The First and Second PART OF COUNSEL and ADVICE TO ALL BUILDERS: FOR The choice of their SURVEYORS, Clerks of their Works, Bricklayers, Masons, Carpenters, and other Workmen therein concerned.  
AS ALSO In respect of their Works, Materials, and Rates thereof.  
Written by Sr. Balthasar Gerbier, Knight.  
LONDON, Printed by Tho. Mabb, for Tho. Heath at the Globe within Ludgate, 1664.   

A Brief DISCOURSE Concerning the Three chief Principles OF Magnificent Building.  
Viz. Solidity, Conveniency, and Ornament.  
By Sr. Balthasar Gerbier, Knight.  
LONDON, Printed by Tho. Mabb, for Tho. Heath at the Globe within Ludgate, 1664.   

TO THE KING'S MOST Excellent Majesty.  
May it please yvor Sacred Majesty:  
MY place of Master of the Ceremonies (which the King your Royal Father of blessed memory, confirmed unto me during my life, by the Great Seal of England,) is to introduce Foreign Princes or their public Representatives to your Sacred Presence. And in regard the Place of Surveyor General was also intended to me (after late Inigo Jones) I do make bold to introduce the three Capital Principles of good Building to your Sacred Majesty, who hath seen more stately Palaces and Buildings, than all your Ancestors, and may be a Pattern to all future Posterity, by Building of your own Palace worthy yourself, and placing it as the Italians for their health, delight, and conviency (as well as Solidity and Ornament,) La Matina alli Monti, la Sera alli Fonti, according to which the main body of your Royal Palace may be set on the side of Saint James' Park, and the Gardens along the River.  
If the Book affords any thing worthy your Sacred Majesty's further satisfaction, I have obtained my end, and done the Duty intended by  
Your Sacred Majesties Most humble, most obedient, most Loyal Subject and most zealous Servant Balthasar Gerbier D'ouvilly Knight.   

TO THE LORDS AND COMMONS Assembled in PARLIAMENT.  
May it please your Honours:  
IT being lately reported that your Honours have deliberated to have the Streets made clean, to enlarge some of them, and to Build a Sumptuous Gate at Temple-Barr; I thought it my Duty to Present this small Discourse of the three Principals of good Building, and withal a Printed Paper concerning the Cleaning of the Streets, the Levelling the Valley at Fleet-Bridge, with Fleetstreet and Cheapside, and the making of a Sumptuous Gate at Temple-Barr, whereof a Draught hath been presented to his Sacred Majesty, and is ready also to be produced to your Honours upon Command, with all the Devotion of  
Your Honour's most humble and most obedient Servant B. Gerbier Douvilly Knight.   

TO HIS Royal Highness the Duke of York.  
THe forerunner of this Discourse was printed and dedicated to the King & to the Parliament, the Chief Builders of a State; And though your Royal Highness hath not as yet thought good to Build, it may be that when your Surintendents of Buildings shall (though they should not need any of those Annotations, nor the rates of Materials, they will approve that Workmen may have this little Book in their Pockets, that they may not be ignorant that their paymasters will look to have works performed according to a good Method, which (besides the paying all duty and respects due to such an Eminent Royal Prince) is the scope of,  
Your Royal Highness Most humble, most Obedient, most Faithful and most Zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

To his Highness, Prince RUPERT, Prince Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, and Duke of Cumberland, etc.  
YOur Highness (like great Emperors of Germany, and other Princes doth not only affect all Arts and Science, but is so eminent therein, as to trace them throughly with his Princely hands) and therefore needs no formal Crown thereon, since they prove to be the Crown to all others, which argueth the matchless capacity of your Highness: who will not be displeased in the offer of this little Discourse, on a gross matter, which notwithstanding if well made use of, may serve to compose a Palace so charming, as to hinder furious Mars himself to lay his destructive hands thereon; since those that bear the name of God's were not permitted by great Gustavus Adolphus to touch Muniken, though it was the habitation of the Duke of Bavaria, no friend to le-bon party, as it was then called.  
But that I may not by too many lines entrench, neither on your Highness' precious time nor patience; I shall end this duty, with my zealous wishes for your Highness' long Life and Prosperity, being  
Your Highness' Most humble, and most Dutiful Servants, B. Gerbier.   

To the most Reverend Father in God, WILLIAM Lord Arch Bishop of CANTERBURY his Grace, Primate and Metropolitan over all England.  
HAving observed, that your Grace doth Rebuild, what distracted times hath demolished: I thought it fit to present this little Treatise to your Grace's view; it doth proceed on the indisputable prescription, according unto which Solomon's Temple was Built; and certainly, My Lord, it ought to pass for the best; nor have the Heathens, Grecians and Romans, omitted the same in their compleatest Structures, both for length, width and height, ordering each part thereof, proper to its particular use, shunning all improperties; furthermore it is certain, that many of them have affected to observe in the Dimensions of their Edifices, the 60. Cubits in length, 20. in breadth, and 30. in height of Solomon's Temple; their windows accordingly, allowing a convenient height unto them, but most of their Magnificent Staircases with lights from above. May the blessings thence continually attend your Grace that after his Building up of Terester Seats, and the propagating of Temples in bodies of flesh, Your Grace may appear as one of the Polilished corners of that Temple, whereof that of Solomon's Building Was a Type; The wishes of,  
Your Grace's Zealous and most humble Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

To the Right Honourable EDWARD Earl of CLARENDEN Lord High Chancellor of England, etc.  
I Have thought it my duty to offer to your Lordship (as I do to others) a Counsel and Advice, how your builders may produce, according unto the nature of men, and quality of materials to be had on the place, without seeking in other parts (at needless expense) what with ease and satisfaction may be had at home, if men can affect what is most proper, and be minded to take the best out of that which Ancient and Modern men (skilful in building) have practised, according unto most infallible Rules; mine shall ever be to observe the Worthies of the Age; and consequently to make good, that I am,  
Your Lordship's Zealous and most humble Servant B. Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable the Earl of Southampton, Lord High Treasurer of England, etc.  
SHould not an advice to all Builders be laid at your Lordship's Threshold; It were a matter to impose as a charge upon the Author of such a Treatise, though he were blind, if he had but heard that your Lordship (as Trajan the Emperor) leads the way not only to particular, but to Public Builders; May your Lordship have therein as much satisfaction and divertisement, as any of the great successful Builders ever had; and may your trusties therefore proceed according to the best Method, since the well performing of a work, contributes to the true content of the Builders, and makes him the sooner forget both his Charge and Cares: May likewise your Lordship in all your other Affairs, both Public and Domestic, have entire satisfaction, which are the zealous wishes of,  
Your Lordship's Zealous and most humble Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable JOHN Lord ROBERTS. Baron of Truro, Lord Privy Seal.  
THe Author of this Counsellor shall not be a second Anacharte, for it meddles not with matter of State; and though it were his approved profession, thanks be to God, he lives in an Age as the Knights de la Banda, made by King Alphonso; who were not only permitted, but obliged to speak truth.  
Nor doth it presume to offer to a Person so eminent (and as learned in the Law as jycurgus among the Lacedæmonians) a wax Light to the Sun; it neither speaks in those learned Tongues, which your Lordship hath in great Perfection; Its Language being only the Phrase of Mechanics though some of them often presume to quote the words in Ecclesiasticus, chap. 38. vers. 32. & 34. Without these cannot a City be inhabited, etc. But they will maintain the State of the World, and all their desire is the work of their craft. I will ever study the true meaning of a French saying, viz lafoy plus grande finesse est de w'en avoir point; As in this offering I have no particular one, since its duty to consider your Lordship as one of the Worthies, who doth reflect on things as necessary to the Public and to a Family, as neat and convenient clothes to a particular body; and that I am confident your Lordship takes me to be a somebody, and  
Your Lordship's Zealous and most Humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

To the Duke of BUCKINGHAM His Grace.  
THE saying, Vivat memoria Buckingamii, could not be made good by me if this little Counsel and Advice, did not pay its respects to your Grace, whose matchless Aspect is that Glass which a French Author called Le miroir qui ne flat point, for what credence would Quintus Cursius his representing Alexander have had, if he had missed his mark? and what would have been believed of Ulysses without a true Homer? of Alcibiades without Xenophon; of Cirus without Chilo; of Pyrrhus (King of the Fpirotes) without the Chronicles of Hermicles; of the great Scipio Affricanus, without the decades of Titus Livius; of Trajanus without Plutarch; of Nerva and Antoninus; Pius without Photion the Greek, of the great courage of Julius Caesar; and the magnanimity of Pompey without Lucan, and of the twelve Caesars, without Suetonius? Your Aspect My Lord, speaks indeed that which no memory can fall short of; And your Heroic mind affecting that which is the Purest, speaks Buckingham in perfection; your Grace can by a sublime quality separate Spiritual from Terrestrial, and without venturing a stock to fetch Aurum Horisontalis from the East Indies, or with me to the West, the most concocted and most pure from el Dorado, which if it had a speaking quality, your Grace would hear its Hessian Alembick sing the Gold its joy, for having approved itself the more pure by its often passing through a Furnace: O that all well meaning creatures, and branded by black Calumniators had like fortune, and were put to the examen of men, as Remon-Lue, to el Dorado; I would go without being enrolled among Heresiastick Seekers, only in that Number, who seek the Worthies to manifest unto them, how much I am theirs; and consequently,  
Your Grace's Zealous and most humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

To the Duke of ALBEMARLE his Grace, General of his Majesty, Forces, and Master of the Horse, etc.  
IT's true My Lord, that to a person as Numa Pompilius, who honoured the Church, a Treatise concerning Divine matters were most proper. To one as Marcellus who pitied those that were vanquished of compassion. To one as Caesar, (who forgave his Enemies) of Clemency. To one as Octavian (beloved of the People) of true Love. To one as Alexander (who gave to all) of Liberality. To one, as Hector (Valiant in War) of Heroic feats. And what more proper to one as Hercules of Thebes, Ulysses of Greece, Pyrrhus' King of Epirots, excellent in the invention of Warlike Works, Catulus, Titus, Marcus, Aurelius, Croesus' King of Lydia, (a just man) true, magnanimous, tender, courageous, a Maecenas to wise men, and the great enemy of those that were Ignorant. But that malicious persons who cannot endure any but themselves, should pass for persons endued with some useful quality; I do make therefore bold to present, though a Treatise concerning Mechanics to your Grace's view, with the Humble Tender of the respects due to a second Perseus, who next to the Almighty's arm hath delivered this Albion Andromeda from a Monster, which deprived me also from a public employment, during the space of seaventeen years.  
Your Grace's Zealous, and most Humble Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

To the Right Honourable the Lord Marquis of Winchester.  
YOur Henfield well seated Palace with a Wood at its back, like a Mantle about a coat of Arms, which doth defend it from the North west winds; argueth, that it is good to be there, as it proves a daily ease to Travellers, who by four miles at once, shorten the tediousness of a too long journey; for I do persuade myself, to hear many of them say, good cheer, it's but four miles to Henfield Seat, and thence but so much more to a good Town, to refresh and rest.  
The present satisfaction of that seat, no doubt (My Lord) diminisheth the grief of the loss of Basin, and that Dolbier is no more (not a Prince of the Air, save the carcase of his head on a Pole) drawing lines of circumvallation above your Seats, but that there is now (in stead of destroying powers) a blessed Prince, to whom may be justly applied, Post Nubila Phoebus, whose quickening rays do now promise Peace and Plenty.  
May there never more such dark clouds appear as might be able to cause storms to fall, and lay to the ground such an ornament to a Land, as Basin was. Yet if in any of your Lordship's Seats works may be necessary, this little forerunner of a more great one, may be as acceptable as it is most respectfully tendered by me,  
Your Lordship's Zealous and most humble Servant. Balthazar Gerbier.   

To the Right Honourable the Lord Marquis of Worcester, etc.  
YOur known most Excellent parts in many wondrous operations which a public Genius can be capable of and which renders this Age more notorious, than that wherein Pyrocles; who Invented the Art of the firelock, that of Prothee of complete Armour, that of Phaenice of the Helmet, the Lacedæmonians, the Lance and sword, the Combats at Sea and Land, by the Africans and Thessalonians, and what can be said of Archimedes, and the High Germane Lord George Agricola, who hath left number of designs most completely Engraven; that demonstrates how the great Element of water, can be easily drawn an excessive and almost incredible height above its Centre; so that Colonel Rushner and his assotiates in Holland, their proposals concerning Waterworks, were not to be questioned; all which to you my Lord, is so familiar, as that whatsoever Art can be treated of, cannot be amiss to your Test.  
It's therefore that this is offered to your hands, it being as a little fragment of former exercises intended some years past, in a royal Academy, and might have succeeded, had it not been attempted in a most destructive time, when at one of the public lectures (which as all the other were gratis) a world of People repaired to Bednal-Green, to destroy to the very foundation of it; partly on pretence that it was a receptacle of Royalists; and partly that the string of an Apollonian-like Harp, did not sound pleasing to their ears, down with all Arts and Sciences, and let but Paris in France, Salamanca in Spain and Milan in Italy have such a prerogative.  
In fine, in case of like struggling against wind and stream, a good swimmer (though a second fabulous Leander who sinks for Love) must give over; thus an infinite number of eminent Verticosi have found to be true, and no doubt your Lordship is of the number, that judgeth by experience, yet cannot be discouraged; for Art and knowledge finds contentment in its self, it being a constant good, to all those who do profess it; my profession (my Lord) shall be as long as breathe in me, to honour all those that follow what good is, and consequently that with offer of this little present, I am  
Your Lordship's Zealous and most humble Servant B. Gerbier.   

To the Right Honourable HENRY Lord Marquess OF DORCESTER, One of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc.  
HEre is Presented to Your Lordship's View, a Summary discourse wherein Men affecting Building are concerned; it cannot be improper to his view, who showeth the effects of his liberal Heart, as a second Gelia, when he not only did erect buildings for public use, gave privately, and openly, but kept Officers at the gates of the City, to invite all in-commers to take refreshment in his Palace, which did answer the truth of the saying, That as knowledge in the hands of the Common is silver, in those of a noble person it is gold. And that he doth really possessits true (and no imaginary) powder of production, That of Hermes Trisme gistos, that Aurum Potabile, which will serve to open Heaven's gate.  
And who can tell, My Lord, but that Ovid had more than human thoughts by a golden Shore, whereby a Divine bliss might make way to a pure soul?  
To such a one My Lord, (who by a permitted comparison may be said to have healing under his wings,) is offered the production of a person that means well, when a Maecenas to all virtues (and so high born, as directly descended from that Noble Stem of Shrewsbury) will favourably cast his eyes on an humble sensitive,  
Your Lordship's Zealous and most humble Servant, Falthazar Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable The Earl of Manchester, Lord Chamberlain of his Majesty's Household, etc.  
COnsidering that the Lord Chamberlain by daily experience, finds what is most needful in the Palace of a Sovereign, that a Person so endued, as your Lordship can best judge thereof, that all men of parts endeavour the performing of their task, the better under a good Commander, who also is of Noble extraction, whose Mildness accompanieth his Prudence, which doth patiently pass by some Errors that may be committed by men, who cannot challenge infallibility in this world; I thought fit to pay this duty to your Lordship, by presenting the Counsel and Advise to all Builders, to your hands; With the Zealous professions of an old known Royal Sworn Servant, by two of your Lordship's Predecessors and,  
Your Lordship's most Humble Zealous Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable The Earl of Northumberland, One of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc.  
DUring your Lordship's being Admiral of the King of Blessed memory, his Royal Fleet at Sea, I did not fail from my public Residency at Brussels, to present weekly to your Lordship's view (as to all others of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council) what in duty bound, in reference to the Royal Service and Respects to so great a Commander on the Ocean, wherein the Britain Kings their Jurisdiction extends as far as the deviding of the Seas near Rochel.  
From this deep Ocean my Vessel being withdrawn, I do with a fraught of words concerning Materials, steer to Petworth: And if my little Treatise (though like a Mouse gets no admittance up stairs, it may to that famous Stable built (as I hear) as a magnificent one ought to be; No Horse in a double row, neither the passage too broad, nor the Ceiling too high, since otherways that which is the main pleasing object (the Horse) is as to seek.  
Your Lordship will find in this Treatise, what kind of Stable Prince Thomas of Savoy did Build; It's true where Marble is to be had at easy rate, but where Coper is very dear; That I may not abuse that which is due to a person of his Birth and condition, I shall only to the offer of this little Advice to Builders; join the humble respects of,  
Your Lordship's Most humble, Zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

