THE DISEASE OF LONDON: OR A NEW DISCOVERY Of the SCORVEY.  
Comprising The Nature, Manifold Differences, various Causes, Signs, Prognostics, Chronology, and several Methods of Curing the said DISEASE by Remedies, both Galenical, and Chemical, together with Anatomical Observations, and Discourses on Convulsions, Palsies, Apoplexies, Rheumatisms, Gouts, Malignant Fevors, and Small Pox, with their several Methods of Cure and Remedies. Likewise particular Observations on most of the forementioned Diseases.  
By GIDEON HARVEY, M. D. Physician in Ordinary to His Majesty, and in the Time of the Rebellion, Fellow of the College of Physicians at the Hague.  
LONDON, Printed by T. James, for W. Thackery, at the Angel in Ducklane. 1675.   

TO THE MOST MIGHTY, AND MOST INVINCIBLE MONARCH, Charles II. KING of Great BRITAIN, France, and Ireland.  
WHen your People, Great SIR, had for many Years been Afflicted with Maniacisms, and Fascinated Distempers of their Minds, in a moment You miraculously Cured them upon Your Blessed Restauration; a good Crisis, whereof not the Influence of the Stars, but of Divine Providence was the Primar Efficient. The Diseases of their Estates were no lesle Great and Dangerous, some had Lost all, others had Little left, to these likewise your Unparallel Justice was a Sovereign Remedy, by Restoring to every one what was his just Right. Moreover that their Lives might be Praeserved from the pernicious Attempts of Empirics, You have Re-establisht a College of Experienced Physicians, and to these your Royal Laboratory showeth out of what Materials, and in what Manner the best Remedies are to be Praepared; So, as You are the Greatest KING, You are the greatest Physician, whence I have praesumed to lay this Treatise at the Feet of Your most Gracious Majesty, humbly craving Your Protection against the Scorvey of this Age, and imploring Your Royal Clemency for a Pardon for this Address, am in all Duty bound to Acknowledge myself,  
The most Humble, most Obedient, and Meanest of Your Majesty's Subjects, Harvey.   

THE PREFACE.  
IT is Observable, that the First Solid Foundation of Physic was laid by the Great Architect of that Art Hypocrates, in an Isle called Coos; and it is not lesle Remarkable, that the truest Superstructure was made on it, in this Island, by the Famed College of Physicians of London; It was a Member of that Society, Doctor William Harvey, of Immortal Memory, that had laid another Basis, by Detecting the Circulation of the Blood, for which this Britain may as justly Merit the Title of Divine, as the other Cous. The Rubbish that was cast about it by Parisanus, Leighnerus, and others to Obscure it, tended to tender it more firm; notwithstanding, this was so smoothly removed by that Incomparable Physician, Sir George Ent, the now President of the College, in his Apology, that all Universities did than adjudge those voided of Apprehension, that did not readily Embrace that Principle, and that it was Impossible, for any man to Arrive to be a Physician without the knowledge of it.  
For many Ages the World was Ignorant, whence the superfluous Moisture proceeded, which we hourly spit out, until the outlet, viz. The Ductus Salivales were discovered by the Learned Doctor Wharton, a Fellow of the College; and though it was generally believed, nothing could be further declared, touching the structure of the Liver, yet so Elegant a description of its most Intime parts, and dissemination of its Vessels, Cholidochus, and a very exact pursuit of the Limphaeducts was made by the most Accomplished Doctor Glisson (the late President) in his Anatomia Hepatis, that in a manner it appeared, as if nothing had been solidly Written of it by any before him.  
That some Distempers had escaped the Observation of the Grecian and Arabian Physicians, was evidenced by the eminently Learned Doctor Bates, Doctor Glisson, and Doctor Regemorter, Colleagues, in that excellent Treatise de Rachitide. In all my Travels, I had never the good Fortune to be particularly acquainted with a Person equal in Literature, Experience and Observation with Doctor Bates; I must confess, I went ever from him more knowing, than I was before.  
The Pharmacopoea compiled by the whole Body of this Apollinean Society, doth justly Merit the Character of a most Elaborate work, from those, that shall compare the several compositions in it with their Original, where the amendments of Omitting of superfluous, incongrous, or Asymmetrous ingredients, and substituting of necessary and proportionate Correctives, are to every Eye very Obvious; and their Care, that those Medicines be Neatly, and Artificially praepared by the Apothecaries of London, hath proved so successful, that Travellers are Obliged to Attest, that Pharmacy is in no Foreign part so much Improved, as it is here; and therefore why is not the London Theriaca Andromachi equal to Venice Treacle, which latter often times consists only of the two third parts of the Ingredients, and the better half of them Garbles? Or why should the Confectio Alkermes of Monpelier exceed that of London? I must confess our Apothecaries set an higher Price upon their Medicines and their Labour too, than the French, and not without Reason; for you must agreed to me, that an English Apothecary, who puts on three pair of Sleeves a Week; and comes Neatly about your Posteriora, doth better deserve a Shilling for giving you a clyster, than a French Apothecary wearing his Half-shirt a Month, Twopences. That by the way, but still I must say, that Medicines are not where so Neatly, so Honestly, and so Skilfully praepared as here at London, and in that particular you may easily believe me a Judge competent enough, since when I was a Student in Physic, Lodging purposely at an Apothecary's House, I have spent many a half hour at the pestle and Mortar, and did arrive to that Proficiency, that I could praetend to dispense Mithridate, or make up a Paracelsus Emplaster, with any of the Trade.  
It is not so much in Pharmacy, as Chirurgery, the French claim the Superlative; It is confessed, a Frenchman shall very dexterously take of six Legs or Arms, to One of an English Surgeon; he shall make an Incision with his Scissors, as far as he can well reach with his sis●ul ●robe, let it go as far as it will between the Muscles, or the Cutis and the Membrana Carnosa, when an English Surgeon shall only clap in a Dorsil into the Orifice: He shall force in two of his Fingers into a Wound as far as he can possibly reach, though the Orifice will scarce admit a Probe without great pain; whereas one of our Surgeons shall gently stroke the coagulated Blood, or lodged Matter towards the Orifice. This is the Difference, but the Issue is, that of those six Members Amputated, four or five of the Patients shall retire into the other World, whereas on the other side probably five among the six shall be praeserved with their Legs on. Touching those large Incisions, it's observable, that in making them they often cut a Vein or Artery asunder, and 'cause Mortal Haemorrhages, or at lest often created incurable Ulcers; whereas the other without putting the Patient to that Extremity of pain, or danger, shall safely and easily Cure him in a few days. Of how dangerous a Consequence the forcing of Fingers into Wounds doth often prove, is abundantly Evident to all Experienced Surgeons. It must be granted, that in some Cases Members cannot be praeserved, likewise Incisions may be necessary, where Matter is suspected to lodge remote; or a Finger sometimes may be gently slid into a Wound, to clear it of coagulated Blood or Matter, that's lodged near the Orifice; but to practise Surgery as I have seen it in most parts of France (excepting only the Charity Hospital at Paris, where in my younger Years, for to acquire a competent knowledge in that part of Physic, I had leave to dress for some Months) is not comparable to the Practice of English Surgeons; so that considering the French Practice I have often admired, that in some Countries, you shall scarce see a Person of Quality, but must have his French Surgeon at his Elbow, as if no Body could Cure a Clap but a French Surgeon; for I cannot imagine what other Bus●ness they can have for him, now Duels are grown so much out of Fashion. That I do not Writ this out of a Praejudice, but from a real Truth, you may apprehended from my particular Humour, which sometimes inclines me, to be extremely pleased with French Company. I must now return to give you likewise an account of the Practice of Physic, wherein the Fellows of the College have proved so wonderfully Successful, that their Methods of Curing the most stubborn of Diseases, may serve for a fit Pattern to all the World to Practice by, and I cannot deny, but in many Cases it hath proved so to me, which to acknowledge is the sole occasion of my Introducing this Discourse. But possibly it may appear strange, that of a Society, whose Fame is spread as far as the Art of Physic itself, I should not endeavour to be a Member. In relation to that particular, I am Obliged to give you Satisfaction; it is many Years past, (viz. In the time of Rebellion) when I first arrived at London, to Initiate my Practice in Physic, at which time I aught to have entered into the College, but finding, that the Humour of some was much towards Preaching, Praying, and all the Knacks of Phanaticism, others driving a way quite contrary; in fine the difference was such, that I concluded I should scarce make up my account among them, and therefore judged it more Expedient, to pursue my Advantages abroad; but now finding the College Re-establisht, and Revested with their Ancient Lustre, and many to have got in, who when I begun to Practice, were not come from the Grammar School, if I should come in I must give Praecedency to those Youngsters, which I imagine I shall never do. My next Affair is to praeacquaint you with the Design of this Treatise; I do assure you, I have Inserted nothing in it, but what I have found to be true, and have used my utmost Endeavours to Trac all the Steps of this General Disease; I have Imparted to you some Secrets, which when you know, and have Tried, you will have Reason to believe, I had no other Drift in Divulging this Octavo, than sincerely to serve the Public.  
