Printed for Rohert Hanford at the sign of the Angel in Cornhill▪   

A TREATISE OF THE ARMS and ENGINES OF WAR, Of Fireworks, Ensigns, and Military Instruments, both Ancient and Modern; With the Manner they are at present used, as well in French Armies, as amongst other Nations.  
Enriched with many Figures.  
Written Originally in French by Lowis de Gaya, Author of the Treatise called The ART of WAR.  
Translated for Public Advantage.  
LONDON, Printed for Robert Harford, at the Sign of the Angel in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange; 1678.   

To the Right Worshipful Sir IONAS MOOR Knight, Surveyor General of His Majesty's Ordnance and Armouries.  
Honoured Sir,  
BE pleased to accept the Patronage of these few Sheets; which as they contain a Treatise of Arms, etc. can no where more securely shelter themselves than under the Banner of Your Protection: For being cherished by Your Allowance, the World may well imagine that there is something more than ordinary comprehended in them which may merit a serious Reading and a generous Practice; especially at such a time, as this, for Warlike Preparation.  
I must confess the Trust You have, deserves far Nobler Presents of this nature than what here I make. Nor am I ignorant how far my Presumption has carried me in this attempt. In excuse whereof, I have only, with Your kind Permission to plead the Encouragement of Your continual Favours, and Advantagions Obligations to a Young Beginner; of which should I be once ingratefully forgetful, when the least Mite of Opportunity offers, I should incur a crime that would deprive me of one of the chiefest happinesses whereto I aspire; which is to acknowledge myself Sir  
Your most Obedient and most Obliged Servant R. H.   

The Contents.  

AN Elegy on the Profession of Arms, and the Original of true Nobility. p 1.  
The First Book. 

CHAP. I. Of Sharp-Weapons. 

SEct. 1. Of the Sword p. 9  
Sect. 2. Of the Shable and Scimitar, p. 12.  
Sect. 3. Of the Bayonet and Poniard, or Dagger p. 13.  
Sect. 4. Of the Espadon or Two-handed Sword, p. 14.    
CHAP. II. Of Fire-Arms. 

SEct. 1. Of the Musket p. 15.  
Sect. 2. Of the Fusil or Firelock p. 19  
Sect. 3, Of the Musket p. 20.  
Sect. 4. Of the Pistol p. 20.  
Sect. 5. Of Carabines p. 21.    
Of Staff-Arms. 

Sect. 1. Of the Pike p. 24.  
Sect. 2. Of Spoutons or Half-Pikes p. 26.  
Sect. 3. Of the Partisan p. 27.  
Sect. 4. Of the Halberd p. 28.  
Sect. 5. Of Sythes, Forks, Axes, and Clubs or Maces ibid.  
Sect. 6. Of the Quarterstaff, with a Pike at each end p. 30.    
CHAP. IU. Of the Arms of the Ancients. 

SEct. 1. Of Swords, Shables, and Cutlasses p. 31.  
Sect. 2. Of the Pike p. 33.  
Sect. 3. Of the Lance p. 35.  
Sect. 4. Of the Javelot or Dart p. 35.  
Sect. 5. Of the Sling p. 38.  
Sect. 6. Of Bows and Arrows p. 39.  
Sect. 7. Of Crossbows. p. 40.    
CHAP. V. Of Defensive Arms. 

SEct. 1. p. 42.  
Sect. 2. Of the Coat of Mail p. 44.  
Sect. 3. Of the Buffcoat p. 45.  
Sect. 4 Of Casks or Headpieces p. 46.  
Sect. 5. Of Cuirasses p. 47.  
Sect. 6. Of Bucklers and Shields p. 49.      


The Second Book OF Powder and Artificial Fires.  
CHAP. I. Of Powder p. 53.  
CHAP. II. Of a Mine. p. 56.  
CHAP. III. Of Artificial Fire-Works. 

SEct. 1. Of the Fuse p. 59.  
Sect. 2. Of the Sulphur Match p. 60.  
Sect. 3. How to make the Quick Match ibid.  
Sect. 4. How to prepare the Matter of Fire-Rockets p. 61.  
Sect. 5. How to charge Fire-balls p. 62.  
Sect. 6. How to make a Fire-Lance p. 62.  
Sect. 7. How to make Tourteaus, to show Light or Port Lights p. 64.  
Sect 8. Of Burning Faggots p. 64.  
Sect. 9 Of Fire-Hoops p. 65.  
Sect. 10. How to charge Granades p. 66.  
Sect. 11. How to make Artificial Fireworks that burn under Water ibid.  
Sect. 12. Of Provision for Artificial Fire-Works p. 67.    
CHAP. IU. Of the Roman Fire-Works. p. 68    
The Third Book Of War-Engines. p. 71. 

CHAP. I. Of the Casting and Framing of Pieces of Artillery. p. 72.  
CHAP. II. Of a Canon, its Carriage, its Utensils and Service. p. 74. 

SEct. 1. Of a Canon p. 74.  
Sect. 2. Of the Charge of a Piece p. 76.  
Sect. 3. How to Level or bring a Gun to pass p. 76.  
Sect. 4. Of the Ammunition and Utensils of a Canon p. 77.  
Sect. 5. Of the Carriage of a Gun p. 79.    
CHAP. III. Of Pieces of Calibre or Size. 

SEct. 1. Of the Canon p. 80.  
Sect. 2. Of the Culverin p. 81  
Sect. 3. Of the Bastard Canon p. 81  
Sect. 4. Of the Minion p. 82.  
Sect. 5. Of the Falcon p. 82.  
Sect. 6. Of the Fauconet p. 83.  
Sect. 7. Of the Effect and Execution of the Canon p. 84.  
Sect. 8. The way of Nailing up a Canon p. 85.    
CHAP. IU. Of Mortar-Pieces, Arquebusses a Crock, Bombes, Bullets, the Carcase, etc. p. 86. 

SEct. 1. Of Stone-Guns p. 86.  
Sect. 2. Of the Arquebuss a Crock p. 87.  
Sect. 3. Of Mortar-Pieces p. 87.  
Sect. 4. Of Bombes p. 88.  
Sect. 5. Of the Carcase p. 90.  
Sect. 6. Of the Granades p. 91.  
Sect. 7. Of Hollow Bullets p. 92.  
Sect. 8. Of Red Bullets p. 93.  
Sect. 9 Of Cartouches p. 93.    
CHAP V. Of Petards, and of the Way how they are to be used p. 94. 

SEct. 1. Of Petards p. 94.  
Sect. 2. Of the Arrow and Flying Bridge p. 97.  
Sect. 3. Of the way of using and applying a Petard p. 98.  
Sect. 4. Of Tortoises p. 101.    
CHAP VI Of the Warlike Engines of the Romans. p. 102. 

SEct. 1. Of Machine's or Engines in General p. 102.  
Sect. 2. Of the Tortoise or Testudo p. 103.  
Sect. 3. Of Ladders p. 105.  
Sect. 4. Of Bulwarks p. 106.  
Sect. 5. Of Towers p. 107.  
Sect. 6. Of the Battering Ram p. 108.  
Sect. 7. Of Counter-Engines p. 109.      
The Fourth Book Of Ensigns, Trumpets, and other Instruments of War, p. 111. 

CHAP. I. Of Ensigns p. 112. 

SEct. 1. Of the Oriflamme p. 115.  
Sect. 2. Of the Goufanon p. 118.  
Sect. 3. Of the Banner and Penon p. 118.  
Sect. 4. Of Banderolls, Panonceaux, and Faillions p. 119    
CHAP. II. Of the Roman Ensigns, p. 121.  
CHAP. III. Of Trumpets, Drums, and other Instruments of War; p. 123.  
CHAP. IU. Of the Instruments of War used by the Romans, p. 125 

A Particular Chapter of the Arms whic● are at present in use as well among t●● French as other Nations p. 12●  
Of the Arms of the French Cavalry p. 12●  
Of the Arms of the French Infantry p. 13●  
Of the Spanish Cavalry p. 13●  
Of the Spanish Foot p. 13●  
Of the English Forces p. 13●  
Of the Germane Forces p. 13●  
Of Hungarian Forces p. 13●  
Of Polonian Troops p. 13●  
Of the Turkish Cavalry p. 13●  
Of the Turkish Infantry p. 13●  
Of the Persians, Moors, and Arabians p. 13●  
Of the Arms of the Ancient French Milit●●● and first of the Infantry p. 13●  
Of the Cavalry p. 13●  
Of the Cavalry under Henry the Fourth, 〈◊〉 Lowis the Thirteenth p. 1ST        

The Author's Design.  
IN the Profession of War there are Three things only requisite, Men, Arms, and Fortifications. So many able Men hath already treated of Fortifications, that I thought it would be to no purpose to speak on that Subject, unless I intended to be an Echo, and repeat what others have already said. I have spoken of Men lately in a Book, which I called, The Art of War; but if I mistake not, no Man hath hitherto treated of Arms. And therefore that these Three Parts may be complete, I thought fit to publish this little Treatise, wherein I shall explain as clearly, and in as few words as possibly I can, the use of all Arms, which are at present to be found in Armies, as well as of those that were heretofore in use among the Romans.   

AN ADVERTISEMENT  
FOr the better understanding of all that is said in this Treatise concerning Arms; you must know (Reader) that the French Pound contains two Marks, the Mark Eight Ounces, the Ounce Eight Gros or Drams, the Dram three Deniers, and the Denier Twenty four Grains.  
The Fathom contains six Foot, the Foot twelve Inches, and the Inch twelve Lignes.  
The Cubit of the Ancients consisted of two Hands and three Finger's breadth.  
The Hand of twelve Fingers breadth, and the Finger's breadth of eight Lignes.  
The Talon weighs Threescore Pounds, the Roman Pound contains twelve Ounces, the Ounce eight Drams, the Dram three Scruples, the Scruple six Siliques, and the Silique one Grain.  
The small Sexterce weighed Twenty four Pounds.   

AN ELEGY ON The Profession of Arms, AND THE ORIGINAL OF TRUE NOBILITY.  
THe Profession of Arms hath in all Ages been the most Honourable and Glorious of all Professions; and no man in Rome could rise to the Civil Magistracy, who had not served Ten years in the Wars. By Arms Kingdoms subsist, Justice flourishes, the Wicked are punished, and the Proud humbled to their Duty; and from them alone True Nobility derives its Original. Before, all men were born equal, and the difference of Estates and Offices, made the sole distinction of Persons.  
War in Ancient Times was neither the Refuge of the Wretched, nor the Sanctuary of the Banished; and the Romans received none but Chosen Men into Service, who were obliged to put themselves in Equipage, and for the space of Twenty years serve at their own Expenses, either among the Horse or Foot; and when they had fulfilled the term of their Service, they received from the Commonwealth Rewards suitable to the merit of their Actions, either by being promoted to the most Honourable Charges, or being endowed with Lands and Inheritances in the Conquered Provinces, where after the Fatigues of War they quietly enjoyed the Sweetness of Peace. And that the Natives of the Country might not be banished, but means of subsisting afforded them, they gave them lands to labour, for payment of a yearly Tribute. Hence have sprung Tenors, Dependencies, Quitrents and Duties, which Vassals owe to their Lords and Superiors.  
These new Masters made themselves at first considerable by that Politeness which was so natural to the Romans, by that way of Living, which puts a Distinction between those that have Carried Arms and such as have not, and by the reputation of their brave Exploits, which they had engraven on their Shields, as a Mark of the Nobility which they had acquired by their Valour. And from thence we have Scutcheons, and the Name of Esquire or Gentlemen.  
All Rewards were not of equal value, and were distributed according to merit, as I have already said. He who in an Assault first mounted the Wall of a Town, was honoured with a Mural Crown; and on him who had rescued a Roman Citizen, was conferred a Civic Crown, which was put upon his Head by the Persons own hands whom he had relieved from danger. Those whose Actions were brave and more commendable, were likewise more highly rewarded than others, and had allotted them a larger share of Lands. Such, I say, were of Chiefest Note amongst the Nobility, as well in respect of their Wealth, as in consideration of those Glorious Crowns, which they carried on their Scutcheons: And from them are descended the Illustrious Families of great Lords, who carry Coronets over their Arms, and who in progress of time have changed their Ancient Crowns into those which they bear at present, according to the new Dignities wherewith Sovereigns have been pleased to honour them; as of Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron. And though the Quality of Baron be wholly banished from the Court of France, yet it was the first, and I may say, the only Dignity that was heretofore in France; as may be seen in the Ancient Chronicles of the Kingdom, when they speak of Kings accompanied with the Chief Barons, who were in that time, what the Dukes and Peers of France are at present. This puts me in mind of an Epistle in Gaulish Verse; which is yearly sung at High Mass in the Parish Church of St. Stephen of Rheims, on the Twenty sixth of December, the Feast day of that Saint; which thus begins:  

Or ecoutez la passion  
De Saint Estienne le Baron, etc.   