To the Right Honourable The Earl of BEDFORD.  
HEre is an offering not improper to the most noble successor of the Author of the Piazza, whereby this great Metropolitan of Albion is beautified as the firmament is by the Sun among the other Stars: Nor is your Lordship's Alexander-like receptacle, for all the generation of Bucefalls, a less Ornament, though inferior to that of Prince Thomas of Savoy, which was built of White Marble within, the Pillars Copper, Figures, the Manger and Rack of the same Metal, to perpetuate his Name somewhat longer among Rationals, than Brick could have done, yet Artemisia had more reason to prefer before a glorious Mosole herself, for a receptacle of sacred Ashes, which might remain longer in the memory of men, and of that Sex which talks most. I shall My Lord, endeavour to speak, not only in all the Languages which a true Master of Ceremonies ought to have, but of that of the Heart, your Lordship's praise, and that I am,  
Your Lordship's most humble Zealous Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable the Earl of LEICESTER, etc.  
It May be, that at the first sight of an Epistle, with Your Lordship's name, will be expected a Treatise concerning the most Sublime parts of the Methaphisicks, in reference to your High Genius, or a Treatise of State-Policy, Embassages and Negotiations in the Courts of Foreign Princes, wherein your Lordship's carriage hath justly deserved the respects of those, who in that time were particularly acquainted therewith, as (My Lord) I was, being then honoured by the late King of blessed memory, with a Public employment; but (My Lord) it being my scope only at this time, in the putting forth this small discourse, to leave some advice to Builders, I must rather resolve to suffer in the opinion of those Great Men, whose Capacity makes them write on matters answerable to their Great Parts (and therewith to make Address to your Lordships) then commit the paying this Duty to a Person who hath enriched with a Noble Building, one part of this Metropolitan, and thereby increased the number of those who have endeavoured to Build better, than those of past Ages; may Your Lordship in this have all Satisfaction and Contentment according unto the wishes of,  
Your Lordship's most humble Zealous Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable THE Earl of Denbigh.  
YOur Lordship, who during the time of your extraordinary Embassage in Italy, hath not only seen the best Buildings, and knoweth how to order what is best convenient, needs no advice, since your Lordship's experiences in Building hath already proved it; yet my respects in the offering to your hands a little Manual, for a Testimony, that during my travels, I did not attach my Eyes only on the generality of Objects, but did exactly consider some particulars worthy of note, (will not as I do humbly conceive) be rejected, as being contrary to the disposition of Persons of your high Descent (that of Habsburgh) who have not been abused in their Education though it happens but too much; Neither is it natural to all those, which are born under one Constellation, to have like Influences; since it happened that when Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany, had his great genius elevated in Imperial thoughts, at the same moment he was Crowned, and a Baker his Nurse's Son, born in the very same moment as Charles the Emperor was, who was observed only to be merry among his Friends, at the same instant of the said Emperor's Coronation.  
Wherefore reflecting upon your Noble Birth, My Lord, my confidence to offer such a little and Inconsiderable Piece of Work, cannot be looked upon as unseasonable: My Mark being Respect, and the Effect my Duty; and so I do humbly beseech you, my Lord, to let it pass, for though to so great an experience as that of your Lordship, it should signify nothing New; It may nevertheless, by your Lordship's Favour, find a place where things are made good, and so may prove as pleasing, as your Lordship's Paradise-like-Garden at Neewnem, where an Euphrates flows: And truly, my Lord, a Ground without such Waters, is as a fair Lady's Chamber without a large and clear Lookingglass: With more I shall not presume to abuse your Lordship's Patience; since as the French say, Ilfaut see lever de table avee bon apetit. Mine shall never long more, than receiving the Honour of your Lordship's Commands, as being, my Lord.  
Your Lordship's most humble Zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE the EARL of BRISTOL.  
YOur Lordship who hath seen both Spain, Italy and France; and therein observed what is worthy, as a Person of that Great Judgement, as makes a true distinction between things that are, and are not, will at the first view judge of this Counsel and Advice to all Builders; who will not have just cause to dislike the Offer, since the several Materials comprised therein, are of the best Rate, as any can be; they are gratis, and accompanied with the Zealous Respects to all, as to Your Lordship in particular, By  
Your Lordships, most Humble, Zealous Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL of NEUPORT.  
MY Zeal and Respect to the Nation in general, obligeth me in the Address of this Little Treatise to your Lordship, to mention some things of old, as true as some were groundless; For as your Lordship in the Expedition for Rochel had the Command of Horse, the French Mercury then had no just cause to write, that there were five thousand English slain in that Expedition, since at the return of the Army, four thousand five hundred men, of those five thousand that went, were Mustered at Plymouth.  
The Retreat was as good as the Attempt, by matchless Buckingham most Caesar-like Glorious.  
And Richelieu had no just cause to assume unto himself the glory of the Conquest of Rochel since providence had only permitted it, for if the Town had held out till the Sea over-turned the Ditch and the Estacade, neither had the unresistable work, which I was commanded to build in three Ships, according to the example of those of the Duke of Parma at the Siege of Antmerpe to blow up Ditches, Estacades, and Chandeliers, been necessary, nor the hazarding the life of men for the succour of that place.  
In fine (My Lord) I should fail, (as I do humbly conceive) as much in memory as in duty, if in the offering this my little work to your Lordship's hands, I should not speak in a language differing from that of workmen, as in reference to Building, I might not omit this Address to your Lordship as to others, since your Lordship hath been exemplary to better Building on that part of ground where your Palace is, than the old Norman goatish Lime and Hair-like daubing custom, out of which it hath been so hard to turn men, too constant therein; but my profession not being changeable, I shall with more confidence style myself,  
Your Lordship's Most humble Zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

To the Right Honourable HENRY Earl of St. ALBAN, Lord Chamberlain to her Gracious Majesty, the Queen mother, and of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy COUNCIL.  
THis little Treatise mentions the best way for Building of Habitations, the Choice of Surveyors, Clarks of the works, Master-Work-men, and Materials, as likewise the Rates and Prizes of them, and of the Works, even the manner of the East Indians burning of Lime, which could serve your Lordship's Builders in St. James-fields (if les Ardennes were near it) to burn more Lime in twenty four hours time, then would be necessary for mortar to all that precinct.  
As for the rest, your Lordship hath seen abroad, the fairest Palaces, and most complete habitations, the best contrived Ground-plats, and also most Paradiselike Gardens, according unto the various fancies of their proprietors; the one affecting Houses all of Glass, to have all men see them; Others their Gardens most like an open field, or like Adam and Eve, when in their State of Innocency; Others with Parters, and Imbroderiers for exercise to Gardiner's pair of shears; other covered Walks, Labirinths, open basins for Fountains; others with grots (as at Cruel, and Liancour in France,) with such shades as that Nymphs may not be bereft of a natural liberty; nor Actaeon seen with his curled brow; Infine, that Petrarca his saying, (per tanto variar Natura é bella) might not become out of date, nor may be extinguished your memory.  
Your Lordship's most Humble, Zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable, VISCOUNT STAFFORD, etc.  
THe Advice-giver to Builders must less pass by the precinct of Tart-hall, then of all those famous great Seats which the ever to be honoured Lord High Marshal of England, the Earl of Arundel, and Surrey, your Lordship's Father did possess, but of all such as the very aspects of number of Brick-buildings, since the reformation of a Gotis relic building, hath manifested to have been the main cause, that some of them Bearlike-whelps (by licking and smoothing) have gotten some fashionable like shape, and times may work an increase of comeliness on them, which that all help may contribute thereunto, this zealous advice, doth start forth as a little Postilion, to lead those that may in time make up an excelling number, that shall be of more consideration, than such as seem to take delight to loiter, as on the old road, about ill shaped things, I shall in the interim endeavour to pay those respects unto your Lordship, as due, and long since professed by  
Your Lordship's most humble, Zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

To the Right HONOURABLE Lord Brunckhord, Viscount jyons in Ireland, Precedent of the Royal Society of Philosophers Meeting at Gresham College, and the rest of that Honourable Society.  
POssibly there are not wanting such who accustomed themselves to carp at all things not directly of their humour, that will (upon sight of the Title of this ensuing discourse) think it strange, that I should in an Epistle to you, treat on the case of the perishing Buildings of mortals, though you already have been entertained with observations made on the bills of mortality; as also the Vegitation of Plants, when as indeed your Apollo's Oracle-like Arcenal, may challenge the most sublime proffers of men of parts; And that if I would follow the practice of men, who tell strange things, (having been in parts remote from this Region) I should not begin with Clay, Sand and Chalk, whereof Bricks and Lime are made, and is daily digged bear at home. I should rather have set forth some account of Mariners, which during a year and upwards were my sole Companions on the Ocean, or the cause of the Trade Wind, which serves us to America, without shifting Sails; as also whether the starry apparition which discovers itself, when North-Pole is obscured, be that which Constantine the Emperor see, whereby he made his Victorious conclusion; 2ly How my tear-man found the Ebb & Flood all along the Coast of America, contrary to the several observations and relations of a number of Seamen, who have maintained, that it was impossible for a ship that was fallen on that Coast below the Port (whereto it was bound) to get up again; except it tacked about one hundred of Leagues, to recover a Trade wind for the reaching a higher Course; having found (as I say) the contrary, after my Steersman had lost time to sail five hundred Leagues beyond the River of Amazons, not to fail to cast Anchor before that of Wiapoca, Aperwack, Cawo, Wia, and finally in the Bay of Cajana; when as my Steersman found that notwithstanding the violent stream from that River of Amazon, he was not hindered to get up again by reason of a constant ebb and flood.  
Critics knowing also that (among such Eminent Philosophers (who like stars in the Firmament, do with the approbation of the great Apollo of this Monarchy, and his sacred influence, dive in matters most sublime) would fit more seasonably from me an account of a day of rejoicing made by wild people (who know no more of God, then that they are told of him to be a good man, who drinks Tobacco, and that if they do well, they shall go to him with their wives to drink with him, to the confusion of those who pay not their vows in obedience, as is most due to Sovereigns; which was manifested, when one of their Chiefs told me, that his sacred Majesty's esty was returning to His Throne, when no living creature was come from Europe into that part of America to signify that News, which was (as they said) revealed unto them by their Mackbovy; it was when His Majesty was yet at Breda; whether then this truth doth not confirm, that Spirits not clogged with material bodies, know things most secret.  
But leaving Critics to their unnecessary scruples, I have for the present pitched on this discourse concerning Building, and thought fit not to forget to Dedicate an Epistle to a Person of so great Honour, so great Knowledge, and particularly in that without which, a great Philosopher of the first learned Ages would not admit any into his Academy, to wit Geometry; a Person that understands all the Appurteinances to the Mechanics, who hath a matchless knowledge of the building of that whereof the Original was made, by the direction of the Supreme Architect, to wit, the Ark.  
And this being my disinteressed scope, I shall remain confident that this Advise to all Builders, may be useful either to your Lordship, or to some of the Royal Society, or to any of those to whom they are bound to wish well, that they may be persuaded to beware of ill Builders, who may well deserve to be comprehended in the Bill of Mortality, since by their Exorbitances, happen many irreparable accidents, viz. Chimneys which falling through the roofs of Houses, kill good people in their beds; who contrive Rooms, Windows, and Doors, which draws upon Inhabitants ill and infectious Air, from which I shall continue to wish all men may be preserved, and profess to be,  
Your Lordships, and the rest of the Honourable Society, Zealous and most Humble Servant Balthasar Gerbier.   

To The Right Honourable THE LORD WILLOUBY, OF PARAM.  
SOme may think it strange that this Counsel and Advise concerning Building, should also be presented to your Lordship, who minds at this present, the Populating of such a part on the American Coast, where Houses are builded in two hours' time, because they have no second story, less third or fourth; the Inhabitants whereof affecting no other livery then that of the first naked; and who conceive that leaves of Trees do thatch their Domiciliums' with less danger to their naked parts, then if covered with Dutch Pan, or English-hard-burnt Tiles.  
But, My Lord, I confess (though I am seventy two years of Age) that if the Charibden could give me an Advise of life, certain as the News, they told me (four and a half degrees by North, the Equinoctial) of the King's return, when at that time, yet at Breda) and that I should live as many years as quarters of the Charibden his Tooes and Fingers, which is all he can account by, I should think my little Counsel and Advise concerning Building, might yet be put in practice in those parts, where there is most rare Marble, and precious Stones, where Magazines, and Storehouses, might be built to better use, than Casickes made of American Bambouses, whereof I cannot forbear to speak to a person of so much Honour, Knowledge, and Experience, as your Lordship is, who hath heard much of El Dorado, and if Men had minds as pleasing to God, as that they by his blessing were led to that place (which is effectively in rerum natura) the Great cathedrals of St. Paul, and St. Peter, in this Metropolitan City might be lined as Richly as the Temple of Solomon was. And, My Lord, because things which Men do believe to be true, makes them more confident to speak them; I think that the Discourse is neither unseasonable, nor the Counsel and Advise concerning the best manner of Building, unpleasing unto your Lordship: It being Written by him, who professeth to be.  
Your Lordship's most Humble Zealous Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable WILLIAM Lord CRAVEN Baron of Hamsted, Marshal.  
I Shall not in this Epistle commit the faults of those Authors who crave great Persons to Patronise their books, as if Quality, Credit, and Affection could free a work from censure in the various Opinions of Men, are more than the expressing the Name of Pelican or Phoenix in a sign, when the Painter hath not represented them to the life: Cooks cannot please all Palates alike; nor Orators, the ears of all Men. My scope in this Epistle is, to pay to your Lordship a small acknowledgement of the debt due to a Noble Person, who affects Building; and that all those whom your Lordship may think fit to employ therein, may know what good Builders have observed, and that if they follow those Rules, they will do their duty. The study of mine, and wishes for Your Lordship's satisfaction in all things shall be as constant as I am,  
Your Lordship's most humble Zealous and Obliged Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO The Right Honourable CHRISTOPHER Lord HATTON, One of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc.  
THis Epistle shall say somewhat more particular concerning Building in reference to a Public good, than all the other, which are put to this Treatise; Viz. That if your Lordship were pleased to reflect on the Proverb, Foeneratur Domino qui miseretur Pauperis, Cap. 19 v. 4. Your Lordship's Building might be very fit to serve for a Bank of Loane in that part of the Suburbs of this Great City; and your Lordship would do no more than other Christian Eminent Persons in other Parts, who have bestowed both Houses, Lands, and a stock of Money for such a Public use, whereby all necessitous persons are rescued from a perishing condition; Trade Strengthened, Increased, and many Bankrupts prevented.  
In fine, your Lordship, will not take this Relation unkindly from a person who means well, and who being past his Seventy two years of Age, is ere long (according unto the frailty of Nature) to turn his back upon the World, and is obliged ere that last moment, to leave all what possible may be to its Public good, as I shall at all times attend your commands, in what may concern the approving me to be,  
Your Lordship's most humble Zealous Servant B. Gerbier.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE DENZIL Lord HOLLIS, One of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council.  
IF during your Lordship's absence any of your Habitations require their overseers, and Officers to be well and friendly advised; this little Discourse concerning that matter, may be as useful to them, as it is zealously sent to your Lordship, who hath seen several good Ones, and whose Judgement (as good as your Nature) makes a true distinction between those that are so, and are not; which admirable quality in your Lordship, will favourably deign the acceptance of this Epistle; though it's but on the Subject of the well ordering of materials for the Building of Habitations, when your Lordship's great and blessed Genius conjointly with the other true Zealous in the Council of a Sacred Sovereign, doth cooperate to the rebuilding of a peaceable flourishing Government, wherein your Lordship, as all those of the same quality, may have success answerable to the Zealous wishes of,  
Your Lordship's Zealous and most humble Servant. B. Gerbier.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE Anthony Lord Ashley, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council.  
THe Nation in reference to a lively Image of the Supreme sacred, by an assembly of Representatives, takes notice of your Lordship's great Genius in representing Solomon's Temple-like Foundations of a State, to free it from the fate of the Hebrews, Assyrians, Persians, Lacedæmonians, Medes, Greeks Africans, Romans, and even the Gets, who were sent packing by the Moors, whereof but too many (as black in mind) are left; and therefore though a poor small thing which treats but of Surveyors, Clarks of Works, Master Workmen, Materials, and their Prizes, be not of a sublime, nor of State matter; yet since from the least that lives, to the greatest Building is a main necessary, either for one conveniency or other; (My Lord) this apparent Demonstration of Zeal, and Respect is humbly offered by,  
Your Lordship's most humble Zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE Sr. John Robinson Kt. LORD MAYOR of the most Famous City of LONDON.  
AS what's alleged in the Epistle to the Reader of the Counsel and Advise to Builders doth infer, that the water of Thames, or of any Spring in the Country, may serve to temper Mortar in England; so the observation of true Rules (waving all quickchaws-like-devices) to Build as well as other Nations. It will not be necessary to say thereon any more to the Chief of the Senate of this Great and Famous City; nor will the Presentation of these printed leaves, require any more Circumstances but my Zealous wishes, that next to the well Building of Public Houses of Prayer (whereof all Nations have been careful, those of its Inhabitants may be so well ordered, that other Nations may have just cause to send their Surveyors and Workmen to take patterns, and pass their Apprenticeship in London or Westminster, where St. Paul may be rendered as Famous as St. Peter at Rome; As King Henry the Seventh's Chapel in St. Peter at Westminster, (who quarrels not on the point of Precedency) is Famous over all Europe, and Esteemed by all good Builders; and that all may answer the same, is the Zealous wishes of,  
Honourable Lord Mayor, Your most Humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE Henry Howard Esq  
YOu that know what good Building is, both by a Genius, which through a Golden Channel sprung from the great Duke of Norfolk, was infused into your Spirit, like by your particular applications to all things answerable thereunto, would condemn this Messenger, if he should not deliver his Erant at your Palace, where he calls neither on Porter nor Butler to draw him in as an Erasmus was at the Lord Chancellor Moores, to drink in Hell, as he said, out of a Leather Jack; He desires only to hear the words Ben Venuto, and its Author to pass for,  
Honourable Sir, Your most humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO Mr. HARBERT ESQUIRE, Heir Apparent to the RIGHT HONOURABLE the Lord POWIS.  
Honourable Sir,  
THe Ensuing Discourse is not presented to your view, as a shape seen on the brow of a Hill, which faceth the Valley of Essen; It's true, that cannot (as this) fall; that cannot (by the carelessness of Grooms) be set on fire; and therefore on that matter, to a Person of your Noble Birth and Retinue) one who considereth your merits, is obliged to recommend to such, who may be entrusted with your Building; that Stables, and even Kitchens ought to be separated from the main body of a Palace, the Stable without any question; in particular Mansion-Houses, the Kitchens may be so well disposed, as that they may be at hand, and yet not be an annoyance, which made the Great Henry the Fourth, the French King say in a double sense to some of his Courtiers, who did accompany his Royal Person to see a good Seat in the Country, and found fault with the compactness of the Kitchen, Ventre St. Grissel cest le bon menagement de la Cuisine qui a fait la grande Mayson: Furthermore (Honoured Sir) you will see in a former Printed Discourse, concerning the three Chief Principles of Magnificent Buildings, what you may perchance find seasonable; and whereon I shall explain myself somewhat more at the end of the leaves, bearing the Rates of Materials necessary to the Works, and conclude this with my humble Respects to yourself, as being,  
Honourable Sir, Your most humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

