The Complete Constable.  
Directing All CONSTABLES, HEADBOROUGHS, TITHINGMEN, CHURCHWARDENS, OVERSEERS of the POOR, SURVEYORS of the Highways, and SCAVENGERS, IN THE Duty of their several Offices, according to the Power allowed them by the Laws and Statutes: Continued to this present Time, 1692. Also Directions for the LONDON CONSTABLES.  
To which is added, A Treatise of Warrants and Commitments, proper for the Knowledge of All Constables, etc.  
LONDON; Printed by the Assigns of Richard and Edward Atkins, Esquires; And are to be sold by Abel Roper at the Mitre, and Tho. Beaver at the Hand and Star near Temple-Bar, 1692.   

in the mean time; This Treatise was therefore upon Request prepared to supply the Defects of the Former, and to be a New Guide for Constables, etc. but finding it would take up more time than was first supposed, and not willing to send it out by Twilight or Naked, We had the Patience to Complete the Work, and to add so much of all the late Statutes as concern Your several Offices, with many other useful Rules and Observations, and offer them to your View at Clear Day; not doubting, but you will think our Labour well continued, our Rules and Observations very profitable, and our Title most deserving to be,  
Your, etc. A Complete GUIDE for CONSTABLES, etc.   
The Newest GUIDE FOR Constables, etc.  

CHAP. I. Of the Definition of the Title CONSTABLE; of the several names and kinds of Constables; of their fitness, Oath and Authority.  
BEfore I set down the Duty and Office 
The derivation of the Constable's Title.  of Constables, it may be expected that I should show something of the derivation and antiquity thereof; and tho' there be some difference about it, yet it is agreed by most, that the word CONSTABLE is compounded of two Saxon words Cuning and Cyng (signifying a Prince 
Lamb. fo. 5. 4 Part of Cooks Inst. fo. 123.  or King) and Stable, or rather Staple, (signifying a Stay or Prop) and so Coningstable (by contraction Constable) is as much as to say, The Prop or Stay of the King. This word is diversely used in the Common Law: As the Constable or Marshal of England, Stamf. pl. Coron. fo. 65. which Office is discontinued, and why it is so. See Dyer fo. 258. num. 39 The Constable of the Tower, Stamf. pl. Coron fo. 152. 1 H. 4. ca 13. Stow's Annals p. 812. The Constable of the Exchequer, 51 H. 3. Stat. 5. Constable of Dover Castle, Camb. Brit. p. 239. West. 1. ca 7. Anno 3 Ed. 1. Constable of the Forest, Manwood part. prim. ca 13. Stat. 32 H. 8. ca 38.  
But the Constables for whose use this Guide is intended, are either Constables of Hundreds, otherwise High-Constables, or Constables of Towns, Burroughs, Parishes, Tithings, etc. called Petty-Constables, Headburroughs, Tithingmen, etc.  

When Constables, etc. where first appointed.  
THese High-Constables (as some say) 
Lamb. 5. cap. 9 Rast. 379. Smith de Rep. Angl. l. 2. c. 25. Dalton's Just. of P. c. 16. fo. 46.  were first Ordained by the Statute of Winchester, for the oversight of Armour, Watches, Highways, Hue and Cry, and the like; and afterwards Petty-Constables for their aid and assistance were appointed.  
But others think, that by the ancient Common Law they were Conservators of the Peace within their several Hundreds and Limits. 12 H. 7. fo. 18. Crom. 6, & 222.  
That the Hundreds were derived out of 
See Dalton, as before.  Counties first, under the Government of Sheriffs; but growing too great for their care were divided into Hundreds, and that in every Hundred was ordained a Conservator of the Peace, who was called the High-Constable. 
See Lamb. Duty of Const. p. 9  That these Hundreds also enlarging, Burroughs and Towns, or Tithings, (that is to say, a Tenth part) were appointed, and within them also was ordained a Conservator of the Peace, or Petty-Constable. Others reckon, That first the Tenths or Tithing were ordered, and after of them were made up Hundreds, and of these Counties or Shires; so that there is no part of the Kingdom that lieth not within some County, of which Counties or Shires, one with another, there are reckoned in England XXXVII, besides XII in Wale,.  
But to reckon either way it appears, and 
High-Constables.  so at this day continues, That High-Constables are properly for the whole Hundred, Rape or Wapentake; and their Power extends over the whole, which do mostly comprehend many Parishes, Tithings, and Villages.  
That Petty-Constables are for particular 
Petty-Constables.  Towns and Parishes within the Hundred, and consequently for the aid, ease and assistance of the High-Constables; but their Authorities are only in such particular Towns or Parishes: And,  
That Borshoulders, Tithingmen, Headburroughs, etc. are for particular Burroughs, Hamlets, Villages and Tithings, to which their Authority is limited.  
And Note, it was the Opinion of the 
Nota.  Learned Sir Francis Bacon, That tho' the High-Constables Authority hath a more ample Circuit, he did not perceive that the Petty-Constable is subordinate to him, from any Commandment that proceeds from his own Authority: But it was used, That the Warrants and Precepts of the Justices be delivered to the High-Constables, who being few in number, might better attend the Justices; and then the High-Constables by virtue of such Warrants (not their own Authority) make their Precepts over to the Petty-Constables. Bac. C. T. p. 22, & 30. And this also seems to be only in some Cases, as where they are summoned to attend the Justices to make their Presentments, and the like.  
This seems to be the general Method, 
Nota.  tho' in some large Parishes and particular Places, there are and may be several Officers called by the several names of Constable, Headburrough, and the like: And tho' these Inferior Officers be called by several names, yet their Offices in their several Precincts and Places are in effect one and the same the Name being only changed.  
However the Office of a Constable seemeth 
Some Distinction between these Officers.  to be distinct, and of greater Authority than theirs; and some have held, That Headburroughs, Thirdburroughs, Borshoulders, Tithingmen, etc. being appointed in a Town or Parish where is also a Constable, that they cannot principally meddle, because (in comparison of them) the Constables are Head-Officers, and the others but as Assistants to the present Constable; tho' in the Constable's absence they are chief to attend the service: And that there are many things which the Constable may do, wherein such Headburroughs, Borshoulders, &c. cannot meddle.  
See Dalton's Justice of Peace, ca 1. fo. 34. Lamb. pag. 4. 6, 9 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, etc. See 1 Jac. ca 7.  
And yet in Towns and places where there are no Constables, but only Headburroughs, Borshoulders, Tithingmen, etc. there their Power and Authority is declared to be equal to the Power of a Constable, and in all 
Where their Authority is all one and the same.  such cases and things their Office and Authority are in a manner all one. And he that is sworn the Tithingman, etc. of any place, is in effect (with respect as aforesaid) the Constable of the place: And that when any Staute doth appoint the Constable, or other Inferior Officers to punish Offenders, in such case the Borshoulder, Headburrough, Tithingman etc. may do it, they being supposed to be Inferior Officers to the Constables.  
By the Statute 14 Car. 2. cap. 12. it is 
Nota.  Ordained, That upon the death or removal of any Constable out of the Parish, any two Justices may elect and swear a new one, to continue till the next Leet or Quarter-Sessions; and then the Steward or Justices to approve of him, or appoint another: And if any such Officer continue in his Office above a Year, the Justices of the Peace may discharge him and put in others till the Lord of the Manor hold a Court.  
In some Cases than the High Constable 
Nota  may and must do more than the Petty-Constable, etc. And in some Cases they have equal authority, and in other Cases they are distinct; I shall therefore endeavour to show, what all Constables either High, or Low, Bursholders, Headburroughs, Tything-men, etc. may and must do; what is their common or equal, and what their special or particular Duty and Authority. But Note, That where it is generally spoken of Constables, there it is also meant as to Headboroughs and Tything men, etc. and where there is any difference I shall distinguish it.  
But First, I will speak of the fitness and manner of their Choice, and of the Oath each of them must severally take, for the 
Nota  due Execution of his Office. And observe that part of their Office and Duty consists in the attendance of Court Leets, Justices 
Constables when and where to attend.  of the Peace and Coroners, for the executing of their Warrants within their several Precincts; and also to attend upon, aid, and assist, and execute the Warrants of Judges of Assize, at their Assizes and Gaol Delivery; and the Justices of the Peace at their general and special Sessions, and other Meetings, to make Presentment upon Oath of things within their Knowledge, and according to Articles exhibited to them for that purpose; of which more in its place   

Of the Choice and Fitness of Constables, and of the Oath to be taken by them.  
THey ought to be men fit for the Execution 
Honesty Ability and understanding required.  of their Office, and therefore to be chosen out of the honestest ablest and most understanding men, not Feeble with old Age, nor otherwise Weak, Sick, Poor or Impotent, That so the Office may be performed truly and diligently, without Malice, Affection, or Partiality.  
This Office ought not to be put upon the 
Poverty and Ignorance to be avoided.  Poorer sort, for they are usually most Ignorant and Fearful, and less able to attend this Office; their Necessity requiring them to mind their own Trade and Employment: And 'tis to be understood, That Constables 
Bac. p. 25.  have no allowance, but are bound to perform their Office gratis.  
Such who in respect of some other Offices, 
Some Professors exemptd and to be excuseed.  Callings, or Professions; as Clergymen, Sheriffs, Lawyers, Attorneys, Physicians, and such like, are presumed to be otherways so much employed, as not to be at leisure to attend upon this Office, so much as is required, and therefore not to be Chosen.  
Also Women, whether Maids or Widows, 
Women Idiots and Infants.  ought not to be chosen; neither Madmen, or Idiots, nor Infants under 21 Years of age, nor old Men above Seventy.  
Therefore it is not a good Custom generally, that this Office should go, by tenure of Houses, for so it may fall upon a 
1 Cro. fo. 283.  Woman, (which is not sufferable) but it may be a good Custom, That every man sufficiently qualified, shall serve or find one to do it.  
These Officers are to be chosen in respect 
In what respect they are chosen.  of their Habitation or Residency, and not in respect of their Lands; for a Man may have Lands out of the Hundred, Parish or Tything, etc. But he ought to serve only in the place where he lives.  
The High-Constables are usually chosen 
High-Constables when and where chose and Sworn. Dalton. ca 16. fo. 46. Lamb. Just. 190.  and Sworn at the Quarter Sessions of the Peace for that County, But they may be either Chosen or Sworn out of the Sessions, and if they be chosen out, it must be by the greater number of Justices of that Division where they Dwell, and in the like manner also they may be Removed.  
And Note, that two Justices of the Peace, the one being of the Quorum, may appoint the High-Constables for Wales, by the Stat. 34. H. 8. ca 26.  
The Petty-Constables are most commonly 
Petty Constables when and where,  Chosen and Sworn in the Court-Leet, and sometimes by the Justices of Peace at their Quarter Sessions Dalton Just. fo. 47, 48, 336. So that High-Constables are by appointment of the Justices, and Petty-Constables elected by the People, unless in some Cases as is after set down.  
If Constables lawfully Qualified and Chosen, shall refuse to be Sworn, the Justices of Peace may bind him over to the Assizes or Sessions, and he may be there Indicted, Fined, and if he be chosen in a Leet and refuse, he may be fined in that Leet for his Contempt, Dalton 47. 1 Cro. 409.  
As one lawfully qualified and chosen 
Refusing to serve.  may not refuse, so if one that is not rightly qualified and enabled, may refuse, (if he be chosen,) and shall be discharged by Law, and another may be appointed in his place. Dalton J. P. foe 322.  
And it is said to be a Forfeiture of the 
Removal of unfit Persons.  Leet, where the Leet chooses unable or unfit Constables, and their choice is void, and upon Complaint made to two Justices of the Peace, they may remove such unfit 
8 Co. 42. Steels Rep. fo. 〈◊〉.  and unable Person and choose and Swear some other. 1 Bul. 174. Dalt. ca 16. fo. 47.  
But in other Cases it's said the Justices are not to meddle either in Sessions or out of Sessions. But leave it to the Custom of the Court Leet. Styles Rep. 362.  
Note also by the better opinion it is 
Constable's Deputy.  held, That the Constable of a Hundred or Parish, may not make a Deputy for the exempting of▪ his whole Office; but he may depute one, to do many things under him, and in his Name, that relate to his Office, yet so that the Constable shall be responsible and answer for what's amiss, etc. 3 Bulst. 77. 78.  
Yet sometimes one chosen, hath named a fit Person for his Deputy, who upon his acceptance hath been Sworn, and in this case its said the Deputy shall answer for himself 1 Cro. 409. Crawley's Case.  
By an Act 24 Maii, primo Willielmi & 
Protestant Dissenters being chosen Constables, etc. may make a Deputy.  Mariae, That if any Protestant Dissenter from the Church of England, shall then after be chosen High-Constable, Petty-Constable, Churchwarden, Overseer of the Poor, or to any other Parochial or Ward Office; and shall scruple to take the Office upon him in regard of the Oaths, or any other Matter to be done in respect of such Office, such person may execute the said Office by a sufficient Deputy by him to be provided, who shall comply with the Laws on this behalf. Provided such Deputy be approved and allowed of in such manner, as the Principal should have by Law been allowed and approved.  
After the Constable, Headburrough, or Tithingman is chosen, he must take an Oath for the due execution of his Office. The Form whereof is as followeth.  
The Form of the Constable's Oath:  
YOu shall well and truly serve our Sovereign 
The Oath at length.  Lord and Lady the King and Queen 
* When the Constable is Sworn in a Leet, then are added these words [And the Lord of the Manor]  in the Office of a Constable, and shall see the King and Queen's peace to be well and truly kept to the utmost of your power. You shall Arrest all such persons as in your presence shall ride or go armed offensively, or shall commit or make any Riot, Affray, or other breach of the Peace. You shall do your best endeavour (upon complaint to you made) to apprehend all Felons, Barrators, or Riotors, or persons riotously assembled, and persons making Affrays; and if any such Offenders shall make resistance with force, you shall levy Hue and Cry, and pursue them until they be taken. You shall do your best endeavour that the Watch in your Town be duly kept, and that Hue and Cry be duly pursued according to the Statutes; and that the Statute made for punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds, and Night-Walkers, and such other idle and wand'ring Persons coming within your Liberties be duly put in execution. You shall have a watchful Eye to such persons as shall maintain or keep any Common House or place, where any unlawful Games or Plays are or shall be used; as also to such persons as shall frequent or use such places, or shall exercise or use any unlawful Games or Plays there, or elsewhere, contrary to the Statute. At your Assizes, Sessions, or Leet, you shall present all and every the Offences committed or done contrary to the Statutes made and provided for the restraint of inordinate haunting and tippling in Taverns, Inns, and Alehouses; and for repressing of Drunkenness and profane Swearing. You shall true presentment make of all Blood shedding, Affrays, Outcries, Rescues, and other Offences committed or done against the public Peace within your Limits. You shall well and truly execute all Precepts and Warrants to you directed from the Justices of Peace, and others in Authority in this County. And you shall well and truly, according to your knowledge, power and ability, do and execute all other things belonging to the Office of a Constable, so long as you shall continue in the said Office.  
So help you God.  
Note, that it has been part of this Oath, to see the maintaining of Archery; but this seems to be out of use.  
The Oath is many times contracted in Form, and administered briefly, thus:  
YOu shall swear, That you shall well and 
The Oath in short.  truly execute the Office of Constable [or of a Tithing man, etc.] for the Town [or for the Parish or Tithing, etc.] of A. for the next Year [or for half a Year, as the time is to be] and until another be sworn in your room, or you shall be legally discharged thereof.  
So help you God▪ etc.    

CHAP. II. Of the several Duties incumbent on all Constables after they are Sworn, according to the particular Branches of their Oath.  
BY the Form of the Constable's Oath 
The Heads of the Oath.  it appears, that he is sworn to some things in general, and to others in particular.  

1. In general, to serve the King and Queen [and if in a Leet, the Lord of the Manor] in the Office of a Constable: This extends to his whole Office.  
2. In particular, to see the King and Queen's Peace to be kept and preserved.  
3. To arrest such persons as shall in their presence ride or go offensively Armed, or commit any Riot or Affray, etc.  
4 Upon Complaint, to apprehend all Felons, Barrators, Rioters, etc. and upon resistance to levy Hue and Cry, and pursue them.  
5. To see the Watch be duly kept in the Town.  
6. To see that the Statute for punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds, Idle persons, and Night-Walkers be duly put in execution.  
7. To have a watchful Eye upon persons keeping unlawful Gaming houses, and such as frequent the same, and use any unlawful Games and Plays there, or elsewhere.  
8. At the Assizes, Sessions, or Leet, to present the Offences of Tippling, Drunkenness, and profane Swearing; against which the Statutes have provided,  
9 To present all Bloodshedding, Affrays, Outcries, Rescues, etc.  
10. To execute truly all Precepts and Warrants to them directed from the Justices and others in Authority.   
The rest is in general, to do and execute all other things belonging to the Office of a Constable, to the best of his power, knowledge, and ability; and this again extends to his whole Office.  
I will first treat of these things which 
Particulars of the Oath first treated of.  are particularised in his Oath, and next endeavour to show all such other things as belong to his Office.  
Note, that the Statute of 25 Car. 2. ca 2. which appoints Officers and others to take the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, etc. doth not extend to High-Constables, Petty-Constables, Headburroghs, or Tithingmen; nor to Churchwardens, Overseers of the Poor, or the like inferior Civil Officers.  
This Office of Constable, etc. seems to be 
Composition of the Office in 2 parts.  made up of two parts; the one derived from the ancient Common Law of the Nation, the other from divers Statutes and Acts of Parliement: His Authority also is several, in some things acting of himself, without any command from others, and this is said to be ex Officio; and in other things not to 
Ex Officio. Warrant.  act without a Commandment, Warrant, or Precept from another person.  
It is in his power, by the virtue of his Office, to preserve their Majesty's Peace:  

