Printed as such, that the Body of the Waters is so jejune and empty, as to afford little or nothing at all whereby to make a discovery of its Nature, and that what impregnates the Baths is not Substantially, Materially or Corporally there, but potentially, virtually and formally, or to use the Author's own words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
Carolus Claromont de Aer. Aq. & Loc. T. A. pag. 32.  with much more canting after this manner, in a small discourse in Latin written by an Itinerant Exotic; when as a slight operation will soon evince it, though white and transparent of itself, being taken immediately from the Pump, to contain a considerable quantity of a Dusky, Gritty, and Saline Matter, with many transparent Particles intermixed with it, to the proportion, (as near as I can calculate) of two drams to a gallon of the Water. And this I can ascertain, having had several ounces of it done in Earth, Iron, Bell-metal, and Glass, and have at this time three or four ounces by me, untouched, beside what I have made use of in other Experiments.  
But the thing I shall more Peculiarly insist on, at this present, is, That by God's blessing on my Industrious Search, I suppose I have lighted on the main Constituent of the Virtues of the Bath, in which chief resides what benefit can be expected from the use of these Waters, and lodgeth in a Saline substance, in a very small proportion to the Body of the Waters; so that as they are now, not much more than forty grains is contained in a Gallon, insomuch that this little Soul, as I may so term it, is almost lost in so Gigantic a Body, and cannot animate it with that vigour and activity as may be rationally expected, were a greater quantity of the Salt contained in a lesle proportion of the Water. The Remainder, which is not Saline, being, as I judge, two Parts of Three of the Bulk of the contents, is partly Whitish, Gritty, and of a Lapideous Nature, concreting of itself, into a stony consistence not easily dissolvable; partly more Light, and Dirty, resembling Clay, or Marle, and discovers itself by an apparent separation from the Saline and Gritty part mentioned before.  
Now the chief Virtue of the Bath, as I conceive, consisting in the Salts, which appear by undeniable Experiments, to be Nitrous, and I believe Vitrioline (Bitumen and Sulphur being not Primarily, as these Salts, but Secondarily concerned) and not small proportion of other things blended with it, the best way to make it most serviceable I conceived to be, to free it from those encumbrances and allays it hath from the other Ingredients, and prepare it as exactly as may be performed by Art, for the benefit of those especially who are willing to Drink the Waters with greater success in a lesser quantity; which they may now do, and have more of the virtue of the Waters in a quart, three pints, or a pottle, than they formerly had in two or three Gallons, did they drink so much; which will be, besides other Conveniencies, a great relief to the Stomach, which certainly must be relaxed, and the Tone of it injured by that vast quantity of Water which is usually taken, diluting its ferment overmuch, and distending its Membranes beyond all the bounds of a reasonable Capacity.  
Besides, What is separated only by an artificial Extraction will better unite again, and mix with the Waters, as much more familiar, than the extraneous Salts of Sal Prunella, Cream of Tartar, etc. which are usually dissolved and drunk with the Waters; so that a great part of the Operation may be ascribed to that; and the Waters being, as we say, between two Stools, that of itself, and the dissolvent in it, hath not attained to that degree of Reputation as they have deserved, and may be procured with much more advantage, if nothing but the same be spent upon the same, a way of Improvement altogether equally beneficial to Fluids and Solids, to the wet as to the dry.  
Again, Whereas it is a custom here as in all other places of the like Nature, when Persons are not willing, or have not conveniences to come to the Fountain Head, to sand for the Waters to the places of their Residence, not thinking it much material whether Mahomet go to the Mountain, or the Mountain come to him, whereby the Virtue of the Waters is much impaired, if not stopped and sealed up with very great care; this defect may in good part be supplied by the addition of a Quantity of the same Ingredients, which may repair the loss that hath been sustained by Evaporation in the Carriage, or other way of damage, and restore it again, as near as may be, to its pristine Virtue, and genuine advantage. Not to mention, that if need require, and the poorer sort cannot procure or pay the Fraight for the Waters, they may take a shorter course, by mixing the Salt, which they may have at reasonable Rates, with Spring-Water, brought to a proportionable degree of heat at home, and expect more advantage, for aught I know, than those that drink the Waters themselves at so great a distance.  
And because I am now fallen on this Subject, I shall crave leave to remind you of what you well enough understand already, that not only Dulcius but Vtilius ex ipso Fonte, etc. and Waters especially impregnated with volatile Spirits, such as most acid are, and peculiarly Vitrioline, to avoid the inconvenience and expense, not so much of Money as Virtue, in the Carriage, must be drank on the place where they are, which, in some kind resembling Children, that must live by sucking, if once removed from their Mother, or Nurse, by degrees dwindle away, and at last die.  
It is observable in these Waters, that with four Grains of Galls injected into a Pint Glass of Water, or the Water poured on it, it immediately turns of a purple Colour, which in short time after, as the Water cools, abates much of its vividity, and becomes more faint: if the Waters be suffered to cool, and be quite cold before the Galls are injected, but little alteration happens upon a much greater proportion of Galls superadded, and (what is more remarkable) if the Water, which is permitted to cool, be recruited by the Fire, and the same Trial reiterated, it offers no greater satisfaction in change of Colour, than the second Experiment. Consonant to what Andreas Baccius hath formerly observed, who in his second Book de Thermis, Cap. 10. Pag. 69. hath these words, Nulla Balnei Aqua, eodem cum successu ac laude bibitur longe exportata, quo ad fontem proprium; maxima enim parte ex ipso fonte haustae ac delatae, amittunt omnem virtutem; multae non servantur per hyemem, dilutae pluviis; & quae utcunque servantur delatae à propriis fonticulis, fieri non potest, quin amittant, cum calore suo Minerali, vivificos illos Spiritus in quibus omnis Juvamenti vis consistit, quae semel amissa, nullo postea extrinseco calore restituitur. Quod est valde notandum.  
I have been the more particular in this, in regard it is a very useful and practical Discovery, and may procure more real advantage to Mankind, than the vain and unattainable attempts of the Philosopher's Stone, making Glass malleable, and the Quadrature of a Circle.  
Some other Observations I shall also mention, of a lesle magnitude, and more contracted circumference, as the dying of the Bath-guides skins, the Bathers' Linen, and the Stones in the bottom of the Bath, of a yellow colour, and the eating out of the Iron Rings of the Bath, the Iron Bars of the Windows about the Bath, and any Iron infused in it; insomuch as I have now by me a Gad of Iron by accident taken up among the Stones of the Kings-Bath, so much eaten out, and digested by the Ostrich stomach of these Waters, that, the sweetness extracted, what remains resembles very much a Hony-comb, a deep perforation in many places being attempted, and the whole Gad itself reduced to a thing very much like a Sponge.  
The first, viz. the Tincture I have discovered to arise from an Ochre, with which the Bath abounds, and hath afforded me a considerable quantity, so that now I have near a pound by me, and with an infusion of that in warm water, tinge Stones as exactly of the Bath colour, that they are not discernible one from another. It is further observable, that the nearer the place of ebullition, where the Springs arise, the deeper and finer is the Yellow colour, so that in some places, about the Cross in the King's Bath, and at the head of the great Spring, at the South-west corner thereof, it is almost made a natural paint, being laboured together by the working of the Springs, and a continual succession of new Matter coming on, free from those impurities it contracts in other places, which make it distinguishable into two or three sorts, according to its mixtures with, or freedom from, more adulterating Matter. The Clouts also and Woollen Rags, which the Guides use to stop the Gouts withal, besides the Walls, Slip-doors and Posts, when the Bath is kept in a considerable time, as in the Winter season it useth to be, are all very much tinged with this yellow substance, and if at any time they chance to lie unwashed or not thrown away, they sand out so ungrateful a scent, that a man had rather smell to a Carnation, Rose, Violet, or a Pomander, than be within the wind of so  a smell, it being the greatest policy to get the Weather-gage in this encounter. The same thing I have experienced in Vessels at home, where after it had stood some time in a common infusion of warm water, I have the same reverence for that as Pictures, and do aver it to be true, E Longinquo reverentia major.  
One thing more is to be noted before I leave this particular, that although so much of this yellow Matter is continually bred, with which the neighbouring Ground is sufficiently replenished, as I have found by digging in some places not far distant, yet nothing of that colour is discovered in the Contents, a probable argument it either evaporates, to which I am more inclined, in regard I found it much more copious where the Steam of the Bath meets with any resistance, or else it may be, which is lesle probable, turns colour by the fire in evaporation that way; lesle probable, I say, because for further satisfaction, I have decocted the Ochre more than once, and found rather that it gets than loses in its colour.  
The Reason of this I conceive to be, That this Ochre being probably, as I have elsewhere discoursed, the vehicle of Vitriol, on its separation from it in the open air, precipitates to the bottom, and tinges the stones with a yellow colour, leaving the body of the waters through which it passes much unconcerned; which may be one reason, why the Water of the open Bath tingeth not with Galls, as I have observed, like that from the Pumps, though the avolation of Spirits may not perhaps be altogether ridiculous, considering especially, that the water from the Pump when cold, will loose its ting property, though nothing be observed to be precipitated. And that some of this yellow matter is contained in the water, though with some difficulty observed, doth appear from the fifty second Observation.  
The greenish colour ariseth from another cause, which I conceive may be the effect either of the Salt or Vitriol, or both, the former making that colour in meats long in salt, and the latter, if from green Copperas, may easily be understood.  
The eating out of the Iron I conceive must proceed from something Corrosive, and till any one can assure me 'tis something else, I shall judge it to be Vitriol, though the Salt also may contribute not a little. And that it may appear not to be caused by the bore steam, as Rust is bred upon Pot-hooks and Cotterels, besides the difficulty to conceive how the steam should operate under water, as in the case of the Gad before mentioned, I made a Lixivium of the contents of the Water, and in it infused Iron but a very small time, and found it to do the same as in the Bath itself, considering the time of infusion; and the very Knives and Spatules I put in to stir some residence in the bottom, were almost as soon as dry, crusted over and defended with a rusty coat.  
I have other Arguments I suppose will contribute something more to the confirmation of this opinion; as that with the help of the Sand of the Bath, with Water and Galls, I made good writing Ink, which in a short time comes to be very legible; but the infusion of the Contents in Common water, or the Lixivium thereof, with an addition of an inconsiderable proportion of the decoction of Galls makes it tolerably legible on the first commixture, only the first, viz. that made with Sand, casting an eye of decayed read from a mixture of Ochre contained in the same. Neither is it altogether to be slighted, that the Water itself hath been heretofore used by the best writing Masters for the making of Ink, who observing by their experience, that Ink made with Bathwater, and the other usual Ingredients, had a better colour, and was more lasting than any other, preferred this Water before any other for this use, as I have been informed by some credible persons. Also having not long since occasion to pour warm water on the Contents of the Bath, in order to the making a Lixivium, some of the water happened by an accident to fall on a Bazil skin I sometimes use, and immediately turned the Read into a Black more than the breadth of an ordinary hand, with as much facility as any Curriers Liquor. Alum I know will do the like, but I found no necessity to assert that, which had it any thing to do here, must make the Water much rougher, whiter and sourer, than I found it to be. To which I may add, that many judicious persons, my Patients, and some intelligent and eminent Physicians also have assured me, that they have perfectly discerned by the taste a mixture of Vitriol, and that I need not doubt, but that was one principal Ingredient. 'Tis also not very inconsiderable, that the Bathwater alone will coagulate Milk, though not after the usual way of making a Posset; for after the Milk and Water are put together, it must boil pretty smartly, else the Curd will not rise. I may likewise subjoin as a further probability, that on the relenting of the Salt extracted into an Oil per deliquium, there is a very sharp Styptic and Vitrioline taste perceived in the gross deliquium, as also in the clear Oil, and the Salt itself; not to mention its shooting into glebes, of which I have some small assurances by trials I have made, not yet sufficiently satisfactory, and therefore I dismiss this part for the present, with the greatest probability, till a further inquiry shall make me positive.  
But as to Nitre, there can be no question made about that I suppose; for besides the quick, acrimonious, cooling, and nauseous taste, most apparently discoverable both in the infused contents, the Salt and Oil (the latter of which, viz. the nauseous Taste, I take more particular notice o●, in regard it is most predominant, and assigned by Fallopius to Nitre, and the Waters impregnated with it, which, he says, sometimes do subvertere stomachum, & facere nauseam, de Therm. Aq. & Met. cap. 9 besides, I say, these probable conjectures) what will set it beyond all contradiction, is, that it hath the true Characteristic of Nitre, and shoots in Needles, of which I have now lately shot above twenty Stiriae.  
I the rather mention this, in regard it hath been my good hap to bring this thing to perfection and autoptical Demonstration, which hath been in vain attempted by some industrious persons; not that I am, in the lest, willing to arrogate to myself, or derogate from them, more than what is fitting, but to confirm this truth, that there are some Mollia tempora fandi; some opportunities, when Nature will give willing audience, without much ceremony or ado, confessing more by fair persuasions, than racks and torments, and greater importunity. And that we aught to be very cautious how we affirm a thing not to be, upon the failure of a single, or some repeated Experiments.  
In fine, Jest I should too much exceed the bounds of a Letter, what concerns the cause of the Heat of the Waters, I say little of here, only tell you, that when I shall come to discourse of that Subject, of which I intent, God willing, a large Disquisition in another Language, I believe I shall found myself obliged not so much to depend on a subterranean Fire, as to expect greater satisfaction from another Hypothesis.  
Many more Experiments I have made upon the Sand, Scum and Mud of the Bath, with some Observations drawn from the Natura Loci, or Ground hereabouts; but, I fear, I have been too tedious already, and therefore, without further ceremony, shall release you out of this Purgatory, with the Subscription of,  
Honoured Sir, Your most Faithful, etc.   

CHAP. IX. Of the Antiquity of the Baths and City.  
AND now it may be expected I should say something concerning the Antiquity of the Baths and City, which I the rather do here, in regard since my writing any thing of this kind heretofore, in many Particulars I have met with better information.  
Not to mention any thing of Bladud, and the British Histories, as at best, uncertain, 
Gul. Malm.  I shall first take notice of the Opinion of those that ascribe their discovery to Julius Caesar, fifty years, or thereabouts, before Christ, which the Learned Antiquary Mr. Cambden thinks not so probable, 
Br. p 234.  because Selinus, who lived in the time of Titus Vespasian, 130 years after, and 83 (rather 81) years after Christ, was the first of the Romans that made mention of them. But if it be uncertain when So inus lived, and most likely after the year three hundred, as my Judicious friend, 
Dr. Will: Lloyd.  the Reverend and Learned Dean of Bangor hath observed, than the Antiquity reaches not so high.  
To which may be added most assuredly, That Julius Caesar came not so far up into the Land: For whatever some Poets and Poetical Historians that lived a thousand years after him, may deliver, certain it is that J. Caesar made not so great a Conquest here as they made for him; whence Tacitus writes, That he discovered only, not delivered unto the Romans, Britain. His words in the life of Julius Agricola are these; Primus omnium D. Julius cum exercitu Britanniam ingressus, quanquam prospera pugna terruerit incolas, ac littore potitus sit, potest videri ostendisse posteris, non tradidisse. Horace also calls the Britain, before Augustus, Untouched; 


Lib. Epod. Od. 7.  Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet  
Sacra Catenatus via.   

Nor yet, Th'unconquered Britain to convey  
Captived, in Chains, down Sacred way.   And Cambden saith, That 'tis so far from being true what Paterculus reports, Bis penetrata Britannia à Caesare, That Caesar passed twice through Britain, or twice a great way into Britain, which is all can well be understood by those words of that Historian, that he scarce made entry into it. For many years after this Entrance of Caesar, the Inhabitants of this Island were left to the free government of their own Kings, and used their own Laws.  

Twin. Comm. p. 146, 147.  Another Learned Antiquary treating of Caesar's Conquest here, is of opinion that it extended no farther than Kent, some part of Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex and Essex, and perhaps, as the Learned Dr. Lloyd hath further noted, 
De Bell. Gall. lib. 5.  into the edge of Berks, Oxford and Bucks; for he mentions the Bibroci and Anealites, which Cambden with good probability places there. The words of Twine are these; Mihi quidem videtur universum Cantium, Sussexiae vicina loca, & Suthreiam, quae Regni nomine, itemque Middlesexiam & Essexiam, qui hodiè à Doctorum vulgo, Trinobantum appellatione intelliguntur, legionibus suis invasisse; nec, si ad plures penetrasset, aut in gratiam recepisset, puto praeterire silentio valuisse. Reliqui vero populi manus quidem dederunt, quorum tamen regiones nunquam à Caesare conspectae sunt. To me, indeed, it seemeth probable, that Julius Caesar, with the Soldiers under his Command, conquered all Kent, the neighbouring parts of Sussex and Surrey, called by the name of Regnum, also Middlesex and Essex, which the Learned call Trinobants; neither do I believe but that if he had conquered or made peace with more, he would have mentioned them: Some other Inhabitants nearest to danger yielded, whose Country Ca sar never saw.  
The Saxon names of Bathancester, Hat Bathan, and Akmanchester, are of later date, the Saxons not arriving here till the time of Theodosius the younger, about the year of Christ, according to the most probable account of Venerable Bede, 449. 
Hist. Eccl. l. 1. c. 15.  Nay the later name of Akmanchester was not given till some few years after the year of Christ 577; when from a mean condition, to which this City was than reduced by War, it again recovered strength and great dignity, and from the great concourse of Diseased people that came for Cure, was called Akmanchester, or, The City of Sickly folks.  
Anno 575, saith the Saxon Chronicle, the City of , as also Gloucester and Cicester, were taken by Cuthwin and Ceaulin the Saxons from the Britain's, after the slaughter of three British Kings, Commail, Condidan, and Farinmail, that year in a battle at Deorham.  
Neither can their Antiquity be much more advanced by the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or Hot waters in Ptolemy, who flourished about Anno Christi 161, being also the first year of the Reign of the Emperor Antoninus; Aquae Solis, or Waters of the Sun of Antonine, or Badiza of Stephanus, who lived Anno Dom. 540. But what may seem to some of greater consequence are the British Names of Your Ennaint Twymin, as Cambden hath it, or rather Caer Ennaint, the City of Ointment, from the Diseased people that came hither for relief, Ennaint in Welsh signifying Vnguentum: 
H. Lloyd. F●agm. descr. B●it p. 16.  or else, Caer yn nant Twymin, the City in the warm Vale; whence Bristol was anciently called, Caer Dorr yn nant Badon, the City Oder in the Vale of . Caer Baddon, or Bathon; and Caer Paladdur, the City of Pallas, or Minerva's Water; especially since Solinus affirms Minerva to have been the Patroness of these Baths, if of them he writes, as most probable, in these words, Chap. 25, where speaking of Britain, he saith, In quo spatio magna & multa flumina sunt, fontesque calidi opiparo exculpti apparatu ad usus mortalium: quibus fontibus praesul est Minervae numen in cujus aede perpetui ignes nunquam canescunt in favillas, sed ubi ignis tabuit, vertitur in globos saxeos; i e. In which space are many great Rivers, and Hot springs, very curiously adorned and kept for men's use, the Patroness of which is the Goddess Minerva, in whose Temple perpetual fires never turn to ashes, but when the heat is over, become round lumps of stone. There being also a Tradition here, that there was formerly a Temple dedicated to Minerva, where the Church of St. Peter and Paul, commonly called the Abbey-Church, now stands. I say, if Solinus writes of them, because the Baths of Buckstones in Darbyshire are likewise in Britain, and were formerly much frequented.  
I know very well that Mons Palader was a name amongst the Britan's for Shaftsbury, 
Mr. Tho. Wilkins, Prebend of Llandaffe.  Paladr in that Language signifying a Shaft; but Ponticus Virunnius, who lived 1500 years since Christ, corruptly calls it Paladur; Rudhudibras condidit oppidum Montis Paladur quod nunc Sefronia dicitur; and therefore gave occasion to some inconsiderate persons to confounded it with : Now although any one that knows a Mountain from a Plain may see the difference, yet I must be so impertinent here as to say, That I see no reason to the contrary but that Palladdur may be two words, and rendered Minerva's Water; Dwr being the word for Water in Welsh, and Mons Palader, Paladr, or Baladr, as it should be written, and Caer Palladdur, to be two distinct places; the former Shaftsbury, the latter : However if Cambden be mistaken, and myself also following his Authority, we are both under the correction of those that have better converse with the British Writers.  
I shall only add, That Ptolemy reckons Therma and Ischalis as Cities of the Belgae, whereof Ischalis, now Ilchester, he places in 16 degrees 40 minutes of Longitude; 53 degrees 30 minutes of Latitude; and the other City Therma, or , in 17 degrees 20 minutes of Longitude, and 53 degrees 40 minutes of Latitude.  
Antoninus' his Itinerary hath Aquae Solis in the way between Venta Silurum, now Caer Guent, and Verlucio, now Warminster: from Venta to the ferry over Severn, called Trajectum, he makes six miles; from that Ferry to Aquae Solis eighteen miles; and from Aquae Solis to Verlucio sixteen miles. This may serve to prove, that Therma in Ptolemy, and Aquae Solis in Antonine, were meant of .  
Let this than suffice for the Antiquity of the Waters, That we have a Tradition, and the Authority too of some suspected Writers, that the Baths were discovered eight hundred and odd years before Christ: That not long after Christ, we have undoubted mention made of them in credible Authors, and that doubtless they were known, and made use of too, long before any Author writ of them: So that to trace their Original, is to unravel the Creation, and to make enquiry for their commencement, little different than to seek after the Head of Nile.  
To give but a taste of the Philosophy of the Times, but little more than two hundred years ago, in reference to these Waters, I shall mention a part of the Rhyming History of Unfortunate Princes, composed by John Boccace, who lived about A. D. 1450, and translated by Dan. Lidgate, where fol. 31, Bladud speaks thus: 

I  
Some say I made the Wholesome Baths at Bath,  
And made therefore two burning Tuns of Brass,  
And other twain seven kinds of Salts, that have  
In them enclosed; but these be made of Glass;  
With Sulphur filled, Wildfire emixt there was.  
And in four Wells those Tuns so placed heat, for ay  
The Water springeth up before it pass away.   

II.  
Which Waters heat, and cleansing perfect power,  
With vapours of the Sulphur salts and fire,  
Hath virtue great to heal, and cleanse, and scour  
The bathed Sores therein that health desire.  
If of the Virtues more thou dost require  
To know, I will recite what old Experience tells  
In Causes cold, the noble Virtues of those Wells.   