June, 10. 1675. Hatton Garden.  
Farewell.   

THE DISEASE OF LONDON. CHAP. I. Containing A Praemissory Discourse of the SCORVEY.  
1. The Design of the Treatise. 2. The Synonyma's and Derivation of the Scorvey. 3. Whether the Scorvey was known to Hypocrates or Galen? that it's contagious and haereditary. 4. That the Scorvey is of about 200 years standing.  
I Will not resume, what by others hath so often been chawed upon, and that take for a reason, if I do not tell you a Story out of Eugalen, Solomon Albertus, or Wierus, a sort of people, that from one another re-collected a most prodigal number of Scorbutic Symptoms, by the same Rule of Arithmetical Progression, Galen made use of in mustering his Centuries of Pulses, an impertinent variety, more imaginary, than perceptible by the subtlest Aranean Tact. By what I here condemn, you may conjecture, I praetend to divulge something particular, in such terms, as shall as little tyre you in the reading, as me in writing. To commence my Discourse from the Description of my Subject, seemeth most expedient, wherein an exactness aught to be aimed at, exceeding what hitherto hath been heeded, which may oblige such, as when meeting with a distemper, they are not well acquainted with, are compelled to tell the Patient, it is the Scorvey.  
§ 2. Scorbutus and Scorvey (quasi Scorbey) are words bastardized from Scorbeck, a Westphalian Primitive, denoting a Hoarse Throat, probably a Symptom, that anciently attended that Disease, and in these days is now and than observed a Concomitant, especially among the Danes, where it passed by the name of Schermund; who moreover being often racked with tearing pains in their legs, gave them the name of Schorbein, or Tear-leg. By the way, I must here take notice of a vulgar error, in the Orthography of the word Scurvey, which aught to be written Scorvey, as being derived from the word Scorbeck. The Low Dutch discerning; it often exerciseth its fury on the Guts, by causing insufferable Gripes, choose to call it Scheurbuyck or Tear-belly; also the Blawe Shuit, from those blue spots, that haunt Scorbutic Legs. From the stink of Breath and foulness of the Gums, the Italians name it La Marcia di Bocca, or Scornobocca, implying a corruption of the mouth. But if it be proper to derive the denomination of a Disease from its chief Symptoms, the word Gingipedium (crassa & pingui Minerva) expresseth its nature more amply, declaring it most incommodious (gingivis & pedibus) to the gums and legs; and it may be conjectured, this kind of Nomenclature was twisted together out of those two Antic words latinized 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the former denoting a foulness of mouth, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; or a foul mouth, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the latter being expounded a Disease of the legs, as may be inferred from Pliny Histor. Natur. lib. 35. cap. 3. In Germania trans Rhenum castris a Germanico Caesare promotis, maritimo tractu fons erat aquae dulcis solus, qua pota intra biennium dentes deciderent, compagesque in genibus solverentur, stomacacen Medici vocabant, & Scelotyrben: i e. The Campagne being removed by Germanicus Caesar to the other side of the Rhine in Germany, there was only one Fountain of sweet water, in a tract near the Sea, whereof drinking, in two years' time their teeth would fall out, and the composure of their knees would be quite relaxed; the Physicians called it Stomacace and Scelotyrbe.  
§ 3. The use of these words seemeth to be of a far ancienter date, than Pliny's age, since Strabo a Subject of Augustus Caesar, in the Six'h Book of his Geography, about the end, relates the Roman Army, that was transported into Arabia, to be infested with a Disease called Stomacace and Scelotyrbe. Galen also in that Book de Definitionibus Medicis, makes mention of a Scelotyrbe. But not only, whether those Maladies implied by these two obsolete words, but whether those great Spleens described by Hypocrates de Morbis Intern. 2. Praed. 2. Prognost. the Black Jaundice, the Ileos' Haematites, or the Black Vitiligo (being a deformity of the Skin, haunted with large duskish spots) be not the same Disease, Modern Physicians term the Scorvey, hath been controverted by most, that have handled this Subject. That each of these have a resemblance in their Causes and Symptoms to the Scorvey, needs no debate; for according to Hypocrates in the praecedent Citation, in those great Spleens The Belly is puffed up, afterwards the Spleen doth also swell, and is h●rd, and acute pains hap to the Spleen, the colour is also changed and looks black, pale, and like a Pomegranate shell; and an ill smell cometh out of their mouth, and the gums scent ill and separate from the teeth; and on the legs there break out Ulcers, also nocturnal Pustuls; and the parts are extenuated, and their ordure is not evacuated. The Ilios Haematites is also deciphered with features not unlike the former: The Disease, saith Hypocrates, beginneth about the Autumn, and therein these things hap: There cometh an ill scent out of the mouth from the teeth, and the gums separate from them; and blood floweth out of the nostrils; and sometines ulcers break out on their legs, and other things appear, and the colour groweth black, and the skin thin. The curiosity praedominating so much among Authors, touching the identity of primaeval and subsequent Diseases, might be construed very superfluous; for the result, whether it be so or not, contributeth no more light to the scrutiny of the Scorvey, than a Candle to the Sun at Noonday; though perchance exercitii gratia, and for reputation of being versed in Antic Lectures, it may be permitted to be ventilated. The opinion of the mayor part of the learned, infers from the near alliance of Symptoms, the Great Spleens of Hypocrates to be the Scorvey; and some others by the same reason are convinced, the Black Jaundice, the Ileos' Haematites and Black Vitiligo, are no other. If this inference be received, Hypochondriack Melancholy, Hysterick Passion, Quartan Ague, and most other Splenetic Maladies, may be reduced as Species to the Gender of the Scorvey. But upon a strict survey your aestimate will conclude, that the distinction of Diseases doth not depend so much on common accidents, as properties; or to speak physically, on Pathognomonics, derived from a Specific qualification, in their Causes, Parts affected, and Symptoms. Thus the pro●gumenal cause of the Scorvey, though its vulgarly attributed to Melancholy, or rather Salt vitiated or degenerated to a preternatural, and in that qualification may be a common parent to this, the Great Spleens, Black Jaundice, and the rest; yet the more nice insinuation of others hath detected the Salts of the Blood so specifically receded from their natural Constitution in the Scorvey, and to have endued such peregrine qualities, that they are not capable to give birth to any other Disease than this. Moreover, by most the part affected and hearth of the praealleged distempers, are determined unically the Spleen; in the Scorvey the Stomach (by some the Pancreas) the Spleen and Liver; and some do also accuse the brain, though per denteropathiam. Among the Symptoms the difference is most perspicuous, the exufflation of the Spleen is not always discovered in the Scorvey, though in great Spleens never absent: In the Ileos' Haematites there is loss of blood by Stool, attended with tearing Gripes; which in this distemper is not assumed for a Pathognomonic. The Scorvey: is particularly malignant, because it is contagious, and so radicated, that for some months, and fraequently years, it doth praedominate over the most potent of Medicines; and Infants often bringing Scorbutic Seminaries with them into the world, speak it haereditary; insomuch that on some Families the Scorvey hath been entailed with their Estates. These Predicates certainly are not convertible with the forementioned Diseases, and therefore aught not so rashly to be pronounced the Scorvey; which moreover is Endemick, the others Epidemic and Pandemick. Thus far not sensible error can be incurred, if upon comprise of the whole, these Diseases are conceded to be Scorbutic, in the same terms, as one may aptly explain a Pleurisy, an Empyema, an Inveterate Cough, and many other Pulmonic Diseases, Asthmatic, but not an Asthma; unless derived from Saline Scorbutic Procatarctic and Proegumenal Causes.  