Now harken to the passion  
Of Saint Stephen the Baron.   
The good people of past Ages would have thought themselves wanting in Respect and Veneration towards the Saints, if they had not qualified them with the Name of Baron; which was the Noblest Title of the great Lords of their Times. I thought fit to adduce this instance, to prove the Antiquity of Baronies; but that I may return to my Subject, I affirm that Arms have not only made Dukes, Marquess', Earls, and Gentlemen; but that they have also raised to the Throne Men of a low and despicable Birth.  
King David was a Shepherd, as well as Saul his Predecessor. Antipater King of Macedonia, was the Son of a Juggler; Agathocles King of Syracuse, the Son of a Potter; Cambyses King of Persia, the Son of a Beggar; King Darius, the Son of a Carter; King Sibaris had been a Servant in an Inn; and the Ottomans, who at this day possess the greatest Empire in the World, are descended from Grooms, or Men that drove Camels. These Examples oblige us to acknowledge, that it is by Arms alone that Men render themselves worthy of the most Glorious Employments. So likewise in that Profession is to be learned that brave and gentile way of Demeanour, which is found no where but among the Nobility and Gentry. There, every thing goes by Honour, and without any hopes of Lucre and Profit. There, Men learn to be generous, liberal and faithful. There is nothing to be found in the Histories of the greatest Captains, but Acts of Honour and Virtue. The Valour of Alexander, the Piety of Aeneas, the Prudence of Caesar, the Modesty of Tiberius, the Complaisance of Antonius Pius, the Justice of Aulus Fulvius, the Clemency of Augustus, the Magnificence of Titus Vespasian, the Chastity of Scipio Affricanus, and the Integrity of Attilius Regulus; are sufficient proofs of what I have alleged.  
To conclude, I shall repeat what I said in the beginning of this Discourse, that the profession of Arms has been in all Ages, not only the most glorious and honourable of Professions; but likewise that which has produced the greatest men.   

These Two Books newly published, are to be sold by Robert Harford at his Shop at the Angel in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange.  
THe Art of War, and the way that is at present practised in France. Two Parts. Wherein the Duties and Functions of all the Officers of Horse and Foot, Artillery and Provisions, from the General of the Army to the Private Soldier, are treated of: With the method of Conducting Armies, Encamping, Besieging, and giving of Battle: As also an account of all Offices and Charges; and the Names of the Towns, Places, Citadels, Castles and Forts, where the most Christian King keeps Garrison; with the general and particular terms of War. Written in French by Lovis de Gaya, an expert Officer of the French Army, and Dedicated to his most Christian Majesty. Translated for public Satisfaction and Advantage. In 8 ●.  
The Military Duties of the Officers of Horse, Containing the Exercise of the Cavalry, according to the present Practice of the imes. With the Motions of Horse, and the Functions of every Officer, from the Chief Captain, to the Brigadeer. Written in French, by an Engineer in Ordinary to his most Christian Majesty. And Translated for public Satisfaction and Advantage. In 8 ●.   

A Treatise of ARMS, Of Engines, Artificial Fires, Ensigns; and of all Military Instruments.  

The First Book.  
Of the ARMS of A SOLDIER.  

CHAP. I.  
Of Sharp Weapons.  

Sect. 1.  
Of the Sword.  
THE Sword, whereof the Invention comes to us from Tubal-Cain, the Son of Lamech and Zilla, is the first of all Weapons, without which a Soldier should never appear in public; because it serves him for Ornament as well as Defence. It is not necessary it should be too long, for it becomes thereby cumbersome in a battalion; especially during the time of the Motions: nor must it be too short neither, but of an indifferent length; the Blade must be good, and about an inch broad The most common length of Blades is two foot and a half and two inches, and the Handles three inches and a half. All Blades are kept in Scabbards, made of Wood covered with Cloth or Leather, having a chape at the end of Iron, Steel, Copper or Silver.  
The Sword is carried in a Shoulder Belt of Buff or other Leather, and hangs down from the right Shoulder upon the left Thigh; in the same manner as was heretofore in use, according to the report of Virgil.  — Humero cum apparuit alto balteus. 
And of Silvius in his Tenth Book.  

— Tergo qua balteus imo  
Sinuatur; coxaque sedet munimen utraque.   
Nevertheless we find by the words of the Royal Prophet, that the Belts which we have since called Waste-belts, are more ancient than those we call Shoulder-belts, when he says, Gird your Sword on your Thigh, etc.  
When a man would stand right to his Guard, he ought to keep his Body strait, bending a little on the left Thigh; his Legs not too far asunder, his Feet on a straight Line one after another, the Handle of the Sword off of the Haunch, the point just opposite to the Shoulder, the Arm stretched half out; and the left Hand as high as the Eye. The Enemy's Sword may be put by the line of the Body by a little motion of the Handle either inward or outward.  
Soldiers in a Battle or Attack, do not regularly always observe this Method; and most part thrust on any way, without troubling themselves much with the Tierce, Guart, or Faint; but make use of their Swords to attack or to defend themselves, according to the small talon that God Almighty has given them.  
The Figure of a Soldier on his Guard.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Shable and Scimitar.  
THe Shable is more in use amongst the Horse, than other. Bodies of Men, it is not altogether so long as the Sword; but to make amends for that, the Blade is twice so broad and edged on one side; and therefore it is more used for cutting than thrusting.  
The usual length of Shables is two foot and four inches, taking it from the guard, and two foot and a half and three inches, from the button of the Pommel to the point.  
The Scimitar is a kind of Falchion, broader and more crooked than the Shable; used more by the Turks, Persians and Hungarians, than others.  
A Soldier on his Guard.  
The Espadon or two Handed Sword.  
The Shable.  
The Scimitar  
The Bayonet.  
The Poniard.   

Sect. 3.  
Of the Bayonet and Poniard, or Dagger.  
THe Bayonet is much of the same length as the Poniard; it hath neither Guard nor Handle, but only a Haft of Wood Eight or Nine Inches long. The Blade is Sharp-pointed, and two edged, a foot in length, and a large inch in breadth.  
The Bayonet is very useful to Dragoons, Fufiliers, and Soldiers, that are often commanded out on Parties; because that when they have fired their Discharges, and want Powder and Shot, they put the Haft of it into the mouth of the Barrel of their Pieces, and defend themselves therewith as well as with a Partisan.  
The Poniard or Dagger is a little Sword, in length but about Twelve or Thirteen Inches, which is carried at the Girdle. It is nor long ago since Duelists fought with Sword and Dagger.   

Sect. 4.  
Of the Espadon or Two-handed Sword.  
THe Espadon is a kind of a Sword, whose Two-edged Blade is very long and broad, and whereof the Haft, which I dare not call Handle, because it is a foot and a half long, is made cross-ways. It cannot be used but with both Hands, in a Breach or behind a Palissadoe.  
I never saw so many Espadons, as among the Hollanders. The Ramparts of all their Towns were furnished with them, each distant from the other six paces; with a like number of Clubs or Maces: and indeed to consider such preparatives, one would have thought their designs had been furious, and that they had had a great mind to defend themselves stoutly. But there is great appearance, that they only placed these Arms there to adorn their Parapets.  
Swords of all Fashions.  
Swords of all Sorts.  

The Explication of this Figure.  
A, A Stick-Sword, called by the Ancients Sica.  
B, A Sword for a Rancounter, after the French mode.  
C, A Swisser's Sword.  
D, A Tuck, or long Sword with a narrow Blade, such as were in use not thirty years ago.  
E, A Spanish Sword.  
F, A Braquemart Falchion, or short Sword.  
G, A Hunting Cutlass, with a Handle of Horn.     

CHAP. II.  
Of Fire-Arms.  

Sect. 1.  
Of the Musket.  
THe usual Arms of Soldiers, are not only the Sword, Shable, Dagger and Bayonet, but also the Musket, Firelock, Mousqueton, Pistol, and many others: and the first thing they should learn, is to make the right use of such as their Officers have given them.  
The Musket is a Weapon for Foot, the Barrel of which is three foot and eight inches long, mounted on a Stock of four foot and eight inches in length. It was not invented till long after the Canon.  
The Bullet of Size contains in diameter eight Lignes and a half (every Ligne a third part of a Barley Corn) and the charge of Powder should weigh half an Ounce and a Dram of Magazine Powder.  
A Musket carries commonly six score Fathoms, and if it be reinforced, a hundred and forty, or an hundred and fifty fathoms.  
The half of this distance or less, is sufficient for a good Discharge; for it is by chance if they hit and do execution at the full distance.  
The Priming should be of a finer Powder than the Charge, and the Match dry and hard.  
For the Musket may be used double-headed Shot, which are two Bullets fastened together, by a little piece of Iron, about half an inch long; as may be seen by the Figure.  
To present aright to fire, according to the Rules of exercising of Arms; the Butt of the Musket must be put to the Breast, half a foot below the Chin; the left hand under the Stock, or upon the Scouring Stick, if it be in its place; the right Hand-Thumb, four or five Finger's breadth behind the Breech, and the other Fingers of the same Hand under the Tricker, to draw and make the Cock play, when one has a mind to Fire: The Muzzel of the Musket must always be as high as the Chest of the Body of the Enemy: Skilful Soldiers never aim at the Head, because that part being too small, the least motion of either of the two is enough to make the Bullet miss▪ but when one Fires at the Body, whether the motion make the Shot rise too high, or fall too low, or decline too much to one side, the execution is always good, and puts him who hath received the Shot out of condition of Fight.  
Bandeliers are a kind of Portable Magazine, which contains all the Ammunition necessary to a Soldier.  
The usual breadth of their Belt is four inches, and the length four foot. All Bandeliers are furnished with a dozen of little Flasks, commonly called Charges, and a little Bag or Purse of Sheep's Leather. The Flasks serve to keep the Powder, and the Bag or Purse the Bullets.  
The Horse make use of Carabin or Mousketon-Belts, in bigness much like that of the Bandeliers, but without any Charges.  

The Arms of a French Soldier and the Posture of a Musketteer, who presents to Fire.  
A, The Musket.  
B, The Sword.  
C, The Bandeliers.  
D, The Soldiers Belt.  
E, The Bag or Purse.  
F, The Flasks or Charges.  
G, The Match.   
The Armature of a Musketeer presenting to fire.  
The Musket.  
The Fire Lock.  
Double headed shot.  

An Explication of the Parts of a Musket.  
1. The Lock.  
2. The Pan.  
3. The Cock. 4. The Tricker.  
5. The Barrel.  
6. The Breech.  
7. The Stock.  
8. The Butt.  
9 The Scouring-stick.    

Sect. 2.  
Of the Fusil, or firelock.  
THe Fusils or Firelocks which we at present use in the Army, especially amongst the Fusiliers and Granadiers, are of the same size, and carry as far as Muskets.  
With a firelock one may shoot juster than what a Musket, because it is presented in a quite different way; that is to say, the end of the Butt to the Shoulder, the side to the Cheek, shutting the left Eye, and aiming with the other through the Sight-hole, which answers to the little Button on the Muzzel of the Barrel.  
When one would shoot on a level, he must aim straight at the Mark; and if a Man shoot from a low place to a higher, he is to take his aim four fingers breadth underneath the Mark.  
Firelocks are apt to mis-give than Muskets, through the defect of the Flints and Springs.   

Sect. 3.  
Of the Mousqueton.  
THe Mousqueton is not so long as the Fusil or firelock; nor does it by a third part carry so far, unless the Barrel be screwed and rifled; its usual Charge is an Ounce of Powder, and it is presented in the same manner as a firelock.   

Sect. 4.  
Of the Pistol.  
PIstols are not all of the same length nor size. The usual length of the Barrels of those which are at present used among the Horse is a Foot, and of Stock and all a Foot and a half, or thereabouts.  
The Bullet sized for the Boar is five Lignes in diameter, the Charge a dram of Powder; and it will carry forty paces, more or less, according to the goodness of the Powder.  
Pistols are fired with one hand.   

Sect. 5.  
Of Carabins.  
CArabins are a kind of Fire-Arms, which take their Name from those ancient Soldiers, called Carabins, who commonly made use of them in the Wars. They are of two kinds, the Common, and the Extraordinary. The Common are those which were used by the King's Guards not long ago, and are usually called Carabins with great Locks; which differ in nothing as to length, size, and carrying, from Fusils and Mousquetons, but oneIy that they had Wheel-works. The Extraordinary are those which the French call Arquebusses Guttieres: such as are those which are still used by all the Arquebusiers, whose little wheelwork is provided of a double spring for facilitating and speeding the discharge; and whose Barrel being thicker than that of Common Carabins, can carry blank about a thousand paces, with the same proportion of Powder as is necessary for a Fusil; because it is screwed and rifled: that is to say, wrought and crevassed in the inside from the Muzzel to the Breech, in form of a Screw; and from thence proceeds the justness of Arquebusses.  
All Carabins or Arquebusses have wheel-works, as well those of great as small Locks, which are bend with a Spanner proportionated to the thickness of the Axletree of the Wheel; upon which, when one intends to fire, he puts down the Snaphance, which in stead of a Flint, aught to be provided with a true Mine-stone.  
Heretofore were used Arquebusses, which fired with a Match, in the same manner as Muskets; but these Arms are now out of use.  
The King commands at present that in every Troop of his Guards be carried eight rifled or screwed Carabins, with Locks like to those of Fusils, Mousquetons and Pistols.  
Heretofore Wheel-Locks, Arquebusses with Match Locks, Choques, and Carabins, that bend with a Spanner, were in use; and strangers use them still. It is true, they are surer than others, but they are far more cumbersome. All sorts of Arms may be charged, without any other way of Measuring the Powder, than by the following Rule; Put the Bullet into the hollow of your Hand, and pour Powder thereon, until it be covered and appear no more. This is the natural measure of all Small Fire-arms. I saw in a Gentleman's House of Picardy near St. Quentin, an Arquebusse or Wind Gun, that was charged with the Wind, whose Bullet at thirty paces distance pierced a Door two inches thick.  