To the Honourable Sir Kenelm Dighby, Knight, Chancellor to Her Gracious Majesty, the QUEEN MOTHER.  
THe Greatest Practisers of Music, who live at Lisbon, & in all the Algarves, are reported to repair A las Orillas de la Mar, to sing as loud as possibly they can, to hear whether it sounds well: To you whose deep judgement could not suffer your Eyes to fix on slight objects as too many Travellers have done, to you, whose fame, to my experimental knowledge, caused the greatest Vertuosis to busy their admiration, as eminent as the true successor of Thales, who found the North for Navigation, the Division of Years, the Proportion of the Sun and Moon, that Souls are Immortal; who answered the Question, what God is, viz. To be the eldest of all Antiquities; the World the most beautiful Object, Place the biggest, Time most knowing, God, Virtue, and Truth the strongest.  
To you as to other Worthies of the Age, is offered this liule Counsel and Advise concerning Building; for you have seen the various rarieties of Frescati, Caprarola, Vigna Lodowizi, and all what is rare throughout all Italy and other parts of Europe; and therefore as you can judge right of this matter, so recommend the Advise given concerning the same to your friends, which may be a benefit unto them; and this is all that is aimed at by me,  
Honourable Sir, Your most Humble Servant B. Gerbier.   

TO Sr. Edward Walker, Knight, Guarter, Principal King of Arms, and one of the Clarks of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council.  
MEn that study nought but to carp at all, will perchance pretend, that I should not Present a Discourse concerning Building to a King of Arms, but rather a Treaty concerning the Antiquity and Origine of Heraldry: That the Romans before Marius had in their Banners (to distinguish them in Romulus' time, from other Nations) no more than a bundle of Hay, to which succeeded a Hand, and a bundle of leaves, with the Motto on their Banner. S. P. Q. R. Godefrey de Bullon put on the Coat or Mantle which he did wear over his defensive Armour, three white Eagles shot through with an Arrow, the Motto, Soit Dieu, soit le hazard; and said, That he would wear no Crown of Gold, because the Saviour of the World had but one of Thorns.  
But to return to the first Romans, that Constantine the great did Coat a double-headed-Eagle, for having made a Seat at Constantinople, and kept also that at Rome, that the Coat was afterwards changed, because the Empire was divided into two.  
And as for the French, that they reckon their descent from Frantion, second Son to Hector, who did Coat a Lion, gull, field Or.  
That the black Toads were taken up by Marcomir, second King of the Sicambres, who had vanquished a Walon King whose Coat was three Toads, Sable field Or.  
That Clovis (who became a Christian) did Coat number of Flour-de-lis, because (as the fable saith) an Angel (by the hand of an Hermit of Journal) did give them; Others, that he had obtained a Victory in a Field, wherein great quantity of yellow Lilies did grow; and that finally Charles the Sixth, the fifty fourth French King, did reduce them to three on the persuasion of his Herald, who had told him, Qui plus a moins porte.  
But should Time and Paper be spent to relate what is so well, and particularly known by you, it would savour of Vanity, and therefore I shall say no more, but that if you, or your friends do affect Building, this Counsel and Advise may perhaps be seasonable, neither will so discreet a person (by all men) highly praised and beloved for his Integrity, and real good disposition to oblige all men, misconstrue the respects of him who, professeth to be,  
Honoured Sir, Your most humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO Sr. PETER KILLIGREW KNIGHT.  
DUring your Journeys to Spain, objects of note could not escape your particular Observations; as St. Jeronimo called the Escurial, which hath almost as many Courts, as some Palaces Rooms, and is a Body Solid like a Rock; Nor will the Magnificent Seiling, and Carved Doors of the Palace at Sigovia have missed your Annotations; So that this Treatise of Building, cannot likewise but be acceptable to you, as directed to a Person who can with more conveniency acquaint his Grace the Duke of Albemarle, of what use it may prove to those that will not spend time, money, nor materials in vain; which is also one of the causes of producing it unto you,  
Sir, By your most Affectionate Humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO Sr. THOMAS WINDEBANK KNIGHT. One of the Clarks of the SIGNET.  
AMong such as know by experience what demolishing is, Counsel and Advise to Rebuild may be welcome; but I cannot pass the remembrance of a Fable that several Nations having craved, it might for six week's time rain good Noses: The Grecians the readiest at hand had their choice, the Romans the next, but the silly Blackmoors (living in remote parts) were the last, and therefore constrained to gather such Noses as had been trod on.  
Of those Blacks the Generation still are in esse, and there are certain malicious spirits who make men black, though they be never so white, and though their Noses are as strait as an Arrow, they will strive to persuade people they were crooked.  
But now an Apollo-like Prince, (who casts his most benign influence on men) is accessible, its time (as the old saying) to make Hay; Rebuild therefore as fast as others, what a destroying Age hath demolished, and if in your Building, you want instructions for your Clerk; pray let him make use of this Manual heartily Offered by,  
Sir, Your Affectionate Humble Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO Sr. PHILIP WARWICK KNIGHT.  
YOu have many Years passed been known to possess a Genius capable of all good Impressions, and therefore I thought it not beyond the purpose (but suitable to the Acknowledgement of the particular Esteem, I am obliged to make of Virtues excelling in Men) to offer you this Little Treatise being sufficiently convinced of your Judgement in all particulars, not doubting but you will believe me to be,  
Your most Humble and Affectionate Servant, B. Gerbier.   

To Sr. JOHN BABER Kt.  
one of his sacred Majesty's Physicians in Ordinary, Established by Letters Patents under the great Seal of England, and one of the Fellows of the College of London.  
I Look not for particular thanks for the Presenting this Manual to you as to others; It's but to express the rescents of my Obligation for your having made good the saying of the Ecclesiastes concerning Persons of your Capacity; For they shall also pray unto the Lord, that he would prosper, that which they give for ease and remedy to prolong life, which you did in that person, whom it had pleased the Almighty to suffer me to enjoy, during the space of 43 Years, and to whom I owe this true Testimony; that during so many years' time, she never gave me any just cause of discontent; But to the contrary, to wish that you might long before the increase of her indisposition, have been invited for the lengthening of her days in this World; where truly I should not spend time about Notes concerning Building, when the wishes of the great Apostle urgeth men to think more on a dissolution; were not preservation the first fundamental Principle of man? And doth not the Scripture command to mind it, as it doth very particularly point at the Physicians, who doth know, what those various, most admirable dimensions in the Microcosm do require: And that as it is a good Air which coroborates the most subtle parts of that Master. Piece of the great Architect of Heaven and Earth; A House to a whole Family ought to be so contrived, as to enjoy that general necessary benefit. In which respect the offer of this Discourse concerning Building may be said proper to you, and my reason therein not to be gainsaid by malicious Critics, who are wont to feed on flowers of the most sweet scent, and may to your Honey-Bee-like disposition, this be so from,  
Your humble Affectionate Obliged Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

TO Mr. POVY, Treasurer to his Royal Highness the Duke of York  
YOu are known and reputed to be (as the Virtuosos say) a lover of Art; The inside of your Habitation speaks it, and truly one good inside is to be preferred before a hundred of such as signify but a show of something; the love one hath to Music argueth a well composed Harmonious mind; so the love to Art (consisting in perfect Rules, Dimensions and Forms) infers the party to be a true Rational, who blusheth not at the Bees their Geometrical contrivances even in the dark.  
I do present you with one of the Examples for true Building; I hope you will reflect on it as coming from,  
Honoured Sir, Your most Humble Affectionate Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO Mr. WILDES.  
KNowing what Building is, and shown it at your own Charge, this Little Treatise is then (as I do conceive) well addressed to you, without any tedious repetitions in this Epistle; nor doth the Treatise (by many Lines) entrench on the time and patience of a Reader; It recommends to a good Clerk of the Works, to see the Workmen perform what they know aught to be done to Build well; and this cannot be offensive to men that mean so, nor more than the respects of,  
Honoured Sir, Your most Humble, and Affectionate Servant, B. Gerbier.   

To Master William Wine.  
HEre is an Epistle to you, a lover of that which Marc Varro saith; was the second thing accepted by all the world, to wit, Letters which the Egyptians did attribute unto them, though the Assyrians would have the glory thereof, by them are taught to speak well, though they are mute; and what good seasonable speech is, Papirus found in, the Senate of Rome; Grotius by Henry the great, at the 14th year of his Age. And you will no doubt (having begun betimes) continue to proceed vigorously in all virtuous exercises, and make good (in the Royal Society of Philosophers at Gresham College) that you are not of those who content themselves with gilt out sides of books, but every day to remember the great Artist in the drawing of a line, whereby he meant a continual exercise to perfection, the scope of True Knowledge. I must therefore by this Epistle (whereby I do send to you as to others, this little Manual) freely tell you, that though never the hand of man could draw a perfect Line, (himself being imperfect) yet must a lover of perfection strive to do his best, both in strait lines in the Military Art (which you have studied) and the ground-plats for an Habitation. But those Lines must be visible, no affected ones, nor small as a hair, since Curtains, Bastions, and Contrescarps, are to be traced for old eyes, as well as for young adventurers. Nor are the lines for the ground-plats of Houses to serve for Castles in the air: And therefore good Drauftsmen do express them strongly, what is to be built in Brick by a red line, what with Stone white, what Partitions in Timber-colour, a mote-like water, Gravel walks, (or others) accordingly, that the Workmen may have the less cause to excuse; Which I thought fit to note, wishing you all increase of Virtue, being,  
Your Affectionate Servant, B. Gerbier.   

TO THE Courteous Reader.  
WHere as all Creatures from the Mole (that hath no great sight) to the most Argus like above ground, are continually a Building, and stand in need of Mechanical more than of Philosophical Rules: This little Manual doth therefore point at the Choice of Surveyors, the duty of Clarks of the Works, Brick-layers, Masons, Carpenters, etc. who must be spoken unto in plain intelligible terms, for that divers Workmen ressemble those, whereof the Ecclesiastes, faith, That when a Tale is told, than they will say, What is the matter? This Manual doth both now and then proffer a word or two to cherish the Readers patience, for that bare names of Materials, of Forms, and several parts of works will too soon tyre Noble Persons; Nor is this present Age void of number of Authors, who have written more on Architecture than any Clerk of the Works will have time to learn by Art: These summary Notes will serve for such as are entrusted by Owners of Building, that they may the better perform their task, and have more credit with the several Master Workmen, who do love to be spoken unto in their own phrases; And Owners of Buildings their trusties, Stewards, and Paymasters being possessed with the Rates of Materials, will be more at rest, than otherways if they should be to seek, to make perpetual inquiries after them, and be vexed with ill grounded reports.  
Furthermore, you may gather out of this Treatise, a Pozie pleasing to your scent, and leave the glean, which are most proper to Mechanics concerned therein, until a large work (with Copper Plates) shall have had time to be put forth, wherein not only shall be represented in complete measure, the Forms of all Moulding of Orders, Columns, Ornaments for Doors, and Windows, Court, Houses, and Gardinggates, and with all some Fronts, and Dimensions of Houses both in a City, and in the Country; Churches, Towns, Houses and Steeples, with all necessary Appurtenances thereunto belonging; As also the charges a Builder may be at, according unto the extent and height of a Building, either made of Stone, Brick, or mixed.  
You will have no just cause to infer, that when the best Building is mentioned (according to the Grecian and Roman manner) that therefore English Labonrers shall need go with their Buckets to fill them at the Tiber, less to the Scene at Paris, to temper their Mortar well, nor your Surveyors, nor Master-Workmen to be vexed with things ala-node, if they will but observe Rules, Dimensions, and Forms, which are not to be mended, less contradicted.  
And as for the number of Epistles which are put to this Manual.  
Anthoni peers (once Secretary of State to Philip the second King of Spain) was a precedent for the putting of many Epistles to a Treaty, which he Dedicated not only to Eminent Persons in Spain, but also in France and England; 'twas his Peregrino, the main whereof represented a Demolished Body: The scope of this is contrary to that, being about Building; his was a personal interest, this a Public: It's therefore the more freely offered to a number of Persons, who either themselves, or friends may have occasion to make use of it; It's freely offered as to the upper, so to the lower end of a Table, like a fresh gathered Fruit; and none of those who are pleased to accept it, are craved to Patronise it, it being held most unfit for any Author to crave, since no man is bound to answer for faults committed by another.   