III.  
The Baths to soften Sinews Virtue have,  
And also for to cleanse and scour the skin;  
From Morphews white and black to heal and save;  
The bodies freckled, faint, are bathed therein,  
Scabs, Lepry, sores are old, and festered in  
The Scurf, Botch, Itch, Gout, Pox, swelled Joints and humours fell,  
The Milt and Liver hard it heals, and Palsy well.   

iv  
I must confess, by learned skill I found  
These Native Wells whence springs that help for men.  
But well thou know'st, there runs from under ground  
Springs, sweet, salt, cold and hot, even now as than,  
From Rock, Salt Peter, Alom, Gravel, Fen,  
From Sulphur, Iron, Led, Gold, Silver, Brass and Tin,  
Each fountain takes the force of vein it coucheth in.   

V  
Than whoso knows by Nature's work in these  
Of Metals or of Ours the force to heal,  
May sooner give his Judgement in disease  
For curing by the Bath; and surer deal  
With sickly people of the Public weal:  
And also found of Fountain's salt, or hot, or cold,  
And for to heal by them the sick with honour be bold.   

VI  
The City eke of  I founded there,  
Renowned far by reason of the Wells:  
And many Monuments that ancient were,  
I placed there, Thou know'st the story tells, etc.    
What probability the Philosophical part of this Poetry may carry concerning the seven kinds of Salts enclosed in four Tuns, and things relating thereunto, may be concluded much from what is Historical, and mentioned in the last place, concerning the Monuments, which cannot possibly pretend to that Antiquity, being not in the lest British, but purely Roman, as is made appear in the following Chapter; This therefore is to be taken as a fancy, and so let it go.  
Alexander Necham, somewhat above 400 years ago, wrote these Verses on the Baths.  
Bathoniae Thermis vix praefero Virgilianas'  
Confecto prosunt Balnea nostra Seni;  
Prosunt attritis, collisis, invalidisque  
Et quorum morbis frigida Causa subest.  
Praevenit humanum stabilis natura laborem,  
Servit Naturae legibus Artis opus.  
Igne suo succensa quibus data Balnea fervent  
Aenea subter aquas Vasa latere putant.  
Errorem figmenta solent inducere passim,  
Sed quid? Sulphureum novimus esse locum.  
Which I thus made English: 
Baths Baines with Virgil's I compare,  
Useful for ancient folk they are,  
Bruised, weak, consumed, as well as old,  
And in all griefs whose source is cold.  
Nature man's Labour doth prevent,  
And Art again serves her Intent.  
There's fire under ground some say  
That thus makes Baths great Pots to play.  
Fancy doth often Error breed,  
But what? from Brimstone these proceed.   
As to the City, it is not, I think, to be doubted, but that the Baths were before that, and gave name to it, sick people making small Cottages first for their Conveniences, which were afterwards improved into fairer Buildings. Constat Latinum nomen huic Civitati ab Antiquis inditum, Aquae Calidae ex his Balneis, saith Andr. Baccius, if the Testimony of a Stranger may be admitted; It is certain the City was called Aquae Calidae, from the Baths. The Statues also of Coil a Britti h King, and Edgar a Saxon, who are said, how truly I know not, to have given Charters to this City, placed at the end of the Town-Hall, or Council-House, are arguments of its Antiquity, although perhaps they might be Patrons that were chosen by the Monks.  
That Edgar was Crowned at  above 700 years ago,  being than called an Old Borough, with great Solemnity, on Whitsunday, appears from these words of the Saxon Chronicle, written by one that than lived, and writ his History but three years after his Coronation. Anno 973. May 11. being Whitsunday, Edgar was Consecrated King with great glory, in that Old Borough Akemannesceastre, which by another name they call Bathon, there was great joy to all men on that Blessed Day, which they call Pentecost; there was a great Assembly of Priests and Monks, and the Wise met there in Council.  
Edgar had lived 29 years full of trouble and misery, when this came to pass, and in his 30th. year was Consecrated.  
Anno 520. or 71 years after their arrival here out of Germany, the English Saxons besieged this City, with whom K. Arthur fought a great Battle on Mons Badonicus, now called Bannesdown, and slew so many of them, that they had little heart to make any further attempt for a considerable time, but left it to the quiet possession of the Britain's. Yet Ninnius writeth, that the 12th. of K. Arthur's Battles against the Saxons, was at the Hill or Town of , where many a one was slain by his force and might. The Saxons than had besieged , K. Arthur raised their Siege, and after besieged them on Mons Badonicus, 
Dr. Lloyd.  where he took their Camp, made a great slaughter of them, and than kept his Christmas in . This was the year that Gildas was born, and thereupon was called Badonicus ever after.  
Anno 676. Osbrich founded here a Nunnery, and not long after Offa K. of Mercia built a Church, both which in the time of the Danish Wars were demolished. Out of the Ruins of these two arose the Church of St. Peter, in which Edgar was Crowned. But more of the Church in its place.  
Anno 775. the year in which Offa is said to have began this Church, he fought with Kinewulf K. of the Westsaxons at Bensington near Oxford, overcame him, and took Bensington. This Offa is said to have spent much of his time at ; Iste Offa (saith the Author of Brutus abbreviatus) multum morabatur Bathoniae. 
MS.  He began his Reign Anno 755. reigned 39 years, and died Anno 794.  
In the Time of Edward the Confessor  flourished exceedingly, 
Doomsday Book.  the King having there 64 Burghers, and 30 Burghers of others, the City paying Tribute according to 20 Hides, which amounts to about 30 yard Land.  

Cambden. Br. p. 234.  In the Reign of William Rufus, Robert Mowbray Nephew to the Bishop of Constance sacked and burnt it.  
The Industrious Mr. Pryn in his 
* P. 298.  Brevia Parliamentaria rediviva, and 
† P. 299.  4th. part of a brief Register of Parliamentary Writs, hath given an account of Citizens returned to serve in Parliament for this City, ever since the 26th. year of K. Ed. 1. about A. D. 1298. or 377 years since.  
In  are three Hospitals, itself, indeed, being but one great one, St. Johns, Bellots, and the Bimburies', otherwise called St. Katherine's, besides a Free-School erected in the Time of Ed. 6.  
The Hospital of St. John's was founded A. D. 1174. by Reginald Fitz-Joceline, a Lombard, 
Godwin Cat. p. 364  Bishop of  and Wells, and afterwards translated to Canterbury, but, before he was possessed of his new honour, died, and was buried at . It was valued at the yearly Rent of 22 l. 19 s. 6 d. since which time its revenues are much increased, to the great advantage of him that hath it, and no lesle profit and reputation to the City, with the perpetual entailment of God's everlasting curse and blast, on the treacherous head and posterity of him, that is notoriously known to have been the Author of this mischief. He gave it this name from St. John's in the Savoy, where he was Consecrated Bishop, after his return from beyond Sea, by Richard Archbishop of Canterbury.  
Bellots Hospital was built by Thomas Bellot Esq; one of the Executors of the Lord Cecil, in the Time of K. James, of whom we shall treat more largely in the Chapter of the Church, to which he was an especial Benefactor.  
As for the Bimburies', I can learn not more concerning it than this, That it was but lt by seven Sisters, who left this Hospital behind them as a monument to Posterity, both of their Charity and Name.   

CHAP. X. Of the Roman Antiquities in .  
BUT the greatest Argument of Antiquity the Place affords, I suppose to be the Roman Coins found in or near it, with the Inscriptions and Images in the Town or Borough Walls, the latter of which, to wit, the Inscriptions and Images, Mr. Cambden took notice of, and inserted into his Britannia.  
To begin with the Roman Coins: The first I shall mention is that of Vespasian, made 1600 years since, this Emperor's Reign beginning A. D. 71. with this Circumscription on the Face-side: IMP. CAES. VESPASIAN. P. F. AUG. Imperator Caesar Vespasianus, Pius, Felix, Augustus. The Reverse; PIETAS AUGUSTI, with an Image between S. C. signifying Senatus Consultum. This is of Brass, and Communicated by Mr. John Parker of , where it was also found.  
The second is of Trajan, made A. D. 101. the year this Emperor was 5th. time Consul; read thus: IMP. TRAIANO. AUG. GER. DAC. P. M. T R. P. Imperatori Trajano Augusto, Germanico, Dacico, Pontifici Maximo, Tribunitiae potestate. Reverse; COS. V P. P. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINC. Consuli quintò, Patri patriae Senatus Populusque Romanus optimo Principi. This is Silver, and was found at Wrigleton five miles of of , and given by Mr. Hugh Ivy, Rector there.  
A third is of Carausius, who usurped Empire in Britain Anno Christi 285. reigned seven years, was slain by Alectus who usurped after him, and was himself killed by Asclepiodotus praefectus Praetorio Anno 295. The Circumscription thus: IMP. C. CARAUSIUS P. F. AUG. Imperator, Caesar Carausius, Pius, Foelix, Augustus. On the other side PAX. AUG. Pax Augusti. And underneath an Image M. L X X. denoting Miles, or Milites Legionis vicesimae. A Soldier, or the Soldiers of the 20th. Legion, with B. E. on both sides of the Image signifying Britannicus Exercitus. 
* If M●. X X. as it rather seems, it may denote Miles, or Militia vicesima,   
The fourth is of Constantine the younger, made Caesar together with Licinius and Crispus in March, Anno Christi 316. with these Letters round the Head: CONSTANTINUS JUN. NOB. C. Constantinus Junior Nobilissimus Caesar. The Reverse a Palace, and PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. Providentiae Caesarum. It is the Palace in which he lived at Triers, expressed in the Letters underneath P. T R E. that is, Pecunia Treviris.  
The fifth of Alex. Sever. A. D. 224. with this Inscription: IMP. C. M. AUR. SEV. ALEXAND. AUG. Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus. The Reverse; P. M. T. R. P. II. COS. P. P. Pontifex Maximus, Tribunitia potestate Secundo Consul, pater patriae. These three are Brass, and were found in , and given by Mr. Parker.  
The sixth is a Coin of Constantius made Anno Christi 357. in May, when he kept his Vicenalia, as appears by Votis XXX. Votis triginta, Multis XXXX. Multis quadraginta, within a Wreath. On the Reverse; The Coin stamped at Constantinople, as is evident from the Letters P. CON. signifying Pecunia Constantinopoli. On the Face-side DN. CONSTANTIUS P. F. AUG. Dominus Constantius Pius, Felix, Augustus. This is Silver, and was found in Glocestershire, not far hence, and given by Mr. Edward Barnard, a skilful Bonesetter at Tedbury in that County.  
The seventh is a Brass piece of Valentinian the Second, who Reigned A. D. 375, with this Inscription on the face-side DN. VALENTINIANUS P. F. AUG, Dominus Valentinianus Pius Foelix Augustus. The Reverse, Victory holding a Palm-branch in the left hand, and offering a Garland with the right; the Motto, SECURITAS REIPUBLICAE, and P. CON. Pecunia Constantinopoli, underneath.  
The eighth is a Brass Coin of Constantine the Great, about the year of Christ 307, with this Inscription CONSTANTINO CAES. Constantino Caesari. Reverse, Victory with a Spear and Shield, only these letters under P. TRE. Pecunia Treviris. These two were the gift of that Worthy Gentleman John Harington Esquire, Grandson to the Ingenious and Noble Sr. John Harington (of whom more in the Chapter of the Church) and were found in his own grounds at Kelston, three miles distant West of .  
These are all the Coins I have met with yet of any value, among many others of none at all.  
The Inscriptions and Images next succeed; and the first I take notice of is the nearest to the North-gate, being a Memorial of a Roman Senator, of the Colony of Gloucester, 
Cambd. Br. p. 3●0.  a City built by the Romans, who also placed there a Colony called Colonia Glevum. The Inscription thus:  
DEC. COLONAE GLEU. VIX ✚ AN. LXXXVIII.  
i e. Decurioni Coloniae Glevi. Vixit annos Octoginta octo.  
Leaves folded in are at the East end of this Inscription, Fig. 13. A little lower more leasage not expressed.  
And whereas I tender Decurio a Senator, I pitch on this signification of the word as most proper here, of which Rosinus gives this account: 
Ant. Rom. l. 10. c. 24.  Senatores in Coloniis, ut etiam in Municipiis, Decuriones vocabantur, eam ob causam, quòd, Pomponio I C. Authore, decima pars eorum qui deducerentur, sit solita Conscribi. I know Festus mentions another and more usual signification of the word, to wit, an Officer over 10 Horsemen; Decuriones, inquit, appellantur qui denis Equitibus praesunt. Of which if any please to understand it, he shall have my leave.  
The next is a little Image about a foot and half in length, supposed by Mr. Cambden to be Hercules, bearing his left hand aloft, with a Club in his right. See Fig. 11.  
Next to that lower, toward the West-gate, is the Monument of one of the Children of two Romans, Primulus, Romulus, Vipomulus, or rather Veteromulus (for that word in the stone is somewhat difficult to be read) and Victisarina, with a longer and exactly Roman Inscription, in a sepulchre Table, between two little Images, whereof the one holds the Horn of Amalthaea, or Cornucopia; the other bringeth a flying Rowl, or winding List or Banner over the left shoulder.   depiction of a sepulchral tablet bordered by the bas relief of a person on each side 
D M 
 SUCC. PETRONIAE. VIX 
 ANN. JJJ. M. JJJJ. D. IX. VERO 
 MULUS. ET. VIC TSARINA 
 FIL. KAR. FEC  
Diis Manibus Successae Petroniae, Vixit annos tres, menses quatuor, 
This Inscription Cambden sent to Gruterus; and may be seen in Grut. Inscript. pag. DCC. fig. 6.  Dies Novem. Veteromulus & Victisarina filiae Carissimae fecerunt: i e. To the Ghost of Successa Petronia, who lived three years, four months, and nine days. Veteromulus and Victisarina, in memory of their dear Child, made this.  
A little after follow these Letters, in a Cut stone, very imperfect:  V R N. 
 I O P. 
In the outside of the Wall, pretty high, is a Head, which seems of no great moment. Fig. 9 And as for Hercules straining two Snakes, I cannot yet be so fortunate as to light upon it. Fig. 14.  
Between the West and South-gates stand these Letters cross, which, by reason the stone is cut on both sides, are unaccountable: III US. SA. 
 US. VX. SC.  
Than two fierce heads, one within the cope of the Wall, and another in the outside thereof hard by. Fig. 7, 8.  
After that, these Letters standing overthwart, of which no sense can be made: I L L A. 
 I L L A.  
Near this place formerly was a Hare running (now lost) which might be the Rebus of a Leporius that set up this Monument. There were of that name in Britain, and it is now the name of the Honourable Family of my Lord of Colerain. Fig. 15.  
An angry man laying hold of a poor Peasant, which may be a bold insulting Roman, on a poor distressed captivated Britan. See Fig. 6.  
Leafage, with leaves folded in, Fig. 5.  
Two kissing and clipping each other, which by the Crook in the right hand of one, and the Dog upon the other, seem to be a Shepherd and his Mistress; the Dog reaching up towards the head of the Woman. See Fig. 4.  
A Foot Soldier brandishing his Sword, and bearing out his Shield. Fig. 3.  
A Footman with a Truncheon in his right hand. Fig. 2.  
A great Face, or a Giant's Head, with hair. Fig. 1.  
As for Medusa's head all Snakes, I cannot, on the best enquiry I can make, found it out. See Fig. 10.  
Neither doth Ophiuchus occur to me. 'Tis therefore, I believe, lost in the alteration of the Wall, as the Hare, and Medusa's head mentioned before. See Fig. 12.  
At Walcot, a Parish adjoining to the City, was found a stone with this Inscription: 
VIBIA JUCUNDA H. S. E.  
i e. Here lies Vibia Jucunda.   
Jucunda was an Agnomen of the Family Carvilia, and it seems of Vibia, as Loetus of the Claudiae and Pomponiae.  
1   illustration described as a great face, or a giant's head, with hair. Resembles a sun with a face 
2   depiction of a man with a club or truncheon in his right hand 
3   depiction of a soldier with a sword in his right hand and a shield in his left 
4   depiction of a triangular tympanum depicting a man and woman reclining with a dog 
5   depiction of a flower spiralling out into stem and leaves 
6   depiction of two men, one with his hand on the other man's head 
7   depiction of a right-facing bust 
8   depiction of a left-facing bust 
9   depiction of a man in a window 
10   depiction of a left-facing bust of Medusa 
11   illustration a man standing on his right foot with a club in his right hand 
12   depiction of a boy holding a snake in his right hand 
13   depiction of a flower spiralling out into stem and leaves with leaves along the bottom 
14   depiction of a woman carrying two snakes 
15   depiction of a right-facing hare 
In  also might be seen this Inscription, On Henry Coriat.  MORTUUS. HIC. ET. SEPULTUS. JACET. BIPEDUM. NEQUISSIMUS. H. C. IMPIETATE. ARROGANTIA. LOQUACITATE. IMPUDENTIA. FASTU. ET. FRAUD. NULLI. SECUNDUS. MALUS. PARENS. GUBERNATOR. PEJOR. CIVIS. PESSIMUS. QUI. POSTQUAM. LX. ANNORUM. CURRICULUM. RAPINIS. ET. LITIBUS. ARMATUS. ET. IN ERMIS. LONGANIMITATE. DEI. MAXIMA. TRANSEGISSET. PAUPERUM. PTOCHOTROPHII. S. JOANNIS. BATHONENSIS. ALIMONIAM. IN. ALTERIUS. MANUS. PERFIDE. DEDISSET. ET. FISCUM. CIVITATIS-PUBLICUM. IN. PRIVATOS. USUS. CON. VERTISSET. INTER. ALIORUM. ODIUM. CONSANGUINEORUM. MISERICORDIAM. SINE. PLANCTU. ET. LACHRYMIS. A. NEMINE. DESIDERATUS. EX. HAC. VITA. MIGRAVIT. IN. VENTURAM. UT. POENAS. AEQUALI. IMPUDENTIA. SUSTINEAT. AETERNAS. NISI. EI DEM. SUCCURRAT. QUOD. MINIME. SPERANDUM. SALUS. ALTISSIMI. QUAE. ILLUM. QUIDEM. IPSA. NON. POTUIT. SALVARE. 
Lastly, There are two fair Inscriptions, in two Grave-stones, erected in the North wall of a Garden by the Cross Bath, belonging to Mistress Crofts, preserved by Mr. Robert Chambers, Father to Dr. Humphrey Chambers, born in this City, between which, Robert Chambers hath this Inscription, which preserveth him as he has done the other two.  HEC. MONUMEN. ƲIO LATA. SULCIS. IN. CA MP. DE. WALCOT. R. C. CULTOR. ANTIQ. HUC. TRANSTULIT. A No. VER. INCAR. 1592. 
The Inscription on the East of this, is an Epitaph of Caius Murrius, of the Tribe called Arniensis, the 25th. Tribe among the Romans (so called from Arnus a River in Tuscany, as Carolus Sigonius, and Onuphrius Panvinius relate,) born at Friuli, or Forum Julium, a modest Soldier of the Second Legion called, Adjutrix pia foelix, under the Command of Julius Secundus, 25 years of age; how long in pay is broken out of the Stone, but, I suppose, eight. The Inscription as follows: C. MURRIUS. C. F. ARNIENSIS FORO. JULI. MOTHER DESTUS. MIL. LEG. II. AD. P. F. JULI. SECUNDI. AN. XXV. STIPES. H. S.  
Caius Murrius, Caii filius, Arniensis, Forojuliensis, Modestus Miles Legionis Secundae, adjutricis piae, foelicis Julii Secundi, Anni Viginti quinque, Stipendio octo, Hic situs est.  
The other on the West is an Epitaph of Marcus Valerius a Latin (as I read, Mr. Cambden Eatinus, it seems to be an Agnomen) a Soldier of Augustus his Legion (or the 20th.) 35 years of age, and 20 years in pay.  
The true Copy thus: DIS MANIBUS M. VALERIUS. M. FIL. LATINUS. C. EQ. MILES. LEG. AU. AN. XXXV. STIPEN. XX. H. S. E.  
i e. Dis Manibus. Marcus Valerius Marci filius Latinus Coh. Equitum Miles legionis Augustae (aut vicesimae) annis triginta quinque, Stipendio viginti, Hic situs est.  
Where it may be noted, that this man was admitted at 15 years of age, 
Al. ab. Al. Gen. Dier, l. 1. c. 20.  when the usual time of listing Soldiers was not till 17.  
Ophiuchus, Hercules straining two Snakes, Medusa's head, and the Hare, are lost. Vid. Fig. 10. 12. 14, 15.   

CHAP. XI. Of the Church of St. Peter and Paul in .  
COncerning that neat and curious fabric, the Church of St. Peter and Paul, commonly called the Abbey Church in , I need not give any other account, than what Sr. John Harington, a neighbouring Knight, whose good will to this Church and City did rival the acuteness of his Wit and Learning, being both very great, hath done sometime since, in a Latin Poem writ and spoken to Bishop Montague, at his first Visitation and sight of the Church, than uncovered. The Manuscript Copy found in Sr. John's Study, and Communicated by his Grandson, John Harington of Kelston, Esquire, hath this Title; Conditiones variae Ecclesiae Sancti Petri & Pauli Bathoniensis, à primis fundamentis jactis Anno 775, ad annum decurrentem 1609, Historico-poetica 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; deque foelicissima ejusdem Ecclesiae restauratione, Vaticinium. Ad Reverendissimum in Christo Patrem, Jacobum, providentiâ divinâ, dignissimum Ecclesiae Bathoniensis, & Wellensis, Episcopum, Bathoniam primò foeliciter invisentem & Visitantem.  


The Poem.  

MActe: bonis avibus, recidivi limina Templi,  
In Christo Reverende Pater, gratissimus intras.  
Macte: sed haud pigeat prius, aequa ment, parumper  
Pristina Delubri perpendere fata miselli.   

Temporis Elapsi studio monumenta revolvens  
Attento, invenies, 
Historia.  hujus fundamina templi  
Prima Offam, priscum regem, jecisse: 
An. 775.  Secunda  
Elphegum, regni Primatem, 
1010.  tertia tandem  
(Cum duo Danorum rabies, ignisque, priora  
Vastasset) Sumptu posuit majore Johannes  
De villa, natu Gallus, 
1088.  non infimus artis  
Professor medicae; Wellensi ingratior aedi;  
Qui quùm illic variis viguisset Episcopus annis  
Sedem, Thermopolim, Cathedralem transtulit illine,  
Vrbe hac quingentis Marcis, à Rege coempta.  
Pulchrius antiquis fanum construxit; at ipsum  
Aevo, Combussit pariter Jovis ira, sequenti.   