The Armature of a French Trooper.  
A, The Buff Coat with Elk-skin-sleeves.  
B, The Buff Belt.  
C, The Shable.  
D, The Scarf.  
E, The Carabin-belt of Buff.  
F, The Holster Pistol.  
G, The Mousqueton or Carabin.  
H, The Boots.  
ay, The Spurs.  
K, The Spur-leathers.     

Of Staffe-Arms.  

Sect. 1.  
Of the Pike.  
THE Pike is a Weapon wherewith Foot defend themselves against Horse in an open Field.  
The Armature of a French Trooper.  
The Musqueton.  
The Pistol.  
The Carabine.  
The Armature of a Pike man on his Guard.  
The Pike.  
The half Pike.  
The Quarter Staff.  
The Halberd.  
The Partisan.  
This Figure will show the way of Pikes charging to the Horse.  
The Armature of Pikeman of the Guards.  

The Explication of this Figure.  
A, The Helmet, which the French call Pot on Head.  
B, The Corcelet.  
C, The Vambraces.  
D, The Tassets' or Thigh Pieces.  
E, The Sword.  
F, The Pike.   
All Pikes now adays are of the same length, made of strong Ash, and very straight; about fourteen or fifteen foot long between the Head and the Foot. The Head is four inches long, and two and a half broad at the largest place. The Iron Bands at the Head must be long and strong, otherways it would be an easy matter for the Horse to cut off the ends of the Pikes with their Shables.  
The French, according to Diodorus, were the first that made use of the Pike;  Jaceunt hastas, quas ipsi lanceas appellant. 
And from thence the People of the Chief Province of France, have the Name of Picars; but their Pikes were more like Spanish Lances than Grecian Pikes, which were twenty four foot long between the Head and Foot.   

Sect. 2.  
Of Spontons or Half Pikes.  
THe Spontons or Half Pikes, are made of the same Wood as Pikes are, and have Heads alike; their 
The Pensioners Halberd A  
The Hungarian Partisan. B  
The Battle Axe D  
Partisans and Halberds according to the Swiss and Ancient Custom. C  
Pole Axes E  length is much the same as that of Partisans, and we have the use of them from the Ancients; who carried Pikes six Cubits long, as Arrianus testifies.  Hastas habebant senum cubitorum. 
These Arms are much used amongst the Venetians and the Knights of Malta.   

Sect. 3.  
Of the Partisan.  
A Partisan is an excellent Weapon in a Trench, in a Sally, to force and defend a Lodging, to mount a Breach; and in many other occasions, where the Pike would be but cumbersome.  
The Staff of a Partisan is much of the bigness of a Pike, and is seven or eight foot long between the Head and Foot. The Iron Head is a foot in length, and four inches broad at the largest place; the Exercise of the Partisan differs in nothing from that of the Pike.   

Sect. 4.  
Of the Halberd.  
THE Halberd is likewise a very convenient Weapon, especially when Men come to blows. It's Staff is neither so big nor high as that of a Partisan, and the Head of it both narrower and shorter, but it is armed with little Hooks, which serve to pull out Faggots, Paniers, and Gabions, and to take hold of any thing, when one mounts an Assault or Sca-Lado.   

Sect. 5.  
Of Sythes, Forks, Axes, and Clubs, or Maces.  
Clubs or Massues. A  
B  
The Axe. C  
The Fork. D  
Scythes. E  
— Quo turbine cestum Sauromates, falcemque Geteses.  Stat. 11 Achilles. 
The Forks are the same with the common Forks, but they have little Hooks.  
There are two sorts of Clubs: The first is, as it were the Staff of a Partisan, at the end whereof there is a Wooden Ball of the bigness of an Eight pound Bullet; stuck full of Iron Pikes a Finger long.  
The other has a Boul like to the first, hanging at the end of the Staff by an Iron Chain, two foot and a half long; and is used as a Flail for Threshing.  
In Salleys, or in the defence of a Breach, Axes are likewise used, such as not long ago were used by the Regiment of Clerambaud, or Sourches, whose Heads are very broad, an● their Handles or Staves, longer an● stronger than those of Partisans, 〈◊〉 may be seen in the Figure.  
The Turks have another kind o● Club or Mace of Arms, which the● carry at the Pommel of their Saddle to make use of in a Fight, like 〈◊〉 that which the Poets bestow on Hercules, called by the Latins, Militaris clava. Maces are no more in use.   

Sect. 6.  
Of the Quarterstaff with a Pike a● each end.  
WE may also reckon among Weapons the Staff, commonly called the Piked Quarterstaff, and by the French, the Staff with two ends 〈◊〉 because of the Pikes of Iron which i● has at each end: It is made of a very strong and even Wood, somewhat bigger and heavier than the Wood of a Pike, six foot and a half in length between the Verrils, that keep fast the two pikes of Iron stuck into the ends of the Staff, which are in length four inches and a half. It is carried on the Haunch like the Halberd, but handled in a different manner, because a man may stand to his Guard with it by turning and flourishing it, and making the half moulinets every way, and in approaches make use either of the point thereof, or in giving a down right blow therewith.    

CHAP. IU.  
Of the Arms of the Ancients.  

Sect. 1.  
Of the Swords, Shables, and Cutlasses.  
THe Romans of old made use of short, stiff, sharp-pointed, and two-edged Spanish Blades.  
Polybius says, That the Roman Soldiers carried their Swords on the right side, and that they only made use of it for thrusting, in distinction from the Gauls, who used flat-pointed two-edged Swords, only to cut with▪ Proprium Gallicani usus pugnare, coesim.  
The Medes, Parthians, and Persians, used a kind of Cutlass, which they called Cinacis, and in English Scimitar. Cateia is a Shable in form of a Sickle, in great use among the Germans.  
Quintus Curtius makes mention of a kind of Sword, which he calls Copidas, which was a little crooked like to a Sith, wherewith the Ancients cut to pieces Wild Beasts.  
The Knife which the Latins call Cultrum, and the Grecians Machaera, was properly the Sword which the Priests used in their Sacrifices, to cut up the Victims; as well as that other which they named Cluna culum, because therewith they cut the Buttocks of Beasts: they had also a pretty long Iron Knife with an Ivory Haft, which they called Secespita a Secundo.  
Pa-tazonium was a Shable carried by the Tribunes in a Girdle. The Poniard which the Latins termed Pugio a Pungendo, is a little Sword Thirteen or fourteen inches long, which was invented in Spain. Pugiunculus is a diminutive Poniard, which the Spaniards and Catalonians use still to this day.  
Sica with the Romans, was a Sword hid in a Staff or Stick, wherewith Men walk, as most of the Peasants of France do at this time. Lingula was a little Sword made in the shape of a Tongue. Spatha was likewise a Sword of the Ancients, whereof Julius Capitolinus speaks, upon occasion of the Emperor Maximinus, Fecit & spathas argenteas, fecit & aureas. Hence comes the Italian Sword Spada, and the Spanish Espada.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Pike.  
THE Hastarii or Roman Pikeman, had Pikes for Arms, which were afterward taken from them and given to the Triarii, instead of the Pili, which they were wont to carry. And though their Pikes were not so long as those of the Grecians or of Soldiers now adays; yet they defended themselves therewith against the Horse and fraized their Cohortes or Companies with them, as we at present fraize our Battalions: Quibus acies velut vallo septa inhorrebat.  
They carried likewise Javelins, six Cubits long, which were not armed with Iron at the Head, but had only a point burnt and hardened in the Fire, as Arrianus reports. Mucro autem illis ferrrea non erat, sed caput igne duratum eundem usum dabat. These Pikes were called Hastae Purae, and were used by the strongest Soldiers.  
The Germans carried Pikes, which they called Trameae, with a very short and narrow Head; but so fine and commodious, that they used to Fight with them at distance, and near at hand.  
The Armature of a Roman Soldier of the Triary.  
The Armature of a Slinger.  
The Lance.  
The Sling.   

Sect. 3.  
Of the Lance.  
THE Lance was a kind of Half-Pike, like to that of our Standards, which was invented in Spain, and only used among the Horses. It is not a hundred years ago, since in France we had Troops of Lancers. Polybius saith, That these Lances were useless, because being too slender, they broke to pieces by their own motion before they could do execution; and left no more in the Hand but a short Truncheon, which could do no more service.   

Sect. 4.  
Of the Javelot or Dart.  
THe Ancients called every thing that may be thrown, Javelot Jaculum a jaciendo.  
The Dart or Pilum was the Weapon which the Romans gave to their Velites or Skirmishers; it was in length two Cubits, and a finger's breadth in thickness: the Head of it was of Iron, a foot long, but so thin and sharp-pointed, that being once thrown, it bowed and became crooked; so that the Enemies could not use it any more.  
They had likewise other Javelots' or Darts, with Three Feathers at the lower end, like to the Arrows and Darts which the Polonians and many others still use, especially the Moor, who call them Zogayes.  
Aelicles was the Ancientest of Darts, a Cubit and a half long, with a double point, which was tied to the Wrist with a Leather Strap or Cord, to pull it back with when the blow was given.  
Aeganea, was a very light Javelot or Dart.  
Ancyle, was a Dart which gave the name of Ancilista, to those that used it.  
Ansatae, were Darts thrown by Handles.  
Dolones, Were Javelots', which had their name from the Greek word Dolos, which signifies hurt.  
Geum, Was a Javelot wholly of Iron.  
Manobarbulus, Was a Javelot or Dart, like to the Leaden Piles, and the Soldiers that used them were called Manobarbuli.  
Materis, Was a Javelot not fully so long as a Lance.  
The Pile was a kind of half Pike, about five foot long. The Roman Pile was but three foot long, with a Head barbed, like a Serpent's Tongue, which weighed nine ounces.  
Romphea, Was the Thracian Javelot.  
Runa, Was a Javelot with a very large broad Head.  
Spara, Was a very little Dart, called so Aspargendo.  
Tragula, Was a Javelot or Screw, with which they drew towards them the enemy's Buckler.  
Triphorum, Was a Shaft three Cubits long, which the French call Materas, in English a Quarrel, and was shot out of a Cross-bow. The Ancients had also other Javelots' or Darts, which they variously named according to their different Figures; as Sibina, Gesa, Sigimnum, Vrbina, Vervina, Verutum, and Venabulum. The latter was used by Huntsmen, and Gesa by the Gauls.   

Sect. 5.  
Of the Sling.  
THe Romans had in their Army's Companies of Slingers, whom they called Funditores a funda, quod ex ea fundantur lapides; because the Sling served to cast Stones and Bullets of Lead, which at that time did the same execution as our Mukets do nowadays.  
The Sling was made of Thread, larger in the middle than elsewhere, its Figure was oval, and insensibly diminished; it would cast a Stone or Bullet Six hundred paces.  
The Cross bow Man of the Ancients.  
The Quiver.  
Bow and Arrows.  
Darts.   

Sect. 6.  
Of Bows and Arrows.  
THe use of Bows and Arrows is not in all places abolished. The Turks retain them still in their Armies, as well as the Africans, Americans, and most part of the People of Asia; but none are so skilful as the Tartars, in shooting with a Bow backwards and forwards. The Wounds made by Arrows are more dangerous and harder to be cured than those that are made by Musket Bullets, because their Heads being barbed, it is difficult to pull them out of the Body, without tearing the parts about the Wound, and danger of breaking the Shaft.  
The original of Bows and Arrows is uncertain, some attribute the invention of them to the Candiots; others to the Scythians and Persians: but there is no doubt but that the Arabians have been always esteemed the most skilful in the exercise of the Bow, and those who have used the greatest.  
The Goths carried hardly any other Arms but Bows and Arrows; yet the Romans had no Bowmen in their Armies, but such as came with the Auxiliary Forces.  
The Quiver was a little Magazine of Arrows, which the Archers carried on the left Shoulder.   

Sect. 7.  
Of Crossbows.  
The Armature of a Bow man of the Roman Allies.  
The Armature of a Roman Centurion.  
It would nevertheless seem (according to Appius) that the Catapulta served to shoot both Darts and Stones; for he saith Catapultae turribus impositae & quae spicula milterent, & quae saxa.  
The invention of Crossbows came from the Sicilians, as Diodorus reports. They made both great and little Crossbows: the great were drawn on Wheels, as our Canon are, and threw Darts three Cubits long. The little ones were carried by Foot Soldiers, who were called Cross-bow-men, but their Quarrels were not half so long as the Darts of the other; which were of such a greatness that they could throw Stones six score pound weight.  
There were an other kind of Crossbows of a middle size, that were carried on Wagons, and were called Orcubalistae, and Carobalistae.  
Others there were which served to throw Artificial Fire, and Darts called Phalaricae, or Firebrands, because they were covered with Sulphur, Pitch, Tar, and Tow dipped in Oil.  
The Scorpion was likewise a kind of Hand-cross-bow, invented by the Grecians, which they used in Shooting of little Shafts, whose Heads were extremely small and pointed.    

CHAP. V.  
Of Defensive Arms.  