§ 4. The Scorvey, in respect of its primar appearance, seems to bear no certainty in Chronology, since some describe it a distemper, that for some Ages hath harrassed the crazy inhabitants of the world; others will not allow it a Disease of longer date, than Authors of the last Century record its first budding among the Danes, Saxons, and Westphalians; which is within the time of Two hundred years at most. This latter sentiment is easily supported by this Argument; viz. Not Disease described by any of the Greek, Latin, or Arabian Physicians, doth exactly quadrate in Parts affected, Causes, and Symptoms with this Northern Scorvey; and therefore may be inferred a new upstart Disease: especially that sort of Scorvey, which in my Little Venus I term Epidemic. Probably an objection may be offered, that since those Procatarctic and Proegumenal Causes, had their being many Ages past, and consequently an influence on human Bodies, they must necessarily (according to that trite Axiom, Posita causa ponitur effectus) have constituted their effect, viz. the Scorvey. To this is replied, History maketh no report of those occasions, that are impowered to produce this Malady. The Grecians, among whom those great Spleens of Hypocrates, being nearest of kin to the Scorvey, were so popular, lived in a benign air, and were constantly employed in Warlike Exercises, whereby they were diverted from Melancholy, or other dull Passions, from Excess of Sleep or Sloth, and other inconveniences: so that those External Causes, that now concur in the production of the Scorvey, had no praevalence on them; and therefore improbable, our Distemper should have been engendered than, or any time before. But waving other Causes, and considering only, it is an Endemick Disease, which hath its chief dependence on the Air, and particular disposition of the Clime, wherein alterations hap by evaporations from Sea or Earth, and Celestial Irradiations, which being so various and fraequent, it's no wonder, if the Scorvey be a recent production, or if every month or year Diseases of new aspects emerge.   

CHAP. II. Of the Mouth-Scorvey.  
1 The general kinds of the Scorvey, and what the Mouth-Scorvey is; the degrees of the Mouth-Scorvey. 2. That little hard Swell of the Mouth and a Ranula, are Scorbutic. 3. That a vagous' recurrent toothache is Scorbutic. 4. What a Scorbutic Thrush is. 5. The variation of the colour of the Gums in the Scorvey. 6. That a Stinking Breath is Scorbutic. 7. That small Fistula's in the Angles of the Mouth and Root of the Gums are Scorbutic.  
INto two great branches the Scorvey seems to be divaricated, namely a foul Scorbutic Mouth, or rather the Mouth-Scorvey, and Scorbutic Legs, or Leg-Scorvey; to which very aptly a third may be added, to wit the Joynt-Scorvey. The former consists of Swelled, Laxe, Spongy, Discoloured, sore Gums, lose Teeth, that in process of time do inevitably rot or cariate, and a stinking Breath; which as they ascend through various degrees to an extremity, do tender the disease very incommodious, having observed the tumefaction of the Gums in some so luxuriant, as to obstruct the Lips in closing, appearing more like a Fungus grown to the Jaw, than Gums; on the contrary in others, the Gums have been entirely corroded away, so as the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or juncture of the Teeth, and Jaw, might have been evidently discerned; and you may receive it for a truth, that the corrosion was continuated with that rapid violence, in the Lips of a certain Scorbutic Dutchman, who for cure was admitted into the Hospital at Leyden, that being quite devoured, the Teeth were left bore, and exposed to the Air: wherefore note, that the first degree of a foul or putrid Mouth is a swelling of the Gums, through a thin serous or ichorous blood, soon after disposed to be pressed out of its bounds, with the lest touch of a Finger, insomuch that it's fraequently observed, that Scorbuticks biting a piece of bread, the remainder in their hands will appear all bloody about the edges: Hereupon the Gums fissure or cleave, afterwards changing into phagedaenic ulcers, which not seldom are succeeded by malignant cancerous ulcers, threatening an extreme deformity and devoration of all the circumjacent parts.  
§ 2. Moore than once I have given advice for little hard unaequal swell about the inside of the Lips, sometimes under the Tongue, of a livid, or not infraequently of an ash colour and dolorous. These by Chirurgeons are termed Cancers of the Mouth, and indeed are little lesle than Cancerous, and consequently Scorbutic. Neither would I have you judge it a Paradox, if I assert an Endemic Cancer in whatsoever part, to be an extreme degree of a Scorvey; as hereafter may be more plainly repraesented. Of the nature of the premised Cancers in the Mouth, doth participate a Ranula, a Tubercle under the Tongue, so called, because being an impediment to the free motion of the Tongue, in pronouncing words, that contain the Liquids L or R, it occasions them to sound frog-like. The Cure hereof is usually attempted by Astringents and Acids, as Oil of Vitriol and others, whence seldom or never a success being answered to the intention of the Chirurgeon, converts his hopes to the sharp Steel, or the Fire. But were it supposed scorbutic, as many other signs accompanying, do certainly evince it to be, might infallibly perform the Cure by a Scorbutic Topick.  
§ 3. A vagous' re-current Toothache, especially in Women, doth often act a part in the Syndrome of a Mouth-Scorvey, which in distinction to the ordinary Toothache, hath concomitant a very grating pain, with a violent salivation of thin saline Rheum; and as it is that, which for Cure hath been an Opprobrium Medicorum, for their frustraneous applications, so the most facile and indubious method of solaging this pain by Antiscorbutics, is an argument, there hath been a Hallucination, in discerning the true cause of it.  
§ 4. Grandines, or little whitish hard swell, of the bigness of a Radish seed, with a small perforation in the middle, and running about the Tongue, Gums, Palate, and inside of the Cheeks, is a Scorbutic Thrush, and cured only by Antiscorbutics. And those that have been curious Observers in their practice, can attest, there is a periodical swelling of the Tonsils (or Almonds under the Ears) and a relaxation of the Wula and palate, which must be accounted amongst the Diagnosticks of a Mouth-Scorvey; and such being rendered infinitely worse by the use of ordinary astringents, I have cured with a Gargarism of Betony, Sage and Scorvey-grass, Elder and Rosemary-flowers, and Nettle-seeds, boiled in white Wine and Water, with a few drops of spirit of Salarmoniac, instilled into the decoction; but not without assistance of internal Medicines.  
§ 5. The discolouration of the Gums in a Scorbutic Mouth first appears in a deep read, afterwards in a spotted yellow, than duskish and leadish, and at last a cadaverous pale, or a cancerous black. The Veins about the Gums, under the Tongue, and the inside of the Lips, show unaequal, swelled and ill-coloured. The soreness of the Gums feels sometimes burning, or as if pricked with Needles; other times the pain lies deep about the Periostium, or Membrane of the Jaw, not unlike the Toothache.  
§ 6. Among the Pathognomonics of a Mouth-Scorvey, none is more certainly concomitant than a Stinking Breath; insomuch that it is beyond all contradiction, where there is a continual stink of Breath, (evident causes, as Ulcers of the Mouth, Throat and Lungs always excepted) there is a confirmed, or at lest a growing Scorvey: and among all those Scorbuticks I ever was concerned with in relation to their cure, I never found that symptom absent; which if by the course of some years it be established in a deep radication, is refractory to all cure; if recent, all hope is reposed in a strict Scorbutic method. And for this so ungrateful symptom, the s●le Specific is the Urinous Spirit of Sal Armoniac. Now upon the Assumption, that the Scorvey is an Endemick Malady to our Island, you must suppose a stinking Breath very popular, which indeed will not be disputed by one, that possesses the right use of his Nose; and those that are tightly sensible in that Organ, shall tell you, that the Cabins of Ships expire a stronger Air of Scorbutic stinking Breathes, than of Pitch or Tar.  
§ 7. This Chapter we will limit with the subnexion of another Scorbutic Symptom, not much receding from a stinking Breath, viz. Fistuls in the Angles of the Mouth, and Root of the Gums, which being squeezed three or four times a day, tender a very putrid matter, the spring whereof is ordinarily deprehended in a Scorbutic small Glandul.   

CHAP. III. Of the Leg-Scorvey.  
1. A Description of the Leg-Scorvey. 2. A more ample Declaration of its Symptoms. 3. Of Scorbutic Ulcers. 4. Of Scorbutic Leg-p●ins. 5. Of Varicous Legs.  