Structorem Celebris misit Normannia, quartum  
Officio Monachum, Rodbertum nomine, molem  
Subversam toties qui restanravit, 
1137.  & inter  
Presbyteros, litem, de Sedis honore, diremit,  
Exornans titulis utramque aequalibus urbem.   

Tandem, post seriem numerosam, munificamque,  
Insignis praesul pietate, vicesimus atque  
Tertius, hunc sequitur, qui faustum nominis omen  
Expressit factis, Oliver King dictus; 
1495.  Olivam  
Et Regem vere referebat: adinstar Olivae  
Pacis erat populo, simul ubertatis & author;  
At magis hoc retulit, regali munere, regem,  
Quippe opus incultum Rodberti sustulit: atqui  
Illius, extemplò, vice fundamenta locavit  
Ista; dedit Solidis speciosa pterômata muris.  
Tecta superstruxit sublimibus alta columnis.  
Areolas Soleis longas substravit & amplas.  
Omnia, ad hanc pulchram, structurus caetera, formam,  
Et spoliis, dubio procul, instructurus, opimis,  
Morte immortales, subito est arreptus, ad arces.  
(Tantae molis erat tam clarum condere Templum!)  
Ne tamen his tantis perfectio debita coeptis  
Deforet, huic operi colophonem attexuit almus  
Abbatiae Rector Gulielmus Birdus. At eheu  
Sanctis stare diu, fatis (proh fata) negatum est!  
Horrida de innocuis fertur sententia fanis;  
Abbatiae pereunt, spoliantur Templa, rapinis  
Tecta patent, reditus, fundi, sacraria: quid non?  
(Vnde nefas tantum Zeli fautoribus?) una.  
Ipse, vel in cunis, insons discerpitur infans.  
Impete diripitur violento haec fabrica; prostant  
Saxa, vitrum, plumbi, Campanae, ac omnia praeter  
Hoc miserùm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Tantae at quae causa ruinae?  
Num pietatis amor? vel amor sceleratus habendi?  
Hic amor exitio est Templis, Templique ministris.  
Hic amor extinxit clarissima lumina regni;  
Nec finit hic amor haec extincta resumere lucem.  
Nemo bonum Templi, Templi bona quisque requirit.  
Hinc haec, Cimmeriis, per tot, tam turpiter, annos,  
Maxima lux Vrbis, latuit suppressa, tenebris.  
Sed pater omni-bonus, cui provida cura suorum est,  
Hanc piceam, nuper, coelesti lampade, noctem  
Dispulit è multis Sanctorum cordibus, unde  
Accendere suo nostrum de Lumine lumen.  
Sic tamen ut quivis magis hinc sibi luceat ipsi  
 tacito ad praesens reliquo veneremur honore,  
Vivida quos totum celebrabit fama per orbem;   

Nobile Bellotti Sidus sic emicat, omnes  
Inter nutritios Templorum jure colendos,  
Plena velut Stellis praefulget luna minutis.  
Singula quae cernis pulchrae ornamenta Capellae,  
Area, porta, solum, subsellia, rostra, fenestrae,  
Bellottum unanimi compellant voce parentem.  
Bellottum Sonitu reboat Campana Sonoro,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sonant Bellottum, Balnea, Vici,  
Compita, Bellotti jactant ad sidera nomen.  
Quod Christi est cultor, simul excultorque sacrorum.   

VATICINIUM.  

Desine plura: sat est veterum: peragenda peractis  
Succedant, meliora bonis, majora minutis.   

Auspiciis huc misse sacris (Sanctissime Praesul)  
Sensibus haec imis superum consulta repone,  
Quae Tibi fatidico dispandit carmine Vates,  
Laeta ruinoso proclamans omnia Templo.  
Quo decet hanc specta, vultu, sine nube, sereno  
Faecundam laudum segetem sine fine Tuarum.  
Molliter ossa cubent Offae, ac Elphegi, Oliveri,  
Rodberti, ac Birdi: merito celebrentur honore.  
Debita Bellotto reddatur palma benigno.  
Perpius extento Bellottus floreat aevo.  
Non equidem invideo, laetor mage: gratulor illi.  
Quod si tam celebrem mereatur guttula laudem,  
Praemia quae referet, largos qui funditat imbres?   

Tantum at honorifico cedes, Bellotte, Jacobo,  
Effuso tenuis quantum imbri guttula cedit.  
Bellotti guttis rorata Capella virescit;  
Imbribus assiduis divi madefacta Jacobi,  
Integra quam laetos diffundent Templa racemos?   

Nec tamen haec aqueo, vitis cupit, imbre rigari:  
Aureolo hanc Dana●m Saturabis, Jupiter, imbre.  
Hinc quae spreta diu languenti Ecclesia morbo  
Intabuit; vitam, Te, Te medicante, resumit,  
 redit infuso flaccescens Vena Lyaeo.  
Hujus sint alii fautores, sidera, fani:  
Cynthia Bellottus; solus Tu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apollo.  
Haec Tu vivifico reparabis membra calore:  
Haec Tu magnifico decorabis Tecta nitore.   

Aspice surgenti laetentur ut omnia Templo?  
Grandaevum videor mihi prospectare Jacobum,  
Aspectûs Virtute Tui, torpore solutum,  
Atque reornato scandentem climace Coelos.  
 renovat vires? ut concipit aethera ment?  
Insuper alatos, ultro citroque meantes  
Coelicolas video, bona climacteribus istis  
Nuncia portantes Superis: ac gaudia diuûm  
Ind renarrantes terris de Praesule tanto,  
Teque cohortantes, (propria sat sponte citatum)  
Euge: opus hoc mirae pietatis perfice Praesul!   

Te nempe ad decus hoc peperit Natura; replevit  
Dotibus eximiis Deus: Ars perfecta polivit:  
In gremio refovet ter magni gratia regis:  
Ditavitque 
* Plumbi fodinae in agro Mendipensi.  bonis, tanta ad molimina, natis.  
Huc opulenta Tibi sua fundit viscera Tellus,  
Huc Tua Te Virtus, sorte ancillante, propellit.  
Euge; opus hoc mirae pietatis perfice Praesul!  
Aggredere aeternos (servit Tibi tempus) honores.  
His petitur Coelum scalis, hac itur ad astra.   

Nec mora fervet opus. Structor, Lapicida, peritus  
Gypsator, Sculptor, Fusor, Vitrarius: omnes  
Artifices instant ardentes. Maenia surgunt,  
Dissita quae fuerant loca concamerantur Erismis;  
Extima plumboso velantur tegmine, pulchris  
Intima caelantur laquearibus: omnia miris  
Sunt decorata modis: respondent omnia votis.  
Nec deerunt Mystae, celebrent qui sacra, frequentes:  
Sed numerosa brevi totam quae compleat aedem  
Pompa Sacerdotum, Psalmodorumque decano  
Praeducente chorum, cantabis grata Jehovae  
Cantica, tantorum fonti, authorique bonorum.  
Haec mihi praesagit mens non ignara futuri.   

Corpore (quis neget hoc?) specioso haec Templa Jacobus  
Donavit Praesul, (pia na mdecreta proborum  
Aequivalent factis) animum Rex ipse Jacobus  
(Hoc quoque quis dubitat?) tribuet. Deus alme Jacobi  
Decretis benedic factisque utriusque Jacobi.  
O fortunatam nimium bona si Tua nôris  
Thermopolim, tali frueris quae Praesule, Rege!  
Funde Deo summas ex imo pectore grates,  
Et cole perpetuo pietatis honore Jacobos.   

Quo pede caepisti, Praesul Sanctissime, pergas.     

Episcopi Responsio.  
Cupivi diu, has ruinas, & haec rudera videre & contemplari; has vero ruinas & haec rudera videre, & contemplari, jam dolet: Ingrediar tamen, sed hoc animo, ut nunquam, hoc more, sim reingressurus, priusquam isthaec melius tecta videro.    

The Translation. AN HISTORICO-POETICAL ACCOUNT Of the various state of the Church of St. Peter and Paul in , from its first foundation, in the Year 775, to this present Year 1609. ALSO, A PROPHECY of the happy Restauration of the same Church.  


WElcome, Right Reverend, to this place,  
Invited both by Heart and Face;  
Enter; but first let me relate  
This ruin'd Churches former fate.   

If ancient Monuments you turn over,  

An. 775.  King Offa first you will discover  
To found a Temple in this Place,  

1010.  Archbishop Elphege next his Grace;  
The third (when Danish rage and fire  
To ruin both these did conspire)  

1088.  With greater cost John cleped the Villa,  
A French man born, but, silly fellow,  

* Vsu, non Literis, Medicus probatu●. G. Malm.  Professed the Art, if stories true.  
The Grounds of which he never knew.   

This man at Wells did take a pet,  
And many years did Bishop sit;  
But once in rage removed his See,  
And caused it here in  to be.  
Five hundred Mark the City cost  
The Bishop from the King, at most.  
Where he a neater Pile did raise,  
Which did not long proclaim his praise;  
For God not pleased with him that quackt,  
Made Sacrifice his Pious act.   

Brave Normandy a Fourth sent,  
Monk Robert, who with good Intent  
This ruin'd Fabric did repair,  
Composed the strife about the Chair;  
Caused his Successors, story tells,  
To bear the Name of  and Wells.   

At length, when Benefactors store  
Had graced this Church where we adore,  
The Three and twentieth Bishop came,  
Who minded by his Lucky name,  
Oliver King, 
An. 1137.  could do no lesle  
Than King and Olive both express.  
Like Olive, peace and plenty great,  
Were products of this Bishop's Seat;  
But, to say Truth, in this grand thing,  
He did resemble more a King:  
Roberts attempt away he took,  
And raised this Church on which you look;  
Strong Walls, fine Buttresses, the Roof,  
With stately Pillars bearing proof:  
Made Walks and Isles both long and fair:  
In short, this handsome Pile did rear;  
And doubtless it was his Intent,  
(But sudden death did him prevent)  
To have endowed this Church with Lands,  
(He must obey, when God Commands.)  
So great a task it was, I wis,  
To build so fine a Church as this!   

Now jest the Work at stay should stand,  
Good Prior 
† William Bird, the last Prior of . In the South side of the Chapel, outward, is a Memorial of his Name, a W. and a Bird in Stone, with his Coat of Arms in the Chapel built by himself, and called, after him, Bird's Chapel. He was not buried here, but died very poor, having been blind for some time, and given much to Chemistry, while Prior here. See Mr. Ashm. Theatr. Chym. Brit. p. 475, in Annot.  Bird put his last hand,  
He finished, with his cost, the Thing,  
And found some work after a King.   

But, O the fate of what is holy!  
And, O the mad Religious folly!  
Nothing that Sacred is must hold,  
And men with Temples must make bold;  
Abbeys are ruin'd, Churches sacked,  
Roofs sold, and Rents are more than racked;  
Deluge of Sacrilege! what not?  
Have Zealots thus their God forgot?  
This innocent Chrysom's boxed about,  
And torn in its Swadling-clout:  
The Fabrick's spoiled, they cell the Stones,  
Glass, Led, Bells, all except these Bones;  
Of this great Spoil, what was the cause?  
Was't love of Money, or God's Laws?  
'Tis that hath ruin'd Church and Priest,  
And laid our greatest Heads to rest.  
'Tis that extinguished, and keeps out  
The Lights, that erst shone all about.  
None seek the Churches good, but all  
What they steal from it, their own call;  
Hence in the darkest blackest night,  
Hath lodged the City's greatest light.  
But our good God, who loves his own,  
This pitchy storm away hath blown,  
And with his heavenly Lamp dispelled,  
The Chains of darkness which us held,  
So that we now beholding are  
To them for light they to us spare;  
Yet so as each hath light enough  
To give due praise without a snuff,  
To whom deserts shall gain a Name,  
And spread o'er all the World a fame.   

So far hath Bellot's Star outshined  
Whoever hath to Church been kind, 
Thomas Bellot Esq; one of the Executors of W. Lord Burghly, sometime Lord Treasurer of England.   
As doth full-Moon, in Starry night,  
Exceed the lesser Torches light.  
The Chapel ornaments, the Floor,  
The Benches, Windows, Seats and Door,  
Call Bellot Father; and the Bell  
Rings Bellot, though it ring a Knell.  
Hospitals, Baths, Streets and Highways,  
Sound out the Noble Bellot's praise,  
'Cause he was Pious, and hath given  
Much, whose Reward shall be in heaven.   

THE PROPHECY.  

Forbear my Muse; change now thy Text,  
Come to things greater, better next.  
Enough of old things: now succeeds  
A good supply to former Deeds.   

Thou, Reverend Prelate, sent to us  
By God Almighty's Mittimus,  
Consider deeply what he says  
To thee, through my Prophetic bays,  
Wishing this Church no other ill,  
Than to be built, and flourish still.  
View with clear aspect from the top,  
Your endless Praises fruitful crop.  
Let Offa, Elphege, Oliver, rest  
Robert and Bird in Honour's nest.  
Let bounteous Bellot take the Palm,  
And after Age his Name embalm,  
I envy not, but more rejoice,  
And give him too my thankful Voice.  
If to a drop this Laud be due,  
What's to a greater stock, think you?  
He well deserves a grateful sense  
That showers down Benevolence.   

Bellot alone to James gives way,  
Differing as drop and shower may.  
Bellot's drops make the Chapel thrive,  
When James divine long showers shall give,  
How'll all the Fabric sprouting live?   

This Vine loves not a Watery shower;  
Gold into Dande Jove will pour,  
So that this Church that long hath been  
Consumptive, by thy skill again  
Gets strength, as the flagged vein plumps up  
And swells, with Bacchus' cheerful cup.   

Others this Church may somewhat steed,  
Bellot's the Moon, You Sun indeed:  
With lively rays these limbs restore,  
Thy Roof you'll nobly cover o'er.   

Behold! how all things now are glad,  
Old Jacob wakes, and as a Lad  
Enlivened by Your presence here,  
Ascends the Ladder quick and clear;  
Look how he mounts, striving to rise.  
And makes with vigour to the skies?   

Methinks, I see the Winged host  
Of their new Message seem to boast,  
Telling the news above, and than  
Returning with God's Joy to men:  
And quickening you, though quick before,  
Complete this work we You implore.   

Nature hath bred you for this end;  
To this God's great endowments tend.  
Art you hath wrought, the King embraces,  
Who seldom doth misplace his Graces.  
And you hath aptly given a 
* The Led Ours of Mendip.  Mine,  
Prepared for this great design:  
The Earth her bowels ops to you,  
And your good Nature prompts you too.  
Finish the work, Time serves, My Lord,  
Which will eternal praise afford.  
This way you will to Heaven climb,  
And to the Stars yourself sublime.   

Praestò, The work advances, all  
The Labouring men are come at call;  
Builder, Stone-cutter, Plasterer,  
Graver, Bell-founder, Glazier,  
All busy. Walls are up; The space  
That common was, Arches embrace.  
The outside's leaded, Roof adorned,  
And all things to my wish performed.   

Nor will there wanting be a Choir,  
Which to this place may all retire,  
And with resort, and their own Train  
Fill this whole Temple once again.  
Priests in their habits, Singers, and  
A Dean the Choir to command:  
Will Anthems sing to God above,  
And praise the Fountain head, his love.  
My mind persuades me this will be,  
And I can at some distance see.   

The Prelate James (none can deny)  
Hath given a Body large and high,  
(For those things that good men decree  
Are equal with their deeds to me)  
A Soul King James (who can this doubt?)  
Will add, to make this compound out.   

Now Jacob's God bless James' twain,  
Their Actions and Intents maintain!  
O happy , if thou didst know  
From whence thy happiness doth flow!  
A King and Bishop now thou hast,  
Ne'er yet outdone in Ages past;  
Give Thanks to God with all thy heart,  
And Honour to both James impart.   

Proceed, Most Worthy Prelate, in  
The Thing you did so well begin.     

The Bishop's Answer.  
I have long desired to see and contemplate these Ruins and Rubbish; and now it grieves me to behold Them: However, I will enter, but with this intent, never to re-enter till I see them better covered.    

For a fuller confirmation of the precedent particulars, I think fit to insert in this place an extract out of an ancient Record, now in the house of my Honoured friend Edward Cousin Esquire, whose genius inclining him to the study of Antiquity, hath collected, and communicated it to me.  
Johannes de Villula, the 16th. Bishop of Wells, having bought the Town of  of King Henry the First for five hundred Marks, transferred his Seat unto that City, 1088. Hence grew a jar between the Monks of  and Canons of Wells, about the Election of the Bishop. At last the difference was composed by that Bishop Robert whom before I spoke of: That from thence forward the Bishop should be nominated from both places, and that precedency in the style should be given to . That in the Vacancy of the See, a great number of Delegates from both Churches should elect their Prelate, who being elected should be installed in them both: both of them to be reckoned as the Bishop's Chapter, and the Grants and Patents confirmed in both. And so it stood until the reign of King Henry the Eighth; what time the Monastery of  being dissolved, there passed an Act of Parliament for the Dean and Chapter of Wells, to make one sole Chapter for the Bishop, A. 35. H. 8. c. 15. Thus far Mr. Cousin.  
The Church that now is, was first begun A. D. 1137. by Oliver King Doctor of Laws, of King's College in Cambridge, Principal Secretary to three Monarches of this Land, Edward the fourth, Edward the fifth, and Henry the seventh; Register of the Knights of the Garter, Bishop of Exeter, and thence translated hither Novemb. 6. 1495. died 24th. of Jan. 1503, and is thought to lie buried at Windsor, where he was sometime Canon. It was four hundred seventy five years before it was completed and brought to perfection (having made many halts by the way) and was finished about the middle of King James' Reign, near. A. D. 1612, as by the Munificence of Noblemen, Knights, Gentlemen and others, so especially by the liberal hand of the Learned Dr. James Montague Bishop of this Diocese, to whom the former Poem was directed, who at one time gave a thousand pounds towards its Reparation, and lies buried, by his own appointment under a fair Marble Monument, in the body of the Church, deceased July 20. 1618., with this elegant Epitaph on the Southside: MEMORIAE SACRUM PIETATE VIRTUTE ET DOCTRINA INSIGNIS JACOBUS MONTACUTUS EDVARDI MONTACUTI DE BOUGHTON IN COMITATU NORTHAMTONIAE EQUITIS AURATI A SAR. COMITIBUS DEDUCTA PROPAGINE FILIUS QUINTOGENITUS A SAPIENTISSIMO JACOBO REGE SACELLO REGIO DECANUS PRAEPOSITUS AD EPISCOPATUM BATHONIENSEM PROMOTUS ET DEINDE AD WINTONIENSEM OB SPECTATAM IN MAXIMIS NEGOTIIS FIDEM DEXTERITATEM ET PRUDENTIAM IN SANCTIUS CONCILIUM ADSCITUS REGIQUE CUI CHARISSIMUS ERAT IN AULA ASSIDUUS IN MEDIO ACTUOSAE VITAE CURSU QUAM DEO ECCLESIAE ET PATRIAE DEVOVERAT AD AETERNAM VITAM EVOCATUS 20. JULII ANNO DOMINI 1618. AETATIS 50.  
Sacred to Memory.  
For Piety, Virtue and Learning, very eminent, James Montague, fifth Son of Sr. Edward Montague, of Boughton, in the County of Northampton, Knight, lineally descended from the Earls of Salisbury, by the most wise King James made Dean of the Chapel, than Bishop of , afterwards Bishop of Winchester, and for his faithfulness, dexterity and prudence in weighty affairs, chosen one of the Privy Council, and very much at Court, being in great favour with the King: In the midst of a busy life, which he had devoted to God, the Church, and Country, was summoned to life everlasting, 20 July 1618., in the 50th. year of his age.  
On the North side, this Inscription.  REVERENDISSIMUS HIC EPISCOPUS IN HOC TEMPLO ANTIQUISSIMO QUOD INTER ALIA MULTA EGREGIA PIETATIS MONUMENTA MAXIMIS IMPENSIS INSTAURAVIT CORPUS DEPONI JUSSIT DONEC CHRISTO REDEMPTORI VIDEBITUR EUM CUM JUSTIS AD INTERMINATAM VITAM QUAM IN TERRIS SEMPER ANHELAVIT EXCITARE EDVARDUS MONTACUTUS DE BOUGHTON HENRICUS MONTACUTUS CAPITALIS IN BANCO REGIO JUSTITIARIUS CAROLUS MONTACUTUS TESTAMENTI CURATOR ET SIDNEIUS MONTACUTUS A SUPPLICUM LIBELLIS EQUITES AURATI FRATRI OPTIME MERITO CUM LACHRIMIS POSUERUNT. 
In this most Ancient Church, which, among many other Monuments of Piety, with great charge, he repaired; This most Reverend Bishop commanded his Body to be laid, until Christ the Redeemer shall please to raise him, with the Just, to life eternal, which, when on Earth, he earnestly desired.  
Sir Edward Montague of Boughton, Sir Henry Montague Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Sir Charles Montague his Executor, and Sir Sidney Montague Master of the Requests, Knights, to their most deserving Brother, in much sorrow, erected this Monument.  