Sect. 1.  
ALL Weapons are both offensive and defensive, because with the same one may both attack and defend; but there are some Arms which are merely defensive; as for instance, The Head-piece, termed the Cask or Casket, Morions, Cuirasses, Corcelets, Gorgets, Vambraces, Tassets', or Thigh-pieces, Knee-pieces, Guard-reins or Rein-pieces, Gauntlets, and round Targets or Bucklers, which were used in times past, and which are still in use in many remote Countries, especially among the Turks and Moors.  
The Romans armed part of their Cavalry Cap-a-pe, in imitation of the Grecians; the French retained the same Custom, and from that comes the name of Gens-d'arms: That Armour was only good to resist Swords, Stones, Pikes, Arrows, and Javelots' or Darts. The Armour which is made nowadays, is proof against Musket and Pistol-shot; but none but the Officers carry them on the most dangerous occasions.  
The Headpieces, and the fore part of Cuirasses, are Musket-proof, and the other parts Pistol or Carabine-proof; but that such Armour may prove good, it is needful they be beaten out of cold Iron.  
Head Armour has different names, as Cask or Casket, Helmet, Head-Piece, Burgonet or Spanish Marron, Salade, Morion, Cabasset, Pot, Hat, and Steel-bonnet. Of all these Pieces of Armour some have Visieres, and are Musket-proof: others are plain and only proof against a Cut or Blow.  
The Cuirass is Musket-proof, and heavier than the Breastplate, the Corslet which is of the same shape as the Cuirass, serves to defend the noble parts.  
The Neck is defended by the Gorget, the Arms by the Vambraces, the Shoulder-pieces, Fore-arm-pieces, Gossets, and Gauntlets; the Thighs and Legs, by Tassets', Cuissots or Thigh-pieces, Greves, or Shin-pieces, Knee-pieces, and Supeters or Foot-pieces.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Coat of Mail.  
THE Coat of Mail, by the Romans called Hamatus Thorax, was a kind of Steel Jacket; made of little Rings and Links of Mail, interwoven together, wherewith their Gend'arms defended themselves against Arrows, Darts and Swords.  
The Light Horse, in time of Lovis the Eleventh, made Vambraces and Gauntlets of the same, and therewith guarded the void spaces betwixt their Armour.  
Though these Jackets be now no more in public use, yet there are some who still carry them under their Shirts, especially such as are in fear of Fight Duels, or of being set upon.  
None at this time in France are armed Cap-a-pe, except the Pikes of the King's Regiments of Guards; but their Armour is only proof against a Cut.   

Sect. 3.  
Of the Buffcoat.  
THough to speak properly, Buff-Coats be but an Apparel of Horsemen, yet we may reckon them among their defensive Arms, seeing they may easily resist a Sword, if they be made of a good Skin.  
They are of the same use to our Horse, that these hard Skins, whereof they made Breastplates or Stomachers, were to the Roman Soldiers; of which Varo makes mention.  
Buffe-Coats are made in form of a Just au Corpse, or Close Bodied Coat, with four Skirts reaching down to the Knee.  
There is no Trooper in the French Army but has his Buffcoat, since Harnass has been laid aside; and from thence comes the name of Light-Horse, in imitation of the Ancient Horse, who never carried Cuirass, but Fought always in Light-Cloaths; as Polybus saith, Antiquit: us equites loricas non habebant, sed in veste succincta pugnabant.   

Sect. 4.  
Of Casks or Headpieces.  
Helmet.  
Gorget  
Curiasse.  
Thigh pieces or Tasset's.  
Vambrasse.  
Gantelet.  
The Generals and principal Officers, wore Headpieces guilt and set with precious Stones; the top whereof was adorned with Feathers and rich Plumaches, which made them conspicuous among the rest.  Cristaque tegit galea aurea rubra. 
The original of Headpieces came from the Lacedæmonians, and Cares was the first that beautified them with Plumaches.   

Sect. 5.  
Of Cuirasses.  
THe Soldiers of the Roman Militia, made to themselves at first Stomachers or Breastplates of unwrought Leather; according to Varro de corio crudo pectoralia faciebant. They had them afterward of Iron or Brass; but these half Cuirasses were only invented to hinder them from turning their Backs in Battle. The Generals made use of Corslets of Gild Leather, which covered them on all sides. Some wore Coats of Mail, Loricae homatae, like to the Shirts which are still in use; others had them of Iron or Brass, which I cannot better compare than to the Shells of Fish. Loricae squammeae; for so Isidorus calls them. Squammea est lorica, ex laminis aereis vel fereis concatenata in modum squammarum piscis.  
None of all the Roman infantry, but the Hastarii, the Principes and Triarii; were armed with Headpieces, Cuirasses and Bucklers. The Velites, of whom some were Slingers, and others Archers, were only lightly armed, that is to say, with a Buckler and Helmet of Leather.  
Pelta.  
Parma.  
A Round Buckler or Ronache  
sheild's   

Sect. 6.  
Of Bucklers and Shields.  
THe Shields and Targets which the Ancients carried on the left Arm to defend and parie blows, in imitation of the Samnites, who invented them, were convex, two foot and a half broad, and four foot long; some with Angles, and others of an Oval Figure; but were all made of Willow or Figtree strengthened with the Nerves and Sinews of an Ox, on which was stretched Linen Cloth, and that afterward covered with a Bullock or Calf's Hide: the top, middle, and lower part were guarded with Plates of Iron, to resist the Cuts of Shables, Stones, and Shafts that were darted or shot with violence.  
Ovid in his Metamorphosis tells us, that General Ajax had a Buckler covered with seven Skins.  — Clipei dominus septemplicis Ajax. 
The Grecian Pikes covered themselves with Rondaches or round Bucklers of Brass, and the Bowmen had only Bucklers made of Osier.  
The Moors make use of Shields of the height of their Bodies, which they embellish with warious painting.  
The Bucklers which the Ancients called Clipei, differed only from the Shield in that they were completely round, and therefore the French have given them the name of Rondach.  
The Spaniards and Africans wore Bucklers of Thongs of Leather, interwoven together, which they called Caetrae, as Lucan reports.  Illic pugnaces commovit Iberia caetras 
The Amazonians made use of a Buckler in form of a Crescent, which they called Pelta. Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis. Virgil. In the Reign of Numa Pompilius, the Romans used little narrow and long Shields, which they named Ancylia. Heretofore, such as began the profession of War, carried only Parmis, or little White Bucklers, without any embellishment; until that by some brave action they had signalised themselves; then were they permitted to use greater, and to adorn them with the marks of their glorious exploits; from thence we have the Custom of Arms which we commonly call Scutcheons or Shields a Scuto, because they are in reality the Shields or Bucklers of Gentlemen, whereon they usually carry a representation of the brave Deeds of their Illustrious progenitors.  
The whole Armature of a Roman Soldier weighed no more than a Talon.    
The End of the first Book   

The Second Book. OF POWDER AND Artificial Fires.  

CHAP. 1.  
Of Powder.  
WE have had the Invention of Gunpowder from China, by means of the communication that a Monk named Bertoldus, had with the Tartars, in his Travels in Moscovy, about the year 1380. And therefore the Portugese were never so much surprised as when upon their accosting these unknown Countries, they saw a great many Ships equipped and ranked in Bataillia, adorned with Streamers, Pennons, and Ropes of several Colours of Silk; but their surprise augmented when they heard the Guns Fire: when they expected no such thing. So that it is not true that the Monk was the first inventor of Gunpowder; he was no more but the publisher of a Secret which he learned from the Tartars, and which he had better kept to himself, without trying an experiment of it, that cost him so dear, and which buried him in the Furnace which he himself contrived.  
The Royal Prophet had reason to say, That we fall commonly into the snares which we have laid for others; the Authors of pernicious things, which tend only to the destruction of their fellow Creatures, have always miserably perished by the very same things whereof they have been the Inventors. We have besides the example of that poor Monk, the instance likewise of Perillus the Engineer of King Phalaris, who was the first that was burnt in the Brazen Bull which he had made for the punishment of Malefactors. Arantius Paterculus, was the first that was put into the Burning Horse which he invented, by the order of Aemilius Censorinus, Governor of Aegesta in Sicily; and Engueran-de Marigny, was the first man that was hanged in the Gibbet of Mount-faucon, which he caused to be erected at the Gates of Paris. History is full of such examples; but that I may return to my Subject, there is no doubt but that Powder hath been a diabolical invention, the effects whereof are no less dangerous than terrible, and thunderclaps are not more to be feared. Nevertheless, all that havoc, all that noise, and all these overturnings, are only caused by small grains, whereof this is the composition.  

The Composition of Gunpowder.  
Take eight parts of Saltpetre, one part of Sulphur, one part and a fifth of Charcoal; pound them well together in a Mortar, with a Wooden Pestle, sprinkle thereon excellent vinegar or Brandy, and then reduce the mass to a powder.    

CHAP. II.  
Of a Mine.  
HAving spoken of Powder, I thought fit next to discourse of its effects, and of the way how it is to be used for Mines and Artificial Fires.  
Molet's to put at the end of a Torch.  
A Fire Arrow  
A Wall of Bustion with a Mine.  
When a Mine is made in a place where the earth is soft and yielding, the Ground is to be supported by Planks underpropt with little Posts or Girders, as fast as the Chambers are wrought.  
The Ancients made use of Mines or Subterranean ways, but their design was very different from ours; they made them only for a passage to go to the Sap, or to enter Towns, when our Mines are intended to bow up and overturn the face of the Bastion.   

CHAP. III.  
Of Artifical Fire-Works.  

Sect. 1.  
Of the Fuse.  
THe Fuses that are made for Petards, Bombes, hollow Bullets and Granado's, aught to be slow, otherways these Pieces would do their effects before the time. This is the manner of the composition of Fuses. Take three parts of Powder: six of Sulphur, and nine of Saltpetre, beat them apart into a subtle Powder, then mingle them altogether with a small Stick in a Platter or Charger, pouring thereon by degrees the Oil of Peter, until all be made into a Paste; let it be dried in the shade, and the Fuses charged therewith.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Sulphur Match.  
THe Sulphur Match is no more but Cotton made into Wieks, which are first steeped in Brandy, and then in molten Sulphur, and afterward dried in the shade.   

Sect. 3.  
How to make the Quick-match.  
TAke half a quartern of Powder, a quartern of Saltpetre, two ounces of Brandy, half a septier or the fourth part of a French pint of Vinegar, and a French pint of Urine, melt all these together, and when they are dissolved, put therein Cotton drawn out into gross Threads: when the Cotton has drank up all the warm Matter, take it out whilst it is moist, and role it up into little Matches or Cords two, three, or four foot long, with the hand upon a Table besprinkled with the dust of fine Powder; then stretch them out to dry in the shade; and keep them in a dry place: that Quick-match is very violent.   

Sect. 4.  
How to prepare the matter of Fire-Rockets.  
TAke one part of Common Sulphur, melt it in an Earthen Pot, when it is dissolved put thereunto half a part of gross Powder very dry, three fourth parts of a part of Saltpetre, and half a fourth part of the Powder of Charcoal; mingle all these materials together leisurely, and when they are well mingled, pour them on the Floor, and this is the matter of Fire-Rockets.   

Sect. 5.  
How to charge Fire-Balls.  
WHen one has a mind to charge Bombes, hollow Bullets, Fire-pots, and all sorts of Fire-balls; let him take one part of the matter of Fire-rockets, one part of Saltpetre, the eight part of a part of Camphire, and as much fine Powdet, mingled therewith with the hand, and put all into a hollow Bullet with quick Match.   

Sect. 6.  
How to make a Fire-Lance.  
TAke a piece of light Wood three foot and a half or four foot long, bore it from one end to the other, and let the bore be an inch in diameter; make the Wood very smooth, both in the inside and outside, which ought to be an inch thick in all parts: Place into one of the ends a half Pike, which must enter half a foot into the Trunk, and be very well fastened. The Trunk of the Lance must be wooped round with strong Pack-thread, well waxed with Rosin and melted Wax to defend it against Water. The proportion of the mixture of the Powders is twelve parts of Saltpetre, six of Sulphur, six of Canon-powder, six of the dust of Lead, two of Glass beaten but indefferently small, two of Quicksilver, and one of Salarmoniac; when all these Materials have been beaten apart, they are to be mingled together, and made into a Paste, with the Oil of Peter rather hard than soft: Put afterwards Hards into that Composition, and incorporate them therewith, and make thereof Pellets, or small Balls suited to the bigness of the bore of the Lance, which aro to be dried and tied up with fine Wire. To charge the Lance, put into the bottom of the Trunk a charge of beaten Powder; without ramming it, but very little; over that put a Pellet, with a little of the Composition, renew that until the Wood be full, still increasing the Charges of the Powder; so that the last Lay contain two Charges. Fire is to be set to this Lance, with a quick Match at the mouth.   

Sect. 7.  
How to make Tourteaus to show Light, or Port-Lights.  
TAke twelve pounds of black Pitch, six pounds of Suet, six pounds of Linseed Oil, six pounds of Colophonia, and two pounds of Turpentine, in which steep Arquebush Match until it have drank up all the Matter, and be incorporated therewith, then make it in Tourteaus.   

Sect. 8.  
Of Burning Faggots.  
TAke Faggots and rub them with the matter of the Fire-rockets, or otherways with Turpentine, or steep them if you please in melted Pitch; afterwards put Fire to them, they not only give light in the Ditches, but serve likewise to burn the Galleries, that the Enemies may have made there.  
To make stuffed Faggots for burning the Cross Works, take Faggots steeped in Liquid Pitch, and stuff them with Granades; let them be lighted and thrown down from the Ramparts upon the Galleries, and the Granades take Fire instantly, and give such claps on all hands as suffer not any man to come near to quench the Fire.   