1. In foreseeing and preventing that nothing be done that directly will, or probably may, be an occasion of the breach thereof.  
2. In quieting such as are actually breaking the same.  
3. In punishing such as have already broke the Peace.   
☞ First, For the preventing the reach of 
Preventing and preserving the Peace, ex Officio.  the Peace, he ex Officio, without a Warrant from a Justice, by Night or by Day may Arrest suspected persons, Strangers, and others, that walk in the Night and sleep in the Day. He may stop all such persons as go or ride unlawfully Armed, and take their Arms from them and commit them to Prison; and if he be informed of such as haunt Bawdy-Houses, or other suspicious Places, or of any lewd Man and Woman that are together, and about to be incontinent and lewd, he may take assistance with him and Arrest them. 13▪ Ed. 1. 4. Cromp. 6. 12 H. 7. 18. Fitz. Just. 200.  
If any be about to make an Assault or 
His Authority about an Affray.  Affray, the Constable may in the King's Name command them, to forbear and departed on pain of Imprisonment. Dalt. fo. 33. And this he ought to do, or he may be Fined for his neglect, if it be presented by the Inquest at the Sessions of the Peace. Cromp. 146. Tho' some say, If he be sent for to keep the Peace, and will not come, he shall not be Fined: But Quaere.  
If they will not surcease, but still threaten 
To put the Affrayers in Stocks, etc.  to beat, hurt, or kill one another, and fly into fury and passion, he may commit the Offenders to the Stocks, or in other safe Custody, until such time as he can carry them before some Justice of the Peace, to find Sureties for their Beaviour. Dalt. ca 1. fo. 4, 5. 118, 340. 3 H. 4. 9, 10. But if there be nothing but Words, it seems the Constable may not lay hands on them. Dalton 34, 158.  
Secondly, If they draw Weapons or give 
He may require Assistance.  Blows, the Constable may command others to assist him; and if the Affrayers make resistance against him, he may justify the beating or wounding of them, and setting them in the Stocks; and it shall be murder in the Affrayers, if they kill the Constable, or any that assist him: And if any person be dangerously hurt in the Affray, the Constable 
* Note, that in such case any other person may arrest the Offender.  may arrest the Offender, and carry him to a Justice of Peace, who is either to Bail him, or Commit him to Prison, until it be known whether the Party hurt will live or die. 4 Co. 4. 9 Co. 66. Lamb. 135. Dalt. 33.  
If an Affray or Assault be made upon 
Affray upon the Constable.  the Constable, he may defend himself, and put the parties in the Stocks, till he can carry them to a Justice of Peace, or to the Gaol; and he may call others to assist him to do this, who may justify the doing of it. Dalton 35. Kitch. 69.  
If a Constable, or any of his Assistants 
Hurting the Constable or his Assistants.  shall be hurt in an Affray, they may have good remedy; but if the Affrayers be hurt in resistance they shall have no remedy against them. Lamb. 141, 142. 21 H. 7. 21.  
Thirdly, After an Affray or breach of 
Warrant, where requisite.  the Peace be over, it is said, That the Constable, without a Warrant, cannot arrest the Affrayers, except some person be dangerously hurt, as he may before or during the Affray. 38 H. 8. 6. But quaere. 
Quaere. Pursuit of Affrayer.   
For it's said, That if the Affrayers, when they see the Constable come to arrest them, shall fly into a House (by which it seems the Affray is over,) the Officer may in fresh pursuit of them, ex Officio, break open the Doors and apprehend them; and if they fly into any Franchise within the County, he may follow and take them: nay, though they fly into another County, yet he may pursue them, and cause them to be taken there; but then in this last case, out of the County, he can meddle no further, but only as Assistant to the Constable there, to carry them before some Justice to cause them to find Sureties, and so much every private man may do. Dalton 28, 29, 33, 34. Lamb. 135, 143, 144. Cromp. 146.  
And it is also said, That if an Affray 
Affray in a House, and the Doors shut.  be in a House, and the Doors are shut, and tho' none of the Parties have taken any hurt; yet the Constable may ex Officio break into the House, to see the Peace kept. See Dalton ca 8. fo. 33, 34. and Lamb. 135.  
It has been held, That the Constable might Ex Officio, take Sureties for the Peace, Trin. 35. Eliz. Skarrets Case: But it was then the opinion of others that he ought to carry the Offender before a Justice, and this is the usual and safest way. And 'tis held, that though a Constable may do what he can to keep the Peace; yet he cannot at the request of any man, take surety of the Peace. Cromp. 6. 12 H. 7. fo. 18. a. 3 H. 4. 9, 10. Kitchen fo. 69. a. Dalton fo. 4. 5.  
☞ Secondly, For the arresting such 
Arresting persons offensively armed.  Persons as Ride or go Offensively Armed, you must observe, That if any Person shall Ride or go Armed offensively, before their Majesty's Justices, or any other their Officers or Ministers, in the time of executing their Office, or in Fairs or Markets or elsewhere, by Day or by Night, in affray of their Majesty's Subjects, and breach of the Peace; or wear or carry any Daggers, Guns, or Pistols Charged; The Constable upon sight thereof, may seize and take away their Armour and Weapons, and have them apprized as forfeited to their Majesties; and may also carry the Persons wearing them before a Justice to give Surety to keep the Peace. 2 Ed. 3. ca 3. 7 R. 2. 13. 20. R. 2. c. 1. Dalton Just. ca 9 fo. 35. and 159.  
But their Majesty's Servants in their presence, 
Who may be armed and when.  Sheriffs and their Officers, and other their Majesty's Ministers, and such as assist them to execute their Office; and all Persons pursuing Hue and Cry, in case of Felony and other Offences against the Peace, have lawful Authority to bear Armour or Weapons, Dalt. ca 9 fo. 36. 5 Co. fo. 72. 3 Co. Iust. fo. 162.  
The Constables have further Authority to search for Arms; but this is by Warrant; of which more hereafter.  
As to Riots, Routs, etc. Nota, That Sheriffs, 
Suppressing of Riots, etc.  Constables and all other their Majesty's Officers, shall suppress Rioters and imprison them, and all other Offenders against the Peace, 17 R. 2. ch. 8.  
All their Majesty's Liege people upon 
Assistants.  warning, shall be assistant to the Justices, Commissioners, Sheriff and Undersheriff, upon pain of Imprisonment, and to make Fine and Ransom to their Majesties, Stat. 2 H. 5. 8. Dalton J. P. ca 46. fo. 114.  
It is to be Noted, That when three or 
What may be called a Riot, Rout, or unlawful assembly.  more Persons do assemble themselves together, to and with the intent to beat or mayhem a Man, to pull down a House, Wall, pale, Hedge, or Ditch, wrongfully, to claim or take Common, or a way in a Ground; to destroy any Park, Warren, Dove-house, Pond, Pool, Barn, Mill, or Stack of Corn, or to do any other unlawful act, with force and Violence, and against the Peace, and in manifest terror of the people; and if they only meet to such a purpose or intent, although they shall after departed on their own accord without acting any thing: Yet this is an unlawful assembly: And if after such meeting as aforesaid, they move forward towards the execution of their intent, though they put it not in execution, yet it is a Rout; and if they do put their intent in execution, and do any such thing indeed, Then 'tis called a Riot.  
And if three 4 or more do enter into Lands with force, upon the Possession of another, though their Entry be lawful, yet it's a Riot, because 'tis prohibited by the Stat. to enter into Lands and Tenements with force, or a multitude of People. 5 R. 2. 7. 15 R. 2. 2, etc. Cromp, 68 Dalt. fo. 57 8. Lambert 179, 181. 3 of d pt. and Instit. fo. 176.  
And if any Constable, or any private Person of the same County, do refuse to attend and assist the Justices of Peace upon Request, to remove a Force, or to convey the Parties to the Gaol, he may be Imprisoned for his Neglect, and make Fine to their Majesties. 15 R. 2. ca 2. Dalt. ca 22. fo. 57  
If therefore 3 or more meet with an evil 
How they depend one on another.  intent to act, 'tis an unlawful Assembly; if they continue and move forward, 'tis a Rout; and if thereupon they commit any mischief, 'tis a Riot.  
Yet it's said there may be a Rout, where 
Exception.  there was no unlawful assembly or evil intent, as in the case of a Man's going or Riding to the Sessions, Market, Fair, or other assembly of company with his Servants in Harness, though he hath no intent to Fight or commit any Riot, Yet this is a Rout, by the manner of his coming, for the Stat. faith, That no man shall bring any Force in affray of the Peace, Nor shall go armed in Fairs, Markets, or elsewhere, upon pain of Imprisonment and forfeiture of his Arms. Stat. 2. Ed. 3. 3.  
And all these 3 both Riot Rout and Unlawful 
Punishment thereof.  Assembly, are punishable and fineable to their Majesties.  
And these things are to be observed as 
Observations concerning Riots, etc.  to all, That the unlawful Assembly and Rout, must be of 3 Persons or more, as must also a Riot, which is the most dangerous of all 3, and consequently most to be punished. Stat. 13. H. 4. 7. Dyer 210.  
That an Assembly of 3 persons or more, 
3 Persons.  which is not to the terror of the People, nor to do some act with Force and Violence against the Peace, is not unlawful nor prohibited by any of the Statutes. 
May-Games and Sports.   
So it's said, that the Assemblies, that be used upon May-day, to fetch in May-boughs or Flowers, so assemblies at Church-ales, Whitsun or Midsummer-ales, so assemblies at the fetching home, setting up, or Danceing about a Maypole, so the assemblies at the Bating of a Bull or Bear, or at the moving or making of Dole or Revel-Mead, so the assemblies of Minstrels and their Fellows at certain places and times allowed by old and ancient Customs, are not unlawful, See Poulton de pac. Regis & Regne Tit. Riot, etc. 
Sports may become Riots.   
But notwithstanding such Companies may fall into Riot by quarrelling and taking of parts, and such Siders and partakers to the Quarrels shall be adjudged Rioters but not the Residue. 22 H. 6. 37.  
☞ Thirdly, The Constables are sworn 
Apprehending of Felons.  upon Complaint, to use their best endeavour to apprehend all Felons, Barrators, etc. and upon resistance to levy Hue and Cry, and pursue them, etc.  
The Law accounts any Offence Felony, 
Felons, what.  that is in degree next unto Petit Treason, and compriseth divers particulars under it: As Murder, Theft, Sodomy, Rape, Wilful burning of Houses, and the like; also Robbery, which is a Felonious taking away of any man's Goods from his person, or presence, against his will, putting him in fear, and of purpose to steal the same Goods: And this is sometimes called Violent Theft, which is Felony for Two pence. West. Sect. 60. tit. Indictments, Crompt. p. 32. 4 Co. 124. b.  
Therefore such as commit such Felonies be called Felons.  
Baretors' are Deceivers, and common 
Barretor, what.  Wranglers, that set men at odds, and are themselves never quiet. Lamb. Eir. p. 342. saith, a Barretor is a vile Knave or Unthrift.  
If Felons and Murderers be in a Town 
Notice of Felons given to the Constable.  or Village, and the Constable, Headburrough▪ etc. have Notice of them, it is their Duty ex Officio, to gather Men together and apprehend them. And if any Felon be taken, it is the Constable's Office to see him conveyed to Gaol. And if any man will lay Murder or Felony to another's charge, he may declare▪ it to the Constable; and the Constable ought upon such Declaration, or Complaint, to carry him before a Justice; and if by common Voice or Fame any man be suspected with cause, the Constable of duty ought to arrest him, and bring him before a Justice to be examined. Fitz. Just. P. 201. 1 R. 3. 3. Lamb. 17.  
If any House be suspected for receiving 
Constable's search.  or harbouring of any Felon, the Constable, upon Complaint or common Fame, may search both for the Felon and Goods stolen. And so it's said any other man, as well as an Officer, may arrest and keep in hold such a man, as he doth know to have committed any Felony. Dalton 289.  
If any fly upon a Felony, the Constable 
Constable to raise Hue and Cry.  ought to raise Hue and Cry to take him, and in the mean time to seize his Goods, and to Inventory them in the presence of honest Neighbours, for his Goods and Chattels are forfeited, if he be guilty; and in some cases his Lands too, Fitz. J. P. 201.  
Hue and Cry signifieth, the pursuit of 
Hue and Cry, what.  one having committed Felony by the Highway; and if the party robbed, or any in the company of one murdered or robbed, come to the Constable of the next Town, and will him to raise Hue and Cry, or to make pursuit after the Offender, describing the Party, and showing (as near as he can) which way he is gone; the Constable ought forthwith to call upon the Parish for Aid, in seeking the Felon: And if he be not found there, then to give the next Constable warning, and he 
Warning for fresh Suit.  the next, until the Offender be apprehended, or at the least until he be thus pursued to the Seaside. Bract. l. 3. tract. 2. ca 5. Smith de Repub. lib. 2. cap. 20. Stat. 13 Ed. 1. cap. 3. 28 Ed. 3. cap. 11. 27 Eliz. ca 13. Crompt. 160. b.  
The Constables and Officers of every 
Search.  Town, to which Hue and Cry shall come, aught to search in all suspected Houses and Places within their limits: And as well the Officers, as all other persons which shall pursue the Hue and Cry, may attach and stay all such persons, as in 
Suspected persons.  their search and pursuit they shall find to be suspicious, and thereupon shall carry them before some Justice of Peace of the County where they are taken, to be examined where they were at the time of the Felony committed; and if any default be in the Officers, they may be fined by the Justices for their neglect. Dalt. cap. 28. foe 75.  
No Hue and Cry shall be deemed legal, 
Nota.  unless the pursuit be both by Horse and Foot. 27 Eliz. 13.  
And the Hundred where fresh Suit shall 
Hundred Fined, for not making Fresh suit.  cease, in case of Robbery, shall answer half the Damages to the Hundred wherein the Felony shall be committed, to be recovered in any Court at Westminster in the Name of the Clerk of the Peace of the County wherein the Felony was committed; and here the death or change of the Clerk of the Peace shall not abate the Suit.  
When in this case Damages are recovered 
Tax, how to be levied.  against any one, or some few Inhabitants of the Hundred, and the rest refuse to contribute thereunto, two Justices of the Peace (one being of the Quorum) dwelling within or near the same Hundred, shall for the levying thereof set a Tax upon every Parish within that Hundred, according to which the Constables and Headburroughs of every Town, shall tax the particular Inhabitants, and levy the Money upon them by distress and sale of Goods, and deliver the Money levied to the said Justices, or one of them, and restoring the Overplus to the party distrained. 17 Eliz. 13.  
And note, That no Hundred shall be 
One of the Felons taken.  chargeable when any one of the Malefactors shall be apprehended; or when the Action is not prosecuted within one year after the Robbery committed. 17 Eliz. 13.  

Concerning Escapes, etc.  
THe voluntary letting of a Felon to 
Concerning Escapes suffered by Constables.  Escape, before he be arrested for the Felony, is no Felony in the Party that suffereth him to Escape: But if the Constable suffers one to Escape, when he knows he hath committed a Felony; in such case he may be Indicted and Fined for suffering the Escape.  
And it's said, That if the Felon be under 
Voluntary Escape made Felony.  arrest of the Constable, or any other, for Felony or Suspicion thereof, and the Constable or other person, who so hath him a Prisoner, voluntarily let's or suffers the Felon to go at liberty where he will; this is Felony in the Gaoler, Constable or other person that so letteth him Escape; but it is no Felony in the Prisoner, because he broke not the Prison.  
But if such a Prisoner shall Escape 
Negligent Escape.  by the negligence of his Keeper, and against his Will and knowledge, than it is Felony in the Prisoner, because a breach of Prison; and the Gaoler, Constable, etc. may be Fined by the Judges or Justices for such Escape. Stamf. 32, 44. Dalton, fo. 272. Bro. Escape 31. Dyer 99  
If a Constable, or other Officer, voluntarily 
Felon destroys himself.  suffer a Thief to kill, hang, or drown himself; this is said to be an Escape and Felony in the Constable: But if this be done unawares to the Constable, and without his consent, then is such an Escape but negligent, and fineable. And note, that such a Thief so 
Constable fined.  killing or drowning himself, is said to be Felo de se, in reference to the destroying himself, Dalton fo. 272.  
If a man be arrested only on suspicion 
Where the Constable may discharge the Prisoner.  of Felony, and it appear afterwards there was no such Felony committed, then may the Constable or Officer discharge the Prisoner; and it is no Escape where there was no Felony. But on the contrary, if one be arrested upon Suspicion, and there is really a Felony committed; and though after the Arrest the Officer is satisfied, that the Party arrested is not guilty: Yet he cannot discharge him, but he must be set at Liberty by due course of Law; for otherwise it will be a voluntary Escape and Felony, or at least fineable. Dalton, fo. 275. Cromp. 40.  
If a Private person (as he may) in many 
Arrests made by Private persons.  cases arresta nother; as in case of a dangerous Affray, Suspicion, or knowing one to have committed Felony, or one that is apparently about to commit a Felony, or one that hath dangerously Wounded another, or Night-Walkers that are dangerously suspicious, etc. He ought to carry and deliver the Prisoner to a Constable, Headburrough, 
Constable charged.  or Tithingman, etc. and they are bound to secure the Party arrested. Dalton fo. 338. 20 Ed. 4. 6.  
And note, That where a Constable or 
Prisoner Pinioned and Fettered.  Officer shall imprison any Felon in the Stocks, he may lock the Stocks, and may also (if he see need) put Irons on the Prisoner: And when he is about to convey him to the Justice or Gaol, he may Pinion him, or otherwise to secure him, that he cannot Escape. Dalton fo. 342.  
And when the Constable carries any 
How the Constable may deliver up the Prisoner.  such Felon, or suspected Felon, to the Gaol, the Gaoler is obliged to receive him: But if he refuses, than the Officer may either keep the Prisoner in his own House, or carry him back to the Town where he was taken; and the Town in the last case, it's said, shall be charged with the keeping of him until the next Gaol-delivery, where (upon Complaint against the Gaoler) they will punish him for his Refusal. Dalt. 340, 341. 10 H. 4. & 4 Ed. 3. ca 10. Poulton, Prison. 6.  
But it may be the best and safest way to carry him to a Justice, if conveniently it may be done.  
In case where a Justice of Peace, Constable, 
Felon taken in another County.  or other Officer, comes to a Felon to arrest him, and he perceiving it flies into another County before he can be taken, and he is there taken; in such case the Felon must be carried before some Justice of the Peace of that County where he is taken, and must be committed to the Gaol of that County, altho' the Felony was committed in another County. Dalton fo. 340. Bro. Impris. 25.  
☞ Fourthly, To see the Watch be duly kept in the Town, etc.  
The Constables etc. of every Town, are 
Watch; in what time of the year.  to cause Night-Watch to be kept from Ascension-day till Michaelmass, from Sunset until Sunrising; viz. in a City with Six men at every Gate; in a Burrow with Twelve men; and in every Town with Six or Four men, according to the number of the Inhabitants there. If any Stranger pass by them, he shall be arrested until the Morning, when (if they have no suspicion of him) they shall let him go quit; but if otherwise, they shall deliver him to be safely kept, etc. And here if any will not obey the Arrest, they shall levy Hue and Cry upon him; and for such Arrest of a Stranger, none shall be punished. Stat. Winchester, cap. 4. 13 Edw. 1.  
1. These Watchmen should be of able Body, and sufficiently Armed. 
Watchmen, how to be qualified.   
2. No man is compellable to Watch, except he be an Inhabitant within the same Town, etc.  
3. That such as are Inhabitants within 
Their Order.  the Town, are not compellable to Watch at the Will of the Constable, but only when their Turn cometh; unless it is the use and custom of the Place, to do otherwise.  
4. If such as aught to Watch, refuse upon command of the Constable, the Constable 
Refusal to Watch.  may complain of him to a Justice of Peace, who may bind him over to his Good Behaviour, and to answer at the Quarter-Sessions; or the Constable may present him at the Assize or Sessions of the Peace: And some have held, that he may set the Party in the Stocks for his Contempt. But this seems rather to be, when the Party (or some for him) appears, and yet will not be orderly, as the Constable sees fit. Dalton fo. 141.  
These Watchmen are to apprehend all 
Watchmens Duty.  Rogues and Vagabonds, Night walkers, Eavesdroppers, Scouts, and the like, and such as go Armed.  
And though it be said, That if a 
Their Examining of Passengers.  Stranger pass by them, he shall be arrested until the Morning: The use and custom is for Watchmen to examine them; and if they find cause of suspicion in them, than they may keep them till the Morning: If not, suffer him to pass; and whether they be Horsemen, or Footmen, or Drivers of Cattle, or the like; or that shall carry any Burden on Horseback; the Watch may stay them till the Morning, to justify themselves, unless they can render a good account, both of themselves, their Company and Carriage; and if any Post come by them, 'tis good to know what number they have, lest Offenders shelter themselves, and slip away under their Convoy. Dalton, fo. 140, 292.  
And Note, That the Constables, etc. are 
Nota, and Quaere.  to be aiding and assisting to these Watchmen on all occasion: But yet methinks there is no reason that the Constables should (as some do) think, that their Word is an unalterable Law, and that if a Person be taken in the Night on their Watch, and they once give order for the carrying him to the Counter, etc. that they cannot upon his Submission, or proof of being a Civil person, call him back or discharge him. For in the Case of an Affray, after the Affray is over, the Constable may set the Affrayer at Liberty again, on his own head: Therefore more reasonably he may in this Case, though in the case of Felony or Suspicion thereof he cannot do it, as is aforesaid.  
☞ Fifthly, That the Statutes made for Punishing Rogues, Vagabonds, Nightwalkers, and such other idle persons be duly put in Execution.  
This is a large Branch of the Constable's Office, and herein two things are to be known.  

1. What a Rogue is, and who is to be accounted a Vagabond, etc.  
2. What is to be done unto them.   
Note therefore, That all persons (being 
Who are accounted Rogues.  above the age of 7 years) Man or Woman, single or married, That wander from their usual place of abode, every where Begging, or if they do not Beg, if they Wander and Loiter abroad, without a lawful Pastport, and give no good account of their Travel, are accounted Rogues  
But 
‖ Rogue's Vagabonds and sturdy Beggars.  these following are of a higher degree, and are to be accounted as Rogues, Vagabonds, and sturdy Beggars.  
1. Viz. All Scholars and Seafaring-men that Beg.  
2. 
* 'Tis Felony without Clergy for Gypsies to remain above a Month in England or Wales.  Wand'ring Persons using unlawful Games, subtle Crafts, or Plays, or pretending themselves to have skill in telling Fortunes, by the marks or figures in the Hands or Face, or by casting of Figures, all counterfeit Egyptians (or Gypsies) not being Felons.  
3. All Jugglers (or slight of hand Artists, pretending to do Wonders, by virtue of Hocus Pocus, the powder of Pimper le Pimp, or the like) Tinkers, Pedlars, petty Chapmen, Glass-men, especially if they be not well known or have a sufficient Testimonial.  
4. All Proctors, Patent-Gatherers, (except 
Proctors in this Sense are Gatherers.  for Fire) Collectors for Gaols, Prisoners, or Hospitals, wand'ring abroad, Fencers, Bearwards, common Players of Interludes, and Fiddlers, or Minstrels wand'ring abroad.  
5. Persons delivered out of Gaols, who beg their Fees, or otherwise do Travel Begging; such as go to and from the Baths, and do not pursue their Licence; Soldiers and Mariners, that Beg and counterfeit Certificates from their Commanders.  
6. All Labourers which wander abroad out of their respective Parishes, and refuse to Work for Wages reasonably taxed, having no Livelihood otherwise to maintain themselves, and such as go with general Passports not directed from Parish to Parish.  
And note also, That all Servants departing out of their Service, that is to say, out of one City, Town or Parish, to serve in another, having no such Testimonial as the Statute requires, or producing a false one, are to be punished as Vagabonds.  
And so are such persons as are sick of the Plague, or infected therewith, and wilfully go abroad in Company, against the command of Officers.  
For all these things see, Stat. 29. Eliz. ca 4. & ca 17. 1 Jac. ca 7. 21 Jac. ca 28. Dalt. ca 24. Poult. Wag. 2. & 7. Resoluc. Judic. 13, 15.  
Next observe, That Constables, etc. are 
The Constables, etc. are to apprehend all Rogues, Vagabonds, etc.  to use their best endeavours to apprehend all such Vagabonds, Rogues, or sturdy Beggars, which shall be found and taken Wand'ring or Begging within their respective Precincts under the forfeiture of 10 s. for every neglect.  
The same forfeiture is by such private persons as shall not apprehend Rogues, etc. being at their Doors. And if any person bring a Rogue or Beggar to one of these Officers, he is obliged to receive him and punish him according to Law, or he forfeits 20 s. to be levied by Warrant from 2 Justices. Stat. 39 Eliz. ca 4. 1 Jac. ca 7.   

The Punishment is after this manner.  
THe Constable, Headburrough, or Tythingman 
Rogues, Vagabonds, etc. how to be punished.  assisted by the Minister and one other of the Parish, is to see (or do it himself,) That such Rogues and Vagabonds, etc. be stripped Naked from the middle upwards, and openly whipped till their Body be bloody, and then forthwith to be sent away from Constable to Constable the next strait way to the place of their Birth; and if that cannot be known, then to the place where they last Dwelled, by the space of one whole Year before the time of such their Punishment; and if that cannot be known, then to the Town through which they last passed unpunished; and if it cannot be there discovered, where they were Born, or last Dwelled as aforesaid, then are they by that Constable, or rather from Constable to Constable to be conveyed to the House of Correction, or common Gaol of the County, to be employed in Work, or put in some Service, and to be therein continued by the space of one Year: But if they be not of able Body to Work, than that last Town is to keep them till they can be placed in some Almshouse within the same County. 39 Eliz. ca 4. 2. Bul. 258. Resolve. Judic. Sect. 714.  
Note, none are to be sent to the place of their Birth or last Habitation, but wand'ring Rogues: For those that Beg in their own Parishes or High ways, without the appointment of the Overseers, are to be sent to the House of Correction.  
Observe further, That after such Vagabond 
Rogues and Vagabonds, etc. must have a Testimonial.  is whipped as aforesaid, he is to have a Testimonial under the Hand and Seal of the Constable or Tythingman, (etc.) and the Minister, testifying the day and place of his Punishment; as also the place to which he is to be conveyed, and the time limited for his passage thither: And if by his own default he exceed that time, than he is again to be whipped, and so from time to time till he arrive at the place limited: The substance of the Testimonial is to be Registered by the Minister, in a Book which he is to keep for that purpose, on pain of five shillings for every Default. Dalt. fo. 129.  
The Form of the Testimonial itself, may be in this manner, viz.  
LAwrence Lazy, a Sturdy Vagrant Beggar, 
The Form of the Testimonial.  aged about Forty Years, of middle Stature, brown-haird, and round Visaged, was this six and twentieth day of October, in the Third Year of the Reign of our Gracious Sovereign's Lord and Lady William and Mary of England, etc. King and Queen, openly whipped in the Parish of S. Giles in the Fields, in the County of Middlesex, according to Law, for a wand'ring Rogue, and is assigned to pass forthwith from Parish to Parish by the Officers thereof, the next strait way to Hard-work, in the County of O—, where he confesseth he was Born, [or Dwelled last by one whole Year, if the place of his Birth cannot be discovered, etc.] and he is limited to be at Hard-work as aforesaid, within Twelve days now next ensuing, at his peril. Given under the Hands and Seals of A. B. Minister of the Parish of S. Giles afordsaid, and C. D. Constable of the said Parish.  
And note, That such person as shall in 
Forfeitures of such as shall disturb or hinder the punishment of Rogues, etc.  any wise disturb or hinder the execution of this Law, concerning the punishment of Rogues, etc. shall forfeit 5 l. to be levied by Distress; and bound to the good Behaviour, by two Justices, one to be of the Quorum. Stat. 39 Eliz. ca 4. after Confession or Proof of two Witnesses, Dalt. fo. 149.  
And it is said to have been resolved by 
Forfeiture of the Constable for not receiving and conveying Rogues, etc. from Parish to Parish.  the Judges at Westminster, soon after the making of this Stat. That where a Rogue is to be conveyed from Constable to Constable, the next strait way to the place of his Birth, in such case, if the Constable of any Parish will not receive such Rogue, to convey him to the next Constable, etc. he forfeits 5 l. and may be bound as aforesaid to his good behaviour. And the penalty is said to be the same if he do receive him or her, and yet doth not convey him or her to the next Constable, upon their passage. Resol. of Judges. Sect. 13, 14. Dalt. fo. 128. 
How and to what places Rogues and Vagabonds ought to be sent and settled. Husband and Wife.   
And it is also said to have been then resolved, That if a Rogue say he was born at such a place, and it cannot be made appear to the contrary, he must be sent thither.  
So, if the Husband or Wife have a House, and one of them or both Rogue about, they ought to be sent to the Town where the House is; and so of an Inmate. 
Children under 7 years of age.   
Also the Wife and all Children under 7 years of age, being Vagrant, must be sent to the Husband, and if he be Dead, then to be sent with the Wife where she was born, or dwelled last. 
Children above 7 years of age. Children under 7 years once settled, may not be removed.   
And Vagrant Children above 7 years old, must be sent to the place of their birth.  
And Note, that when such Vagrant Parents with their Children under 7 years of age, be placed at the place of birth of their Parents, or their last Dwelling, if afterwards the Parents or either of them Dye, or run away, yet the Children once settled, must remain there still, and may not be sent to their place of birth, though after they grow to be 7 years old.  
The Wife being a Vagrant, aught to 
Wife.  be sent to the Husband, though he be but a Servant in another Town.  
The Rogue whose place of birth, or 
Husband Wife and Children together.  Dwelling cannot be known, having a Wife, or Children under 7 years of age, They must all go together with the Husband, to the place where they were last suffered to pass through without punishment; and there the Children must be relieved with the Work of their Parents, though their Parents be committed to the House of Correction.  
But it's said, Constables are not to post 
Constables not to post away too hastily such as are sick or great with Child. Incorrigible Rogues.  away such Vagrants, (taken by them or sent to them,) that are desperately sick; nor Women ready to be delivered; nor to deliver them to the next Constable after Sunset. See for these, Dalton Cham 47. Resol. Jud. Sect. 4. & 5.  
Note, That some Rogues are looked upon as incorrigible Rogues, as such as shall appear to be dangerous to the inferior sort of people, threatening or offering any Violence to them, or that will not be reform from their Roguish Life, as having been once whipped and sent home, and do afterwards wander again: Or when they say they were born or Dwelled last in such a place, where in truth it is otherwise. Such as these are accounted incorrigible Rogues; and all Constables meeting such Persons within their Liberties, aught to carry them before some Justice of Peace, there to be ordered by him according to the Statute.  
Punishment of Incorrigible Rogues, is to be Burnt on the left Shoulder, and for the next time 'tis Felony without Clergy. 1 Jac. 7. 
Threatening to run from their Families.   
Again, all such Persons as shall run from their Families, and leave a charge to the Parish, are to be punished as Incorrigible Rogues; and if any threaten so to do, unless he give good Sureties for the discharge of the Parish, he may be sent to the House of Correction. See Dalt. ca 47. Resol. Jud. Sect. 4. & 5.  
If the Constable neglect his Duty, he 
Forfeitures for not apprehending Rogues, etc.  forfeits 10 s, as before; and such as disturb or hinder the Execution of the Law, forfeit 5 l. as before.  
So every Person that shall not apprehend such Rogues, as he shall see or know resort to his House to Beg, etc. and shall not carry them to the next Constable, shall forfeit 10 s. as before. 39 Eliz. ca 4. 7 Jac. 4.  
Yet any Justice of the Peace may reward 
Reward for apprehending Rogues, etc.  any Persons, who shall apprehend and bring before him any Rogue, Vagabond, or sturdy Beggar, by granting to such Persons under his Hand and Seal to the Constable or Tythingman of the Place, through which the Rogue did pass unapprehended, ordering him to give such Person 2 s. for every Rogue so taken, on pain of being proceeded against according to the Statutes of 39 Eliz. & 1. Jac. 7. And out of the Money forfeited by the Constable upon the Statute 1 Jac. the Justice may allow the said 2 s. Stat. 13. & 14. Car. 2. ca 12. which Statute being expired was, 1 Jac. 2. revived for 7 years.  
And so, they that apprehend Vagabonds, 
Rogues atprehended on the Confines of a County.  etc. at the Confines of a County, which passed through any Parish in another County unapprehended, may go to a Justice of Peace of that County, where such Rogue, etc. was not apprehended, who upon Certificate from some Justice of Peace of that County, where such Rogue, etc. was apprehended, may grant such Warrants to the Constable to reward them as aforesaid; and in case of the Constable's refusal to pay, the Justice of the County through which the Vagabond passed unapprehended, may cause the Constable there, to pay to such Person or Persons as apprehended him or them, 10 s. or so much thereof for their Expenses and loss of Time as he thinks fit, which he forfeited by, 39 Eliz. See Stat. 13, 14, Car. 2. ca 12. revived for 7 years.  
Also Constables, Headburroughs, and 
How Constables are to be repaid their Charges in conveying of Rogues, etc.  Tything-men, out of Purse for conveying Vagabonds, etc. to Houses of Correction, or Work-houses, They (the Constables, etc.) the Churchwardens, and Overseers of the Poor, and other Inhabitants in the Parish, may Tax all chargeable by the Stat. 43 Eliz. Chap. 2. which Rate being affirmed under Hand and Seal by two Justices of the Peace, they may levy it by Distress and sale of Goods, 13, & 14 Car. 2. ca 2. See Wing. Abridg. of Stat. Tit. poor People.  
Note, This Statute 13 & 14 Car. 2. cap. 12. (Except what concerned the Corporations of Workhouses, within the Weekly Bills of Mortality) was but to continue till the next Session: But 19 May 1 Jac. 2. it was revived for 7 years, and to the end of the next Session▪  
Note, That if the Constable or Tithingmen 
Constables, etc. fined, for not searching for Rogues according to Warrant; and for not giving an Account, how many have been Convicted.  neglect to make privy Search for Rogues, upon Warrant from the Justices of Peace, and to appear before the Justices, at their Meeting appointed for that purpose, to give an Account (upon Oath) in writing under the Minister's hand, testifying what Rogues, etc. they have taken in that Search, or since the last Meeting; and how many have been punished, or otherwise sent to the House of Correction: Or if they neglect safely to convey such to the House of Correction, as by the said Justices Warrant are to be committed thither, they are to incur what Fine the Justices please to set upon them, so that it exceed not 40▪ s. 7 Jac. 1. cap. 4.  
We have spoke before concerning Wand'ring Labourers, refusing to work for reasonable Wages, having no other livelihood.  
Yet you may observe, That the Constable, 
Constable's may set on work Labourers, etc. in Hay or Corn harvest.  etc. has power ex Officie to set on work all Artificers, or Mechanic Tradesmen, fit to labour by day, upon Request to him made by any person that wants help in Hay, or Corn Harvest. And if they refuse, he may set them in the Stocks two Days and one Night; and if the Constable neglect his duty herein, he shall forfeit 40 s. Stat. 5 Eliz cap. 4.  
We spoke before of Servants leaving 
Servant departing from one Service in one Town, to another Service in another Town, etc. without a Testimonial  their Services without Testimonial, etc. 'Tis true, these Testimonials now are seldom regarded; yet the Law gives a great Penalty in this case. For the Master that retains a Servant without a Testimonial, forfeits 5 l. And every Servant which showeth not a Testimonial to the Chief Officer in a Corporation, or to the Constable, Minister, or Churchwardens, where he is to dwell, may be Imprisoned till he can get one; which, if not procured within 21 days; or if he produce a false, he is to be whipped and used as a Vagabond. Stat● 5 Eliz. Chap. 4.  
These Testimonials, if in a Town Corporate, 
Who must make the Testimonials.  are to be under the Hands and Seals of the Town, and two Householders there; and in the Country, under the Seals of the Constable or Constables, and two Householders there: Which Testimonial shall be made and delivered to the Party, and also Registered by the Minister of the place where the Servant dwelled; for which the Minister is to have Two pence.  
Note, No Penalty for not delivering a Testimonial to the Servant.  
The Form of the Testimonial is this:  
MEmorandum, That A. B. Servant to 
The form of the Testimonial.  C. D. of J. in the County of E. Husbandman [Tailor, or the like] in the said County, is Licenced to departed from his said Master, [or Mistress, or Dame, as the case happens] and is at his liberty to serve elsewhere, according to the Statutes in that case made and provided. In witness whereof We have hereunto set our Hands and Seals the 26th Day of October, in the Third Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord and Lady King William and Queen Mary, Anno Dom. 1691.  