A Brief Discourse, concerning the three chief Principles of Magnificent Building, viz. Solidity, Conveniency, and Ornament.  
WHereas Building is much minded in these times, I thought fit to publish some Principles thereon, which may stand the lovers of it instead. Yet without spending time and Paper to Note how a Point, Line, Angle, Demi-circle, Cube, Plint, Baze, Pedestal, Colombe, Head, Architrave, Freeze, Cornice, or Frontispiece must be made; and what Dimensions all those several parts (a Point excepted) must have, since all Master-Workmen ought to remember) as Scholars their Grammar, and Arithmatitions their Table) how every Particle must have its just proportion; and that the height of Windows and Doors must be double their breadth; and also to be careful to maintain the due esteem of their Art, since its Dimensions and Rules came directly from Heaven, when the great Architect and Surveyor of Heaven and Earth, prescribed the Rules and particular Orders for the Building of a floating-Pallace, (Noah's Ark) and the glorious matchless Temple of Solomon, the perfect House of Prayer.  
And therefore such Precedents may serve to convince those who say, That a wiseman never ought to put his finger into Mortar, since there is a necessity for Building, especially among Nations who do not, or cannot live in Caves and hollow Trees, or as the Wild Indians, who have no other Roofs but of Palmito-Leaves, nor Wainscot, but Bambouses, as they call the Poles to which they tie a Woollen Hammac to lie in.  
There are three Capital Points to be observed by men, who intent to Build well:  
VIZ, Solidity.  Conveniency.  Ornament.  
Those who have Marshalled the Orders of Colombs (to make good the first Point) have Ranged the Toscan to be the Supporter of a Building, but such an Atlas must stand on a firm Ground, not as ill Bvilder's place Colombs (either of Brick or Stone) like things Patched or glued against a Wall, and for the most part against the second Story of a Building, (contrary to the very Gothish Custom, who at least did begin their Buttrises from the Ground) as if their intent were, that the weight of the Colombs should draw down the Wall, on the heads of those that pass by.  
Such Builders confound the first and essential point of Building, (to wit, Solidity, with Ornament and Conveniency.)  
They will make a show of some thing, but miss thereby (as ill Bowmen) the Mark: They may perchance have heard of rare Buildings, nay, seen the Books of the Italian Architects, have the Traditions of Vignola in their Pockets, and have heard Lectures on the Art of Architecture, which have laid before them the most necessary Rules, as also the Origine of the several Orders of Colombs, and Discourses made thereon; that the Toscan is as the Hercules, so of the Jonic and Corinthian; the first of the two to Resemble the Dressing of the Daughters of Jonio, who had Twists of Hair on both sides of their Cheeks. The Corinthian Heads to represent a Basket with Acante Leaves, and the Guttered Colombs, the Pleats of Daughter and women's clothes.  
That the Grecians (in remembrance of their Victories) did Range the Colombs in their Buildings, to represent the number of Slaves which they had taken; the Grains, Beads, Drops, Pendants, Garlands, Enterlaced-Knots, Fruitage, and an infinite number of Ornaments, which are put on the Freeze, to signify the Spoils which the Victors had brought away from their Enemies; and to preserve the Memory thereof, did place them on their Buildings, that they might also serve for a true History.  
But none of such Ornaments were ever impediments to the strength or convenience of a Building, for they were so handsomely and well contrived, as once the Duchess of Cheiveruse (a French Lady) said of the English Females, that they had a singular grace to set their Ornaments right and handsomely.  
The Babarians and naked Tapoyers, Caripowis, Alibis, (and several Charibdiens) do place Pendants in their Nostrils, which are proper for the Ears; and these hinder not the use of the Lips, which ought to be observed by all Builders.  
And as for the inside of Fabrics, Builders should in the first place set the Doors, Chimneys, and Windows, as may be most convenient for use.  
Bvilder's ought to be not only experimented in House-keeping, but also good Naturalists, to know (before they spend time and Materials) the required Property to every part of a Building. A Door to be so set as it may not convey the Wind toward the Chimney or Bedstead, though opened never so little.  
The Windows to be so placed, as that the Fire made in the Chimney, may not attract the Air and Moisture, and so prove the unwholesomest part of the Room for those that are near the Fire; Which was the main reason why the great Isabel Infanta of Spain (King Philip the Seconds Daughter, who Governed the Provinces of Brabant, Flanders, Arthois, and Haynault, during her many years Residence at Brussels, (being prepossessed with a prejudice, never approached a Fire to warm herself; till at last being through wet (going a Procession in a great Rain, and by a Visit made by Mary of Medicis, Queen Mother to Lewis 13th, just as she returned to her Palace) had no time to Shift her, she was constrained to approach the Fire to dry herself, and few days after she fell sick and died upon it: which  
Relation being very true, and happening in the time that I resided for the King of blessed memory in that Court, I thought fit to mention, to preswade all Noble and curious Builders, to place their Doors, Windows, and Chimneys in their proper places.  
An though it be not my design in this small Discourse to Treat of Dimensions (which are fit for a Primar to Apprentices,) Yet I cannot desist (by reason of the West-Indian Herican-like-windes which happened February last, to preswade all Builders to forbear the Building any more those exorbitant Chimney-Shafts, which when they fall, break both Roofs and Sealing of Rooms, and kill good People in their Beds: since a Chimney some two Foot higher than the Ridges of the Roof of a Building, (which is not overtopped by a Church or Steeple, or some other eminency,) is as good a conveyance for the smoke, as any of a greater height. Neither are those high Shafts of Chimney's real Ornaments to a Building, much less to the Palace of a Sovereign: nor do the German Travellers of this Age any more fill (as formerly) their Table-Books with the number of them, as they were very careful to note the Names of their Hoafts, where the best Wine was, and when they tasted that called Lagrima-Christi, they moaned and asked why he did not weep in their Country. It's true, that the least addicted to Bibbing, did put in their Stam-Books the Dimensions of the Pantheon and of the Amphitheatres; as also of Caprarola, Frascati, and such Magnificent Structures above Ground in Italy, and under Ground La Piscina Admirabile, La Grotta de la Sibila Cumana, Bagni de Cicerone, cente Camere, ele Sepulture delli nobili Antichi. But they are now taught by Tutors to observe the Inside of Men, and Buildings. And as the best Ornaments of a Face appears at first sight by the Eyes, Mouth, and Nose; so doth the best qualities of a perfect Building, by Windows, and Doors well placed, as also by a large, magnificent, commodious, and well-set Staircase.  
Noble, magnificent, and commodious Staircases, must in the first place participate of a Nobleman's manner of Pace and Attendance.  
There is no man of sound Limbs (and that hath a gallant Gate) but lifts his Toes at least four Inches, when he goeth an ordinary easy Pace; so that if two steps (each four Inches high) be eighteen Inches broad, or deep, which makes six and thirty Inches the two (the just measure of a man's two steps,) they may be ascended from the first Floor, to the higher Story, as if a man walked on a level ground.  
2. Those Stairs ought to be so long, that the Attendants on each side the Noble Person, Prince or Sovereign, may not be straightened for room.  
Such were the Monarchlike Stairs of the Palace of Darius and Cyrus the Great, at Chelminor in Persia near Saras, the Metropolitan between Ormus and Espahan. I do speak indeed of a Palace without comparison to any other, the Walls of Circumvallation of that Palace, being four and twenty foot thick, and the Stairs (as yet in esse) are forty foot long, in number an hundred and eight, of Circular Form, and of so easy an Access, as that Travellers do ascend them on Horseback.  
King James of blessed memory could not have been so much in danger of an Onset in a Pair of Stairs, larger enough for a Noble Retinue to his Person, as he was in a narrow Pair, which History mentions.  
Neither had William Prince of Orange been so easily Shot at Delff in Holland, descending a narrow Pair of Stairs.  
4. A Noble Pair of Stairs should have a Cupelo, and no Windows on the sides, which for the most part serve but for Rude and Unadvised Men to break.  
In some Palaces and Noble men's Houses, Too many Stairs and back-Doorss (as the old English Proverb) makes Thiefs and Whores. And the setting the Front of a Building towards the North-West, and a Palace, like Cardinal Wolseyes' ill-placed one (now called Whitehall) on a low ground by the River side) makes work for Physicians, Apothecaries, Surgeons, Coffin and Grave-makers.  
But as for a Seat on Morish Grounds (except the Builders observe the practice of those of Venice (in Italy) and Amsterdam (in Holland) who bestow more Timber of Oak in the Foundation of one, than in the Building of six Houses,) in effect 'tis to Build perpetually, leaving to their Posterity to prop and redress their ill grounded Buildings; and they may well be ranked with the Duke of Arscot, who built much in Brabant, and (in a merry humour) designed in his Will ten Thousand Gilders per annum, to support and alter what he had Built amiss.  
I must also advise Builders on high Grounds, to cause their Surveyors to search for Springs, and shun them; which serve better to fill up Glasses to allay the Vapours of Gascony Wines, than to make a Pond in a Cellar.  
Bvilder's ought also to be very curious. and careful in the choice of the place to build a Seat on, for good Prospect, well Garnished with Woods, and the Water at hand, not too near, nor too far from a City or Town.  
Item, I must wish all Princes and Noble Persons who are resolved to Build Palaces and Seats answerable to their quality, to imitate those who in the Heathen age were so careful in the ordering of the Structure of their Stone Images, especially of their Saturn, Jupitur, Apollo, Mars, Neptune, (and all their Fry of wanton Goddesses) as to empannel a Jury of Philosophers, Naturalists, Physiognomists and Anatomists, who were to direct the Sculptors how to Represent those Images. And so I would wish Builders to proceed in the contriveing the Models of their intended Fabric, to wit, to consult (as those of Amsterdam did in the making the Model of their Town-House, divers experimented Architects, though they pitched for the Front on the worst of all.  
Item., Before the Workmen, make use of Materials, and not to Build at Random, as the Custom of too many ill Builders is; And when once the Model is approved, never to alter, nor to pull down what hath been well begun, nor to hearken to the diversity of opinions, which have been, and are the causes of many Deformities and Extravagancies in Buildings; and especially those who seem to have had for Models Bird-Cages, to jump from one Room into the other by Steps and Trestles, to cause Men and Women to stumble.  
And the sides all of Glass (like Spectacles) the glass Windows of small Pains, with great store of Lead, to draw the more Wind and Moisture from the open Air within Doores. As also Windows with store of Iron Casements, which rust, and never shut close, Notwithstanding all the various devices of Smiths, to catch Money out of the Bvilder's Purses, contrary to the good custom in Italy, Spain, France, Germany, and the Low-countrieses, which certainly for plurality of Voices should be believed, and followed.  
Those Nations cause their glass Windows to be fitted in wooden Casements triple riveted, to keep out Wind and Rain; they are lined with wooden Shutters, and have double boarded Shutters without, to resist all the violence of the Wether and Thiefs.  
Let no man mistake these Windows for wooden Casements, for such are usually seen here in England in old wooden Houses, the Casements scarce above one Foot and a half high, tottering things; for these are substantially, strongly, and curiously made Casements; nor are the wooden Shutters such Pastboard-like things, as are generally put on the outside of the Windows on the London and Suburbs Houses, but duble-Deal well-riveted Windows, with substantial Locks, Bolts, and Hinges, and a double Iron Bar, with a Bolt fixed in the middle of them both.  
Nor do good builders affect partitions of Lime and Hair in their Houses, nor any of their Bricks to be daubed over with finishing-Morter.  
The Romans are very curious in the tempering their Mortar, and in the laying it as thin as possibly they can, to prevent the sinking and bending of their Walls, which the laying of their Mortar too thick doth cause; and experience showeth, that when some Walls are taken down in England, half of the substance is Sand and Dust.  
The Romans (as likewise the Grecians before them) did not make use of their Lime, at the same time it was slakt, but for six Month's time suffered to putrify, and so putrified composed a Seiment, which joined with Stone (or Brick) made an inseparable union, and such strong work as I have seen Iron-Tools break on the old Mortar of the Amphitheatres at Verona and Rome.  
Their manner of preparing Lime is to lay it in Cesternes the one higher than the other, that the Water (after it hath been so stirred as that it is well mixed and throughly liquid) may drain from one Cistern to the other, and after six Month's time (the Lime having evacuated its putrefaction) remains purified, and then they mix two parts of Lime with one part of Sand, and makes that strong and pure Mortar, which if practised in England would make a wondrous strong Union, especially if the Clay-makers did beat the Clay as it ought to be, the English Clay being better than the Italian, nay the best in the world.  
They are very careful in the making large and deep Foundations, and to let the Walls raised on the Foundations rest and settle a good while before they proceed to the second Story.  
Some of our Carpenters have learned to lay Board's loose for a time, the Italians and other Nations are not sparing therein, they nail them as if for good and all, but rip or take them up again, to fit them for the second time.  
As I said before, no Building is begun before a mature Resolve on a complete finished Model of the entire design: the Builder having made choice of his Surveyor, and committed to him all the care and guidance of the work, never changeth on the various opinions of other men, for they are unlimited, because every man's conceits are answerable to their profession, and particular occasion.  
A Sovereign or any other Landlord, is then guided by natural Principles, as well as by his own Resolve, taken on a long considered Model, because they know (by experience) how sudden changes are able to cause monstrous effects.  
They know that a well experienced Surveyor must not be disturbed in his task, and undertaking, but as the Silk Worm and the Soul of Man, the first in his Husk, the second in the Womb, wherein both the one and the other (by the powers of the great Architect and Director of all things) works out his own complete Fabric, if not interrupted; but if interrupted by any outward accident, it happens that those passions become the original causes of exorbitant Features and Forms. An Item for all Builders to suffer a good Architect quietly to pursue his task, if he understands it.  
It hath been observed among the French (a Nation as much addicted to changes as any) that when the charge of an undertaking hath been committed to many, it caused but confusion, and therefore it's a saying among them, Trop de Cuisineirs gattent le pottage, Too many Cooks spoils the Broth.  
I shall not spend time, and transgress on the Readers patience, concerning the making of Clay, and burning of Bricks, only say, that it imports much the Clay should be well wrought, before it be put in the Mould: experience hath also taught Brick-makers to have them of such a length, thickness and wideness, that four of them (together with the Mortar thereunto belonging) may raise a Foot.  
As for Freestone, Portland Stone works well, and makes a good union with Bricks, yet cannot be compared with Marble, nor to the Bluish Stone of the Quarries of Liege and Namur, But 'tis also certain, that this Climate makes Marble itself to Moulder very much: as for example, the Cain and Abel in York-House Garden, which did not Moulder when it stood in that of the Duke of Larma at Valedolid in Spain, the coldness (together with the moistness of this Clime) being of a contrary operation to the temper of the Air in Italy and Spain. And therefore when Builders see their Coping; Water-table, Cornishes. Rails, and Balisters to decay, they must have patience, since there is no Meterial but is subject thereunto, and that Rails and Balisters (either on the top of the Walls of a Frontispiece, or in Balconies, though never so well Painted in Oil, and of the best seasoned Timber,) but must be renewed at forty or fifty years' end.  
Bvilder's ought to calculate the Charges of their designed Building, and especially with what Sum of Money they are willing to part, and yet remember to imitate some Philosophical Humorist, who resolves to venture on a pretty thing called a Handsome Lady, without which their Fate seems to tell them they cannot live, and therefore makes an account beforehand that all things will not precisely answer his expectation. But on the contrary, the Lady instead of being a good Houswise, (and an assistant) proves expensive, and an impediment. And if it prove otherwise, he will be a great gainer by the bargain; for let Builders put their design to Master-Workmen by the Great, or have it Wrought by the Day, either the Workmen will overreach themselves, or the Builder will be overreached.  
Charity to the one, and respect to the other, moves me to keep the rest in my Pen, yet shall never be backward to inform either of them in the ear what may be the best for them to choose.  
But I must freely advise all Builders in general, never to begin to Build on a Ground before it be Purchased, as the late Duke of Buckingham did at York-House, where there hath been much daubing and breaking through old rotten decayed Walls; first to make a Lady's Closet on the corner of a Wall where a Butteryses stood; and which was taken away for the Closet, intended only at first for a Closet of case, and to serve until the Archbishop of York could be persuaded to accept as good a Seat as that was, in lieut of the same, which could not be so so●● compassed, as the Duke of Buckingham had occasion to make use of Rooms, to entertain (according to the Dignity of a prime Minister of State) foreign Princes and Ambassadors; so as on a sudden, all the Butterises that upheld that rotten Wall were thrown down, the Ceiling of Rooms supported with Iron-bolts, Belconses clapped up in the old Wall, daubed over with finishing Mortar, and all this (as a Toadestoole growethin a night) to serve until a Model for a Solid Building (to stand even with the Street) were made, and to be Built or such Stone as the Portico or Water. Gate at the River side is, and this was done on a Morish Ground, whereon no New Building could stand any time without Proppings, which was contrary to the main. Principle of good Building.  
I must proceed and conclude with my humble respects concerning Palaces of Sovereign Princes, which must differ as much from other Buildings, as their quality and condition from that of their Subjects.  
And in the first place, as Solidity must be the first Principle in all good Building; so much more ought it to be observed in that of Sovereigns, unto whom the whole world hath access.  
And as there must be spacious Ground before their Palaces, their Inner-Court ample, the Offices for their Retinue large and commodious, and so placed as they may neither be an aunoyance nor of ill aspect.  
The first Stories ought rather to be vaulted than boarded, to prevent such an accident as happened to Lewis 13th French King, (and his Queen at a Ball,) when the Floor of the Room (with all the Company) fell down; the King and Queen only remaining (by a special Providence) on the Hearth of the Chimney, setting under the Cloth of State.  
And as there is a necessary Magnificence to be expressed on the Front and inside of Princely Buildings, answerable to their greatness; so is it absolutely necessary, that the Architect be possessed with a Soul as great as the Player in the French Play, called the Virionaries, where he persuades himself to be Alexander, and governs his Motions accordingly. And the Lines and Strokes of the Architect must be Alexander-like: his Figures and Statues Colossuses, his Pyrimidis like those of Egypt, and the Vaults like that Rock wherein Alexander and Darius wrestle for Mastery in a Valley in Persia, between Babylon and Espahan, at a place called Carimonshahan, where formerly was a great City six English Miles long; in which Groto, the Alexander-like mind of the Sculptor, hath Hewn within the Rock, (besides Alexander on Horseback, and a number of Huntsmen and Ladies) the aforesaid Alexander and Darius wrestling to break a Ring between them.  
Such a like mind Prince Thomas of Savoy, (Son to the Great Emanuel of Savoy) infused into his Architect, Sculptor, and Caster in Brass, who he employed in the Designing and Building a Stable in Turin, within all of Marble, the Racks, Manger, and the upright Posts all of Copper, Richly Wrought, Conveyances of Water Pipes. The Manger fourteen Inches wide at the bottom, to contain a Pale for Water on all occasions. The upper most edge of the Manger three foot eight Inches high from the Ground, to accustom the Neapolitan great Saddle-Horse to raise their Neck. The Rack Poles three Inches asunder and upright, that as the Frenchman saith, (L'appetit vient en mangeant) the Horse may feed more cheerfully, the Hay and Dust may not fall on their Heads, as it doth out of a Rack which stands shelving: the under part of the Manger ought to be made up to keep in their Litrers, and no Boxes made there for Dogs, as some not curious do, where no Harnesses, Saddles, Cover of Horses, or any other Implements or Tools, are not to seen about the Postern, since those things do but impede the Access of a Cavalier to the Horses.  
The disposing a Stable into a double Range, hath been affected by some, who would see all their Horses at once.  
Others love only a single Range, which a broad Walk, and if they have a great number of Horses, return at the end into another Range, if the Ground can afford the same, so as a Wall makes the Partition between the Horses.  
The Paving of such a Stable is very neat, being of white or yellow (twice burnt) Flanders Bricks, in Dutch called Clinkart; far beyond Planking of Stables, for divers Reasons. The Paviors (after the Bricks are laid) throw sharp Sand over them, and twice a day they are Watered with a Gardeners Watering-Pot, and Swept with a Broom, which the Grooms are to continue sometimes, because the Sand gets between the Joints, and makes the Paving very close and firm. The Pavement at the Foot of the Manger, must be raised at the least six Inches higher, than at the Gutter where the Posts are placed, which ought to be five Foot and an half distant one from the other, which Ground so Paved is of double use; first, that the higher a Horse stands towards the Manger, the better sight it is, and especially when the Lights of the Stable strikes on the Horse their backs, which is the better Light.  
Secondly, That a Horse its usual standing place being so much shelving, accustomes the Horse (reposing more on his hinder Feet than on the foremost) to be more light and nimble in his Gate and Pace.  
Thirdly, That his Stall doth not remain under him, and especially when its standing hath eight foot in length from the Manger to the Channel, which for neatness ought to be above Ground, the eight Foot in length, being at full the space which the Horse doth possess when in the night time he lieth stretched on his Litter.  
I must not omit by way of Queries, to Write somewhat concerning the Kitchen of a Princely Palace, viz. Whether there should not be as much curiosity, if not more in the Kitchen than in the Stable; since the Meat prepared in a Kitchen, aught to be Dressed with all Neatness, and preferred before a fine Lace about the Master Cooks Towel: Neither are the Vessels of Silver but in reference to the Neatness which ought to be observed in all Cookery. The Frenchman's Glass is wrenched as often as he Drinks, and why should not Cooks be more Curious and Neat in their Kitchens, than Grooms in their Stables? And as a Stable can have conveyances for the Horse's Water, so may Kitchins for Slabbering, for Guts of Fowls and Deer, Coals, Ashes, and whatsoever else can cause Dirt and Nastiness, and be freed from the annoyance of Smoke, which ill-placed Doors may cause; nor ought the Kitchen or other Offices and Cellarage, (as in some Palaces in France) to be so placed as they may prove prejudicial to the Court, and if they are underneath a Palace they ought to be vaulted.  
I must not forget that the Roof of a Palace should be covered either with Lead or blue Slates.  
The Pantheon at Rome was covered with Brass, which a Pope melted to cast Canons, no such as only eat, drink and sing.  
No curious eye can well endure those Barn-like Roofs of many Noble Persons Palaces, covered with red Tiles, which break and rot away, and then the Roof being mended and patched, seems to be a Beggars Mantell, which I would not have the Nobles and Courtiers to be. See the Roofs of Leicester, Newport, Southampton, and such like their Palaces, whether they do not look as Barns for Hay, and not Py-bald, by their patched Tiles?  
As for the main bulk of Palaces, its, true some have a greatness in plainness, as that of Farners in Rome, whereof Michael Ang elo made the Arcitrave, Freeze and Cornish.  
And as for Bigness and Solidty, that of St. Jeronimo, and Escurial in Spain; for Ornament, Munikch in Bavaria; the Louver at Paris for Vastness, Situation and Ornament, by the embossed Imagery on the Frontispiece, variety of Orders of Colombs, with the delight of the annexed Tuilleries, wherein as especially in that of the Palace of the Duke of Orleans, but above all in the Cardinals their Vignas in Rome, is observed the form of a true Princely Garden, consisting not only in much Air, great plots of Grass, low Borders, large Gravell-Walks, but for close Walks, Fountains, Groves, and Statues, to make good the Italian saying, Per variar natura é bella. And as for the embossed carved Imagery on the Frontispiece of a Palace, their Dimensions must be according unto their distance from the Ground; which is the main point requisite to be observed also in Schemes, wherein divers undertakers commit very great faults, not only by the not reducing whatsoever is represented to the true Lines of Perspective, but also by omitting the giving such Proportions to things, as may satisfy the sight of all the Spectators at their several distances; for Excellency doth not consist in vastness, nor in the quantity of Objects, nor Shapes, nor Colours.  
The Sphere in an Angle of a great Chamber in St Pedro èVaticano in Rome confirms this truth, and every judicious Eye will be satisfied therewith. Seas must not only be seen to have a natural motion, but heard to make a noise of breaking of their Waves on the shore, and against the Rocks. Clouds must not only drive, but be transparent, Winds, Thunder, Lightning, Rain, Snow, and Hail, must be so heard, seen, and felt, as that Spectators may think those sights to be natural operations. The Sun, Moon, and Stars, no Pasteboard devices, but so represented, as that they may dazzle the Eyes of Spectators. And all the Motions of Scenes and Mutations as insensible, and no more to be discovered, than that of the Hand of a Dial.  
Neither can all great Rooms of Princely Palaces serve for this use, except they be after the Moddell of such as the Italians have built, as there is a good one at Florence in Italy, with conveyances for Smoke, and capacities for Echoes, which Inigo Jones (the late Surveyor) experimentally found at Whitehall, and by his built Banqueting House, so as having found his own fault, he was constrained to Build a Wooden House overthwart the Court of Whitehall.  
The greatness of a Sovereign confists not in the quantity of Stone and Timber heaped together, The Quarries possess more Stone, and the Woods more Timber than a Banquet Room. Let anygood eye judge, whether it be not true, that the extreme height of a Room takes not away the greatness of the company that is in the same, and that all Hangings of Tapistery make no show at all, unless they reach to a proportionable height of a Room.  
Since the greatness of a Nation consists not in a Husk, but in itself, and in its Sovereign, nothing should be suffered to diminish the appearance of that greatness within or without Doors. A Sovereign and his Retinue, in a too vast Room in height, width and length, doth appear like a company in a Valley near high Mountains. Whenas a body standing on the brow of a Hill, and seen from below, seems to be a kind of Colosse, which argueth that there must be a great discretion used in the making them fit and pleasing.  
All which I do not Write to undervalue any Modern Works, nor any of the Cavallier-like Operas, every good Talon being commendable. As I am confident there are some that live, who will not deny that they have heard the King of blessed Memory, graciously pleased to avouch he had seen in Anno 1648, (close to the Gate of York-House, in a Room not above 35. Foot square,) as much as could be represented (as to Scenes) in the great Banqueting Room of Whitehall; and that divers judicious persons will not deny, that the excellency of the several Triumphal Arches erected in the City of London, consists not in their Bulk.  
The Grecians and Romans (who have shown their Mastership in them) did conform them to the respective places.  
Things can be too great, as well as too little, too massy, and too slender, too gaudy, and too plain; and Colours placed together, which agree not one with the other, as blue and green. God in his Rainbow having showed us the best way of ordering Colours. Nor is it the quantity of Timber or Stone, that speaks love in an Arch, but rather when it is composed of the hearts of Loyal Subjects, which surpasseth all that can be made.  
May therefore the oldest and most tottering House in the Land, breath forth of its Windows what may answer that true love, and in point of good Building; wherewith this Discourse is begun, (next to the giving such a new Form to the Streets of London and the Suburbs, as may in a manner equalise those in Holland in neatness, if the Inhabitants will but take the right and only course therein.) May his Sacred Majesty during his long prayed for and wished Reign, see St. Paul's Church in that magnificency, as the Motropolitan of the Houses of God, in the chief City of Albion justly requires. And his Royal Palace Built, so as to answer the matchless greatness of him, who all tongues of Loyal Subjects speaks to be Carolum, Magnum, Secundum Dei gratia, Angliae, Scotiae, Franciae & Hiberniae Regem, Ecclefiae Legum, & Libertatis Populi Restauratorem; Which shall ever be the dutiful Wishes of  
Balthasar Gerbier Douvily Knight.   