§ 1. THe Scorvey particularly exerting its enmity on parts so distant as the Mouth and Legs, speaks it a Disease, requiring a more distinct Consideration; and therefore as in the former, so in this latter is designed to give you a very articulate Description: but observe by the way, that a lassitude and feebleness of the Knees is common also to a Mouth-Scorvey.  
The Leg-Scorvey comprehends a great lassitude and weakness of the Knees and Ankles, spots and blotches of several figures and colours on the Shins, and particularly just below the Knee, and also near the Ankles, Pustuls, uneven tumors and Tubercles' of Purpre Variegated Red. Oedematous Legs, with thick, hard, callous, livid, or sometimes brown read Skin about the Ankle, ulcers on the Shin, and near the Ankle, pains of the Knees, likewise deep pains along the Shinbone, continuing all day, but raging most in the night, are all fraequent concomitants of the Leg-Scorvey.  
§ 2. The feebleness of the Knees and Ankles coming gradually upon you; without any evident preceding Disease, or any sudden alteration of looks, or habit of body; is an Item sufficient to imform you what's at hand: Namely, Spots first read, and than yellow, livid, and at last of an ash colour; upon this expect blotches along the side of your Legs, appearing first radish, than yellowish very like an Erysipelas, but yet different from it, because there is not that heat and smart in Scorbutic blotches; neither are they so fiery, or corrodeing, a to be converted immediately into ulcers, but grow rough and peel of. These generally are succeeded by pustles, turbercles, or botches and tumours; at first of an uncertain colour, in one part deep read, in another pale; though upon a small interval of time turn deep read all over, growing exceeding painful and hot, a sign of their being ready to burst out into Ulcers, or nasty Scabs.  
§ 3. Scorbutic ulcers, especially those on the Shins, and near the Ankle, upon a short continuance grow callous about the Lips, within painful, as if pricked with Needles; their flesh appearing torn, uneven, of an ill aspect, the Lips tumid, the matter undigested thin, and ichorous, at length turns sordid, phagedaenic, and cancerous; the bone underneath contracts a Caries or Spina Ventosa.  
§. 4. Scorbutic Leg-pains, either haunt the Tendons about the Knee and Ankle, or the Membranes of the Muscles, or the Periostium. A Tendinous pain, is a shrinking or contracting Soreness; that of the Membranes of the Muscles sharp and distending, that of the Periostium contunding and grating.  
§. 5. To these add a Varicous Leg, when the Veins are Tumefied to an extraordinary Protuberance. The Effect of all these premised Symptoms doth for the most part Result into Gross, Deformed, Tumefied Legs, some appearing full of Botches, others Tumefied, so as to pit upon the pressure of a Finger, and variously Discoloured all over, like the Shins of those, that sit too near the Fire in the Winter; such Monstrously Tumefied Legs are fraequently observed amongst Dutch Skippers.   

CHAP. IU. Of the Joynt-Scorvey.  
1. Symptoms of the Joynt-Scorvey. 2. Description of the Joynt-Evil. 3. External Rheumatisms Scorbutic. 4. Internal Rheumatisms Scorbutic also. 5. Frangibility and Cracking of the Joints. 6. The Gout is not a Pain in the Joint. 7. The Seat of the Gout. 8. The kinds of the Gout.  
§. 1. THat they are incommoded with an Universal Soreness of Limbs, especially Arms, Shoulders, Neck-bones, and along down their Back, about the Breast, and round the Middle, with a Lassitude, or Weariness, and no Disposition at all to stir or move, but inclined to Drowsiness and Heaviness, is the Complaint of many, upon the lest alteration of Wether, who beyond all (peradventure) must be termed troubled with the Joynt-Scorvey; provided the said Lassitude be not such, as ordinarily is a praecursor to a Fevor. Neither is this Species, or sort of Scorvey only circumscribed with the praenumerated Symptoms, but is also applicable to those, whose Articles or Joints are subject to Crackle upon a sudden Motion.  
§. 2. The Scorvey infesting the Joints, doth by means of an Afflux of Virulent Humours, not seldom produce gross Tumours and Tubercles', of a fiery purple appearance, and a very painful Sensation, to which is consequent an Immobility of the Articles, and not long after the Skin being so Cancerously tumefied, as frequently happens about the Joints of the Fingers, Knuckles, Wrists, Elbows, Knees, Ankles and Toes, is perforated by an ●horous, Raw, Indigested, Thin, Serous, Livid, and sometimes yellow Sanies or Matter, which Gleeting through a small Orifice, that soon grows Callous, and therefore not being totally and freely Evacuated, occasions the Bone to Cariate, which commonly by Exfoliation, or rather Corrosion, Nature doth expel in little shattered mouldering splinters. The impure Nutriment the Conception assumeth in the Womb, rendereth Children more subject to this kind of Scorvey, than others of Riper years, and is vulgarly styled the Joynt-Evil, and some will know it by no other Name than the Kings-evil, which properly denotes only Scrofulous and Strumatick Kernels and Tumours, though beyond all scruple are of the same Production with the former, and consequently highly Scorbutic. Neither are a Fistula Lachrymalis, and other malignant Issues near the Angles of the Eyes, or those Epiphoras, or running of the Eyes, different in Causality and Constitution from either of the forementioned.  
§. 3. Another sort of Joynt-Scorvey is specified in Rheumatisms, which generally declare themselves by pains of the Joints, or rather in some by Tortures of the extreme Articles, as Wrists, Knuckles, Joints of the Fingers, Elbows, Shoulders, Hips, Knees, Ankles, Toes, and worst of all, when the impetuous flood of Salin Rheum streams to the Neck, and Backbone. (Spina Cervicis & dorsi.) Pains of this Nature are so Violent, that for Acuteness are not paralleled by ordinary Gout-pains. In like manner this sort of Rheumatism doth often rudely afflict the sides of the Head, decurring from the Bregma, to the upper and lower Mandibles, and Roots of the Teeth, shooting like Darts from one part of the Head to the other, and with so quick a Perculsive motion, that Lightning and Blasts seem slow to it.  
§. 4. Practical Observations declare to us a twofold Rheumatism, External and Internal. The former is just now praemised: The latter is discovered by Internal, Acute, Fugitive pains, moving Erratically from one Bowel to another, thence possibly to the Guts, and thence again it may be to the Ambient Skin, or to some other Bowel, or the Breast; the quality of these Internal pains, is for sudden and violent Motion, resembling External Rheumatisms; and for Acuteness, forceth the Patient to scriech out, lamenting his pain, now in one place, praesently after in another, and suddenly again in another, to no small Amazement of his Visiters; since for a small interval being free from pain, feeling himself very well, and entertaining his Friends with Discourse, on a sudden a shooting pain shall take him, and altar the Scene to a contrary Disposition. Internal Rheumatisms are generally of a tedious continuation, though the pains are far more brisk at one time than another, and sometimes do make a Truce with the Patient for a few Days or sometimes Weeks, but in the interim detain him in a neuter Estate, which can be determined neither well nor ill, but weak; and thus I have heard of several, whose Recovery was scarce accomplished in several Years; but that might partly be imputed to the ill address of the Physician, being unskiled in managing that Disease.  
§. 5. Among divers Joynt-Scorbuticks, it hath been Remarked, their Bones have been very Frangible, that upon very small occasions, they have had the misfortune of breaking their Legs, Arms, Bones of the Hand, and Fingers; but before this can arrive, another Symptom doth ever precede, namely, a Cracking and Noise of the Joints, when they are moved. It argues him much a stranger to Practice and Experience, that never observed an Arthritick or Gouty-Scorvey, being such a sort of Counter-natural affection, as besets the parts near the Joints with Corrosive Salin Ichors, and through them attaques them with very Lacerative and Terebrating pains, and such as commonly in the Night season Duplicate their Fury. In this Disease, as it's Genuine distinction from other Gouts, would certainly very much conduce to the Solacement of the Patient, and his complete Recovery; so it would not lesle add to the Reputation of the Physician, and therefore shall in their places amplify upon its Description, Causes, Signs and Cure.  