Br. View, etc. p. 101, 102, 103.  Concerning Oliver King, the founder of this Church, Sr. John Harington tells this pretty story: That lying at , and musing or meditating one night late, after his Devotions and Prayers for the prosperity of Henry the Seventh and his Children (who were than all or most part living) to which King he was Principal Secretary, and by him preferred to this Bishopric; he saw, or supposed he saw a Vision of the holy Trinity, with Angels ascending and descending by a Ladder, near to which there was a fair Olive Tree supporting a Crown, and a voice said, Let an Olive establish the Crown, and let a King restore the Church. Of this Dream or Vision he took exceeding great comfort, and told it divers of his friends, applying it to the King his Master in part, and some part to himself. To his Master, because the Olive being the Emblem or Hieroglyphic of Peace and Plenty seemed to him to allude to King Henry the Seventh, who was worthily counted the wisest and most peaceable King in all Europe of that age. To himself (for the wisest will flatter themselves sometimes) because he was not only a chief Counsellor to this King, and had been his Ambassador to conclude a most Honourable Peace with Charles the Eighth, who paid, as Holinshead writeth, 745 Ducats, besides a yearly Tribute of 25000 Crowns, but also he carried both the Olive and King in his Name; and therefore thought he was specially designed for this Church-work, to the advancement of which, he had an extraordinary inclination. Thus though (as St. Thomas of Aquin well noteth) all Dreams, be they never so sensible, will be found to halt in some part of their coherence: yet most certain it is, for the time, he was so transported with his Dream, that he presently set in hand with this Church, and at the West end thereof he caused a Representation to be graved of this Vision of the Trinity, the Angels and the Ladder; and on the North side the Olive and Crown, with certain French words (which I could not read) but in English is this verse taken out of the book of Judges, chap. 9 
Trees going to cheese their King,  
Said, be to us the Olive King.  All which is so curiously cut and carved, as in the West part of England is no better work, than in the West end of this poor Church. And to make the credit of all this more authentic, he added this word to it, De sursum est, It is from on high. Thus much the Stones and Walls (though dumb witnesses, yet credible) do plainly testify.  
Thus far that Learned Knight, and Great Wellwisher to this Church; where it may be noted, that the Olive and Crown are on both sides of the Church, North and South, with an Elephant on each side of the Olive crowned; and the words Sr. John says he could not read, are not French, but Latin, being the old Translation of the English writ on both Pillars, of either side, in good Text hand, though now not so legible, above the English in this manner: 
jerunt ligna ut ungerent super se Regem,  
Dixeruntque Olivae Impera nobis.  
Trees going to cheese their King,  
Said, Be to us the Oliver King.  Which gave occasion to some in the late Times to take it for a Prophecy, but was intended nothing more than to preserve the Memory of the Bishop that was Founder.    

CHAP. XII. Of the Baths of .  
COncerning the Nature, Use and Virtues of the Baths, I purpose, if God permit, to writ a large and particular Account, in a Just Treatise on that Subject, consonant to my own Principles, which for the greater Credit of this Nation and Place (nothing having ever been before attempted in this kind) shall be in the general Language; the design of which I have expressed Chap. 7. For I well remember what I writ in my Appendix, seven years ago, in these words: I come now to speak something of the Nature, Use and Virtues of the Baths. And here it cannot be expected I should say much, because my Experience of them as yet hath been but little, and the Observations I have made seem fit, as they are intended, for a foundation to a greater Work, which Time and Variety of Experiments must complete, than at present to be Communicated to the Public. And to make some compensation for my Brevity in this Thing, which is justly deemed the most material of all other, I shall take the boldness to engage, as soon as Time and Opportunity shall permit, to make a through search into the Cause of the Heat, Nature, and Efficacious Operations of the Baths, and perhaps give a more satisfactory Account of the former, than hath yet been given by any; and for the latter, I shall not build on the Hay and Stubble of the Talk and Relations of persons biased and concerned, but on the solid basis of Reason, Observation, and Experience. And again, the last words: But I hope I may be excused on the score of my former Engagement, if I am not more particular at this time in things of this nature, till a just amassment of Observations and Experiments, and a rational deduction of Conclusions from them, which I hope in some time to accomplish, shall either confirm me in the opinion I now have of the Nature and Virtues of the Baths of , or supply me with a better.  
Having, I say, intended a Piece of this nature, and also published many Particulars relating to this Affair, in the ensuing Century of Observations, which I now make public, as a Specimen of my way of procedure, and groundwork or foundation of my next Superstructure, I shall content myself at present with some few Remarks.  
The Baths than in some Things do agreed; in others are different.  
They agreed in this, That though chief three in number, the King's, Cross, and Hot (the Queen's being but an Appendent to the King's, as the Leper's to the Hot) yet they all participate of the same Minerals, only the Hot Bath, if some of my Observations hold, hath something more than the King's, or Cross, both which as to the particulars, and particular proportions, in a Hogshead, Gallon, and Pint, are much the same, and what is defective in one Ingredient in one Bath, is made up by another, in the other. So that herein the wondered Contrivance of the Almighty hath appeared, in making so fine a Composition of such various Ingredients, and acted (with Reverence be it spoken) not only the Physician, but the Apothecary too, a good example and precedent for his Creatures to follow, who have lived to see that unhappy day, wherein a blear-eyed Leah hath been advanced, though with shame and destruction too, above a legitimate Rachel.  
They differ chief in Dimension, and degree of Heat.  
In Dimension; The King's Bath being 57 foot, or 19 yards, 10 inches, long; 40 foot, 8 inches, or 13 yard's ½ and 2 inches in breadth.  
The Queen's, 8 yards, or 24 foot, 2 inches, in breadth; in length 25 foot, 4 inches; or 8 yards, 16 inches.  
The Cross Bath, 24 foot; or 8 yards, 6 inches long; 19 foot 11 inches, or 6 yard's ½ and 5 inches over Northward; 12 foot, or 4 yards, 7 inches over on the South.  
The Hot Bath, 10 yards 8 inches ½ long; 4 yards 13 inches ½ broad South; 4 yards ½ and 5 inches over North.  
From this undeniably is deduced that they differ in the Water they contain; for being of different dimensions, the greater must hold more, and the lesser lesle. To pursue this Curiosity a little further, I found by Gage, The King's Bath being 1 yard 18 inches in Water, to contain three hundred and fourteen Tun, thirty six Gallons.  
The Queen's, eighty one Tun, three Hogsheads, and eleven Gallons.  
The Cross, fifty three Tun, and forty seven Gallons.  
The Hot, fifty four Tun, and twenty seven Gallons.  
As to the difference arising from the degree of Heat, though I must acknowledge my defect of Observations in that kind, which I will hereafter supply, yet I may say thus much now, That the King's and Hot Baths are not more different in that particular than the Queen's, and Cross, and that this latter is the most temperate of all.  
And here it may be noted, That what is written concerning the difference in degree of Heat in the Baths, is so to be understood as esteemed now; for the Hot Bath was formerly accounted the Hottest of all, whence it had its name, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the rest being ever, and so reputed Hot, though in some degrees inferior to that. Hence Jones says, From what he there delivered, the reason may be gathered why some of the Waters of Baths break out most Hot, as the Hot Bath at ; others meanly Hot, as the Cross Bath; others between both, as the King's Bath. And in another place; The King's Bath is Hot between both the other. But of this I intent, God willing, to make further Trials.  
The Cause of this Variation I conceive to be not an Intention, and Remission of a Subterranean Fire, (which meeting with an Enemy that hath had so many recruits and reinforcements as the Water hath, and will have till the end of all Things, 'tis much should yet keep its ground, and not be extinct, to mention no other Absurdities at present, that undeniably follow on that Hypothesis, this Variation, I conceive, doth not arise on that score) but rather is caused by a greater or lesser fermentation, arising from the Acting of an Acid on an Alcalizate Salt, both which are contained in the Bath, and much assisted by the vast Quantity of an impalpable Powder, the greatest Ingredient in the Waters, and seems to serve for no other end, except, what shall be hereafter mentioned, to administer a perpetual supply to the Fermentation.  
'Tis likewise observable, That where the greatest Heat is, as in the King's, and Hot Bath, there is the greatest Quantity of this fermentative matter, insomuch as I have Calculated that near 50 pound weight goes of in little more than 24 hours in the King's; but in the Cross Bath, where lesle need is, there is lesle of this gritty matter, and much lesle goes of in a longer time. So that having sometime resembled this Fermentation to Generation, the father of it being an acid saline Spirit, and the mother this gritty matter and Alcalizate Salt, the Conjunction made, and the Thing produced, the father slips away invisibly in a Mist of Steam, and the mother passes out at a backdoor as soon as may be, resigning the Work to be successively promoted in the same manner, to future generations. And indeed should the matter still continued that hath done its work, the Springs and Channels would be quickly obstructed, so that what is acid being of light burden, and more active, quickly exhales, and the more Corpulent passeth of by convenient Sluices and Draughts, as an Excrement, upon which the Wheel of Fermentation is kept continually going, by an immediate succession of new matter of the same kind. That not only the acid part, but the more fixed Salts also do in part exhale, may be found confirmed by the 88th. Observation, which cannot but part with something of their Substance in the Lucta of Fermentation.  
Again, In some places where the fermentation is lesle, as in the Water of St. Vincents Rock near Bristol, which hath not half the heat that the Cross-Bath hath, the Water abates near the proportion in the quantity of Ingredients; and although for the most part the same, yet in so small a proportion, cannot act as a greater quantity would do, and the acidity being so little as scarce to coagulate Milk, or turn with Galls, may not be expected to do wonders in a fermentation.  
To conceive a continuation of the Hot waters of  to that of Bristol, by way of Drein, as some Ingenious persons have imagined, is unphilosophical. For if very Salt water becomes insipid by running but the tenth part of that course under ground, how can it rationally be expected that any Salt should be left of that little in the Bath here, after such a tedious journey, in which it may happily meet with many fresh Subterranean passengers in cross roads, that may intrude upon it, and, by mixing with it rob it long before both of its Saltness and Heat.  
I must therefore say here, what I shall further discourse of more at large in another place, That since my first consideration of this matter, I was ever inclined to believe, that the cause of the Heat and impregnation of the Baths was not far of from the Baths themselves, (Coram adest quod quaerimus) for to me it seems not a little strange, that on digging so many Wells, Stone-quarries, Coalpits, and other penetrations of the Earth to a considerable depth, that have been made about the City, no Hot water should appear, but only in one Stone-quarry near Dunkerton about an hundred years ago, 
Baths Aid, lib. 2. fol. 20.  mentioned by Jones to have been so hot, that they were feign to forbear working: The truth of which Relation I somewhat question, and rather believe the honest Cambrobritan, being a Stranger here, might the easier be imposed on by some fabulous Relator.  
Another Argument for a different Fermentation I take to be the different forms of shooting of the Nitrous stirias; otherwise, why should the Kings and Hot-Bath, that have the strongest heat, shoot into more compact needles, and much thicker than the Cross? but that the stronger fermentation ripens, and invigorates better the Crude matter of the shoots, when the other not so strong leaves the matter crude and weak.  
Before I give a rough Draught of my own Hypothesis, which I only here propose, and shall further, God willing, illustrate and polish in my next undertaking, I must premise these few particulars, which in part contain a Survey of this Country.  
First, That the ground on which the City of  in good part stands, especially near the Baths, is raised ground, and that probably, under some yards of Gravel is a Bog, made by the confluence of Waters hither. This seems in good measure evident from this, That on the digging some foundations not long since, the Workmen came at last to a soft Mud, which yielding much, and a Soldier's Pike of a good length thrust into it, no bottom was discovered, but a warm, Marly, Sulphurous mud adhering to the Pike. This was observed in the North and South-west parts of the Town.  
Secondly, That the Springs of Cold water about this place are very numerous, insomuch that sometime since, having been desired by that Ingenious and Learned Knight Sr. Anthony Morgan, since dead in France, to search what Springs I could found hereabouts, in order to the making several mixtures, if that way we might give any light to a Fermentation; I remember I brought Water from twenty two several Springs, and might have done from as many more, within two mile's compass, on one side.  
Thirdly, That the two Water-houses supplying the City, are placed on two Hills, one on the North, and another on the South, for the more convenient supply of the whole with Water.  
Fourthly, That the Bowels of the Earth on the South of the Town, with the Southeast and South-west parts, for four or five mile's compass, are sufficiently replenished with great plenty of Freestone, which supplies the Country round about with good Materials for building, and would do many Counties more were there a way agreed upon for its better conveyance.  
Fifthly, That on the North part of the Town little or none of this Freestone is digged, but Water arises in abundance, and on the Hills about Marshfield some Marcasites have been found, of which Vitriol is made, and probably more of that kind are contained in that ground. I mean not the white Marcasite found on Lansdown: what that was is notoriously known.  
Sixthly, That another sort of Earth that abounds about , is blue Marle and Ochre. This is discovered almost in all sides of deep hollow ways, the River sides, and particularly at Lambridge, a mile of, is a blue Marly slate with Ochre sticking to it, and under that clear Ochre alone. And  
Seventhly, That almost all things about the Bath, as Marle, Ochre, Freestone, Sand, Mud, Scum, Shells and Salts, will ferment on the affusion of any acid.  
These things premised, I proceed to my Conjecture concerning the Rise, Continuation and Heat of the Baths; and man can do not more; for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the best Prophecy is but a good Guests.  
I conceive than, that the Salts and Marl with the conflux of Waters into this compass of lower ground, being created in the beginning, and than placed under or near where the Baths now stand, by the virtue of those words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, increase and multiply, have increased ever since from their own seeds, in their proper Seminaries, as the greatest part of the Creation doth and ever will, till the consummation of all things. Neither do I see much more reason to admire the breeding and increase of those Minerals under ground, than the perpetual springing and inexhaustible growth of the little spires of Grass we tread on above it: But it ever was and will be the humour of the generality of Mankind to overlook what's before them, and pay their admiration to what they do not see, it faring with many other things as with Virtue in the Poet: 
— Praesentem odimus  
Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi.  
Virtue removed we dote on; present slight:  
And darkness thus prefer before the light.  The Salts being here sufficiently fixed, two large Currents of Water may come down upon them, and meet very near or under the Baths themselves; the one from the South, bringing with it its Cargo of Freestone, the commodity, as was said of that part of the Country; the other from the North, acuated by some Vitrioline Marcasites, over which it may pass, and meeting near the place with all this matter that is fermentative, a fermentation may arise sufficiently productive of what heat we found; considering especially the closeness of the Caverns of the Earth in which it is bred, where little air can abate it, but rather by that advantage, reduplicate the heat.  
Much to this purpose are the words of that Ingenious and Learned Physician Dr. Shirley, whose Philosophical Essay came late to my hands, and some considerable time after I had framed, and in these words written, my own Hypothesis; yet in regard some coincidencies, though at this distance, and without any converse, have happened, which may confirm and illustrate what is before discoursed, I shall, by his permission, crave leave to say, That if the words I now recite be understood of the Bath-waters, as he intended them of Water in general, the duration and equality of these Waters will be better understood, and found to be according as I have before asserted. He therefore saith in the beginning of the eighth Section of this Philosophical Essay, p. 112. In the beginning God infused into the bosom of the Waters the Seeds of all those things that were afterwards to be made out of the Waters, setting them their constant rules and laws of acting, and by the power of the words, Increase and Multiply, they had a faculty given them to continued themselves in the same order till the World shall be destroyed by fire; at which time all Seminal beings shall desert their gross bodies, and return to their first fountain and grand Exemplar, GOD, on whom they have at this time a constant dependence.  
This I am apt to believe might be made demonstrative, if digging about the Baths might be admitted and practised without prejudice to the Springs, which, 'tis feared, will ensue, and therefore I must be content with that kind of Demonstration, which Art will afford in imitation of Nature, some of which I could now propose; but I will not prevent myself in things of this nature, and therefore shall end this Subject for the present with these two Remarks:  
First, That the Baths having the same Minerals, and but little differing in proportion neither, must be equally advantageous in the same distempers, but with this difference, that the different degrees of Heat altering somewhat the case, judgement must advice what Bath the Patient shall be committed to; how long it may be convenient to stay, and what government is to be used more in one Bath than another, besides the determination of the Distemper 'tis proper to relieve.  
And, Secondly, Whereas great discourse hath arisen here concerning the conveyance of some Nuts that were observed in the Cistern over the main Spring of the King's Bath, upon the alteration of a firm stone cross in the middle, to that pretty Wooden device that now stands there; some whereof were black and rotten, others fresh with their kernels in them, and some with shales very green about them: the way of passage may be conceived to have been by the currents of Cold water from an open Spring, if not the River, near a Coppice or Wood-side, with which the water of the Bath may in part be supplied, the Bath being, as I suppose, the great Exchequer, into which the lesser Rivulets do return their tribute, and to which they pay their homage, as to their Liege Lord and Sovereign, constituted such by Him, by whom King's reign, and from whom alone they receive their Sceptres. That these Nuts could not come, by a nearer cut, from the Bath-side, is most evident from this, That the Cistern was so well plastered about with Plaster of equal hardness with a stone, that it cost very many blows to get it up; presently from the rise of which the Nuts did appear, immediately shot up from the Springs themselves.  
As to the Internal use of the Waters, so much of late applauded, and not without cause; 
Dr. Venner Tr. of , p. 12.  as a grave Physician, sometime of this Place, hath in his Writings condemned that, the Reason of which he never understood; so would not I on the contrary, give my Vote for that which I had not throughly examined, and on good grounds judged and found advantageous.  
It being therefore clear, that Vitrioline, Nitrous, and Saline springs, are recommended by the most Intelligent Writers to be used as a drink; and the forementioned Salts, the two latter fixed and visible to the eye, the former more invisible, transient and halituous, being contained in the Waters, I may conclude them by good consequence to be potable and most proper to be drank. Neither is the heat offensive, but amicable to the stomach, and doth not of itself, unless ingurgitation procure it, incline to Vomit. But because the drinking of the Waters hath so much obtained, I have the more particularly discoursed of that in the two following Chapt●rs.   

CHAP. XIII. Of the Use of the Bathwater in Potion.  
HAving in the close of the former Chapter debated and determined in short the Question, Whether the Bathwater may be safely used inwardly, and on good grounds carried it in the Affirmative: The next Thing I am to proceed to, is, The manner how, and what course is to be taken by those that would use it so as to found benefit thereby. But before I treat of this, I shall enervate one grand Objection, and than give some preparatory directions for the better information, and greater benefit of the Patient.  

An OBJECTION.  
It may than be said; That the Bathwater, according to present discoveries, containing those Ingredients that may be prejudicial to the Body, the use of them in potion may not seem to be safe, and the best way to decry the internal use, is to Anatomize their body, and declare their Contents; some of which being gritty, and of a Lapideous nature, may obstruct the mesentery, milky veins, and other passages, and conduce much to the heaping up a fabulous matter in the Body, and thereby give occasion to the intolerable excruciations of the Stone and Gout, besides the foundation it may lay for other distempers; others being of a relaxing and effeminating nature, may have no good effect and influence upon the Nervous parts, especially the Stomach and intestines, through which they pass; and therefore this use of the Waters seems rather to be avoided, and the inconveniences arising in probability from some parts non-saline, may be thought much to overbear the advantages expected from the Salts.   

The ANSWER.  
To this, I think the Substance of all that can be objected, I return this Answer;  
That the supposed Culpable parts in and about the Contents of the Bathwater, being only three, Grit, Bitumen and Sulphur, the former, though in the greatest proportion, is so finely wrought and intimately mixed with the Body of the Waters, that in truth it cannot deserve that name, and therefore I call it so in relation to the more brown and gritty, appearing on Evaporation, 
Obs. 83.  as I have elsewhere observed; this than in the Waters that are drank being soft and impalpabable, and no magistery more finely pulverised, must pass in Conjunction with the Water through all its Meanders; neither is the stay usually so long in the Body, as to occasion any fear of a Separation, which probably may be if they pass not well, and therein chief, I suppose, to lie the danger, the natural heat being not so violent, but of a more moderate and even tenor, and too weak to make an analysis of the Water in so short a time, or dissolve its body, as the fire doth, but having discharged its office, is discharged also by the usual ways of Evacuation, if the Water stay not in the Body too long.  
Besides, The benefit of this Insipid magistery may not be a little; for if the acrimony of the blood be abated, and sharp humours allayed, mitigated and dulcified, as the Experience of many persons, the two Summers last passed especially seem to testify; I know nothing else in the Waters I can attribute this effect with greater justice to, than this impalpable powder, which like Coral and Pearls, being in themselves gritty and insipid, are known to produce the same effects without prejudice to the body, by imbibing the Acrimony, or altering the property of those humours they are found to alloy. I confess indeed, some expectation might in reason be of a fermentation within, as by the means of this powder, in good part▪ there probably hath been without in the Waters themselves, according to my Hypothesis mentioned in the former Chapter, if the Powder were separated and immediately mixed with acids in the Bowels, Stomach, Spleen, or elsewhere, upon which, Eructations, Inflations, and other inconveniences might ensue; but the Water passing quickly of, and there being not that constant supply as underground, nor proportionable acids neither, as may be there, no such ill effects can reasonably be feared, nor yet have been observed.  
As to Bitumen, either Liquid or Solid, the first of which is chief condemned by Mineral Writers, no inconvenience can arise from that, in regard I do not conceive it mixed, or indeed capable of mixing with the body of the Waters, but is at some certain times eructed from the Springs, chief in the Months of June, July and August, it ascends, being driven through the Waters, without mixture, to the surface, and there remains as a Scum, which taken of and dried burns like Stone-pitch, and is noted elsewhere: 
See Obs. 100  So that the quantity being inconsiderable to any other of the Minerals, and the times of breeding and appearing not constant, with an incapacity of mixing with the body of the Waters, otherwise certainly it would not ascend and float on the surface as we found it doth: these things, I say, considered, I cannot but think it strange, the Learned Dr. Jorden should assert these Baths to be Bituminous à praedominio, or consist principally of Bitumen, which I shall hereafter make appear to be but a lesle principal Principle, and rather an appurtenance to, than an Ingredient in the waters. So much also I must further say, That the swimming of a Bituminous substance on the surface of the waters; the shrivelling of the tops of the fingers in the Bath; and the bore smell of Sulphur by the Baths-side; are no masculine foundations for asserting those Principles, and making that the greatest ingredient in the waters, that is not capable of mixing with them.  
Whereas Sulphur (the third Ingredient of Dr. Jorden, and least proportionable, 
N. B. Ch. 16. p. 150.  affirming the Baths to consist principally of Bitumen, with Nitre and some Sulphur) is in much greater proportion than the Bitumen mentioned but now, and contains, I judge, near a fourth part of the courser Contents, the result of evaporation, for so much or therebouts is lost in Calcination, this, I say, though much in quantity, cannot relax or effeminate, either by fattiness or otherwise, as some Authors pretend; for, whatever it may have of that, 'tis certainly so much altered by the other Ingredients into whose bosom it is taken, and to which it is so nearly united, that nothing of that nature doth appear at any time, and is in nothing discovered more than its inflammability. We aught therefore here to expect the known virtues and benefits of Sulphur, to befriend the Lungs, to comfort and cherish weak parts, and do all those good offices we experience in a Composition though made of many things besides, rather than to imagine the Water of the Fountain Salmacis, 
Salmacis, fons Cariae limpidissimus, juxta Halicarnassium; eo nomine olim malè audience, quòd lavantium in eo, aut ex eo bibentium corpora effoeminaret. Stephanus.  to be continued hither, or be frighted with any Sardanapalian nature in Sulphur, which may created inconveniences we know not what. But if any person, notwithstanding what hath been said to the contrary, may be in some suspicion of any nocument from the Sulphur, he may have a Salt made out of the Waters to be dissolved in it, in which Sulphur is not concerned, and so the Waters may be drank in lesser proportion.  
Having therefore combated these three supposed Enemies to the Waters inward use, and found them weak and insufficient to maintain the opposition they pretend to, the greater confirmation will accrue from the consideration of the threefold encouragement, arising from the mixture of the triple Salt, Nitre, Salt and Vitriol, the further enlargement on which I shall at present forbear, and now give some few directions for the Patient's benefit I mentioned before.  
The first of which is, That 'tis very necessary the Body be well prepared before the Waters be taken, and consequently that good advice be had whether it be proper or not, for the inconsiderate use of any thing must be very prejudicial; and the best reason why many Effects are not produced, is because in reason they could not be expected. This preparation must be made, not slightly with a little Bathwater and Salt, Syrup of Roses, and Manna, and such like alimentary Medicines, but with proper, effectual, and frequent Purgations, as the knowing Physician will think requisite sometimes. For what Impurities are in primis viis, the Stomach, Intestines, etc. will certainly with the Current be carried further into the Body, defile the blood, and thereby created an Iliad of evils; whereas if the Body be well prepared, the Water hath besides a cleaner passage, a more free one too, unto the parts it must relieve.  
'Tis also lesle beneficial for the Patient to drink the Water in the Bath, and contrary to the rules and directions of intelligent Physicians; but if thirst be troublesome, somewhat may be taken to alloy that, and half an hour before rising a quantity may be drank, and the rest in bed, if occasion shall require; otherwise to set aside some time for drinking alone, and never, during that time, to use the Bath at all, is what may give both Uses due liberty to exert their operations, and not cramp or supplant one another, as they often do when made use of together.  
It is likewise requisite that a good course of Diet be observed in the use of the Waters, both as to Meat and Drink; that dinner be of meats of light and easy digestion, at twelve or one a clock, when the Waters have made a considerable pass; and that supper be in good time, that the Body may be clear against the next morning again.  
The best time for drinking is in the morning early, from the Pump, at the place itself, if it may be, otherwise, if near, at home, very warm, with a quarter of an hours walking after every Pint or Quart, at utmost; arising from three to six pints, four to eight, or five to ten, as the Body will bear, for no set gage can be given; and the best Rule is, that it aught to be taken pro Tolerantia, every one as they are able to bear, without ingurgitation, or relucting again. The number of days, 7, 14, 21, or a month, after which time I have observed the like effects not to be produced, as in the intermediate space, and therefore none aught to use it longer at one season.   