TO THE KING'S MOST Excellent Majesty.  
May it please your Sacred Majesty:  
MY place of Master of the Ceremonies (which the King your Royal Father of blessed memory, confirmed unto me during my life, by the Great Seal of England) is to introduce Foreign Princes or their public Representatives to your Sacred Presence. And in regard the Place of Surveyour General was also intended to me (after late Inigo Jones) I do make bold to introduce the three Capital Principles of good Building to your Sacred Majesty, who hath seen more stately Palaces and Buildings, than all your Ancestors, and may be a Pattern to all future Posterity, by Building of your own Palace worthy yourself, and placing it as the Italians for their health, delight, and conveniency (as well as Solidity and Ornament,) Lafoy Matini alli Monti, la Sera alli Fonti, according to which the main body of your Royal Palace may be set on the side of St. James' Park, and the Gardens along the River.  
If the Book affords any thing worthy your Sacred Majesty's further satisfaction, I have obtained my end, and done the Duty intended by,  
Your Sacred Majesties Most humble, most obedient, most Loyal Subject, and most zealous Servant Balthasar Gerbier.   

TO Her Most Excellent Gracious Majesty THE Queen Mother.  
May it please your Majesty,  
DID I not hope that the Offering up to your Majesty's gracious hands, this Printed discourse (concerning Building) might be acceptable, it would doubtless make me pass for insensible, how your Majesty (immediately descended from that great Monarch, Henry the Phoenix of all his Royal Predecessors, and the Virtuous Worthy of his Age, who in all things made Building worth a part of the employment of his heroic Genius. Your Majesty imitating it, as having inherited that same clemency wherein he did excel, as in Greatness all Sovereigns that ever were, by graciously accepting the very lest mite from any of his zealous Subjects  
Madam, This is a kind of Atom, in comparison of other Presentations; neither do I presume to think that it should be reflected on otherwise, lest it should seem to intrude itself as a Teacher to those expert Persons, who have the honour to be employed in the Survey of your Majesty's Buildings; but rather join these my reflections to their labour, for the due performing of their undertaking, which is only the ends of him, who (with Heart and Soul) shall ever pray the Almighty, to reserve for your Majesty in his endless glory, a better Throne than all the world can afford; these are the devoted wishes of,  
Your Majesty's Most Humble, most obedient, most Faithful and most zealous Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.   

THE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL.  
1 ARepetition of the summary contents of a former printed Discourse, concerning the three chief Principles of Magnificent Building, to wit; Solidity, Conveniency, and Ornament.  
2 The choice of a Surveyor, how to try him, and what his duty is?  
3 The choice of a good Clerk of the works, and what he is to do?  
4 The duty of all Master Work men  
5 The several proportions of the five Orders.  
6 Particulars to be minded by all Builders.  
7 Rates and Prizes of Materials, and of the several works belonging to building.  
8 That those who Build, or Build not, will (as those who marry, or marry not,) have just cause to Repent.   

Counsel and Advise TO ALL BUILDERS.  
For the Choice of their Surveyors; Clarks of their Works, Brick-layers, Masons, Carpenters, and other Workmen therein concerned.  

A Little Manual which I formerly set forth (concerning the three Chief Principles of magnificent Building, viz. Solidity, Conveniency and Ornament) doth in the first place note the incongruities committed by many undertakers of Buildings, who (both within and without doors) do confound the aforesaid Principles: It Notes how the Grecians and Romans (the best Builders) have proceeded on undisputable Rulers, not subject to fancies, for if men should be enslaved by Weather-cock-like-spirits to make their Buildings according unto things a la mode, especially of Hats, Bands, Doublets, and Breeches; how might workmen laugh? And would not some (who cannot jeer without making use of Scripture) quote Ecclesiasticus; He that is hasty to give credit is light-minded, chap. 19 v. 4. And he that teacheth a Fool, as one that glueth a potsherd together, chap. 21. v. 7.  
Secondly, It Notes how several great and judicious Princes and Magistrates have proceeded in their Edificies, what they have shunned, and what they have curiously Observed; the particular care of Surveyors, their choice of Materials, even to their preparing of their Lime and Clay: The care of their Bricklayers in laying of a Foundation, and that they have been firm and resolute in their undertake to proceed on a well composed Model, since Alterations in a well begun Building are very prejudicial.  
Thirdly, It Notes the distinction between the well ordering of the Palace of a Sovereign, and that of meaner Habitations; and it citys some remarkable Sturctures, as that between Babylon and Espahan, at a place called Carimonsharan; as also several remarkable ones in Europe; It omits not the Description of Princely Stables, and the necessary Offices to their Palaces, (as well as rooms of State, for great Feastival Shows, and ordinary use.) It also points at several incongruities committed by Surveyors; and who minded more to show that they were skilled in describing of Columes, Pilasters, Cornishes and Frontispieces, (though for the most part placed as the wild Americans are wont to put their Pendants at their Nostrils) then to have studied Conveniency, and what most Necessary.  
I shall now in the following lines treat more particularly on the matter by way of Counsel and Advice to all Builders, etc.  
Whosoever is disposed to Build, aught in the first place to make choice of a skilful Surveyour, from whose Directions the several Master-work-men may receive Instructions by way of Draughts, Models, Frames, etc. For the better managing their intended work, since an ill built Palace leaves a perpetual reflection of Ignorance on the Builder; whereas a compact Building, whether City, Castle, or House, like a stock of Children continue the Name and Memory of the Owner.  

Surveyors.  An Exact Architect must have the Art of Drawing, and Prospective; aught to know what appertains to each Inhabitants Conveniency: Since there is a vast difference between the House of Prayer, and a Prince's Palace, and meaner Habitations, nor is a Laboratorium for a Chemist fit either for Baking, or Brewing.  

Prospective.  Therefore he ought to know wherein is the use of Prospective, otherwise he will never rightly describe the dimensions of solid Bodies, which are to stand high; his Circles will seem Ovals in Breadth, and his Ovals Circles, and all his contrivances will be at random; as it is said of some men, who first act, and afterwards consider, excusing their mistake, which they thought it otherwise.  

What to reflect on.  The Surveyour must in the first place consider the ground whereon the Building must be Erected, make a Distinction between a Plate in the City, and one in the Country; and then govern himself as the ground will give him leave; reflecting still on the Houses adjacent, and those which are opposite, if they be high to raise as high, if not higher, to prevent the smoking of Chimneys.  

The Seat.  Secondly, He must place the Front of a Building in the Country towards the East, if the place giveth leave; by which means he may shelter his double Lodging Rooms from the Northwest: He must cause all the back of his Stone work (which stands within the Brick) to be cut with a Rabar three Inches broader than the breadth of his James and Cornish; which will hinder the Rain (driven by a fierce Northwest wind (to pierce into 
A Nota Bene to Builders.  the inside of the Wall, and through the meeting of the Brickwork and Stone; whereunto the Mortar affords the passage of the Water. It may be some will carp at this free Expression, pretending that Surveyors and Master Workmen (in this refined Age, which abounds in Books, with the Portraitures of the Out and Inside of the best Buildings) are not to seek the first Points of their Apprenticeship: Whom I ask the reason, why modern and daily Buildings are so exceedingly Defective? And whether it is not because many of them (if well considered) have been but Apprentices lately, and too soon become Journeymen; And that Surveyors (who either affect more the Building to themselves a strong Purse, or are blind in the faults which their Workmen commit) like careless postilions, hasten with the Packet-Maile to the Post Office, be it never so ill girted, whereby it oft falls in the midway.  

The Count of Villemedi ana his witty expressions concerning a young Surveyour.  The Count of Villamediana, a rare Spanish Poet, having heard the Answer of a Son of the King of Spain's Surveyour (to whom the Office of the Surveyour was confirmed, by reason he had all the Drawings and Books of his deceased Father; and to excuse his young Experience, said, to make use of them) replied to the young Surveyor, Hazais come el Stomaco que coma herbas y caga Mierda.  

How to try the capacity of a Surveyour.  The readiest way to try a Surveyor, is to put him to draw a ground Plot in the Bvilder's presence, to make him describe the fittest place for a Seat, the ordering of Rooms for Summer and Winter; to Contrive well the Staircases, Doors, Windows and Chimneys; that the Stairs may stand conveniently to the Stories, Doors and Windows; so placed, as that they may not be inconvenient to the Chimneys; the Bedstead place far from Doors and Windows, and of a fit distance from Chimneys.  

Distinction between the height of seiling of Rooms.  And as for height of Seiling, the Surveyour ought to make a Distinction between the height of a House, or Town-Hall; of a College and that of a Church, the Hall of a private house, serving for the most part but for a passage, the others for a Receptacle of a whole Body (consisting of number of Persons) who for an hour or two jointly breath in one place, and the which may be Offensive.  

Natural Effects of Air.  Nature of Air being to ascend, and when it meets (with a sudden opposition it spreads; Since the Nostrils (as the Pipes of Bellows) will attract to each Persons Brains the scent which is composed of that Steam.  
The Surveyors skill and discretion will also be discovered by the well contriving of the respective seiling of common Rooms, and Closets for private use; For as Rooms of State ought to be of an equal height, the seiling of a Closet (ten foot square, less or more adjacent to a Bed chamber of State (which may be thirty foot wide, forty in length, and sixteen or eighteen foot high) would be preposterous, inconvenient, and like a Barber's Comb case, Staircase, and Steeple-like to hang Bells in.  
A good Surveyour sheweth his Art, both within the Building, as on its Front; and in the fit mixture of Materials, Mortar, Brick and Stone, being Tympathick stuff.  

Necessity for mouldings.  As for the manner of the Outside of a Building, there is a necessity for mouldings about Windows, and Door Frontispieces, or Cornishes, none about Barns, Malt, Brew, or Glass-houses; whereof the outsides (especially a Barn) hath no opening of Windows, so as the Rain and Droppings of the Thatch falls not in them, but only on the ground. But as for Cornishes and Frontispieces over the Windows of a mere Habitation, being to it of the same use, as the broad Brim of a good Hat is to a Traveller in a rainy day.  