A. B. Constable of I.  
C. D. Housholder there.  
E. F. Housholder there.   
One would wonder how so strict a Law should be so soon disused; but it may be, for that it found a great Inconvenience for a Servant to get such a Testimonial; however, the Law is still in force.  
As to this Branch of the Oath that 
Night-Walkers.  concerns Night-Walkers, and such other Idle persons, I have spoke of that before in the Duty of the Constable and his Watch. Yet it is said, That any Private man may arrest Night-Walkers; however, than he must deliver them to a Constable, and they may be bound to their good Behaviour by a Justice.  
See 2 E. 3. 6. Dalt. fo. 16. Poult. 18. Lamb. 122.  
For the rest of the Idle persons, I think 
Orchard-Robbers, Hedge-Breakers, Wood-Stealers, etc.  we may reckon up such as cut down Wood or Corn, or rob Orchards, and the like. And therefore observe, That all such as shall be convicted before a Justice of Peace, for cutting and taking away of Corn growing, Robbing of Orchards, Breaking Hedges, etc. and their Procurers and Receivers knowing the same; if they cannot make such Satisfaction as the Justice shall think fit, the Justice may then commit them to the Constable to be Whipped, either for the first or second Offence; and if the Constable refuse or neglect to see them Whipped, the Justice may commit him to Gaol till he will do it, or procure it to be done. Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 7.  
And by the Statute 15 Car. 2. cap. 2. Constables, 
Constable's may apprehend suspected persons.  Headburroughs, or other Inhabitants in County, City, or Town Corporate, etc. may apprehend whom they suspect having or conveying any Wood, Underwood, Poles, or young Trees, Bark or Bast of Trees; or any Gates, Stiles, Posts, Pales, Rails, Hedge-wood, Broom or Furze; and by Warrant from a Justice of Peace, the 
May search suspected Houses.  Officers may search the Houses, and other places belonging to those they suspect; and where they find any, may carry persons suspected for cutting and taking the same, before a Justice of Peace of the County, City, or Town Corporate; where, if they give not such account how they came by them as doth satisfy the said Justice, or in convenient time to be set by the Justice, produce not the Party of whom they bought the same, or some Witness to depose upon Oath, such Sale shall be deemed as Convicted within the meaning of 43 Eliz. cap. 7. and be liable to the Punishment 
Punishment  therein contained: And also for the first Offence, shall make such Recompense, and within such time as the said Justice shall appoint; and pay to the Overseers for the Poor of the Parish where the Offence was committed such Sum, not exceeding 10 s. as such Justice shall think meet; and in default thereof, to be committed to the House of Correction for any time, not exceeding a Month; or else to be Whipped by the Constable, etc. and for the second Offence, to be sent to the House of Correction for a Month, and be kept to hard Labour; and if convicted of the third Offence, they shall be deemed Incorrigible 
Incorrigible Rogues. Penalty upon the Buyer of stolen Wood  Rogues. 15 Car. 2. cap. 2.  
And if any person buy Wood, etc. of any other justly suspected to have stolen the same, and this be so found upon Examination before a Justice, the Justice may order the Buyer to pay the triple Value thereof to the Party from whom it was taken; and in default of present Payment, make a Warrant to the Constable to distrain for it; and for lack of Distress, to commit the Party to the Gaol, at the Parties own charge, there to remain one Month without Bail or Mainprize. 15 Car. 2. cap. 2.  
But none shall be questioned upon this 
How and when to be prosecuted.  Law, that hath been punished for the same Offence by any former Law; nor after six Weeks after the Offence committed, shall any Question thereof be made. 15 Car. 2. cap. 2.  
☞ Sixthly, To have a watchful Eye to such as shall keep Common and Unlawful Gaming-Houses; and to such Persons as shall frequent the same.  
Every Mayor, Sheriff, Bailiff, Constable, 
Search for Gaming-Houses, etc. 48 s.  and other Head Officer within every City, Burrough or Town, shall make due search, once every Month at least, in pain to forfeit 48 s. for every default, in all such Houses and places where unlawful Games 
Imprisonment till Security.  shall be used, and may arrest and imprison as well the Keepers of the House, as the Resorters thereunto, until they shall severally give good Security at the discretion of the Justices or such Officers, not to keep such Games any more. 33 H. 8. ca 9  
And for distinguishing what are unlawful 
Unlawful Games and Gamesters.  Games, and who are unlawful Gamesters, It is Enacted by the said Statute, 33 H. 8. cap. 9 That no Artificer, or his Journyman, no Husbandman, Apprentice, Labourer, Servant at Husbandry, Mariner, Fisherman, Waterman, or Servingman, shall play at Tables, Tennis, Dice, Cards, Bowls, Clash, Coyting, Loggating, or any other unlawful Game, out of Christmas, or then out of their Master's house or presence, in pain of 6 s. 8 d.  
But this Act shall not restrain a Servant, by his Master's Licence, to Play at Cards, Dice, or Tables with the Master himself, or other Gentlemen resorting to his Master's House. And if his Master have Freehold of 100 l. per Annum, he may also Licence his Servants to play at Bowls or Tennis. 33 H. 8. ca 9  
And Note, That all Licences to keep 
Licenses void.  Houses or Places of Unlawful Games, shall be void by Stat. 2 & 3 Phil. & Ma. cap. 9  
☞ Seventhly, At your Assizes, You shall present all Offences contrary to the Statutes, for the restraint of inordinate haunting and Tippling in Inns, etc. for the repressing of Drunkenness and profane Swearing.  
No Innkeeper, Victualler, or Alehousekeeper, 
No Alehousekeeper to suffer Tippling.  shall suffer any Town-Dwellers to sit Tippling in his House, in pain of 10 s. nor sell less than a full Ale Quartfield of the best Ale or Beer, or two Quarts of the small for 1 d. in pain of 20 s. And here the View of one Justice, or proof by one Witness upon Oath, or the Parties own Confession before one Justice, is sufficient Conviction. 1 Jac. 9 And the Oath of 
Conviction, 1 Jac. 9 21 Jac. 7. 1 Car. 4. Distress.  the Party confessing shall convince any other.  
The Penalties aforesaid are given to the Poor of the Parish where the Offence is committed; and are to be levied on Warrant (by the Constable and Churchwarden) by Distress, which after six Days may be sold to satisfy the Penalty: And in default of Distress, the party Delinquent must suffer Imprisonment till he pay the Penalty. 
Imprisonment.  And here every Officer that neglects to levy the said Penalty; or certify (within 20 Days) the default of Distress, shall forfeit likewise to the Poor 40 s. to be 
Officer forfeits 40 s.  levied (upon Warrants) from one Justice, by distress and sale as aforesaid; and upon default of Distress shall incur Commitment, as aforesaid.  
The Officers, or other Parties receiving 
Officers accountable.  these Penalties, shall be accountable to the succeeding Officers, and other Parishioners.  
One convicted of Drunkenness in Court, 
One convicted of Drunkenness.  or before a Judge or Justice in their several limits; or by the View of one Justice, or proof by one Witness, upon Oath before one Justice, shall forfeit five Shillings to the Poor, to be levied and employed as the Penalties of 1 Jac. 9 And in case he 
Penalty.  be not able to pay it, shall remain in the Stocks six Hours: And for the second Offence 
Stocks.  of Drunkenness may be bound to good Behaviour. 4 Jac. 5. 21 Jac. 7.  
Here the Officer that neglects to levy 
Officer forfeits 10 s.  the said Penalty upon Warrant, shall forfeit 10 s. to be levied and employed, as aforesaid. 4 Jac. 5.  
A Town-Dweller, which is convict to 
One convict of Tippling.  sit Tippling in any Inn, Victualinghouse, or Alehouse, by the View of one Justice, or the proof of two Witnesses; shall forfeit Ten Groats, to be levied and employed as 
Forfeiture.  aforesaid; and being not found able to pay it, shall remain in the Stocks four 
Stocks.  Hours. 4 Jac. 5.  
These Offences, as also those mentioned 
Where these Offences shall be enquired.  in 1 Jac. 9 shall be enquired of, heard, and determined at the Assizes, Quarter-Sessions, in Corporate Towns and in Leets. 4 Jac. 5.  
And all Constables, Churchwardens, 
Officers sworn to prevent them.  Headburroughs, Tithingmen, Aleconners and Sidemen, shall be charged on their Oaths to prevent the said Offences. 4 Jac. 5. 21 Jac. 7,  
None shall be twice punished for one 
But one Punishment for one Offence.  Offence. 4 Jac. 5.  

† Vintners within these Acts.  Vintners, which do also keep Inns or Victualinghouses, shall be taken to be within these Acts, 1 Jac. 9 4 Jac. 5. and 1 Car. 4.  
The Offenders 4 Jac. 5. to be prosecuted within six Months.  
By Stat. 3 Car. 3. none shall keep an 
Alehouse without Licence.  Alehouse without Licence, in pain to forfeit 20 s. to the Poor, which the Constable and Churchwarden (upon Warrant before the Justice) shall levy by Distress, 
Distress.  and (after three Days default of payment) may sell the Distress, to satisfy the Penalty, rendering the Overplus: And in case the Delinquent hath not wherewithal; the said Justice shall commit him to the Constable, 
Alehousekeeper Whipped. Officer punished.  to be openly Whipped.  
And here the Officer that neglects to execute the Warrant, or to punish the Offender, shall suffer Imprisonment without Bail, or pay 40 s. to be employed as aforesaid.  
See Dalton's Just. fo. 31, 32. Alridg. of Stat. Tit. Alehouses, etc.  
And by 21 Jac. 7 & 10. the Alehousekeeper shall be disabled for three years, who offends against 1 Jac. 9 and 4 Jac. 5.  
And Note, That if a Common Innkeeper 
Alehousekeeper refusing to lodge Travellers.  or Alehousekeeper will not lodge a Traveller, who proffers ready Money beforehand for his Victuals: In such case the Constable may cause such Innkeeper, or Alehousekeeper, to be Indicted at the next Sessions or Assizes, where the Justices may 
Indicted and Fined. Damages recovered by the Traveller.  fine and imprison him.  
Or in such case, the Traveller grieved may bring an Action, and recover Damages against the Innkeeper, etc. Dalton fo. 28. 9 Co. 27. b. 10 H. 7. 8.  
Next, For the repressing of Profane Swearing.  
If any shall Swear or Curse within the 
Profane Cursing and Swearing.  hearing of a Justice of Peace of the County, Mayor, Justice, Bailiff, or Head-Officer of any City or Town Corporate where the Offence is; or shall be convicted thereof by his own Confession, or the Evidences of two Witnesses upon Oath, before such Mayor, Justice, or Head-Officer, he 
Forfeitures.  he shall forfeit 12 d. for every time, and the Justice of Peace, or Head-Officer, may thereupon issue out their Warrant to the Constables, and Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor of that Parish where the said Offence shall be committed, to levy the sum and sums of Money by distress and sale of the Offenders Goods, rendering the Overplus (if any be) to the Owner.  
And where no Distress is to be had, the 
Offender set in the Stocks. Offender Whipped.  Offender (if above 12 years of Age) shall by Warrant, as aforesaid, be set in the Stocks Three hours; but if he be under 12 years, and shall not forthwith pay the sum of 12 d. per Oath, than he shall be Whipped by the Constable, or by the Parent or Master in the Constable's presence. 21 Jac. cap. 20. 3 Car. cap. 4. 17 Car. cap. 4. Dalton 138.  
I spoke before of the Constable's Authority upon Notice of a Woman's being in Adultery; and of a Man and Woman of evil Fame, going to a Suspected house.  
☞ I will next set down the Constable's Office concerning such as Profane the LORD's-Day: And observe, That in the opening the 5th, 6th, and 7th Branch●● of this Oath, is set down the Duty of the Constables, as the Matters mentioned in the Abstract of Penal Laws, lately commanded by the QUEEN to be put in Execution.  
The Constable, Headburrough, etc. o● 
Penalties upon such as use unlawful Sports and Pastimes on the Lord's-Day.  Churchwardens, by Warrant from a Justice of Peace (or other Chief Officer of any City, Burrough, or Town Corporate) under their Hand and Seal, against such as use Unlawful Games on the LORD's-Day, as Bear-baitings, Bulbaitings, Interludes, Common Plays, or other Unlawful Pastimes within, or out of their own Parish, may levy the Penalty of 3 s. 4 d. by distress 
3 s. 4 d.  and sale of the Offenders Goods, rendering the Overplus to the Owners; and in default of Distress, the Constable is to set the Offender in the Stocks by the space of 
Stocks.  Three hours. 1 Car. 1. cap. 1.  
The View of one Justice in the Country, 
Conviction by View or one Witness, etc. To be prosecuted within a Month. General Issue.  or Chief Officer in a Corporation, or Parties own confession, or the Oath of one Witness, shall be a sufficient Conviction. But the Party offending against this Act, must be questioned within a Month after the Offence committed: And if the Officer be questioned, he shall plead the general Issue, and yet give the special Matter in Evidence. 1 Car. 1. cap. 1. Dalt. fo. 63. Abridg. of Stat. p. 275.  
Every person keeping or being present 
5 s. forfeited.  on the LORD's-Day at any Wrestle, Shooting, Bowling, Ringing of Bells for Pleasure, Mask, Wake, Church-Ale, Dancing, Game, Sport, or Pastime whatsoever, he forfeits 5 s. if he or she be above 14 years of Age; but if he be under, he forfeits only 12 d. by him under whose Tuition he or she is.  
And no Carrier with his Horse, Waggoner 
20s. by a Carrier, etc.  with his Wagon, Carman with his Cart, Wainman with his Wain, or Drover with his Cattle, shall Travel on the LORD's-Day, in pain to forfeit 20 s. for every such Offence, 3 Car. 1. cap. 1.  
Note, There must be but one 20 s. forfeit for one Journey, though they pass through several Parishes, and the Parish where the Distress is first taken shall have it. See Dalt. fo. 134.  
Neither shall any Butcher by himself, or 
Butcher 6s. 8ds.  any for him, kill or sell any Victual upon the same day, in pain of 6 s. 8 d. 3 Car. 1. cap. 1.  
Here the Conviction of the Offender, 
Conviction by View or two Witnesses, etc.  and the levying and employment of the Forfeitures, are the same with those of the former Statute, save only that here two Witnesses are necessary.  
This Action shall be prosecuted within six Months; and here also the Officer may plead the General Issue. Stat. 3 Car. 1. 
General Issue.  cap. 1.  
And note, That a Churchwarden may levy 12 d. upon such Persons as repair not every Sunday to some Church or Chapel, by 1 Eliz. cap. 2.  
But by 3 Jac. 4. he must levy it by Warrant.  
By the Act of Indulgence, he may go to Meeting or Conventicle.  
See more of this hereafter, in the Duty of Churchwardens.  
All Laws in force, concerning the Observation 
Penalties on such as shall Work or Sell on the Lord's-Day.  of the LORD's-Day, shall be put in Execution. None shall do any worldly Labour or Business on that day, (Works of Charity and Necessity only excepted) and all of the Age of 14 years or upwards, offending in the Premises, shall forfeit 5 s. And no person shall publicly Cry, or 
5 s.  expose to Sale any Wares whatsoever on that Day, on pain to forfeit them, 29 Car. 2. cap. 7.  
Quaere, If selling Drink (called for) be an Exposing of Wares etc.  
No Drover, Horse-Courser, Waggoner, Butcher, Higler, or their Servants, shall 
Drover Higler, etc. 20 s.  Travel on that Day, on pain to forfeit 20 s.  
No person shall use or Travel on the 
Boatman and Passenger, 5 s.  LORD's-Day with any Boat, Wherry, etc. Except on extraordinary Occasion, to be allowed by a Justice of Peace or Head-Officer of the place, etc. on pain to forfeit 5 s. 29 Car. 2. cap. 7.  
The Justice of Peace, or Chief Officer of 
Seizure of Goods exposed to Sale.  the City, Burrough, etc. before whom the Offender is convicted by View, Confession, or Oath of one Witness, shall give Warrant to the Constables or Churchwardens, to seize the Goods cried or put to Sale, and to sell them, and to levy the other Penalties by distress and sale of Goods; and in case of Inability, etc. to set the Offenders in the Stocks for two Hours. 
Offender to be set in the Stocks.  The Penalties aforesaid, to be employed to the use of the Poor of the Parish where the Offences are committed; saving that any Justice or Head-Officer may out of them reward Informers, so as such Reward 
Informers rewarded.  exceed not a third part of the Penalties, 29 Car. 2. 7.  
This Act shall not prohibit Dressing of 
Toleration for Cooks.  Meat in Families, or Inns, Cooks Shops, etc. nor crying of Milk before 9 of the Clock in the morning, or after 4 in the afternoon, 29 Car. 2. cap. 7.  
No Persons on the LORD's-Day shall 
Serving of Process and Arrests.  serve any Process, Warrant, etc. (Except in cases of Treason, Felony, and Breach of the Peace,) but such Services shall be void; and the Persons serving the same shall answer Damages, as if they had done the same without Warrant, 29 Car. 2. cap. 7.   

Disturbing Preachers.  
ANy person Disturbing a Lawful Minister 
Disturbing of Ministers in their Preaching, etc.  in Preaching, Praying, or Administering the Sacrament, may be presently apprehended by the Constable or Churchwardens, and carried before a Justice, who may, if he think fit, commit him to safe Custody; and within six Days after with another Justice, if they find the Offence proved by two Witnesses, commit 
Commitment.  him to the Gaol for three Months, and from thence till the next Sessions; where the Offender giving Security for his good 
Good Behaviour. Submission.  Behaviour, he may be discharged, otherwise to be continued in Prison till he make submission.  
And note, That if any person rescues such 
Rescuing the Offender 5 l.  an Offender, he shall suffer Imprisonment, and also forfeit 5 l. And also the Inhabitants of the place, if they suffer him to escape, forfeit 5 l. if they be presented at the County Sessions, Stat. 1 Mar. Sess. 2. cap. 3.  
Some think this Statute is repealed by 1 Eliz. cap. 2.  
See Dalt. fo. 103, 104.  
But it is taken notice of in the Abstract of the Laws, which its said Her Majesty lately commanded to be put in Execution.  
See more hereafter, of Disturbing a Protestant Dissenting Minister.   

Popish Recusants.  
POpish Recusants, above 16 years of 
Popish Recusants.  Age, shall within 40 days after their Conviction repair to their usual Dwelling, and not remove above Five miles from 
Not to remove five Miles from their dwelling, etc.  thence, in pain to forfeit all their Goods, and Lands, and Annuities during life. And if they have no certain abode, than they are to repair to the place where they were Born, or where their Father 
To give in their Names to the Constables, etc.  or Mother dwells; and within twenty days after their Arrival there, to give their Names in writing to the Minister, Constables, and Headburroughs; which Minister is to enter them in a Book to be kept for that purpose; and he, together with the said Constables and Headburroughs, are to certify the same to the next Quarter Sessions, where the Justices of Peace, shall cause them to be Enrolled.  
See Wing. Abr. Stat. tit. Crown, 35 Eliz. cap. 2.  
The Constables and Churchwardens of 
Constables to present Popish Recusants at the Sessions.  every Parish, or one of them (or if there be none such, than the High Constables of the Hundred there) are once every Year to present at the General Sessions of the Peace, the Monthly absence from Church of every Popish Recusant, and the Names of their Children, being above the Age of Nine years, abiding with their said Parents, and of their Servants, together with the Age of their Children, as near as they can know them, on pain to 
On Penalty of 20 s.  forfeit respectively for every such default 20 s. Which Presentment, the Clerk of the Peace or Town-Clerk shall Record without Fee, on pain of 40 s. 3 Jac. 1. ca 4. Abr. Stat. tit. Crown.  
If the Minister, Petty Constables, or 
Recusant refusing to take the Oath.  Churchwardens of any Parish, or any two of them shall complain to a Justice of the Peace, of any person suspected of Recusancy, such Justice may tender the Oath of Allegiance to the Person suspected; and if he refuse to take it, may commit him to Gaol till the next Assize or Sessions: Where, if he again refuse, he incurs a Praemunire; but if the Person suspected be a married Woman, she shall only be continued in Prison without Bail till she take the said Oath, Wing. Abr. tit. Crown, 7 Jac. cap. 6. Dalt. fo. 10.  
Note, That by a late Act 1 W. & M. the old Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy are taken away, and new Oaths appointed.   