But these Things, and many more of this nature, shall be further discussed, and the whole Circuit of the way of drinking gone, and comprehended, in the Solution of the following Questions, which I shall only here propound.  
Question I 
Whether the Bathwater aught to be drank Hot, or Cold?  Quest. II. 
Whether in a great or little Quantity?  Quest. III. 
Whether it may be drank at Meals?  Quest. iv 
Whether Bathing and Drinking may be done on the same day?  Quest. V 
Whether Drinking may be in the morning, and Bathing in the evening of the same day?  Quest. VI 
Whether the Bathwater aught to be taken many days together, or else some days to , and others to Drink?  Quest. VII. 
Whether large Draughts may be taken, or more moderate; and what time is required should be between the Draughts?  Quest. VIII. 
How many days it is convenient the Bathwater should be drank?  Quest. IX. 
Whether any Medicines may be usefully taken with the Waters, to further their operation?  Quest. X. 
What times of the year are most proper to Drink it in?  Quest. XI. 
Whether the Bathwater may be taken in Winter?  Quest. XII. 
Whether the Leap-year hath any malign Influence on drinking the Waters?  Quest. XIII. 
Whether the Waters may be safely used in the Dog-days?  Quest. XIV. 
Which is first to be done, either Bathing, or Drinking?   
To give a greater security and Credit to the drinking these Waters, with which I shall conclude this Chapter, it may be noted, That, besides the common Discourse of things within the memory of man, the Bathwater hath been ordered to be drank above an hundred years ago; 
Jon. Bath. Aide. lib. 4. fol. 28.  for I found in a Physician that writ concerning them, A.D. 1572. among other things, these directions:  
About an hour after Sunrising in the morning, drink the Water out of the Spring; the Body afore purged, the digestion fulfilled, and the Bath first cleansed, remaining clean six hours before.  
So much of the Water as shall not be grievous to the Stomach may be drank.  
The Water being drank, the Patient must walk gently a few paces in a temperate air.  
By which it appears, how careful they were than of preparing the Body, and having the Water pure, which aught not to be lesle regarded now, otherwise the danger will be more, and the benefit lesle, according to the right or wrong use of the Waters. That this was discontinued, not better reason, I think, can be given, than the Humour of the Times, to which also, a want of a due method in drinking, and a true understanding of the nature of the Waters, may much conduce.    

CHAP. XIV. Of the Virtues of the Bathwater taken inwardly.  
THat the Water, and consequently the Salt extracted from it, and dissolved in it, may not be defrauded of their just Commendation internally used by way of Potion, as well as by Bathing, or Lotion, outwardly, and that it may be rightly made use of in a due way and manner, without expecting more from it than in reason is to be done; I shall give a short Account of the Distempers in which it may be profitable, and used with advantage.  
And first, in General, I conceive it very proper in all Diseases or Symptoms, that require cooling, cleansing, opening, or gentle Evacuation; under which Heads are comprehended many Maladies, which I shall but briefly touch on, and leave the fuller discovery of its Virtues to experience, and a longer use.  
I shall begin with the Stomach, both in regard it is the part it first descends into, and also, because in righting that, it is a general Benefactor to the whole Body, the use of the Stomach being of absolute necessity to every part, without which there can be no supply.  
It must therefore infallibly cleanse this useful Receptacle from any impurities' lodging in the Bottom or Plicatures thereof, (which may tender what is taken in more foul) and prepare it the better for digestion of the food, on which depends the maintenance of the lesser Universe, conducing much this way to the making better Chyle, purer blood, and more clear and active spirits, the wheels and machine's of all sense and motion.  
The next Advantage is, That it procures an Appetite, and makes those that drink it receive and enjoy their food with more delight and satisfaction. This is generally known to all that use it, and is effected partly by removing what lines the inner Coat of the Stomach with too much Viscosity, with which the fibres, and nervous filaments, the Organs of Sensation, are obstructed; partly by an Esurine quality residing in the Salt, provoking the desire of Sustenance, which we call Hunger, by its immediate application to the parts mentioned before. And in this Esurine Quality it doth exceed Common Water, of which Hypocrates hath written, That it makes men hungry; viz. by its washing and cleansing the Stomach, as is declared before; but this by the mixture of the Salt, is made more effectual.  
A third Convenience is, That it allays Thirst, which is often very troublesome, and sometimes dangerous to take in Liquors to suppress it, that may created farther disturbances in the Body, and prove more offensive; whereas this, by its cooling and moistening nature, is the best Remedy that can be provided, and that in no great proportion neither, as hath been often experimented.  
It is also of good use in the Heartburning, or Cardialgia, occasioned by the sharpness and acrimony of a bilious humour, vellicating the nerves and membranes of the upper orifice of the Stomach, called by the Ancients, by reason of its great communication therewith, the Heart; which sharp and acrimonious humour it altars, washes of, and at last evacuates, upon which the Passion ceaseth, and ease doth ensue.  
Also it clears by its immediate passage out of the Stomach, for some water, I suppose, doth pass that way, whatever obstructions are found in the Vessels about the Stomach, relating either to that or the Caul, arising from the Vena Porta, and known commonly among Anatomists by the hard names of Venae Gastricae, Epiplociae, and Gastro-Epiplociae, conveying what is transmitted from the Celiack Artery, to the Liver, and so by the Vena Cava, to the Heart, according to the undoubted and established doctrine of the Circulation.  
Moreover, It is of singular use in all Fluxes, whether with blood, or without; Diarrhea's, Dysenteries, or bloody Urine; not that it hath any strong astringent quality, which oftentimes is prejudicial, but by its absterging and cleansing virtue, and gently evacuative withal, it allays Acrimony, sweeps away pungent particles, and discharges them by the draught. However, if astringent Medicines shall at any time be judged necessary, the Cure will be facilitated, and more speedily performed, if the Water be drank, or used by Clyster, or both ways made use of, before they are advised, which will be a good preparatory to other Remedies.  
It is also good in the Colic, on the account before specified, and with the addition of its Heat; insomuch that those that drink the Bathwater, are observed to break more wind than other people, and found great relief in that case.  
It is proper also in the Distemper that is commonly, though improperly, called the Heat of the Liver, when the Face is read, pimpled, and the Body afflicted with choleric and pustulous Eruptions, having its foundation in the blood, which the Water attemperates, and brings down to a just degree, proportionable to the Natural and Balsamic Temper of its prime Composure.  
It opens likewise the obstructions of the Liver, Spleen and Gall, and therefore proper in the Spleen, so far as it ariseth from that Cause, and not improper, but very advantageous, in the Scurvy, Jaundice, and obstructions of the Mesentery, which, if the Waters pass, must be much advantage to the Body; in regard there most commonly lies the Sentina Corporis, or Sink of the whole, which is cleansed this way, as the Sewers in Bristol, by St. David's Flood.  
It is also very beneficial, if moderately taken, in the Gravel of the Kidneys, or any Gravel or Phlegm obstructing them, or the Ureters, which it undeniably cleanseth, and prevents Concretions, which may afterwards terminate in Tophes and Stones; so that 'tis a good preservative against the Stone, and will dissolve what is not too firmly impacted, which may be discovered, if the water pass not freely that way.  
It is also of incomparable use in the Diabetes, or pissing Disease, which is usually attended with a great drought, which it allays above any thing; and, the quantity moderated for fear of pissing too much, produceth great effects, as hath been experienced of late by a Person of Honour.  
I doubt not also to commend it in the Dropsy, but care must be taken that it pass well away, otherwise it may prove more prejudicial than advantageous. The like also may be said of the Gout.  
'Tis beneficial likewise in the Whites in Women, and what is somewhat consequential, prepares them for Conception; so that in some kinds of Barrenness, not more effectual Medicine can be used. Plinius dicit, Aquarum aliquas sterilitatem foeminarum abolere, & conceptus ipsis representare, sicut Sinuessanas in Campania; Thespiarum fontis in Boeotia; Elati fluminis in Arcadia; qui effectus significant hujusmodi Aquas esse Nitrosas: Etenim hae vulvam, quoniam eam abstergunt, Conceptioni faciunt habilem, saith Georg. Agricola; and again, a little after, 
De Nit. Eor. quae effl ex Terra, lib. 2.  Nitrosae vulvam ad Concipiendum aptam faciunt. Nitrous Waters dispose the Matrix to Conception. So that I question not but that outwardly and inwardly used, but chief the latter, these Waters are very advantageous in that condition.  
The inward use is also very profitable in all foulness of the Blood, the Itch, Scabs, Leprosy, and the Worms.  
For the Distempers of the Head it may be lesle useful, being somewhat remote, yet in many not prejudicial; for the forequoted Author says, speaking of Nitrous Waters; Capita, succis frigid s qui mentem obtundunt, repleta exiccantes & roborantes, tandem mentem denuo acuere, & sanitati restituere possunt. Those Heads that are filled with cold humours, which dull the mind, Nitrous Waters, by their drying and corroborating faculty, do relieve; and sharpening the understanding, restore to perfect health. Yet in regard this may be referred to the general Head of Obstructions, as before, I shall say no more at this time of the Virtues of the Water in particular: only add what Kircher says of Nitrous Waters in his Chapter of that Subject: When Nitre is 
* These Virtues are proportionably in all Nitrous Waters, according as they more or lesle participate of that Mineral.  predominant, it makes the Water that hath imbibed it powerful in operation; enables it to correct an ill habit of Body, which such as are phlegmatic are prove to; it loses the Belly; is good in the diseases of the Nerves, and for such as are subject to defluxions upon the Lungs; heals the Itch, and other diseases of the Skin; cures the ringing of the Ears, dropped into them; and, in a word, makes it to be of an eminent absterging property. Where it may be noted, That whereas this Author affirms Nitrous Waters to be good for such as are subject to defluxions upon the Lungs, and consequently for those that are weakened by a consumptive disposition, in extenuated persons; it is easy to determine to which of the Minerals chief we may attribute that great advantage an Eminent Chirurgeon of this Nation hath lately found by drinking the Waters, who from a thin body, and hoarse voice, hath now recovered a plump Corpulency, clear speech, and good habit of Body and Lungs, to the great credit and reputation of the Water.  
For the satisfaction of those that desire to know which way the Water comes to the Kidneys and Bladder, whereby they may somewhat judge of the usefulness of the Water, and true extent of its operation; I shall briefly, for a close, discourse of that.  
The Drink, or Water, which descends into the Stomach by the Gullet, passes thence, either immediately by the Veins, that have a more immediate relation to the Stomach, Caul, etc. or mediately, by the lower orifice of the Stomach, called Pylorus, into the Guts, whence the most part passeth by the milky Veins to the Lumbar glandules, or Kernels of the Kidneys, ascribed to the Learned D. Th. Bartholine, Professor at Copenhagen, as the first inventor, and answering to the Receptacle of Chyle in Brutes; and partly, perhaps, by the Mesaraicks, passeth to the Liver. From those Glandules, or the Receptacle, some affirm that the Potulent matter passeth directly to the Emulgents and Kidneys; but since this opinion seems not to be beyond dispute, as I have noted elsewhere, I shall add not more as to that here, only admit, that the greatest share of it passes from the Receptacle or Glandules, by the milky veins of the Breast, into the right Ventricle of the Heart, thence, through the Lungs, into the left, than into the great Artery, and so, by the Circular motion of the Blood, is carried to the emulgent Arteries, and discharged into the Kidneys, where, by reason of their fabric, aptly accommodated to the work of Straining, the Serum is separated from the Blood, and drops down by the Ureters, into the Bladder, whence through the Vrethra, or passage of the Yard, it again visiteth the open air, where I shall now leave it, as of no further use, till it come into the Urinal, and meet with some juggling and quacking Physician.   

CHAP. XV. Of the Water of St. Vincent's Rock, near Bristol.  
HAving in the 12th. Chapter of this Discourse made some mention of this Water, as a neighbouring Water to , and supposed only a Continuation thither, which I did not think probable on the Reasons there alleged; it will not be altogether improper in this place, to treat a little more largely of that, which hath a name among the useful Mineral Waters of this Land.  
As to the Principles of this Hot-Well Water, as 'tis usually called, without which the Reason of the Virtues can never be understood, they have been variously reported; what I have found on my own observation, I here declare.  
On the Evaporation of two Gallons of the Water, I had ℈ v. of the Contents; of which ℈ iv. were a reddish ferrugineous Earth, somewhat resembling in colour, an Iron Over, but in substance, very light and friable, with a mixture of a Limestone: The other ℈. which the Lixivium gave me, evaporated in Glass, seemed to be Alom, yet in regard the Limestone may sergeant Alom, especially when precipitated, I could not absolutely conclude it to be Aluminous.  
To be a little better satisfied, I caused Mr. Richard Millechape, an industrious and skilful Apothecary in Bristol, to evaporate one Hogshead of the Water of the Hot-Well, which he did in a furnace, first, to three or four Gallons, afterwards finished it in an evaporating Glass, and sent me the Contents, which were little wanting of ℥ v ss. four Ounces of which were, on examination, that read, rusty coloured Earth, mentioned before, and somewhat, though much lesle in quantity, more white.  
Upon this non-Saline part, as I call it, to distinguish it from the Saline part that constitutes the Lixivium, being put into a Crucible and calcined, I observed: That the read Earth was not harder, but more friable, and lost its rusty colour, becoming more blue; but the white being cold, and mixed with fair water, did, upon the first injection, hiss, and afterwards dissolve, leaving the water white, and a Limy residence in the bottom of the Vessel I infused it in; and both white and blue, after infusion, being dried again, became very white and limy.  
The other part being Saline imbibed into a Lixivium, I evaporated away to half a Pint, and setting it in a cool pla●●, found the next morning, it had shot into long ●●nall Stiria's, much resembling those of the Cross Bath here, to the quantity of ʒiii. the remaining part of the Liquor that did not shoot, I breathed away, and had ℥ i of another kind of Salt, now under examination; so that the Saline part is here much exceeded by the non-Saline, to which it seems to bear proportionably not much more than a 5th. part, and to be contained according to this Estimate, scarce twelve Grains in a Gallon, whereas that of  hath about forty impure.  
To give than a short Account of the Principles of this Water, I judge it to consist of Iron, a Nitro-Sulphureous Salt, and some Limestone, according to the proportions before delivered, and the Contents tents Saline, and non-Saline, to be, in all, near half as much as in the Waters of , where the Salts are a third, and here a fifth, or thereabout, as was mentioned before.  
That very little of an acid is contained in these Waters, may appear from this, That neither the cold Water, nor a strong Lixivium made of the Salt, will either turn with Galls, or coagulate Milk; neither doth any thing glebous show itself among the Shoots I have had yet.  
What the other Salt is, which I have not yet fully examined, and tastes much Alcalizate, I do here promise' to declare on another occasion: only for the present, which is all I shall say of the Principles of this Water now, To make it further evident, that this is Limestone, after the non-Saline part was well calcined, with a strong fire, in the water of that I decocted Sulphur, which it did dissolve, and was precipitated with a fetid smell, both by distilled Vinegar, Spirit of Vitriol, and Oil of Tartar, in a considerable quantity.  
This Water than though participating of the same Salts with the Water of , but not in that proportion, cannot be expected to be as advantageous in the same Distempers, as it is lesle hot; but containing so much of Iron, hath that advantage above it, and may be as effectual as Tunbridg Waters, in any Diseases that Water is proper for, and, for aught I know, do every way as well.   

CHAP. XVI. Of Castle-Cary Water.  
THE Mineral Water in Somersetshire, commonly known by the name of Castle-Cary, or Alford-water, being of a quick working nature, and by some persons made use of at , deserves also an Examination; which I the rather do here, in regard it may confirm and illustrate what I formerly discoursed of, concerning the Nature and Virtues of the Baths of , to which it may be also very subservient.  
By Trials therefore, according as I had done on the Waters of  and Bristol, I found it to consist of some parts Saline, some non-Saline. The Saline part is chief Nitrous, Nitre being almost double to the other Salts; and therefore I judge this Water, Nitrosa à praedominio; Nitre appearing in a nauseous taste, apparent bitterness, cooling, penetrating, and shooting into as long and firm Stirias, as I have ever seen in the King's, or Hot Baths.  
The other Salt, is common brown Salt, arising, I conceive, from a small Rock or Mine, of that sort of Salt in the ground about the Spring. This, I said, is little more than half the proportion of the former, and shows itself in proper Squares or Cubes, peculiar to that Salt, the Nitre shooting first, and this Salt last of all.  
The parts non-Saline are likewise double:  
First, A read Gritt, arising also from a Rock of that colour, and is the proper Gritt of the ground; next the Earth under the Sward, of which I am now to treat a little. The Earth under the surface of the ground is first, a stiff blue Marl: under that a white Clay: and last of all the Read Rock.  
The Earth, the second part non-Saline contained in the Water, is chief the latter, I mean the white Clay, which with the Rocky Sediment, makes up near the proportion of the brown Salt, or rather somewhat more, the Rock bearing not a fourth part to the Clay.  
Out of 12 Gallons of this Water wanting 3 Pints, I had ℥ 18. ʒvi ss. of the Contents, besides dross and scum in the depuration of the Water, of which ℥ iii Nitre; ℥ i. ʒvi. brown Salt; and ℥ two. Earth and Rock. ℥ iii gr. 30. lost in working. So that ℥ ss. of Salt is contained in every Gallon of the Water, or proportionably ʒss. in every Pint, or between 20 and 30 Grains, of which two parts are Nitre, and one brown Salt.  
Note, That out of the quantity of Water mentioned before, I had of the pure refined Salt only ℥ iv. 2 Drams, and 40 Grains, in a Gallon; 20 Grains in a Pint.  
This Water than must be of good use to cool, cleanse, penetrate and attenuate gross humours; alloy acrimony; attemperate and suppress undue fermentation. Good in the Spleen, Scurvy, Jaundice, and all obstructions of the Mesentery and Bowels, having all those properties Kircher gives of Nitrous Waters, mentioned Chap. 14.  
It cleanses the Kidneys and Ureters, and is very beneficial in the Stone, moving by Siege, Urine and Sweat, and that very effectually, in regard the Minerals are so strongly imbibed, which makes it better to be mixed with the Water from the Springs at , which, having the same Salts are lesle, operative, because lesle impregnated.  
And thus having discoursed of Three Mineral Waters, by the Salts, the main of their Composition, somewhat related, St. Vincent's Hot Well, lesle impregnated; , more; and Castle-Cary Water, in the highest degree; I hope the best use will be made of them all. And so I take leave of this Subject for the present, referring the Curious to more Particulars, concerning the principal part of my Design, to the ensuing Century of Observations.    

A CENTURY OF Observations: Containing further DISCOVERIES Of the Nature of the HOT WATERS at ; With the Contents, Property, and Distinction of each Bath, in particular.  
By T.G. M.B.  
LONDON, Printed for Henry Brome. MDCLXXVI.   

OBSERVATIONES HYDROSTATICAE; OR, OBSERVATIONS Relating to the Water's Weight.  

OBSERVE. I.  
THAT the Weight of the Water of all the Baths is much alike, only the Hot Bath Water is somewhat lighter than the King's and Cross, as is further evidenced in the following Observations.   

Observe. II.  
That the Bathwater if exactly weighed, is lighter than Common Water by 2 ounces in a ●●llon; for 12 Gallons of the Bathwater weigh●● 〈◊〉 95 pound 14 ounces, whereas Common 〈◊〉 as much weighed 97 pound, 6 ounces; 24 〈◊〉 ss, or lb iss. difference. The like will hold in ●●ller proportions, as ʒii. in a Pint, and ℥ i in a ●●nt, and ℥ i in a Pottle. Note,  
That this Observation was made in Frost, and must be understood of Bathwater cold. See Obs. iv   

Observe. III.  
That a Gallon of the Bathwater hot, weighed 8 pound, 8 ounces; 2 pound, 2 ounces, the Quart: Cold, 8 pound, 2 ounces and half; 2 pound ʒv. the Quart. 5 ounces and half in a Gallon wanting; ʒxi. in a Quart; ʒuss. in every Pint.   