Ornaments.  The good Surveyor will order Ornaments to the Front of a Palace, according unto its situation; eat too much carved Ornaments on that upright, whereas the Southerly winds raise much dust; And though the Italian saying maintains, Per tanto variar Natura è bella; Yet must the good Surveyor use moderation in the ordering of Ornaments; eat in the first place, those Spectacle-like cant Windows, which are of Glass on all sides; For it may be supposed 
Bay or cant Windows Inconvenient.  that the Inhabitants of such Houses and Rooms with Cant Windows (exposed to the Northwest) may well imitate a merry Italian Fisher, who (in a Winter windy, rainy day) had been stripped to his skin, and having nothing left to cover him save his bare Net wherein he was wrapped) sitting on the highway) put his finger through one of the holes, ask to passengers what weather it was without doors.  

How Windows oughe to be placed  The expert Surveyor will repart the Windows to the front of a Palace, that they may (besides the affording of sufficient light to the rooms) leave a solid peers between them and to place some pleasing Ornament thereon, not prejudicial to the Structure, nor too chargeable for the Builder; shunning incongruities, as many (pretending knowledge in Ornaments) have committed, by placing between Windows Pilasters, through whose bodies Lions are represented to creep; as those 
Ridiculous Ornaments.  in Queen street, without any necessity, or ground for the placing Lions so ill, which are commonly represented but as Supporters either of weight, or of Arms in Heraldry.  

The Order to be observed on the Front of Buildings.  He ought further to imitate the old Grecians and Romans, in placing the rustic order next to the ground, as being most proper, both by reason it is the most solid of all the other orders; and that no blemish appeareth in the Rustic so soon as in a smood ashler.  

Concerning the placing of Balconies  The reason also for contracting the Balconies within the upright of a Colmn is, that weight is not prejudicial when it rests on its Centre, no more than the great weight of Bells in a Steeple, if hung plum with the upright.  

Concerning the upper part of a Front without Rails and Barresters.  Moreover, He order his top Cornish according unto the the weight which is laid upon it; For if the Builder (to spare charges of Rails, Barresters and Pedestals with Ornaments of Balls) will have the Building to have no other finishing, he must lay a course of Stone on the Cornish, to keep the Walls dry, and clap up a fillet of Lead: As good Carpenters do frame their Rails to Barresters to meet on the Pedestals, under the neck of the Ball, so as the Rain doth not enter to rot them.  

The use of Prospective.  A Surveyour (well versed in prospective) doth order the Cornishes and Ornaments according unto the height of the Stories: He ought to know what Diminution, Altitude doth cause; there is none perceived on the Latitude of an Horizontal Line: Longitude represented by lines drawing to a Centre from the Latitude, causeth also a Diminution in the Eye  
The Grecians and Romans Surveyors, have ever been accustomed to make their Cornishes and Ornaments about Windows, of the upper Stories to be bigger than on those of the lower; which Michael Angelo did observe in the Arehitrave; Frieze and Cornish on the top of the Frontispiece of the Cardinal 
Raphael and Albert Durer, their method in Dimensions  Farnese his palace in Rome.  
Raphel d'Urbin and Albert Durer, drawing a Steeple on the first ground of a board or cloth, whereon they did represent the figure of a man, standing (as it were) in the upper gallery; made the figure of that man of the same height of another which was to be set at the foot of such a Steeple; because there is no diminution of form on a parpendicular Line, which is set close to the edge of a cloth or board; A point at the foot, or at the top, is but a point, it being only distance from separated lines (drawn to a Centre) which causeth a Diminution as to the sight.  
Therefore all Surveyors ought to cause the wooden Moulds (on which Masons must work, to be tried by lifting them as high as the Stone or wooden Figure is to be placed; to see how it may please the Judicious Eye; which is the best Jury and compass.  

What form of Doors, prove a weakening to a Building.  Now concerning the well proportioned Doors and Windows; Every man reflecting on Stature, ease and conveniency needs not to call to his Neighbour for to counsel him in this necessary proportion, since it must be granted, that if Doors and Windows (in a solid Building of Stone or Brick) were as wide as they are high; it must through necessity be a weakening to a Building.  
The wideness of the Door, must be to serve for two to pass at once, that is to say, the Doors of Chambers of a Palace, the height of the Door the double of its width; all other Chamber doors of a convenient height for a man of complete stature, to pass with a hat on his head: A gate for Coaches and Carts laden likewise fit to the purpose.  

Why Windows must be high.  Windows (because the light comes from above) must be higher than wide, the middle Transoms of them above six foot (which is the common stature of a Man) since otherwise the middle Transome would be opposite to a man's eye, hindersome to the free discovering of the Country.  

The leaning height of windows.  The leaning height of the Windows ought to be three foot and an half; since if otherwise it will be incommodious, for being lower, it would require the bending of the back, which old men (when they have spent money and time in building) will not find so easy, as some wanton persons, who it may be will affect low leaning, to make use either to sit on, and break the Glass-windows, or to show themselves in Quirpo to passengers.  

The height of windows.  The height of Windows and Doors, must be as much again as they are wide; because they will otherwise offend the judicious eye of persons who reflect on the former annotations, that shapes do alter by distances of place; as an Oval seen from beneath, will seem to contract to a Circle; contrary to the sense of some Children, in whose sight their Parents seem extreme tall, because they are low themselves; But some Builders, (as Painters of a low stature) affect to make Figures, door-ways, and Windows, according unto their own height.  

Thresholds an old custom.  A good Surveyour shuns also the ordering of Doors with Stumbling-Block-Thresholds, though our forefathers affected them, perchance to perpetuate the ancient custom of Bridegrooms, when formerly at their return from Church, did use to lift up their Brides and to knock their heads against that of the door, for a remembrance, that they were not to pass the threshold of their House without their leave.  

The placing of Doores.  The doors ought to be all on a row, close to the Windows, to gain Room, that when the doors are opened, they may serve for Skreens, and not to convey wind to the Chimney.  

The inconveniency of raised hearths to Chimneys.  The Hearth of a Chimney ought to lie level, without a border, raised hearths being dangerous for the falling of coals on the boards, and likewise troublesome.  
The Chimney mantles ought to be all of Stone or Marble, but if (to spare charges) the upper frame, sides and top be made of timber, it will be most seeming to have them painted as Marble.  

The use of spaces between the Chimneys.  And if the building cannot suffer the Chimney to be made even with the upright of the wall, both sides may be made up to serve for hoards, if they are rooms of State, but if of common use for Cabinets.  
It is necessary to cover the top of Chimneys to keep out rain and Snow; the smoak-holes can be very conveniently made on the sides of the heads of them.  

Rooms on moist ground to be paved.  Rooms on moist grounds, do well to be Paved with Marble, because the boarding otherways is much subject to rot.  

No Timber partitions to be suffered in the first Story.  A good Surveyour shuns the making of Timber partitions in the undermost Story.  
He contrives free access to the double rooms, without making them through passage whereunto the well placing of the Stairs contributes, either by convenient passages about or under them; the composing of a fit and easy Stairs being a Masterpiece, fit in respect of the place, convenient if the steps be 
Deep and low Steps the best.  deep and Low in the rise, for a strait ascending or descending (without bending of the sinews) gives most ease to the body which doth rest better on his bones, then on Sinews.  
The good Surveyour doth contrive the repartitions of his ground-plot, so as most of the necessary Servants may be lodged in the first ground story; whereby there will be less disturbance, less danger of fire, and all the Family at hand on all occasions.  
Finally, he ought from time to time to visit the Work, to see whether the Building be performed according unto his direction and Moulds.   

The second choice to be made, is, that of a fit Clerk of the Works.  
A Clerk of the Works must be versed in the prizes of Materials, and the rates of all things belonging to a building; to know where the best are to be had, provide them to the Workmen's hands, to prevent a retardment in their several proceedings; that the Carpenter may not stay for the Brick-layers, nor the Brick-layers, nor Masons for the Carpenters; he ought also to note in his book the materials, and all necessaries as they are brought in, distribute them orderly; and though Nails to some seem not very considerable, yet ought the Clerk of the work to be discreet in the distributing of them to some Carpenters, whose pockets partake much of the Austruches stomaches; his eyes must wander about every Workman's hands, as on those of the sawyer's at their Pitt, that they waste no more than needs in Slabs; on the Labourers hands in the digging of the Foundations, for the Bricklayers that all the loose Earth be removed, and Springs observed.  
That no Carmen turn or tumble down their Bricks, but the Labourers to take them out of the Cart, and pile them to prevent damage.  
To suffer no sammel Bricks to be made use of, not so much as in the choar of a Foundation.  

Concerning Brick-layers.  The Brick-layers to lay no Foundation except the ground be first Rammed, though it seem never so firm.  

Observed in the foundation of Solomon's Temples.  No great and small stuff huddled together in the Foundation, but laid as even as possibly can be, to ram it the better, and the more equal, and must be of solid hard stuff, with no concavities, daubed over with store of Mortar, which sinks unequally, and is the cause of the unequal settling of the Work.  

No making of Scaffling in the morning.  Likewise to watch the Brick-layers hands, to use often their line, and plum-rule, make small scaffling-holes, and never (if possible be) suffer them to begin their Scaffling in the morning, but before their leaving off their work; for if in the morning, most of them will make it a day of gathering of Nuts and Fruit (if they are in the Country) and therein spend the best part of their day; and one must not permit them to take the best boards and other stuff for their Scaffling.  

Concerning Mortar.  Item, See the Mortar well tempered, since if unequal in thickness; that which is thin, will cause the work to settle more in one place then in the other, and the joints to spew out the Mortar; especially of work made at the latter end of the year, when no brickwork without doors ought to be laid, for that it hath not had sufficient time to dry thoroughly; and will therefore by the setting of the work in the after-season, be so much the more retarded, and be the worse to the Building, Hangings, or Wainscot set up against it.  
Moreover, to see the Brick-layers take good solid Bricks to hue, since if any thing sammel the work will molder away; and every night to lay boards on their work to keep it from rain.  

Concerning Masons.  It is to be noted, that the Mason must work no Stone with Sandy veins, or that which (having been new taken out of the Quarry) hath been exposed to Rain, Snow or Frost.  
As for the workmen, that must observe exactly their Surveyors Moulds, and work close and neat joints, use but little Mortar between them, not only because much Mortar will be washed away, but that Cornishes will also appear as a rank of open teeth, and they must not forget to shore the middle part of the head of the Windows, as well as the sides, to prevent an unequal settling of the work, and consequently cracks; both in the Heads, James, and Sils.  
As for the Dimensions which the Masons are to observe in their work, in reference to the orders. They must divide the Tuscan, Column, or Rustic, Base and Capital (which is as much to say as feet and head) seven times its thickness, the Architrave, Frieze and Cornish one fourth part of the Column with Base and Capital.  
If they make the said order without a Pedestal they must divide its whole height into 17. parts and a half, which (in their vocation phrase) are called Models, and are divided into 12. equal parts; If they are directed by their Surveyour to make them with a Pedestal, then are they to divide the whole height into 22. and one sixth part, for that the perfect shape of the said Order requires a Pedestal, which must have a third part of the Column, with Base and Capital.  

Nota.  It seldom happens that a Pedestal is put to the Tuscan Order, because (as it represents an Atlas) and that no man will take a Dwarff to reach to the first Story of a Building) the said order requires, not to be set as a Candlestick on a Cupboard, it's as a Substantive, that can stand without an Adjective: Some Venetian Ladies, must have their Shoppins to stand on, and were they as strong as the Tuscan they would not need some of their Masaras to lean upon.  

Dimention of all Pedestals.  But as for Pedestals to the other following orders; a Builder shall do well to see the Masons observe this general Rule; That the Pedestals with their Ornaments, must be one third part of the Column with its Basis and Capital (feet and head as aforesaid) even as in the Ornaments above the Architrave, Frieze and Cornish, must make one fourth part of the same.  
This must then be understood as followeth, viz. The Mason must in the making any of the Frieze orders, divide the height of the Column with its Ornament into nineteen parts, then take the height of the Column with its Basis and Capital, and make the divisions of the Models according to its order.  

Names of the several Forms or Moldings on the body of the Column.  Now the names of the several forms on the body of the Column are, viz. theinging over of the Capital under the neck; Then followeth the Frieze, the List, the Ovolo, the Cimatium, the list of the Cimatium, the Architrave, the list of the Architrave, the Frieze, Gul or Throat, the lists, the Crown, the lists or Rule, the Round; and finally the Ovolo. And the Clerk of the Works speaking in these terms, will be as well understood by the Masons as one at Sea among Mariners; saying, Steere, or Larboard.  

Concerning the Doric Order.  Item, If the front of the Building is adorned with the other orders (as the Doric is) to follow the Tuscan, this proportion must be observed, viz. The height of the whole Column with its Base and Capital, must consist in 20. Models, that is to say, a Doric Column without a Pedestal; the Model must be divided in twelve parts, the foot with the nethermost band must be one Model, the Column between the Foot and Head 14. Models, the head one. The Architrave, Frieze and Cornish, is to be one fourth part with the Head and Foot, so as this makes up the aforesaid Number, and such a complete Form, as is neither to be controlled nor mended, & is that which the Grecians and Romans have found to be a Dimension sunk down from above, as all those who have made it their respectful observations of the Dimensions the Creator hath been pleased to give to the Microcosm Man, they have found that there is a perfect concordance, 
Perfect concordance among the dimensions of a man's body.  amongst them, a Body consisting of so many Models of so many height of Heads; A Head of so many distances between the one Eye and the other; nay even in the gaping of a well-proportioned Mouth, except forced by a kind of Screw or Gag, which may break the Jawbones asunder.  

Proportion of open galleries with Columns.  If the undermost part of a Front (as many Palaces in Milan, and other Cities in Italy) is left open as the Gallery in the Bedfort-Piatza; The Indisputable, best and truest proportion to be observed therein is; if according to a Doric Order, the Height must be divided into twenty parts, one of those must be the Model; the distance between the two Pilasters are three Models, the wideness of the Arch, half the length of the Column, which is set out in the midst of the Pilaster, one third part of a Model more than its half, which is to be generally observed in all the other orders; This is for Galleries with Columns without Pedestals; but Galleries, with these the Column must be divided into twenty five, and one third part which makes a Model; the breadth of the Pilaster must be five Models, and the distance between the Pilasters ten Models, the half of the height of the Arch, which will make that perfect shape as must satisfy all Judicious Eyes. Item, It must be remembered that the height of the Pedestal of the Doric must consist of five Models, and one third part: And as for Ornaments (as Embroidery or Lace on good Stuff) they are as various as the occasions of the owners may require, or those things whereunto their Genius doth tend; if Warriors, Trophies; if men of Peace, Olive-branches; and all what affrights not.  

Division of the jonick Order.  The jonick Columns, their height must be of twenty two parts and a half; each Model being one of the twenty, must be divided in eighteen, because it stands so much higher, as distance (which then contracts the work) requires more height; since otherways the third story of Columns would shorten so much, which is the fundamental reason that Prospective must be observed by a good Builder, and not yielded to the particular fancies of some of them.  
The Architrave of such a Column must consist in one, and one quarter Model of the eighteen, the Frieze of one and a half, the Cornish one and three quarters, which being added together, makes four Models and an half, and the one quarter of the jonick Column, the Base and Capital comprised.  
In the making Galleries of this order (which being most slender and more tall) the breadth of the Pilasters must be three Models, the breadth of the Arch eight and a half, since the height must be seventeen Models, which is twice the breadth; but if these Columns are set on Pedestals, then must the whole height of them be divided into twenty eight parts and an half, allowing six Modeles for the height of the Pedestal with its Ornaments, and so it will fall out, that as the breadth of the Arch shall be eleven Models, the height twenty two, the breadth of the Pilasters four, and so a proportionable Body to the height of the Story, and the weight it is to bear; which is one of the main considerations of a good Builder; when to the contrary, Columns ill proportioned and ill placed, prove often a weakening to a Building, and seem as Organ pipes to stand in the Air for a 
Ill effect of two broad Cornishes.  show, as Cornishes too broad, happen the sooner to decay; but to this order there ought to be one third part of a Model.  

Which doth not shrink.  To proceed on the form recommended to a good Clerk of the works, to call upon every Workman of the Masons to see them perform according unto such exact patters made in good Wainscot; The next is the Corinthian, who if without 
Divisions of the Corinthian order.  Pedestals, must be divided into twenty five Models, and those into eighteen parts; the distance between the Columns four Models, and two third parts of a Model; Because the Architrave about it may not bear too much, and that the Models in the Cornishes may be just over the middle of the Column.  
But if Arches or Galleries made of this Order; the distance between the Pilasters must be nine Models, the height to the top of the Arch eighteen Models, and the breadth of the Pilaster three Models: Galleries with Pedestals must be divided in thirty two equal parts, and one of them a Model; the distance between twelve and the height to the top twenty five, one more than ordinary, because the height doth diminish the proportion of its true height; so the Pedestal seven Models, etc.  