Conventiclers.  
EVery Constable, Headburrough, Tithingman, 
Constable's must levy Fines, etc. upon frequenters of Conventicles.  Churchwarden, and Overseers of the Poor, are authorized and required to levy the Fines assessed by the Justice of Peace upon those who shall be present at unlawfunl Conventicles, upon their Goods and Chattels (having first received a Warrant under the Hands and Seals of one or more Justices or Chief Magistrate) and forthwith to deliver the Money so levied to the same Justice of Peace, or Chief Magistrate, 22 Car. 2. cap. 1.  
If any Constable, Headburrough, Tithingman, 
Constable's must inform of Conventicles on Penalty of 5 l.  Churchwarden, or Overseers of the Poor, shall know or credibly be informed of any Conventicle within his Precinct; and shall not thereof inform some Justice of Peace, or Chief Magistrate, and endeavour to Convict the Parties, but neglects his Duty, he forfeits 5 l. to be levied on his Goods, 22 Car. 2. cap. 1.  
And the said Officers, being Constable, 
May break open the Doors, to search for Conventiclers.  Headburrough, or Tithingman, may (upon a Warrant from one or more Justice or Justices, or Chief Magistrate) with what aid, force and assistance they think fit, (after refusal or denial to enter) break open into any House, or other place, where they shall be informed any Conventicle is held, as well within Liberties as without, and take into their Custody the persons there unlawfully assembled, to be proceeded against according to this Act.  
But no Peers House is to be searched; 
Peers House  unless in presence of a Lord Lieutenant, or two Justices of the Peace, whereof one to be of the Quorum.  
And Note, That the Penalties for a Married 
Wife's Penalty levied on Husband's Goods. General Issue.  Woman, (living with her Husband) shall be levied on the Goods of the Husband.  
And any Person Sued for acting by this Law, may plead the General Issue, and give the Special Matter in Evidence, and shall recover triple Costs, 22 Car. 2. cap. 1.  
But Observe further, That now Their 
Exceptions by Act of Indulgence to Dissenters.  Majesty's Protestant Subjects, dissenting from the Church of England, and qualified according to the late Statute of Indulgence, are exempted from Penalties.  
See Stat. 1 W. & Ma. 24. Maii, 1689.  
Provided no Popish Recusant have any 
Not to extend to Popish Recusants.  benefit.  
Provided also no Congregation be allowed until the place of Meeting be certified to the Bishop, or Archdeacon, or Justice of the Peace, etc.  
And provided, That if any Assembly of 
Dissenters not to keep their Meeting House Doors locked or barred, etc.  Persons, dissenting from the Church of England, shall be had in any place for Religious Worship, with the Doors locked, barred, or bolted, during the time of such Meeting together: All and every Person that shall come to, and be at such Meeting, shall not receive any benefit from this Law, notwithstanding his taking the Oaths, and making and subscribing such Declarations, etc. as are in the said Act contained, 1 W. & M. 24 Maii, 1689.  
☞ You shall true Presentment make of all Bloodshedding, Affrays, Outcries, Rescues, or other Offences committed or done against Their Majesty's Peace, within your Limits.  
This Branch explains itself; and it is 
When and where Constables must make their Presentments.  the Duty of High Constables, and Petit Constables to attend upon, aid and assist, and execute the Warrants of the Judges of Assize, at their Assizes and Gaol-Delivery, and the Justices of Peace at their General and Special Sessions, and other Meetings, and there (upon Oath, and in Writing, if it be required) to make Presentment to them of things within their knowledge against the Peace, and of such other things as are usually contained in Articles exhibited to them for that purpose: As concerning Felons, Hue and Cry, Watch, Punishment of Rogues, Labourers, Servants, Apprentices, Idle and Suspected persons, the Assize of Bread and Beer, Weights and Measures, Bridges in Decay, Alehouses, Licenced and Unlicensed, Gaming-Houses, harbouring Rogues, Tippling and Drunkenness, unlawful and Unsealed Measures, Defect of Highways, etc. and if they be Charged, they must give Account to all the Particulars of their Office; and for any neglect or fault therein, Justices may punish them by Indictment or otherwise, as in other like cases of neglect or contempt of them.  
Note, Most of these Things, especially those which are common Nuisances; as corrupting the Air, Water, or Victuals, by Filth or Carcases, etc. stopping of the way and passage, Deceit in Weights, Measures, etc. Counterfeiting of Wares, and the like, the Constables, etc. are to present at Leets, and give Information of the Offenders, to the intent they may be punished as the Law requires.  
See Bacon's Cases, p. 28.  
☞ Ninthly, You shall well and duly execute all Precepts and Warrants to you directed, from the Justices of Peace and others, who have Authority in this County.  
First observe, That it's said a Justice of 
How the Constables ought to execute the Justice's Warrants.  Peace, may direct his Warrant to the Sheriff, Bailiff, Constable, Headburrough, Tithingman, or any other Officer, or any other indifferent Person by Name, though he be no Officer.  
See Dalt. fo. 332. 14 H. 8. 16.  
But some Acts of Parliament limit the Officers, to whom he shall direct his Warrant, etc.  
Secondly, Note, That generally where a 
When a Justice makes his Warrant beyond his Power, etc.  Justice of Peace hath Jurisdiction and Authority in the matter, though he make his Warrant something beyond his power, yet is not the Constable, etc. to dispute it, but must Execute it, and he shall be Excused; as for Example, If the Justice make a Warrant to arrest a Man for the Peace or good Behaviour, etc. and there is no cause for it, yet the Officer shall not be punished for Executing the Warrant. But it is otherwise, where a Justice of Peace makes his Warrant for something to be done out of the Jurisdiction of the Justice, or wherein he is no Judge; and here the Officer may be punished if he Execute it, and therefore may very well disobey it. And it behoves an Officer at his Peril, to take notice of the Authority and Jurisdiction of the Justice. Dalt. fo. 334. Lamb. 67, 94. Cromp. 74. 14 H. 8. 16. 10 Co. fo. 76.  
Neither ought an Officer to obey a 
Notorious mistakes in a Warrant.  Warrant that has apparent and notorious mistakes in it, as if it command him to levy of a Man 5 l. because he was Tippling in an Alehouse, or had Sworn an Oath, or the like, where the Penalty amounts not to a tenth part, or if it requires the Constable to do something not within his Precincts: But otherwise where it is regular; The Officer to whom such Warrant is directed, ought with all speed and secrecy to Execute it. Dalton foe 332.  
And Note, a sworn Officer, as a Constable, 
Constable not obliged to show his Warrant.  etc. needs not to show his Warrant to any man, when he comes to serve it upon him, although he require it; yet he ought to acquaint the Person with the Contents thereof; and such as is no sworn Officer ought to show his Warrant on Demand, otherwise the Party may choose whether he will obey it. Dalt. fo. 332. Bro. Faux Impr. 23. 6. Co. 54. 9 Co: 68  
But 'tis said, That if the Officer say to 
Officer gives sufficient notice by these words I arrest you, etc.  Party I arrest you in the King's Name, etc. That is a sufficient notice what he is, and in such case, though the Party knoweth he is no sworn Officer, he ought at his Peril to obey him; and if the other hath no lawful Warrant, the Party grieved may bring an Action of false Imprisonment against him. Dult. fo. 333. 9 Co. fo. 69.  
If a Constable, or other Officer arrest a 
Constable makes an arrest first, and then procures a Warrant.  man, before he has his Warrant, though afterwards he procure one to arrest the party for the same cause, yet is it a wrongful arrest, and the Officer is subject to an action of false Imprisonment. Dalt. 333. Lamb. 93. Dyer 244.  
If a Constable, etc. after he hath arrested 
Constable takes the Offenders word for his appearance.  the party, by virtue of his Warrant, let's him at Liberty upon his promise, that he will come again at another day, and go with him to the Justice, and if the party comes not at the day appointed, The Constable in this case cannot take him again upon the same Warrant, because he went at Liberty by his consent; but if he had escaped of his own wrong without the consent of the Officer, in such case it's said, the Officer may make fresh Suit and take 
Fresh Suit.  him again, and though he run out of sight, or fly into another Town or County, he may bring him back before the Justice that granted the Warrant on which he first arrested him. Dalton fo. 333, 340. Cromp. 148, 172, 173, 214. Vid. antea, concerning Escapes.  
It's said, That if there be two or three 
3 Persons of one Name, and the wrong man is arrested. Quaere of this. Constable takes the Offender, whose name was mistaken in the Warrant.  Persons known by the Name of A. B. of C. Gent. and a Warrant is granted against one of them, wherein the wrong Person is arrested, in such case false Imprisonment will not lie. Dalt. 333. 11 H. 4. fo. 90. 5 E. 4. fo. 51.  
But where a Warrant is granted, against A. B. Son of E. B. and the Officer takes A. B. Son of J. B. who in truth is the right Person that offended, and was complained of; yet the arrest is wrongful, and the Officer liable to an action of false Imprisonment. Dalton 333. 10 E. 4. 1. Bro. 38.  
It has been held, That a Justice of Peace 
Warrant against a Felon.  cannot make a Warrant to arrest a Felon, unless he be first Indicted of Felony, or that the Justice himself hath a suspicion of the Felon. But yet if the Constable or other Officer do execute the Warrant he may justify it, though there was Error in the Justice. 14 H. 8. 16. Bro. Peace. 6 & Faux Imp. 8. Dalt. fo. 331.  
Note, it is said before, That a Constable, 
Nota.  Ex Officio may upon suspicion or information arrest a Felon.  
Yet it's said, that common Fame and 
One arrested for Felony, and none done.  Voice is not sufficient cause to arrest a man for Felony, unless a Felony be done indeed. But where a Hue and Cry either by the Common Law or Statute is Levied upon a Person, the arrest of him is lawful, though the Hue and Cry be feigned. And 
Hue and Cry feigned.  if it be feigned, he that Levies the same may be arrested, fined, and Imprisoned. 29 E. 3. 9 38 E. 3. 6. 3d part Co. Inst. fo. 118. 21 H. 7. 28.  
Note, That a Constable or other Officer, 
Where the Constable may break open the House.  upon a Justice's Warrant for Treason, Felony, and the like, or in any other case, where the King is a Party, may by virtue of the Warrant break open any House to arrest the Offender, having first signified the cause of his coming, and required them to open the Doors. 5 Co. fo. 9 Cromp. 171. Dalt. fo. 204, 205, 333.  
Note also, That if any Person shall abuse 
Punishment of such as abuse the Justice's Warrant.  the Justice of Peace his Warrant, either by throwing it into the Dirt, treading it under Feet, burning it, or the like: Such person for such his Contempt, may be bound to his good Behaviour; and may also be Indicted and fined for the same, for it is the King's Process. Cromp. 149. Dalt. fo. 334.  
Note also, upon a General Warrant, 
Before what Justice the Offender must be carried.  The Constable may choose his Justice, but where the Warrant runs only to bring the Party before the Justice granting it, Then the Constable must carry him before that Justice and not elsewhere.  
Lastly, Observe, That a Person committed 
Offenders committed to Gaol must bear their own Charges.  to Gaol, aught to bear his own charges, to be levied of his Goods and Chattels, by a Justice's Warrant for that purpose; but if he have not Goods, than the Parish where he was apprehended is to bear the charge of conveying him, by an indifferent Assessment, by the Constable and Churchwardens and two or more of the Inhabitants, allowed of by a Justice of Peace. And the Gaoler is bound to receive the Prisoner freely, without taking any thing of the Officer that brings him. See Stat. 3. Jac. 1. Chap. 10.  
☞ Tenthly, You shall well and truly according to your Knowledge Power and Ability, do and execute all other Things belonging to the Office of a Constable, so long as you shall continue in the said Office.  
This is the last Branch of the Constable's Oath, and extends to all other things belonging to his Office. Therefore I shall next endeavour to set them down in order for your Instruction.    

CHAP. III. The Constable's Office about Seizing Arms, etc.  
THe Lieutenants of the Militia, or 
Constables to seize the Aims of such as the Lieutenants of the Militia judge dangerous.  two or more of their Deputies, may by Warrant employ Persons (of which a Commission-Officer, and a Constable or his Deputy, or the Tythingman, or in their absence, some other Officer of the Parish shall be two,) to search for, and seize Arms, in the Custody of such as the said Lieutenants or any two of their Deputies judge Dangerous, and to secure them, and give account thereof to the said Lieutenants, etc. 13 & 14 Car. 2. ca 3.  
No Search to be made between Sun setting 
When the Search must be made.  and Sunrising, other than in Cities and their Suburbs, Towns Corporate, Market Towns, and Houses within the Bills of Mortality, if the Warrant so directs. Ibid.  
No Dwellinghouse of a Peer shall be 
Searching of the House of a Peer.  searched, but by Warrant from the King, under the Sign Manual, or in the presence of the Lieutenant, or one Deputy Lieutenant. Ibid.  
In case of Resistance, it shall be lawful 
In case of Resistance.  to enter with Force, and the Arms seized may be restored, if the Lieutenants, their Deputies, or any two of them think fit. 13 & 14 Car. 2. ca 3.  
High Constables, Petty-Constables, and other Officers, shall be assisting in the Execution of the Premises.  
The Constables also, by Warrant for 
Constable to levy Fines, etc.  that purpose, under the Hand and Seal of the Lieutenants and their Deputies, or three of them, are to Levy to such Sums as shall be charged upon such as neglect to provide Horsemen and Footmen, Arms, etc. according to the Act 14 Car. 2. ca 3. 15 Car. 2. ca 4.  
And where sufficient Distress cannot be 
Lack of distress and commitment.  had, Then the Lords Lieutenants or their Deputies, by like Warrant to the Constable may commit such Offender to Prison, until he shall make satisfaction, according to his Forfeiture, Payment, or Penalty. 15 Car. 2. Ca 4.  
The Constables or their Deputies, Headburroughs, 
Constables to seize Popish Recusants Arms  and Tything men, from time to time are to assist such as shall be empowered by Warrant, under the Hands and Seals of two Justices of Peace or more, to search for all Arms, Weapons, Gunpowder, or Ammunition, which shall be in the House, Custody, or Possession of any Popish Recusant, and to search the same for the use of their Majesties. Stat. 11. Maii, primo W. & M.  
All Popish Recusants and other Persons, 
Disturbers to be committed.  concealing Popish Recusants Arms, or disturbing such as are authorized to search and seize the same, shall by like Warrant as aforesaid, be committed to the common Gaol for three Months without Bail, and shall forfeit the said Arms, and lose triple the value of them to their Majesties, and their Successors.  
Also the Constables, etc. are to be aiding 
To seize the Horses of Popish Recusants, above 5 l. value.  as aforesaid, to search for the Horses of Popish Recusants, above the Value of 5 l. a piece, and to seize the same for their Majesty's use; and to carry to Gaol such as shall conceal any such Horses, to be committed by like Warrant for 3 Months without Bail, and to forfeit triple the value of such Horse or Horses. 1 W. & M. 11. Maii, 1689.  
The Constable also is to obey the Justice 
Amoving Papists 10 Miles from London and Westminster.  his Warrant, for bringing before him, and amoving Papists and reputed Papists, from the Cities of London and Westminster, and 10 Miles distant from the same. 14 April, 1 W. & M. 1689.   

CHAP. iv Account.  
Bailiffs, Constables and Sheriffs, and other Officers, be to Execute the Orders and Precepts of the Commissioners, appointed to Examine and State the public Accounts of the Kingdom, by an Act, 2 W. & M.   

CHAP. V The Constable's Office about Seizing of Cattle, etc.  
Constable's, Tything-men, Headburroughs, 
Constables to Seize Irish Cattle.  Church Wardens, or Overseers of the Poor, or any other Person, may take and Seize all great Cattle, Sheep, or Swine, or any Beef, Pork, or Bacon, brought from Ireland: And that to prevent fraudulent Seizures and Compositions, the Seizors shall within six days after Conviction and Forfeiture, cause the said Cattle, Sheep and Swine, to be killed, and the Hides and Tallow shall be to the Seizor, and the Remainder to be Distributed by the Churchwardens and Overseers amongst the Poor of the Parish, where any such great Cattle, Sheep, or Swine, shall be Imported or found. Stat. 18 Car. 2. Cap. 2. 20 Car. 2. ca 7. 32 Car. 2. Cap. 2.  
The Seizor, Churchwarden, or Overseer, 
Penalty upon Seizor for neglecting his Duty.  failing in his Duty, shall forfeit 40 s. for every one of the great Cattle, and 10 s. for every Sheep, or Swine, which should have been so killed and distributed. One Moiety to the Poor of the said Parish, the other to the Informer, to be levied by Distress, and Sale of the Offenders Goods, 
Commitment for want of Distress.  by Warrant from any one Justice of Peace, and for want thereof the Offender to be committed to Gaol for thee Months without Bail. 32 Car. 2. Cap. 2.  
Mutton and Lamb Imported, shall be 
Mutton and Lamb to be Seized.  subject to the like Seizures, and the Importers and Sellers to the like Penalties, as they are for Importing of Beef, Pork, or Bacon, and so it is for all Butter▪ and Cheese, which shall be Imported from Ireland. 32 Car. 2. ca 2.  
And Note, That if any great Cattle, 
A 2d Seizure may be made.  Sheep or Swine, which have been Seized, shall be found alive in any other Parish or Place, they are subject to a 2d Seizure, and to be killed for the benefit of the Seizor, and the poor of the Parish or place, in the same manner, as is ordered upon the first Seizure.  
And if there be any English, Scotch, 
Intermixed Cattle all forfeited.  or other Cattle intermixed with Irish Cattle, They shall all be deemed and forfeited as Irish. 32 Car. 2. ca 2.   

CHAP. VI The Constable's Office about providing Carriages, etc. for the King.  
THe Constables formerly, by many Statutes, had much to do in taking up. Provisions and Carriages for the King and his Court: But by the Statute 12 Car. 2. Cap. 24. as concerning Provisions, 
Pre-emption and Purveyance taken away.  It is Enacted, That no Pre-emption (that is, a Privilege of Buying before others) shall be allowed the King, or any of the Royal Family, in or out of any Market; but the Subjects may dispose of their Goods as they please. Nor shall any Person, by colour of Purveyance, take any thing of any Subject without the Owners assent; nor shall require any to find Horses, Oxen, or other Cattle; or Carriages for any King or Queen, etc. without consent, as aforesaid.  
And if any shall make Purveyance, or 
Purveyor committed to Gaol.  impress any Carriage otherwise, one Justice and the Constable, at the request of the Party grieved, may commit him to Gaol, and Indict him next Assizes or Sessions, and the Party grieved may by Action recover triple Damages and triple Costs against the Offender. 12 Car. 2. cap. 24.  
This Act confirmed by 13 Car. 2. cap. 7. 
Provision made for the King's Carriages in his Royal progress.  But it being found to be too prejudicial to the King, if the Subjects might not be forced at reasonable Rates to furnish the King with Carriages: Therefore by a Statute 13 Car. 2. cap. 8. It was provided, That the Clerk, or Chief Officer of the King's Carriages, three Days before His Majesty's arrival, should give Notice to the two next Justices to the place, to provide such a number of Carts and Carriages, which the Constables upon their Warrant are to Press and provide, each Cart furnished with four able Horses, or four Oxen and two Horses, to be paid six Pence a 
6d. a mile.  mile, for every mile they go laden, to be paid in hand at Lading, and not to go above one days Journey; which if any shall refuse without reasonable cause, he forfeits 40 s. to be levied by the Constable on a 
Forfeiture.  Warrant.  
And if the Justice or Constable take any Bribe, to spare any fit person from such Carriages, or Press more Carriages than directed, he forfeits 10 l.  
Note, this last Act is expired, and primo Jac. I was revived, but was to continue but till the first Session of next Parliament, and therefore is now expired.  

* Provision for Carriages by Land and Water for their Majesty's use.  And by the Stature 14 Car. 2. cap. 20. two or more Justices by Warrant from Commissioners of the Navy or Master of the Ordnance, are to cause Constables to provide Carriages for 12. miles round from the place of Lading, who are to have 12 d. a mile for every Load of Timber, and 8 d. a mile for every Tun of other 
8 d a mile.  Commodities; and such as refuse (being warned) to send their Teams, forfeit 20 s. But they must be paid in hand, and are to Travel no further, nor work any longer than the Justices shall order.  
Note, this last Act was expired, but revived again for 7 years, by an Act 1 Jac. 2. and now again almost expiring.   

CHAP. VII. The Constable's Office about Cloth, etc.  
CONSTABLES, on request to them 
The Constables to assist the Wardens for regulating Worsteds, etc. Also the Wardens for Kidderminster Stuffs.  made, are to be aiding and assisting to the Wardens and Assistants, to regulate the Trade of Worsteds and other Stuffs, called Norwich Stuffs, made within the City of Norwich and County of Norfolk, 14 Car. 2. cap. 5.  
Likewise upon request, they are to be aiding and assisting to the Precedent, Wardens, and Assistants, for regulating the making of Kidderminster Stuffs, within the Burrow and Parish of Kidderminster, by the Act 22 & 23 Car. 2. cap. 8.  
Note, The High Constable has a further Power about Clothiers and Spinsters, of which more hereafter, when we speak of the High-Constable alone.   

CHAP. VIII. The Constable's Office about Their Majesty's Customs, etc.  
ALl Constables, Headburroughs, and 
Constables to assist those that manage their Majesty's Customs.  other the King's Officers of the Admiralty, Captains and Commanders of Ships, Forts, Castles, and Blockhouses, etc. and other the King's Subjects, are to be aiding and assisting to all and every person and persons, which are or shall be appointed to manage his Majesty's Customs, and if molested therefore, may plead the General Issue, 14 Car. 2. cap. 11.  
By the Stat. 12 Car. 2. cap. 19 Sheriff's 
Constables to search for uncustomed Goods.  Justices and Constables, are upon request to be aiding to any person having a Warrant from the Lord Treasurer, or any of the Barons of the Exchequer, or Chief Magistrate of a Port for the Search of accustomed Goods, who (with such Assistance) may enter into any House in the Day time, where such Goods are suspected to be concealed And in case of Resistance, may break open 
House may be broke open.  the House, and seize and secure such Goods.  
But no House shall be entered by virtue 
False Information and Damages recovered.  of this Act, but within a Month after the Offence supposed to be committed: And if the Information whereupon any House shall be searched prove false, the Party injured shall recover full Damages and Costs against the Informer, in an Action of Trespass, 12 Car. 2. cap 19  
This Act confirmed by 13 Car. 2. cap. 7.  
Such as are authorized by Writ of Assistance 
Writ of Assistance.  out of the Exchequer, are to take a Constable, Headburrough, or other Officer, inhabiting near the place; and in the Day time, to enter into any House, Shop, Warehouse, etc. And in case of Resistance, to break open Doors, Chests, etc. and there to seize and bring away any prohibited 
Seizure of Goods.  and uncustomed Goods and Merchandizes, and to secure the same in Their Majesty's Store house in the next Port, 14 Car. 2. cap. 11.  
And the like provision is made by a Statute 1 W. & M. for prohibiting Trade and Commerce with France.  