Observe. iv  
That the usual proportion in open dry weather is Common Water lb i. ʒvi. the Pint; Bathwater hot lb i. ʒv. Bathwater cold lb i. ʒiv. Bathwater 1 ounce in a Gallon lesle cold than hot; ℥ i. lighter than Common Water hot; ℥ two. cold. Note,  
That this Observation is chief to be understood of the King's and Cross Bath; and of the Measure, Weights and Scales used at that time.   

Observe. V  
That Bathwater hot being weighed a second time, in like proportion, against Common Water, in open Scale, both Waters did very near, in open weather, balance each other, but standing in the Scale, till the Bathwater was cold, the Bathwater required ʒii. in a Pint, to make up the Balance.   

Observe. VI  
That on another Trial made Nou. 18. 75. in open weather, Bathwater hot, and Common Water did weigh much alike; but cold, wanted ʒii. in a Pint of its own weight hot, and (consequently) was ʒiis. in a Pint, or ℥ two. in a Gallon, lighter than Common Water.   

Observe. VII.  
That at any time, Bathwater hot, nor cold, was not heavier than Common Spring-water.   

Observe. VIII.  
That the same Pint of Bathwater weighed at the first 12 hours' end, after taking from the Springs, standing 12 hours longer, did weigh lighter by ʒi.   

Observe. IX.  
That by a Pint, Wine-measure, the Cross Bath Water exactly weighed, 17. Nou. 75. did weigh lb i. ℥ i ʒv. and 8 grains.   

Observe. X.  
That the King's Bath Water weighed much the same, by the same Measure, Weights and Scales, at the same time, and, if any difference, the King's was somewhat heavier, being immediately weighed in the dry-Pump Room.   

Observe. XI.  
That the Hot Bath Water 1 Pint, weighed than at the King's Bath, did weigh lb i. ℥ i ʒiii. ʒss. and 4 grains; but at the Hot Bath, with the same Measure, Weights and Scales, weighed lb i. ℥ i ʒiv. and 12 grains; 38 grains more than at the King's Bath.   

Observe. XII.  
That the Hot Bath Water, one Pint, weighed ℈ two. 8 grains lighter than the Cros●.   

Observe. XIII.  
That the Water of the Hot Bath, one Pint, weighed 42 grains lighter than the Kings.   

Observe. XIV.  
That the two former Observations immediately foregoing, were made with the Hot Bath Water, against the just weight of the King's and Cross, and the Measure twice filled with the greatest exactness, may 'cause this little Variation of 6 grains between King's and Cross; but if the estimate be made from the weight of the King's, Cross, and Hot Bath Water, at, or near their respective Pumps (as in Obs. 9, 10, 11.) than the Hot Bath Water, one Pint, is 56 grains lighter than either King's, or Cross.   

Observe. XV.  
That the Hot Bath Water is the lightest of all, but the King's and Cross are in weight much alike, provided the Water of both be weighed, at or near the Pump of either Bath.   

Observe. XVI.  
That the Menstruum, or Water imbibing the Minerals of the Hot Bath, is lighter than that of the King's or Cross: for in one Pint of the former are contained 11 grains ●/4 (as in Obs. 69.) and the two latter but 9 grains ½ (as in Obs. 67, 68) one grain 1/3 more in a Pint of the Hot Bath Water, than the Cross or King's, and yet the Hot Bath is so much lighter than either King's or Cross, according to the former Observations.   

Observe. XVII.  
That as the King's Bath Water hath as much lesle Marl, as it hath more Gritt than the Cross; so the Cross Bath on the contrary, hath more Marl, and lesle Gritt than the King's: which makes the contents even, and the weight of the Water equal, the Menstruum of both weighing both alike.   

Observe. XVIII.  
That the drinking Pump in the King's Bath, and dry Pump out of it, convey out Water of an equal weight: neither is that received at the dry Pump, lighter than that which is taken immediately from the Springs.   

Observe. XIX.  
That the Water of none of the Baths, did at any time weigh heavier than Common Water, by the same Measure, Weights and Scales.   

Observe. XX.  
That Hydrostatical Observations may vary, according to the difference of Wether, Water, Measure, Weights and Scales; but that what is mentioned before in relation to that Affair, is done (I judge) with as much exactness as may be.    

OBSERVATIONES CHROMATICAE: OR, OBSERVATIONS Concerning the Waters Tincturing.  

Observation XXI.  
THat the Water of all the Baths warm will tinge with Galls.   

Observe. XXII.  
That the same quantity of Bathwater warm, with the same proportion of Galls, gives a deeper Tincture in frosty weather, than in open.   

Observe. XXIII.  
That the New Pump, and dry Pump, at the King's Bath, Tincture both alike, but the Water of the Bath itself, not at all.  

Note,  
That this Observation is to be understood of the Bath when full; for if trial be made when the Bath is filling, and the water low, the water of the open Bath will Tinge, as coming more immediately from the Springs.    

Observe. XXIV.  
That a Glass-bottle filled with water hot from the King's Bath, well corked and sealed, gave a deep tincture with Galls, in open weather, 48 hours after.   

Observe. XXV.  
The like Tincture, but somewhat more faint, I have observed at three day's end.   

Observe. XXVI.  
That the Water of the Kings, Cross, and Hot Baths, being kept close stopped and sealed for the space of seven days, the King's Bath did turn with Galls, but the Cross and Hot were not altered at all.  

Note,  
That here might be some fault in stopping, for on another Trial, the Cross Bath, on the seventh day, did give a tincture. See Obs. 45.    

Observe. XXVII.  
That the water of the King's Bath well stopped and sealed, did, at eight week's end, give a purple tincture with Galls, little different from what it did, when taken hot from the Pump.  

Note,  
That this I had from the Relation of another, and is not consonant to my other Observations: if so, there must be than a long Frost, which I have not met with since.    

Observe. XXVIII.  
That the Water of the Cross Bath corked, and waxed, gave a pretty brisk tincture, on the sixth day after taking from the Pump, in open weather, although the bottle had been opened and waxed up again two days before. The King's Bath Water also taken at the same time did turn, but not so soon, and more faint. Another bottle also of the King's Bath did the like, filled Nou. 6. and opened Nou. 12. the same days as before.   

Observe. XXIX.  
That the Water of the Hot Bath corked and waxed, and opened at 24. hours' end, did not strike a purple tincture with Galls, though carefully made up, as soon as taken from the Pump.   

Observe. XXX.  
That another Vial of the Hot Bathwater opened at three hours' end, in open weather, did not tincture, though corked and waxed as the former.   

Observe. XXXI.  
That two bottles of the Water of the Cross and Hot Bath, opened twelve hours after sealing at the Pump, in Frost, and in a short time carefully sealed up again, did the next morning, twelve hours after, give a tincture both with Galls and Oaken chips, but sooner and higher the Cross.   

Observe. XXXII.  
That two bottles of the Water of the Cross and Hot Bath filled from the Pump, and standing twenty four hours in Frosty weather, unstopped, the water of both the Baths did turn with Galls, but sooner and deeper the Cross.   

Observe. XXXIII.  
That the Water in the same bottles standing twenty four hours longer unstopped, the water still continuing Frosty, the Cross Bath water did tinge as formerly, but that of the Hot was not altered at all.   

Observe. XXXIV.  
That three hours after the former Experiment, the weather than breaking that had been frosty before, neither Hot nor Cross Bath water was considerably altered, though the water of the Hot Bath was but three hours before taken hot from the Pump. The Cross Bath water, that but that morning had Tinged very well after forty eight hours standing, did than very little; and the Hot taken immediately from the Pump but three hours before, not at all.   

Observe. XXXV.  
That two glass Vials of the Cross and Hot Bathwater well corked and sealed up hot, and opened at three day's end, the Cross Bath water did tincture with Galls, but the Hot was very little altered. Another half pint bottle corked and waxed, opened at four day's end, the water of the Hot Bath, gave no tincture at all.   

Observe. XXXVI.  
That trial having been made with Galls, on the Water of all the Baths unstopped, at ten hours' end, in open weather; The Hot Bath lost its Tincturing first; the Kings decayed much next; but the Cross Bath gave a tincture much brighter than the Kings.   

Observe. XXXVII.  
That the next morning, thirteen hours after, the weather still continuing without frost, the Cross Bath did tinge very well; but the King's Bath very little,   

Observe. XXXVIII.  
That after six hours more, the Cross Bath did tinge as formerly, but the water of the Kings did not tincture at all.   

Observe. XXXIX.  
That eighteen hours after that, the Cross Bath in the same open weather unstopped, gave a very faint tincture with Galls, after some standing, and shortly after became as the Kings the day before.   

Observe. XL.  
That the Water of the King's Bath in open weather, unstopped, gave no tincture with Galls at 18 hours' end, when the Cross Bath did at 28.   

Observe. XLI.  
That the same Water of the Cross Bath kept unstopped, in open weather, 18 hours longer, or at 46 hours' end, did not tincture with Galls, but in a short time became thick and white.   

Observe. XLII.  
That the King's Bathwater that Tinctured faintly in the morning, at six day's end, in open weather, stopped again with Cork, but not waxed, four hours after did not tincture at all.   

Observe. XLIII.  
That the King's Bathwater unstopped in open weather at 10 hours' end, gives a faint tincture with Galls; at 18 hours very little (if any;) and at 24 hours' none at all, unless in frost, or weather frost-like.   

Observe. XLIV.  
That the Cross Bathwater unstopped loseth its ting in little more than 48 hours, in any weather.   

Observe. XLV.  
That the Water of the same Bath stopped and sealed, will tincture after six or seven days, with a faint tincture; but after nine days, in open weather, will not tincture at all.   

Observe. XLVI.  
That the Water of the Hot Bath unstopped, in open Wether, will give no tincture with Galls after three or four hours, although the Water than retain somewhat of its heat.   

Observe. XLVII.  
That the Water of the same Bath opened or stopped, will not turn with Galls after three or four days, in any weather.   

Observe. XLVIII.  
That the King's Bathwater unstopped, did give a purple tincture with Galls at four day's end, in frost, and the fifth day, the weather breaking, with fresh Galls added to more of the water became turbid and white, much resembling Almond-milk.   

Observe. XLIX.  
That the Cross Bathwater cold and unstopped, in open weather, tinctures longer than the Kings.   

Observe. L.  
That the Hot Bathwater unstopped loses its tincturing before 'tis cold, or in four hours' time at most; The King's Bath seldom exceeds 24 hours, and the Cross 48, in open weather.   

Observe. LIVELY  
That the Water of all the Baths may appear somewhat purplish after the times before mentioned, but that faint colour seldom holds more than three or four minutes before the water grows thick, and for the most part white; in long standing palish yellow; with lesser Galls, more green, and sometimes black.   

Observe. LII.  
That the Water of the Cross and Hot Baths kept in two Vials stopped with cork, but not sealed, for the space of two years, did than with oil of Tartar become white, although both had deposited a sediment, as well white as yellow. The Water of neither did tinge with Galls.   

Observe. LIII.  
That the Halitous part is not made more visible, nor can be saved by distillation, although the joints be luted never so close; neither is the first distilled Water acid, nor will turn with Galls. The like hath Dr. French observed, in the waters of the Vitrioline Well at Knaresborough, Yorkshire Spa, p. 67.   

Observe. LIV.  
That the Water of all the Baths effete, and devested of their Tincturing purple with Galls, in a short time become opake, and something like a thin Whey, or as if some few drops of oil of Tartar had been mixed with it.   

Observe. LV.  
That the Bathwater loses its Tincturing with Galls, although nothing be observed to be precipitated.   

Observe. LVI.  
That the Bathwater sealed up in a glass bottle cold, and laid near the Springs of the Bath twenty four hours, doth not than recover its ting property with Galls, but becomes white as precipitated with oil of Tartar, which Spirit of Vitriol makes clear again.   

Observe. LVII.  
That the cold Water of none of the Baths, except the Cross, standing 24 hours before Trial unstopped, will Tinge with Galls or otherwise, in open weather, unless well stopped and sealed up hot.  

Note,  
That in Frost-like weather, in the Winter season, the Cross Bath chief, and sometimes the Kings, may colour after this time; but not after 48 hours unless in constant frost.    

Observe. LVIII.  
That the Water of the Drinking-pump lately erected in the King's Bath, tinges with Galls not longer than that of the Dry-pump; but both within ten, and twenty hours' space, unstopped, in open weather, loose their Tincturing and become effete.   

Observe. LIX.  
That the King's Bathwater at eight day's end, and the Cross at nine, in open weather, did not give any tincture with Galls, although Trial was made on seven glass Vials (4 of the Kings, and 3 of the Cross) corked and waxed, at the same time, and successively opened and experimented, with good fresh Galls injected into every Glass.   

Observe. LX.  
That how long the Waters of all the Baths will Tincture in Frost, this Winter proving very mild, hath not yet given me an opportunity to experiment.    

OBSERVATIONES MISCELLANEAE; OR, OBSERVATIONS Touching divers Subjects; more especially, The Contents of the Waters, and Things appertaining thereunto.  

Observe. LXI.  
THAT the Water of all the Baths, though clear and transparent in a Glass, do contain in their Body, a considerable quantity of a fine, white, insipid Powder, which afterwards, by decoction, becomes more brown and gritty, with a blue Sulphurous Earth or Marle, and a Saline matter.   

Observe. LXII.  
That the Contents of the Bath are lesle in the same proportion of Water, in wet weather, than in dry.   

Observe. LXIII.  
That the Saline matter producible in Substance from the Bathwater, subjected to the Sight, and other senses concerned, are only Common Salt and Nitre.   

Observe. LXIV.  
That out of one Hogshead of the Water of the King's Bath taken from the Pump, in wet weather, I had ℥ x. ʒuss. whereof ℥ v. ʒiii. were Gritt; ℥ two. ʒviiss. Salt; ℥ two. ʒiss. Marle.  

Note,  
That after this proportion, Gritt hath five parts; Salt about three parts; and Marle two; Common Salt more than two; Nitre one.    

Observe. LXV.  
That out of one Hogshead of the Cross Bath in the same weather, came ℥ xviii. ʒv. whereof ℥ iv. Gritt; ℥ iii ʒi. Marle; ℥ two. Common Salt; and ℥ ss. of Niter.   

Observe. LXVI.  
That one Hogshead of the Hot Bath, in the same weather, yielded ℥ xi. ʒiii. whereof ℥ iv. ʒiv. Gritt; ℥ iii ʒii. Marle; ℥ two. ʒvi. Common Salt; and ʒvi. of Nitre.   

Observe. LXVII.  
That the King's Bath one Gallon ordinarily contains near 43 grains of Gritt; 23 grains ½ of Salt; 17 grains ½ of Marle; in all ℈ iv. 7 grains. 5 grains Gritt; 2 grains ½ Salt (viz. 2 grains Shall Common, and ½ grain Nitre) and 2 grains Marle, the Pint. In all 9 grains ½.   

Observe. LXVIII.  
That the Cross Bath one Gallon contains near 32 grains Gritt; 25 grains Marl; 16 grains Shall Common; 4 grains Nitre; in all ʒi. gr. 14. 4 gr. Gritt; 3 gr. Marle; 2 gr. Sal Commune, and 1 gr. Nitre, the Pint. Total 9 gr. ½.   

Observe. LXIX.  
That one Gallon of the Hot Bath Water contains near 36 gr. ½ of Gritt; 26 gr. Marle; 22 gr. Sal Commune; and 6 gr. ½ of Nitre. 4 gr. ½ Gritt; 3 gr. ¼ Marle; 2 gr. 1/3 Sal Commune; 1/3 gr. of Nitre. Total 11 gr. ¼ in a Pint.   

Observe. LXX.  
That the Gritt in proportion is almost double to all the Salts; in the King's Bath, more.   

Observe. LXXI.  
That the Common Salt is near three parts, and the Nitre but one.   

Observe. LXXII.  
That the Hot Bath Water contains by more than a fourth part more Nitre than the Cross. The like will hold as to Common Salt.   

Observe. LXXIII.  
That the Proportion the Saline part bears in the King's and Cross Bath, is near ℥ iiss. in a Hogshead, or 60 Gallons; but in the Hot Bath ℥ iii or somewhat better. So that in a Gallon of the two former are no more than 20 gr. Salt, 2 gr. ½ in a Pint; in the latter 24 gr. in a Gallon, or 3 gr. in a Pint.  

Note,  
That what is asserted in the two Observations immediately preceding, concerning the Hot Bath Water containing more than the King's or Cross, was done on a single Experiment, which I have not since repeated.    

Observe. LXXIV.  
That one Hogshead from the Pump of the King's Bath, in frosty weather, afforded ℥ xii. ʒii. of the Contents; whereof ℥ vi. Gritt; ℥ iiiss. Salt; and ℥ two. ʒvi. Marle; ℥ two. ʒii. Sal Communis; and ʒx. Nitre.  

Note,  
That the same quantity of the Cross and Hot Bath Water I have not experimented in frost, but judge them proportionable to the King's, upon which is grounded the 62. Observation.    

Observe. LXXV.  
That the Nitrous parts of the King's and Hot Baths shoot much alike, into strong, firm, and compacted Needles; but the Cross Bath more faint, into small hoary Threads, slender, short, and brittle.   

Observe. LXXVI.  
That what I call Marle, is chief that insipid blue Earth which remains on the filtering paper after Calcination, and in part burns away to lesle in the Crucible, being the Terra adhering more nearly to the Salt, and in which (probably) the Sulphur doth reside.   

Observe. LXXVII.  
That the Cross Bath Water hath lesle Gritt than the King's.   

Observe. LXXVIII.  
That the King's Bath hath as much Nitre as the Cross, although the form of shooting be different.   

Observe. LXXIX.  
That the Water both of the King's and Cross Baths, have an operation in Potion much alike, only the Cross Bath drinks more pleasant, the reason of which may be gathered from Obs. 77.   

Observe. LXXX.  
That the Bathwater cold will coagulate Milk.   

Observe. LXXXI.  
That ℈ two. of the impalpable Powder precipitated from the Bathwater with oil of Tartar, and mixed with Spring-water, did not coagulate Milk, when 20 grains of Alom did it effectually.  

Note,  
That half a Pint of Water will turn the Milk; and that this quantity of the Powder is near as much as is contained in a Gallon.    

Observe. LXXXII.  
That ʒi. of the white Salt dissolved in half a Pint of Spring-water, and mixed with as much boiling Milk, made no alteration; whereas ℈ i of Alom dissolved in like manner, made a clear Posset, with a hard Curd.   

Observe. LXXXIII.  
That the precipitated Powder, though fine, white, and impalpable, if precipitated, in Evaporation becomes more gross, browner, and gritty, and upon settlement leaves the bottom of the Water thick and white.   

Observe. LXXXIV.  
That the same Powder when precipitated, put on a read hot Iron Plate, neither boils, crackles, nor melts, but lies heavy, dead, and burns not at all.  

Note,  
That this impalpable Powder bears an equal proportion with, at lest, if not exceeds all the Salts contained in the same.    

Observe. LXXXV.  
That the Infusion of the yellow Crocus, or Ochre, poured on a Solution of Sal Chalybis, with the addition of Galls, makes a deep purple first, and afterwards black.   

Observe. LXXXVI.  
That the Bathwater receives no alteration by being close stopped with wax; nor will, unless by long standing, deposit any Sediment that way.   

Observe. LXXXVII.  
That the Salts do exhale; as is evident from this Observation. On the 20th. of February, 1674/5. the Cross Bath having been kept drawn 5 or 6 days, and the Water so low, that the tops of many of the Stones did appear above it, a Salt of the same nature with that which is extracted, was observed to adhere to the Stones above the Water, reverberated by the ambient air, the season than very frosty, and fixed on the Stones in the nature of a Candyed drop, or small white tip, or speck, resembled by some that saw it to the excrements of Birds; some of the Stones I brought away, which a month after abated nothing of their Saltness, neither would have done, if kept till this time. Mr. Henry Dyer, Sergeant of the Cross Bath, gave me notice of it as an unusual accident, and Robert Baulch, at the White Horse against the Hot Bath, collected a good quantity from the tops of the Stones, which he afterwards gave me for examination. It did melt on an Iron Plate, and left a Calx much like the Crystals, the taste chief alcalisate. The like Concretion I observed a second time, 24 Octob. 1675.  

Note,  
That the King's Bath hath not yet afforded the like Observation, in regard the Water of that Bath cannot well be drawn so low.    

Observe. LXXXVIII.  
That an exact Pint of the Bathwater put into a Pint glass Bottle, and the height of the Water presently marked, the Bathwater cold subsided lower than the mark on the neck of the Bottle unstopped, the breadth of half an inch.   

Observe. LXXXIX.  
That the subsiding or seeming Vacuity, mentioned in the former Observation, did appear within the space of two hours, although the Bottle well filled was immediately stopped and sealed.  

Note,  
That Common Water waxed up warm, will subside in the neck of the Bottle, after the same manner as Bathwater doth: The Bottle top full, a voided space of half an inch afterwards appearing, Q. anon hic detur Vacuum?    

Observe. XC.  
That the Sand of the Bath doth consist of Free-stone-Gritt, Marle, Ochre, Shells, Rubrica, Crystal Pebbles, and Sulphur; and that nothing Saline is contained in the same.   

Observe. XCI.  
That the Sand of the Bath dried and weighed after the affusion of warm water on it, and has so continued for some time, is not sensibly diminished in its weight, of what it was of before the affusion of the water, neither is the water any thing salter, but a little more rough.   

Observe. XCIII.  
That a large quantity of the Sand calcined in a Flemish Crucible, with as great a heat as could well be given, no Concretion was observed, but dead gritty ashes, neither did the water in which it was afterwards infused, become more salt.   

Observe. XCIV.  
That the Sand of the Bath put on a read hot Iron Plate, and held in a dark place, burns very blue, and smells much of Sulphur, if only lying some time before a strong heat.   

Observe. XCV.  
That the Sand of the Bath on the affusion of Vinegar, or any acid Liquor, will ferment.  