Composite Order.  The Composite Order must be made of the same proportions of the Corinthian; all the difference between them is only in the members of the Head and Foot, as all Surveyors and Master Workmen shall find this to be most true; After they shall have compared all the best grounded Authors of the Greeks and Romans, and that here is not an jota differing from them; for it is a Rule as certain, as that without the same, there cannot be a perfect building made, no more than a man could without good Orthography write true English; so as no man can have just cause to say, there is a new Rule prescribed unto them, since it is the same which will be found in all true Books concerning that matter; It is the Rule of the Ancient Masters, whose Relics to be seen throughout most places of Italy, makes many strangers that come there gape so wide, as that they need no Gags. Let them but look on the Columns of the Temple of Peace and the Pantheon in Rome, they shall see more men that gape after them then in other parts: Pipers and Potters to sit in Taverns, and they shall find in those lovers of Art an Humility, as hinders them to crack, and boast never to utter, Well enough for the time.  
Most of the Italians, being of the humour of the old Carver, who had engraven his own Name and Portraiture so deep in the shield of Pallas, as it could never have been put out without defacing the figure; they work for a perpetual fame; which a good Clerk of the works is to recommend unto the Workmen committed to his charge.  

Concerning the Carpenters.  That the Carpenters be good husbands in the managing of the Builder his Timber, in the cutting of their Scantlings, their sparing to make double Mortises, which do but weaken the Summers.  
To lay no Gerders, which are needless and hindersome to the boarding of a Room, no Summers to be laid, except the ends of them are either pitched or laid in Loam, to preserve them from rotting, as is done by the heat of Lime whereof Mortar is made; And therefore in Italy, France, Germany, and among the most prudent and solid Builders, the free Masons put stone Cartoeses in the top of the infide walls, which are bearers to the Summers, as such Cartoeses are seen in divers Churches, and some of them are carved in Ornamental Figures.  

The manner of the Carpenter to lay his Timber.  Item, The Clerk of the Works must have a care to see the Carpenters to cock the main Beams into the Lentals, to hold the wall the better, that they pin down a Plank (three inches thick) all along the top of the Summer, to hold fast the Brick work, after the Brick is raised to the height of the Summer, and that the Joyces be framed a● or three inches under the top of the Summers; that for the boarding rooms smooth, the Carpenters lay Bridges overthwart the Joyces, joined in the top of the Summers, that the Boarding be with breaking Joints, which is the phrase of the Workmen and is the manner of flooring of rooms of Note.  

Height for Doors and Windows.  That door cases (well ankered into the wall) be made as high again as they are wide, and so must well proportioned window cases be, both for giving better light (which descends from above) and that the peers of Brick or Stone between them, will fall to be a fit width to be a strengthening to the building.  
Item, The Clerk of the works must be very careful not to suffer the Carpenters to lay any Timber under the Chimneys; since by the laying of Timber under them, many houses have been set on fire and burnt to the ground.  

Scantlings for substantial Floors.  He must see the Carpenters to observe the Scantlings following, viz. (for substantal Floors of rooms thirty foot wide) Summers for the first ceiling eighteen and fourteen Inches to be framed in such proportion as may serve to make an Italian fret Ceiling. The Lentals eight and ten Inches square, the Joyses 
Scantling for Seiling of rooms thirty foot wide.  nine and three Inches; The Summers of the second Floor, fifteen and seventeen, to be beams of the Roof for the principal Rafters to stand on, and the like for the fret Ceilings: The principal Rafters for the Roof to be at ten and eight at the lower end, nine and seven at the top; The Pu●lains for the Roof nine and eleven, single Rafters six and three Inches, and to be framed edge-wayes, which Scantlings are fit for substantial Structures, but not usual in Lime and Hair Birdcadgelike Buildings; Moreover he must not only (as a true Clerk) with his Eyes follow the Workmen's hands in the framing of their Work, and as before said, that no waste be made of the Timber, nor of the least Slab, nor of Brick, nor Brickbats, nor Stone; he must not suffer Brick Carts to overturn the load of Bricks brought to the Work, which is an insupportable abuse, but too often committed in the Country, whereby a world of good Bricks are reduced to morsels, 
Abuse committed with the overturning the loads of Bricks.  and this by mere laziness of the Labourers, who (as better rationals in London) ought to take the Bricks out of the Carts and pile them.  
And as to a Building wherein divers sorts of materials are used, the care of the Clerk of the Works must be on all of them, as well as on the least (as I said before in the distribution of Nails) as on materials of weight, as Sauder, wherewith an unconscionable Plumber can engross his Bill. The Clerk is to see Sauder weighed and well managed, and in the attesting of Bills have a care not to pass his eyes slightly over them, lest when a Plumber sets pounds of Candles used about his Sauder, that trick prove as insupportable as that of one, who having played away a round sum of his Master's Stock in a Journey to the East-Indies, set in his Bill to have paid a hundred pound for Mustard.  
He must likewise have a clear insight on the Glass pains of the Glazier; suffer no Green pains of Glass to be mixed with white.  
He must with his Eyes follow the Measurer of the Work, his Rod, or Pole; so the line where with the Joiner's work is measured, that it be not let slide through the Measurers' fingers since the Joiner's works hath many goings in and out; and a Leger de maine may be prejudicial to the paymasters purse.  
It were likewise better to agree with Painters, to have their work rated on running measure, and on the strait, as the Carpenter's work, who (being of an honest joseph's profession) are as deserving to be well paid as the Painters, who do but spend the sweat of walnuts (to wit oil) the Carpenters that of their brows.  
Finally, the Clerk of the Works ought to be subject to the censure of the Surveyor, on the point of all the materials which are brought in.  

Concerning the use of Timber.  And as for Noblemen (or others) who have Timber of their own (and in whose grounds good clay for bricks is to be had, their best course is, to fell Timber (which they can spare, and intent to build with,) some years before it must be put to the Carpenters tools.  

Concerning Foundations.  Likewise to manage the uffal of the Timber. And as for the foundation of their building, it ought to be raised at first leaning height; and then to let it rest to settle, for if only brought levelly with the ground, it will prove but as a receptacle of the wet that falls on it: and if but a foot high above ground, it will be pushed down again, but being leaning high, it will be preserved, and may be covered if the month of October draweth on, when it's fit Trovel men should be dismissed till the next Spring following.  

The best Covering.  Item, To cause the foundation of the intended building to be generally laid, without leaving any touchings, since walls new begun on them will settle more unequal than those carried on in an entire range: As for cover of Buildings, Lead is best for Churches, for who would rob them but Goths and Vandals.  

Concerning blue Slates.  Blue Slates are most comely for a Nobleman's Palace, they are not heavy as Tiles, nor do not soon rot, nor gather an unpleasing moss; besides that when some of the slates are broke, the Slater mends them with little charge; a rooff coloured with them is of an equal colour, when as red tiled rooffs the least breaking of them makes great chargeable work for the Tiler, who often removes ten Tiles to lay two new ones in their place; and renders the Noble man's rooff, as a Beggar's Coat.  

Concerning burning of Bricks.  As for burning of Bricks, if Noblemen care not to make a Bisme in their Parks or grounds, they shall do well to cause the Clerk of the Works to look well to the Workers of the Clay, for if it be not well wrought, the bricks will never be good.  
It is usual to pay five shillings per thousand, for the making and burning of Bricks, the Clay digging therein comprehended; and all materials being provided to the Brick-makers hand.  
But as for those who can have Bricks from Brickills near at hand. And who love to keep their Park and grounds even and handsome, they may take notice that in the number of twenty Thousand of Bricks 
Between burning & buying of Bricks, but six shillings and eight pence difference in twenty thousand.  bought or made, there is not above six shillings and eight pence difference; Example, There goeth four load of Sand, which (with the carriage) cost two shillings six pence; in Straw to the making of twenty Thousand of Bricks above five shillings; the Tools and bringing of water five shillings, the digging of the Clay ten shillings, charges for hedging, forty shillings; the preparing of the ground five shillings, besides the making of a Kill, which will consume for the making of twenty Thousand of Bricks, fifteen load of Wood, at ten shillings the load; of Bricks burnt in a Clam (being burnt with Sea coals) there are at the least in twenty thousand, five thousand unfit for work; and though some Brick-layers pretend that Sammel Bricks are good enough to fill the Choare of a Wall, it is not so; Since most Sammel Bricks are no better than dust, and what resistance dust can be when weight is laid upon it, any rational man can judge by the several cracks in Walls, whereof the Choars are hollow; and therefore the description of the foundations of the Temple, and the Palace of Solomon bears, that 
The foundation of the Temple and Palace of Solomon.  it was made with smooth hard Stone.  
Many Brick-makers are accustomed to dig the top spit (which is no better than dung) and to throw it with the other clay, and is the cause that many Bricks are brittle, so as in few 
An Item for those who do let out ground for buildings.  years' houses made with them, the walls thereof moulder away like dirt.  
To prevent the being overreached with Bricks, they ought to be taken out of the clam by account from the Brickmaker, who undertakes to make them in one's ground, he is to keep to himself those that are not fit for use.  

How to measure the Clay which hath been digged.  The way for the Clerk of the Works to measure the quantity of Clay which hath been digged, is to measure the pit (out of which it hath been taken) square, which is six foot square, six foot in length, three foot in breadth, and three foot in depth, which makes one thousand of Bricks.  
Men dig clay for six pence the thousand.  
Lime digged in one's ground is commonly burnt in a Kill, at four shillings per load; Lime bought cost four shillings a quarter, six pence a Bushel, forty shillings a load.  

Inconveniency of putting Chalk in walls of Houses on Springish ground.  Those that mind the making use of Chalk in their walls, must be contented if the ground hath springs) with the green moulding which breaks through the whited walls within doors.  
Walls about a Park or Court, may be filled with Chalk, which may be digged for eighteen pence per load, bought for two shillings and six pence the load.  

The number of Bricks in a square Rod.  He that desires to know how many thousands of Brick a Park wall, or that of the building of a house will require, can make his account on the description following, viz. A square Rod of a wall, two foot thick takes nine thousand of Bricks, nine quarters of Lime to a Rod, nine load of Sand, at fourteen pence per load.  
Some good Country Bricklayers do work at twenty seven shillings the Rod, the Bricks not being rubbed.  

The rate of Bricklayers work.  Good London Bricklayers will work the Rod for forty shillings, rubbed Bricks, the inside for thirty three shillings, arches comprised.  
The fittest bigness of a good brick, is nine Inches and a half long, four and a half, and a half quarter broad, two inches a quarter and a half thick, which will raise a foot in the Mortar with four bricks.  
As for Lime, the refining whereof (according unto the Grecian and Roman manner, is mentioned in the former printed discourse of the three Principles of Magnificent Building) the general custom in Europe, is to burn it in Kills, which is a slow way. But if there were such a quantity of Wood as in the Indies, there could be more lime burnt in twenty four hours, than otherways in a month: The burning of lime in China and 
The manner of burning Lime in China.  other parts of the Indies, being as followeth, viz. They make a round pile of great wood, leaving a cross hollow way through it from the bottom almost to the top, which is raised to a height according to the Circle, there is proportionably so much Stone heaved thereon as it will hold, the fire is put in the Centre, and in the middle of every cross way, and as it burns makes an Overture at the top, and the stone burning by degrees falls still in the middle of the pile, and of the Walks, which at last is covered with the Cinders of the burnt wood, and proves a most strong well burnt Lime; Which if it were mixed with Holland Bricks (called Clinkart, a yellow Brick as hard as Flint, bought for twenty three shillings the thousand) would make walls as durable as if of Marble, if not better.  

The best paving in Stables.  Those Clinkarts are very fit for the paving of Stables, and walks in a Court, for they lie very smooth and close.   

As for choice of Master Workmen.  
KIng Henry the Eight showed a good precedent (when the Sergeant Plummer calling his Workmen to cast in his presence a Leaden Medal which was given him: the King told him he would have no walking Master Workman.  
Those therefore which are fit to be employed, are Working Masters, and not those who walk from one Building to another; since Journeymen will no more work well, than Soldiers fight without a fight Captain; Feathers on a Captain's hat, nor Compasses in Master workmen's pockets do not the deed, nor will any Master Workman deny to have had as much more done, and well, by bestirring their Hands and Tools in their Workmen's presence then otherways.  
This doth not entrench on those who are undertakers of Buildings, but insisteth only on the necessity of sufficient Master Workmen, actually employed in every Work.  

Master Workmen bound to a precise time.  The chosen Master Workmen must be bound to a prefixed time for the performance of their undertaking to observe exactly the Model and Moulds held forth to them by the chosen Surveyour, and to make good at their own cost what they do amiss.  

Master Workmen to pay their own men.  They are to manage the paying of their own Workmen, on such a Contract as they have made with the Proprietor of the Building; For the Master Workman must keep his workmen under a certain regular proportion of pay, to hinder them from spending their wages too fast, and to run to other works, as many (upon slight occasions) do.  

To shun reprehending of Master Workmen openly.  It is also very necessary to shun the reprehending a Master Workman of any oversight before his men, but rather privately; since it would be to him as prejudicial as a check to a Commander at the head of his Troop.   

As for the Builder and Proprietor.  
IT is best for the Builder to buy his own Materials, have his Work done by the Rod or Square.  
Have in reserve (to make good payment) such a stock of his own as he can well spare; and against mistakes of Workmen a stock of Patience.  
Be a constant observator of the three chief Principles of Building; viz. Solidity, Conveniency, and fit Ornament: Never suffer his Workmen to begin to build before the Month of March, nor to continue longer in the building of walls then until half September; remitting setting of walls until the next Spring after.  
Observe the several Annotations in the former printed Discourse, on the three chief Principles of Building: concerning the well ordering both of Rooms of State and ordinary use and Stairs, the form of Offices and Stables; as also the contrivances and properties belonging to Gardens.   

As for Prizes.  
EXperience speaks that as times change, and occasions differ, prizes may alter; Nor is that which is best cheap, always the best profit, but Merchantable ware.  

Rates of Bricks.  Bricks in some parts are delivered at the Work for 16s. 8ds. the thousand.  

Rate of Brick work.  Some will build a Rod 16● Foot square, 1½ Bricks, all Materials comprised for 5 pound.  
For the old Tiling at thirteen shillings four pence a square.  
New Tiling at one pound five shillings a square, finding all Materials.  
The strait Arches, at one shilling per foot.  
The Flints, at four pence per foot.  
The Cornishes, one shilling per foot.  
Slating with blue Slates the Workmen finding all, will cost seven pence per foot, the workmanship only will cost three pence per foot.  
Twelve thousand Slates will make one square.  
Slates will cost sixteen pence per thousand, delivered at London.  

Prizes of Timber.  Good Oaken Timber is bought in some parts of the Country for thirty three shillings per load, consisting of fifty foot; in and about London. for forty three shillings, forty four, forty five, forty seven, and fifty, at the Merchant's Yard.  
White Fur, twenty five, twenty six, twenty seven, and sometimes twenty eight, according as the seasons be.  
Yellow Fur (called Dram) being very good, forty five shillings the load, the names are these following; Esterrund, Westbeele, Longlound, Laurwat, Landifor, Tonsberry, Holmstrand, Dram, Christina, Swinsound, Frederickstadt, Helleroane, Moss, Drontom, Bergen, and Stavenger.  
The prizes of these Deals are uncertain, for according to the goodness so they are in price; for in all these places, there are both bad and good which generally are sold from four pound per Cent. to six pound per Cent. if ordinary length; long Deals which are about fourteen or fifteen foot long, are from seven pound per Cent. to twelve pound per Cent.  

An Estimate of Scantlings and Prizes.  
OF Oaken Gerders fifteen inches one way, and eleven the other, two pound ten shillings.  
Oaken Gerders thirteen Inches one way, and eleven the other, two pound two shillings.  
Joyces seven Inches one way and three the other a square, two pound two shillings.  
Fir Gerders fourteen Inches one way and nine the other, one pound eighteen shillings.  
Fir Gerders twelve Inches one way and nine the other, Joyces six Inches one way and three the other at a square, one pound sixteen shillings.  
Oak Roofing raising pieces, eight inches one way, six the other; purloins nine inches one way, and seven the other, one pound fifteen shillings.  
Principal Rafters nine and six at one end, eight inches and five inches the other, small Rafters it is worth sixteen pence, or eighteen pence the yard.  
Rough-cast upon Lath being very well done, is worth eighteen pence the yard, upon brick work it will be done very well for twelve pence or ten pence the yard.  
Rough-cast upon Lath-work, the owner finding all, is worth eight pence the yard.  
Upon Brickwork, or Stone, is worth six pence the yard.  
To Lath and lay with Lime and Hair, the owner finding all the stuff, it will be done for two pence a yard.  
Plastering upon Lath, ten pence a yard, some have done it for eight and nine pence the yard.  
Plastering upon Brickwork at four pence a yard, and some for three pence a yard.  
White-washing and stopping, at three pence a yard.  
Plastering of Lime upon hart-lath is worth two pence the yard, some have done it for six pence a yard, and two pence rendering with Coat of Lime and Hair on it.  
Greenwich plastering, to be lathed and laid with Lime and Hair, and a Coat of fine plaster, the Seiling and Partitioning at one shilling two pence a yard, in Town, one shilling five pence.  
A Cornish with two faces, all of it two foot deep, at two shillings six pence a yard, running measure; a Cornish at the foot of an Arch, sealing done with Lime and Hair, eleven inches deep, at one shilling nine pence the yard.  
Architrave, Frieze, and Cornish of three foot, three inches deep, done for three shillings two pence a yard, running Measure.   

