Subsidium Peregrinantibus. OR An Assistance to a Traveller in His Convers with 

1. Hollanders.  
2. Germans.  
3. Venetians.  
4. Italians.  
5. Spaniards.  
6. French.   Directing him, after the latest Mode, to the greatest Honour, Pleasure, Security, and Advantage in his TRAVELS. WRITTEN To a Princely Traveller for a VADE MECUM. By Balthasar Gerbier Kt Master of the Ceremonies to King CHARLES the First.  
OXFORD, Printed for ROBERT GASCOIGNE Anno Dom. 1665.   

To the High Puissant and most Noble PRINCE, JAMES Duke of Monmouth, Earl of Doncaster, Baron of tindal, and Knight of the most Honourable Order of the GARTER.  
May it Please Your Grace,  
I Do humbly offer to Your view a little Vade mecum for a Princely Traveller, by whose example other Travellers may conform themselves in their Journeys, as many endeavour to imitate Eminent Persons; like men who set their Watches at the grand Sundial, especially such who (like Your Grace) possess Noble Blood, and Heroic Cardinal Virtues, for the which Your Grace needs not to Travel, nor to be set but by the Grand Sovereign Sundial of these three Nations, in which consideration this little Offer may be said to be needles, did not my disinteressed Zeal (Respect and Duty) move me to make use of some thing (though but by heard-say of Your intent so Travel.) May therefore the matter treated of in this Vade mecum prove as an acceptable Posy presented by a poor Gardiner, who presumes not to offer flowers to be compared by the imperials, the Nonpareilles', and such others, as are most a la Mode, or please the Eye, the searcher of Hearts seeing farther hath taught me to offer for the long and prosperous life, the sincere wishes of  
Your Graces, Most Humble, Obedient, and most Zealous Servant Balthasar Gerbier K.   

To Judicious Courteous READERS.  
THough a Dedicatory Epistle appropriates a Treaty to a prime Reader; yet it being past the Press, it cannot escape divers who according to Old custom, look for some address to them to be called Judicious, and Courteous, when it happens with Books as with Buildings, scarce seen by any man but disliked in one thing or other, for that all men's fancies differ, and therefore it was no wonder a very Judicious Noble Person of this Nation said, he would not for five Hundred pound have put forth a Book, for that, some are considered but for their outside, and only the Title looked on, or some two or three leaves turned, and if but one word therein not suitable to their fancy; it is thrown in a corner, and the Author laughed at and censured; but since I let this Vade Mecum go, and Dedicatory Epistles are required, I thought fit to tell you, that my scope is not to say peradventure what might stop some Lazy bones at their Father's Chimney corner; as those who would not trouble themselves to see things so they had but the list, and then pretend as a fond Mother at Delfe in Holland, that her Son could speak Italian, because he was once minded to go for Venice. And how many great Orators in their Books presume to speak a high Language to Caesar's, and even to Alexander's, when as admitted to their Presence; either remain Mute or Stutter.  
In a word, the scope of this Vade Mecum in the few particulars held forth, is the Travellers interest; That he may set forth with such an Opinion of those Nations, which he shall do well to visit, and such parts which he may see, as may give him the more desire to inquire in person after all those things, for the which Travel is to serve better than Reading, since Objects seen, and matters experimented, are seldom blotted out of remembrance.  
This Vade Mecum therefore leaves to those that will not or cannot Travel, the reading of such copious, complete and excellent descriptions as are extant in their mother tongue; and especially penned by men, who did not care to carp as several men make their profession, both at Religion and State Maxims; or particular passions and inclinations.  
Farthermore, the Traveller will find good and bad as well in his own native Country, as in Foreign parts, wheresoever he steers, that Sola ratio Hominem à Brutis animalibus saeparat. That without the putting knowledge in practice, it will be with him both at home and abroad, according unto the saying Theoria absque praxi, Idem est quod pharmacopaeis herbarum scientia absque applicationis cognitione servit; He will find in what condition Time, Malice, or Fate may reduce him, that Scientia est Summum bonum, quod nec Naufragiis, nec Latronum spoliis subjectum est. And that there is nothing more certain than the saying, Scientia adhaeret in extremo vitae suspirio, that Eruditio, & arma, sunt ve rae Nobilitatis gradus, and Justitia & Pietas, sunt Illustrissima heroicorum Imperatorum specula; Finally, that sola virtus dulcissimum Animae solamen est, may all Travellers and those that stay at home find it to be so.   

The Contents of this VADE MECUM.  

1. Concerning reverence to Religion.  
2. Respect and Constancy due to Christian profession.  
3. Of Humility.  
4. Of Charity.  
5. Of Meekness, benignity, and Clemency.  
6. Of Justice.  
7. Of Prudence.  
8. Of Liberality.  
9 Of Compassion and grief.   

SECT. 2.  
1. Of Learned Princes, and those that taught them.  
2. List of Heathen false gods wherewith Nations have been abused.  
3. The best advice to Princely Travellers.  
4. Questions made by French, Germans, Spanish, Venetians, Genovese, Italians in general, and Low Dutch, concerning Travellers.  
5. The best Circuit for a Princely Traveller in his Journey.  
6. The natural disposition of the Low Country.  
7. The two main points stood upon by Germains, and wherein a Princely Traveller may do himself right to discourse among them.   

SECT. 3.  
Concerning Coats of Arms ever before and since Marius.   

SECT. 4.  
1. Concerning the Original of Wars, and the right way of Fortification according unto the best principles.  
2. Wherein the strength and completeness of all Fortresses doth consist.  
3. That there is no Fortress Impregnable.  
4. That it is more honour to defend a place then to sight a Battle.  
5. The most Blessed defence.   

SECT. 5. Concerning all the Orders of Knighthood as have been made from the beginning until this present time.  
1. Of the Grey hound.  
2. The Jennet  
3. The Star  
4. The Porc-espie  
5. The Thistle.  
6. The Ermine  
7. The Broom flower.  
8. The Sea shell  
9 Dame Blanch  
10 The Lily  
11 The Tesuphers  
12 Jesus Christ  
13 The Swan  
14 The Montese  
15 The white Rue  
16 The Elephant  
17 The Boar.  
18 S. Hubert  
19 The Fools  
20 S. James  
21 The Dove  
22 the Christian War  
23 The Drake  
24 The Tussin  
25 Of Hungary.  
26 Of Suede.  
27 The Sword bearer.  
28 Of the half Moon  
29 The Banda  
30 The Sepulchre.  
31 Of St Lazarus.  
32 Of St John Dacon.  
33 Of St Catharina  
34 Of Montoy.  
35 Of the sword of Livonien.  
36 Of Gens d'armes.  
37 Of Mary glorious.  
38 Of Mont Carmel.  
39 Of Alcantara.  
40 Of Avesiens.  
41 Of St George.  
42 S. Stephen Martyr.  
43 Of the Holy blood.  
44 S. Marry Redemp.  
45 S. John Baptist.  
46 The Theutonick.  
47 Of Salvator.  
48 S. John in Spain.  
49 Of Calatrava.  
50 Of Scama.  
51 Of La Calra.  
52 Of S. Andrew.  
53 The golden Fleece  
54 Of Cyprus'.  
55 Of S. Michael.  
56 Burgundy Crosse.  
57 The Holy Ghost.  
58 The Round Table.  
59 Baronetts.  
60 Bannerets.  
61 Of the Garter.  
62 Of the Bath.   

SECT. 6.  
The Germans their love to all Arts and Sciences, the Application and best use thereof.   

SECT. 7.  
1. Concerning the Princely Traveller his course towards France, the descent Coat and Quartering of Arms of the French Kings.  
2. The Civility of the French towards strangers, and esteem of them.  
3. The Civilities by them much stood upon.  
4. What there is to be observed among them.  
5. The manner of their Visits.  
6. The liberty to be used therein.   

SECT. 8.  
1. The best course for a Princely Traveller in his going from France into Italy, by Savoy.  
2. The Gentility of the Court of Savoy at Turin in Piedmont.  
3. The Nature and disposition of all Italians, and the distinction they make between strangers (who are not acquainted with their customs and humours) and their own Countrymen.  
4. What discourse will be advantageous to a stranger who is not of the Roman profession.  
5. The reservedness of an Italian in his discourse and speech.  
6. The difference between Present and Old Rome.  
7. The rarities to be seen in and without Rome.  
8. That strangers must not stumble at their Imagery, and number of Pictures, for as it is a Church Policy among those of the Roman profession, so there is as yet, an absolute necessity for the adorning their Churches with Images and Pictures.  
9 Naples a Cavalier like place.  
10. The Antiquities to be seen at Puteoli beyond Naples.  
11. Annotations concerning Loretta, the difference between it, and the Stable wherein our Saviour Jesus Christ was borne.   

SECT. 9  
1. The providence of God manifested in favour of the French and Spanish Nations by the situation of those Kingdoms, separated by the Pirenean Hills.  
2. The Confidence and high Disposition of the Spaniards.  
3. The Magnificence, Riches, and Greatness of St. Geromine en el Escurial.  
4. Concerning Madrid, the pomp of Churches there; that of Toledo, its Revenue; rarities at el Pardo.  
5. The great Attendance to the King of Spain's prime Ministers of State, the Audiences to Ladies of the Court, and of that the late Duke of Buckingham had from the Countess of Olivares, whereas malicious and ignorant men have vented falsehoods.  
6. What is to be observed in the Visits made to Spaniards.  
7. Concerning their prescribed order for Titles settled by public Act in King Philip the second, his time.  
8. Concerning some Ambassadors, their Secretaries, and Masters of Ceremonies.  
9 The Conclusion of the Vade Mecum on the point, Whether men travel, or stay at home.    
A VADE MECUM FOR A Princely Traveller.  

First,  

Concerning reverence due to Religion.  
PApirus, a General of the Romans, having resolved to Fight their Enemies, Engaged on apparent hope of a notorious advantageous Victory, yet had omitted the consulting of the Oracle, then being certain Hens, to whom the Hen-Priests were to cast meat, whereupon they kept a great pother, because the Hens (to whom the meat was cast) would not take it, which moved Papirus to say, That if they would not eat, they might be thrown into the Sea to drink: whereupon Papirus his best Friends (in the Senate) sent him word, That though a Victorious General was commonly honoured with a Triumphant Reception, all they could procure in his Favour (for his Victory) was to keep his Head where it stood; so great the crime of neglecting the Religion (in esteem with the people) was held, though never so absurd in itself, as that was to consult Hens.  
Antiochus, King of Syria, a barbarian, who had besieged Gier●solima, being sought by the Inhabitants for a Truce of seven days, to celebrate the Feast of the Tabernacles, did not only grant this Request, but sent them a fat Bull with gilded Horns, and sundry golden Vessels full of Incense.  
Camilus having taken the City Veienti, and made a vow to offer the tenth part of the spoils to the Temple of Apollo, seeing that the People and the Nobles were at such a variance, as if Rome were to be turned up-side down; said, That he did not wonder at it, since vows to God Apollo had not been performed.  
Marcellus being desirous (after the taking of Syracuse, to offer to two Gods, to wit, Honour and Virtue; it was opposed by the general voice, That there ought more respect to be born to the Gods, than to sacrifice to two of them at once, and in one place.   

Concerning reverence due to the Christian Profession, and to Priests.  
Constantine the Emperor had the Priests in so great esteem, that being in the Council of Calcedonie presented with a bundle of complaints against Churchmen, he put them in his bosom, and being with drawn threw them into the fire.  
Alban Armer, being in the year 1499 taken by the Turks, suffered himself to be sawn through, rather than forsake the Christian Profession.  
Marin (who by the Emperor Valeria was honoured by a Military Command) being discovered to be a Christian, and put to the choice of life or Death, having but three hours given him to recant, a naked Sword and a Bible laid before him, he choose the Sword, to stick to the Bible.  
Hormisda and Suenes (noble persons in the Court of Ildegerdes a Persian King) made good their constancy to the Christian Profession, notwithstanding the first (though of the Royal blood) was degraded, stripped naked, and sent to attend the Mules in the Persian Camp: Suenes was not only deprived of all his Means, they were not only given to his Servant (who had betrayed him) but Suenes his Wife was given to that Servant, and Suenes a slave to them both.   

Concerning Humility.  
When the People of Jerusalem offered to Crown Godsery de Boullon, he refused both the Title of King and the Crown of Gold, as being unfit a sinner should bear that Name and a Crown of Gold, the King of Kings having had one of Thorns.  
Tiberius (a Roman Emperor) would never suffer the Attendance of Senators about his Litter, and being once a foot, met by a Citizen of Rome, who proffered to cast himself at his feet, retired himself in such haste, as he fell on the ground.  
Frederick (Count of Urbino) was so humble of Heart, and so free to his Subjects, that going by the streets he would ask, to all those of his Acquaintance (and Vassals who he met) How they did? How their Father and Friends did? Whether they did prosper in their Vocation? And to the Youngmen, Maidens, and Widows, When they would Marry? And speaking to every man with his Hat in his hand.  
Those of Nova Hispania affect so much Humility, that whensoever they are to Crown their King, they put two Mantles on his shoulders, the one blue, the other black, this covered with dead bones, to put to his remembrance by the blue the Heavens to be above him; by the black, Mortality.  
So likewise when the great Cam of Cattay succeeded to the Empire, his Counsellors put him (with his Chair) on a black Felt, telling him, That he must look on the glorious light of the Sun, and on the obscurity of his Seat, that God is above the Sun, without whose mercy he cannot promise to himself the possessing in this world the worth of that black Felt whereon they have put him.   

Of Charity.  
King Amade of Savoy, being sought by certain Ambassadors (who did take great delight in Hunting and Hawking, to see his Kennel of Hounds) conveyed the Ambassadors into a Gallery, wherein he showed them a great number of poor People whom he did daily feed; and told the Ambassadors, That he had no other Kennel, but did hope by them to purchase perpetual joys.  
Sophia (Wife to the Emperor Justinian) caused diligent inquiries to be made after the particular places where the poor people did pawn their Clothes, which she then redeemed, and sent them back to the Proprietors to make use of them.   