§. 6. Two Bones being tied together, that place where they meet is properly termed the Joint, from being joined together, or Juncture, or Articulation. Physicians also style it an Article, but improperly, the word Articulus importing a Diminutive of Artus, Latinized from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Member. Moreover, Bones that are Diarthrotically joined, are fastened together, besides particular Ligaments, by a common Ligament or Band growing usually from the lower part of the Apophyse of one Bone, and inserted into the upper part of the Apophyse of the other Bone. This common Ligament or Band is in point of substance tough, thick, dense and extensive, and by reason of its close Compacture, and immediate Adhaesion and Circumvesture, doth refuse passage to all Arthritick humours, whence may be Deduced, the Gout is not properly to be termed a Joynt-disease; whereunto this Instance contributes an unquaestionable Evidence, that the Internal parts of the Joint being Cartilaginous, and the Ambient parts Ligaments, are both Insensible and Incapable of Sensation: So that we must conclude the Universal Sentiment upon this particular a vulgar Error, growing from an Inadvertency and blind Ignorance in Anatomy.  
§. 7. We are therefore to state the Parts nearest adjacent (above or below) to the Joint, the Seat of the Gout, which by reason of the Termination of the Tendons, and Circumvesture of the Periostium, are tightly Sensible, and exposed to the greatest Tortures.  
§. 8. The Joints that are most commonly haunted by the Gout, are the Hip, where it's called the Sciatica, or Hip-Gout; the Knees, where it's termed the Knee-Gout, or Gonagra; the Feet, which comprehends also the Ankles, and here it's named the Podagra, or Foot-Gout; and the Hands, including also the Wrists, thence called Chiragra, or Hand-Gout. Besides these, most other Joints, as Shoulders, Elbow, and Back and Neck-bones, are sometimes also attacked by those furious pains. Why these last recited Junctures are not so much exposed to Gout pains, as the former, is, because being wrapped about with fleshy Tendons, and Muscles, receive thence a great assistance of heat and warmth, whereby the temperament of those parts are much comforted, the External cold resisted, and those Saline Acrimonious Ichors soon dissipated.  
The periodical Revolutions of these Arthritick Scorveys, are an Argument to me, they are subject to a Predominance of both the Luminaries: For from the Seasons produced by the Sun's Peragration, they are Resuscitated Spring and Fall; and the Lunar Circuits occasion their appearance, and Return in many Bodies as ordinarily, as the monthly Maladies of Women, scarce any Sex or Age under Twelve or Fourteen, being exempted from the forementioned Arthritick Scorvey; But it's otherwise in the Gout, which ordinarily rather invades the Crazy Bodies of Super-annuated Persons.  
In contra-distinction to an Arthritick Scorvey, that's fixed to a part, viz. To the Hip, Knee, or Foot, as hath been just now Praeliminated; there is also observed an Arthritis vaga, or Fugitive Arthritick Scorvey; but this being not different from an External Rheumatism, whereof hath been mentioned before, shall supersede any further Explanation.  
It will hardly escape the Animadversion of many Perusers, that I have beyond the Sentiment of other Physicians, reduced the Preternatural affections treated of here in this Chapter, within the Latitude of the Scorvey. Wherhfore that I may not deserve a Sinister Censure, I will offer those Arguments, that to me were sufficient Motives, which if to others they seem lesle persuasive, I need only tell them, I may with as much right range them in the Train of the Scorvey, as Eugalen, Solomon Albertus, Wierus, and twenty more have given place to half the known Symtoms of the Diseased Body of Man, in the List of Scorbutic Attendants.  
Touching the Insertion of the Scorbutic Lassitude in the first Article, all Authors that have Treated on the Scorvey, have granted that Symptom almost so Universal, as to be a Pathognomonick inseparable.  
In relation to that of the second Article, most may found difficulty, to Identify it with the Scorvey, since it's not easy to discern one and the same Disease, to be the same in two or more several Patients; much lesle a Disease that's so Various and Multiform, featured with several Shapes and Signatures in several Subjects: Wherhfore I must be obliged to a Recital of certain Marks, and received Rules, whereby Authors do either Diversify or Identify Diseases.  
Causes of the same Nature and Efficiency, though Univocal, do not always produce the same Effects, and therefore consequently (though two or more Diseases are engendered by the same Efficients, and out of the same Matter) they may be different Diseases, whence may be objected, that those Joynt-Diseases, though issuing from the same Causes the Scorvey is derived from, it's no Argument they should be termed the Scorvey. By this Assertion, the Peripatetic Maxim seems to be suspected, viz. Posita causa, ponitur effectus; ergo posita causa Scorbutica, ponuntur effectus Scorbutici: And all Diseases that are produced by a Scorbutic cause, must be the Scorvey.  
You must observe the truth of this Theorem doth depend upon certain Limitations, namely, a cause to be qualified to produce the same Effects, must be Univocal, and a causa per se; for otherwise (though granted Univocal) its causality may be per accidens. Depravated, and Occasioned to an Aberrancy by other causes: For instance in the Scorvey, imagine its Production from a corrupt Melancholy; that may Stagnate in the Spleen, which being supposed in two several Bodies; in the one possibly it may constitute Symptoms, that are commonly Concomitants of the Scorvey; in the other, because there may be a mixture of Vitiated Choler, or of a Serum affected with an ill Quality, or a great Infirmity of some Entrail; the aforesaid supposed Scorbutic cause shall be so Obtused, Altered, or Endued with a different Efficiency, that the Diseases so produced, shall be no Scorvey, but some other Counter-natural affection. This may also very properly be exemplified in Celestial Causes, among which conceive a Planet in such a Sign, and such a Degree, by his influence to produce certain Effects, upon any supposed Sublunary body; at its return to the same Sign and Degree, possibly it shall not be a cause of the same Effects, because through the Radiations of other Firmamentary lights, it's influence shall be directed and limited to another Effect much different: Whence having rendered the Ground of the Variation of Symptoms in the Body of Man obvious, my next affair is to propose a Theorem whereby Diseases are Identified.  
Diseases are computed the same, that are constituted by the same Univocal Causes, not aberring further per accidens, than that those symptoms that are effected per se, may in Number and Specification exceed those, that are produced per accidens. Moreover, Diseases by their Intrinsic signification imply Parts primarily affected, whereof they are Diseases; and therefore Diseases cannot be Idenfied, unless the parts affected primarily be the same; which we must now explain to be the same in the Scorvey, and in the Joynt-Evil, and Gout-Scorvey. None vary from this Opinion, that the parts Primarily and Originally affected in the Scorvey, are all the chief parts of the Inferior Cavity, that appertain to the Natural Faculty, whose office is to Confect the Chyle, Elaborate and Depurate the Blood, which are the Stomach, Spleen and Liver.  
The Chyle in those, that are afflicted with the Gout and Joynt-Evil, receiving a Malign Tincture and Impression, from an ill qualified Dissolvent, is a pregnant Evidence, the Stomach is a part affected; and the aforesaid Chyle upon its arrival within the Spleen and Liver, induing a quality of a Malignanter efficacy, expressly proves, both those Entrails equally parts affected, and consequently the parts radically or primarily affected are the same.  