Sect. 9  
Of Fire-Hoops.  
FIre-hoops are very proper for the defence of a Breach, by rolling them down upon the Enemies when they mount the Assault. This is the way of making them, which I have learned of a very skilful Artist.  
Take three large Hoops, tie them together, furnish them with Artificial Fires, and with a dozen and half of Common Granades, which you are to tie to the inside of the Hoops, with good Wire, that those which play first may not break off the others; put Fire to the Wildfire, just as you role down the Hoop, the Granades will take Fire of themselves and do cruel execution.   

Sect. 10.  
How to charge Granades.  
TAke a pound of Saltpetre, ten ounces of Sulphur, six ounces of fine Gunpowder; pound them together, with two or three spoonfuls of Brandy, and a little Camphire; and Granades that are so made are excellent.   

Sect. 11.  
How to make Artificial Fireworks, that burn under Water.  
TAke Tar, Sulphur, Camphire, Colophonia, Turpentine, Rosin, Quicklime, Lintseed Oil, of each a pound, incorporate them together with a French pint of Brandy, and half a Septier of Aqua Fortis; put them into a Barrel, to which add if you please, charged Granades, Pommels of Swords, Pistol-Barrels, charged with Powder and Shot; set Fire to all at the Bunghole, with a slow fuse; throw that Engine upon what you please, you will see it burn, even under water, and no man dares approach it to quench the Fire. The Carcases which have been lately invented produce the same effect.   

Sect. 12.  
Of Provision for Artificial Fireworks.  
THe Arsenals and Magazines of Frontier places, should not only be provided of Arms and necessary Instruments for the defence and attacking of Towns, but likewise of all Ingredients fit for the Composition of Fireworks, and therefore Provision should be made of Saltpetre, Charcoal, Camphire, Sulphur, Pine Rosin, Oil of Peter, Lintseed Oil, Oil of Aspic, Tar, Venice Turpentine, Aliquitran of Spain, Black Pitch, Grecian Pitch, or Colophonia, Spanish Pitch, Wax, Tallow, Varnish in Grain, Mastic, Salarmoniac, Common Salt, Quicksilver, Vitriol, Brandy, Aqua Fortis, Vinegar, Frankincense, Dust of Lead, pounded Glass, of all sorts of fat and dry Woods, Hemp, Ship-Pitch, Burning Balls, Granado's-Burning or Fire-Hoops, Lances and Fire-Trunks.    

CHAP. IU.  
Of the Roman Fireworks.  
THe Romans, as well as We, made use of Fireworks, and amongst others of those they called Malleoloi, which were Arrows of Canes, encompassed with Pitched-Tow, to those they put Fire, and instantly threw them against the Engines of the Enemies, which they quickly burnt, unless the Fire was put out with Dust, there being no other way to quench it; and our Fire-Lances or Trunks do very much resemble them both in shape and operation. They were besides accustomed to fill Earthen Pots with Pitch, Sulphur and Tow, to which having set Fire, they threw them with Slings into besieged places: The flame of these spread on all hands and consumed every thing it met with.  
They made use also of Torches of Rosin, at the end whereof they had shard-pointed Iron-Heads, like to the Rowels of Spurs, which fastened in the Engines, that the Fire of the Torches might the more easily consume them. Infixae inhaerentesque Machinis facile eas concremabant.  
Besides the Fire-Works which they shot out of Crossbows, they likewise threw upon those who mounted an Assault, boiling-hot Oil, Pitch, Melted Led, Hot Water, Godrons or Ship-Pitch, Lighted Torches, and several other burning materials, as Caesar affirms. Picem re liquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest fundabant.    

The Third Book OF War-engines.  
AMongst War-Engines, we reckon all Pieces that serve to overthrow and ruin the Enemy's Works, and facilitate the taking of their Places. It is my design to speak of every Piece particularly; yet I have thought that I should not swerve much from my Subject, if I began this third Book by a Chapter of the Casting and Framing of Pieces of Artillery.  

CHAP. I.  
Of the Casting and Framing of Pieces of Artillery.  
IN casting of Pieces of Artillery, there is commonly allowed for every hundred weight of fine Copper, Twenty pound of Metal; by Metal I understand Bell-Metal.  
In defect of this Metal the finest Tin is used; and then for every hundred weight of fine Copper, there must Ten pound of the best Tin be allowed; or otherways Ten pound of Latin, and Eight of the finest Tin; but because the Casting of Pieces cannot be without some loss; for every Six pounds of Metal, there is a pound allowed in overplus.  
Founder's should have a special care of the preparing and mixing of the Metals, as well as of the internal smoothness and neatness of the Pieces, and therefore they ought to choose the most proper Materials, and take heed that the Clay of the Moulds be good, well beaten and wrought as they ought to be with Flocks and Hair, that the Moulds and all that the Piece is cast upon, be well greased with Tallow, well bound and banded with Iron, well baked and prepared, well placed and laid, that the Tronions be so exactly set, that the Piece may be almost in an equal balance, weighing as much in the Chase as in the charged Cilinder and Breech; so that a single Man may easily either raise or let her down in her Carriage.  
A Piece must be always strong at the place of the Tronions, because there is the greatest stress, and the beginning of motion.  
A Piece must be well repaired, tried, and proved before she be mounted on her Carriage; and care must be had that there be no Cracks, Flaws, Crevasses, nor Honey-combs in her Cylender or Chase, which commonly happens when the Metal is run too cold, when the Mould is not well tempered, or when the Tin is not well mingled and incorporated as it ought to be.   

CHAP. II.  
Of a Canon, its Carriage, its Utensils and Service.  

Sect. 1.  
Of a Canon.  
THere are six sizes of Artillery, to wit, The Canon, the Culverin, the Bastard, the Minion, the Falcon, and the Fauconet. I intent to speak particularly of each Piece, and to explain their Size, their Range, or Carrying, their Length and Weight; but I judged it not amiss first to give a representation of a Canon, and its Carriage, with an explication of theirs parts both internal and external.  

The Coin.  
The Linstock  
The Rammer.  
The Ladle.  
The Sponge.  
The Wheel.   

The Explication of this Figure.  
AB, The diameter of the Boar or Mouth of a Canon is six inches and two lignes.  
CD, The thickness of the Sides and Metal, two inches.  
EGLANTINE, The thickness of the Metal at the Breech, six inches.  
EBB, The whole Chase nine foot long, and the Cylinder all of the same largeness.  
RS, The Tronions six inches in diameter.  
K, The Murrain or Moulding of the Muzzel.  
nam, The Chase of the Gun five foot and a half long.  
NX, The Chamber or charged Cylinder in length four foot and a half and three lignes.  
L, The Base Ring.  
EX, The Breech.  
TT, The Cornish Ring.  
ee, The Reinforce Ring, distant from the Mouth four foot and a half, and from the Trunions half a foot..  
ay, The Touchhole.    

Sect. 2.  
Of the Charge of a Piece.  
THe Powder for the Charge of any Piece whatsoever, is a third part of the weight of the Bullet, and the Ladle of each Piece ought to be made in such a manner, that it contain exactly the quantity of Powder that is necessary for the Charge. A Piece that has just fired should never be charged again, until it be first cooled with Water, which does as well as Vinegar, which was heretofore used, and which is at present thought fitter for Salads.   

Sect. 3.  
How to levelly, or bring a Gun to pass.  
EVery Piece in a Battery must have its necessary Utensils, its Magazine, Men to traverse and serve it, and a Gunner to levelly it, guiding his sight from the Breech to the Muzzel, which he causes to be raised or made lower, according as he judges convenient, by advancing or drawing back the Coins that are under the Breech.   

Sect. 4.  
Of the Ammunition and Utensils of a Canon.  
WHen Pieces of Artillery go into the Field, they are always attended with Wagons which carry their Ammunition.  
Wagons drawn by four Horses carry each a thousand or twelve hundred weight; one Wagon carries Thirty three Canon Bullets, there are therefore required six Wagons and twenty four Horses for the Carriage of the Ammunition that a Canon may spend in a day, which is a hundred Bullets, and two thousand four hundred weight of Powder.  
A Canon must likewise have its Ropes and Tackling, a Cable fifteen fathom long, four inches and a half about, threescore ten pound in weight, and other smaller Ropes and Tackling which are known to all Artists, and those that belong to the Artillery.  
The Utensils belonging to Pieces, are the Sponge, which is a long Staff, the end whereof is covered with Wool, and serves to cool the Guns; an Iron Ladle to put the powder into the Piece, the Rammer to ram down the Charge, and Levers or Handspakes to re-place the Gun into the Portholes or Gaps after she hath fired.  
The Linkstock, which is a Staff of the length of a Cane, the end whereof is furnished with a kind of double Musket-lock; wherein is put a Match lighted at both ends.  
The Coins or Quoins, which are properly great Wedges of Wood, with a peg or pin that serves them for an handle to thrust them forward or pull them back, according as the Gunner shall direct. The Figure will represent all more intelligibly.   

Sect. 5.  
Of the Carriage of a Gun.  
THe Carriage of a Canon consists of two sides, in length fourteen foot and a half, half a foot thick, and a foot and eight inches broad, the Carriage in the Timber towards the head, is thirteen inches broad, and at the end eighteen.  
The Axletree is seven foot long, and the Wheels, if they be shod, are five foot high.  

A A, The Sides of the Carriage.  
B B, The Length of the Carriage.  
C C, The Body of the Carriage.  
D, The Axletree.  
E E, The Drought-Hooks.  
F F, The Cape-squares.  
G G, The Iron Bands at the end of the Carriage.  
H H, The Ends of the Axletree.  
ay, The Wheel of the Carriage.     

CHAP. III.  
Of Pieces of Calibre or Size.  

Sect. 1.  
Of the Canon.  
THe Canon of France is in length about ten foot, its Carriage fourteen, and being mounted on its Carriage nineteen. The breadth on the Axletree is seven foot, its Metal weighs Four thousand eight hundred weight, the Bullet thereof is six inches in diameter, and weighs thirty three pound and a third part; it carries blank about seven hundred common paces, three foot a pace, or three hundred and fifty fathom. The same piece may be fired an hundred times in one day.  
The Bed of a Canon ought to be fifteen foot broad, and twenty in length, for its recoiling; for that end there is usually made a strong Floor of good Oaken Board's, which sloaps a little towards the Parapet, that the Canon may not recoil too much, and that it may be the more easily again traversed into its place.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Culverin.  
THe Culverin is a foot longer than the Canon, and being mounted on its Carriage, is nineteen foot long, and on the Axletree seven foot broad. The weight of its Metal is Three thousand seven hundred weight, the Bullet of it is four inches and ten lignes in diameter, and weighs sixteen pound and a half. It's reach is three hundred and fifty fathom, and may be fired an hundred times a day.   

Sect. 3.  
Of the Bastard Canon.  
THe Bastard is nine foot long, mounted on its Carriage sixteen, and on the Axletree six foot broad; it weighs two thousand five hundred weight; its Bullet is three inches and eight lignes in diameter, and weighs seven pound and a half: It carries about a thousand paces, and may be in one day fired an hundred and twenty five times.   

Sect. 4.  
Of the Minion.  
THe Minion is eight foot in length, mounted on its Carriage sixteen, and six foot in breadth; the Bullet is in diameter three inches and three lignes, and weighs two pounds three quarters: it carries not so far as the Bastard, but may be fired in one day and hundred and fifty times.   

Sect. 5.  
Of the Falcon.  
THe Falcon is near seven foot long, on its Carriage eleven, and five and a half broad. It weighs eight hundred weight. The Bullet of it is two inches and ten lignes in diameter, and weighs a pound and a half; it may be fired in one day an hundred and fourscore times.   

Sect. 6.  
Of the Fauconet.  
THe Fauconet is near five foot long, mounted on its Carriage nine and a half, and four foot and a half in breadth. The Metal thereof weighs seven hundred and forty weight. It's Bullet is an inch and ten lignes in diameter, and weighs three quarters of a pound and a half. It carries two hundred and fifty fathom, and in one day may be fired two hundred times.  
Fauconets are commonly planted in low places, or on the Flanks of Bastions, for scouring the Ditches and ruining the Galleries. A low place whereon are two Canons planted, is commonly six fathom square.   

Sect. 7.  
The Effect and Execution of the Canon.  
THe Pieces of Artillery which are most frequently used to ruin and demolish the Works, are such as carry Shot from thirty to forty five pound weight.  
A Canon Shot at two hundred paces, or a hundred fathom distance, may pierce between fifteen and seventeen foot into ground that is but indifferently settled, ten or twelve foot into ground long settled and well fastened; two or three and twenty foot into sand or loose ground; and a Canon fired to purpose against a Groundwork, within the distance that I have been speaking of, will ruin more than can be repaired with fifty Baskets full of Earth.  
The force of a Canon Shot from low to high, or from high to low, or on a level, is equal, as to the Canon; but in respect of the Body which receives the Shot, that which is fired from a low ground to a higher, shakes and overturns more.   

Sect. 8.  
The Way of Nailing up a Canon.  
BEsieged make sometimes Salleys out to Nail up the Canon, and attempt the Batteries; and whilst some throw down the Parapets, others break or burn the Carriages, some drive in a Nail of Steel which is hacked and notched, and break it in the Touch-holes of the Pieces, which afterward are good for nothing but to be cast again.    

CHAP. IU.  
Of Mortar-Pieces, Arquebusses a Crock, Bombes, Bullets, the Carcase, etc.  