Of Meekness, Benignity, and Clemency.  
Eustorgus Salmin (King of Cyprus) was of such a meek Disposition, and so good, that Histories mention, he never gave any just cause of offence.  
The Emperor Charles the fifth, having been advertised, That a desperate man had resolved an attempt on his person; called the man to him, and without making any show of being advertised, or telling him any thing, gave him five thousand Ducats for a portion to his Daughter.  
Quintus Fabricius Maximus, being advertised that Marso (a man valiant at arms) would betray him; caused him also to be called, and did ask him, How long he would suffer him to be his Debtor? gave him Horses, Arms, and Money.  
Caius Claudius Caligula (Emperor of Rome) caused all the Accusations made during the Reign of Tiberius to be burnt on the public Marketplace, nor could any man persuade him to take any particular notice of the Contents of them, nor to know any of the Names of the Conjurators.  
Lewis Duke of Orleans (who succeeded Charles the Eight, and was then called Lewis the Twelfth) being put in remembrance of the Injuries Recorded during the time of his being Duke of Orleans, answered, That it would not become a French King to resent them.  
Henry of Bourbon (a French King) was so full of Clemency, as among thousands of testimonies which he gave of it, would have saved the Duke de Byron, who had conspired against his Royal person, if Byron would have relied on his mercy.  
As for daily marks of his matchless Clemency to wave all Resents against all ill-disposed persons; he made no other reply to a Libel which had been thrown on his way coming from Amiens to Paris, save The man hath said all, and hath forgotten nothing save his Name.  
Queen Catharine de Medicis (Mother to Charles the Ninth, the French King) being advertised that a great Libellist was penning a Book against her; sent for him, presented him with a Bag, with one thousand Pistols, and took no notice of the man's malice against her.   

Of Justice.  
Artaserste being by his High Chancellor engaged in a Promise, but finding the Boon could not be in Justice, he made in lieu of it a Present, to the value of the granted Boon; saying, The Gift could not make him poor, but the Boon would have made him unjust.  
Ribera (Viceroy of Naples) having pardoned a Crime worthy of death, and being petitioned in behalf of the party for another heinous offence, said, the first was the offenders, the second would be his if Justice had not its course.  
The Vicar of Naples having condemned a man that had wounded another, and being Petitioned in favour of the Offender, whose Friends would make him pass for a Mad man, answered, That Justice tends not to punish the Wise, but the Mad.  
Trajan the Emperor (in his glorious departure from Rome) being implored by a woman to do her Justice, stopped, lighted from his Horse, heard her Cause, & did her right.  
The strict observance of Justice was notorious in a Count of Holland, who having constrained a Nobleman to espouse a Lady, who the said Nobleman had ravished, caused him immediately (after the Lady's Honour was repaired) to be beheaded.  
The Grecian Emperors were the first cause of the saying, Audite, & alteram Partem; being accustomed to stop one of their Ears while they heard the Plaintiff; and it's a good saying, That those who are accustomed to buy Justice, are apparently apt to sell it.   

Of Prudence.  
King Alphonze (the wise) said, That a prudent man consults long with wise friends, is vigorous and quick in putting the case (resolved on) in practice; never forgets the absent, nor hold the maintaining the Innocent, and the overcoming of Passion, as an indifferent matter.  
The Emperor Maximilian said, That an Italian thinks long on a business: The French executes his thoughts at the same time as he thinks; but that the Germans do and think on it afterwards; which is no Prudence.   

Of Liberality.  
This quality in Emanuel the Great Duke of Savoy, made Marini the Italian (a second Pettarca) write of that Duke his hands, Mani che si stringano all ferro é siaprane perdar Oro: in English, Hands clinging to the Iron, and opening to give Gold.  
George Villiers, late Duke of Buckingham, having observed, that the French chevalier de Jar (exiled from France in England) was in want, and cold not ask, invited him to play at Tennis; caused two Bags, each of one thousand pounds in Gold, to be laid under the Rope, and to have line marks given to the French Cavalier to lay against the ready Money, because he had invited him to the Tennis Court without any forewarning, to disguise the better his design to lose the Money, and to make the French Cavalier play the more freely; the Duke played false strokes, yet so dexteriously disguised, as that the Spectators could not perceive the Duke's intention, nor did the French Cavalier ever know it.  
Of ancient examples of Liberality (besides that of Alexander the Great) that of Gellia is notorious; for he was so generously liberal of Heart, as he made his Palace a public receptacle of all men in want; builded for public uses; assisted in private; gave portions to virtuous Widows and Virgins; kept men at the City Gates to invite strangers at his Table, and gave them Presents.   

Of Compassion and Grief.  
When Alexander the Great did see Darius dead. Julius Caesar, the Head of Pompo, Marc Marcellus Syracuse inflames, and Scipio Numaricia, they could not with hold their Tears, though they were their mortal Enemies.  
Justinian the Emperor, seeing Glimmer King of the Vandals (after many Victories by him fought) brought before him, Glimmer having been so hard put to it by Belisary, as that at last he begged from him but one loaf of bread, a Gitar to play his misfortune, and a Sponge to take of his tears: Justinian cried out, Vanitas vanitatum, and set Glimmer free, allotting to him a Territory in France to live on.    

Sect. 2.  

Concerning learned Princes.  
OCtavian Augustus, notwithstanding his warlike proceedings, let not one day pass without reading and making a speech.  
The Emperor, Charles the Fourth, did take so great delight in Learning, as being at Prague, invited to hear an Orator, and having been four hours' time entertained by the Orator, when his Lords did beseech him to think on his dinner, the time being past an hour, he bid them go to their dinner; saying, He had fed himself with Learning.  
Julius the Second was wont to say, Learning with the common People to be as Silver, Gold with the Nobles, Jewels with Sovereigns.  
Those Princes who have rendered themselves famous for their great Knowledge, were carefully provided with choice of Teachers, Darius had Lucan; Alexander the Great Aristocles; Artaxerces Mindare; Palemon (Captain of the Athenians) Xenocrate; Xeniacque, King of the Corinthians, had for him and his Children, the Philosopher Chilon; Epaminond (Prince of the Thebans) had Marut; Ulysses Catinus; Pyrrhe (King of the Epirotes) had Artemius; King Ptolemy (Philadelpho) was Scholar to the famous Philosopher of Greece; Cyrus King of Persia (who did destroy Babylon) had the Philosopher Prestic; Trajan the Emperor Plutarque; King Darius Herodet; Augustus Pi●to; Pompey Plaute; Titus had Plinius; Adrian Seconon; Antoninus Apollonius; Theodosius Claude, Severnis Fabate: These Philosophers had so much credit with all these Princes, that the Children did call them Fathers, and the Fathers did respect them as Masters.  
So there came more Travellers to Rome to see Titus Livius, and to speak to him, than to see the Magnificency of that Epitome of the World. Love to Knowledge moved all men to have them in singular great esteem, for they were those who taught Numa Pompilus to honour the Churches; to Marc Marcell to shed tears for the vanquished; to Julius Caesar to forgive his Enemies; to Octavian how to make himself beloved of the people; to Alexander the Great, to Reward all men: they roused up the Spirit of Hector; taught to Hercules of Thebes, the Employing well his Forces; to Ulysseses of Greece, discreetly to Adventure; to Pyrrhe (King of Epirotes) to order and invent warlike Engines; to Cattullus Regulus, patiently to endure Torments; Titus to be a Father of Orphans: to procure more Knowledge to Marc Aurellius than to any other; to Croesus (King of the Lydians) to get the love of wise men, and to all Travellers the true scope of Travel, and to make a true useful distinction between men; when as the Nations were enslaved in the Adoration of divers Gods, the Assyrians in Bel, the Egyptians in Apis, the Chaldeans in Isis, the Babylonians in Dragon, the Pharaons' in a golden Statue, the Palestins in Belzebub, the Romans in Jupiter, the Africans in that destroying Monster Mars, the Corinthians Apollo, the Arabians Astaroth, the Aguies the Sun, the Achaians the Moon, the Sidonians Belphegor, the Amonites Bahalim, the Indians Bacchus, the Lacedemians Oyges, the Macedonians Mercury, the Ephesians Diana, the Grecians Juno, the Armenians Liber, the Trojans Veste, the Latins Februa, the Tarentins Ceres, and the Rhodians Janus.  
The List of all these abominations may justly move all Travellers to thank God, that there is at present no danger to be enslaved in the damnable Observation of them, but also to implore of the Almighty, that they may not meet in their travel with such as Bordelots', whose wilfulness moves them to persuade others to entertain no belief at all; such as Bordelot taught (during his being among the Goths) to utter in public, That King Charles of blessed memory did deserve to lose his head, because his hand wrote so much of God: whose blessed memory justly moves and obligeth me to mention this, for having been an ear witness of that most diabolical utterance.  
The best Advice I zealously offer to my Princely Traveller, is first, to take a delight to charge his Memory with the knowledge of such things as may never be a burden to his Conscience, that may afford him sufficient matter of quietness of Mind, and plausible Discourse among all worthy men, that may move those who shall see and hear him to be his friend; as certainly no Rational in the universal World, nay no wild Heathens would not be friend Bordelots' Scholar.  
The French are accustomed to ask at the very first sight of a stranger, Whether he be Homè desprit, A man of Wit?  
The Germans, If he be a Gentleman?  
The Spaniards, If he be a Cavallero?  
The Venetians and Genovesi, If he be Rich?  
The Italians (in general) If he be Ingenious?  
The Low-Dutch, If he be an Honest Man?  
Secondly, The best Circuit a Traveller can take, is to go through Holland towards Germany, thereby to satisfy his curiosity by degrees, which will encrase upon him, for Germany will afford more satisfaction than the Low Countries; France more than Germany; Italy more than France; and as for Spain, what it may want of the French Compliments, it will make good in matter answerable to the Pirenean Hills; so in the Spanish, their Carriage, their Speech, and their Conceits, like as the words concerning Cortes, who did Conquer the golden part of the American world. Cortes de à sa Rei muchas Triumphas, Reynos y Palms, à Dios muchas Almas: in English, Cortz gave to his King many Triumphs, Kingdoms and Palms, to God many Souls.  
If my Princely Traveller therefore begins with Holland, he will see a People, who by labour, industry, and indefatigable assiduty to attain to a settled being, have come the nearest to the great Maker, by raising something out of an almost nothing; to wit, a little very rich world out of moorish ground, mighty fair, populous, flourishing, well built, and well fortified Cities, and strong Holds; every Inhabitant whereof, tending to a settled point, to wit, Preservation, and Melioration, accustomed to the Maxim, Concordia res parvae crescunt: which hath at last brought them (by the blessing from above, the good and prudent conduct of their States, the valiant carriage of their Commanders in chief, the William Maurice, and Frederic Henry, Princes of Orange, and the assistance of England and France) to such a condition, as that (after a War which lasted 80 years) the King of Spain hath declared them Free States, on whom he hath no more pretence at all.  
Their chief public profession of Religion is called, The Reformed Protestant; their Church Government depending on their Synods; their Pastors maintained by the respective Magistrates, who do permit Liberty of Conscience to all men; their Courts of Judicature do observe the Imperial Laws; no Arrests of persons before Judgement, so they be Free Denizens; no man suffers death without the party accused confesseth the Crime; those of Amsterdam having lost their privilege in matter of entertaining a Hangman, who they must (in time of Execution) borrow from the Town of Harlem, because in some time past the Magistrate of Amsterdam (by the mistake of Judges) put a man to death who was innocent of a Murder; for the which they had no other ground but that a bloody Knife was found in a man's pocket who lay drunk asleep under a sttall, near the place where the man laid murdered.  
I shall spare the over-burdening of this Vade Mecum with their manner of Government, the meeting of their City and Town Magistrates, their Provincial in the generality of States; nor with any other Governments in the several parts whereunto my Princely Traveller may turn himself, since entire volumes are extant the reon, he will manage his time, so passing through those Low Dutch Territories as may satisfy his sight by those Towns of Traffic, and find (observing with what thrift those people do go through stitch in their Affairs) that Henry the Fourth (the French King) had reason to say of them, as upon occasion, seeing a fair Palace in the Country, when his Nobles found fault with the small though compact Kitchen, Venue St. gu's c'est la petite Cuisinne qui à fait la grand Mayson: [St. Grace belli, it is the compact kitchen which hath made the great house] And as before-said, my Princely Traveller will meet their men, who stand on the performing of their word: So in Germany, a Nation by right called the Honest, whose Gentry do make it their study to excel in the warlike profession, in all Arts and Sciences, and noble Exercises; where every Gentleman hath his Stam-book, and his Study with Manuscripts concerning the aforesaid Military Art, Fortifications, and all warlike Engines; besides very notable Collections of Proverbs, & Properties belonging to all noble Arts, and most noble parts of the Mathematics and Metaphysics.  
And as on the first, they will make known their good Memory, whereby they can relate on what ground Noble persons do quote their Arms, it will not be amiss to endeavour to be beforehand with them on that score.    

Sect. 3.  
ANd in the first place, to manifest that my Princely Traveller is of the old Count of Egmonds' opinion, That there are no Arms more gaudy and inpertinent than those which many ignoble fantastic Mechanics do hold forth.  
Secondly, That the true original of Arms was the Heroic Acts of a Nation, and Victory fought by them; when (to perpetuate the memory thereof) Trophies and Coats were made, representing the vanquished party; for if they (in the day of Battle) had covered their Heads with Lions, Leopards, or Tiger's skins, the Conqueror would Coat them as the most notorious marks to have vanquished that party: What Coat of Arms Antraphel the first King (and Moses the first Duke) had, is not ascertained; some Heralds give to Joshua a Thunderbolt, Gule; with wings Azure; and for Crest a Dragon Azure; to King David a Sling Azure, Field Argent, for Crest a Lion's head, signifying his Victory on the Philistines by the Sling; and that against a Lion by the Crest.  
Joseph's Brothers had no honourable nor civil cause to coat a bloody sprinkled Coat, which they showed to their good old Father Jacob: Cain had less just honourable cause than they to coat Abel's Altar, and pleasing Sacrifice to God.  
The World, before its eighteen hundred years of age, knew of no pitched Battle fought.  
The Romans (before Marius) did only pitch a bundle of Hay on the top of a Lance, to signify thereby their Husband-like profession; they put likewise a bundle of green Leaves (as of a bunch of Turnips) on a like Standard; whereupon they fixed a Banner with the Letters, S. P. E. R. but they soon changed those homely signs into a commanding Hand; then to a Dragon, as a thing that could bite, and called the Standard-bearer Draconarius, which they seconded with inflamed Altars, and then with an Eagle, whereon Marius put a Crown; and doubtless their Rams heads in their Trophies (if they as Cromwell could have spoke) would have asked, and will you not Crown us also? since Leopards as well as Eagles have had that honour.  
In the Arms of Merove (the first of the three sources of the French Kings) was put a Lion Gule, holding in his paw an Imperial Eagle, signifying that he had seized on part of the Roman Empire; he Reigned ten years in Germany, and in Gaul, from whence the Romans could not force his retreat.  
The Fluer de Lis in the French King's Arms since Clovis and the Thoads, since Pharamont his predecessor (the first Christian French King) had their original not from Fabels, who supposed the Fluer de Lis to be come down from Heaven (with the words, Ex omnibus floribus eligi mihi Lilium; presented by an Angel and an Hermit of Jurnal) but from Fields wherein great number of them did grow, and wherein Clovis fought a Victory, in remembrance whereof he did Coat them, as on like occasion Pharamont did coat the Toads.  
And this may serve for a Princely Traveller to discourse with the Germane Noblemen, concerning the first cause of Coating of Arms; And as for the Military profession, full of craft, old as the Devil, who began it to the general destruction of Mankind: My Princely Traveller cannot do amiss to Discourse on the Principles following concerning the same.   