Note,  
That Common Freestone, and Shells, will do the like.    

Observe. XCVI.  
That the Mud of the Bath dried will ferment as the Sand.   

Observe. XCVII.  
That the Mud of the Bath doth consist of a blue Marle, some Shelly, or Testaceous particles, and more Sulphur than the Sand.   

Observe. XCVIII.  
That the foul Contents of the Bath put into a Crucible for Calcination, in order to the making the Salt more pure, before the Marly or Muddy parts are consumed, the Crucible than opened, and the Contents touched with a Spatule, give a very strong stench of Brimstone, and burn as blue, as ever I saw any Sulphur do.   

Observe. XCIX.  
That the Mud itself hot hath a Sulphurous smell, and is very useful if applied in these external Distempers, which Sulphur doth relieve.   

Observe. C.  
That the Scum of the Bath arising usually most in June, July, and August, floating on the Surface of the Waters, dried into Cakes, burns like Stone-Pitch; and being once kindled, goes not out till all be consumed.  
These Observations are made according to present Experiments; Anomalous Observations may be noted afterwards.    

THE LIVES AND CHARACTER OF THE PHYSICIANS OF , From the Year, MDXCVIII, To this present Year, MDCLXXVI.  
In which, Within the compass of Fourscore Years, is comprehended great part of the Lives of XVII. Physicians, which confirms the words of Hypocrates, in his first Aphorism; Ars Longa, Vita Brevis.  
By T. G. M. B.  
LONDON, Printed for Henry Brome, MDCLXXVII.   

TO THE READER.  
Courteous Reader,  
ALthough he that writes the Life of another man, doth almost the same thing as he that takes upon him the care of a friend in Trust, which, however faithfully discharged, is oftentimes accounted but a Thankless office; yet I have adventured to give in the following Papers, a brief account of some particulars relating to the Physicians of , with all the Truth and Candour that I can; and if my Expressions, which I have smoothed what I may, in a few places seem to grate and bear hard upon some, I would have those consider that shall take exception at it, that 'tis not my fault I had not better matter; and if I have proceeded as near as I could, according to the Subject, as I'm sure is done, it will appear that I have not industriously abused the dead, or distasted the living, but used distributive Justice, in giving every one his due.  
This may also encourage others that have the like opportunity, to do the same, that so those modest Meal-mouths, that think it too great an honour to publish any thing in their own time, (whereby I am persuaded Learning hath been more injured than by any one thing whatsoever, good Copies by this means falling afterwards into the hands of corrupt and illiterate persons) may not want their just commendation; and those that keep their own breath, as we say, to cool their Pottage in a Chimney-corner, may have this good use of another man's. Whether well or ill, Quod scripsi, scripsi, and so Farewell.   

THE Lives and Character OF THE PHYSICIANS OF .  
HAVING hitherto discoursed of the Waters and City, I think it not improper here to give some account of the PHYSICIANS of , both in regard they have been as eminent as any, I think, in any part of England, and also for the most part have been continued in a Series of Judicious, able men, well qualified and graduated in Universities, which deserve the greatest and most particular mention here. And although I would have wished, that they had signalised themselves on the place, by some other way besides their practice, by which more remarkable Memorials would have remained to posterity, and been a good occasion of my Commendation; yet since they were pleased, for reasons best known to themselves, to pass by the thing that best deserved their consideration, I mean the nature of the Waters, (only one or two having written of them) I shall not make them the like requital, but give what account I either know or can procure, and gather up the fragments of their Memories that remain. And first of Doctor Reuben Sherwood.  

1. Doctor Reuben Sherwood.  
OF Dr. Reuben Sherwood, the first Physician I meet with any remembrance of, I can give no other account than that he died here Anno Dom. 1598.   

2. Dr. Thomas Elton.  
DOctor Thomas Elton 'tis likely was contemporary with Dr. Sherwood, or not long after, whom he survived twenty years, and was buried at , Aug. 11. 1618.; A well bred Gentleman, obliging and affable.   

3. Dr. John Sherwood.  
AT the same time also flourished Dr. John Sherwood, graduated in the University of Cambridge, who died two years after Dr. Elton, and was buried in the Church of St. Peter and Paul, in the South-Isle, as appears by this indifferent poetry on a piece of Brass against the Wall; in which he is recommended to posterity with this bore Title: Joannes Sherwood Doctor Med. Sepultus 16 Febr. 1620.  
The Verses these; 
Conditur hic Sherwood, medicâ praeclarus in arte  
Doctor, adhuc cujus fama corusca volat:  
Ossa licet lateant hujus sub mole sepulchri,  
Spiritus aethereâ vivit in arce poli.   
Which may thus be answerably translated: 
Here famous Doctor Sherwood lies,  
Whose skill in Physic Lore  
Was great, and his bright Fame yet flies,  
Both now and evermore.  
Although within this Tomb his bones  
Are hidden out of sight,  
His Soul, not penned within these stones,  
To Heaven hath ta'en her flight.   
Of him I can learn nothing more observable, than that he was of the Romish Religion, and a good Housekeeper.   

4. Doctor Edward Jorden.  
COncerning Dr. Jorden, whose Name is yet fresh, and memory very acceptable to all that knew him, having left the deserved Reputation of a Learned, Candid, and Sober Physician: I have written something heretofore, and shall only here again mention some particulars more nearly relating to his person and condition.  
Doctor Jorden, I understand, was a Gentleman of a good Family, and, being a younger Brother, designed for a Profession, for which when he had accomplished himself, by a convenient course of studies in his own Country, he traveled abroad to see the Manners and Customs of the Universities beyond Sea, and having spent some time there, especially at Milan, where he took the degree of Doctor in Physic, returned home, practised at London, became an eminently solid and rational Philosopher and Physician, and one of that famous and learned Society, The King's College of the Physicians there.  
He had a natural inclination to Mineral works, and was at great charges about the ordering of Alom, which succeeding not according to expectation, he was thereby much prejudiced in his estate, as appears from these words in the seventh Chapter of his Treatise of Nat. Baths and Mineral Waters; Now I come to Alum (Indignum vex ipsa jubet renovare dolorem,) the greatest debtor I have, and I the greatest benefactor to it, as shall appear when I think fit to publish the artifice thereof. For the Patent or Grant for the profit of the Alom works, which he reasonably did expect, fell afterwards, I know not how, to Sr. Arthur Ingrams lot, although the Doctor also had a good share in the affection of King James.  
After he had practised sometime in London, he settled at , where living many years, and having Children not a few, his conversation was so sweet, his carriage so obliging, and his life so answerable to the port and dignity of the faculty he professed, that he had the applause of the Learned, the respect of the Rich, the prayers of the Poor, and the love of all. But living a studious and sedentary life, which might encourage his two grand distempers he labours under, the Stone and Gout, departed this life in the great Climacterical year of his age 63, and of our Saviour's Nativity 1632, lying buried in the South Isle of the Abbey Church, but without a Monument, or any Inscription. And thus much for Dr. Jorden who was the first Physician that writ any thing of the Waters, that resided on the place.   

5. Doctor Edward Lapworth.  
DOctor Lapworth was bred up in the famous University of Oxford, and a member of that flourishing Society, Magdalen College there, where he proceeded Doctor in a solemn Act in the year 1611, with two eminent Physicians his contemporaries, Dr. Simon Baskervill, and Dr. Thomas Clayton.  
His correspondence was good with Jorden, being both at one time practitioners on the place, as appears from the verses he hath prefixed to Dr. Jorden in Laudem operis. He had only one Daughter, who being married out of this place, caused his Name to be extinct here, lying buried in the North Isle of the Abbey Church in , and deserved a better Epitaph than this English Inscription cut round the Stone that lies over him: Here lieth the Body of Edward Lapworth, Doctor in Physic, who deceased 24 of May, An. Dom. 1636. His age I guests was near 60. As to his gifts of Mind they are doubtless beyond exception, having been so well educated, and a professor, if I mistake not, in Oxford, which gave some interruption to his practice here; being in body not tall, fat and corpulent, which inclined him the more to take his ease.   

6. Doctor Tobias Venner.  
DOctor Tobias Venner was born at Petherton near Bridgwater in the County of Somerset, of honest Parents, who sent him to Oxford, where he was made Doctor in Physic to the great repute of his own family, and Alban Hall, in the year 1613. He lived many years at , and had the Name of a plain, charitable Physician, but no ready man at stating a Case, which occasioned one, a little tartly, to say, That whereas some other men had, (according to the common Phrase) Guts in their Brains; Dr. Venners Brains were in his Guts. However he found the right way to writ a book called Via recta ad vitam longam, wherein is this memorable Observation, 
V.R. ad V L p. 59, l. 8.  That a Gammon of Bacon is of the same nature with the rest of the Hog. He wrote also a little discourse of , thereby expressing his good will to the Waters, which had it been bigger he should have had more thanks, but being very small, must be contented with the like commendation.  
He lived to see both his Wives, and all his Children die before him, and left his Estate to the Relations by his second wife now in : 
The Ashes of this grave,  
No Phoenix, but Chimaera gave, 
A Riddle.   
The Head, the Feet, about the Thigh,  
A Duck, a Mouse, a Butterfly.   
I can give no better account of him than a Friend of his hath done in this Epitaph, to be seen engraven in a Marble Table, in the middle of a massy Monument of Freestone against the East Wall of the South Isle, in the greatest Church of , under his Effigies in this manner.  SISTE VIATOR 
 PAUCIS TE VOLO 
 JUXTA HIC SITUS EST VENNERI VENERANDUS CINIS 
 INTER MORTUORUM CLAUSTRA MORTUUS JACET 
 MAGNUS MODO MORTIS ANTAGONISTA 
 DOCTOR ET DECOR MEDICINAE 
 CUJUS SUPERBIAM NON FORMIDABANT AECRI 
 UTI NEC CONCULCABANT FACILITATEM 
 AUXILIUM ENIM 
 NEC SORDIDE OBTULIT 
 NEC FASTIDIOSE NEGAVIT 
 IN HOC CONVERSATIONIS SUAVITATI 
 IN ILLO PROFESSIONIS DIGNITATI 
 PROSPICIENS 
 PAUPERUM ET DIVITUM MEDICUS 
 HORUM QUOD MEDICINAM 
 ILLORUM QUOD CHARITATEM 
 SOLUS HIC TAMDIU EXERCUISSET 
 HORUM QUIDEM OMNIUM APPLAUSU 
 ILLORUM CIVITATIS HUJUS DELECTU 
 NEC PLUS DEFUIT SANIS QUAM AEGRIS PAUPERIBUS 
 MANU NON PARCA EXHIBENS 
 HIS MEDICINAM 
 ILLIS ALIMONIAM 
 VIAM RECTAM AD VITAM LONGAM 
 NON MONSTRAVIT MODO SED ET PERAMBULAVIT 
 THEORIAM UNIUS ANNI CONFIRMANS PRAXI 85 
 TANDEM ITINERANDO DEFESSUS DISCUBUIT 
 ET IN HOC DORMITORIO OBDORMIT 
 GRATA MEMORIA DIGNISSIMUS 
 DOCTOR TOBIAS VENNER 
 QUI 
 NATUS PETHERTONIAE 
 EDUCATUS OXONIAE 
 OBIIT BATHONIAE 
 MART. 27. 
 1660. 
The Author of this Epitaph, for who made it is uncertain, seems rather to me to have been a Divine than a Physician, for which conjecture I have these Reasons:  
1. That the form thereof is borrowed from one made on Doctor Daniel Featley, now in Lambeth, as I could clearly make appear by comparing the Expressions, as I have sometime done, and for the satisfaction of any that desire it, may without a journey thither, be read, mutatis mutandis, in Doctor Featley's Book against the Anabaptists, where it is copied, and whence it was probably taken. Now a Physician, I conceive, would never have taken pattern from a Divine, to make an Epitaph on his own faculty, which is proper for a Divine, being more his concern.  
2. Venerandus is a word suiting better with a Divine, and a more proper Epithet than for a Physician, as Reverendus & Venerabilis; and is most likely to have come from one whose tongue was tipped with such language, who would rather choose to run the risk of an impropriety in speech, than loose the honour of a jingling quibble.  
3. 'Tis probable this Epitaph was made near a Church, and that either when the Bells were going, or else in imitation of that sound, as may appear from the Chime of Hoc and Illo, Horum and Illorum, His and Illis, with the great pains taken to observe the Cadences so exactly as is done.  
4. In the fourth place, the word plus is somewhat suspicious, by which we must understand Minus, otherwise, Nec plus defuit sanis quam aegris paupe●ibus, may bear this sense, and not well any other, that the Doctor was wanting both to the one and the other, when the Author, I suppose, meant he was wanting to neither. Now Plus is a fit word for a divine, and might the sooner have been made choice of for this, that 'tis the origin or source of the word Plurality.  
Fifthly and lastly; No Physician would have used that Expression, Theoriam unius anni confirmans Praxi 85, by which Doctor Venner is made a practitioner from his Mother's womb, and longer a Physician than St. John Baptist was a Prophet, which in itself being somewhat harsh, though taken in relation to his course of life, where the life of that expression lay, can proceed from none but a Divine, who oftentimes will be nibbling at Physic.  
Again, for I reserved something for a second part, That expression is justly liable to exception, Quod Charitatem solus hic tamdiu exercuisset, wherein Dr. Venner is made the only Charitable person in , whereas there were than living, besides some Charitable Inhabitants of another stamp, three or four more Physicians there, whose Charity, though perhaps not so rampant as Dr. Venners, was enough both in food and Physic to call the truth of that expression into question.  
And although this necessary requisite to every good Christian that is in a condition so to do, be not with that ostentation put into the Epitaph of Dr. Baue. Yet I have heard a good Character of him also in this kind, and do know many poor persons now alive in , that will affirm they have received good Alms and Physic too from his Charity. I confess Tamdiu may do some service here, to this effect, that Dr. Venner was the only man that was charitable here so long, which, though it may abate somewhat, doth not take of the arrogance of Solus, which, like the Sun, never appears without reflection. I write not this to derogate from Dr. Venner, or disparage the Epitaph, having that esteem for both they do deserve; but as the Devil, we say, should have his due, so I think, 'tis not fitting a Saint should have more. And thus much for the Charitable Dr. Venner.   

7. Dr. Ralph Bayly.  
DOctor Ralph Bayly, of whom I am next to treat, was well known to all his Colleagues of New-Colledge in Oxon, where he had his Education, to be as stout a man as that Society hath yielded, having in his Temper an equal mixture of Mars and Mercury, or rather, born under the praedominium of Mars, as he hath often evidenced when he longed for Venison, though sometimes bought at a dear rate.  
Doctor Bayly was born in Berkshire, descended of a good Family in that County, whose Coat-armour is, In a field Gules, three Martlets; or, A Chief Vairy Argent of Azure. Having spent some time in Winchester School, that fruitful Seminary of Learning, he was in due time transplanted to New-Colledge in Oxford, where he gradually proceeded with good applause, till he arrived at the perfection of Doctor of Physic, which happened in the year 1618. By two Wives, the one a Quintin, the other a Hungerford, both comely Women; he had issue both Male and Female.  
His eldest Son Walter, my intimate friend and acquaintance, he educated in the University, in Magdalen Hall in Oxford; but finding his genius not so much inclining him to Learning, though he was ● great admirer of it, and had much respect for any Scholar that was truly so, and had Learning enough himself to tender him facetious, and as good company as any man could wish; finding, I say, his genius not so much bend to study, he rather chose a gentle Education, and being very acceptable to all persons of Quality, especially the Gentry of Hampshire, in particular Sr. Richard Gifford of Sumburne, Henry Ludlow of Tadley Esquire, and many others, where he used to hunt and recreate with all the kindness imaginable; at last, on the death of his Father took to the Estate, and settled at  in the same house the Doctor enjoyed, where he lived plentifully many years, and saw an end of all his Generation, till at length, for Death is the end as well of the good Companion as the Sot, of a lingering distemper, being much obstructed in the Mesentery and Urinary passages; he ended this life about the sixtieth year of his age, on the 15 day of November, An. Dom. 1672, and is buried in the Abbey Church in .  
Doctor Bayly is further remarkable in this, that he is the only man save one, of any Physician that lived here; that had a Son of his own Profession, which was Mr. Thomas Bayly, by his second Wife Mistress Hungerford, an Ingenious man, and good Physician, of whom his Brother would often speak with much affection and respect, who in the beginning of the Wars, when no Acts were kept, was with many others, created Doctor An. Dom. 1642, and practising at Newbury in Berkshire, with good success and reputation, died of a high infection in the prime of his years, not long after. He was much encouraged to the Delivery of Women, being fitted for that service both by art and nature.  
It is also further observable in Doctor Ralph Bayly, that although he had good practice, and prescribed to many Patients, yet such was his good Temper of Nature, and Temperance withal, that he never took any Physic himself, or made use of the Bath, being never sick in all his life; which fell the heavier on him, according to the vulgar observation; for going from his house at  to another he had at Widcombe, a mile distant, he was suddenly taken with a great faintness, insomuch as he was constrained to call at a Neighbour's house before he came to his own, to desire something to refresh him, using these words, as God shall mend me, which was his usual saying, I am ill, and presently departed, and was buried at Widcombe, Nou. 16. 1645.  
He was a proper, Comely person, charitable, and well read in the Ancient learning, witness a good Collection of old Authors, well marked with his own Hand, now in my possession. And so much for Dr. Ralph Bayly, being the only man, I think, that ever lived and died without pain.   

8. Sr. Edward Greaves.  
DOctor Edward Greaves aught also to have a mention here, having sometime lived and practised in this place (to which he hath relation yet) till his deserts preferred him to what he now enjoys, concerning whom, to avoid the imputation of flattery, which I ever hated, I shall say not more, than that he is full of Honour, Wealth and years, being a Baronet, one of the College of Physicians in London, Physician in ordinary to his Majesty, and 35 years' Doctor in Physic, which he took being Fellow of All-Souls College in Oxford, An. Dom. 1641.   

9 Doctor Samuel Baue.  
WIth Doctor Baue I had the happiness to have a particular acquaintance, being the eldest Physician on the place at my coming hither, in the year 1667, and although many things are observable in his life and practice, having lived to see completed fourscore years, yet I shall contract myself as much as may be, in regard I would not be tedious in a thing that aught to be brief.  
Doctor Baue was born in the remarkable year 1588., at Colen in Germany, of a good Family, as appears by a good Coat of Arms brought thence, whence he came young for England, on occasion, as he told me, of his being Tutor to Sr. Thomas Edmond Son, which Sr. Thomas was Ambassador from King James at Paris, where Mr. Baue was than a Student, in which Family, and about the Court, he continued some time with an honourable allowance from the Knight, but chief bend his studies to the faculty of Physic, in order to which he afterwards became a Member of that great Body and famous Society of Christ-Church College in Oxford; where he proceeded Doctor in Physic in the year 1628., with three other Physicians that went out with him, viz. Dr. Taylor, and Dr. Speed of St. John's, and Dr. Saunders of Oriel, at a very splendid Act.  
The first beginning of his public Practice was at Gloucester, being invited thither by one Whittington an Apothecary, where though his condition could not be expected to be extraordinary, having no Natural, but acquired Friends in England, yet in time he made his own fortunes, and so well improved his small Talon at first, as to leave behind him, besides what he parted with in his life time which was not inconsiderable) the best estate of any Physician that died in . And I have often heard him bless God for that good success he had given his undertake, and the prosperous condition he had brought him to, not without a modest humble reflection on what no man had any reason to be ashamed of, in the words of good Old Jacob, in the like condition, With my staff have I passed over this Jordan, and now the Lord hath made me many bands. Which is more than many men have said, that have been raised to greater Estates by lesle skill or pains, it being no disparagement to any man to have a beginning since none but God but had so; and a gatherer, though the first rise of a Family, is much better than him that scatters through many Generations.  
After he had been some time in Gloucester, his Parts and Learning procured the good opinion of Alderman Robinson, a wealth Citizen, and Counsellor at Law, whose Daughter he married, with whom he lived many years, and had Sons and Daughters. From Gloucester he removed to , about the year 1640, where practising with admirable success, for near thirty years, and maintaining a mighty riding practice, died in a good old age, in his eightieth year, as may further appear by this Epitaph I caused to be engraven in Marble on a handsome Monument, erected by his Wife Mistress Hester Baue in the South Isle of the Abbey Church, as followeth: P. S. 
 QUIS QUIS ES 
 QUI NON FASTIDIS CADAVERIBUS INTEREST 
 NEC FUNCTORUM VITA QUICQUAM TIBI EST MOLESTA MEMORIA 
 SCIAS VELIM 
 JUXTA CONDI BEATAM RESURRECTIONEM MANENS 
 QUICQUID ERAT MORTAL 
 SAMUELIS BAVE 
 MEDICINARUM DOCTORIS ET IN HAC CIVITATE HAUD ITA PRIDEM 
 PRAXIN EXERCENTIS 
 MAJORI FELICITATE AN SEDULITATE INCERTUM 
 MORBORUM PERDUELLIS, FACULTATI VINDICIS, EMPIRICORUM MALLEI 
 QUEM 
 COLONIAE AGRIPPINAE NATUM 
 ET IN VARIIS ACADEMIIS IN QUIBUS OXONIA EDUCTUM 
 GLOCESTRIA PRIMITUS EXCEPIT DEIN BATHONIA 
 UBI 
 POSTQUAM PER ANNORUM PRAETER PROPTER XXX. CURRICULUM 
 NON SINE MAGNO FAMILIARIS REI INCREMENTO 
 NEC MINORI AEGROTANTIUM TAM EGENORUM UAM DIVITUM LEVAMINE 
 MEDICINAM FECISSET 
 ET DE MORBIS CUJUSCUNQUE GENERIS TRIUMPHOS EGISSET 
 TANDEM 
 HUMANAE SORTIS MISERIAS PERTAESUS 
 MORTI ULTRO SE TRADIDIT 
 AC 
 AETERNIS BEATITUDINIBUS FRUI EXOPTANS 
 CARNIS EXUVIAS LAETUS DEPOSUIT 
 ET 
 MORTALITATI NON VITAE VALEDIXIT 
 Vto. DIE AUGUSTI 
 ANNO AERAE CHRISTIANAE 
 M DC LXVIII. 
 AETATIS SUAE 
 LXXX. 
 OBDORMIUNT ETIAM NON PROCUL ABHINC 
 DOCTORE PRAEDICTO ET ESTERA UXORE EJUS ORIUNDUM 
 DUPLEX PAR 
 MASCULUM UNUM ALTERUM FOEMINEUM 
 MAJOR NATU MARIA RIDLEY MINOR ESTERA BARNES 
 JOANNES INSUPER ET FRANCISCUS UTERQUE COELEBS 
 VITAMQUE JAM UT SPERATUR AGENS 
 VERE COELESTEM.  
He was besides an able Physician, well versed in the High-dutch, Low-dutch, and French Tongues, but above all eminent in the Latin, which he wrote and spoke very fluent and proper.  
He met with no kind usage toward the latter end of his days from one whom he had formerly sufficiently obliged, who, because I hope he hath or may live long enough to repent his unhandsome carriage to him, and some others of the faculty, shall only here be marked with the Letter, I F.  
He had an excellent memory, and ready invention, insomuch as having much business, and using two amanuensis, he would writ himself, and dictate to the other two, at the same time, in several Languages.  
He was also very happy in, the glory of a Physician, the Cure of Chronical distempers, which he effected chief by Chalybeat Medicines, which, he was want to say, were as true as Steel; but a little too much addicted to the vanity of Nostrums, which he being many times unwilling to discover, caused some dislike on consultation with others.  
He was by Nature not so affable, but somewhat morose, and hated an Empiric, though made use of his Medicines. In short, He was an industrious man, an able Physician, and much in the favour of that great Physician of his Time Sir Theodore Mayern, between whom many Letters passed, on Commendation of Patients, chief French. And so I pass on to Dr. Maplet.   