Sect. 1.  
Of Stone Guns.  
STone Guns are for most part of Iron, much of the shape of Mortar-pieces that shoot Bombes. They carry not far, and therefore are not used but in fortified places, to incommode the Besiegers when they make their approaches; the powder for the Charge is regulated according to the number of stones and pieces of Iron that are put into them; and they are commonly filled up to the Mouth.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Arquebuss a Crock.  
THe Arquebuss a Crock is made of Iron, in form of a great Musket. It may be fired three hundred times a day; which comes to five and twenty shot an hour. The Bullet of it weighs three ounces, and the Charge of Powder an ounce and a half.   

Sect. 3.  
Of Mortar Pieces.  
MOrtar-Pieces are of Iron or of Cast Metal, and serve to shoot Bombes, they are not so long as Stone-Guns, and their Boar is wider or narrower, according to the bigness of the Bombes which they are to contain; their Carriages have no Wheels, and are quite otherways shaped than those of a Canon; as may be seen in the Figure.   

Sect. 4.  
Of Bombes.  
BOmbes are of a late Invention, and were never used in France before the year 1635 at the Siege of Dole. They are made all of Iron, and are hollow, with two handles to carry them by; but they are not all of the same size, nor of the same shape: some are round and others long. The first are called Bombes and the other Fire-pots. They are filled with Fireworks and Powder, and then are stopped with a Bung or Stopple well closed; in the middle of which is left a hole to apply the Fuse to.  
When Bombes are to be shot, a convenient ground is chosen, not too far distant from the place which is intended to be galled; and there, a Platform is erected, which is provided with Planks of Timber, on which the Mortar-pieces are planted.  
Before a Bombe be put into the Mortar-piece, there is thrown into the bottom of it a Charge of Powder proportioned to the weight of the Bombe, which is laid above the Bunghole aloft.  
So soon as the Mortar-piece is charged, the Artist takes his heights and measures, that the Bombe may directly fall into the place that he intends; that is to say, he gives less or more elevation to his Mortar-piece, according as he is near or distant from the place and stops it either with a Coin, or with an Iron Pin, which he thrusts cross the Carriage; that being done, he sets fire to the Fuse of the Bombe, and then to the Powder of the Mortar-piece, which forces out the Bombe and carries it up in the Air: when it is come to its full reach, it falls and breaks in a thousand pieces. The shivers and pieces of it break and bruise every thing they meet with, and the Fireworks that are within it, set fire in all places where it chances to fall. Nothing gives greater terror to the Towns-people of a Besieged Town, than Bombes; and the ravage that there they do is so extraordinary, and so gall Men, Women, and Children, that they know not where to be in safety.   

Sect. 5.  
Of the Carcase.  
THe Carcase is a Warlike Engine of very late Invention, or rather it is a late Imitation of these Burning Barrels, that keep fire under water; whereof I have spoken before, in the Book of Powder and Chapter of Artificial Fire or Fireworks, and which takes its name from the Figure, because it is made of two hoops of Iron two inches broad, and two lignes thick, crossed oval▪ ways, and is filled with a Bag of Pitched Canvas, stuffed with Granades, and ends of Musket Barrels charged with small Iron shot.  
Carcases are shot out of Mortar-pieces, in the same manner as Bombes, and the Fire they make lasts above half an hour, no body daring to put it out.   

Sect. 6.  
Of the Granadoe.  
THere are Granades of all sizes, but those which are used by our Granadiers are all almost alike, and are commonly two inches and a half and two lignes in diameter. They are charged with Powder within a finger of the Hole, the rest is filled with hard pressed Tow, and then the Hole is stopped with a Bung of Wood made very close; in the middle whereof is left a little hole or vent, through which is put a Fuse or Wildfire of Fine Powder mingled with Aqua vitae or Brandy. Granades are thrown with the hand, and must not be held long after they are fired. They are commonly used to drive Enemies from Trenches, in a Covered Way and in a Lodging.  
The Granades break so soon as the Train is spent, and their shivers and pieces wound all they hit.   

Sect. 7.  
Of Hollow Bullets.  
WE have at present long and hollow Bullets, which are filled with Powder, and put into Guns as the others are; all the difference betwixt them is, that they work a double effect; they perform in the first place that which Plain Bullets might do, and besides they burst and break in the hole that they have made, either in a Wall or in a Ground, and blow up as much earth or as many stones as a small Fourneau might; and in this manner they are charged: When these Bullets are filled with Powder, their Vent or opening is stopped with a Bung, wherein is left a passage for a Fuse; to which afterward is put a Sulphur Match, by which the fire of the Gun is communicated to the Train of the hollow Bullet at the same time that it is forced out of the Piece.   

Sect. 8.  
Of Red Bullets.  
OTher Bullets are likewise made use of, which the French call Red Bullets, because they are made red hot, before they are put into the Canon. Their effect is to burn what they meet with, but that succeeds not always.   

Sect. 9  
Of Cartouches.  
CArtouches may be called Boxes of White Latin, half a foot deep, and sized to the Boar of the Piece, which are filled with great Musket Bullets, that scatter as they come out and spread abroad on all hands.  
Canons are sometimes charged with Nails, Pieces of Old Iron, and Chains with Bullets fastened to their ends.  
Canons charged with Cartouches carry not so far, as when they are charged with Bullets; but they do greater havoc, especially in Approaches.    

CHAP. V.  
Of Petards, and of the Way how they are to be used.  

Sect. 1.  
Of Petards.  
THE Petard is a kind of Fire-pot, made of Red Copper, with a tenth part of Brass, which is filled with powder, and is applied to the Gates of Places upon a Surprise, to break them and throw them back; as may be seen in the Figure.  
The Petard of a Bridge ought to be twelve inches long, and without the Breech seven inches and a half wide, and within five. The Metal at the  
Bombes.  
a Mortar Peice.  
Hollow Bullet.  
Grenade.  
Petard.  
Carcase.  
Cartouche.  
Chain Bullets.  
Breech ought ro be fifteen lignes thick, and six at the Muzzel, without reckoning the Murrain or Moulding; it hath ten inches in Boar at the Mouth, three Handles, and the Fuse joining to the Breech. The Metal of it weighs from threescore to threescore and ten pound weight, and is charged with five or six pound of Powder.  
Petards of Gates with Cross-bars, aught to be nine inches long, five lignes thick at the Muzzel, and an inch at the Breech; having seven inches in Boar, six without the Breech and four within; it weighs forty pound weight, and its Charge is from three to four pound of Powder.  
The Petard for Gates with Plain Bars or Palissadoes, aught to be seven inches long, at the Muzzel four lignes thick, and at the Breech nine▪ the Mouth four inches wide, without the Breech three inches and a half, and within two; it weighs about fifteen pound weight, and from one pound and a half to two pound of Powder, is the Charge of it.  
Between the Petard and Bridge is put a Madrier or Plank of Wood a foot and a half broad, two foot long, and three inches thick; when the Wood is not strong, it is covered with Plates of Iron laid on the one side cross-ways, and on the other in length.  
Petards are to be charged with the finest Powder that can be had, knocked hard down into the Petard, which must be stopped with a Wooden Trencher or Woodden Roler an inch thick; which must be exactly applied, and whereon a little Wax is to be melted for stopping the chinks, and hindering the water to enter.  
A Petard is charged within three fingers of the Mouth, the rest is filled up with Tow pressed very hard; afterward a Canvas Cloth is put before the Mouth of the Petard, which is to be tied very fast with a cord about the Muzzel, lest the Charge drop out.  
a Flying Bridg.  
a Crow's foot or Casting Caltrop.  
a Turn Pike.  
a Portcullis.  
a Battering Ram.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Arrow and Flying-Bridge.  
PEtards are applied to a Bridge with an Arrow made in the manner following:  
The Arrow ought to have a weight or counterpoise behind, it is mounted on two Wheels three foot and a half high, and two foot and a half thick. The point of the Arrow should be at least a foot wide, that it may contain the Petard.  
The Arrow is composed of three Planks twenty six foot in length, each Plank made up of four Pieces, which are fastened together with Iron Rings, and are taken a sunder that they may be portable, and are joined again with an Iron Pin. These three Planks are made fast together by Barrs an inch thick, two inches broad, and a foot distant from one another. On one of the Planks is made a hollow Cranny to lay a Train in, to give Fire to the Petard.  
The Flying or Rolling Bridge is made in the same manner as the Arrow, except that it is as broad at one end as at the other, and that it is covered with Planks; as may be seen by the Figure.   

Sect. 3.  
The Way of Using and Applying a Petard.  
WHen there is a design to petard a Gate; the Situation of it is first to be viewed, and when a day is pitched upon for the execution, the Petards, Instruments and necessary Utensils are loaded on Mules; Detachments are made, and every one is ordered what to do; all things being well disposed, they march out in good order about the evening, that by midnight they may arrive in the neighbourhood of the place which is intended to be surprised. The Mules are unloaded half a quarter of a league from the Gate, and every one takes hold of the Tools whereof they are to make use. The Petardier makes him that carries the Madrier march first; afterward he calls three for the Petard, two to carry it, and the third to help, if need be. If the Petard be fastened to the Madrier, the four ease one another two and two by turns, and the two who carry not the Petard, have each of them a Smith's great Hammer: after them the Petardier commands two others to march, carrying each of them a great Hatchet; then another with a Goats-foot (or Fearn) another with a dark Lantern, another with three or four Pieces of lighted Match; and another with a Turrel or good Nails, and a Club, so that every Petard to be rightly served, requires at least ten men.  
When a Petard is to be applied to a Draw-bridge, the Petardier makes the Flying-Bridge march first, or the Arrow with seven or eight Men, as well to carry as to push them. Next he makes the Madrier and the Petard advance in the same order as I have said before; after follow those who carry the Ladders, and the floor of Planks, to be thrown upon the Breach which the Petard may have made, who are followed by those who carry the Hammers, Hatchets, Pincers, and other Instruments to pull out the Barrs, and cut the Chains. There is need rather of too many Instruments, than that any one should be wanting; and when the Petardier asks any thing, he that carries it should be ready at hand to give it without making the least noise.  
All things being thus disposed, the Petardier covers himself with a round Buckler, or some Planks made on purpose to secure him from Musket-shot, or Fireworks that may be thrown upon him; he applies his Petard, commands those that are to fall on to be in readiness, sets Fire to the Fuse, and withdraws whilst the Petard is playing; so soon as a Breach is made, those that are commanded for the first brush, enter the place, and force all that resists them; they who are to back them, do as much, and so successively do all who have any thing to put in execution.   

Sect. 4.  
Of Tortoises.  
WHen a Bridge joins ill to a Wall, it may be beaten down without a Petard, with a Brazen Tortoise placed between the Wall and the Bridge, which by its shivers and pieces breaks it. This is the way of making it: Take two shells of Brass five inches deep, a foot wide, and two inches thick; place the one upon the other, and fill them with powder, putting thereto a Fuse.  
We may reckon among our Engines of War, the Hearses, Sarrasins, or Cataracts, and the Orgues, which are great Pieces of Hanging Wood, and are let fall down thorough holes, when there is any fear of a Surprise, or of the effort of a Petard.  
Turn-pikes, which are Beam stuck full of sharp-pointed Piles, which rolls upon a Pivot to stop a Passage.  
The Crowfoot, or Casting Caltrop, are Iron Pricks, made in such manner, that what way soever they be turned they have always the point upwards.    

CHAP. VI  
Of the Warlike Engines of the Romans.  

Sect. 1.  
Of Machine's or Engines in general.  
WE call all things Engines, whereof the Art and Contrivance surpasses the matter, Materiam superabat opus, says Ovid. From thence comes the Name of Engineer. The Ancients called all things that serve to attaque or defend places, Warlike Engines; so does Moses call them in the 20th Chapter of Deuteronomy, the last Verse. Only those Trees which thou knowest are not for meat, those shalt thou destroy and cut down, and make Forts against the City that maketh War with thee, until thou subdue it. All these ancient Engines were only made of Wood pieced together and made fast with Iron; which were placed upon the Turrets and Corners of the Walls, to throw Darts and Stones of an extraordinary bigness: Others there were only for beating down of Walls, and others for Mounting an Assault, and for a Scalado.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Tortoise or Testudo.  
THe Tortoise of the Ancient gaul's which the Romans used, and called Testudo, was nothing else but the crowding together of many Soldiers, who covered themselves on the Head and Sides with a great many Bucklers. The former Ranks carried them higher than the following in manner of the Tiles of a House; that so whatever might be thrown upon them from the Walls, might not stick, but more easily slide to the ground. Homer speaks of these Tortoises in this manner:  Scutum scuto haeret, galeae galea, atque vir viro. 
They made use of that Invention for Scaling of Walls, by mounting one upon another; as Titus Liviusdescribes it. Testudine parti muri ad mota, cum armati spuerstantes subissent propugnatoribus, muri fastigio altitudinis aequabantur. Tacitus calls that Engine a reiterated Tortoise. Super iteratum testudinem scandentes.  
They not only made use of these Tortoises in attacking of Places, but also in Battles; breaking through the Legions of the Enemy.  
All these Tortoises were not in this manner composed of Men and Bucklers; they had besides certain Sheds of Wood twenty five foot square, and covered with a Shelving Roof, which they called Tortoises, whereof some served to cover the Lodgings, others to shelter the Workmen against Stones and Arrows from the Town, and others to hang the Battering-Ram, and cover those who were to swing it; these were called Testudines Arictariae.   