Taxes and Aidmony.  
BY an Act 2 W. & M. for granting an Aid to Their Majesties of the Sum of 1651702 l. 18 s. viz. 137641 l. 18 s. 2 d. by the Month, for 12 Months, from 25 Decemb. 1690.  
Constables are to assist the Collectors to 
Constables to distrain and break open Houses, etc.  Distrain, and in the Day time to Break open the Houses, and (upon Warrant from two or more of the Commissioners) the Chests, Trunks, etc. where the Goods are of such as refuse to pay their Assessments.  
That where the Lands or Houses are 
How to distrain when the Houses, etc. are unoccupied.  unoccupied, and no Distress to be found, and thereby the Parish, etc. charged; the Collectors, Constable, or Tithingman of the Parish, Place, or Constablewick, at any time after may enter and distrain upon the Lands or Houses; and the Distress, being the proper Goods of the Owner of the Land, etc. if not redeemed within four days, by payment of the Tax and charge of Distress to sell, rendering the Overplus; and to distribute the Distress, proportionably to the Parties who contributed to the Tax of the said unoccupied Lands.  
If Wood-lands be Assessed, and no Distress 
How to levy the Tax upon Woodlands.  to be had, the Collector, Constable, etc. may by Warrant from two or more of the Commissioners of the Hundred, or Division, at seasonable times in the Year, cut and sell so much Wood as will pay the Assessment behind, and the charge incident thereunto, rendering the Overplus; and the Party to whom it is sold, may sell, cut down, and dispose of the same to his own use.  
If the Assessment be upon Tithes, Tolls, 
How upon Tithes, Tolls and Annual profits.  or Annual Profits, not distrainable, and not paid within 15 Days after demand; the Collector, Constable, etc. by like Warrant from the Commissioners, may seize and sell so much of the Tithes, Tolls, or other Profits so charged, sufficient for the Tax and Charges occasioned, rendering the Overplus, etc. 2 W. & M.    

CHAP. IX.  
The Constable's Office about Distress for Rent, etc.  
WHere any Goods or Chattels shall 
Distress for Rent reserved upon Demise, Lease, or Contract. Notice of the Distress  be distrained for any Rent reserved, and due upon any Demise, Lease, or Contract whatsoever; and the Tenant or Owner of the Goods so distrained, shall not within 5 days (after such Distress taken, and Notice thereof and of the Cause, left at the Dwellinghouse, or most notorious Place on the Premises, charged with the Rent distrained for) Replevy the same according to Law: Then in such ease the Landlord or Person distraining, may with the Sheriff, or Under-sheriff of the County, or with the Constable of the Hundred, Parish, or Place, where such Distress shall be taken (who are required to be aiding and assisting, therein) cause the Goods and Chattels, to to be Appraised by two sworn Appraisers 
Goods to be Appraised, and sold.  (whom the Sheriff, Under-sheriff, or Constable are impower'd to Swear) and afterwards sell the same for the best price, towards the Rent and Charges of Distress, Appraisment, and Sale, leaving the Overplus in the Sheriff or Constable's hand, for the Owners use, Stat. 11 Maii 1690. primo Willielmi & Mariae.  
And the like may be done as to Sheaves 
Corn and Hay distrained for Rent.  or Cocks of Corn, lose or in the Straw; or Hay in any Barn or Granary, or on any Hovel, Stack, or Rick (which before this Act were not distrainable.)  
But note, That these last mentioned 
Corn and Hay not to be removed till default of Replevin, etc.  Goods, etc. are not to be removed from the place where found and seized; but to be kept there, as impounded, until the same shall be replevied within the time aforesaid, or sold in default of such Replevin, 11 Maii, 1 W. & M.   

CHAP. X▪  
The Constables Office about Excise.  
EXcise Men (alias Gagers) when 
Constables to assist Gagers and Excise-Men.  they intent to enter by Night into the Houses of Brewers, Victuallers, Distillers, etc. to Gage their Coppers, Fats, or Vessels, or take an account of their Beer, Ale, Wort, Perry, Cider, Strong-Waters, Metheglin, Mead, Coffee, Chocolet, Sherbet, or Tea, brewed, made or distilled there, are to take a Constable along with them, 12 Car. 2. cap. 23, 24.  
Note, the Excise of Coffee is now paid in the Berry, etc.  
See primo W. & M. 25 Julii, 1689. concerning Distillers of Strongwaters, etc.  
Also Constables, etc. upon Warrant to 
To levy Penalties upon the Offenders against the Acts of Excise.  them directed from the Justices of Peace, are to levy the Penalties upon the Goods of the Offenders against the Acts for Excise, by distress and sale thereof, rendering the Overplus; and for want of Distress, to carry the Party to Gaol, till satisfaction be made, 12 Car. 2. cap. 23, 24.  
The Constables are also, from time to 
To summons Brewers, etc. before the Commissioners.  time, upon Warrant to them directed, to summon all Alehousekeepers, etc. to appear before the Commissioners of Excise, at the Days and Places in such Warrants appointed.   

CHAP. XI.  
About Fish.  
Constables and Churchwardens, by 
Constables are to levy the Penalties upon such as destroy the Spawn of Fish.  Warrant from a Justice of Peace, are to levy the Penalties upon such as destroy the Spawn and Breed of Fish along the Seashore, or in any Haven or Creek, or within five Miles of the Mouth of any Haven or Creek, by fishing with Nets of a less Mesh than three inches and an half betwixt knot and knot, (except for the taking Smoulds in Norfolk only) or with a Canvas-Net or other Engin. The Penalty is 10 s. to be levied by distress and sale of the Offenders Goods.  
Note, that in Corporations, the Penalty may be levied by the Head Officers, 3 Jac. cap. 12. 
To search for Nets and Engines, used to destroy Fish.   
Also Constables, upon Warrants from the Justices of Peace in the Counties of Worcester, Salop, and Gloucester, are to search for unlawful Nets or Engines (used to take Fish in the River of Severn) in all suspected Houses, and to seize the unlawful Instruments, and bring them to the Quarter-Sessions, to be destroyed, Stat. 30 Car. 2. cap. 9   

CHAP. XII.  
About French Goods, etc. prohibited.  
NOne shall sell, or offer to sale, export, 
Constables, etc. to search for French Goods imported.  or import Foreign Bonelace, Cutwork, Embroidery, Fringe, Bandstrings, Buttons, or Needlework of Thread or Silk, on pain to forfeit for selling, or offering to sale, as aforesaid, 50 l. and the Goods themselves; and for importing, 100 l. and the Goods imported, the one moiety to the King, the other to him that will sue in Court of Record.  
And the Constables, upon Warrant to them directed from the Justices of Peace, are to search for such Manufactures in Shops, being open Warehouses, and Dwelling-houses, and to seize them, Stat. 13 & 14 Car. 2. cap. 13.  
By an Act primo Williel. & Mar. for 
French Goods to be destroyed.  prohibiting Trade with France, Wines, Vinegar, Brandies, and other liquid Commodities, single or mixed, shall be staved, spilt and destroyed; and Linens, Silks, Paper and other Commodities, mixed or unmixed, shall be publicly burnt and destroyed: And such Persons as presume, to take up or save any of the said Commodities so to be destroyed, 
Forfeitures.  shall forfeit 40 s. over and above the Value of the Goods.  
And the Persons importing, shall forfeit the full value thereof; and the Persons keeping or selling any such prohibited Goods, shall for the first Offence forfeit the full value thereof; for the second, double 
Forfeitures.  the value, and be disabled to execute any public Employment whatsoever. And any person may seize such Goods, in whose custody soever, to the intent they may be destroyed.  
And every Informer or Prosecutor, that shall by collusion or fraud, desist or delay his prosecution for any Offence against this Act, shall upon Conviction forfeit 500 l.  
And all Sheriffs, Mayors, etc. Constables 
Constables to be aiding.  and other Officers, are enjoined to be aiding in the due execution of this Act, in reference to the Commodities aforesaid.  
If any person, not being a known Merchant, Vintner, or Shopkeeper, shall sell or expose to sale any such prohibited Goods, after Conviction in Their Majesty's Court of Record, shall suffer 12 months' Imprisonment without Bail, above the Penalties 
Imprisonment. Ship. Forfeited 500l.  aforesaid.  
The Ship or Vessel in which they are imported, shall be forfeited, and all the Furniture etc.  
And the Master, or other Person, having Care of the Ship or Vessel in the Voyage, or out of which any such Prohibited Goods shall be unshiped, either at Sea or in Harbours, etc. into any Hoy or Boat, shall forfeit 500 l. And the Justices may by Warrant apprehend him, and upon the Fact proved by two Witnesses on Oath, may commit him to the next Gaol for 
Imprisonment.  12 Months, without Bail or Mainprize.  
And the Seamen, Mariners or any other person assisting at the unshipping or conveying of any the said Commodities, either by Land or Water, shall upon such Proof, be subject to like Imprisonment, or 
Seamen, etc. Whipped.  be publicly Whipped at the discretion of the Justice of Peace, before whom he shall be convicted.  
And the Carts and other Carriages, and the Cattle moving the same, shall be forfeited, one half to the Poor, and the other to the Seizor.  
The Constables, etc. are (upon Warrant) 
Constables to levy the Forfeitures on such as sell Wine by Retail in unlawful Measures.  to levy by distress and sale of Goods, the Forfeitures of such as sell Wine by Retail in Glass-Bottles, or other Measures not made of Pewter, and lawfully sealed; Viz. 50s. for every Offence; the conviction to be by Confession or Oath of two Witnesses, before one or more Justices of the County, City, or Place where, etc. and the Offender to be prosecuted within 30 Days, Stat. 2 W. & M. for the better execution of the former Act.  
And such as beat or abuse Informers, Officers, etc. in the due execution of this Act, may be the next Justice be committed to Prison till the Quarter-Sessions, and there be fined, not exceeding 5 l. and to remain till he be discharged by Order of the Justices, or two of them.   

CHAP. XIII.  
About Highways, Hay-Carts and Hogs, Streets and Bridges.  
THE Constables and Churchwardens 
Constables, etc. to choose Surveyors.  of every Parish, shall yearly upon Tuesday or Wednesday in Easter Week, call together some of their Neighbours, and then make choice of Two within the Parish, to be Surveyors of the Highways the Year following; who shall forthwith take that Office upon them, in pain to forfeit 20 s. apiece. The said Constables and Churchwardens shall then 
Stat. 5 Eliz. cap. 13. 22 Car. 2. cap. 12.  also nominate six Days betwixt that time and Midsummer, to be set apart for the amendment of the Highways, and shall give public Notice thereof in the Church, the next Sunday after Easter, Stat. 2 & 3 Phil. & Mar. cap. 8.  
By Stat. 22 Car. 2. cap. 12. they are to be chosen some day in Christmas Week, by the Constables, etc.  
The Stewards in Leets have Power to 
Fines upon such as make default.  inquire after the breach of this Act, and to set Fines upon such as make default, at their discretion; and shall within six Weeks after Michaelmass, deliver indented Estreats thereof under their Hands and Seals, viz. one to the Bailiff or High-Constable of the Liberty, and the other to the Constables and Churchwardens of the Parish where the default was made, 2 & 3 P. & M. cap. 8.  
And in default of Presentment thereof in Leets, the Justices of Peace in Sessions shall inquire thereof, and set such Fines as they, or two of them (one to be of the Quorum) shall think fit, whereof the Clerk of the Peace shall deliver indented Estreats under his Hand and Seal, within six Weeks of Michaelmass, in manner, as aforesaid. And these Estreats of the Stewards of Leets, or Clerk of the Peace, shall be a sufficient Warrant for the Bailiff or Chief Constable, to levy the said Fines by way of Distress; and if no Distress can be found, or the Party do not pay the Fine within twenty Days after lawful demand thereof, he or they shall forfeit double so much. All which Fines and Forfeitures shall be employed towards the amendment of the Highways, 2 & 3 P. & M. cap. 8.  
The Bailiff, or High-Constable, shall yearly (betwixt the first of March and last of April, render unto the Constables and Churchwardens, unto whom the other part of the Estreats was delivered, a true account of the Money received by him, in pain of 40 s. And the said Constables and Churchwardens have Power to call the said Bailiff or High Constable before two or more Justices of Peace (one to be of the Quorum) to pass his Account, who have Power to commit him, until he shall have satisfied all the Arrearages by him received, save eight Pence in the Pound for his own Fee, and twelve Pence in the Pound for the Fee of the Steward or Clerk of the Peace; and in this case the succeeding Constables and Churchwardens have the same Power that their Predecessors had, 2 & 3 P. & M. 8.  
The Fines assessed in Sessions upon the Statute of 5 Eliz. 13. shall be Estreated by the Clerk of the Peace, levied accounted and employed, as by the Statute 2 & 3 P. & M. 8. is provided.  
Upon a Warrant from two Justices of 
Constables to levy Forfeitures in default of the Surveyors.  the Peace, the Surveyors are to levy by distress and sale of Goods, the Forfeitures upon the Statute of 18 Eliz. 10. in not scouring Ditches, etc. and if the Surveyors neglect to do it within one year after the Offence committed, the Constable and Churchwardens shall do it, according to the provisions of the said recited Statutes. Stat. 18 Eliz. 10.  
And by a Statute 22 Car. 2. cap. 12. all 
Constable fined for neglecting his Office.  Constables and Surveyors of the Highways, neglecting to put the Acts (touching repairing or enlarging Highways) in execution; or wilfully suffering any Wagons or Carts to pass in any other manner than by this Act is allowed, upon conviction thereof by one Oath before one Justice, or the Justices own view, shall pay such Fine (not to exceed 40 s.) as such Justice shall impose.  
And by this Statute, no Carriage with 
Forfeitures of such as Draw with above five Horses in length.  any burden (other than such as are employed about Husbandry, and in carrying Hay, Straw, Corn unthreshed, Coal, Chalk, Timber for Shipping, Materials for Building, Stones or Ammunition, or Artillery for the King's service) shall go in any Highway with above five Horses in length; and if any Draw with more Horses or Oxen, they shall all draw in Pairs, except one Horse.  
And every Owner of any Wagon, Cart, etc. Horse or Beasts, shall forfeit for every Offence 40 s. whereof one Third part to the Surveyors, to amend the Highways; one Third part to the Overseers for the Poor; and one Third part to him who 
To be levied by the Constable. Penalties upon such as neglect to labour, towards Repairing the Highways.  shall discover the Offender, to be levied by Warrant to the High-Constable, or other Officer.  
The Surveyor upon neglect of any to come and labour, shall complain thereof to the next Justices; who upon Oath of one Witness, shall levy for every days labour neglected, without a reasonable cause, 1 s. 6 d. for every Man and Horse 3 s. and for every Cart with two Men, 10 s. for each days neglect.  
And if any bring Actions against such as act by this Law, they must be laid in the proper County, and Defendants may plead the General Issue, and recover triple Costs, Stat. 22 Car. 2. cap. 12.  
Note, That by an Act 20th. Decemb. 
The Act for cleansing the Streets, etc.  2 Wi. & Ma. for Paving, and Cleansing the Streets in London and Westminster, the Out-Parishes in Middlesex, the Burrow of Southwark, and other places within the weekly Bills of Mortality, in the County of Surry,  
It is Enacted, That every person of the 
Inhabitants to sweep the streets before their Doors.  Parishes in Middlesex, Westminster, Southwark, and weekly Bills of Mortality, are twice in every Week, viz. Wednesday and Saturday to sweep the Streets before their respective Houses, Walls, and other public places, that the Dirt may be ready for the Scavenger, upon penalty of 3 s. 4 d. for every Neglect.  
They are not to throw any Dust, Dirt, 
Penalties on such as throw Dirt in the streets.  or Filth, in the Streets or Alleys, etc. upon penalty of 5 s. nor to cast any filth or Noisome thing into any public Sink, Vault, Watercourse, or common Sewer, or Highway, or into any private Vault, or Sink, of any other Person, but are to keep it till the Scavenger come, and then deliver it them, upon penalty of 20 s. for every Offence.  
The Keepers of their Majesty's Houses, 
Keepers of their Majesty's Houses, etc. Hooping and washing of Barrels, etc. in the streets.  Stables, etc. And Keepers of Courts of Justice, and other public places, are liable to these Forfeitures.  
They forfeit 20 s. who Hoop, Wash, or Cleanse any Pipes, Barrels, or other Vessels, in any Streets, Lanes, or open Passages, and they forfeit the like who set out any Dung, Soil, Rubbish, or empty Coaches to make or mend, or rough Timber, or Stones to be sawn or wrought in the streets.  
Scavenger every day, except Sunday, 
Penalties on the Scavengers. Forfeitures.  shall bring Carts, etc. and give notice by Noise, and stay a convenient time till Dust, etc. be brought out to them, on penalty of 40 s. for every neglect.  
All open streets shall be repaired by 
Open streets how to be repaired. Forfeitures.  Householders, and where the Houses be empty, by the Owners, upon penalty to forfeit 20 s. for each Perch, and 20 s. for every week after, till sufficiently paved.  
One Justice of Peace or more, where 
New streets how to be paved. Forfeitures.  any new street is made, may view it, and (if judged fit to be paved,) to certify under hand to the next Quarter Sessions of the Peace, who are to order therein as they shall think fit; and the Owners of every New-Built-house, or Inhabitants, are required to obey such Orders, and the Offender forfeits 40 s. for each Perch, and the like for every week, till the same be paved.  
This not to invalid any Custom or usage to the contrary.  
The Parishes of S. Ann, and S. James, 
Parishes of S. Ann etc. Rates and other things Custom of the City.  in the Liberty of Westminster, shall choose Seavengers as by former Acts, and the Rates and all other things shall be according to the Custom and Usage of the said City, where not otherwise in the said Acts provided.  
All the other Places and Parishes, upon 
Scavenger's how to be Chosen.  Monday or Tuesday in Easter week, by the Constable, Churchwardens, Overseers, Surveyors of the Highways, and such other Inhabitants as are usually present at the Election of Parish Officers, or the greater number of them, shall make choice of two or more able Tradesmen to be Scavengers for the Year next ensuing, and until others be Chosen, etc. who being 
Penalties upon Scavengers refusing to act.  approved and confirmed under hand of two Justices, shall within 7 days take the Office upon them, upon pain to forfeit 10 l. In which case others to be Chosen in manner aforesaid, within 7 days after such refusal, who shall be liable to the like forfeitures.  
The said Penalties to be levied by Distress 
Constables to levy these Penalties by Distress.  and Sale, by Warrant from one Justice of the Place, directed to the Constables or other Officers of the same Parish, or any two or more of them, rendering the overplus; reasonable Charges to be deducted for making the Distress.  
The said Penalties to be paid to the 
Penalties how to be disposed of.  Surveyors of the Highways, and disposed of by them towards mending and repairing the Highways, and Streets of the same Parish, Ward, or Division.  
In default of Distress, within 6 days after 
Imprisonment for lack of Distress.  demand, and not paid, or after notice in writing left at the House, to be committed to common Gaol, by any Justice to remain until payment.  
Within 20 days after the Election and 
Constables, etc. to make a Tax for the Scavenger, to be paid by the Inhabitants  Confirmation of the Scavenger, The Constables, Churchwardens, and Overseers, Surveyors, or the greater number of them, shall make a Tax to a pound Rate upon the Inhabitants, which allowed by two Justices, and being equal and reasonable, shall be Quarterly paid upon demand to the Scavenger.  
In case of refusal, shall by Warrant of 
Distress. Imprisonment.  two Justices be levied by Distress, etc. and for wont of Distress, by Imprisonment till payment.  
Moneys Collected, shall be accounted 
Scavenger to account.  for by the Scavenger to two of the next Justices, within 28 days after a new Scavenger Elected.  
And what remains in hand, to be paid to the new Scavenger.  
Those who refuse to account, shall be 
Refusal to account and Imprisonment. Assessment for repair of the High ways.  committed to Prison, to remain without Bail, until a true account made, and what in their hands paid, etc.  
For repairing several Highways in the said Parishes, an Assessment may be made on all Inhabitants, etc. to be allowed by the Justices at their Quarter Sessions, and levied by such persons as they shall direct: And what raised to be employed according to the directions of the Justices towards repair of Highways, and to be 
Distress and sat.  levied by Distress and Sale, if not paid within 14 days.  
No such Assessment shall exceed in any 
Assessment, what.  one Year, 4 d. in the Pound for Real, and 8 d. per Pound for Personal Estates.  
Touching new Sewers, Sinks and Vaults 
Concerning Sewers.  made since 12 Car. 2. they shall be subject to the Commission and Statute for Sewers, as if they had been therein mentioned: And the Commissioners Power touching them is the same.  
Also for Lighting the Streets in the 
Penalties on such as hang not out Lights.  Night, in any of the said Parishes or Places; It is Enacted, That every Houshoulder, from Michaelmass until Lady-day yearly, whose House is near the Street, shall hang out Candles, or Lights in Lanterns, every Night on the outside, from the time it grows dark until 12 in the Night, upon pain of 2s.  
None shall suffer their Cart to stand in 
On such as stay their Carts too long in the Hay-market, etc.  the Hay-market near Piccadilly, or in Southwark, or any Place within the Bills of Mortality, loaden with Hay or Straw to sell, from Michaelmass till Lady-day, after Two of the Clock in the Afternoon; and from Lady-day till Michaelmass, after Three of the Clock, in pain of 5 s.  
Every Truss of Hay between the 1st of 
How much Trusses of Hay must weigh.  June and 31st of August, being new Hay, shall weigh 60 pound, old Hay 56 pound: And those that after the 15th of December 1690, shall offer to sell Hay of less weight, shall forfeit for each Truss 18 d.  
The Conviction of these Offences, to be 
Constables, &c▪ to levy the Penalties of these Offences.  either by the View of one Justice, Confession of the Party, or one Witness upon Oath. The Penalties of all the said Offences to be levied by distress and sale, by the Constables or Headburroughs, upon Warrant under Hand and Seal of one Justice, rendering Overplus.  
In default of Distress, or Payment, within 
Imprisonment for lack of Distress.  six Days after demand or notice, left by the Constable, etc. at the Offenders House, Offender is to be committed to the Common Gaol by Warrant from one Justice, to remain until payment.  
The Forfeitures to be disposed, one 
Forfeitures, how to be disposed.  moiety to the Overseers for the Relief of the Poor of the Parish where the Offence is committed; the other, to him or them that shall discover and prosecute for the same, in case the conviction be by discovery and prosecution. But if by View of the Justice, etc. then the whole to the Poor, unless and if for a default of Payment; then one moiety to be towards the repairing and cleansing the Streets, to be paid to the Scavengers.  
And note by this Act, The Wheels of 
Penalties on such as make the Wheels of their Carts, contrary to the Statute.  Carts, Cars, and Drays, used for Carriage from place to place in the Cities of London and Westminster, and Parishes aforesaid, where the Streets are Paved, shall contain six Inches in the Felley in breadth, without any Ironwork, and to be drawn only by two Horses, after they are up the Hills from the Waterside, upon penalty of 40 s. every time, to be levied, as aforesaid: But this Act not to extend to Country Carts, or Wagons, bringing Goods to the Cities or Places aforesaid; or that shall carry any Goods half a mile beyond the Paved Streets of the said Cities and Places.  
And note further, That no Person in 
Forfeitures on Hog-Keepers in London, Westminster, etc. The Swine, etc. forfeited. Constables, etc. may search and seize such Swine.  London, Westminster, Southwark, or the Parishes aforesaid, shall breed, feed, or keep any sort or manner of Swine within any part of the Houses or Backsides of the Paved Streets, where the Houses are contiguous, upon pain of forfeiting them to the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor of the Parish, for the use of the Poor.  
The Constable, Churchwardens, Chapelwardens, Overseers, Beadles, Headburroughs, or Tithingmen of the respective Parishes, etc. or any of them, may by Warrant from the Mayor of London, or any other of their Majesty's Justices of the Places respectively, search to find such Swine, and to seize and sell them; and to deliver the Money to the Churchwardens or Overseers, to be distributed to the Poor, as they shall think fit.  
And for cleansing and keeping clean the 
London Streets, how to be cleansed and kept.  Streets, Lanes, and Passages of London, and the Liberties thereof, It is Enacted, That the same shall be ordered and managed, and Rates and Impositions laid and levied, and all other ways and means used and observed, according to the ancient usage and custom of the said City.  
The Lord Mayor, or any Alderman of 
Nuisances there presented.  the City, upon his own proper knowledge and view, may present in open General Sessions, the laying of any Ashes, Soil, Dust, or Rubbish, or other nuisance or obstruction in the Streets, Lanes, or Passages: And the Lord Mayor and Justices at the Sessions, may thereupon immediately assess Fines, not exceeding 20 s. for any one Offence; and the Fines shall be levied and paid to 
Fines assessed and levied.  the Chamberlain of the City, for the use of the City, to be employed in the public Payments of the same City.  
And such as shall be Prosecuted for acting 
General Issue pleaded, and Acts given in Evidence.  by virtue of this Statute, or the Statute made 23 Car. 2. for the better Paving and Cleansing the Streets and Sewers in and about the City of London, may plead the General Issue, and give the said Acts, or either of them in Evidence, 2 W. & M.  
Four Justices are authorized to allow a 
Tax for Repair of Bridges in the Highways.  Tax, for Repair of any decayed Bridges in the Highway; which must be assessed by the Constable, and two of the sufficientest Inhabitants in the Parish.  
But this is where a Common Bridge in the King's Highway is in decay, and that it cannot be proved, who, nor what Lands are chargeable to the Repairing thereof, Stat. 22 H. 8. cap. 5.   