Plasterers work in Fret Seiling.  
AFret Seiling as at Summerset-house, in the Privy Chamber, and in the Drawing Chamber, done with square ovals round; with a Cornish round about the rooms, the Fret having a double golose in the bottom, and a Cornish on the side, six Inches deep, and all the members enriched according to the moulds therewith measured flat in square yards without girding the work with a Line, is worth six shillings the yard square.  
Whiting and Stopping of fret ceilings at two pence a yard, whiting and stopping of old plain walls and ceilings at one penny a yard, whiting of new walls at three pence farthing a square.  
The workmanship only in Lath and Lathing three pence the yard, rendering two pence a yard.  
A Friese made with folding two foot deep, at five shillings a foot running measure.  
Fret ceilings the moulding, six Inches deep and full of work, with enrichments in the moulding and fouldage in angles and squares, the workmanship only at five shillings a yard, measured flat.  
One Tun of Plaster of Paris will lay twenty nine yards of Lath work, three quarters of an Inch thick, one Tun will lay as much again upon Brickwork.  
Walls done in fair black for a Tennis Court, at one penny a yard, the workman finding all.   

Glassery.  
THe best French Glass wrought with good lead, well simmoned, is worth sixteen Pence a foot.  
The best English glass wrought with an Arch well leaded, and simmoned at seven pence a foot.  
Ordinary Glass for quarries at five pence half penny a foot.   

Painter's Work.  
FOr a fair Stone colour in oil upon windows and doors. at twelve pence a yard.  
For a Timber colour in oil, on doors and windows, at ten pence a yard.  
Wainscot put into Walnut red colour, in distemper at six pence a yard.  
Painter's work of ordinary lights of windows in oil, at six pence a yard.  
To lay a fair white colour in oil, on Cornish of Timber, and on Stairs, and Rails and Barristers fourteen pence a yard.  
The laying over a Wall white in oil, twelve pence a yard.  
Painting of the fairest green that can be in distemper, and varnished, is one shilling a yard.  
Frames seven Inches and a half broad gilded, the ground a Timber colour cost three pence farthing for one Inch broad, and a foot in length.  
Other rich carved frames, painted and gilded, the gold fifteen inches broad, the ground a fair white colour cost five shillings a foot.  
Painting in white and gold, upon flat moulding, and set off with shading, like carving one inch board, and a foot long is worth four pence or five pence a foot.  
Painting the outside of ordinary windows, is at three pence a light, and some at two pence a light.  
Door case and doors at two shillings apieoe, the outside only.  
Gild, for Workmanship of the gold, at twenty shillings a hundred.  
Nota, The Painters are to colour over their windows thrice.   

Smith's Work.  
IRon Barrs, Hinges, Bolts, Staples, great Hooks, are worth three half pence the pound weight, Cross Garners four or five pence the pound weight.  
Iron Casements about two foot high, three shillings six pence a piece, and others according to their bigness.   

Concerning the Plumber.  
EVery foot of New Lead square, is worth thirteen or fourteen shillings the yard, besides Souder at nine or ten pence the pound.  
In exchange of old Lead for sheets new run, is allowed three shillings in every hundred weight for waste.  
Every square foot of Lead run thin, to serve for gutters; weigheth commonly six or seven pound, if old eight or nine.  
Leaden gutters are at twenty shillings the hundred.   

The Masons Work.  
FOr the Base called Gross table, at the bottom of a building, seven pence per foot.  
For an Architrave of eight inches to a Window, eight pence per foot.  
For a Friese to that Architrave six pence per foot.  
For the Cornish (being about ten inches thick) one shilling two pence per foot.  
For the Pilaster to the same Architrave, seven inches thick, six pence per foot.  
For scrowls to the said windows, six shillings a piece.  
For scrowls and leaves of second Story windows, six shillings per window.  
For the Capitol, to the stools of those windows, twelve pence per foot.  
For the quines, six pence per foot Ashler measure.  
For Balconies with Rail and Barrister to the abovesaid windows, four pound per Belconie; being four foot high, and ten foot about.  
For rail and barrister on the top of a building, nine shillings per yard.  
For Architrave to doors, one shilling six pence per foot.  
For cleansing and setting again old work, as window stuff, grostable, watertable, cornish, quines, and Ashler, four pence per foot one with another.  
For new cleansing an old front, and piecing the mouldings where it is broken, four pence per foot.  
Paving of Bortland stone, eight pence per foot.  
White and black marble pavement a foot square, costs at London two shillings six pence laid.  
To be carried and laid in the Country, three shillings six pence.  
The Namur stone grey and white, the same price.  
The Rans five shillings mixed with white.  
The Rans and Purple six shillings.   

The Prizes in Holland.  
White Marble pavement the foot, three shillings; the black, eighteen pence.  
The black and white, or red and white Marble polished, five shillings.  
Black glazed Holland Pan-tiles, six pound the thousand; sometimes five pound, and four pound ten shillings.  
Cashie rough pavement, at three pence half penny the yard workmanship, with materials twelve pence, though the Paviors will exact sixteen pence.  
Pavement with Pibble-stone, fifteen and eighteen pence the the yard, square.  
Paving tiles six, Inches, eight, ten, and twelve, from six shillings to twenty the hundred.  
As for the paving of Courts, to prevent the over-growing of grass, and the charge of too often weeding. It would not be amiss to lay Chalk or Lime under the paving, and to do the fame in Gardens under Gravel Walks.    

This is only a rate for the ordinary way of paving allowed by Act of Parliament, for which price, but very slight work hath been furnished; till such time as Mr. Le Coeur (having undertaken the Commissioners paving works) hath contrived such a plenty in stone, which hitherto was so scarce that by consequence he hath since rendered the work more plausible at the very same rate. But there is another way yet far more substantial, which the same Undertakers, and Society have industriously invented, whereby they are not only able to make a most substantial good pavement, but are likewise capable by that same certain new invention, to maintain it durable for twenty one years long, in reparation at a yearly small rate, but must of necessity cost them much more than sixteen pence once, for all at the first paving.  
If materials could be had at lower rates then the aforementioned, it would be as well done to seek for such materials, as to look to the goodness of them. So in the choice of Workmen for on those who can work best.  
To complete these matters, I shall note what is most necessary First, That what contributes more to the fatal ends of many good Mother's Son, is ill Building Paper like walls, Cobweb like windows, doors made fast as with Pack thread, purposely to tempt men who through extreme want are become weary of a languishing life, and to whose fatal end, ill Builders are in a manner accessary.  
Let not the Hollanders, German, nor any other Northern Nation Vaunt of their scarcity of theives (nor those of Delf in Holland; who when the Town Mason had desired them to choose a day to visit the public Gallows which he had made, said, that they would serve for them and their Posterity) but attribute the same scarcity to that defence they are wont to make against Theives; but that defence consists not in a superfluous care of putting locks and bolts upon doors or wooden shutters to windows, not iron bars in them that will serve turn, except those locks, bolts, shutting windows, and bars are made and set on as they ought to be.  
The Hollanders wooden shutters are double deal-borded wainscot-like-framed within, with Battens, fluted without as the body of a Doric Column; that the rain beating on them, may the better run down and carry away the dust which may be gathered on them, and that they may not rot so soon as they would, otherwise if they were garnished without with battens; they paint them also in strong oil colour thrice over to resist the weather the better; the Carpenters do frame them so exact to the witdth and height of the stone casement of the window, as that scarce a knife could be thrust between them they are not hung with cross garnets; because such are easily taken off, nor are the broad shoulders of an iron hook the only thing that can hinder thiefs to loosen such a window, nor the iron bars; Thiefs having a way to remove iron bars without breaking of them, or making half so much noise as on a wooden bar.  
The iron hinges ought to be framed between the two deal boards, whereof the shutting window is made, and the head of the hinge is to be so well fitted in the stone, as that no access can be had to it, the bolts within straight or crooked, must have a shutter at its tail.  
Now if a Builder will not be at the charge of such shutters without doors, they must then have wooden or iron bars to secure those within.  
Doors may be secured, not only by a wooden or iron bar, but by a strong chain hung at the one end in an iron ring, at the other end in a like ring, both united with a strong Padlock, than any Porter may open a gate or door six Inches less or more to receive a Packet in the night when it so happens.  
Nor do provident Bvilder's rivet locks only at the one side, for that a thief within doors in correspondence with one without makes that single riveting of no use as to security; rivets to locks must be interlaced with rivets between the double board, nor should the keyhole of an outward door of a house be left uncovered in the night, for if through the negligence of him that is the keeper of the gate, neither bolts nor bars are remembered; Why? a picklock may soon open such a door or gate; it is an easy contrivance to have a bolt with a large head that shall cover the keyhole of a door or gate, to make fast from without to the inside, and so secure the lock; and if the key of that bolt is brought at night to the owner of the Palace, none can run out a gadding or drinking.  
And so much may suffice for the securing of doors and windows, only this more. That there ought to be an Iron plate of the width of the door, and four foot high, walled in within, so fastened on both sides as that no violence from without can make a breach, since in divers places Rogues have taken up the causey or pavement before a door, and then with facility loosened the bricks under the threshold to make a passage into the House.  
But as for thiefs who do untile houses, such may be kept out, if the ceiling be boarded or made up with plates of tinn, or arched with brick as is practised in the Banks of Loane, which in other parts are erected for the relief of the Necessitous.  
Furthermore, In reference to the main of the contents of a former Printed Discourse, concerning the three first Principles of Magnificent Building; As the well choosing of a fit place for a Building, is a Capital piont, to set it right, and the giving a fit extent to the Court, so the making to it a Porch ought to be well considered, For as a Porch serves to a Hall to distribute Alms to the Poor; a porch proves often cumbersome, being the receptacle of foul creatures, who as soon gotten into a Court make it their randevouze; Nor is a porch so convenient to the Palace of a Prince, whose person must be attended by a great retinue, and no man to stand in his passage; But if a porch be affected, let it then be a vast Portuco, as that of Solomon's House was. and that he Built for Pharaohs Daughter.  
Now as for the placing a Gate or Door to enter into the Hall of a Palace; None will deny but that Greatness and Conveniency being conjoynt fits best. The entrance into a Hall is not so proper in the middle as at the end, when the ground plot is yet to choose and to be ordered; But if there be a constraint, which is most prejudicious to a Building, the entrance must be set as much towards the end as possible can be, to set the Chimney well, and the main Staircase in so fit a place as that it may not be subject to a like fatal accident as happened to William Prince of Orange at Delf, when he was shot by one who stood behind a Column, opposite to the Stairs of that Prince his house.  
The rise, width, and depth of steps, shall not need to be repeated, since they have been described, and reasons alleged for their dimension, mentioned both in the former printed, and in this discourse; nor shall repetitions be necessary concerning the reason why the first Floor of a building should not lie level with the ground; The first for health; the second for neatness, since any floor level with the ground receives more dirt from abroad; the third for greatness, which appears more by an assent; the fourth for the Vaulting of Sellars or any other Offices; and the fifth, to have the floors more dry: Only I shall insert this story of one in Authority, Who passing by a Town wherein the people generally did not outlive the thirtieth year of their Age, caused all the back of their Houses to be made the Front, and the windows which were forward to be made up, to free them from that infectious Air that did shorten their Lives, which had its effect accordingly; and it is therefore I do so much insist on the point of placing a Building where good Air is, & that neither chimneys nor doors may be so placed as to serve for the attracting of infectious Air which kills more than the sword or the Seas overturnes ships.  
To take my leave of all Builders, I must conclude with what followeth,  
First that when they shall be pleased, to take a Posey out of the former Printed Discourse, and join it, to what may please them, out of this they will find, that both hit the main mark, to wit, Solidity, Conveniency, and Ornament, altogether to be observed in true Building. That all what is represented is for their profit and satisfaction, that the manner and phrase of the first discourse, was to that end intermixed with recreative passages, that the Reader should not be tired with the Mechanics their phrase, and proper Names of their several Trades, though some of them are wont to scoff at those whose language is polished; as if a person of Eminent Quality, (Born to the Highest Concernment of a State) should have learned their words, and have spent therein part of his precious time; And therefore I have now offered, to write, in such workmanlike terms, as may serve for a Clerk of the works to speak unto them.  
Secondly, That all owners of Buildings, shall do well to make choice of such a person for their Clerk as the Master workmen will endure, which they will not, if he be a Master workman, whom they will not only suspect to have a design to undermine and supplant them, but obey not, pretending to know more themselves; Nor is it fit that there should be such a controller over a Master Workman, as a Workman: The same is to be observed with a Surveyor to prevent all quarrels and contests: for as every Cook commends his own Sauce; more than one Cook to a dish will spoil it; there cannot be two Suns in the Firmament, one General over another; nay two Cocks among Hens.  
In a word, an Owner must trust, or never make choice of trusties; For if otherwise, let him be certain that his purse will be incessantly abused.  
Thirdly, Let all Owners be prepared to Repent, whether they build or not, for it is likewise the fate of many that marry or marry not.  
Let both the one and the other lay (as in a Scale) their several charges, vexations, cares, labours, and pleasures, they will find this to be true, viz. If they build they must be at great present disbursements, vexed with as many oversights (as Printer-Setters will commit faults, as appears by the Erratas at the end of Books) and to be overreached in Bargains concerning their Materials, as also in work done by the Great, or Day.  
If they build not, they are subject to the inconveniencies of Houses built according unto the fancies of the Owners, and when they shall cast up the sums of money spent in the rent (besides many chargeable alterations) they shall find that they might have built a better and more fit habitation for them and their posterity; So will it be with men that marry or marry not.  
The first will have had cause to exercise the Virtue of Patience, and if he be a High German (especially a Swab) such as have wives, that believe their husbands doth not love them, except they be beaten, Why? They will be practitioners in the mortification of their own flesh and bones; for let women say what they will, they are bone and flesh of man, and not the head, though some of them would wear the Bonnet and Breeches to boot; Well the Husband (after all his pains and vexations) if he can turn all things to the best, will have (as the Italian saith) a sound gusto, he will have observed the French saying, Lie tes doits, a l'herbe que tu cognois, and by a mixture of good blood (sprung from a clear Spring) settle his name to posterity.  
If he marry not, O how many dangerous encounters for him both in body and soul!  
And how can such a one contest the Divine decree; That it is not good for man to be alone?  
Paradise would have been but a Wilderness without a Woman; nor can Trees speak a word of comfort to a good man when stretched forth in his cold bed, tired of the Labours of a dark Winter's day; and let such a one, at the end of the year cast up his Bill, he will find to have spent more in Presents of consideration about another man's then his own; and if he be a Trade's man, in Potting, Gadding, coddlings, Pudding-pies, and Bare-baiting, (with ranting Creatures) then if he had been married; therefore if men must Repent, let them have somewhat that is called meum without offence for their Repentance.  
Now if these two sorts of men, the one will resolve on the affirmative, delight to spend money on choice Materials, as in particular to imitate Solomon, in the procuring of precious Wood; they may take notice (if they please) that store of precious Wood can be had for the boarding of Princely Palaces, both for Colour, Aromatic smell and durance; to make square framed Panels (more rich than those which are seen at Paris in the Cabinets of the Palace called Orleans) which precious Woods are to be had in several parts in the West-Indies, some whereof are as red as the fairest Vermilion, some yellow as Gold, hard as Marble; besides rare Madera, and other variously figured, as the Right Honourable the Lord Willoughby of Param well knoweth, what extent of Land about Surrenam is beset with speckled wood, and is not above six week's sail from England, where ships full of lading may be had, besides large Timber, eighty foot high, 
At Abacoa.  straight, without a knot, and at no other cost but felling and lading, more advantageous then to pay for Fir from Norway; besides a very gainful return of Amber Greece, and vendible commodities in exchange of Iron Tools, Sissers, Knives, old Linen, and trifles.  
To conclude, May all Builders both of Palaces and of particular Habitations, have good success and, possess them in peace and prosperity.  
May also all Surveyors, Master Workmen, Journeymen and Labourers, behave themselves so as they ought.  
Take well this former Counsel and Advice, give no admittance to Pride, the Enemy of all Learning; whereof a King was such a Lover, as that when near the hour of his leaving the World, he saw one advance more than others to him within the Curtain of his Bed, he asked, Whether he could learn him any thing that was good.   
FINIS.   

THere is sold by Thomas Heath at the Globe within Ludgate, a Shorthand Book, more easy and plain than hath yet been extant, and all sorts of Almanacs and Blank Bonds, Bills, Releases, Counter bonds, and Indentures, with Bills of Lading, and Scrivener's Labels, either pasted or unpasted, with Board's or in Sheets; you may also have any sort of Texting done there at his shop, either on Parchment or Dutch Paper, Recoveries or exemplifications; as also direction for true attaing the Art of Short-Writing, very beneficial to Clerks, or Attorneys, with several other Instructions in Sciences.