10. Dr. John Maplet.  
DOctor John Maplet was born in London, bred at Westminster-School, and afterwards removed to Christ-Church in Oxford, where he was first Proctor of the University, than Doctor of Physic, in the year 
* When he had his Grace, but kept no Act till 1654.  1647. and after that Principal of Glocester-Hall; a man well accomplished as a Gentleman and a Scholar, meek, sober, and temperate, beloved and respected by all that knew him.  
While he was in the University, he had an opportunity by accompanying the Lord Viscount Falkland, to whom he was Tutor, to Travel, and accordingly went in the year 1650. into France, where he continued near two years, chief at Orleans, Bloys and Saumur, and made many Observations on those countries', which he committed to Writing in a neat and curious Hand, in some Epistles now with me, with a particular Tract of his Travels, in an elegant Latin Style, which I may sometime or other make public, and do further right to the memory of this Worthy Person.  
A second time he Travelled into Holland and the Low-countrieses, with my Lord Falkland, than Viscount, on the death of his elder Brother, whom before he had accompanied into France, the young Lord Scudamore, and Sir Henry Jones, who lost his life by an unfortunate Shot at the late Siege of Maestricht, and at his return, or shortly after, married Mrs. Anne Hull of Bristol, where he usually practised in the Winter time, and at  in the Summer.  
And although he left a good Estate, considering the small time he had for practice, dying not old, and spending much of his time at first abroad, yet I must say, he had no right done him, by one that pretended much kindness to him, 
D. Wall of Chr. Ch. Oxon.  on whom, to my knowledge, he had reason to depend, and whom he not only courted and honoured as a Patron, but had almost the same Reverence for as for a Father, as doth appear by that Volume of familiar Latin Epistles, I have by me directed to him for the whole space of 16 years, viz. from the year 1650. in which he travelled, to the year 1666. But seeing that Cunning Fox is now earthed, I shall not dig after him; but proceed to some other Particulars, of no Volpone alike under ground.  
He was of a tender, brittle Constitution, inclining to feminine, clear skinned, and of a very fresh Complexion, and though very temperate, as I said before, yet inclinable to Rheumatic Distempers, chief Gouts and Catarrhs, which would oftentimes confine his Body, but not his Mind, which was than more at liberty to expatiate, and give some invitation to his Poetic Genius, which was very good, to descant on the Tormenter, and transmute his Sorrow into a Scene of Mirth. I shall mention one or two out of the Manuscripts I have, because Ingenious and short.  
The first is, 

De Catarrhi in oculorum alterum defluxu ad Amicum singularem D. D. Wall.  
SPongia praemadidi collis mihi clausa cerebri est,  
Expressoque oculum degravat imbre meum;  
Omnis ab infuso turgescit Venula succo,  
Nec siccum hoc aqueo cernis in orbe locum,  
Ingratum Phaebi lumen: transire fenestras  
Auroram roseo nil juvat ore meas.  
Nil juvat in faculo lignorum lucida Strages,  
Pyramidesve altae quas sibi flamma facit.  
Nil florum splendour: species nile pulchra colorum,  
Hos si vel proprio fundis ab ore, Venus.  
Delicias oculo facitis qui forte serenat,  
Cui gratum est quicquid, dum micat ipse, micat:  
Sed pluvias, & acre serum immingente Catarrho,  
Solamen Tenebrae lumine majus habent,  
Defluvium pacant quae sunt expertia lucis,  
Ni tamen è vultu lux ruat illa Tuo.  
Nam de Te radius mulcet fulgore Catarrhum,  
Opticus & mihi quem frons Tua vibrat, erit.  
Sufficit in reliquis obscurae noctis imago,  
De Te sed veniet quaeque serena dies.    
Another is, 

De Catarrhi Fugâ.  
Far, ubi diluvium est? mihi tandem exaruit orbis,  
Absumptasque suas continet amnis aquas.  
Ordo Naturae, rerum & Simulachra recurrunt,  
Et minimas atomos sicca pupilla capit.  
Non fontem, sed pumiceum jam cernis ocellum,  
Et Victor lachrymis fraena dat ille suis.  
Splendore ingenito lucet Chrystallina sedes,  
Cui fuscam ecclipsin guttula nulla parit.  
Jam licet immittas, oculorum Phoebe, fenestris  
Te totum, Sphaera est illa, vel illa, capax.  
Pulchra veni, si quando lubet, Tu Flora, colores,  
Seu facies istos, seu Tuus hortus alit.  
Nil jam divinum lumen, jam palpebra nullum  
Excludit, mihi Nox atque Catarrhus abest.  
Plus tamen hoc gratum est quod non circumfluit humour,  
Vultum qui possit dimidiare Tuum.  
Nam mihi quem lippo reserebant vivida vela,  
Integer haud fuerat, pars erat illa Tui.  
Te fruor, atque oculi speculo, sed dulcius illud  
Quam speculi, quod pars perdita nulla Tui est.    
The good Doctor was very sensible of his approaching end, and well knew, that all the props of Art were too weak to support his crazy Temper, and therefore was not of the number of those that are blamed for having grey hairs creeping on them, but not regarding it; for he made these Excellent Verses In Primam Canitiem, which shall be the last of his I shall mention here.  
Humida jam Nivibus sparguntur Tempora primis,  
Et fuscam intingunt albida fila comam.  
Sentio quam tacite non intellecta Senectus  
Obrepit; nos Ver credimus, instat Hiems.  
Haec si tardescat, mox infert Cura senectam,  
Mensque dies citò quod non facit, ipsa facit.  
En quoties morimur? succos sive exedit hora,  
Sive hos degeneres turbida Cura parat.  
Grata mihi veniunt tamen haec praeludia fati,  
Morsque his primitiis, quàm ferit, ante monet.  
Respicias animum, Tibi det Prudentia canos,  
Atque annos Virtus praeeat alma tuos.  
Hoc decet, hoc pulchrum est, atque hoc canescere diuûm est;  
Foedus eris canus Vertice, ment Puer.  
I have not adventured to Translate the two former Copies on the Catarrh, in regard I think they cannot be so aptly expressed in any other language, those Verses, as many others, sounding best in their own words; yet as a foil to the Doctor's Jewel, to tender it more radiant, I have attempted a Translation of the last, thus: 

On the First grey Hairs.  
On Temples moist first Snow is shed,  
Twist, brown and white, is on my Head;  
Old age creeps on, that Silent Thing,  
Winter's at hand, We call it Spring.  
If this delay, Care brings on age,  
And thoughtfulness prevents Time's rage.  
How often we die? whenever Time devour  
Or Toilsome Care our Juices sour.  
Welcome these Monitors of Death;  
Death stops not now, but warns, my breath.  
In prudent mind see Thou be sage,  
Let Virtue older be than Age.  
Thus to be grey is meet and good,  
For God grows grey thus understood;  
And 'tis indecent to behold  
A Boyish Soul, a Body old.    
His Body being macerated by a weakness of the Tone of all the Parts, by degrees languished to that measure, that confined him for some few days to his Chamber and Bed, and a flux of blood supervening from the Hemorroides, which, though stopped in time, gave him little hopes of recovery, and therefore after the use of many means in vain attempted, he resigned himself to death, which in a short time ensued.  
One thing I must remind, as an argument of his Contentedness to leave this World, That after myself, and Mr. Rob. Chapman his Apothecary, who attended him in his sickness, had left him, and taken our leaves of this dying Friend, 
Sr. R. N.  an Eminent Physician of his former acquaintance coming accidentally to Town, and hearing the Doctor was so dangerously ill, made what haste he could to pay him his respects, and enquiring of Mistress Maplet how the Doctor did, and she replying, without any hope of Life, he, in kindness, said, If he were not dead, he would do his utmost endeavour to recover him; and desired her to acquaint him with as much, which she did; but the Doctor replied in his modest manner, Pray remember my Service to Sr. Richard, and let him know that I thank him for his visit, but am passed his cure and any body's else, and shall take it as a kindness, if in the condition I am now in I am not troubled; and the same night parted with this Life for a better, according to the Motto of the Rings at his Funeral, Morier ut vivam.  
He wrote several Latin Epistles, in which he had a singular faculty, (which, with some Poems, and a few Observations, were the greatest part of his Writings he left behind) as well to the most Eminent Sir Alexander Fraiser Knight, and Principal Physician to his Majesty, his Learned and good Friend Sir John Baber, with whom he had an intimate acquaintance, Sir Francis Prujean, Dr. Bate, Dr. Meara, Dr. Nedham, and others at home, as also to some abroad, particularly Dr. Neal of Leedes, and Dr. Bennet of Saumur, where he was very sick, and recovered from an imminent danger of death, by the help and assistance of this Physician, as he most pertinently expressed in one Epistle, in which are these words; Sed & Silente illa Comitatis Tuae voce, resuscitata Mihi Tua ope Sanitas, ad hoc scribendi officium, nullo etiamsi alio devinctum nomine, adegisset, ut qui fuerit conservatum Corpus, Corporis saltem pars manus recognosceret. Per Tuam scilicet Apollineam manum, in suo refloruit domicilio, robustus ille vigour, quo itinerum aut suscipere labores, aut perferre debueram.  
I shall end the Life of Dr. Maplet, with one expression of his kindness to me, and another of mine in return to himself.  
The first is, That on the setting up of Dr. Bave's Monument, there having been some envious spirits that raised a discourse to the disparagement of that Epitaph, I was constrained to appeal to this Worthy Judge of Learning for a Censure, which I did in these words. Censuram Tuam, Vir Doctissime, de hoc Epitaphio liberam & vere criticam peto obnixe; Vtrum Prisciani, ut dicitur, Capiti vulnus aliquod sit inflictum, quemadmodum Tenebrio quidam anonymus, cui sinciput uti suspicor, parum sanum est, deblaterat, fac ut sciat Tui Observantissimus. To which the Candid Doctor returned this answer; Curio dicam Tibi Epitaphii hujus causâ scribat ullam, aut ferulae plagam cur jubeat retribui, ob vulnus aliquod in Capite suo inde acceptum, omnino non habet Prisci●nus. A Tuo, ut ab Eruditorum calamis solet, illaesus permanet, debitoque fruitur honore; si vero Beatitudines in plurali, apud authores politos infrequentius legamus, haud ideo in Grammaticen peccatur; sed & isti numero Hebraeorum idioma de Coelesti loquentium felicitate, quod Te callere scio, forte favet. Ecce quam libere Tecum & sincere, prout ipse jubes, ago; quod ipfum amoris studiique erga Te mei certissimum quoddam pignus esto. Tibi deditissimus.  
The other I call a kindness to Him, is an Epitaph much short of his desert, now standing in the North-Isle of the Abbey Church in , which out of the great respect I had to the memory of my Worthy and Learned Friend, I presented to Mistress Maplet, and is now cut in a black Marble Table well adorned, and set in the midst of a neat Monument of Alabaster, in these words: CONDITUR HIC 
 JOANNES MAPLET M. D. 
 TRINOBANTIBUS ORIUNDUS 
 ANIMI CORPORISQUE BONIS PRAEDITUS 
 ERUDITION MODESTIA ET COMITATE 
 PAUCIS SECUNDUS 
 ARTIUM ET SCIENTIARUM OMNIUM PANOPLIA INSTRUCTUS 
 REI AUTEM MEDICAE ADEO PERITUS 
 UT EXEMPLUM DESIDERETUR 
 PROFUIT QUIBUS POTUIT 
 OBFUIT NEMINI 
 ACADEMIAM PATRIAM OXONIENSEM 
 UBI PLURES ANNOS VIXIT 
 EXTERIS ETIAM NON INSALUTATIS 
 BATHONIAM ET BRISTOLIAM 
 UBI PARTITIS ANNI VICIBUS 
 FECIT MEDICINAM 
 NON MINUS VIRTUTUM SUARUM EXEMPLO, QUAM PRAXI 
 HONESTAVIT 
 OBIIT PRIDIE NONAS SEXTILES 
 ANNO CHRISTI INCARNATI 
 MDCLXX 
 AETATIS SUAE 
 LV 
 CUJUS OSSA CUBENT MOLLITER.  
His Wife also enjoying little health afterwards, being Paralytic and Convulsive, died Apoplectic, the 14th. of February following, only 6 months and 12 days surviving the Doctor, of whom, as also of two Children John and Mary, lying on both sides of the Parents, this remembrance may be seen in a little Marble Table under the former.  SEPELITUR ETIAM JUXTA 
 ANNA UXOR EJUS 
 SEX TANTUM MENSES ET DECEM DIES 
 MARITO SUPERSTES 
 OBIIT XIV FEBR. ANO DNI MDCLXX 
 ANNOS NATA XXXV. 
 INTER PARENTES QUOQUE QUASI IN LECTO 
 PLACIDE OBDORMIUNT 
 CONJUGII SUI PIGNORA CHARISSIMA 
 JOANNES ET MARIA 
 HAEC TRIMESTRIS ILLE TRIENNIS 
 OMNESQUE 
 RESURRECTIONEM FELICEM 
 UNA EXPECTANT. 
His style in Latin was terse, his words choice, but his Periods a little too elaborate. And thus much for the Learned, Candid, and Ingenious Dr. Maplet, a good Physician, a better Christian, and an excellent Poet.  

On Themison.  
WHen many Autumns Themison had passed,  
He Master of a great house was at last;  
Another passing by, and viewing it,  
Said, Here's a great head, but, pray, where's the wit.  
The House was great, the Furniture but small,  
The Head had skull, but had no brain at all.   

Vltimus hic ego sum, sed quam benè, quam malè, 
D. Johnson de Seipso.  nolo  
Dicere, de me qui judicet alter erit.   

I am the last, but whether Bee, or Drone,  
Another's pen shall writ, and not my own.   
Others also there were good Practitioners on the place, though not of that degree. The first of which is;   

Mr. Thomas Leyson.  
THis Physician was a Welshman, but of what County in Wales I know not; a man of a good repute, and especially taken notice of for his Charity to the Poor. He is as remarkably commendable for his kindness to his Wife, who lies buried in the Parish Church of St. James in , with this Epitaph made by himself in Brass against the Wall, under the East Window, which, because a rare instance of Affection, I shall mention here, and for the further propagation of the kindness of this Welsh Love, shall translate into our own language.  
The Latin Verses are these:  
TRistia quae Vxori moestus Tibi carmina pono  
Quam vellem nimium Te potuisse mihi?  
Septem annos (sic velle Dei est, sed nolle Parentum)  
Et sine Connubio mutuus arsit amor.  
Bis septem sine lite ulla simul egimus annos,  
Disjungi & mortis Lis mihi prima Tuae est.  
Sola meos Tu, habuique Tuos ego solus amores,  
Quos habet atque habeat dehinc Libitina Tua.  
Tecum semper eram viva, defuncta ero Tecum,  
Nunc animo, & dum mors junxerit atra duos.  
Namque istâ (cum fata vocant) dormire sub urnâ  
Destino, propitius det mihi vota Deus.  
Tho. Leyson Vir moestiss. Mariae uxori posuit 1599, Apr. 15.  
The Translation thus:  
THese Verses thus in grief made on Thee, Wife,  
Would Thou hadst made on me to save thy li.  
Seven years (so long did friends cross heavens will)  
We loved and liked, but at a distance still.  
Twice seven years more we lived in love together,  
Serene and calm, Thy death first brought foul weather.  
Thou hadst my Love's alone, I only Thy,  
Which now unto Thy Ghost I do consign,  
Alive was with Thee still, dead will be so,  
In mind at present, till in Body too:  
For when God please, I'll rest too in Thy grave,  
From whom this boon in mercy now I crave.  
Tho. Leyson in much grief made this on Mary his wife, 1599 Apr. 15.  
This Mr. Leyson writ a Latin Poem, in which was contained the description of the Ancient Seat of the as ancient Family of the straddlings, called St. Denets in Glamorganshire, which, the laborious and learned John David Rhaesus, that took so much pains to so little purpose, in the Epistle Dedicatory to his Latin Welsh Grammar, written to Sr. Edward straddling, affirms he saw, and turned into Welsh, giving it the commendation of Venustum Poema, and He the title of, Vir ●ùm rei medicae, tùm Poetices peritissimus. He died in , and, as far as I understand, had his desire, expressed in the two last verses on his Wife. The time of his death is uncertain, being not entered in the Register.   

John Vincentius Ostendorph.  
OF this Physician I can give no other account than that he was a Germane, and like Field-fares and Wind-thrushes did change his climate for better food, which he liked so well that he married here one Mistress cavel, Sister to an Ingenious Limner of that name, and after some years practise, died, and was buried in the Abbey Church in , the 12th. day of April, An. Dom. 1648. I have mentioned him in this place, because if a Doctor of Physic it was beyond Sea, of which I have not assurance.   

Mr. John Dauntsey.  
MR. John Dauntsey was a Gentleman of a good extraction, and younger Son, as I have heard, to a Knight, who having been bred a Scholar, was encouraged to the practice of Physic by Dr. Jorden, for whom Mr. Dauntsey had a great esteem, as appears by his Verses on Dr. Jorden's Treatise. He was a man of great integrity, but made no considerable advance in the World. He died ancient near 80, in the year 1650, and was buried in the Abbey Church, Febr. 12. He married a Gentlewoman of a good family, one Mistress Winter, by whom he had besides other Children, Mr. John Dauntsey his eldest Son, who practised Physic with good success in Bristol, and died lately; and another now living a Chirurgeon.  
There was an Epitaph made on him by one known by the name of Dr. Somerschall, a Chemist, who if no better Chemist than Poet, was never like to attain the liquor Alkahest, or the Philosophers Arcanum, which, because I am informed, it was put on Mr. Dauntsey's Tombstone by this Philosopher (of which I have seen some marks) I have through his means made so great a progress as to know where the Philosopher's Stone is, though but little legible on it now, whereupon, as greater Chemists have been in this search, I was frustrated of my expectation; however the Verses were in part these, or to this purpose: 
Here lies Doctor John Dauntsey by name,  
Whose harmless life, whose Saintlike death, whose lasting fame  
With judgement good in Physic lore,  
Approved to posterity shall this engraving over last evermore▪    

Mr. Thomas Brewer.  
MR. Thomas Brewer was born in the County of Somerset, where there are now of that name related to him, of good Estates; an industrious man, a good Scholar, and expert Physician, as I have understood by his prescriptions. He was well acquainted with the Greek and Latin Tongues, and excellent in the former, which is so rare among many pretenders to the faculty now, that Graecum est, non potest legi, may be made use of again, and therefore this instance of Commendation aught not to be omitted. He lived many years in good esteem, and is buried in the Abbey Church with this Inscription on a piece of brass on his Tombstone: Here lieth the Body of Thomas Brewer, late of the City of  Physician, who departed this life the third of November, An. Dom. 1665.   

Mr. Somerschall.  
AS a Conclusion, or Epilogue, I shall add the life of one Somerschall, a Chemist, mentioned before, who died in , after many projects, in a poor condition, which, in a merry rhyming humour, I thus suddenly written.  

There dwelled a Chemist here of note,  
That wore in Summer a furred Coat;  
Who promising to make all rich,  
Left not enough to cure the Itch.  
Full glad was  of such a guest,  
And gave him room among the rest  
That came to practise here, or try  
What gain it was to multiply.  
His tackling he together got,  
To work he went, would do what not?  
And sooner others to fetch over,  
He wheedled in the Earl of Dover.  
Both night and day the fire brent,  
To bring to pass this grand intent,  
Which was the thing aimed at, I'm told,  
To pave the streets of  with gold.  
But yet to compass this design,  
There must beforehand be some Coin,  
Which freely lent, on Reputation,  
To pay, the Germane pawned his Nation.  
A house was built fit for the work,  
Where he in privacy might lurk,  
As close as if made underground,  
The money went but nothing found,  
For something still fell out to cross  
The main, and multiply the loss.  
At length, when nothing did appear,  
And he had wrought this and that year,  
Death seizeth on this Artist great  
To try if he were not a cheat.  
Unwilling he was sore to go,  
And leave his work imperfect so,  
But go he must; on which they mind  
to see what pelf he left behind,  
And found no Gold or Silver oar,  
But Soot and Horsedung there good store.  
His pockets searched too were unwilling  
To part with all they had, a shilling,  
Which was too little judged by all  
To pay the charge of's Funeral:  
The boards of a poor Hut he built  
Were sold to multiply the gilt,  
To set the Caput mort in ground  
Of this Philosopher profound.  
Th'apothecary's too, they say,  
Were willing something to defray,  
As part of what they got to boot  
By sale of's famed Spirit of Soot.  
Hermes his Bird went thus to rest,  
Leaving a Feather in his nest.  
On whom as on a broken staff,  
I writ this homely Epitaph:   

Here lies the man, whom  did call  
By th'name of Doctor Somerschall;  
Or, if you like this better, know it,  
Here lies John Dauntsey 's famous Poet.    
THE END.