Sect. 4.  
MArolois, Fritach, Errard, and de Ville, are four Authors, who have treated very pertinently (and Methodically) on the Military Art, and maintained how Military-men are to be Armed, what spare Arms are requisite, what Ammunitions of War, what provisions of Victuals; what care a Governor ought to have, both in regular and irregular places, how faults are to be mended, how to judge, wherein the perfection and imperfection of all Fortifications consists, to wit, That all the parts of a Forteress must be flanked: that is to say, seen sideways, which is mutually to be defended; and that defence is to be made by all such aims as may contribute to a defence at a distance, as by Canon or Musket; whence ariseth the question, Whether that part which is to be defended, aught to be either within Canon or Musket shot of that part which defends it? The most common (and best opinions) are, That it ought to be within Musket reach; which argueth, that all Fortresses must be so constructed, as that all their parts must be defended by ordinary Muskets, which do carry one hundred and twenty paces, which is of the meaner sort.  
Now as the said Defences may be form several ways (as by half Bastions and the like) the question may be, Which of all them is the best way of Fortification? which hath been generally resolved on as followeth, That such Bastions as are composed of Flanks, Gorges, Faces, and Angles, have proved the best Fortresses, especially such as had a competent space left betwixt each Bastions, termed a Curtin, which is the determination of all true Mathematicians in their constructions; but they never (as yet) agreed how the quantities of the several parts were to be proportioned; and hence the several and various constructions of Fortresses do arise, and are become subject to the humours and conceits of the Artists, who (according to their several sancies) do augment or diminish the several proportions.  
But the indisputable perfection of Fortisication consists in this, viz. That the place be well flanked by such bodies as are separated from each other, only at a certain distance, so as the remotest part (which is to be descended) be no farther distant from that which is to descend it, than one hundred and fourscore paces; and the which must be divided into Courtines, Gorges, Flanks, and Faces, as above said.  
To hit (as to say) the Bird in the eye, to wit, the attaining to this perfection, the Artist must make a diligent trial of the divisions which may best answer his purpose; not departing from the unmoveable ground work, That such places are most desencible as are best flanked, and to be flanked; which is the main scope in Fortifying, to wit, to flank and to be flanked. But as those things which have no settled determination (and on which discourses may be grounded) are very hard to be resolved; suppose therefore what extent you will, either a great or a less may be said as good as the other; but a mean extent betwixt both, may prove the best, since a mean extent squares best with all the parts of a Fortress, since when one intends to Fortify the side of the Figure must be taken, for it cannot be otherwise, that when one is to fortify, he supposeth a subject to be fortified, and that to be a place, which must be supposed, and that place to have some figure, which figure is the thing to be fortified.  
Now the method which some observe in Fortifying, by taking the distance from one point of the Bastion to the other, is very absurd, since thereby the Artist seems to suppose what should have been sought for, and seeketh what should have been supposed; which contradicts reason itself.  
As for Example, One desires to fortify an Exagone; and supposeth a line which is to be the distance from one point of a Bastion to the other; and that one may trace this line of a just and exact length, one must return backwards and have found out the line of defence, or the sides of the figure, which are the only measures requisite, and by the which all the others must be traced, so that one must either have shortened or enlarged the said line, being the distance of the Bastions points, until such time as one hath found the line of defence, or the side of the figure, without having all that time had any regard unto the distance of the Musket shot.  
Or otherwise, One must first have traced either the sides of the figure, or the line of defence, and so from thence have inferred the distance from one Bastion to another, and by this (as is most certain) the construction will be contrary to reason; for that one supposeth that which is sought for, and seeks that which is supposed; which is against all order and reason, serving only to confound a man's intellect, and to make Idiots the more admire this Science, by giving credit to these seeming high imaginations, because they understand them not, nor will they take the pains to dive into the Mystery, and search whether the difficulties they meet with, proceed from the obscure Rules by some men set down, or from the thing itself; therefore it may be judiciously said, That all such Constructions are naught, and like unto so many byways, leading a man about, when at the very instant he may pitch on the thing itself, Which is to make a place that may be well flanked from all sides, and within Musket shot, it being the main thing in all Fortresses.  
There is likewise another troublesome Construction depending on the Diametor of the Figure, whereon some Artists will give no other reason than that there must be a Line of Defence; Ergo, a Line of Defence ought first to have been traced, since all depends of it. Others suppose that the first to be begun is the faces of their Bastions, and to compute the proportions thereof with the remainder of the Line of Defence, when as this would prove the worst of all, since it would follow that all the rest of the measures in the Fortress must be conformable to the faces of the Bastions, when as the line is the least considerable, and the last in all order of constructions, as being the weakest part, for that it always suffers, because it's continually flanked, and the face of a Bastion is that which is always attached.  
Thus much I thought fit to note on Fortisication, as being one of the prime Subjects whereon a German Cavalier will discourse: I have not over-pestered the same with its common rudiments, which properly do belong to a large Treaty.  
I shall only note, That the strongest and most seeming impregnable Fortification cannot resist want of Victuals, or any other thing (as the French say) Qui auroit pence à cela: an Ass loaden with Gold will enter any Fortress; as the Poets fain their Jupiter to have made his way to the straitest passage Danae had by a golden shore; against which, the Dodecagone (with twelve Bastions with Cavaliers (were they as high as the Puenean Hills) must yield, as the Endecagone with Horn-works, the Decagone, Enneagone, Octogone, Eptagone, Exagone, Pentagone, as the Tetragone: For as Henry the Fourth of France said, C'est le dernier Escu qui gaine la bataille; So Maurice, Prince of Orange, was used to say, C'est le dernier pani qui gaigne la place.  
The first in English, It's the last Crown that gets the battle: The second, It's the last Bread which gets the place.  
As for point of Honour, it can be maintained that there is no employment in the Warlike profession, wherein more credit can be had, than in a besieged place; since in Combats Fortune hath the greatest share; Parties are oft equal; the courses are not regular; as likewise the besieger hath a divided Command; divers on-sets are made by sundry Commanders; as it is presupposed that the besieger comes with Forces sufficient to take the place; and finally, that all besieged places must be taken; and that he who takes it not, must suffer in his credit; that the one is directly contrary to what was expected, and supposed to be a default.  
The other is as a thing which was certain to be.  
But he who defends a place, is alone, and all what he doth is attributed directly unto him, be it well or ill done; the defence depends of him and his carriage, and very little of Fortune.  
If he defends himself so well, as that he constrains an enemy to raise the Siege, is it not a wonder, and against the opinion of all men, even to hold out longer than was imagined he could do?  
And all this is attributed to the Person that Commanded in the place: Finally, it may well be thought, that he who causeth a Siege to be raised, gets more honour than he who gains a Battle; for that by his long holding out, he destroys an Army, saves his Men, the Place, and State.  
The Marshal Turenne said of the Prince de Conde, to have found him in all the parts of the Army; so may it be said of a place well defended, That the Governor must be met in all nooks, corners, and flanks thereof.  
Now (my Princely Traveller) give me leave to note somewhat, which my Age, my Travels, and the Christian profession more particularly requires: That if the defence of a place needs such great cares, those who may resolve to expose their persons to the wild world, what care will there not be requisite for the defence of that which will as long as it is the commander of a dungeon (or fortin, called the body of man) be assaulted by legions who are never tired, who needs not to borrow nor buy Victuals, nor Ammunltions, who have millions of Petards which they can fix to the Gates of such a Fort, without running any hazard of Mines, nor Casa-mats, but who can also deceive the Sentinels eyes with illusions, who can steer their darts point-blank to the eyes, or the heart of a man?  
What honour will it not be to a Traveller, to cause such Enemies to raise the siege and to retire, as it was the Prayer of King David, the man according unto the heart of the Lord of Hosts?  
If now the Germane Nobleman shall have heard a Princely Traveller speak to the purpose on the Military Art, and be desirous to discourse on the Orders of Chevaldry, since the beginning of them, he may make use of the following Recital and Annotations of all the most known Orders of Knighthood which have been from the beginning, and of such as are in esse at this present time.   

Sect. 5.  
THe House of Momorancy in France, instituted the Order of the Greyhound, which is still the Crest of their Arms; the colour of the Order are interlaced Stags-heads: the said House did likewise instituto the Order of the Cock, as a Simbol of Heroic disposition.  
Charles Martell (the valiant) instituted the Order of the Jennet, after the Name of his wife Johanna: but the institution was in remembrance of a defeat which he had given to his Enemy's in Spain, in a place where great numbers of Weasels were slain.  
The third Order was of the Star, or of the blessed Virgin; in remembrance of the Star which did conduct the three wisemen: This Order was instituted by John de Valois, a French King, in Anno 1351. the motto, Monstrant Regibus Astra viam.  
The fourth Order was of the Pork-espi, instituted by the Duke of Orleans; the motto was, Comminus & eminus: But the Duke being deceased, Lewis the twelfth, his Heir, put in stead of those words, Ultus avos Troia; the simbol, that as the Hedgehog defends itself against Dogs, so he would against all assaults, misfortunes, and the envy of his Enemies.  

The Order of the Thistle Flower.  
Lewis Duke of Bourbon (said the good) after his return from Africa, where he had vanquished the Heathens, did institute the Order of the Thistle-flower of the blessed Virgin, in remembrance of his Victory, and to manifest his powerful assistance to Charles Duke of Orleans, Philip Earl of Ernux, and John Earl of Angolesme, against the Duke of Bourgondy, who had caused Lewis Duke of Orleans his Nephew to be murdered; the collar of the Order were Lilies with leaves of Thistles, the badge a cross, the motto Esperance: the symbol his firmness against all disasters, and his hope of good fortune, the Thistle-flower being a Hieroglifick of Affliction, and the Lily of Hope.   

The Order of the Ermine.  
Francis the first of that Name (Duke of Britain in France) did institute the Order of the Ermine; the color was of golden cars of corn, interlaced, the Badge an Ermine, the motto, A Ma Vie, the simbol of purity; for that this Beast suffers itself rather to be taken, than to re-enter its lodging, if defiled.   

The Order of the green Broom-flower.  
The Order of the green Broom-flower (symbol of Humility) as growing near the ground, was instituted by King Lewis, in Anno 1234. the motto was Exaltat Humilis, the Badge a golden cross, hung to a collar of interlaced Lilies and Broom-flowers; the Robes were of white Damask, with Violet Hats: the Solemnity was so great, that the shops of Paris were shut during eight day's time, the streets hung with Tapestry, and Tables set before every Inhabitants door, to Feast according unto old custom.   

The Order of the Ship, or Sea-shell.  
St Lewis, in his Voyage in Anno 1263, having obtained several victories against the Barbarians in the East, instituted the Order of the Ship, representing his going to Sea at Aiges-mortes.   

The Order of Dame Blanch.  
The famous General, John de Bouchicauld, Marshal of France (by reason of the manifold Complaints made to Charles the 6th French King, by a number of Ladies and Gentlewomen who were abused in their honour) instituted the Order of Dame Blanch, it was a green Shield; the Knights of this Order were to defy all those that had done any offence to Ladies.   

The Order of the Lily.  
Don Garcia, sixth King of Navarre, instituted the Order of the Knights of the Lily, on the top were of the image of the blessed Virgin; they were to defend the true faith.   

The Order of the Templars.  
As the Italians, by subduing the City of Jerusalem, instituted the Order of the Hospitallers, so the French in the year 1118 (after the Conquest of the Holy Land) instituted that of the Templars; they were to defend the Pilgrims (going to the Holy Land) against the Saracens, to make vow of Chastity, to serve God in purity, and obedience, to possess nothing in property: Baldovius the King suffered them for a time to live in his Palace near the Temple, and therefore were called Templars, who did live on the liberality of the Patriarch, and of that of the King, and others; they were settled by Pope Honorius; their habit was a white Mantle, with a red cross put thereon by Pope Eugenius the third, with eight corners, as that of St John of Jerusalem, for a sign that they did offer their blood for the defence of the Holy Land, and other places of Christendom: their Banners were white and black, was called Beaumont seant, the white did signify their kindness to the Christians, the black, that they were terrible to the unbelievers, they were redeemed by a girdle and a knife, they were entombed with their legs cross, they became as mighty as Kings, Pope Callistus the 2d did free them from their obedience to the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Alexander the 3d of their Tithes, they were destroyed in Anno 1310. at the intercession of Philip le Bell a French King, and by order of the Pope, being in all parts in one night all put to death, after their Order had continued near two hundred years.   

The Order called that of Jesus Christ.  
Dyonysius King of Portugal did in the year 1318 Institute the Order called that of Jesus Christ, they were to fight against the Saracens, their Coat was black, the Cross half white, and half red, King Dionysius did transfer unto them all the Revenue of the Templars, the chief of the Order is the Abbot of Alcohalien in the Bishopric of Lisbon, their duty was to fight against the Moors: Pope Alexander the 6th suffered them to Marry.   

The Order of the Swan.  
Silunis Brabon (from whom the word Brabant is derived) did Institute the Order of the Swan, signifying Love and Concord.   