Sect. 3.  
Of Ladders.  
THe Romans had Ladders of all Fashions, which were always two foot higher than the Walls they intended to scale. Some folded, and could with little inconvenience be carried any whither; these were called Scalae compactiles. Others were called Reticulatae aut Stupeae, because they were made with Cords provided at the ends with strong Hooks, to fasten them with to the Walls. They had others that opened and shut in manner of Zizack. And others at the end of which was a kind of a little Watch-House; whereinto they put some body to spy what was doing on the Ramparts.  
They had besides another kind of Ladder, which they termed Rolling Ladders; at the end of which were Bridges: and others which they called Sambucae, which were carried in Boats, to scale Walls that were encompassed with Water.   

Sect. 4.  
Of Bulwarks.  
WHen the Romans intended to attaque a place they caused Bulwarks to be raised round the Walls, which were in height twenty four foot, and in breadth three hundred; upon which they built Towers of Wood armed with Iron on all sides; which commanded the Ramparts, and from which the Besiegers threw upon the People of the Town Stones, Darts, Artificial Fire, that they might thereby facilitate the approach of the Battering Rams and other Engines for taking of Places.   

Sect. 5.  
Of Towers.  
THe Towers which were used by the Romans in the attacking of Places, went on Wheels, were very high, and on all sides covered with Plates of Iron, which rendered them more weighty, more difficult to be overthrown, and less obnoxious to the danger of Fire. These Towers were invented by one Diades a Soldier under Alexander the Great; they had also other Towers which carried Bridges and Battering Rams. Caesar caused to be built before Marseillis Towers of Masons Work five foot thick, and near the Towers of the Enemies, from whence he might incommode them, he caused movable Roofs to be made for them, from which hung Skreens made of Cables or other Ship-ropes, behind which the Workmen might under covert labour in the raising of the Towers.   

Sect. 6.  
Of the Battering Ram.  
THe original of Battering Rams which Paulus Diaconus calls, Exterminatorium justrumentum, is very Ancient; some attribute the invention of them to the Greeks, and others to the Carthaginians. However it be, they performed in those days what our Canon and Mines do at present, seeing the only use they were put to was to beat down the Walls of Towns which they intended to take.  
The Battering Ram was made of a large Tree, like to the Mast of a Ship, which was in length six and twenty cubits, and five hand breadths in diameter, and within six cubits of the head was guarded with Iron Rings; the head was of a knotty Wood covered with Iron, and represented the Head of a Ram with Horns, and therefore the name of Battering Ram was given to that Engine. The Battering Ram hung betwixt great Beams of Wood, by Massive Iron Chains, and required a hundred men to swing and push it violently against the Walls. Repulsus magna virorum manu; says Flavius, The shape of it may be seen in the Figure.   

Sect. 7.  
Of Counter-Engines.  
TO hinder Assaults and Storms, the besieged made use of huge Stones, Wheels, Wagons with four Wheels filled with weighty Matters, Columns, Cylinders, Millstones, Tuns, and Artificial Fire, which they threw upon the Besiegers and their Engines, with purpose to break them, or to reduce them to Ashes. They hindered the effects of the Battering Rams, by opposing to them Packs of Wool, or by catching hold of them with Snares, or Iron Engines made in form of Pincers, which they called Woolves, meaning that such Woolves could catch the Ram, because with these Engines they drew the Battering Rams up, or broke them in the middle.    
The End of the Third Book.   

The Fourth Book OF ENSIGNS, TRUMPETS, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF WAR.  
IT may perhaps seem strange, that I have comprehended in one and th● same Book, and under one sole Title, Ensings, Trumpets, and other Instruments of War, considering the small Analogy they have to one another. I frankly confess, that as to the Form there is none at all; but as to the Use and Property, I maintain there is a great deal. We call that a Sign whichmarks any thing to us, Signum a significatione. Now Ensigns have only been so called because they signified to Soldiers their Camps, Marches, their Fields of Batrel, and the Places of their gathering together and rallying. Are not Drums and Trumpets the signs of notice and advertisement? Do not the different Sounds of both the one and other signify the different Commands which the Soldiers are to put in Execution, As to take Arms, come to their Colours, draw out into the Field, Charge, Retreat, and many other things which they understand by the sound of those Instruments: and therefore I thought it unnecessary to separate them from Colours, Standards, Ensigns and Guidons; whereof I shall trea● in the following Chapters.  

CHAP. I.  
Of Ensigns.  
THe Trojans were the first that made use of Ensigns in their Armies, that they might accustom Young Soldiers to know their Companies, and facilitate their Rallying, when they happened to be in a Fight. Vt tyrones assuescerent signa sequi, & in acie cognoscere ordines suos. Says Livy.  
The Ancients in the beginning had no other Ensigns but Bundles of Hay which they fastened on long Poles: from whence comes the word Manipule, a Manipulis Foeni, by the report of Ovid.  

Pertica suspensos portabat longa maniplos,  
Vnde maniplaris nomina miles habet.   
But the mode of the Rustic and Wild Ancients lasted not long, the Roman Custom came in place of it; and then succeeded ours which we at present carry, and which are different from the former; both in form and matter. We give them several names according to their various shapes: to wit, Colours, Standards, Ensigns, and Guidons.  
The Foot carry Colours, which are of Taffeta, an Ell and a half square, fastened to a half Pike eight or nine foot long.  
Every Regiment has a particular Colour to itself, except the Crosses and the Colonels Colours, which are always White, because White is the Colour of France, as the Black Eagles show us the Colour of the Empire; the Red that of Spain, and the Orange that of Holland.  
The Horse carry Ensigns, Guidons, and Standards.  
The first two are for the Troops of the Gens-d'arms.  
Ensigns are above a foot and a half square, and are made of Stuff embroidered with Gold and Silver, adorned with cyphers and Devises, and fastened to a Lance eight or nine foot long.  
Guidons are longer than broad, of a Stuff like to that of Ensigns, divided in two points at the end, which are made a little round; their Lances are eight or nine foot long.  
Standards are for the Troops of the Light Horse, but a foot and a half square, and of a stuff embroidered, furnished with the Arms and Devises of the Masters de Camp of the Regiments, and their Lances a like to those of Ensigns and Guidons. The Figures will more easily give you the meaning of what I say.  

Sect. 1.  
Of the Oriflamme.  
THE Royal Banner of France, to which the Flames of Gold, wherewith it was bespangled, have given the name of Oriflamme, was properly the Ensign General of the Kingdom, which never came out of the Church of St. Denis, where it lay in Custody; but when the Kings marched out to the Wars: It was made of a Red Stuff, about two foot long, pointed and cloven, like the Banderolle or Penon of a Ship, which was fastened to a Lance, in the manner of the Banners of the Church.  
It was left off to be carried in the Reign of Charles the Seventh; and since that time, the Oriflamme-bearer, which was one of the Chief Officers of the Kingdom, has remained extinct.  
He that wrote the Life of Lowis the Young, distinguishes the Royal Banner, from the Banner of St. Denis; when he says, That Geoffry of Ranconay, one of the noblest Barons of Poictou, carried the King's Banner, which according to custom came after that of St. Denis, which was commonly called Oriflamme. They who make a distinction between these two Banners, call the Kings Oriflor, Oriflour, Oriflamme, Karlir, and make it of Azure Taffata, spangled with Golden Flowers de Luce. It is the common opinion that it was presented to Charlemagne by Pope Leo the Third, when he made him Protector and Defender of the Church of Saint Peter.  
Guidon  
Ensign  
Colours  
Standard  
Gonfanon or Standard of the Church  
Oriflame, or the Royal Banner of St. Denys.   

Sect. 2.  
Of the Gonfanon.  
THe Gonfanon is in the Church, what the Oriflamme was heretofore in France, and the Office of great Gonfanonier, is one of the most honourable charges of the Ecclesiastic State.  
The Colour of the Gonfanon is Red, and differs not in shape from the Banners of the Ancient Cavalry, but that it is cloven into three ends a little rounded.  
Most Kingdoms have their Ensigns or Standards General in imitation of the Romans, who had the Banner of the Consul, or of the General of the Army, which they called Labrum, of a Purple Coloured Stuff, enriched with Fringes of Gold and precious Stones.   

Sect. 3.  
Of the Banner and Penon.  
THe difference between the Banner and Penon was, that the Banner was square, fastened to a Lance like Colours and Cornets; and the Penon had a long Tail, which might be easily made a Banner, by cutting off the Tail. From these Pennons is derived the name of Penonages, which has been given to the Companies of the Quarters of the City of Lions, whose Captains are called Captains Pennons. In England the Penon of St. George was the chief Banner of the Kingdom.  
Every Lord carried his Arms in his Banner, or in his Penon; but none but Lords Banerets, were suffered to carry a Banner to the Wars. When a Lord having for many years carried Arms, had Estate enough to entertain a Troop of Gentlemen to accompany a Banner, he was allowed to raise a Banner; for that end he carried at the first Battle where he was, a Penon of his Arms, and presented himself before the Constable, or him who commanded the Army for the Prince; from whom he asked leave to carry a Banner; and that being granted him, he took the Heralds at Arms Witnesses of it, who cut off the Tail of his Penon, and made a Banner thereof.  
Princes, Mareshals, and Barons, had their Banners having their Coats of Arms quartered on them, carried before them by Squires, to assemble their Men about them in day of Battle.   

Sect. 4.  
Of Banderolles, Pannonceaux, and Faillions.  
THe Banderol was a kind of little Banner; carried by Knights in Turnements, with which they made the sign of the Cross, when they entered the Lists, before they began to Fight; as Oliver de la March reports in the Eighteen Chapter of his Memoires. When the King gives Holy Bread, the Swisses and Officers that serve at these Ceremonies, carry these Banderolls with the King's Arms quartered on them.  
Panronceaux were little Pennons, wherewith Ships, the Tops of Towers, and the Houses of Gentlemen of Quality, were beautified.  
The Faillion, is a kind of Standard made use of in the Army, for assembling the Baggage, and every Regiment ought to have one of its Colour, which conducts the Baggage to the Faillion General.  
S. P. Q. R.  
The Ensign of the Roman Horse.  
The Ensign of the Manipule.  
The Ensign of the Roman Legion.    

CHAP. II.  
Of the Roman Ensigns.  
THE Romans had one kind of Ensigns for foot, and another for Horse. Every Legion had its Ensign General, which was the Roman Eagle, as we have a Colonels Colours in every Regiment of foot, which is always of White Taffata; besides that the Manipules or Companies had their particular Ensigns, which were silvered Pikes, at whose end was a little piece of Wood laid a thwart, in form of a Cross, with little Globes fastened down along to the Pikes, on which was the Names of the Emperors, as Suetonius reports.  Artabanus transgressus Euphratem aquilas & Romana, Caesarumque imagines adoravitsigna. 
The Armies were reckoned by Eagles; as Hirtius says. Erat Pompeii acies tredecem aquilis constituta. To intimate that the Army of Pompey was composed of thirteen Legions. We have retained the same way of expressing the number of the Horse, which we have in our Armies; for instance we say, The King hath detached or sent into the Field, two hundred Cornets, to signify two hundred Troops.  
The Ensigns of the Cavalry were of a shape different from those of the Infantry. The Romans named them Vexilla, which to speak properly were little square Sails, almost of the bigness of our Standards, which were carried hanging at a Pike, like to the Banners of our Churches. These Sails were for most part of a Purple Stuff embroidered, whereon were set in Golden Letters, the Names of their Emperors, or of their Commanders.  Aurea clarum not a nomen ducum vexillis praescriptum feriunt. 
The same is in use amongst our Horse, whereof most part of the Masters de Camp cause their Arms or Devises to be put upon the Standards of the Troops of their Regiments.  
The Persians had Eagles for Ensigns, and the Ancient Germans carried the Figures of Wild Beasts.   

CHAP. III.  
Of Trumpets, Drums, and other Instruments of War.  
THE Instruments of Military Symphony are not only proper to give the Soldiers the signal of what they are to do; but likewise to animate them to Fight after the manner of the Lacedæmonians. The Cavalry make use of Trumpets and Kettle Drums.  
The Trumpet is an Instrument of Brass doubly crooked, which Heginus says, was invented by Thireime Son of Hercules. This definition Vegetius gives of it: Buccina quae in semetipso aereo circulo reflectitur. Ovid in this manner describes it to us.  
— Cava buccina sumitur illi,  
Tortilis in latium quae turbine cresct ab imo.  
There is no Troop of our Gend'arms, nor Light Horse, which has not at least one Trumpet, to sound to Boots and Saddle, to the Standard, to Horse, the Charge, the Challenge, and the Retreat.  
Kettledrums are two Brazen Vessels, round at the bottom, and covered above with Goatskin, which is made to sound by beating on it with Sticks.  
Kettledrums were more in use among the Germans and Spaniards, than among the French, who heretofore never carried any but when they won them from their Enemies. That Ancient formality is now out of date, and the King bestows them on whom he thinks fit; especially on the Troops of his Household.  
Drums, Fifes, Bagpipes and Hautbois, are for Foot, Musketeers, Dragoons, Fusiliers, and Horse-grandaiers. Drums are made of a Chestnut Wood, hollow and covered at both ends with Skins of Parchment, which are braced with Cords, and with Snares underneath. These Instruments serve to beat the Reveilly, the General, the Call, the March, the Charge, the Parley, the Retreat, the Banks or Proclamations, and all the Commands. The Invention of them is not late; as may be seen in the following Chapter.   