CHAP. XIV.  
About Horses.  
Constable's have something to do in 
Constables to measure Stoned-Horses.  assisting such as seize (for any Man may seize) Stoned-Horses of lesser statute than is allowed by the Statute, and to measure the same; viz. any Stoned-Horse being Two years old, and not Fifteen Hands high, from the lower part of the Hoof to the upper part of the Whither, on pain of 40 s. between the King and Prosecutor, such Horses being put to feed upon Forests or Commons, (Except Commons where Mares are not usually kept,) Stat. 32 H. 8. 13. 8. Eliz. cap. 8.  
But if such Horses make an Escape into a Common, he is not to be questioned.  
Fen-Grounds of the Isle of Ely, and of the Counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, Lincoln, Norfolk or Suffolk, are excepted, and there the Horses need be but 13 Hands high. Ibid.  
Constable's also are to assist at Michaelmass, 
And to assist at the Driving of Forests.  or within 15 days after, to drive Forests and Common Grounds, on pain of 40 s. And they may also drive them at any other time; and so may the Keepers and Owners of the Ground, 32 H. 8. 13.  
This Act extends not to Cornwall.   

CHAP. XV.  
About Hunters and Hunting-Dogs, etc.  
Constable's, etc. upon a Warrant under 
Constables to search for Dogs, Nets, Snares, and Engines.  the Hands and Seals of two or more Justices of the Peace, have Power to search the Houses of Persons suspected, and not qualified to keep Setting-Dogs, or Nets, Snares and Engines, to take Pheasants or Partridges, etc. and may take away their Dogs, and cut their Nets, etc. Stat. 7 Jac. cap. 11. 22 & 23 Car. 2. cap. 25.  
Also to levy upon a Warrant from a Justice by distress, the Forfeiture of such as course, kill, hurt or take away Dear, Coneys, etc. in Parks, Warrens, or other Grounds, where they are kept, 13 Car. 2. cap. 10. 22 & 23 Car. 2. cap. 5.  
See Wingate's Abridment, Tit. Hunters and Hunting.   

CHAP. XVI.  
About Malt.  
Constable's and Bailiffs of Towns 
Constables to view and sell Malt badly made.  ought to view and search the Malt there made or put to sale; and if they find any ill or deceitfully made or mingled, they may with the Advice of any one Justice of Peace, cause the same to be sold at such Rates as the Justice shall think fit.  
And therefore observe, That Malt is 
When Malt may be said to be badly made.  said to be ill made, and deceitful, if in the making thereof it be not in the Fat-floor, steeping and drying three Weeks at the least; (Except in June, July or August, and then 17 days may serve): Also when by Rubbing, Treading and Fanning, the Makers have not taken out of every Quarter half a Peck of Dust or more; (for which neglect he forfeits 20 d. a 
Forfeitures.  Quarter, for every Quarter thereof sold) Or if it is made of Mow-burnt or spired Barley, or mixed good and bad together; (for which mixing the Seller forfeits 2 s. for every Quarter thereof sold); and these Forfeitures are to be divided betwixt the King and the Prosecutor, and the Prosecution must be within one Year.  
But this extends not to such as make Malt for their own provision, Stat. 2 Ed. 6. cap. 10. 21 Jac. 1. cap. 28.  
See Dalton's Just. Peace, fo. 87.   

CHAP. XVII.  
About Physicians.  
Constable's and other Officers in London, 
Constables to aid the College of Physicians.  and within seven miles round, are to be aiding and assisting to the Precedent of the College of Physicians; and all Persons authorized by the said College, for the due execution of the Laws and Statutes relating to the said College, Stat. 1 M. Parl. 1. Sess. 2. cap. 9 14 H. 8. cap. 5.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
About the Plague.  
IF the Constable Command any Person 
Constables to punish such as being Infected, go abroad.  infected with the Plague (from which the Lord in mercy deliver us) to keep his House, and notwithstanding such Person shall wilfully go abroad and converse in Company, having any infectious Sore on him, it is accounted Felony in such infected Person so to do; and tho' he shall have no Sore appear about him, he may for his Offence, by the Appointment of a Justice of Peace, be punished as a Vagabond, and also bound to his Good Behaviour for a Year.  
Also the Constable, or other Officer, 
To levy moneys for the Relief of the Poor Infected.  which wilfully neglects to levy the Tar, as shall be appointed by the Justices or Head Officers, for the Relief of the Poor infected with the Plague, forfeits for every Offence Ten shillings, Stat. 1. Jac. 1. cap. 31.   

CHAP. XIX.  
About Quarter-Monies for Maimed Soldiers, etc.  
Constable's and Churchwardens are 
Constables to levy moneys for Relief of poor Maimed Shoulders.  to levy by distress and sale all moneys rated on any Person, within their respective Limits, for the Relief of poor maimed Soldiers and Mariners, and are to pay it to the High Constables, upon the forfeiture of 20 s.  

Quartering Soldiers.  
NOte, That Constables, Headburroughs, 
Soldiers, how to be Quartered.  and other Chief Officers of Towns and Villages within England, Wales, and Berwick, and no others are to Quarter and Billet Officers and Soldiers in Their Majesty's Service in Inns, Livery-Stables, Alehouses, Victualing-houses, and all Houses selling Brandy, Strong-Waters, Cider, or Metheglin by Retail, to be drunk in their Houses, and no other; and in no private Persons whatsoever.  
And if any Constable, etc. shall Quarter Soldiers upon any private House, without consent of the Owner, he shall be liable to the party's Action for Damage.  
If any Military Officer shall take upon him to Quarter Soldiers otherwise, or abuse the Mayor, Constable, etc. or menace them to discourage them in their Duty, by this Act, such Military Officer shall be Ipso facto cashiered.  
Note, The Conviction by two Witnesses before two Justices of the Peace or more next adjoining, are to pay it to the High Constables upon the forfeiture of 20 s.  
They are also in the same manner to 
For Relief of Prisoners  levy such Rates as are made for the Relief of the Prisoners in the Kings. Bench, and Marshalseas, and also of Hospitals and Almshouses, and for Relief of the Poor in their County, and this they must likewise pay to the High-Constables, on forfeiture of 10 s. Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 3.  
See after in the Duty of High Constables, Chap. 22.    

CHAP. XX.  
About Tobacco.  
THe Acts for preventing Tobacco 
Tobacco planted, etc. to be destroyed by the Constables, etc.  Planting, being expiring, were revived 19 Maii, ● Jac. 2. for 7 years, and thence to the end of the next Session. And by these Acts, all Sheriffs, Justices, Constables, etc. upon Information, that there is any Tobacco set, sown, or planted, or growing within their Precincts, are within 10 days to cause the same to be Burnt, Plucked up, or destroyed, except it be in a Physick-Garden, or in 
Exceptions.  other private Garden, and not exceeding one half of a Pole, in any one place or Garden. 12 Car. 2. cap. 34.  
Persons resisting the Officers, forfeit 
Forfeitures and commitment.  5 l. and may be committed till they enter into Recognizance with Sureties, not to do the like again. Ibidem & Stat. 15 Car. 2. cap. 7.  
The Constables are also upon Warrant, 
Presentment and Conviction.  to search and present at the next Quarter Sessions, the said Offence of sowing, planting, or making Tobacco, and their presentment shall be a Conviction, except the party Traverse the same. Stat. 22 & 23 Car. 2. cap. 26.  
And by this last Stat. Constables, Tythingmen, 
Constable's forfeiture.  etc. are within 14 days after Warrant, from two Justices, to destroy all Tobacco planted, or growing in any Ground, upon forfeiture of 5 s. for every Rod unconsumed, and so proportionably betwixt the King and Prosecutor.  
Persons Resisting, shall forfeit 5 l. to 
Forfeitures of persons Resisting.  be levied by Distress and Sale, or be committed for three Months, and such as refuse to assist the Constable upon Conviction before two Justices, forfeits 5 s. or to be committed for a Week. 22 & 23 Car. 2. Cap. 26.  
Physic Gardens, and Gardens for Chirurgery 
Exceptiens.  are excepted: The Officers and Assistants being sued hereupon, may plead the General Issue, and give the special matter in Evidence. Ibidem.   

CHAP. XXI.  
About Weights and Measures.  
IN every City, Burrough, and Market 
Where common weights, etc. aught to be kept.  Town, there ought to be common Weights and Measures sealed, at which the Inhabitants may freely weigh, and the chief Officers of such places, whether they be Constables, Bailiffs, etc. are upon request to mark and sign such Weights and Measures to any of the King's Subjects, taking for the marking of every 
Weights to be marked.  Bushel one Penny. Stat. 8. H. 6. ca 5. Stat. 11. H. 7. cap. 4.  
And Constables are required to search 
Constables to search for, seize and break unlawful Measures.  and examine, if any buy or sell by any other Bushel than Winchester measure, which contains 8 Gallons to the Bushel or Strike, and sealed by the Clerk of the Market; and if any person doth not strike the same even with the brim; and any Constable may seize and break such other Measure, and present the Offender at the next private or Quarter Sessions. Stat. 22. Car. 2. cap. 8.   

CHAP. XXII.  
The Power and Duty of a High-Constable alone, as it is limited to him in particular.  
THe High-Constable, or Constable 
High Constable's duty about Clothiers, etc.  of the Hundred, may hear and determine the Complaints of Clothiers, Drapers, their Carders, Spinners, and other Labourers. For by the Stat. 4 Ed. 4. Chap. 1. Clothiers and makers of Cloth, are to pay their Carders, Spinners, and other Labourers in ready money, and not in little Wares, or other things, upon pain to forfeit three times so much 
Forfeitures.  as their Wages. And they must deliver them their Wool by due weight, and the Carders, Spinners, Fuller's, Dyers, Sheermen, and other Labourers, must do their work faithfully, upon pain of forfeiting double damages; and the High-Constable may upon due examination of the Parties, determine the Duties, Forfeitures, and Damages, and upon Nonpayment of the 
Commitment.  same, may commit the Party to the Gaol, till payment be made.  
The High-Constables are also impowered 
High-Constables to search, seize and sell Tenters, etc.  to enter into any place, to search for any Tenters, Ropes, Rings, Head wrenches, or other Engines for stretching of Cloth; and if they find any, to deface them, and if the Owners shall afterwards make use of them, the High-Constables, may seize and seli them, and distribute the money to the poor. Stat. 39 Eliz. cap. 20.  
It is also the Duty of the High-Constables, 
Constables to pay over the moneys, for the Relief of poor Prisoners. Penalty.  to pay over to the Collectors, appointed by the Justices at the Quarter Sessions, what Money they receive from the Churchwardens, assessed on any Parish for the Relief of poor Prisoners, and this they must do on the penalty of 5 l. Stat. 14 Eliz. cap. 5.  
And they are to pay over as aforesaid, what moneys they shall so receive for the Relief of poor Prisoners, in the Kings-Bench and Marshalseas, under pain of 20 s.  
And so of moneys received for the Relief 
Maimed Soldiers, etc.  of maimed Soldiers, and Mariners, upon pain of 40 s. Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 3.  
See before Chap. about Distress, Highways, Quarter-monies, etc.   

CHAP. XXIII.  
Concerning the CONSTABLES of London.  
THere is some difference both in 
Difference between London Constables and others.  the Election, Oath, and Office, of these Constables, and the Constables before treated of, though their Office in common extend to such things as are generally spoken of before; yet by Custom and Acts of Common Council, there are some particulars wherein they vary: And therefore observe,  
That such as may be Constables in 
Freemen.  London, are to be Freemen of the City.  
This City is divided into 26 Wards, 
Constable of the Ward.  and every Ward into 26 Bounds or Precincts, and for every Precinct there is a proper Constable.  
These Constables are nominated and represented 
How these Constables are appointed. On S. Thomas' Day. Twelfth-Day.  by the Inhabitants of the Parish, or Precinct, in the Vestry; and on S. Thomas' Day, at the Wardmote (if thought fit) confirmed, or else excused, and another appointed in his place.  
After they are approved and confirmed at the Wardmote, they are to appear in Guild-Hall, at the Court of Aldermen, there holden on Monday next after Twelfth Day, to be sworn. See Calthorps' Reports 
How Sworn.  page, 129.  
The substance of their Oath is,  
First, To keep the King and Queen's 
The Oath.  Peace to their power.  
Secondly, To arrest such as make Affrays, Riots, Contests, or Debates in breach of the Peace, and to lead them to the House or Counter of one of the Sheriffs, and in case of Resistance, to make Outcry on them, and to pursue them from Street to Street, and from Ward to Ward, till they be arrested.  
Thirdly, To search (at such times as they shall be thereunto required, by the Scavengers or Beadles,) the common Noysance of their respective Wards, and upon the like request, to help the Beadle and Raker to gather their Salary and Quarterage.  
Fourthly, To present to the Mayor and Ministers of the City, such Defaults and Things as in their respective Wards, are done against the Ordinance of the City.  
Fifthly, To certify to the Mayor and Common Council of the City, the Names of such persons that let or hinder these Constables in the doing their Office.  
Sixthly, To certify and show, (once at the least in every Month,) to one of the Clerks of the Mayor's Court, and in the same Court, the Names and Surnames of all Freemen, which they know to be Deceased, within the respective Parishes where such Constables Inhabit; and also the Names and Surnames of all the Children of all such Freemen so Deceased, being Orphans of the City.  
Note, It is allowed, that such Person 
Deputy hired.  as is nominated and chosen for this Office, may hire a Deputy to serve in his stead; and if the Deputy be thought fit and duly qualified for the Place, he is to be Sworn, 
Deputy sworn. The Arms of the King and the City.  and must answer for his own Defaults.  
Such as are chosen and admitted to the Office of Constable in London, are obliged to put the King's Arms, and the Arms of the City over his Door or (if he live in an Ally) at the End of the Ally towards the Street; to signify, that a Constable lives there.  
Note also, That a Constable of London 
The extent of a London Constables Authority, as to Warrants, etc.  hath power to serve Warrants, and execute his Office (if required) throughout the whole City.  

* To certify Names and Dwellings.  It appears by the Articles of the Wardmote Inquests, That every Constable is from time to time, to certify to that Inquest the Name, Surname, Dwelling-place, Profession and Trade of every Person, who shall newly come to dwell within his Precinct, and to make and to keep a perfect Roll thereof.  
Also to search and inquire, at least once a Month, what Persons be newly come to lodge and sojourn there: And if he find by their own Confession, or by the Record of any of the Books of any Alderman of the city, That such new Comers are Indicted, or cast out of any other Ward for their bad Life and Disturbance, and refuse to find Sureties for their good Behaviour, they and their Landlords, or Receivers, are to have. Warning, that they 
Warning to departed. Imprisonment. Fine.  depart, and if they refuse to departed, they may be Imprisoned, and their Landlords Fined to as much, as he was to have Rend for one Year, for his House or Room so set to these new Comers, Calllt. Rep. 138.  
The Common Prisons for Offenders in 
The Common Prisons of London.  London, are Bridewell and the Compters; to the last of which the Constables may send such Persons as are taken upon the Watch abroad late at Night, and appear unruly or suspicious.  
And as to keeping the Watch in this 
About keeping Watch in the City.  City, you may observe, That in every Ward there are a certain number of Watchmen appointed by Act of Common Council: And by Custom, all the Constables in each Ward attend by Turns, one every Night, according to his Turn, to go the Rounds, and take care of such other things as belong to his Office.  
And the Constable and Beadle, every Night, are to warn such Persons as are to Watch in their several Precincts; and if those Warned do not appear, the Constable usually appoints Hired men in their steads, who are to pay the Constable therefore, according to the Custom of the City; and if they Refuse to pay, the Lord Mayor will compel them.   

CHAP. XXIV.  
Of the Duty and Office of Churchwardens.  
THese Officers are very Ancient, 
Churchwardens, how chosen.  and are to be chosen in every Parish yearly, by the Consent of the Minister and Parishioners in Easter-Week. If the Minister and Parishioners cannot agree in their joint Choice, than the Minister may choose one, and the Parishioners another, Book of Canons, 1 Jac. 1. An. 1604.  
But this Canon shall not prejudice a 
Custom.  Custom to choose otherwise.  
These Officers are to take care for the 
Their Care.  providing and preservation of the Goods of the Church; as the Books, Communion Plate, and other decent Ornaments and Furniture of the Church, during their Office.  
And they may by the Name of Churchwardens, 
How they may Purchase, etc.  purchase movable Goods or Chattels; and also sue or be sued, for or about such Goods, for the use and benefit of their Parish, 12 H. 7. fo. 27.  
And if they be once possessed of any 
Action for taking Goods out of their possession.  Goods or Ornaments belonging to the Church, and any person steal them, take them away or abuse them, they of their Successors may have their remedy at Common Law by Indictment or Action, as there is occasion, and recover to the use of the Parish.  
But if things be given to the Churchwardens 
Equity for Goods given, whereof they had no possession.  by Will, as Money, or other movable things, of which they never had possession, they have no way to recover them, but in the Spiritual Court, or in Equity.  
See 3d part of Cook's Rep. Hadman's Case, Kitchen p. 277. finch's Law l. 2. c. 17.  
Neither can they prescribe to have, Lands 
Prescription for Lands. A Pew built in the Church, etc.  to them and their Successors.  
If a Man make and set up a Pew in the Church, or hang up a Bell in the Steeple, they thereby become Church Goods, (tho' he do not expressly give them to the Church) and he, nor his, nor any other may afterwards take them away; but the Churchwardens may sue him or them that do it, 10 H. 4. fo. 9 Kitch. p. 277.  
Yet they have no such property in the 
They may not impair the Goods of the Parish.  Goods of the Parish, as that they can give, sell, release, hurt or impair them; but if they do, the Parishioners may elect New ones before the Year be out, and the New ones may have an Account against the others, 2 Ed. 4. fo. 7.  
If the Organs be taken out of the 
Organs.  Church, the Churchwardens may have an Action of Trespass for the same though the 
Action.  Vicar took them; because they belong to the Parishioners, and not to the Parson: As was Adjudged in the King's Bench, Trin. 12 Jac. 1.  
But as touching any Estate of Lands, 
For Estate of Lands, etc. the Vicar, etc. must bring the Action.  or Profits of any Lands, the Churchwardens cannot intermeddle; and if any Person break the Walls, Windows, or Doors of the Church, eat up the Grass, or cut down the Trees in the Churchyard; the Parson or Vicar, and not the Churchwardens must have the Action, 8 H. 6. fo. 9  
If the Churchwardens prosecute Causes 
Prohibition granted.  in the Spiritual Court, which are merely Temporal, Writs of Prohibition will be granted against them, rolls Cases 2d part, 286, 287, 289.  

About the Seats in the Church.  
THe Churchwardens are to Repair the 
To Repair the Seats in the Church.  Seats in the Church; but the Ordinary or Bishop of the Diocese ought of common Right, to place or displace such as shall sit therein.  
Except such Seats in Chapels, as belong 
Prescription for Seats.  to Noblemen; and such other Seats, as any Person can prescribe to fit in by reason of his Estate, descended from his Ancestors, etc. But then he must prescribe, That he and his Ancestors, whose Estate he hath, had used to Repair such Seat, etc. and to sit there, rolls Cases 2d part, fo. 288.  
These Churchwardens also, by the Common 
To Repair the Body of the Church, etc.  Law, are to see to the Repairs of the Body of the Church and Steeple; but the Chancel is to be Repaied by the Parson. And the Churchwardens are not bound to Repair any part of the Church or Isle, which any man claims by Prescription, to 
Prescription. Church-yard.  him or his House.  
Also they are to take care, That the Church and Church-yard be kept clean and decent.  
Also to provide Books of Common-Prayer, 
To provide Ornaments and other Requisites.  Books of Homilies, a Parchment-Book for Registering Christen, Weddings and Burials.  
Also, Fonts, Pulpits, Tables, Alms▪ Chests, Communion Cups, and other Ornaments and Furniture requisite; and a Chest with three Locks and Keys wherein to keep the same.  
Also Bread and Wine for the Sacrament, according to the number of the Communicants, 37 H. 6. 30. 12 H. 7. 10.  
Now for defraying the Charges of these 
Churchwardens make Rates, etc.  things, the Churchwardens (with the assent of the Major part of the Parishioners) usually impose Rates upon the Parish.  
But it's said, That if the Parishioners (upon public Notice for that purpose given them) do not assemble, the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor, or the greater part of them, may make the Rate.  
See 5 Co. Rep. fo. 65.  
But here Note, That persons are 
How the Parishioners are chargeable.  chargeable towards the Reparations of the Church, in respect of their Lands.  
And toward the Church Ornaments, and other Requisites for Worship and Service, in respect of their Dwelling, or Habitation, or Personal Estate,  
See rolls Cases 2d part, fo. 291.  

These things hereafter mentioned, are accounted Church Reparations; viz.  
The Walls of the Church, and Church 
What are accounted Church-Reparations.  Steeple.  
The Churchyard Walls, of Stone or Brick, etc.  
The Windows, Iron-Bars and Glass.  
The Roof of Timber, with Laths, Nails, Priggs, Dogs and Bolts of Iron.  
The covering of Lead, Tiles, Slates, or Shingles.  
The Floor with Stone, or Paving-Tile.  
The Doors with Locks and Keys, Stairs, Floors, Bells, Wheels and Ropes in the Steeple.  
The Pulpit and the Pews (or Seats, not made by Private men by Custom.)   
All these are to be done by Land-Rate, 
Land Rate.  though the Occupier of such Lands live in another Parish.  

These hereafter mentioned, are accounted Church-Ornaments, etc. viz.  
The Communion-Table, and Cover 
What are accounted Church Ornaments, etc.  thereof.  
The Communion-Cups, the Bread and Wine.  
The Bible, and other Books appointed to be kept in Churches.  
The Surplice, Pulpit-Cloth and Cushion, Washing the Communion-Cloaths and Candles.  
The Clerks and Sexton's Wages, and the Expenses of Churchwardens and Sides-men, about the necessary Affairs of the Parish.  
And all these are to be Rated upon the Inhabitants of the Parish, and not on Out-dwellers. 
Out-dwellers.    
Churchwardens are to make Presentments 
Presentments.  according to the Articles delivered them, and according to the Canons.  
They are to see, That all their Parishioners 
That the Parishioners resort to Church.  resort to Church Sundays and holidays.  
They are not to permit any to stand Idle, Walk, or Talk in the Churchyard, etc. Can. 19  
Vide the late Act of Indulgence, & vide antea.  
They are to suffer no Plays, Feasts, 
To suffer no Plays, etc. in the Church.  Drink, etc. or other prefane Usage to be kept in the Church, Chapel, or Churchyard; nor the Bells to be Rung without good cause, to be allowed of by the Minister and themselves. Can. 88  
They are to suffer no man to Preach 
Licence to Preach.  within their Churches or Chapels, but such as shall show their Licence; and also to see that the Peace be duly kept in the Congregation; and that all Persons Excommunicated 
Excommucated Persons. Churchwardens to Account.  be kept out of the Church, Can. 50, & 85.  
At the end of their Year, or within one Month after, they are to give a just Accounnt of what they have received and disbursed, and to deliver up what Money, or other things belonging to the Church, they have remaining in their hands, to their Successors by Bill Indented: And if they refuse so to do, they may either be Presented at the next Visitation Court; or else the succeeding Churchwardens may have an Action of Account against them 
Action of Account. Allowances.  for the same at Common Law: But they shall be then allowed all necessary Disbursments and Expenses about the Affairs of the Parish, Can. 89. 8 Ed. 4. fo. 6.  
In some Cases, Churchwardens are jointly concerned to act with other Officers, or else equally empowered with them.  
First, They are to join with Constables, 
In what Acts Churchwardens must join with Constables.  in Apprehending such persons as Disturb Ministers, in levying Forfeitures for Swearing or Cursing; or for kill Hares, Pheasants, or Partridges.  
As likewise for Tippling and Drunkenness, Profaning the Sabbath, destroying Fish unlawfully, levying 12 d. for not coming to Church every Sunday, etc.  
Also in making Rates for maimed Soldiers or Mariners, and conveying Prisoners to Gaol; seizing Irish Cattle, receiving Rogues brought to them and passing them away.  
In Choosing Surveyors, and appointing Days for Working in the Highways, etc.  
Which things are before set forth in the Office of The Constable.  
Secondly, They are to join with the 
In what Acts they must join with the Overseers of the Poor.  Overseers of the Poor in the Execution of their whole Office, and have an equal Authority and Charge with them therein. The Particulars whereof are set down in the next Chapter.    