The Order of the Montese.  
James the 2d King of Arragon did Institute (by Pope John in Anno 1317 his approbation) the Order of the Montese, and gave unto that Order the revenue which the Templars had in the Kingdom of Valentia, it hath been united unto that of Calatrava; they are clothed in white with a red cross, they were to free the coasts of Valentia against the Moors, their banners did bear green and black crosses, but on their shield and habit red crosses.   

The Order of the Rue-branch.  
King Achaius after he had made an Alliance with France, instituted the Order of the Rue-branch, and was in great esteem in Scotland, the Collar was mixed with Rue branch, and Thistle, the Image of St Andrew fixed thereunto, the motto In defence, for as the Thistle cannot well be handled without it pricks, the Rue expels Venom, he meant thereby, that whosoever intended any mischief against his Kingdom, would not do good to himself.   

The Order of the Elephant.  
The Father of Cristiernus the 4th King of Dannemare, gave for a Blazon, a color mixed with Elephants, carrying Castles on their backs, whereunto was fixed the Image of the blessed Virgin, besides a little Medal with three nails, representing those wherewith our Saviour was nailed to the Cross, with the Arms of Denmarck sprung with tears of blood, or hearts of men; the Etymology that the Elephant his nature agreeth most with that of Man, endued with military strength, and Cardinal Virtues, and hereby, men to be moved to endeavour the excelling in Virtues, so much the more, as Man surpasseth Bruits.   

The Order of the Boar.  
The Emperor Ferdinandus the 2d did institute the Order of the Boar in the year 1213 in memory of St Ursus of the Legion of the thebans, who was martyred at Soleur in Switzerland, the Collar was a chain of Gold, whereunto was fastened a Boar d' ore smaille de sable, this Order did continue among the Swissers until they freed themselves from the subjection to the House of Austria.   

The Order of S. Hubert.  
Jerart Duke of Juliers Burckgrave of Clarensberge did institute the Order of S. Hubert in the year 1444. on the day of S. Hubert, in memory of the Victory which he got on that day against Arnolt Duke of Geldre, brother to the Count of Egmond, the color of this Order, was made of Hunting horns, whereunto was fixed the Image of St. Hubert kneeling before the Image of Christ on the Cross, represented between the two branches of the Staggs head.   

The Order of the Society of Fools.  
Adolph Duke of Clere did Institute the Order of the Society of Fools, the Blazon or Symbol, was the figure of a Fool with a Coat and cap eschequeté d' argent & de gull. with bells, or stockings, or shoes sable, and in his hands a golden basin with fruits. The Knights of this Order did wear it embroidered on their clothes, as a sign of a harmless dove one to another.   

The Order of S. James in Holland.  
In the year of our Lord 1290. the Earl of Holland, Zealand, and Friesland, keeping his Court at the Hague, gave the Order of S. James to twelve principal Noble men, the colour of this Order was composed of five shells of gold, with the Image of S. James annexed thereunto.   

The Order of the Dove.  
John King of Castill in the year 1390. did institute the Order of the Dove, environed with the Sun beams, to move his Nobility to generous and magnanimous actions, he did also institute an Order called Reason: it were well all men were tied to such an Order.   

The Order of the Christian Warr.  
In the year 1614 when the Emperor Mathias and Ferdinand King of Bohemia, were at Vienne, the Order of the Christian War was instituted, under the protection of the Blessed Virgin, the holy Archangel Michael and S. Francis: their duty was to fight against the Turks and other enemies of Christendom.   

The Order of the Drake.  
The Emperor Sigismundus famous for his zeal to the Christian Religion, for many glorious victories against the Turks, as for two Counsels kept at Constance, and at Bazill, did institute the Knights of the Drake with the head downwards, as a sign that by his means, all Schisms and Heresies were overcome.   

The Order of the Tusin and Discipline.  
Albrecht King of Hungary and Bohemia ' did institute the Order of the Tusin, and as Duke of Austria that of Discipline, which was represented by a white Eagle which is the Blazon of Poland.   

The Order of Hungary.  
The Histories of Hungary do mention that a Knighthood was instituted, whereof the badge was a green cross on a Scarlet cloak, their duty was to withstand the Turk against the invasion of Hungary.   

The Order of Sweden.  
Magnus' the Fourth King of Sweden, Famous for his Warlike actions, did in the year 1334 institute the Order of Cherubins and Seraphins, with four patriarchal crosses, in memory of the Siege of the Town upsal the Metropolitan of that Kingdom, to the Collar was fixed the Image of our Saviour Christ.   

The Order of the Sword-bearer.  
There was also in Swede the Order of Sword-bearer, the Collar being composed of Swords, interlaced the points against each other and bloody.   

The Order of the Half Moon.  
René Duke of Anjou, and King of Sicily, Arragon, and Jerusalem, did iustitute the Order of the Croissant or Half Moon, in the Cathedral Church of St Maurice at Angers, the Motto Los en Croissant, none could be preferred to this Order, but such as had given good testimony of their honesty and Valour; all their exploits were known by certain small sticks, tied together with a ring, hanging about their necks with a fine Ribbon: their means were common.   

The Order de la Banda.  
King Alphonse son to King Ferdinand did institute a new Order called de la Banda which was a broad red Ribbon over their left shoulder, none could be of this Order, but those who had served the King ten years against the Moors; they were obliged to speak truth to the King, perform their promise, not to frequent ill bred-men, they were to have their Sword constantly on their side, and a Lance at their Gate, never to flatter nor jeer, not to play at Cards nor Dice, never to complain of their Wounds, nor to vaunt of their warlike Deeds, to be decently accontered, on common days in fine cloth, at other times in silk, at Feastival days in gold lace; whensoever they did meet Ladies they were to a-light, and to accompany them, to keep a good Table, to have always company as Knights of the Order, to serve against none save the Turk, to recommend to the King the Son of the Deceased Knight and his Widow, for the providing of a Husband, and Dowry for his Daughter.   

The Order of the Sepulchre.  
The Order of the holy Sepulchre was instituted in the time of Constantine the Great, for his Mother St. Helena being gone to Jerusalem to seek the Sepulchre, and having found the same by divine Inspiration, did build a Temple on the place to the remembrance of the Resurrection of our Lord; and recommended the keeping of the Sepulchre unto certain Gentlemen of her suit, who were obliged to make war against the Infidels, to relieve Prisoners, to attend Divine Service, to read the office of the Cross, and to wear five red crosses in remembrance of the five wounds of our Lord.  
Cambden mentions in his Britannia, That the City Colchester where this Helena was born and brought up, as being the Daughter to King Coil to her remembrance, and the said Cross hath for Arms a Cross between four Crowns.   

The Order of St Lazarus in St. Maurice.  
The Knights of the Order of St. Lazarus were instituted by Amadeus Duke of Savoy, who having abandoned the world, accompanied by ten Cavaliers of eminent Families retired into a Cloister at Kipaille to live there as an Hermit, clothed himself in a Coat of Ash-colour, girded with a girdle of Gold, wearing over the same a Cloak of the same colour, on the which was a gold embroidered Cross.  
They were bound to receive in their Hospital those Christians who did repair to the Wars of the Holy Land; they did at first wear a green Cross, with a whit Border, and was confirmed by several Popes, and was afterwards united to that of St. Maurice, the Duke of Savoy became the chief thereof.   

The Order of St. John Daccon, St. Thomas, St. Blaise, St. Marry, and Repentance.  
The institution of the Order of St. John d'Acon, and of St. Thomas in Palestina, is uncertain; they did wear a red Cross, and held to the Order of St. Augustin.   

The Order of St. Catharine.  
The Pilgrims of Jerusalem, going to the Cloister of St. Catharine on Mount Sinai (where remains the Body of this Virgin) are Knights, as those of the Holy Sepulchre, wear like clothes: on the left-side of their Cloak is (next to the Cross of Jerusalem) the sign of St. Catharine, being a Wheel, with six spikes: they are Knighted by the Guardian of the Friars of that Cloister behind the High Altar, on her Sepulchre, when Mass is said, and they have received the Holy Sacrament.   

The Order of the Montoy in Truxillo.  
The Order of the Knights of Montoy in Syria, had the Name from a Hill near Jerusalem, in the year 1180, they afforded great assistance to the Christians in the conquest of the Holy Land; their Cloak is red with a white Star with points, they held the Order from the Augustine's; it was Confirmed by Pope Alexander the 3d, being driven out of Syria, they came into Europe, and especially into Castille, where they changed their Names into that of Truxillo, according unto the Town where they then settled themselves: King Alphonzo gave them very great Revenues.   

The Order of Sword Bearer, or the Sword of Livonien.  
The Prince of Livonia, did in the year 1205 by approbation of Pope Innocentius the 3d, institute the order of Militia or Ensiferorum, in imitation of the Teutonique Order: the Blazon was, two red swords in the form of a Cross of S. Andrew, Embroidered on their Mantle, their duty was to defend the Christians against the Heathens, to extirpate all Idolatry, and to propagate the true service of God, but this Order is incorporated, or become common with the Teutoniques, it did continue for the space of 357 years.   

The Order of Gens d'armes.  
There was also an Order called that of Gens d'Armes confirmed by Pope Innocentius, and founded by S. Dominick, for the extirpation of the Albigeois, and the conversion of those of Toulose and Lombardy, the Knights were of both married and unmarried persons, and for that reason called Brothers, and their Wives Sisters.   

The Order of S. Marry Glorious.  
The beginning of this Order called St. Marry Glorious, was about the year 1233. in the time of Gregory the 9th, and was afterwards confirmed by Pope Urbanus the 4th, the Knights of this Order did live according unto Orders made by Eminent Persons, they were to procure Peace between men in discord, to defend Widows and Orphans, to procure Love and Union among all People, and were by some called Fratres Gaudentes, they did wear a white habit with a grey mantle, whereon a purple cross in a silver field, with two stars on the top thereof.   

The Order of Montcarmell.  
The Order of the Knights of our Lady of Montcarmell, is that of St Lazars in France, which was first joined to that of St John, but afterwards by the earnest solicitation of Philip de Niestain, in the year 1607, in the time of King Henry the 4th by Pope Paul the 4th, and accorded to be called in France, the Knights of our Lady of Montcarmell: the Blazon was a violet cross, with the Image of our Lady, and it was Embroidered on the Cloak.   

The Order of Alcantara.  
Gomesius Ferdinandus, in the time of Ferdinand King of Leon and Galicia about the year 1176, did institute the Order of Alcantara, the Knights were to resist the pride of the Moors, Alphouse the 8th, placed them on the River Tagus, called Alcantara. Pope Benedict gave them liberty to wear a green cross in the shape of a Lilly.   

The Order of the Avesiens.  
Next to the Order of Alcantara, was that of the Avesiens in Portugal, they were at first called of Ebora, by the name of the Town wherein they did live; they did receive their Title from their great Master Ferdinando Monteyro, for the extirpation of the Moors; their second great Master was Ferdinando de Yamus, having gained the Castle Avys, where he transplanted them nearer the Enemies.   

The Order of St George:  
Rodolphus of Habsburch the first Emperor of the House of Austria did institute the Order of St George of Carinthia, to resist the invasion of the Turks, and gave them a commodious Town called Carinthia for their habitation, and to their great Master the Title of Prince, their Blazon was the red cross of S. George, some say that Pope Alexander the 6th, and the Emperor Maximilian did institute the Order, and that their Blazon was a golden cross, with a Crown fixed to a golden ring.   

The Order of the Holy Blood.  
The Order of the Holy Blood hath been instituted at Mantua by Vincent Gonzago the fourth Duke of Mantua, and the second of Monferat, in Anno 1608, the Order was instituted for the defence of the Christian Faith: and because those of the Cathedral Church of St Andrew in Mantua do pretend to have a piece of the sponge; of our Lord three drops of blood, and to have them of St Longin a Centurion and Martyr. The Collar was of golden Ovals made fast with little golden rings, annexed to goldsmith's crusets set on flames of fire, the words, Domine probasti me.  
The symbol, that they must stand firm in adversity, Live in Friendship and Unity, under the Badge was represented two Angels, with an oval relic of Crystal in the which the three drops of blood are represented, about it the words, Nihil hoc tristo recepto. The Order was confirmed by Paul the 5th, the Knights twenty in number.   

The Order of St Mariae Redemptionis Captivorum, or the Mercede of S. Mariae de misericordia.  
The King of Arragon was the institutor of this Order in Anno 1223. it was at Barcelona, to resist the Moors, and the Knight to put himself as an Hostage, for any Christian that had not means to pay his Ransom, their habit was a white mantel with the Arms of Arragon, and Catalogue, the Order was confirmed by Gregory the Nnth.   

The Order of the Lords of S. John Baptist of Jerusalem called Hospitallers, as also Johannists.  
Of the most eminent of all the Orders of Knighthood, that of S. John of Jerusalem is none of the least, it began Anno 1104, by one Gerardus of the Malphitannick merchants, who for the recovery of Jerusalem, did obtain leave from the King of that Land, to make Hospitals about the Holy Sepulchre, to receive the Pilgrims, and the Sick; which being granted unto them, did vow their Means and Families to the H. John Baptist; they were bound to receive all those that went to visit the Holy Land, to convey and defend them against those of Arabia, and the unbelievers: their Cloak was black, with a white cross of eight corners as a sign of their purity, and the eight Godlinesses unto which they aspire, they call their Superiors Magistros Militiae, they are of the Order of S. Augustine, are bound to fight in person against the Infidels, those who through Age are unfit for War, are sent to govern their Lands and Families, being called Commanders. They came into Europe after Palestina was lost took Rhodes by force, and kept it 214 years, thence were placed at Malta, which they since that time have valiantly defended; none can be admitted to this Order, except Nobly borne; not of Mahometan, Moors ' nor Jewish race, nor Illegitimate, nor under the years of eighteen: except six, which is the prerogative of the Great Master.   