Neither can I discern any difference in the Causes of both, residing in a corrupt Salt, fixed or volatile. It must than be the difference of symptoms, that creates suspicion of the Diversity between these Joynt-Diseases, and the Scorvey, which as was intimated before, may be remarked in all Universal Diseases, varying in two or more Bodies, in several symptoms, and yet are deemed the same Disease: A continual acute Fever (which I call an Universal Distemper, because its symptoms are Universal, and disturb all the parts of the Body in their several Functions) in one is attended with Vomitings, in the other with a Looseness, in a third with neither; which nevertheless, are known and determinated Concomitants of a continual acute Fever in all. In thi● Labyrinth, the Position stated in the beginning of this Paragraph, conducts me to an Expedient of surpassing the difficulty, viz. The symptom● that Identify Diseases, do immediately, and per se, emanate from them, in or near the parts affected: For instance, if the Heart be seized with a Disease, the Pulsation doth generally express it, being a symptom that immediately consecutes the Distemper in the part affected, which is the Heart; the like may be observed in all Diseases. These must be such as properly are terms Pathognomonick, and by Industry, and fraequent Experience, may be discerned in most Distempers, though symptoms that are occasioned per accidens are Infinite, and common to many Diseases. Now to our Affair; In the recited Joynt-Diseases, and Gout-Scorvey, the radical symptoms are an ill Confection of the Chyle, or a vitiated Elaboration or Depuration of the Chime; a propagation of Malign Seminaries, in the Bowels and Blood, that renders Diseases contagious, Haereditary, and most Obstinate; these being likewise symptoms in the Scorvey, I judge I have justly Identified them; but that will more amply appear in my subsequent Discourse. Add hereunto, that in Identified Diseases, the Procatartick causes are the same, which in these various kinds of the Scorvey, is verified in a Salin Air and Diet, whence both the Internal, Antecedent and Continent causes afterwards take their Original, which also for a certain space continued the same, until that by a continuated morbific Action and Calcination, they pass into a contrary Nature, from an Acid, to an Alcali, as among Chemical processes, appears in Acid Tartar, which by Calcination makes a Transition into an Alcalious Salt of Tartar; nevertheless as the Acid Salt of Tartar, and the Alcalious Salt of Tartar, though contrary, do both retain the same name of Salt of Tartar; so an Acid Scorvey, and an Alcalious Scorvey, retain the same Denomination of a Scorvey, or are Identified in the same Name. Before I limit this Chapter, I must propose an Argument of a greater Consequence, namely, That those Joynt-Diseases and Gout-Scorvey, are only to be removed by an Antiscorbutic course; but not such as is directed by the prescriptions of the Vulgar, who are as blind in these Distempers, as they commonly are in Fevers and Smallpox.   

CHAP. V Of the Causes of the Mouth-Scorvey.  
1. A scrutiny into some Procatartick and occasional Causes of the Mouth-Scorvey. 2. The Internal cause of the Mouth-Scorvey proved. 3. The praeparation of Mercury Sublimate corrosive examined. 4. The Spittle is Imbued with several sorts of Salts at several Seasons. 5. That it is not every Acid is the cause of the Sorvey. 6. Of Spirit of Salt, Nitre, Vitriol, and Tartar. 7. That some Acids are good Remedies against the Scorvey. 8. Chemical Theorems. 9 Turbith Mineral examined. 10. How a Salivation is Occasioned. 11. Observations u●on the Dissection of the Stomach. 12. Why one is apt to Spit after the taking of any ungrateful Medicine. 13. Animadversions upon the Ferment of the Stomach. 14. The Succus Pancreaticus Silvii rejected. 15. That the Succus Pancreaticus doth never Secundum Naturam flow to the Stomach; that naturally it is not Acid, but Sweet. 16. Why Nature hath endued the Pancreatic juice, with a lentour and sweetness. 17. Proof that it is sweet. 18. Why the Stomach is provided with so great a number of Lymphatic Channels. The manner of the Concoction in the Stomach. 19 That the Digestive faculty is most potent about the upper Region of the Ventricle. 20. The manner of separation of the Concocted from the crude Chyle, with several Remarks upon the Dissolvent, or Mock-ferment of the Stomach. 21. The manner how Liquors turn Acid.  
§. 1. BY a Scrutiny into some Procatartick and Occasional Causes, we may possibly be Conducted into a Path, of discovering the Immediate and Continent causality of the Mouth-Scorvey; and therefore converting our Observation on the Effects of Spirit of Vitriol, Nitre, Vinegar, etc. We shall on the aestimate of the use of any of them, mixed with Powders into Dentifrice, or Instilled into a Liquor for a Collution of the Mouth, award, they are as offensive as any Internal cause, by Rotting and Blacking the Teeth, raising Pain and Swelling in the Gums, and moving a thin Sputation.  
§. 2. Mercury externally by Confriction forced into the Pores, or Internally taken in the form of a subdued Sublimate, or Praecipitate, soon Ravages the Mouth, exactly like, a Scorbutic Cause, since it forces up a Humour from within, that swells, Fissures, Ulcers, Pains the Gums and the Mouth, Looseneth and Rots the Teeth, Salivates, and occasions a fowl stink of Breath; all which symptoms, if we can demonstrate to take their rise from Effluviums' issuing from an Acid Salt, mercurial preparations have all their dependence on, and which within their most intime and centrical Particles, do contain a most Subtle Vibrating and Volatile Salt, will result into a praemiss, whence no Ingenious Reader, but with me, will conclude a Mouth-Scorvey to be Engendered by a corrupt Acid Salt rendered fluid, and a Volatile Salt converted into corrosive, inordinate in motion, and united with a Fuliginous Salt. That you may be convinced of this Hypothetick proposition, take Inspection into the various processes of Mercurial Elaborations, where you found Mercury fixed (but very imperfectly) into Praecipitates, Sublimates, Spirits, and Salts, of divers Shapes and Colours, viz. Into White, Read and Yellow Praecipitates, by Aqua Fortis, Spir. Nitr. Spir. Sal. Ol. Vitr. all which, take notice, are vehemently Acid; and thence conceive, that the Volatile Salt, or Fugitive Spirits, latent in Mercury, are only to be tied by an acid Vinculum. If upon this you design to reduce Mercury (whether Praecipitate, or Sublimate, or any other Praeparation) to its former shape of Quicksilver, it's easily attained, by freeing it from that acid Vinculum, in mixing it with a proportion of Calx Viu. Gypsum, Soap-ashes, Sal Tartari, etc. and driving it through a Retort, whereunto it readily yields by means of those Alcalized, or fiery fixed Salts, mortifying the Acid. So that by the Rule of Contraries, if an Alcali reduces Mercury, the Consequence is, it was detained by an Acid.  
§. 3. The Sequel is farther illustrated in the praeparation of Sublimate Corrosive, the Quicksilver being first grinded with Salt Peter, Vitriol, or Common Salt, wherein being latent a most potent Acid (as appears by their Reverberatory distillations) doth soon invade and penetrate the body of the Mercury, and thereupon encountering with its most subtle and fugitive Minims, arrests, and in some degree doth fix them, qualifying their Volatile levity with its ponderous Acid, and therein it's discernably assisted by affusing a few drops of distilled Vinegar, or other Acid Spirit, whilst the Salts and Mercury are grinding together. Upon this Mixture, that Salin Lixivious taste of the Salts, before their Coalescence with the Mercury, is changed into a pontic Acid taste. And because There ebenthine is so pregnant of an Acid spirit (as the Rectified spirit thereof to the Tongue, is a palpable proof) it's therefore the chief refine, that is capable of subduing Mercury, whereunto its Lentour and Glutinous faculty doth very much contribute.  
§. 4. Hence let us make a nearer approach, to what is a Branch of my Subject, and necessarily conclude, that Spittle (Saliva) is endued with a Turgency of Acid Particles, far more potent, than sharp distilled Vinegar, because it's so effectual in Amortizing or Fixing Quicksilver, which may likewise be performed by the Acid juice of Lemons: But observe likewise, that Spittle is rendered Acid, only towards the latter end of the Concoction of the Stomach, from the Acour of the Dissolvent Liquor, and therefore the Morning-fasting-spittle is recommended for the purpose above mentioned. Moreover, take this Remark with you, That the Spittle is imbued at several seasons with several Salts; sometimes with Volatile, other times with Lixivial salts, sometimes with Acid, and sometimes with mixed salts, according to the contents in the Capacity of the Stomach, and about its tunics; so that all sorts of spittle is not proper for the Amortizing of Mercury.  
§. 5. Now upon Compute of the whole matter, though your Reason may reap so much satisfaction, as to believe potent Acids, the sole subduers of Mercury, and capable of arresting its Fugitive particles; yet we must not be so facile, as to concede all Acids pernicious in the same Latitude with Mercury coagulated, of acting upon Liquors of the Body, and rendering them Scorbutic aggressors; for the greater number of Acids, Administered with rules of Caution and Prudence, obtaining a virtue of Repelling and Suppressing some kind of Scorbutic symptoms, bear an evident Testimony of the contrary.  