CHAP. XXV.  
Of the Office and Duty of the Overseers of the Poor.  
THese Officers are Yearly appointed, 
Overseers, how appointed.  chosen, and made by two or more of the Justices of the Peace of the County, (whereof one must be of the Quorum) dwelling in or near the Parish for which they are elected.  
The Justices therefore are yearly under 
Their number.  their Hands and Seals, at Easter, or within a Month after, to appoint two, three, or more substantial Housekeepers to be Overseers of the Poor; and if the Justices make default in such Appointment, every Justice of that Division forfeits 5 l. Stat. 43 Eliz cap. 2. Dalton Just. P. fo. 93.  
These Officers ought to be substantial 
They are joined to the Churchwardens.  Persons, having Wealth, Wisdom, and a good Conscience, Dalt. fo. 93. and are to be joined and assistant to the Churchwardens of the Parish, in the Oversight and Ordering of the Poor of the Parish.  
And to that end, the Major part of these 
Their Actings to be allowed by two Justices.  Overseers and Churchwardens, may (without the rest) do any thing belonging to their Office: Yet nevertheless they ought to have the Allowance of two Justices (whereof one to be of the Quorum) to every thing they do.  
These Officers of Overseers and Churchwardens, 
To meet in the Church once a Month.  are once a Month to meet in the Church, on Sundays (after Evening Prayer) to consider and advise together of Matters belonging to their Office, and to use their utmost diligence in the executing thereof on the Penalty of 20 s. for every Default; 
Penalty.  But such as have just cause of Absence allowed of by two Justices, may be excused, Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 2.  
And by this it appears, That the Churchwardens 
Churchwardens Authority equal with theirs. Their Care of the Poor.  have an equal Power and Charge with the Overseers, and may be punished for their neglect or refusal to meddle, Dalton Just. P. fo. 93.  
These Officers are chief to take care of the Poor, either that they Work, or be Relieved if not able; and also to settle them in their Habitations.  
Note, There are reckoned three sorts of 
Three sorts of P  Poor People:  

1. Such as are poor by Impotency; as 
Impotent and decrepit. Poor by Misfortune.  Aged and Decrepit, Blind, Lame, Distracted, Lunatic, tender Infants, etc.  
2. Such as become poor by Casualty; as maimed or disabled in their Bodies, or Callings, undone by Fire and the like, or overcharged with Children.  
3. Such as have made themselves poor, 
Poor by Idleness, etc.  by Riot, Idleness, Drunkenness, etc. and such as are dissolute Persons, pilfering Vagabonds, etc.   
As to the first, poor by Impotency, etc. 
Full Relief.  the Overseers are to provide for them, that they have necessary Relief and Allowances propartionable to their Needs.  
As to the second sort, poor by Casualty, 
Some Work, some Relief.  etc. if these be of ability and strength, they are to be set on Work by the Overseers, and to be further Relieved according to their several Necessities.  
As to the third sort, they are also to be 
Full Work.  set on Work at the House of Correction, and to maintain themselves by their hard Labour, so as they may not be chargeable to the Town or Country: Yet in cases of manifest Extremity they are to be relieved 
Charity.  by the Town.  
See Dalton Just. P. fo. 100, & 101.  
Again, as to the first sort, poor Impotent 
Rich persons to Relieve their poor Relations.  persons, not able to work, you must observe, That the Father, Grandfather, Mother, Grandmother, and the Children and Grandchilds (not being Bastards) of such Poor persons, being able, shall relieve such poor Relations in such manner as shall be assessed at Quarter-Sessions, upon Forfeiture of 20 s. per Month during Refusal, to be 
Forfeitures.  levied by these Officers on a Warrant from two Justices (Quorum unus) by sale and distress; and Imprisonment for want of 
Imprisonment.  Distress. But the Justices can do nothing against one that lives out of their County, Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 2.  
Also if a Poor man want a House, the 
Overseers erect a Cottage.  Overseers (by consent of the Lord of the Manor) may erect a Cottage on the Wast, and lodge Inmates therein, notwithstanding Stat. 31 Eliz. cap. 7.  
As to the second sort, observe, These Officers 
To set persons on Work.  are to set to work all such Persons (married or unmarried) as have no Means to maintain themselves, or use no ordinary and daily Trade, to get their Living by; and to set to Work and Bind forth Apprentices, 
To Bind Apprentices.  the Children of such whose Parents they shall not think able to keep and maintain them, Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 2. Dalton fo. 93, 94, 95. 7 Jac. 3.  
As to the third sort; If any of them 
Idle persons sent to the House of Correction.  appointed to Work, shall refuse so to do, or to work for the Wages assessed, any Justice of Peace may send them to Gaol, or the House of Correction.  
And that such Overseers, etc. may be enabled to set such People at work; they may with consent of two or more Justices (one to be of the Quorum) set up, use and 
Overseers may use any Trade.  follow any Trade, Mystery, or Occupation, only for the setting on work and relieving the Poor of the Parish or Place, Dalton fo. 94. Stat. 3 Car. 1. cap 4.  
These Officers may licence their Poor to 
To Licence their Poor to Beg.  Beg within their own Parish; but not in the Highway.  
And note, That no Inhabitants ought to serve any Poor at their Door, but those of their own Parish, and that have such Licence, upon pain of 10 s. for every time 
Penalty.  they do so, Dalton fo. 99, 126. 39 Eliz. 3. Stat. 1 Jac. cap. 7.  

Concerning Rates, and Settling of the Poor.  
FOr Enabling these Officers to relieve 
To make Rates, and how.  the helpless Poor, It is Enacted, That they (or the greater part of them) may weekly, or otherwise, raise by Taxation upon the Occupiers of Lands, Houses, Tithes, Coal-Mines, saleable Underwoods', &c. in their Parish such Rates as they shall think necessary: Which Rate or Tax must be allowed by two Justices (one to be of the Quorum,) by virtue of whose Warrant these Officers may levy the Rates by Distress, on the Goods of such as refuse to pay: And for want of Distress, the party 
Distress. Imprisonment. Who are chargeable with these Rates.  may be committed to Prison till payment, Stat. 43 Eliz. c. 2. Dalton fo. 97.  
Note, These Rates ought to be made according to men's Visible Estates, either Real or Personal, within the place only, and not for any Estate they may have elsewhere: And the Tenants and Occupiers are only chargeable, and not the Landlords; except they hold the Land in their own hands, 1 Bulstr. fo. 354.  
All Lands are chargeable with these 
Lands, how chargeable.  Rates by the Pound, or according to the Value; and an Hundred Pounds in Stock or Goods, at 5 or 6 l. a year, and so proportionably.  
The Quarter Sessions will relieve such 
Relief.  as are grieved by these Rates or Taxes.   

As to keeping out of, and Settling Poor people in the Parish, observe these things:  
1. THat 40 Days residence quietly in 
Forty Days Settlement, how to be accounted.  a Parish, is accounted a Legal Settlement by Stat. 14 Car. 2. cap. 12. but Stat. 1 Jac. 2. which revives the other Statute for 7 years, and to the end of the next Session, directs, That the 40 Days shall be accounted from the time of Notice of their abode (which the Parties are bound to give) in Writing to the Churchwardens, or Overseers.  
2. By the Statute 14 Car. 2. cap. 12. If a 
Coming to dwell in a Tenement under 10 l. per Annum.  Stranger come into a Parish to dwell in any Tenement, under Ten pounds a Year, and refuse to give Security to discharge the Parish; any two Justices (one to be of the Quorum) on Complaint of the Churchwardens or Overseers within the 40 Days, may send him to the place where he was last Legally settled. And such as find themselves grieved, may appeal to the Sessions.  
But Note, That any person may go 
Going abroad by Certificate; to work above 40 Days.  abroad to work in Harvest, or other Employment, with a Certificate from the Minister, one Churchwarden and one Overseer, that he is a settled Inhabitant in their Parish: And if in such case he fall Impotent, after he hath been in a strange Place above 40 Days, he may be returned to the first Parish; for his stay in the other shall be counted no Settlement.  
Persons refusing to go, or not remaining in the Parish where they ought to be settled, may be sent by the Justices to the House of Correction, 14 Car. 2. 12.   

Some Cases about Settlements, etc.  
A. Having a Wife and Children, takes 
A Family illegally turned cut of the Parish.  a House in the Parish of B. for a Year, and in that Year is wrongfully turned out of possession, and thereupon takes a House in another Parish; out of which he is also put within two or three Days, and thereby wanting a place to shelter him, gets into a Barn in another place, and there his Wife is Delivered of another Child: In this Case its said, they are all to be sent to the Parish, out of which they were first Illegally forced, Resol. of the Judges, Sect. 24.  
One Born at A. left that place 10 years, 
An Inhabitant becoming Vagrant, how to be settled.  and lived in B. taking a House and paying Rend there for two or three years; and afterwards left that place also for six or seven years, and then came to C. in another County, and there was 20 weeks at work; but becoming Impotent, did wander and beg, and being taken as a Vagrant, It was ordered, That he should be Passed and settled at A. where he was Born, 1 Bulstr. fo. 357.  
And here Note also, That no man but a 
Vagrant Beggar sent to the place of his Birth. Others to the House of Correction.  Vagrant Beggar ought to be sent out of any Parish, to the place of his Birth or last Habitation; for if any refuse to work in the Parish where he is settled, or to work for the Wages assessed, the Justices are to send him to the House of Correction, Dalt. fo. 126. 39 Eliz. cap. 9 1 Jac. cap. 7.  
And Note also, That if any Disturbance 
Disturbing a lawful Settlement.  be made to any Settlement, lawfully Ordered by the Justices, either by the Constables refusing to receive and convey a Rogue, where they ought to do it: Or by the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor, in refusing such a one as is duly sent to be settled there. In such case they forfeit 
Forfeiture.  5 l. by Stat. 29 Eliz. cap. 4.  
A. lives in a House at B. with his Children; 
Lives in one Town, Works in another.  but works in C. being hired there by the Year: In this case its said, his Children are settled in B. and not in C. in case of A's Death.  
If a Woman unmarried be hired in one 
Child got in one place, born in another.  Parish, and there got with Child; and then goes into another Parish, and is there settled in Service, or otherwise, for two or three Months, and then is found with Child, and Delivered: In this Case, It's said, she and her Child shall be settled in this Parish where she is, and not be sent to the Parish where the Child was begotten, Resol. Judic. Sect. 12.   

Concerning Bastard Children.  
OBserve further, That the two next Justices 
Punishing the Mother of a Bastard-Child, etc.  may take order, as well for the Punishment of the Mother of a Bastard-Child; as also to compel her and the reputed Father, to save the Parish harmless by allowing Money weekly, and may Imprison him or her, if that Order be not performed. The Justice also (to discover the truth of the Matter) may examine the Mother upon her Oath, concerning the Father of the Child, Dalt. fo. 37, & 38. 18 Eliz. cap. 3. 7 Jac. cap. 4.  
If a Woman be Delivered of a Bastard-Child 
Bastard born in one Parish, and carried into another.  in one Parish, and then goes into another Parish with her Child: In this Case the Child, after it is Nursed, is to be sent to and settled in the place where it was born, and not to remain with the Mother, Resol. Judic. Sect. 21.  
If A. have a Bastard-Child by B. born 
Bastard-Child, kept 10 years with the reputed Father, how to be settled after the Father's death.  in D. and the reputed Father marries another Woman, and they breed the Child 10 years in the Parish of S. (the Mother of the Child being a single Woman, and in Service all this while) and then the reputed Father dies: In this Case its said, the Child is to be sent to the Mother first, to be maintained by her, if she be able; and if not, it must be kept by the Parish of S. where it was settled 10 years with the Father, 2 Bulstr. 350.   

Concerning the Putting forth, and Binding Apprentices.  
FOr the doing of this, It must be observed: 
What poor Children may be put out Apprentices.   
First, That they are to be such People's Children, whose Parents are unable to maintain them; and to be done with the consent of two Justices, Stat. 7. Jac. cap. 3.  
Secondly, That the Children so put forth, 
Of what Age they ought to be and how long to be Bound.  aught to be above seven, and under fifteen years of Age, when they are first Bound; and they may bind the Manchild till 24 years of Age, and the Woman child till 21 years of Age, or that she shall be married, which shall first happen, 43 El. 2. Dalton fo. 83.  
Thirdly, These Officers may (with the 
What persons may be compelled to take such Apprentices.  help of the Justices) compel any man whom they think fit within the Parish, to take a Poor man's Child, with Money or without, as they see occasion, Resol. Jud. Q. 1.  
And if the Master and Officers cannot agree, the Justices thereabouts, or in their defaults, the Sessions must end the Matter, Dalt. fo. 95. Res. Jud. Quest. 2.  
Fourthly, They may put them to Weavers, 
Tradesmen, Husbandmen, Housewives, Gentlemen, etc.  Masons, Dyers, Fuller's, or any other Trade, as well as to Husbandry or Housewifery: And if all Men that have, or may have use for Servants, whether Knights, Clergymen, Gentlemen, Yeomen, or Tradesmen, are bound to take Apprentices: And if they be Rich, though they Table themselves, and allege that they have no occasion for Servants; yet they may be forced either to take them, or give Money towards the Placing of them with others: And if they refuse to pay the Sum imposed upon them, two Justices of Peace may make Warrants to levy the same by distress and 
Distress.  sale of the Offenders Goods. Or they may Present and Indict such as refuse to take 
Indictment.  such Apprentices, at the Assizes or Sessions of the Peace, Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 2. Dalton fo. 83, 95. Res. Jud. Quest. 4.  
So may the Parents of the Children be 
The Parent of the Children Indicted.  Indicted, if they (not being able to bring them up honestly) refuse to part with them; or if they shall entice their Children away after they are bound, Dalton Just. P. fo. 78, & 96.  
If the Children shall refuse to go to be 
The Children sent to the House of Correction. To be Bound by Indenture, and how.  Apprentices, when ordered, the Justices may send them to the House of Correction, till they shall be content to be bound, Dalt▪ ut supra.  
Note, these Apprentices must be bound by Indenture; the Indenture to be made between the Justices, Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor, and the Apprentice of the one part, and the Party that takes the Apprentice on the other part. Or it may be said, to be with the consent of the Justices.  
The Form whereof is as followeth:  
THis Indenture made the First Day of 
The Form of the Indenture.  December, in the Third year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord and Lady, William and Mary by the Grace of GOD, of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, King and Queen, Defenders of the Faith, etc. Annoque Domini, 1691. Witnesseth, That A. B. and C. D. Overseers of the Poor of the Parish of Saint Giles' in the Fields in the County of Middlesex, and E. F. and G. H. Churchwardens of the same Parish, by and with the Consent of J. K. and L. M. Esquires, two of Their Justices of Peace for the same County, have placed, and by these presents do Place and Bind N. O. being a poor 
* Or you may say, Son or Daughter (of such an one) unable, by reason of his Age and great Charge, to bring up and maintain his (or her) said Son, or Daughter, as the case is.  Fatherless Child, as an Apprentice with P. Q. of the said Parish of St. Giles' in the Fields, Taylor; and as an Apprentice with him the said P. Q to dwell, from the Day of the Date of these presents, until he the said N. O. shall attain the Age of 24 
† If it be a Girl, you may bind her to 21, or Day of Marriage; and a Boy may be Bound to 24.  Years, according to the Statute in that case made and provided: By and during all which time and term the said N. O. shall and will faithfully serve the said P. Q. his Master, in all his lawful Business, according to his power, wit, and ability; and honestly and obediently in all things shall behave himself toward the said P. Q. his Wife, Children and Family. And the said P. Q. for his part promiseth, Covenanteth and agreeth, That he the said P. Q. the said N. O. in the Art, Skill, and Myste●… of a Tailor 
‖ Or in the Art and and Skill of Husbandry, or Housewifery, as the case is. , shall teach and instruct, or cause to be taught and instructed, the best way and manner that he can, according to his knowledge; and also to find and allow unto his said Apprentice sufficient Meat, Drink, Washing, Lodging, Linen, woollen, Shoes, Stockings, and all other things meet and necessary for such an Apprentice, during all the said Term. In Witness whereof the said Parties to these presents, have to the same interchangeably set their Hands and Seals the Day and Year first above written.  
Let the Churchwardens, Overseers, and Apprentice, seal and deliver one part to the Master: And let the Master seal the other part to them.  
And it may be the better to get the two Justices to signify their Consent, by Endorsement on the Backside of the Indentures.  
Note, that Mayors, Bailiffs, or other Head Officers of Corporate Towns, have in their several Precincts like Authority, as the Justices of Peace have in the Counties, for all the uses and purposes in this Act: And the like hath every Alderman of every Ward in the City of London, Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 2.  
Note, this Placing of Apprentices may be to any Man, or single Woman, or Widow, whom the Officers and Justices think fit to receive them, either to learn a Trade, or Husbandry, or Housewifery.  
And note, That all such as are bound 
Such Indentures are safe.  to the Overseers, etc. as aforesaid, may safely be received and kept as Apprentices, by their Masters or Mistresses, to whom they were so bound, 1 Jac. 1▪ cap. 25. 21 Jac. 1. cap. 28. 3 Car. 1. cap. 4.  
By the Stat. 7 Jac. 1. cap. 3. Money given 
How Money given to put out▪ poor Children, shall be employed.  to put out poor Children Apprentices, is to be employed by the Corporation, or Parson, Constables, Churchwardens, and Overseers, accordingly, on pain that every of them forfeit five Marks. And the Person that takes Money with such Apprentice, shall give Bond to repay it at seven Years end, or within three Months after: Or, if the 
Apprentice dies.  Apprentice die in the mean time, then within one year after his death; and the like of the death of the Master, Mistress, 
Master dies  or Dame, so as the Money may be employed for putting out others.  
If a Master etc. shall put his Apprentice 
Master may not take away his Apparel. How an Apprentice may be discharged from his Master. Overseers to be assisting to other Officers.  into Apparel, he cannot take it away from him, though he should afterwards part with his Apprentice, Bro. Tresp. 93.  
And note, that An Apprentice cannot be discharged from his Apprenticeship, but by four Justices at the least in open Sessions: by Agreement in Writing under his Master's hand, Dalt. Just. P. fo. 79.  
You may perceive, by what has been said before, that these Officers are to be assisting in some cases to Constables, as for Irish Cattle, etc. which is left to you observation in reading this Treatise.  
The Overseers are to receive for the 
Fines and Forfeitures to be received by them.  Poors use, the Fines laid upon such as with Nets, Snares, or Engines, take and kill Fish, Coneys, etc. unlawfully, without the Owners consent, Stat. 22 & 23 Car. 2. cap. 25.  
Also a Third part of such as Travel with above five Horses in length. See the next Chapter, & vide Antea Chapter for Highways.  
By the Stat. 30 Car. 2. cap. 3. upon the 
Forfeiture for not Burying in woollen.  Minister's Notice to the Churchwardens or Overseers of the Poor, under his Hand, That not Affidavit is brought to him according to the Statute for Burying in woollen, they are within eight Days after to repair to the Chief Magistrate of any Town where the Deceased was Buried, else to a Justice of Peace; who upon the Minister's Certificate are to grant a Warrant, to levy the Forfeiture, viz. 5 l. by distress and sale of the Goods of the Party deceased; or in default thereof, of the persons Goods in whose House the Party died; or the Goods of any that had a hand in putting the Party deceased into any Shroud or Cousin, made or lined, etc. with any thing but Sheep's. Wool, contrary to this Act, or that ordered the same: And if such person were a Servant, and died in the Master's Family, the Master's Goods to be liable. And if such person died in the Family of his Parents, than the Parent's Goods to be liable: One part of this Forfeiture to the Poor of the Parish, the other to him that will sue for the same.  
Note, no Penalty shall be incurred where the Party died of the Plague.  
If a Justice be not in the Parish where the Party shall be Interred, the Affidavit may be administered by any Parson, Vicar or Curate in the same County, other than of the Parish or Chapel of Ease where the Party is Interred, and they are to attest the same under their hands gratis, Stat. 32 Car. 2. cap. 1.  
Officers neglecting their Duty by this 
Forfeitures of Officers▪  Act, forfeit 5 l. for every Offence, to be recovered by Action brought within six Months after the Offence: One fourth part to the King, two to the Poor of the Parish, and one fourth to the Informer, 30 Car. 2. cap. 3.  
These Officers within four Days after 
Overseers to Account.  their Year ended, and others chosen, are to make a true Account to two Justices, of what moneys they have Received and Disbursed, what Wares they have in their hands, or in the hands of any of the Poor, what Prentices they have put out, etc. 43 Eliz. 2. Dalton fo. 96.  
And they are also to give an Account at their Sessions, or to any two Justices at their monthly Meetings, of the Name and Quality of every person Interred since their former Account; and of the Certificates, and 
Account of Certificates and Burials, etc.  their levying Penalties, and of the disposal thereof, on pain of 5 l. to be levied by distress and sale; and their Accounts shall not be allowed till they have accounted for the Burials, 30 Car. 2. 3.  
Upon their last Accounting what is remaining, 
To pay over the Remainder. Commitment.  they shall pay over to the New Overseers; if they refuse to account, the Justices may send them to Gaol; and if after they have accounted, they refuse or fail to pay over the Money in their hands to their Successors, the same may be levied on their Goods by distress; and in default 
Distress.  of distress, to be sent to the Gaol, there to remain till payment and delivery of the Arrears and Stock remaining, as aforesaid, Stat. 43 Eliz. cap. 2. Dalton fo. 96.  
Note, That the Churchwardens and Overseers, 
Forfeitures of the Churchwardens and Overseers, for Neglect in their Office.  for every Default and Negligence in their Office about the Poor, every of them forfeits 20 s. The default to be proved either by Confession or Examination of Witnesses, and is to be levied by the New Churchwardens and Overseers, or one of them, on Warrant by distress and sale; and for want of Distress, the Offender may be Committed by two Justices to Gaol till payment: The Forfeitures to be employed to the use of the Poor of the same Parish, 43 Eliz. cap. 2. Dalton fo. 97.    