The Teutonike Order, or bearing Cross.  
As concerniug this Order, the Germans would not be less in their Institution, than the Italians, Spanish or French, it was Instituted in the year 1191, and was called the Teutonick Knights of the blessed Virgin, porte-Croix, they bear that name from the Church and Hospital which hath been built in honour of her, they are called Teutonicke, because none but Germans were to be admitted into the same, they wear a rosary about their cross, therefore are called Marianes, or Porte-Croix, their original is ascribed to certain Citizens of Breme, and Lubec, in the time of Henry the 5th, in the year 1191, who instituted Hospitals to receive Pilgrims bound for Jerusalem, they were confirmed by Pope Celestin the 3d d, who did order them to wear a white Mantell, with a white shield, and black cross, they profess the Orders of S. Augustine, they were to fight against all unbelievers, they are to read between 24 hours 200 Pater-nosters, Ave Maria and Creed: they are under the command of a head who they call Magistrum, or Summum Magistrum, the first was Henricus à Walpot: At their reception the Novices did make this promise, Wir tragen euch wasser und broad zuc, und desz genuch, daer ein geringe kleydung; euwer leben lang: wirt es besser so habt irs auch, wytter sinned wir euch night schuldich. Being driven away they retired to Ptolomaida, and being by the Saracens likewise driven away they came into Germany, and in the year 1227 about the 8th year of Frederick the 2d, Pope Gregory the 9th, with consent of the Emperor, they were called in Pruisse by Coenrade Duke of Mansovien to attacke it, which they so valorously performed, as that they conquered all Pruissia, and Livonia, and reduced the Inhabitants to the Christian faith, and therefore are called Prussions also; but were assisted by the Militia Christi, or Ensiferorum, to conquest Livonia.   

The Order of St. Salvator.  
Alphonzo, King of Spain, being set on the extirpation of the Moors out of Arragon and Saragossa, did (in Anno 1118) institute the Order of St. Salvator in the Town of Mont Real in Arragon, and did so encourage them, as that in Anno 1120, they made the Moors to retire, and quit the Country.   

The Order of St. James in Spain.  
Petrus Ferdinandus (in Anno 1170) was the first instituter of the Order of St. James, called also of Compostella, by reason the Canons of St. Elou, near Compostella, did contribute to the establishment of this Order, for the maintaining of the Christian cause; the badge is a purple Cross in the form of a Hilt, Qnae militaris spathae Capulum exprimit.   

The Order of Calatrava:  
The Order of Calatrava begun in the year 1121, by Alphonse the Saint; the original of the Name of Calatrava proceeds from the Moors, being set before the place in the Region of Toledo, which the Templars did refuse to defend; which 1000 Monks (of the Order of Cisteaux) undertook, and made the Moors retire: Their Mantle is white with a red cross, Ex Ordinatione Benedicti the 13th who was Pope in Spain, they are confirmed by Pope Alexander the 3d. They were permitted to Marry once.   

The Order of Scama.  
The Order of Scama in Spain was instituted by John the 2d King of Castil, but is exstinguished.   

The Order of la Calra.  
In imitation of the Knights de la Banda, the Venetians did institute the Order of the Knights of la Calra; there could be none of this Order but persons of Noble blood: the collar is of gold, the badge the image of St. Mark; the motto, Pax tibi Marce.   

The Order of the Anunciate.  
The Duke of Savoy is the chief of the Order of the Anunciate; they are fourteen Knights, Armadeus the Fourth, called the Great, was the instituter of the Order; the collar is of gold with scutcheons and knots of Love knotted together with the words Amadei magni, the badge the image of the blessed Virgin, being saluted by the Angel.   

The Order of St. Andrew.  
King Hnngus of Scotland, having overcome Athel●tan King of England, did institute the Order of St. Andrew, or the Thistle; the collar was of knots with Thistle-flowers, with the words, Nemo me mpune lacessit: alluding unto the Thistle; the badge, St. Andrew with his Cross, which the King said he saw in the Firmament before the Battle; and therefore in memory of that Victory, King Hungus made it an Order.   

The Order of the Golden Fleece.  
Philip (Duke of Burgundy) called the good, instituted the Order of the Golden Fleece; his intent being to animate the Nobles to the War against the Infidels; the badge did seem to presage that Philippus bonus (his successor) should possess a golden World in America; the number of the Knights was in Charles the 5th his time increased to 52. the colour is of golden Tinder steels, mixed with cross Laurel branches giving fire; the badge a golden Fleece; the day of Meeting is that of St. Andrew: the Feast lasts three days; the first day they are clothed in scarlet Gowns with Mantles, and wool Chaprons, in remembrance that Salvation came by spilling of blood; the second black for the deceased Knights of that Order; and the third white, in honour of the blessed Virgin.   

The Order of Cyprus.  
The House of Lusignan, which hath given many Kings and Princes unto Christendom, instituted the Order of Cyprus, the blazon was a border or collar of gold, mixed with Letters SS, with a Sword beneath, the Blade of silver, and the Hilt of gold, the words, Pour loyaute maintenir; the letter S signified Silence; others say that the letter R was joined to the S, and the meaning Securitas Regni.   

The Order of St. Michael.  
Lewis the 11th French King instituted in Anno 1469. the Order of St. Michael, the collar of golden shells, the motto, Immensi Tremor Oceani; to which is fixed the figure of the Archangel, by the Example of his Father, who had the said figure in his Banners in remembrance of a vision, when he did see the said Angel on a Bridge at Orleans, during the siege of the English.   

The Order of the Burgundy Cross.  
The Emperor Charles the 5th did institute the Order of the Burgundy Cross on the day of St. Magdalene, Anno 1535, in Tunis, when he made there his victorious entry, and did restore Muleasses on his Throne of Tunis which the Pirate Barbarossa had taken from him.  
The Knights did wear a Mantle with two knotty staves in Santori, in memory of St. Andrew, patron of that House, whereunto was joined a Tinder-steel with this inscription, Barbarici.   

The Order of the Holy Ghost.  
Henry the third French King, and of Poland, did institute the Order of the Holy Ghost, in Anno 1579; the Knights of the Order wear a black Velvet Robe with Fleur de Lis, and flames all over, embroidered with gold and silver, with a collar of gold intermixed with Lilies and flames.   

The Order of the Round Table.  
Arthur King of England, did in Anno 516, institute the Order of the Round Table, having driven away the Saxons, and several other Nations; and this in recompense of those that had behaved themselves manfully; he created 24 Knights called of the Round Table, and to balance his favours by equal ranks, did ordain a Round Table, whereat these Knights did sit on feast-days, removing thereby all jealousy of precedency, and to keep them together in amity.   

The Order of the Baronet's.  
King James in the Ninth year of his Reign, did institute the Order of Baronet's, when he brought the Kingdom of Ireland wholly under his obedience, and driven the Rebels out of the Province of Ulster; the Order is Hereditary on the Eldest son being 21 years of age: the blazon is the Arms of Ulster, a bloody Hand in a silver Field.   

The Order of Bannerets.  
King Edward the 3d instituted Knight-Bannerets;  
The Order was Ceremonial as followeth.  
The Knights of the first Rank were brought before the King between two Knights, bearing his Pennon or Banner, and then the Herald did (in the presence of all the Nobles and Officers of the Army) beseech the King (considering the Merits, Birth, Virtue, and Means of the Knight) to cause the ends of the Pennon to be cut off, and so to advance the Knight to the dignity of Banneret.  
The Example of the cutting off the end of the Pennon, and the unfolding of the Banner, is mentioned in Froisart, on the subject of John Chandoys, who by Prince Edward (surnamed the black prince) in the presence of Don Pedro, King of Castill, before the Battle of Navaret, did receive this honour, whose Banner the Prince did unfold.  
None under a Knight was admitted to this Order of Banneret; the Dignity did require the means of 25 Gentlemen at the least.  
The Dignity of Banneret required according unto the words, Pour fair un chevalier Banneret, c'est quand il a longuement servy les guerres & qui il à assez de terres & revenus tant qui il peut Servi & Souldoyer cinquante gentiles homes pour accompagner la Banniere, lors il peut licitenant lever la dite Banniere & non autrement, car nul aulne homme ne peut porter Baniere en Bataille s'il n'a 50 homes priests pour Batailler (see Gesta Romanorum) s'il n'a cinquante homes d'armes et les Archers, et les Arbaletiers quy y apartienent.  
So that these persons considered the old affinity of Bannerets with Barons, the suit of Gentlemen, the supporting of their shields, and to bear it in a square Banner, which may not be carried by any of any dignity, save by such as are related to the Wars and an officer, besides Lord Barons and such as are more than Barons.   

The Order of the Garter.  
King Edward the 3d in the year 1350. did institute the Order of the Garter, to eternize his Victory of his great Conquest against John King of France, James King of Scotland, whom he had Prisoners both at one time, having also chased Henry King of Castill the Bastard, and restored Don Pedro; others say that King Edward did institute this Order, to defend the honour of Anna Countess of Salisbury, a very fair Lady which the King did Love, whose blue Garter, the King had taken up as it was fallen dancing, and was worn by the King on his left leg, whereat the Queen being offended, and as some of the Nobles reported the same to the King, he answered Laughing Hony soit qui maly pense, and that he would make that Garter, an honour to all those that should wear it, and so not long after, made it an Order, and gave the same to his Nobles. The Garter being embroidered with Gold, and costly stones, made fast with a loop to be worn at the left leg under the knee, signifying love and unity, the Mantle is Crimson Velvet, and a purple Mantle lined with white, and the red cross of St George environed with a Garter in a Scutcheon, black velvet Bonnets with white Feathers; about their shoulders a Collar of Gold, being a Garter with white and red Roses between, whereunto is the Figure of St George, and the Dragon underneath; the number of the Knights are 26, whereof the King is to be head; their feast is kept yearly on St George's day, they are Installed at Windsor, they are bound to keep 50 Gentlemen to serve the King upon all occasions; they must be in their suit the day of the Feast, the Order hath its Prelate, Chancellor, Guster, Steward, and Roy d' Arms called Garter.   

The Order of the Bath.  
The Knights of the Bath, consists properly to cover the King's Table, on the day of Coronation, and to ride before the King, the Blazon of the Order, is three Crowns with these words, Tria in unum: with the Ceremonies of their instalment.  
I shall not trouble my Princely Traveller, who by the digression of these several Orders, will have sufficient matter to entertain the Germane from adel. And having thus treated of the two main points, very much stood upon by the High Germane Nobility, a Princely Traveller having discoursed thereon, may (if he please) speak of Arts and sciences, and begin with Geometry, without which, no man can be a good Astronomer, nor understand Perspective, Cosmography, Architecture, Fortifications, and Navigation, as without it Euclides, Archimedes, Apollonius, Pergens, Diophantus, Ptolomeus, and divers others cannot be understood, and their knowledge attained unto; as that of distances, course, and strange intricate miraculous motions of the resplendent Heavenly Globes, the Sun, Moon, Planets, and fixed stars, nor can it otherwise be received for a possibility, that Archimedes with a glass, framed by revolution of a parabolical section, did fire the Roman Navy in the Sea coming to Syracuse; nor could the fabric of Noah's Ark be understood, without some mean skill in Geometry. The Sciagraphy of the Temple set out by Ezechiel, nor sundry words both in the New and Old Testament, whose proper signification is merely Geometrical, nor made good the saying of Plato, that God doth always work by Geometry, that is (as the Wise man doth interpret it, Sap. Xl. v, 21.) Omnia in mensurà & numero & pondere, disponere, dispose all things by measure, and number, and weight. By Geometry, a General of an Army, can best order a fit stand for the same, conduct Mines under the Earth, discharge Canon, discover by Sea the distance of ships, the exact dividing of Grounds after Inundations, which take away the bounds and marks of Lands. It teacheth the Architect, quantities, and proportions of all parcels appertaining to any kind of Buildings, and for the exact measuring of sundry solid, regular, or irregular. In a word, it teacheth to make a scale to the whole world, and all that therein is, of Bodies, Surfaces, Lines, and whatsoever else is to be measured, as Arithmetic (which is the first of the four parts of Mathematics) doth teach the proceeding, the property, and the practic of numbers, resolves all kind of questions concerning trade, and the most noble parts of the Mathematics: so Cosmography (wherein the Germane delights) doth further that of the whole Universe, composed of Heaven and Earth, Celestial and Elementary regions.  
Geography (which doth comprehend the chorography, the topography, and the hydrography; by the first to comprehend parts of the Earth, or Kingdoms; by the second a City, or some other place, with the adjacent Neighbourhood; by the third, the particular description of the water and its part.  
By Perspective is given true proportion in distances, and shortening of Objects, and of the shadows, which the Sun (by shining on a body) doth cause on the opposite part, for that the lines and rules of Perspective, do proceed from equal distances, and tend to a fixed point.  
The light and shadows which the beams of the Sun, do give to a body, having their infallible measures, because such bodies, on which the Sun beams extend themselves, have a proportion, which doth not change by the beams of the light, neither by the faculties of our sight, so that the light which spreads itself on those bodies, gives a form to the shadow, according to the bigness, the height, and form thereof: and as to the Art of excellent expressive, drawing all dimensions; it consists not only in form, but in the representing of quick motions, proceeding from passions, as Anger, Fear, Sorrow and Joy, besides the true colouring, which all Painters did not attain unto, though Leonardo de Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, Perin del Vago, Gracious Farmentio, and even Raphael d' Urbino, were of the first classs, yet did Coregio Titian, Jorgeon, Pourdenon, Paulo Veronese, and even the rough Tintoret colour more like flesh and blood, then the above named. Imagery (called Sculptura) is highly minded by the Germans, their Albert Durer having made good progress therein, both in Ivory and hard wood, but he did not observe the custom of the Grecians, who did make choice of the most complete parts, and united them into one body.  
Architecture followeth the Carver, his prime parts are Solidity, Conveniency, and Ornament, for what serves strength if not of use? and how can Solidity and conveniency please, without a gracious aspect: of such buildings a Princely Traveller will see in some parts of Germany, France, Italy, and Spain; in Germany, the admirable structure of the Duke of Bavaria at Muneken; in France (for a King's palace) the long begun Lowre, with its extent to the Tuilleries; the Palace of Orleans, its Garden, and Waterworks, with divers great Palaces of Cardinals, and of the Nobility. The French Kings Palaces at St german, and Fountain Bleau; for Waterworks, and rare gardens (of all sorts) at Chaliot, St Clou, Ruel, Liancour, the Seat of the Precedent Belieure, that of the Precedent Mayson, and Richelieu, in Italy every where, in every City and Town, and every street adorned with extraordinary great Statues; the Country set with Palaces, as if all cast into one mould, like to those of Caprarola, Frescati, and the like: Churches so sumptuous, as if all built by Solomon's directions, Chappells in the Churches, enriched with precious stones, whereof that at Florence is most notable; and so are the sundry rarities in the Arsenal of that Duke, not inferior to those rich Imperial Cabinets, in Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. So of rare Horses, which the Germans ride well, the French teach well, and sets out well the Napolitan Cavalier, who affects to have his great Saddle Horse taught more by gentleness then by spurr, or whip. So will a Princely Traveller meet with rare Orators in every Art, Science, and Noble exercise, Men that speak words preserved in salt, and with grace; Men that really can (not in show as Seneca did) despise the means of Fortune, which is a true operation of a well placed soul, the greatness whereof, raiseth man above all things; Men that teach to lovers of Knowledge the most precious use of all Arts and Sciences, by Arithmetic to number their days, to apply their hearts unto wisdom; by Geometry to be just in the reparations of each man's Meum & Tuum: by Cosmography to move the soul of man the more towards the seat of Angels, and not to fix his mind on Imaginary Elysian fields, as those between Naples and Puteoli, where my Princely Traveller shall not be confined by Geography to find the extent of subaltern things, but by the many lines which tend to a point in Perspective, be led to leave all Circumvolutions (& far sought by ways) to find in the bosom of Abraham a settled repose, so is the best Military Art a leader to the Fortifying of the Mind of Man against all onsetts, and more honour to be had in such a defence then in an attach.  
If now my Princely Traveller be disposed to Steer towards France, where the Nation makes a singular esteem of men of Wit, Men that can discourse on all things, who are taken with those who speak well of their Kings, it will be easy for a reasonable good memory, to lodge and keep in readiness the observations following, concerning the Lines, Coats, and quartering of Arms of French Kings.    