CHAP. IU.  
Of the Instruments of War used by the Romans.  
THE Instruments of the Roman Militia, whereof they made use to signify all the Orders to the Soldiers, were Trumpets, Horns, Cornets, and Hautbois, as well for Horse as Foot; and the Legions, Cohortes and Manipules, had each their several Instruments. Cohortium, turmarum, & legionum tubicines simul omnes canere jubet; says Sallust. Though Drums and Kettledrums were not in use among the Romans, yet other Nations, and especially the Indians, used them. Indi tympana suo more pulsantes. Curtius' lib. 8. and Suidas, Tubis Indi non utuntur, sed pro iis sunt flagella & tympana horribilem quendam bombum emittentia.  
The Parthians made use of them also, but in all appearance (according to the Description that we have of them in Suidas and Plutarch) the Instruments of these People were rather Kettledrums than Drums, because they were made of Plam-tree Wood, hollow and filled with little Brazen Bells, the mouth whereof was covered with a Bulls-hide. Isidorus defines the word (tympanum) in these terms: Tympanum est pellis vel corium ligno ex una parte extensum. And that is the very shape and figure of our Kettledrums.  
He describes also another Instrument which he calls Symphony, which can be nothing else but our Drums. Symphonia, says he, vulgo appellatur lignum cavum ex utraque parte pelle extensa, quam virgulis hinc & inde musici feriunt. That Instrument resembles the little Tabers or Drums which the Turks carry before them, and which they beat on both sides with Sticks. However it be, there is no doubt but that the Invention of Drums is as Ancient as that of Trumpets: I build not only on the Authority of profane History, but on the Testimony of the Royal Prophet, who says, Let them praise his Name with the Flute; let them sing praises to him with the Timbrel and Harp, Psal. 149. Praise him Timbrel and Flute, etc. Psal. 150.   

A particular Chapter of the Arms which are at present in use, as well among the French as other Nations.  
SInce Gunpowder hath been invented, there is no People in Europe but makes use of Fire-Arms, to which they have given several names, according to their different shapes, as Muskets, Arquebusses with Match-Lock, Arquebusses with Wheel-Lock, Carabines, Choques, Pistols with Wheel-Locks, Holster or Pocket Pistols, Musketons, and Fusils or Firelocks; as the Ancients changed the names of their Shields, Pikes, Swords, and Darts, according to the divers alterations that happened, either in the form or matter: for instance, They called A●lides a kind of Ancient Dart, which they carried tied to the Wrist with a long Strap or Thong, that thereby they might more easily draw it back when they wounded any therewith; and they called Gevum a Dart that was entirely of Iron: Nevertheless these Arms were still Darts: as Muskets, Musketons, Carabins, Choques, and Fusils or Firelocks, are all of them kinds of Arquebusse of different lengths; of which some fire with a Match, others with a Flint, and others with the Wheel. Arms with Wheels are now no in use in use in France, the King hath not long ago taken them from the Guards du corpse, and given them Musketons; and at present in the Wars, are only used the Musket, Firelock, Musketon, and Pistol; as may be seen in the sequel of this Chapter.  

The Arms of the French Cavalry.  
The King's Guards du Corpse, the Gens-d'Armes, Light-Horse, Cravats, the Troops of Light-Horse, are armed with Shables, Musketons, Snap-lock Pistols; and for Instruments of War, have Trumpets and Kettledrums. The Guards du Corpse carry Ensigns, the Gens-d'Armes Ensigns and Guidons, and the Light-Horse Standards.  
The King's Musketeers, who fight sometime on Foot, and sometime on Horseback (like the Dragoons of Alexander called Dimachae) have for Arms the Half-Shable, the Bandeliers, the Musket and Pistols; and for Instruments, Drums, and Haut-bois, with an Ensign and Guidon; and when they are on Foot the Officers march with the Sword, the Pike, and the Gorget; the Ensign with the Colours, and the Quarter-masters with the Halberd.  
The Dragoons who fight on Foot and on Horseback, have for Arms the Sword, the Firelock, and the Bayonet; for Ensign the Standard somewhat larger than that of the Light Horse, and for Instruments of War, Drums, Bagpipes, and Hautbois: And when they march on foot, the Officers carry the Partisan, and the Sergeants the Halberd. None of the Cavalry but the Officers and the Troopers of the Regiment of the King's Cuirassiers, now carry Cuirasses.  
The Horse-Granadiers of the King's Household, have for Arms the Scimitar, the Battle-Axe, the Firelock, and the Pouch or Budget filled with Granades; and for Instruments Drums and Haut-bois.   

The Arms of the French Infantry.  
The Arms of the Officers of Foot, are the Sword, the Pike, and the Gorget. The Arms of the Sergeants, the Sword and the Halberd; and of the Soldiers, the Sword, the Bandelier, the Musket, and the Pike. The Instruments are Drums, Fifes, and Haut-bois.  
The Pikes of the King's Guards carry the Burgonet, Corslet, Vambraces, and Tassets', or Thigh Pieces.  
The Granadiers have for Arms the Sword and Firelock, with a Budget stuffed with Granades, and a little Battle-Axe; and the Officers the Partisan and Gorget.  
The Fusiliers have for Arms the Sword, the Bayonet, and Fusil or Firelock, and the Officers the Pike and Gorget.  
The Suissers have no need of Horse, because they live in a hilly Country; and therefore they make only use of the Sword with a great Branched Hilt, the Bandeliers, Musket, Halberd, and Partisan, and carry hardly any Pikes, but when they serve Foreign Princes. Their Instruments of War are Drums and Fifes; and their Officers carry the Pike and Gorget.  
The Pikes in the Suisse-guards are armed with Morions, Gorget, Corslets, Vambraces and Tassets'; and the Officers with the Pike, Gorget, Cuirasse, Tassets', and no more.   

The Spanish Cavalry.  
The Spanish Horse have for Arms the Shable, Pistol, and Musketon, or Choque; for Ensign the Standard, and for Instruments, Trumpets and Kettledrums.  
They have also some Troops of Lancers armed Cap-a-pied, which they have retained for ostentation and to serve near the King's Person. They have also Troops of Dragoons armed in the same manner as ours are.   

The Spanish Foot.  
The Foot have for Arms the Sword, with a Hilt so extremely wide and deep, that it might very well serve for a Drinking Cup; Bandeliers which are none of the largest, the Musket as heavy again as ours, and of a bigger size, which they cannot fire without leaning it on a Rest; and the Pike longer and bigger than ours: and for Instruments, Drums and Fifes.  
The Officers carry no Gorgets, but only the Pike, and the Sergeants the Halberd.  
The Officers of the Regiments of Guards, mount the King's Guard on Horseback, armed cap-a-pied, with a Rondache or Round Buckler on the Left Arm.   

English Forces.  
The English Cavalry have for Arms the Shable, Musketon, or Carabin and Pistol: And the Infantry the Musket and Pike. The Foot make but little use of their Swords; for when they have discharged, they fall on with the Butts of their Muskets. The Officers carry the Sword, Pike, and Gorget, and the Sergeants the Halberd and Partisan.   

German Forces.  
The Germane Horse have for Arms the Shable, Carabine, and Wheel-lock Pistol, with a Shable hanging at the Pommel of their Saddles; some of their Troopers are armed with Cuirasses and Headpieces. The Foot carry the Sword, Musket, Espadon, or two-handed Sword, and the Pike. The Officers make use of Swords, Pikes, and Gorgets, and some of Partisans or Half-pikes.   

Hungarian Forces.  
The Hungarians, besides Fire-Arms, carry likewise Shables, Battle Axes, Partisans, Half-pikes, etc.   

Polonian Troops.  
The Polonians use Fire-Arms, Pikes, Partisans, the Axes (whereof we have spoken in the First Chapter of Staff-Arms, the Fifth Sect. of the First Book) and Darts or Javelots'.   

Turkish Cavalry.  
The Turkish Cavalry have no other Arms but the Damask Shable, and some of them carry Clubs or Maces at the Pommel of the Saddle. They have some Troops of Lancers, whom they call Foolhardy; these make use of Shables, Lances and Bucklers: their Ensigns are small Guidons which they carry tied on their Backs.   

Turkish Infantry.  
The Infantry carry Shables, long Knives at their Girdle, great Muskets, Bows, Arrows, and Darts, and their Instruments are little Tabors or Drums; on both sides of which they beat: Haut-bois, Bagpipes, and Musical Cornets.   

Persians, Moors, and Arabians.  
The Persians, Moors, and Arabians, besides Fire-Arms, make use of Zagayes, Arrows and Darts; and most part of the People who have been lately discovered, used no other Arms, but Arrows, Darts, and Half-Pikes.    

Of the Arms of the Ancient French Militia.  

Infantry.  
THE Regiments of French Infantry were divided into Companies of Arquebussiers, Musketons and Pikes.  
The Companies of Arquebussiers consisted of three hundred men a piece, whereof fifty were armed with the Breastplate, Murrain that was proof, with Sleeves of Mail, the Sword hanging at the Girdle and Halberds; fifty were armed with Swords, Muskets, Bandeliers, and Musket Rests, and two hundred were armed with Swords, Match-lock Arquebusses, and a Case, such as Huntsmen carry, the Charge whereof held half an Ounce of Powder. The Captains of the Arquebussiers, mounting the Guard, or passing before the King or the General at a Muster, carried the Arquebuss, the Case and Murrain, with a great Plume of Feathers. The Pikemen were armed with Swords, Pikes eighteen foot long, Morions, Corslets, Vambraces, and Tassets'; and the Captains were armed with complete Armour, a Pike and Murrain after the Milanese-fashion, adorned with Feathers, and caused their Lackeys carry Rondaches or Round Bucklers before them. The Lieutenants and Ensigns Arms were the same with the Arms of the Captains, and the Sergeants carried the Cuirasse Proof, with Sleeves of Mail, the Plain Murrain, and the Halberds without Swords.   

Cavalry.  
From the Reign of Lowis the Eleventh, to the time of Henry the Second, the Cavalry was divided into Men of Arms, Light Horse, Argolets and Estradiots or Albanian Horsemen.  
The Men of Arms had for Armature the Corslet with the Breastplate, the Cuirasse with Tassets', the Gorget of Mail, Supeters, whole Greaves, Tasses, Gauntlets, Helmet with Banners, Arm-pieces, Gossets, Poldrons, all guarded with Mail in the void spaces or Intervals. Their Horses were barded and caparisoned, with the Crannet and Frontstall. For Offensive Arms they had, the Sword by the side, the Tuck at one side of the Pommel of the Saddle, and the Battle-Axe at the other, a long and great Lance in hand; a Cassock which they called the Soldier's Coat, which was of the Colour of their Ensign, and Guidon of the Troop, and bigger than that of the Light Horse.  
The Light-Horse were armed with Gorgets, Corslet with Tassets' below the Knee, Gauntlets, Arm-pieces, great Shoulder-pieces, Headpieces, with open Visers, and the Cassock of the Colour of the Standard. And for Offensive Arms, a large broad Sword by the side, the Battle-Axe at the Pommel of the Saddle, and the Lance in hand.  
The Estradiots were armed in the same manner as the Light-horse, and and instead of Arm-pieces and Gauntlets, had Sleeves and Gloves of Mail, a broad Sword by the side, the Battle-Axe at the Pommel of the Saddle, and the Zagaye in hand, which they called Arzegaye, ten or twelve foot long, and headed with Iron at the two ends. Their Coat over their Arms was short, and instead of a Cornet, they had a great Banderol hanging at the end of a Lance.  
The Argolets were armed in the same way as the Estradiots, except the Head; which they covercd with a Cabasset or Casket, that hindered them not to take aim: Their offensive Arms were the Sword by the Side, the Battle-Axe at the left side of the Pommel of the Saddle, and at the right an Arquebuss two foot and a half long, in a Case of Tanned Leather, over their Arms a short Coat, like to that of the Estradiots, and a long Banderol (as they had) to rally by.   

The Cavalry under Henry the Fourth, and Lowis the Thirteenth.  
IN the Reigns of Henry the Fourth and Lowis the Thirteenth, the Cavalry were divided into Gens-d'armes, Light-Horse and Carabins.  
The Gens-d'armes were armed with complete Armour, and carried Greaveses and Knee-pieces under or over the Boots, the Cuirasse Carabin-proof before and behind; and instead of a Lance an Escopette or Petronel, which carried five hundred paces; the Holster Pistols charged with a Slug of Steel, a long and stiff Tuck without an edge. Their Horses were armed with the Frontstall and Petrel.  
The Light-Horse were armed with complete Armour, a Cuirass, that was proof, and the rest but slight; they carried the Pistol at the Pommel of the Saddle, under the Bridle-hand, and on the other side the Salade or Head-piece.  
The Carabins had for Arms a Cuirass voided and cut in the Right Shoulder, that they might the better present and take aim; a Gauntlet reaching the Elbow for the Bridle-hand, a Casket on Head: and for Defensive Arms, a long Sword, a long Escopett or Carabin, three foot and a half in length, a Pistol at the Pommel of the Saddle, and two Cartouches, after the manner of the Reistres.  
The Word (Carabin) comes from the Spanish Word Cara▪ which signifies the Visage or Face, and the Latin Word Binus, which signifies double; as if one should say, Men of double Faces, because of their way of fight. Sometimes flying, and sometimes facing about.  
We have changed the Carabins into Soldiers that fight, both on Foot and Horse, whom we have called Dragoons, in imitation of the Dimachaes of Alexander the Great; which Name comes from the Greek Word Dimas, that signifies terror and fear; because they carried Dragons for their Ensigns.     
FINIS.   

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