§. 6. Spirit of Salt Marin (I mean not the Grecian Impostor's, but) dexterously praepared, according to the rules of the Spagyric Art, hath acquired a good Character to some Physicians, for praescribing it to their Scorbutic Patients: And I were to blame for my silence, should I praetermit the great Effects of Spirit of Nitre, Philosophically purged from its Arsenical fumes, not a few Scorbuticks owing their Recovery to this Acid from very obstinate accidents, that were true issues of that Disease. Neither can the performance of these praecited inciding deoppilative Acids, be justly called into doubt, since from the Spirit of Vitriol, and Vinegar, (used in the Condiment of Capers, Sampire, etc.) though of a styptic Energy, advantage hath been received in the Cure of Scorbuticks and Spleneticks: If than these Corroding and Cerberous Acids merit a reception so just among the Apollinean Faculty, certainly, those that are acquainted with the true Process of the Acid spirit of Tartar, being so Penetrative, Attenuating, Digestive, Ecphractick, and yet of an amicable Acour, can praetend to a greater secret to Eradicate the Scorvey. By the way, observe, It is not against an Acid Scorvey they are such excellent Remedies, but against a Lixivial one, which in the progress of this Discourse will be farther Explained to you.  
§. 7. From this Praecurrent Illustration, we may be assured in Opinion, that Acids by their native Qualification, or Corrosive to some Scorbutic bodies, and therefore it must be through a preternatural Affection, they are enforced to constitute the Principles of the forecited Malady. On this occasion, it will not be Dissonant, to Analyse Mercury (as it is reduced to a Praecipitate, or Sublimate, or other Coagulated body, by acid Salts or Spirits) into its most Intime Syntheticks, whence the Genuine Procreatives of the Scorvey will more distinctly Emerge.  
§. 8. In order to the Unravelling of this so close knitted Mineral, I must first Repraesent to you these by me received Hermetick Theorems.  
1. All Alcalies are contrary to Acids, and consequently do extinguish them, or if encountering in a lesser proportion only praefract them. Affuse the Alcalized Liquor of Tartar, to the Acid Oil of Vitriol, in their just proportions, the Production will be a Salt of Tartar, much praefracted in its Alcalized faculty, and a Salt of Vitriol much obtused in its Acidity; but if the Alcaly of Tartar be superior in measure to the Acid of Vitriol, than it doth reduce the Vitriol to a Capul Mortuum, and entirely extinguish its Acidity.  
2. All Volatile Salts are fixed by Acids. The Volatile salt of Hartshorn, or Amber, being Irrorated with Spirit of Salt, is soon laid in sleep, and loses its Wings.  
3. There is no Alcali, but in its intime and centrical Particles, contains a most Acid, Corroding, and Perforating Salt. Likewise, There is no Acid Salt, or Spirit, but in its centric Particles is lodged a most Igneous Alcaly. Within the centric of the Acid Oil of Vitriol, there is an Igneous and Caustick alt.  
4. Volatile Salt is nothing but the fixed Salt of any Body, Volatilised by the admixture of Sulphurous Particles.  
5. The Purgative, or Vomitive, or other active faculty of Bodies, doth Emanate from their Volatile Salts, either by Irradiation, or Atomical Effluviums.  
From the Application of these to any particular Praeparation, we are to expect, what now we Dive into. To this purpose, let our ordinary Turbith Mineral, as it is in the London Pharmacopoea Transcribed by our Physicians out of Vnzerus, who Records the Invention of it to Adam Bodenstein, be our Subject, as best known to my Perusers, both for its Use and Process; though possibly this remark may escape their knowledge; that whereas Directions are given in the Dispensatory, for affusing an Anatick proportion of dephlemed Oil of Vitriol to Mercury, purged from its plumbeous Recrements, which Evaporated, leaves a white residence in the bottom of the Bolt-head, to be sweet washed into a yellow Powder; the praescription of the forementioned Bodenstein, requires an addition of Salt of Vitriol, in proportion of half the weight to the Oil of Vitriol, which renders the Result of the Elaboration lesle Churlish, and more effectual.  
Your view on this discerns the most compact body of Mercury, dissolved by the Acid of Vitriol, its Fugitive spirits detained, or Volatile salt partly fixed by its Pontic Liquor, or Acid Salt, and through their mutual Re-action so Elaborated, that in this Conjunct state have assumed neuter Faculties, not to be deprehended in either Singular: For the one is so eminent in the Adstrictive, that in Haemorrhages both Internal and External it performs, what other Restringents or Emplasticks fail in. The other, viz. Quicksilver aims at no other Effects, than its weight or gravity is capable to produce; but upon their Coalition, they remove most obstinate Diseases by Vomit, Stool, Urine, Sweated, and Salivation.  
From the Inference of the first and second Spagyric Theorems, you must be convinced, it is the Volatile Salt of Mercury, and no other Constitutive principle, is here Coagulated, because performed by its opposite, a fixing Acid, and thereby somewhat praefracted; for through the abatement of its Vibrating and Penetrating Faculty, it's experienced not so capable, to Amalgamate the nobler Metals into a Calx. From the repercussive particles of the said Mercurial Volatile Salt, the Acid of Vitriol is not only obtused, but rendered a dissolvent corruptive Acid, whereas naturally it's known a great Praeserver from putrefaction and dissolution. And if you give credit to the fifth Axiom, which long Experience hath established firm and indubious among most Practicians; you must assert, not only the Vomitive and Purgative faculties to be issues of the Mercurial Volatile Salt, but also its Salivative quality; which explained in manner following, seems to me to be evident enough, how it exerts its power.  
§. 10. Turbith Mineral, or other crude Mercurial praeparation, is no sooner swallowed down into the Stomach, but through its most subtle volatile Salt, doth attaque the Salts, that are floating in the Liquor, the capacity of the Stomach is ever furnished with more or lesle, (for an absolute dryness, would certainly be attended with a most dangerous Hiccoch, or Convulsion of the Stomach) which in some proportion converting into Particles of its own Nature, doth soon occasion a Turgency in the Liquor of the Stomach, (being an Effect of the Contrariety and Combat between the Mercurial Volatile Salt, and the Acid.) And the Lymph contained in the Lymphaticks of the Stomach, which Turgency continuated to the Ductus Salivales under the Tongue, and the others that terminate about the Cheeks and Gums, causeth an overflowing of the foresaid Lymph or Serum, where it's called Spittle or Saliva, quasi Sal Liquor, ceu Salsus Liquor, or Salt Spittle, for such it is. Here we must make a Digression to a succinct Explanation of the Fabric, and Liquor of the Stomach, discovering the Nature of it, whence it Sourceth, and through what Creeks and Inosculations it makes its Irruption, and thence it will prove more facile, by a further pursuit to tender the manner of Salivation Obvious to the meanest Capacity.  
§. 11. Experiment in this Case makes the strongest Plea, and therefore I will offer you my Observation, Upon the Dissection of a Dog, fed with salt Meat intermixed with Sublimate Corrosive, and thereupon most thirstily Lapping a great quantity of Water, wherein Pease had been boiled, and immediately strangled. I was chief intentive on a strict view and research of the Stomach, in whose External Surface or Tunic, being a process of the Peritonaeum, the Coeliac Arteries appeared very tumid and full, and e●ery where discernible to the Eye, accompanied with Lymphatic Vessels, that were also not lesle Turgid, and supported by a number of small Glanduls, which at other times remain hidden, because there is not so great a Confluence of Lymphatic matter, to swell them up. The Crusta carnosa and the Interior Tunic, separable in a Dog from one another, through this superfluous Irrigation were Fungous, and upon a pressure the Lympha exstilled at little Pores or Orifices; which probably may be conjectured the extremities of the Inosculations of the Lymphatic Vessels. The dispersions of the Branches and Terminations of the foresaid Coeliac Artery, through the middle and inward Tunic, were extremely distended with Humours, and the Lymphatics every where throughout both Tunics, not lesle visibly burdened with moisture, and upon a diligent observe of their tract, were found to ascend the Oesophagus, and to perforate the great Glanduls, and thence to the Tonsils, the Ranine, and other Glanduls of the Mouth.  
§. 12. Before I detected the Expatiation of these Lymphatic Channels, could not out of any Author supply myself with the Reason, why upon the assuming of any ungrateful Medicine, Purgative or Alterative, after a small interval, the Mouth doth salivate a thin pellucid Serum; which from the premised Discourse seems very evident: For upon the Combat between the Dissolvent Liquor (or that which is improperly called the Ferment) and the Volatile Particles of the Medicine, happens a Turgency, which by continuation being likewise Impressed upon the Lymphaticks of the Tunics of the Ventricle, and Oesophagus, must necessarily occasion an overflowing at the Termination of the Ductus Salivales, both of those under the Tongue, and the other on the sides of the Gums.  