SECT. VII.  
SINCE the time the Empire of the French hath been Established, that Crown hath been in three Lines: the First that of the Meroviens, of King Merove, who succeeded collaterally King Clodion, Son to Pharamont: The second was that of the Charliens, so called from Charles Martell: the Third of Hugh Capet.  
Chiflesius pretends that both the Houses of France and Spain, are come from one source, Viz. from Ersewaldus More of the Palais, and of King d'Agobert, the first Prince of the said House, that out of those two Houses, are Issued the Counts of Alcorf, the Capets, and the Counts of Habsbourgh, and from this last the Emperors of Austria. Bucelinus 2 volume.  
As for Pharamont, some pretend him the Author of the Salic Law, because he deceased in the year 426, which was 350 years before the time that the French did find themselves in possession on the other side of the River Sala, which was in Anno 805; but as there are no proofs against the opinion concerning the names of the Kings since the time of Frantion (second Son to Hector) until Pharamont, it may not be thought unfit to be of the Opinion of the most curious observators of the Royal descents of the French, that since the establishment of that Empire, it hath been in those three Lines as aforesaid; so the Line of Hugh Capet, hath Reigned above six hundred and 20 years. The well affected to the Illustrious descent of the French say, that the Francs having conquered the Gauls, called the Country France, and made a Monarchy of it, though it was sometimes divided among Sons of Kings, the Eldest whereof, was as the Master and Sovereign to the others: their Arms have been so different as that until they were quartered with Fleur de Lis, they have been very uncertain.  
The first of the Francs are said to come from Frantion as before said, second Son to Hector, though the Francs of Greece make no mention of it.  
The Francs built a Town called Sicambe, the name of an Aunt to Frantion.  
After the destruction of Troy, a fabulous Hero (followed by a great People) called part thereof France, and the other Sicambre, his Arms were a Lion gull. in a chacie field Or.  
The Francs having been worsted by the Slytes, retired to the Rhine, stopping for a while at the mouth of the Danow, where under the Emperor Valentinian (440 years after our Saviour Christ) Marcomir (their King) builded several Towns; he had a Vision, the shape was the under part of a Man, the upper thereof, that of a Crowned Eagle: the right shoulder an Eagle, the left a Toad, it told him all his fate, and taught him his course, which succeeded accordingly, and therefore was moved to Coat his Arms with the apparition.  
Anseno (son to Marcomir) did Coat the Dragon-Lyon of Troy, and three Crowns in his Banner. Helenus' the 4th, did Coat a Pallas Argent, and a Dragon in his Standard, on his Crest a Serpent with an Issant gull: this Helenns was son to Diocles.  
Those who note the Counts of Habsbourg to descend their Arms from the French Coat, to wit, those of Priam a Lion Or. Field sable. Diocles (Nephew to Priam) Lion argent Field sinoble. Helenus, Lion azure, field or. Clodomir (Nephew to Helenus) Lion gull, Field argent. Nicanor (son to Clodomir) Field sinoble, Lion or. Marcomir Lion or, Field uncertain. Clodius (killed by the Romans) Lion sable, Field or. Clodomir (Nephew to Clodius, son of Antenor) Lion sinoble, Field argent. Marodac Lion argent, Field sable. Cassander Lion or, Field gull. Francius the 2d Nephew to Cassander, Lion argent, Field azure. Clodius the 2d Lion argent, Field gull. Richimus Lion argent, Field sinoble. Herimerus Lion sinoble, Field or. Marcomir Lion or, Field uncertain. Antenor the 4th Lion sable, Field argent. Odemar Lion azure, Field argent. Of all these Coats, Historians are to seek in their relations, they say that Baranus (the 5th King of the Sicambres, was the first that put three Toads Or in his Arms, and of sable, in a Field argent: he did govern in France 284 years before the birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ; these Toads were attributed to the morish continent wherein the Francs did live, and that Marcomir (King of the Walloons) did Coat them quartered with a Lion rampant gull, Field Or, the Toads sable.  
The 16th King (after the Transmigration) was Anthiacus, who having protected the Gauls against Julius Caesar, and stood out against him, did Coat a Trophy with this motto, In spite of Caesar, and in his Banner a Croissant Argent Field gull.  
His successor was Francus the 2d, who (as the Germans say) gave that name of Franc, and for a sign of Liberty, did coat an unbridled Horse argent, Field gull; and in his Banner four Croissants argent, to signify the increase of the Empire of the French.  
Marcomir the 4th married with Atyldae of Bretaini daughter to Marius.  
Farabert chased away the Romans from Germany, and did coat a Lion gull, holding a black Eagle in his paws, which likewise denotes (as beforesaid) the original of Coats of Arms on the spoils of the victorious.  
Sunno succeeded him whose Victories have been written by the Philosopher Hildegate.  
Then Hildebert, who lost the conquest of Gaul, and to his successors the Empire.  
Then Baterius, who did ransack part of Italy, and his Son passed through Gaul, destroyed Tarascone in Spain.  
Clodius was very often defeated by the Romans.  
Gualterus died Anno 305.  
Dagobert was the last who called himself King of the Francs, and since his decease there were but Dukes until Pharamont, who was one of the Dukes.  
Clodion (which Reigned so short a time as that he was scarce in the lift of Kings) was slain by the Romans.  
Clodomir gave to his brother half of the Empire of the Francs, and kept the other; this younger brother of the three was Genebaldus, who was Duke of Franconie.  
Dagobert his son (who could not succour his Uncle) defeated by the Romans, to be revenged past the Rhine, quoted a ship which Paris hath yet on its Seal.  
Marcomir (said the Great Duke of the Francs) did conquer many Territories in Gaul, did Coat a Lion gule, holding an Eagle and a Toad in his paws, which denotes, that the Toad was the French Arms and not of the Francs.  
Pharamont (as in the first digression) did Coat the three Toads.  
Clodian his son, did not Coat them but three Crowns.  
Merovee seized on the Crown, made peace with Cetius chief of the Romans, defeated Antila King of the Hunns, and called the Neighbourhood of Paris France: which gave the name of all that Empire: and (as in the first digression) his successors took the name of Meroviens, the line whereof hath continued until Pepin.  
Clovis (son to Chilperic) being Christened, was that Clovis who did Coat the Flower de Lis, which were at first in great number, but were reduced to three, by Charles the 6th, the 54th French King, and so did all the Princes of the Blood: It was by persuasion of his Heraold at Arms, who said, Qui plus a moins porte, and these Arms have been continued by the French Kings until this present time in the Line of Boucley. The Kingdom of France, (as the French will have it) falls not to the distaff [Lilia non nent] though Julius Caesar said of them, that though in their first heat, they seem to be more than Men, but afterwards to be less than woman. They are the most courteous of all Nations, but more unconstant than any, therefore one to whom a notable person of them was highly extolled for settledness, being said to have well an Ounce of Lead in his head, replied, the Man ought to be much valued, for that all France had not one pound.  
The French do generally love their King: they are accustomed to a liberty, which takes not with all Nations, they are much addicted to change, which seems to be their life and element: but as they are prompt to commit faults, they are as quick to repair them: they love and esteem strangers, hear their proffers with attention; they are liberal in bestowing great charges of trust on them, though different of Religion, for example, the Duke de la Force, Martial de Chastillon, Torras, Turien, Gassion, Ransoro, Balthasar, and many others I shall not overburden this with the list of the great and mighty Cities, whereof there are 53 as Metropolitans; their nine Parliament Cities in respective shires; where they are Courts of Justice. Neither shall I spend time with such minutes, as mentioned in other copious recitals, to wit, the difference between the proceeding of Spanish and French in their dressing of themselves, which signify nothing to a Traveller, though I shall note for the observation of all Travellers, certain precise Civilities which the well bred French will observe, and do look for from all Travellers.  
First they confine salutations to Ladies within the bounds of arrival and departure, the Familiarity of Kisses being thought an uncivil boldness at any other time, and were become troublesome, especially from snottinose, young striplings who had learned no other quality. It is not permitted to any Gentleman who visits a Lady, to lay down Cloak or Hat, except in such places that can endure Doublet and Breeches to keep the Cloak and Hat company. A Gentleman who hath the honour to Usher a Princess, must not yield her hand to any man, except to a Prince, or a Marshal of France.  
Never refuse but take as a particular Honour, the accepting to present to a Prince or Princess the cup or glass, which by that Prince or Princess domestic servant may be brought.  
It's not the custom when a Prince doth Sneeses, to say as to other persons (and the old civility was) Dieu vous aid, God help you, but only to make a Low reverence.  
Though a French Prince should to a slander by at his Table, present something which may be eaten, yet must he not taste thereof, except the Prince commands it, and it is the like with any Fruit presented between Meals.  
If a Gentleman be admitted to a Prince his Table, he is not to drink before the Prince had his Glass. No Broth is to be taken out of a Dish, but first laid on the trencher.  
No yolk of Eggs sipped out of the shell, but taken out with a spoon. Nor any blowing of hot Broth in a spoon, which little niceties, must be observed by any man that will pass for a Gentleman among the Nobility of France: and are here recited only in reference, and for the observation of those who have the honour to accompany a Prince in his Travel. A Princely Traveller curious to know all the ancient and Modern affairs of France, will do well to visit the Library of Mons du Puy, who hath a collection of above a hundred Volumes of Manuscripts; as also visit the Library of the Count de Brienne, for he hath 120 Volumes of Manuscripts, containing the Treaties and Alliances made with Foreign Princes, and all the rare pieces of State since Lewis the XI. and among them to take particular notice of the Memorials of Mr de Villeroy and President Genin, who were Great men in King Henry the 4th his time. As for public visits, a Princely Traveller (who knoweth what the public Academies for exercises, and for the knowledge of the Mathematics are) shall not need to spend time with Academies, but call upon Masters of Ceremonies, to accompany him for the first time, and afterwards (until departure) use the liberty of France in visits, not in Italy, nor Spain, where the day and hour for visits must be demanded.  
He shall not use any compliment in the retreat from a conversation, for it is the manner to depart without any ceremony; except the company be all gone.  
As for the visiting of Ambassadors, it is most fit to consult their leisure, as well in France as in other parts, for it is with them as it was with him who had written on his door, Whosoever hath knocked twice and is not opened may be gone, for I am not, cannot, or will not be at home.  
Ambassadors are as public Sentinels, they have their set time of guard, and no conversation then to be had with them.  
It is fit for a Princely Traveller to visit them, to entertain amity with those Sovereigns, whom they represent, and to know the continual case of their affairs and intriques': and to that purpose, to visit also those Ladies where the public Ministers do frequent, where a Traveller will hear (as from Parrots when their cage is in the Sun) all what occurs.  
France is represented by a Woman all decked with Eyes and Tongues, and if none could speak loud enough, she hath a Trumpet.   