CHAP. XXVI.  
The Office of a Surveyor of the Highways.  
THese Officers are Yearly appointed, 
How and for what appointed.  to look after the necessary Reparations of the Highways, within the Parish or Precinct for which they are chosen.  
Something hath been spoken concerning these Officers in particular, for London, Westminster, and the Parishes within the Weekly Bills of Mortality. See before the 
Vide antea.  Chapter about the Streets, Lights, etc.  
But observe further in general, That these 
When to be Chosen.  Officers are to be chosen on Monday or Tuesday in Easter-Week, by the Churchwardens, Constables, or Tithingmen, for the time being, with the advice and consent of the major part of the Inhabitants; and they may be Two or more in number, as the largeness of the Parish requires; and being Chosen, and having Notice thereof given them by the Constables, etc. the next Sunday after, they are immediately after such Notice, to take the Office upon them, in pain of forfeiting 20 s. Stat. 2 & 3 P. & M. cap. 8. 14 Car. 2. cap. 6.  
Note, by the Stat. 22 Car. 2. 12. they are to be chosen some Day in Christmass-Week, and six Days Notice.  
The Constables and Churchwardens upon 
Days set apart for mending the Highways.  choosing the Surveyors, are to appoint six Days between that and Midsummer, to be set apart for the mending the Highways, and must give public Notice thereof before the several Days, Stat. 5 Eliz. 13. 22 Car. 2. cap. 12.  
By this last Statute, if they cannot be mended by Midsummer, they must be mended before the Feast of St. Luke.  
These Officers are to take care, that the 
How the Parishioners are to work on those days.  Parishioners do their Work on the Days appointed, according to these Rules; viz. Every one having a Ploughland (that is, so 
A Ploughland, one Cart and two Men.  much as one Plough may plough in a day) in Tillage or Pasture in the Parish, or keeping there a Plough or Team, shall on every of the said Days, bring or send one Wain or Cart fit for Carriage, provided with necessary Tools, with Oxen or Horses, etc. according to the usage of the Country, and two able Men, who are to work as the Surveyors shall appoint, Eight hours a Day, 2 & 3 P. & M. 
Eight hours  cap. 8.  
Every other Housholder, Cottager and 
Cottager and Labourer.  Labourer in the Parish, being able to work, and not a Servant hired by the Year, must by himself, or some other able man, work 8 Hours at the appointment of the Surveyors 
Eight hours  on every of the six Days, as aforesaid, 2 & 3 P. & M. cap. 8.  
Such as have no Carts, yet being in 
Subsidy-men, two Able men.  Subsidy 5 l. in Goods, or 40 s. in Land, or above, must find two able men to work every of the said six Days, 18 Eliz. cap. 10.  
Where the Usage is to carry Materials 
Materials carried on Horseback.  for such amendment on Backs of Horses, or by other Carriages, the Inhabitants shall send them in with able Persons to work with them in like manner, and under the like Penalties, as is appointed for Carts and Teams, 22 Car. 2. cap. 12.  
If any fail to make their Days labour, or neglect to send their Carriages, etc. the Surveyors shall complain to the next Justices of Peace, who upon Oath thereof by one Witness, may levy by distress and sale of Goods, for every day Labourer neglecting (without a reasonable cause) 
Penalties on a Day-Labourer. A Man and Horse. A Cart and two Men-Penalties levied by Surveyors or Constables.  1 s. 6 d. for every Man and Horse 3 s. and for every Cart with two Men, 10 s. Which Penalties shall be employed for Repairing the Highways in every respective Place and Parish, 22 Car. 1. cap. 12.  
Note, by the Statute 2 & 3 P. & M. the Forfeiture was but 12 d. a man, and 10 s. for a Team and Two men; and the Penalties to be levied by the Surveyors by distress and sale, and for their neglect within one Year to do it, then by the Constables and Churchwardens.  
If the Surveyors shall think any of the 
Surveyors may command Men instead of Carts.  Ploughs or Carts needless, any of the days they may spare them, and instead thereof require two able men, who must come upon the aforesaid Forfeitures, 2 & 3 P. & M. 8.  
If six Days work in the Year will not 
If six days will not do, then to appoint more.  serve to amend the Highways, the Surveyors must appoint more: For if the Highways be not sufficiently amended, the whole Town or Parish may be Indicted for it, and the Parishioners are bound to come or send, as aforesaid, Dalt. Just. P. fo. 69.  
Where the Highways cannot be amended before Midsummer, they shall be Repaired before the Feast of S. Luke, 22 Car. 2. 12.  
It is said, The Owner of Lands, if he be 
Tenant to be charged▪  not the Occupier thereof, ought not to be charged towards the repair of the Common Highways; but the Tenant who occupies the Lands is to be charged, rolls Cases 1st part, fo. 390.  
Surveyors may take and carry away so 
What things the Surveyors may take from other men's Grounds, without leave.  much Rubbish, and small broken Stones already digged, out of any man's Quarry within the Parish, without the Owners leave, as they shall think fit; or they may gather lose Stones in any man's Ground; but may not dig for new Stones without leave, nor take great Stones which are already digged. But they may dig for Materials in likely or probable places, lying near the place where the Way is decayed, for Sand, Stones, Gravel, etc. so as it be not in Houses, Gardens, Orchards, 
Exceptions.  or Meadows, (for in those they may not dig without the Owners leave) nor may they make a Pit above ten Yards in breadth or length; and they must fill it up again at the Charge of the Parish, within a Month, upon pain to forfeit 5 Marks to the Owner 
Penalties.  of the Ground, to be recovered by Action of Debt, Stat. 5 Eliz. cap. 13. They may also by this Statute turn a Watercourse, 
Watercourse.  hurtful to the Highway into any man's Ditch.  
Owners of Grounds adjoining to the 
Forfeitures on such as Trim not their Hedges.  Highways, not keeping their Hedges low, and cutting down Trees and Bushes growing over the same, forfeit 10 s. Also they that scour not their Ditches next adjoining to the Ground that is next the Highway, to the end the Water may have the better Passage out of the Highway, shall forfeit 12 d. for every Rod, Stat. 18 Eliz. cap. 10.  
If any person scours his Ditch, and 
Scour thrown into the Highway.  throws the Scour into the Highway, and suffers it to lie there 6 Months, forfeits 12 d. for every Load, 18 Elix. 10.  
These Forfeitures upon Stat. 18 Eliz. 10. 
Forfeitures, how to be levied.  to be levied by the Surveyors by distress and sale; and in their default not to do it within a Year, than the Constables and Churchwardens by Warrant may do it.  
If the Surveyors neglect to present the 
Forfeiture for not presenting.  Offences against Stat. 2 & 3 P. & M. c. 8. & 5 Eliz. c. 13. within one Month after they shall be committed, forfeit 40 s.  
By the Stat. 22 Car. 2. 12. they are to 
Return of Defaulters.  return the Defaulters within a Month after every default to some Justice of Peace, who shall present the same at the next Quarter Sessions.  
By the same Stat. 22 Car. 2. cap. 12. no 
Forfeitures of such as Travel with above 5 Horses in length.  Carriage with any burden (other than such as are employed about Husbandry, and in carrying Hay, Straw, Corn unthreshed, Coal, Chalk, Timber for Shipping, Materials for Building, Stones or Ammunition, or Artillery for the King's Service) shall go in any Highway with above 5 Horses in length: And if any draw with more Horses or Oxen, they shall all draw in pairs, except one Horse, Owners of Carriages or Beasts 
One Third to the Surveyors.  offending, shall forfeit 40 s. for every Offence; one Third to the Surveyors of the Highways▪ in the Town, etc. where committed for the Repair of them; another Third to the Overseers of the Poor of the 
Overseers Third. Discoverers Third.  Parish, where, etc. another Third to him that shall discover the same, to be imposed and levied as the Penalties imposed by this Act on Constables and Surveyors, for neglecting to put the Laws in execution.  
That is to say,  
Every Constable or Surveyor of the 
Five upon Surveyors, etc. for neglecting their Office.  Highways, neglecting to put the Acts touching Repairing▪ etc. Highways in execution, or wilfully suffering any Wagons or Carts to pass in any other manner, than by this Act is allowed, shall upon Complaint to a Justice of Peace, by the Oath of one Witness, or View of the Justice himself, be convicted, and incur such Fine as the Justice shall impose, not exceeding 40 s. to be levied by the High-Constable, or other Officer, by Warrant under Hand and Seal of such Justice, to be employed for the mending the Highways of the Parish or place where such neglect shall be, 22 Car. 2. cap. 12.  
Lastly observe, That two Justices of 
Surveyors Accounts, etc.  Peace by the Stat. 18 Eliz. may take the Accounts of the Surveyors of the Ways; and the petty Constables and Churchwardens, for such Forfeitures (within that Statute) as they have levied, Stat. 18 Eliz. 40. Dalton Just. P. fo. 71.   

AN APPENDIX.  
HAving spoken briefly in the IVth Chapter of the Constable's Duty in executing the Justice's Warrant, and how the Officer is bound at his peril, to take notice of the Authority and Jurisdiction of the Justices, I will here set down (as an Appendix to the former) some further Rules and Precedents touching the nature and effect of Warrants; which may be of good use to our several Officers, for whom this Treatise is intended.  
A Warrant, or rather Summons for making a New Constable, etc. to be Sworn before the Justices of the Peace.  
This Summons is directed to the Person Elected, or intended to be Elected, thus;  

To our Loving Friend A. B. of C Yeoman.  
THese are to require you, to make your repair to us, or some other Justice of the Peace of this County, to take the Oath of a Constable, [or Tithingman] to serve within your Town of C. you being Chosen and Ordered by the Leet of your Town, to undertake the same Office. And herein fail you not, as you will answer the contrary, etc.   
Or thus;  
WHereas A. B. of your Town, the New Constable thereof, is (by reason of his Age and Impotency) very unable and insufficient to execute the said Place; These are to require you, whose Names are hareunder written, to be before me at my House at C. to Morrow [or such other time as is convenient] by Ten of the Clock in the Morning, that I may make Choice of one of you to be Sworn, to undertake the said Office. And/ hereof, etc. Dated, etc.  
Note, this Swearing of Constables, etc. by the Justices, is only in case of necessity, and when 'tis long to the Quarter-Sessions, or Leet.  
And though it may not be necessary for 
Concerning Hand and Seal to a Warrant.  the Justices to put their Seals to these Summons, which are directed to the Parties themselves, not obliging them to act upon any other person or thing; Yet Note, that there is a necessity that the Justice of Peace do subscribe his Name to his Warrant, commanding an Officer to act upon some other person or thing. Tho' to put his Seal in every case is not required; for in a Warrant of the Peace, or Good Behaviour it is thought not to be needful, nor where an Act of Parliament saith, That the Justice by Warrant (or by Warrant under his hand) may do such a thing: But where the Law says, that he may or shall do it by Warrant under his Hand and Seal, there it must be under his Hand and Seal, or it is not good. And it is now usual and most safe for a Justice to put his Seal to every Warrant after this manner, And hereof fail you not at your perils.  
Given under our Hands and Seals [or 
Day and Year of making the Warrant.  my Hand and Seal, as the case may be] this first Day of January, in the Third Year of the Reign of King William and Queen Mary, Annoque Dom. 1692.  
Or thus;  
Sealed with our Seals [or Sealed with my Seal] and Dated the first Day of January, in the Third year, etc. Annoque Dom. 1692.  
Note, That if the Warrant express the place where it was made; as [Dated at D. and given under my Hand, etc.] though it was not really Dated there; yet the Warrant is good, and shall be taken to be dated where the Warrant doth say it was dated.  
The Rules that have been observed to the completing a Justice's Warrant, whereby he Commands an Inferior Officer to do something belonging to his Office, are as follow:  
First, That the Warrant must be plain 
Rules.  and clear, and not ambiguous and doubtful, so that the Officer need not be forced to inquire what the Justice means.  
Secondly, That it be completely filled up, and not left with Blanks in it.  
Thirdly, The usual form of the Warrant gins thus:  
These are in Their Majesty's Names to require you, etc. tho' it is sufficient to say, These are to require you; howbeit the Warrant doth carry the more Majesty in it, when those Words are used in it.  
Fourthly, The Title of Direction, may either be above the Warrant thus;  
To the Constable of Dale.  
Or in the body of the Warrant thus;  
A. B. Esq etc. To the Constable of D. Whereas, etc.  
Fifthly, The Warrant may be directed, to any Officer, as the Sheriff, his Bailiffs, Constables, Tithingmen etc.  
Or, To the Sheriff, and to all Bailiffs High-Constables of Hundreds, and Constables and Tithingmen of Towns and Parishes within the County of A. and every of them jointly and severally.  
Or, it may be directed to these Officers and to others that are no Officers together.  
Or, to them that are no Officers alone thus;  
To A. B. and C. D. both of E. in the County of G. and to either of them.  
But this must be understood of Warrants of the Peace, Good Behaviour, and such like Warrants, wherein the Justice of the Peace is left at liberty, to direct his Warrant to whom he will. For if the Law doth direct him to whom to send his Warrant, (as divers Acts of Parliament do, some of them appointing him to direct his Warrant to the Constables, some to the Constables and Churchwardens, some to the Churchwardens, some to the Constables or Churchwardens, some to the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor); in this case the direction of the Statute must be punctually pursued; for it is dangerous to vary from it ever so little.  
But where the Justice is left at liberty, to direct it to whom he pleases, it hath been thought the best way to direct it to a common and known Officer; which is the High-Constable of the Hundred, or Constable of the Town, etc.  
Sixthly, The Warrant for an Arrest may be, to require the Officer to bring the Offender before the Justice that makes the Warrant, or before him or some other Justice of the County; and either way is good.  
Seventhly, In every Warrant of the Peace, or Good Behaviour, where Sureties are to be found, the Warrant ought to contain the special Cause or Matter, that the Party arrested may provide Sureties: But if it be for some great Crime, the cause may be concealed.  
Eighthly, In every Warrant to command an Officer to carry a man to Gaol, 'tis usual to insert a Clause to the Gaoler at the end of the Warrant to this purpose: That you him convey to the Common Gaol of this County, and him deliver to the Gaeler or his Deputy there, who are hereby required him to receive and detain, until he shall from thence be delivered by due course of Law.  
And note that 'tis usual, and a good Close of every Warrant sent to an Officer, to require him to give an account how he hath executed it, in this manner: And that you be then there with this Precept, to give us an account of your Execution of it. Or thus; That you give me an account within 14 Days next following, of your Execution of my Warrant.  
Ninthly, Note, there is very little difference between a Warrant of Commitment and a Mittimus; for both are to do one thing, and they differ a little only in the Form.  
Tenthly, Where a Statute doth give Power to a Justice of Peace, to compel men to do any thing, he may send his Warrant, to require them to come before him; and if they refuse, he may proceed at Law.  
Eleventhly, The Justices of the Peace may send their Warrants for any thing that doth relate to a special Sessions, either to compel Appearance or Attendance there, or Execution of any thing there done, under their own Hands, or by the Clerk of the Peace, as the business of the Quarter-Sessions is done.  
Twelfthly, Observe, That where a Statute is penned thus, that the Constables or Churchwardens (by a Warrant from a Justice of Peace) shall be enabled to do a thing; in this case the Justice may justify the making of such Warrant.  

Some Precedents of Warrants.  
1. WArrants and Precedents relating to the exercise of the Office of a Justice of Peace out of the General Sessions, are of several sorts, viz. They concern either Treasons, Felonies, Misprisions, Praemunires, Forcible Entries, Forcible Detainers, Riots, Routs, and Unlawful Assemblies, Security of the Peace and Good Behaviour, or other Misdemeanours or Offences of several sorts.  
2. As concerning Treasons and Felonies upon Information, made of any Treason or Felony committed, any one Justice of the Peace may direct his Warrant to the Sheriff, or to the High-Constables or Petty-Constables, or to all or any of them to make search for the Traitors or Felons, and also for stolen Goods.  
The Form of a Warrant to Apprehend a Traitor.  
J. G. Esq One of Their Majesty's Justices of the Peace within the County of N. To the Sheriff of the said County, and to all High-Constables, Petty-Constables, and other Their Majesty's Officers, Greeting, etc. Whereas L. M▪ and R. S. are vehemently suspected to have committed Treason, whereof I have received Information: These are therefore in Their Majesty's Names straight to charge and command you, and every of you, upon sight hereof, without delay, within your several Bailiwicks, Hundreds, and Constablewicks', to make diligent search for the Bodies of the said L. M. and R. S. and them and either of them so found, to arrest and attach; and immediately upon such arrest, to bring before me at my House at B. in the said County: Whereof fail not at your peril. Sealed with my Seal, and Dated the 7th Day of M. in the Third Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord and Lady, William and Mary; King and Queen, etc.  
The like Warrant may be made for the apprehension of Felons.  
A Warrant for keeping the Peace.  
Essex ss. A. B. and C. D. Esquires, To the Sheriff of the same County, and to all High-Constables and Petty-Constables, and other Ministers and Officers appointed to keep the Peace within the same County, Greeting. Whereas we are informed, that there is a great Meeting appointed to be had at E. within this County, upon the 1st Day of February next, under pretence of a Fair, then and there to be kept, [or, under pretence of a cockfighting to be there had; or, under pretence of a Race to be there Run, and the like] when and where, by occasion or under colour thereof, it is suspected there may be some notorious Breach of the Peace, by a Fray, Riot, Insurrection, or otherwise; For the preventing whereof, and the keeping of the Peace, These are to authorise and require you, and every of you, that calling to your Assistance and Aid such a number of Persons as you shall think fit; All which Persons are by us required to assist you, and that you be then there provided during the same Meeting; and by all the lawful waeys and means you can, see the public Peace be kept and preserved, and the Breakers and Disturbers thereof punished: And hereof, and to give us an account of your do herein, within 14 Days after the same Day be past, you are not to fail at your peril. Given under our Hands and Seals at S. within the same County, the 1st Day of, etc.  
Note, That whatever the Justices of the Peace may do, or the Sheriff or Constable ought to do, in order to the keeping of the Peace; the Justices may by 〈…〉 Warrant as this is command them 〈…〉  
A Mittimus for Felony to 〈…〉  
Middlesex ss. A 〈…〉 To the Keeper of 〈…〉 his Deputy there being. W● 〈…〉 withal the Bodies of ●. ●. 〈…〉 before us by J. K. of L. in the County of M. with Robbing him on Monday last, and the taking of Ten Pounds from his Person, which the said E. F. and G. H. upon their Examination confessed.  
Note, If the Felon upon Examination confess the Felony, the Mittimus must say so; for than he is not bailable.  
Or thus;  
Who stand charged before us upon the Suspicion of stealing Six Sheep, being the Goods of N. O.  
Or thus;  
Who is charged before us with a Suspicion of a certain Felony by him committed, as it is said [or otherwise, as the case is.]  
Commanding you to receive the same E. F. and G. H. into the said Gaol, and them there safely to keep, until they shall be from thence delivered by due order and course of Law; hereof fail you not at your peril. Given under our Hands and Seals at P. in the said County, the 1st Day, etc.  
Note, That in every Mittimus care must be had to set down the Offence, and the manner and time of Punishment.  
A Mittimus of a dangerous Rogue to Bridewell.  
Glouc' ss. A. B. and C. D. etc. To the Master or Governor of the House of Correction, or his Deputy there. Whereas J. S. a sturdy Vagrant Beggar, was this day brought before the Constable of D. and charged, as well with Begging and idle Wand'ring abroad, as also with other disorderly Behaviour; so as he appeareth to us, to be dangerous to the Inferior sort of People, contrary to the Laws of the Nation in that case provided. These are therefore to require you, to receive the said J. S. into your Custody, and him safely to keep in your House of Correction until the next Quarter-Sessions, to be holden for this County; and that during all the time he shall continue with you, and be in his good health, you do hold him to work, and punish him by putting Fetters and Gives upon him, and by moderate Whipping of him; and that you give him no more for his Maintenance, than what he shall deserve or earn by his Labour; and that you have the said J. S. and this Precept at the said next Quarter-Sessions.  
A Passport.  
Sussex ss. A. B. one of Their Majesty's Justices of the Peace in the County aforesaid; To all Constables, Bailiffs, and other of Their Majesty's Officers of the same County, and to every of them, Greeting. Forasmuch as the Bearer hereof C. D. being brought into great Poverty and Necessity, hath desire to Travel unto the City of E. in the County of F. where he saith he was Born, and hath some Friends yet living, by whose means he hopeth to be greatly relieved: In consideration whereof know you, That I the said A. B. have Licenced the same C. D. to Travel and Pass the direct way from G. into the said City of E. so that his Journey be not of longer or further Continuance than 20 Days next after the Date hereof, desiring you, and every of you, to permit and also to aid and relieve the said C. D. in his Journey, so that he show himself in no respect offensive to Their Majesty's Laws. In Witness whereof I have, etc.  
Note, That in such a Passport the Party ought to be described, lest he make any other partaker of the use of his Passport: Unless he be a Rogue, for than he always remains in the Constable's hands.    

THE TABLE.  

CHAP. I.  
OF the Definition of the Title CONSTABLE. Page 1  
When Constables were first appointed. 2  
Of High-Constables. 3  
Of Petty-Constables. ibid.  
Constables, when and where to attend. 6  
Of the Choice and Fitness of Constables, and of the Oath to be taken by them. 7  
When and where Constables, etc. may make a Deputy. 10  
The Form of the Constable's Oath. ibid.   

CHAP. II.  
OF the several Duties incumbent on all Constables after they are Sworn, according to the particular Branches of their Oath. page 13  
The Heads of the Oath. ibid.  
For the preventing and preserving the Peace ex officio. 15  
The Constable's Authority about an Affray. ibid.  
Of Hurting the Constable, or his Assistant. 17  
Arresting persons Offensively Armed. 18  
Suppressing of Riots. 19  
Apprehending of Felons. 22  
Constables, when and how to raise Hue and Cry. 23  
Hundred fined, for not making Fresh-suit. 24  
Concerning Escapes suffered by the Constables. 25  
Constable sued for suffering a Felon that is in his Custody, to destroy himself. 26  
Where the Constable may discharge the Prisoner. ibid.  
Arrests made by Private persons. 27  
Prisoner pinioned and fettered by the Constable. ib.  
How the Constable may deliver up the Prisoner. ibid.  
Of Felons taken in another County. 28  
The Constable to see the Watch be duly kept in the Town, etc. ibid.  
Watchmen, how to be qualified. 29  
The Constable's Duty concerning Rogues, Vagabonds, and sturdy Beggars. 31  
Concerning Gipsies. ibid.  
The Punishment of Rogues. 34  
After Whipping to have a Testimonial, and the Form thereof. 35  
The Constable's Forfeiture, for not apprehending of Rogues. 39  
Reward for Apprehending of Rogues. ib.  
Constable's may set on work Labourers in Hay or Corn Harvest. 41  
The Constable's Form of a Testimonial, for a Servant that departs from his Master. 42  
Orchard-Rabbers, Hedge-Preachers, Wood-Stealers, etc. 44  
The Constable's Duty concerning Unlawful Gaming-houses. 46  
The repressing of Drunkenness, and profane Swearing, 47  
The Penalties levied, or the Officer forfeits 40 s. 48  
Penalties upon such as use Unlawful Games and Pastime on Sundays. 52  
Penalties on such as work on the LORD's-Day. 54  
Against Disturbing Preachers. 56  
Concerning Popish Recusants. 57  
Recusant refusing to take the Oaths. 58  
Concerning Conventiclers. 59  
The Constable may break open the Doors, to search for Conventiclers. ib.  
How the Constable shall make Presentment of Bloodshedding, Outcries, Rescues, or other Offences, committed or done against their Majesty's Peace within their Limit. 61  
When and where the Constables must make their Presentment. ib.  
How the Constables ought to Execute the Justice's Warrants. 62  
The Constable not obliged to show his Warrant. 64  
Concerning the Constable taking the Offenders word for his Appearance. 64  
Arresting a wrong Person. 65  
Where the Constable may break Open the House. 66  
Punishment for such as Abuse the Justice's Warrant. ibid.  
Before what Justise the Offender must be carried. ib.  
When Offenders must bear their own Charges of Commitment. 67   

CHAP. III.  
THe Constable's Office about Seizing of Arms, etc. 68  
A moving Papists 10 Miles from London and Westminster. 70   

CHAP. IV.  
COncerning the Bailiffs, Constables, Sheriffs, etc. stating their Accounts. ibid.   

CHAP. V.  
THe Constable's Office about Seizing of Cattle. 71   

CHAP. VI  
THe Constable's Office about providing Carriages, etc. for the King. 73   

CHAP. VII.  
THe Constable's Office about Cloth. 75   

CHAP. VIII.  
THe Constable's Office about their Majesty's Customs 76  
Concerning Taxes and Aidmony. 77   

CHAP. IX.  
THe Constable's Office about Distress for Rent, etc. 79   

CHAP. X.  
THe Constable's Office about Excise. 81   

CHAP. XI.  
THe Constable's Duty concerning Fish. 82   

CHAP. XII.  
ABout French, and other Prohibited Goods. 83   

CHAP. XIII.  
ABout Highways, Hay-Carts and Hogs, Streets and Bridges. 86  
Penalty on Scavengers that neglect their Duty. 92   

CHAP. XIV.  
Constable's Duty concerning Horses. 98   

CHAP. XV.  
ABout Hunters and Hunting Dogs. 99   

CHAP. XVI.  
ABout Malt. 100   

CHAP. XVII.  
ABout Physicians. 101   

CHAP. XVIII.  
ABout the Plague. 102   

CHAP. XIX.  
COncerning Maimed Soldiers. 103  
Of Quartering Soldiers. ibid.   

CHAP. XX.  
ABout Tobacco. 105   

CHAP. XXI.  
ABout Weights and Measures. ibid.   

CHAP. XXII.  
THe Power, etc. of a High-Constable alone. 108   

CHAP. XXIII.  
THe Duty of Constables of London. 110   

Of the Duty and Office of Churchwardens. 114   

CHAP. XXIV.  
CHurchwardens, how Chosen. ibid.  
How they may Purchese. ib.  
About the Seats in the Church. 116  
Churchwardens Duty in making Rates. 117  
What are accounted Church-Reparations. 118  
What are accounted Ornaments. ibid.  
Concerning Presentments. 119  
In what Acts Churchwardens must join with Constables. 120  
In what, with Overseers of the Poor. 121  
Of the Office and Duty of the Overseers of the Poor. 121   

CHAP. XXV.  
OVerseers of the Poor, how appointed. ibid.  
To be assistant to the Churchwardens. 122  
The Overseers care of the Poor. ibid.  
Concerning Rates, and settling the Poor. 125  
Concerning Bastard Children. 129  
Their Duty about Putting forth and Binding Apprentices. 130  
Forfeiture for not Burying in woollen. 136  
Overseers to Account. 137  
Neglect of their Duty. 138  
The Office of a Surveyor of the Highways. 138   

CHAP. XXVI.  
SUrveyors of the Highways, when to be Chosen. 139  
Days set apart for Mending the Highways. ibid.  
Penalties levied by Surveyors. 141  
What things the Surveyors may take from other men's Grounds without leave. 142  
Forfeitures of such as Travel with above five Horses at length. 143  
Fine upon the Surveyors for neglect of their Duty. 144  
Surveyors Accounts. ibid.   
FINIS.