SECT. VIII.  
NOW for Italy: and if by Savoy, men who affect Relics, may take notice of a Saints Sudari at Turin.  
And as for the Prime of men, let them take notice on the successors of the great Emanuel of Savoy, and never be wrought upon, by what the Cardinal d'Ossat in his passion wrote against that Great Duke of Savoy, by Birth King of Cypress, of the old Saxon, Imperiall, Spanish and French Royal blood; most magnanimous in all his proceedings; more rich in Jewels then any other Prince in Europe; attended by a great number of Nobles, and in as much Pomp as any Christian Sovereign Prince can be, a Nobility extreme Generous and Gentile, the Ladies so Beautiful, as that they are called (all Italy over) the Fair Piedmontese.  
The liberty of the Court of Savoy is moderated between France and Italy.  
The first considerable object a Traveller shall meet with in Savoy, is the fortress of Mount-Milan, which withstood a year and above, all the French Kings Army, when King Lewis the 15th had set upon it all the courage of the Nation, and all what could be attempted by Jupiter-like flames, and Vulcan like forgery, to blow up the Fortress, to which, the French King had invited all the adjacent Nobility to be spectators, but the success proved a forced retreat of the French Army.  
Chambray (the first Metropolitan of Savoy, seated as a centre to the Hills, as if those whereon the Tempter set the King of Kings) may be the first night's lodging to a Traveller, who will see there that most magnificent Stable, built by the late Prince Thomas of Savoy; all of white Marble within; the Post, the Manger, and the Racks of massy Copper, to entertain one hundred great saddle Horses.  
Susa is the next great Fortress. The next place of note is Rivoly (14 Italian miles from Turin.) Rivoly is a place with variety of rich furniture, the gardens Eden like, as in that at Turin, 85 Brazen metal Vases, 8 foot high, all embossed by the famous John de Bologne, cast so as the like of them is not to be seen in Europe, except in a Dorade within the Kingdom of the American Guiana, where such (and other ornaments) are of massy Gold.  
The rare Palaces and Seats without Turin, are first, that of the Capuchins built by the Duke, as the Rotonde at Rome, all of Marble, and to serve also in time of War for a Fortress of defence.  
The next is the Palace of the late Cardinal Maurice, Uncle to the present Duke of Savoy.  
That of Valentin near the River Po, a mile from Turin, and is as Noble as any can be seen in all Italy. Three mile farther is that called Mile Fiori, (a thousand flowers) and may it raise the Savoyards and Piemontesis thoughts to that Bower whereof the imperials, and the choice Anemones are Sun, Moon, and Stars, whereon Constantine made his Victorious conclusion, as is seen nearer to the Equinoctial than England is to the cape of good hope. May none of the Nation miss that mark.  
Milan may prove the first place which a Traveller will call upon in his repair to Venice, where if among the disereet he be pleased to speak in sober terms of St Anthonio (as at Milan of St Carlo di Boromeo) he will never be disliked of; for an Italian will converse with a discreet stranger without questioning his particular profession, it being granted among them, that all Tramontany (all men beyond the Hills) may be Heretics; yet giving no offence in their Churches (where no man is compelled to go) less to their beds, a man (never so much Tramontany) may live Methusalems' days among them, without any troubles at all, except how to drink drunk, for it's not in practice among them; revengeful they are against their own Countrymen: they hold it to be an honour, and an imitation of the Poets thundering Jupiter, who hath reserved the sweetest to himself, to wit, Vengeance. They make (as before said) a great distinction between Strangers and their Natives, who they would on all occasions, have to proceed as by Mathematic rules, and even on the least, as in going to a House of a stranger or Neighbour, or particular friend, the Italian will not enter, though the door be open, except one can tell him whether the Master may possibly be within.  
Their leisure must be consulted as if they were all Ambassadors, or prime Ministers of state; few words must serve turn with them, and some discourses answered with a shrug or nodding of the head; Oaths mixed with other words are not credited, they affect few examples to support truth.  
The next delightful Progress will be for Venice, that microcosm of all the Cities which do represent the relics of a deloge, the River Brenta will appear as the best in Eden might have been, if the first Landlord had not been driven out of it, there being such ravishing Palaces, and Gardens planted on both sides: as for Venice itself, (that Metropolitan Ark made of stone) there is in it (as the Italian saith) molto been & molto male, a Prince may live therein, with a couple of Gundoliers, and a couple of Men, one for his Kitchen, the other for his bedchamber, so he eat the Horentin horrid Vice, to save Pasquin the providing of a shield on his back part.  
And if a man speaks but with civil respect of the Old Madonna of Loretta, he needs not to trouble himself with his profession of Faith, they are free Blades, who when King Francis the first of France had threatened Italy, and them in particular, were not affrighted nor moved from their Arsenao, nor Concilio di dieci, by Francis the first his merry reply to his Jester, who after he had asked of the French King, whether the men of his Great Council had thought on a way of retreat, as well as to enter the State of Venice, replied, The Senate had wise heads, but he would put so many young French fools upon them, as might be able to disturb their set day of Council: But thousands of the young fools, their bones (as yet to be seen about Pavia) could not return into France.  
To Florence by Milan or by Bologne, a Princely. Traveller may steer, and he shall find all Ambergris or Jasemin like: in the State of Milan, and in Tuscany, Modana and Parma.  
But as for Romania and Rome itself, though this speaks Roma fuit (and whereon the French Poet St Amant hath vented this point of spirit)  
Rome n'est plus o mondaine Inconstance!  
Le marbre y est detruit, et ce qui fuit, an temps fait resistance.  
In English as near the words as can be.  
Rome is no more, O world's inconstancy!  
Marble hath there its fall,  
But what runs away resists the time and all.  
Meaning the River Tiber.  
What remains of old Rome (besides the Tiber) are broken marble Columns, the Pantheon, some Triumphal Arches, and Amphitheatres, and that which at Rome, as among all other Nations, will stick more close than pitch to cloth, is wilful prating Pasquin, and Morforius: Rome is called la Sancta, Milano la grande, Bologna la Superba, Milan la docta, Venetia la rica, Fiorentia la bella, Napoli la gentilla; yet doth it not prove a receptacle of as much Impiety and dissoluteness as Paris in France, may not London make up the number of three; on which if Pasquino be let alone, he will prate loud at his return from Hell, for the Italians have printed again his work styled Pasquino in estasi nuovo é molto viaggio de l' inferno.  
All Travellers will do well to observe in Rome, Fide sed cui vide: yet be Amicus unius, inimicus nullius.  
It will prove a good maxim in them with that Nation, (which hath nothing more rife on its tongue, than No ti fidare, not to trust) as to fix their speculations on that which (without any offence or peril of tell-tales) may please their sight, to wit, the rare carved Statues and Pictures, placed in and about the well built Palaces, and Churches: First as for Pictures (to view them in order) those of Perin del Vago in castle Saint Angelo, then proceed towards the plain (on the which the famous St Peter's Church is built) observe there the great Pyramid on the left side of that plain, and in the Church, the Pictures of the Cavalier Balioni, Pormarancio, Passignani, Del Castello. The Pieté (in Marble) of Michael Angelo, the day of Judgement by the same Angelo, painted in the Pope's Chapel, the Altar and Sepulchre of St Sicilia, all of Jaspis, and other rare stone; in the Pope's Chambers the matchless pictures of Raphael d' Urbino, thence make towards A Bel Vidor, there see the Lauconte, the Apollo, Cleopatra, Lantino, and a Marble called el Toiso. Then making his circuit to go out of the great St Spirito repair to St Pietro Monto●●, there see the Picture on the great Altar painted by Raphael d'Urbin, and the Figure of Christ in the pillar drawn by Frar Bastiano, a picture of Georgio Vassari, in the Sacresti one of Michael Angelo.  
Then go to the Capitol, there see Marc Aurelius on Horseback.  
In the great room of the Capitol, the Battle painted in Fresco by Josepin.  
Then to Monte Cavalo there see the two Alexanders with the Bucephalus, one made by Phidias, the other by Parxitiles.  
Then to Porta-pia, there see the Tomb of Bacchus of Porphyr stone of an extreme bigness and entire piece.  
Then repair to the Tower of Dioclesian. To the vigna of Cardinal del Monte, see there a great number of Statues, Pictures and Limnings of Don Julio Clovio.  
Then go to see il Col●sso and the Triumphal Arch of Constantin.  
The Theatre of Marcel, at the Cardinal-Saveli The Palace of Farnese; see there the rare Statues called the Hercules, the Gladiator, the Flora, the ancient Torro, with divers figures in one piece: in the Gallery (above stairs) the rare painting in white and black of Hannibal Carasa, and divers rarities in the Cabinet, a most rare book limned by Don Giulio Clovio. Thence go to Piazza Colonia, see the Colomn of Anthonio Pio: thence in the palace called Pietro see there the Colomne of Trajan the Emperor, all graven with figures about it, then see the famous Pantheca of Marc Agrippa; the great Market place called Navona, see there the Church called Minerva, and therein the figure of Christ carved by Michael Angelo, then go to the place Fiametta, there see a Palace with rare pictures of Polydore; thence to the Palace of Cardinal Bourgesi, to see a great number of Statues and pictures, as also very rare draughts, then to Cardinal Oldebrandini, where there are likewise an infinite number of Statues and pictures, then cross over the way to the Palace of Guisi, there see the rare pictures of Raphael, then to Monte Giordano, to the Ursins, and see there the works oh Bronsino, and many other rarities, then go to Cardinal Cresentio, where are many rare works of Holbein and Michael Angelo, than the Garden of pleasure of the Cardinal Borgesi, all beset with rare antic statues, and within garnished with many rare pictures. You shall see in the prime Churches first in that of Scala, a very rare picture of Gerardo: of Pomerantio, in the Church la Consolation, pictures of Durante, del Borgio, and Tadeo Sucari; in that of St Laurenzo in Domo the picture of St Laurence, of Frederico Sucaro, of Grosepi, in the Church of St Silvester (on Monte Cavalo) one of Palma, in the Church called lafoy Madonna del Populo two pictures of Michael Angelo Carravagio, of Hannibal and Frobastian del Piombo, in the Church la Trinita di monti, two rare pictures of Daniel di Voltera, some pictures in Fresco on the Walls of Perin del Vago, and Tadeo, in the Chesa nova of Berossi, of Giosepino, of Scipion Gaetano, the Figure of Christ of Michael Angelo, of St Marco of Frederigo, and of Raphael da Regio, in St Gregorio martyro di Sancti of Guirlo Ren, at St Giovane di fiorentino, of Pasignani. In the Roman College, an Annunciation in fresco of Frederigo Sucari, in the Church called the Lanema of Julio Romano, and Carlo Venetian, at the Church la Place, the Sibyls of Raphael, of Baldesar di Sienna an Anunciation, of Marcelo, Giosepino, Mutiano, Albano, the Ceiling of Frabrastiano, at Sancta Elizabetha of Guido, at the Madonna de la consolation of Pomerantio, at St Augustin a Virgin Mary with two Pilgrims, of Michael Angelo di Caravagio, a St Augustin of Raphael etc. And let not my Princely Traveller think it strange, that the Italians will extol these Statues and Pictures, and so affect them as if nothing more glorious and more worth of admiration; the first reason is, that as the Roman Church makes it a Church policy; the second, that those Statues and Pictures before mentioned, have been made by the rarest hands of men, as ever lived since the memory of Bezaleel of the Tribe of Juda, and Alolia of the Tribe of Dan, as also Hiram of the Tribe of N●phtali to work in Sculpture in Solomon's Temple, by what spirit these Romans wrought since the Gospel was preached, I do leave to those whose vocation it is to treat of hidden Mysteries, only I shall make bold to say, that if my Princely Traveller observes the day of Judgement painted against the Ceiling of the Cathedral at Munster, he will see the Devil represented in a red velvet Chair with a Crown on his head, and a Sceptre in his hand, whom the Painter (sitting one day on his scaffold alone busy painting the Devil) was (as the story runs) constrained to paint in that manner, being otherwise threatened to have his neck broke: and that thereon it may be thought, the painter was not inspired with the spirit of God, except the said representation was to serve for an Emblem, that the black spirit hath an Empire over Legions of men.  
But with what spirit the Painters of our age, do represent at the belly of a Lion Rampant (which as the Unicorn is one of the supporters of the King's Arms) a red thing exposed to the full view of many Virgins, and chaste mothers of Children, who cannot well behold such an aspect without a blush, I leave to lose Christians to expound, I wish others would commamnd (I mean the Church wardens) the painter to spare his red colour, and forbear the forestall that offensive needle's distinction of male and female in such a place, wherein those who by the Anglican Church are called Idolatrous, do not put any thing but what may move the people to a devotion.  
The Italians indeed excel in the adorning of their Churches, and say that the Nation is so much given to their saying No ti sidare, as that they are in Church policy, bound to have those old representations exposed to the public view, for that the Italians are promote to reply to the best Orators Non ti sidare, they say words are but copies, and shadows of those Original objects. Printing was but in practice since later Ages, old Manuscripts to be but for the I earned in the Hebrew, Greek, Syriack and Caldean tongues; Images and pictures to be the Books of the most Ignorant, and the quality of Quakers not known among them. The more licentious Writers, mentioned in the Epistle to the Reader, will tell you, that Srrangers must not expect from the Roman Prelates, the Hospitality of Old England; Cardinals to have Porta d' intrata e non d'●scita; the Neapolitan to be Largo di b ca e streeto de mano: But I must not omit to note, that as for Ceremonies and Civilities, there are none so formal and neat, as those of the Romans; who would teach any other Nation their good behaviour, and especially English men on the High way when the King happens to pass, for it would be taken as a monstrous disrespect, for men to remain in their Coach, or on Horseback, at the Kings coming near; but answerable to duty, to go forth the Coach, light from the Horse, and bow to him who is the head of a Nation.  
As for Cavalier-like Civilities, the Gallantry of the Napolitans, deserves the visiting them; as also the Antiquities of Puteoli, where the Apostle St Paul was, where the Inhabitants proffer his Medal to Travellers.  
There is to be observed in the first place, Mont Cenere, a Hill of Ashes, which did rise in the space of 48 hours: Secondly la Solfatera, (as the Cave out of which Mount Cenere did rise) whereof the perpetual noise (proceeding from the Sulphureous exhalations) is heard many miles from that place, as the discharge of Chambres on the King's Coronation day, in that Solfatara a world of Sulphur is made. Then see la Crota del Canic, the Grotto of dogs, wherein is such an infectious exhalation, as kills a Dog outright if thrust therein, but if immediately (after he seems to be sta●k dead blue and black) thrown into the Lake (which is near) comes to himself again; thence see la Pessina admirabile, which is a most vast building under ground, as big as half Paul's Church, and was to keep water for the military Cohortes, thence see le Cente Camere, lafoy Sepulture de lei Nobili Romani, the receptacle of the Noble Romans ashes; being a room, the walls whereof within, set with ancient Urns, wherein the Ashes were put; thence go io lafoy Grota Leone, and to the Elyzian fields, the Baths of Cicero, his Villa, the ruins of the stone Bridge built by Caligula, who riding over the same to cross the bay, vaunted to have Triumphed over Neptune, and braved that God, whereon may be said that Religion makes not a man more honest. Then see Grotto of the Sibilla Cumana, wherein as yet her resting place, is seen with a gilded arched vault in Mosaic work.  
Then return to Naples, see Gaieta, and on its Gate the Tomb of Bourbon, who did scale Rome; read the inscription, and you shall find, Francia mi da la Vita, Spania la Forca é la Ventura, Roma la Morte, Gaieta la Sepultura. France gave me life, Spain force and adventure, Rome my death, Gaieta a Sepulchre.  
And being satisfied of those parts returning by Loretta, see a Chapel more considerable to the Romans, than the Stable wherein the Saviour of the World was Borne, since this was never said to have been built but by some Mason or Carpenter, that by the hands of Angels, who are said to have brought it where it stands, garnished within, not with Hay and Cobwebs (as many Stables in ordinary Inns are) but with unestimable treasures, Pasquin excuseth this to Morphorius, that it is a custom for Women to part from their Children in a mock, but when they appear with the Baby (as in Holland in the pranking room) than all is glistering tricked up and fine.  
And let my Princely Traveller but remember, passing the Gulf of Leon, and at his arrival into Spain, to speak in terms of respect of la Madona de Loretta, he will be said to be a muy buon Catholico Romano, and not be questioned by the Dons.   

SECT. IX.  
LEt not a Princely Traveller suffer himself to be surprised with a prepossessed opinion against the Dons, nor that continent though with craggy Hills on the one part, yet so fruitful on the other, as that nothing can be better, the which moved a Traveller (who had not conversed with the best of the Dons) to say, that all was good there except what could speak.  
But as for the mighty Pireneans, they are of more consequence than the wall of China was, for Tartars cannot break through them. It pleased providence for the good of Spain and France, to place the Pirenean Hills between those two great continents, and to strengthen that: body of Spain by Rivers of living waters., which for comparison, may be applied to the blood which runs all along the King of Spain's veins, that of Austria, besides the Banks of Silver and Gold from Potosi in the American continent, whereby Spain is enabled to wage War in divers parts.  
A Princely Traveller will certainly meet with a Nobility, who puts its own stamp on their forehead, who need not (as Scholars) go to read the saying on the Temple of Apollo in Delphos, they teach it to their striplings, of whom they make men from their Adolescency, by infusing Valour into them, and warning them never to fight, so as that when past in the bed of Mars, there may no wound be seen in their back. Their common motto is Mas moros mas ganancia, the more Moors the more is the gain, meaning Enemies. On towards Madrid with this assurance, that whosoever trusts in an old Castilsan, shall ever find him a friend.  
If to my Princely Traveller, the Escurial be on his road, he will see therein a most glorious Pantheon, the receptacle of sacred Ashes of Kings and Queens of Spain, it is built under the great Altar, the doors thereof are of copper mixed with ornaments in moldings of massy Gold, the stairs of polished Jaspis, the inside walls of White and Green polished Marble, the Sepulchers of white Marble, placed as the Urns of the Noble Romans in the side walls, there are three on the left hand, the First that of the Emperor Charles the 5th, the 2d of King Philip the 2d, the 3d that of King Philip the 3d, that for Philip the 4th is ready prepared; on the right side are the Tombs of 4 Queens, whereof Elizabeth of Bourbon is one; On the Altar is a great Cross the height of a man, enriched with massy gold, in the midst of this Pantheon, hangs a great branched Candlestick of Gold and Copper to hold 24 Wax lights, on the gate two great figures in the shape of Angels of copper and Gold, holding two Scrolls, wherein is carved the words Natura me Occidit, Spes me Elevat. There is a vaulted place in the coming forth of this Pantheon, wherein are the Tombs of the Princes and Princesses of Spain, covered with red Velvet, richly embroidered with gold and Silver.  
There are 36 Altars in the Church, to which appertains all the Ornaments of change for every day in the year.  
There are many pictures of an inestimable value, a true original of King David. There are 36 crosses of Gold, set with precious stones, and an infinite number of Silver Lamps and Candlesticks, there are in the main body of the Escurial twelve thousand Windows and Doors, the least of the Doors having cost one hundred pound sterling.  
There are 17 Cloisters, and 17 Courts, and 85 Fountains, there are 300 Religious men of the Order of St Jerome, all Gentlemen, the Annual Revenue is four hundred thousand Crowns: There is in the Escurial, one of the Earthen vessels, wherein (as the Spaniards say) was the miraculous Wine of the Wedding in Cana. As for Madrid it hath ever since the Court of the former Kings was kept at Valledolit been the place of the King of Spain his constant abode.  
The great Feast and Sport of the Torros is that which the Spaniard affects so much as he cannot leave it for the Pope's Excommunication against such as may come to a fatal end in that sport.  
The Pomp of the Roman Catholic Church, showeth itself very much in that of la Madona de la Totche, wherein the Dominicans have an Altar of Massy Silver, of an extraordinary bigness, with a Madonna of Silver fix foot high, with a Sun of Massy Gold about the head, set with precious stones, the Rails about the Chapel of Massy Silver, there are one hundred Silver Lamps, the least whereof cost 400 Crowns, some cost 12 thousand Crowns.  
That of Toledo is of the form of St Peter in Rome, the Bishop hath 400 thousand Crowns revenue per annum, the Treasure of that Church is of an unestimable value.  
At the Pardo some miles distant from Madrid, there is in a massy Silver Tomb, a Figure representing Christ, for the which King Philip the 2d did pay one hundred thousand Crowns, it is of wood, but so rarely carved, as never Eyes beheld the like.  
I have begun with Sepulchers, proceeded with Churches, Monasteries, and described their riches, more facile to the King of Spain to compass, since he possesseth the Gold and silver Mynes, and hath in his Dominions, all the most precious productions of Nature.  
As for Madrid, it is situated under a most pure Clime.  
The greatest Palace would not yield so much Chimney money, as a little House of ten pound per annum in England, since by the number of seven Chimneys, the greatest Palace of Madrid is wont to be described, they use Silver Brazeros in all their rooms of State, and Bedchambers. That which is remarkable in the King of Spain's Court, is the attendance to his prime Minister of State now the Duke Medina de las Torros, successor to Don Lovis d' Arro, who succeeded the Conde Duca d' Olivares, prime Minister of State when Charles Prince of Great Britain was in that Court Anno 1625.  
The Nobles affect no other clothes then Black Freeze all Winter long, plain Taffeta in the Summer time.  
The Ladies at Court, admit Audiences when demanded, it is in the presence of the King and Queen. The Ladies stand on a row, if the Cavalleroes (who have demanded Audience of them) are Grandees, they cover themselves.  
The late Duke of Buckingham (the Match les of all the Subjects in the World, and who attended the Prince of Great Pritain) had particular Audiences with the Conde Duca d' Olivares his Lady, on the score of his being Ambassador Extraordinary, (the Plenipotentiary for the Treaty of the Match) and her being Camarera-Major, with whom it was necessary to confer during the Treaty of an intended Match by King James of Blessed memory, and the Prince with the Infanta Maria sister to King Philip the 4th. But very loose impertinent, and ill grounded discourses have been made in England, concerning the Duke of Buckingham's correspondency with the said Countess, as if she had been a strumpet of Greece, and of those young silly Court fooles, who are charmed by kind words, who see Babies in all men's Eyes, that look on them, and persuade themselves, that they must not resist those first glowings of Cypress coals, except they would smother those Babies in their temporary Lovers eyes, and lose their Maiden head in a dream for nothing, when as they pretend by answering their palpable Narcissus to have something more than imagination in the Bargain.  
The Duke of Buckingham had other Fish to Fry, then to make Love to himself with an old Woman; the good success of a Treaty for an intended Match (by which Gondomar had promised the re-restitution of a Palatinate) was the golden fleece for which this Matchless Jason exposed himself (I do not say among Monsters of Africa) but among Jugglers, Interlopers, and no less than such Ambassadors, who with the Character of honest men, do but too often Lie abroad to make good State Policy; exposed himself into the attendance of that Matchless Prince, in whose preservation three Great Nations besides all his friends abroad were interessed. And when the Duke of Buckingham did find where the Remora was fixed, partly in the calot humour of the Sex, which is the most tardy to admit reason, because the Sex is the most passionate, and that after long parleys with the slow resolving Spanish Councils of State, the Match was still in statu quo, it was then time as the French say, either Fair bonne mine en manvais jeu, put a good Face on an ill business: or to try the uttermost a Camarero Major could or would do (laying aside words Bullbeggar like damned Heretics, whereby the zealot Romans, do distinguish the true Christian Catholics & others, in the Match of Matchless most precious Infanta Maria, who certainly was a Princess fit to be an Empress of all the World, as She afterwards became the Empress of Germany.  
As for visits to the Spanish, it is not their custom to exchange words or compliments before parties are set in Chairs with Arms. They leave the visitor in possession of their House when the conversation is ended, and for that, go before attending him in his Coach, they are succinct and grave in their Compliments, use to speak Proverbs, if to pass Compliments on great Holidays (as Christmas and Easter) they only say three words, Las buenas Pasquas: they are very careful to send compliments to those of their friends and acquaintances who have been let blood, and ever accompany their compliment with a present, which they call la Sangria.  
They endeavour as much as they can, to send their present by a Servant of their Friend, to prevent presents which their own servants might receive, whereby their present should become chargeable unto the friend to whom it's sent. As for Titles (which prove troublesome punctilloes among many) King Philip the 2d perceiving that the Nobility of Burgundy, and of the Catholic netherlands Provinces would quarrel about them, did publish in Print, a Formulary whereby to a Duke, Prime Minister of State, Viceroy, and General of an Army, is given no more than Excellence. So to their Ladies, and no such abuse among them as in other parts, where every thing (crept out of Broome-staffs and Cole-mongers Bushels) will be called Madam, though but striplings, and no such as Earls Daughters. The French call good Rich Merchants Wives Madam, but they join to it their Surname; others they call Dame Anne, without the Ma.  
To Men they give Sir Pierce, or Sir John: To the King Sir as a substantive. they call all men Monsieur with the Adjective of their Sir name, the King's Brother Monsieur without any addition: they give no Highness but to the Princes of the Blood: no Damoiselle but to the King's eldest Daughter, all others called Damoiselle is with the addition of their Surname, and that is more than Madam Marie a Citizen's Wife: the Madam without any addition are Dame Damee, beginning from the Precedents Ladies, vous is spoken (in English you) to all men, and women, the Sovereign and the Princes of the Blood excepted; and yet sometimes (as the Marshalling of words will require) a Vous is used to King and Queen, in Spain never, the Vos being only for Inferiors, vostra Merced to equals and betters, except to those whom (as before said) Excellency belongs unto.  
The King of Spain (Philip the 2d) never heard Vos to him, save from the proud cruel Tyrant Due d' Alva, who being on his Deathbed, visited by the King, said, I go where thou wilt come, the King going out of the room said no more, than I thought I should not escape without a Vos.  
As for the old Castillan Maxim of State, it is to stick to old pretences, and though an Age was elapsed, if occasion did proffer, they were wont to begin a new on the Old score.  
I shall not overburthen these Notations with the several names of Kingdoms, as Castill, Leon, Arragon, Valentia, etc. Nor with the Names of Cities, among which the main ones are Valledolid, Salamanca, Sigotia, (where the Mint, and staple of Cloth is) Seville the great and Rich Merchant Town. There are matters of less note which some Travellers observe, as Steeples and Sun Dial's, as that of Stratsbourgh in Germany, while those curious Table-book men do omit the main end of Travel, the Interest of his Native Country, in his improvement, in the opening the Secrets of State, to Balance them, dive into their Maxims, their Strength or Weakness, and having maintained the Interest of his Patria, return (well fraughted) with necessaries as m●y serve to Postetity.  
It's what the Venetians do mind by their Embassages; yet is it not their Maxim, to keep an Ambassador above three years in one place, for fear of Naturalisation.  
By Visits made to them, it will be easy to come to the knowledge of all passages, for they keep certain enterlopers, who find out any thing, though but too much Importune, and Impertinent, in their questioning what the Council of the King, and what His Majesty doth. The Polans well accustomed to Pump those foreign Inquisitors, by setting close mouthed (but all Ear and Memory) Masters of Ceremonies on them, such as are not given to scrape Trenchers at the Ambassadors Table, men that can handsomely afford matter of discourse, and as the Scripture saith; Sermo vester semper cum gratia sit, sale conditus, ut sciatis quomodo oporteat vos unicuique respondere, Col. 4. v. 6. The Polans were wont to keep off Ambassadors, so many days, as might serve to discover (by the Master of the Ceremonies) the particular humour and drifts of the Ambassador; as during the time of the King of Blessed memory, by the keeping of Sir Peter Rubens, and the Portugal Ambassadors, there was gotten this advantage, that His Majesty was ascertained that the Infanta Isabel the Arch. Duchess of Brabant her Letter to the Queen was as it ought to be, and the Portugal Ambassador, had time to get the King his Master's signature altered, for the Letter of Credence was signed You el Rey, as if written to a Subject, the Ambassador did put to it de Portugal, which made all good.  
Sovereign Princes are best served by such Ambassadors that can (in case of necessity) hit the mark; that do not on all occasions draw the string of their Bow to the uttermost, and overdo their part, as some overpassionate Actors on a stage when they represent a King, Princes (whose heart the Sovereign of Heaven and Earth doth steer besides their Magnanimous inclinations) take seldom things as the French say a la pointe de l'espeé, as some Ambassadors on the score of their being a Royal Representative, which in a Comedy of Virionaries by the French is notably Acted, by one who persuades himself to be an Alexander. The example of the Marquis de Senneterr, during his being Extraordinary Ambassador to King Charles the First of Blessed memory, may serve to prove the pernicious consequence of violent proceedings, for that it did cause a rupture between the two Crowns of England and France, the Ambassador who was lodged in Durrham House, caused his Bravoes to accompany the English Roman Catholics (who had been at the Mass) with swords drawn from the House to the street, to expostulate with the Church wardens and Constables, who during the Parliament time, were ordered to keep the Multitude from giving Scandal, when as the Ambassadors men offered violence to the Officers and beat them, and all this on the pretence of the Ambassadors standing on the too much stretch Le Roy mon Maistre, who then was at Paris, and not at Durham House. So is it a great Impertinency in Ambassadors, to make their Domicilium a Sanctuary but to their domestics, there being great difference between them and the subjects of a Sovereign who is Master in his own Land, and whose Laws are to be observed. To conclude this Treaty concerning Travellers, it is certain that whether men Travel or Travel not, whether they satisfy their curiosity or not, whether they follow the Apostles prescription to try all or not; they must all die, as well as the old man of Verona, who did never go out of the sight of the smoke of his Chimney, and so must the Baboons, the Apes, the Parrots, the Crocodiles, and an infinite number of Bruits, for the which many hundred of Leagues of good fruitful Land in America was not made, nor those various gifts wherewith it is endued. The Gold and Silver Mines, the Womb for the production of Pearls fixed in that part of God's Earth, all Aromatic drugs to grow, not for the Nostrils of Sea Devils (so called by the Americans) but for the use of rationals, and that the best use made thereof, might tend to the Glory of the Creator, and the good of Man.  
FINIS.