§. 13. By the way, I must make one observe, how unsuccessful Authors have been, in Imposing the name of Ferment upon the Acid juice of the Stomach, and describing its Source, or Original. The word Ferment, (as you may read more at large, in the first part of my Treatise, De Febribus, Cap. V) is Universally taken to be that, which Clarifies and Exalts any compound Liquor, that's newly made by Decoction, Infusion, Expression, or otherwise, to a greater Perfection, by means of a Simpering (for Fermentum takes its Derivation a Fremendo, and not Fervendo) or a small Ebullition, whereby the Liquor is Subtiliated or Attenuated, and the Heterogeneous bodies separated into a Froth and Lees. This Signification can in no manner be applied to the foresaid Acid juice, performing only the Office of Dissolving the Victuals received in the Stomach, and Coaequating it into a Cream, or Chyle; a word Originated from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Dissolve: Wherhfore there being only a Dissolution of what's Ingested, o● a Production of Chyle attained by means of this Dissolvent Acid, and no Depuration or Exaltation; it doth more properly require the name of a Dissolvent Liquor, than of a Ferment, and consequently there is no Fermentation in the Stomach, but only a Dissolution, and Coaequation; whence may be remarqued, how Truth is often overruled by an impetuous Current of Opiniaters.  
§. 14. The source whence this Acid juice should stream, was for a long time asserted the Spleen, effusing through the Vas breve, into the Stomach, which the Curiosity of Anatomists observing not to be Pervious at its Termination, concluded there must be some other passage, through which the said Juice was conveyed; but none durst praesume to assign it, until Silvius, the late Physick-Professor of Leyden, did attempt to prove this Acid juice to be engendered in the Pancreas, and therefore named it Succus Pancreaticus, whence through the Ductus Virsungianus was by Regurgitation forced up into the Stomach. This Conception of Succus Pancreaticus hath so fond been Nursed by him, that in his Idea nova Prax. Medic. he doth Impeach it, to be the Productor of most Diseases. Much lesle than a Demonstration, for scarce a probability of this Acid Pancreatic Succus hath been offered by him, which so much Disgusted Monsieur le Vasseur, a Physician Regent of the Faculty of Paris, that he undertook to Demolish that Principle in a small tract written in Latin, wherein he doth fiercely Impugnate his Triumvirate of Morbific Causes, (as he styles it in his own Ideom) though without obtaining any Advantage on his Adversary, the one being no more Auspicious in Refelling the Acid Pancreatic juice, than the other in asserting it.  
§. 15. In the first place, I found no Difficulty in maintaining, that the Succus Pancreaticus is at no time Secundum Naturam propelled into the Stomach; for the Grand Channel, which is the Ductus Virsungianus, terminating near the Confines of the Duodenum, and the Ilium, and Disburdening the superfluous Juice into it, is naturally according to the peristaltic motion, being performed by the Contraction of the Circular Fibres, expelled and carried downwards; and if at any time it is forced into the Stomach, that must needs hap by means of the Inversion of the Peristaltic motion (namely, the Circular Fibres contracting from below upwards) which undoubtedly is Convulsive, being occasioned through a Stimulation of the said Juice, Vitiated or Obstructed, and is absolutely Contra Naturam. But if according to the Tenor of this Discourse, the Pancreatic Juice is Regurgitated into the Stomach; is so far from Pleasing or Delighting it, through that amicable Acour, that's Fictitiously attributed to it, that it occasions a maukish Nauseousness and Salivation, which Re vera are effects of a sweetish thick moistening Water, contrary to what flows from the Causality of an Acid Humour; and nothing is observed, to have a greater share, in dissolving the Tone of the Stomach, and contributing Matter to those Slimy Ropy Crudities, plastered to the sides of the Stomach, than this Incrassated Pancreatic juice. So that it must be believed, that this kind of Fallacious Doctrine is by those, that for their seeming parts are placed in the School Chairs, violently Imposed upon their Scholars, who Imbibing this in their Infant Studies, like Principles of Religion, aesteem it a great Crime, ever to doubt of what their Masters infused into them.  Quo semel est imbuta recens servabit odorem, Testa diu, etc. 
§. 16. In its natural Qualification, I am assured, the Pancreatic juice partakes of no Acidity, proof thereof shall be offered you below. The Pancreas to me, seems to be the Sink of the Lymphatic Vessels, whither they Post the superfluous Lymph, that hath done its Task, to be Evacuated as an Excrement. But here the Wisdom of Nature is very remarkable, in Inserting the Ductus Pancreaticus, or Virsungianus into the Duodenum, neighbouring so near to the Ductu● Cholidochus; the one namely the Cholidochus, serving the Gall Bladder, (Cystis bilis) as a Conduit to Disgourge the overflowing Choler into the Guts, which otherwise through its extreme Amaritude, and Lixivious corrosive Salt, being rendered so Superlatively sharp and detergent, would offer violence to the most sensible small Guts, and soon gnaw of its Internal Tunic, were it not that meeting with this Sweetish, Thick, Moistening Water, Extilling from the Ductus Pancreaticus, it was soon allayed, and qualified with its Lenitive and Dulcifying Lentour. A further use Nature hath Destined it to, is to Moisten, and tender the Internal Tunic of the Guts Glib and Slippery, for to Promote, and Facilitate the descent of Excrements, being moreover the material Cause of that Pituita, or Fleam, which is ever found in the small Guts, in the state of Health. Neither do I give the lest Credit to those Capricious Opinions, the forenamed Silvius hath Superstructed upon so Erroneous a Fundamental, as this Acid Pancreatic juice, viz.  
1. That there daily happens a mild Effervescency between the Bilis and that Juice, which I am confident a Healthful Person is altogether Insensible of, unless Indulging his Appetite in a large Rouse of Strong Liquor.  
2. That through a Vitiate Acidity of this Juice, are occasioned Dysenteries, Gripes, Vomitings, and what not; read Chap. V Lib. Praecitat.  
3. That all Diseases depend on the Preternatural disposition of his Triumviral Humour: To wit, Fleam, Choler, and this Pancreatic juice; but for all this, not one syllable of Proof, rather introducing a Thousand Absurdities on the Neck of another.  
§. 17. I am now Arrived, where I am to Illustrate to you, the Pancreatic juice is so far remote from being Acid, that it's perfectly sweet. It's a Concession granted by all, That Moisture is more apt to turn Acid in an Extinct Body, than Living; as appears in Veal, which being kept too long, expires an acid steam. If so, than,  
1. The Pancreatic juice, obtaining an Acidity in a Living Body, must necessarily assume a greater Acidity in a Body Expired; which is observed contrary, for the Juice that is expressed out of the Pancreas of a killed Calf, hath a clammy sweet taste, and certainly is endued with a far sweeter savour, whilst it contains a proportion of Volatile Salt within the Channels of a Living Body.  
2. The Pancreas itself Raw or Boiled, pleases the Palate with a sweet taste, beyond any other sort of Flesh, which qualification can not be in a Body that engenders an Acid Juice, or daily is Irrigated with it. Propter quod unum quodque tale est, illud magis tale est.  
3. Lymphatic Vessels about the Stomach, and those of the Pancreas, both Deriving from the Spleen, and having a Communication and Commerce in the same Contents, namely Juices or Lymphs, It is not to be doubted, but both Juices of the Stomachick and the Pancreatic Lymphducts, participate of the same Nature, and Taste, which being deprehended sweet in the Stomach Lymphducts, can be no other in the Pancreatic. Medicines that Created some Labour to the Stomach, and move a Turgency in the Lymphatics of the Stomach, occasion an overflowing of the Ductus Salivales, or a Salivation of that very Lymph, or Juice, that was floating about the Ventricle, which is commonly pronounced by all, to have a Sweetish or Subdulce taste in the Mouth, and doubless, that of the Pancreas is not different. The manner how is expressed before.  
4. An Argument may be Deduced a causa; The Lymph of the Stomachick and Pancreatic Vessels is Replenished, and well Saturated with Volatile Salt, whose Nature is Experienced, to Expel and Extinguish all Acidity, and so consequently the foresaid Lymph must prove sweet, and in no wise Acid.  
§. 18. The Lymphatic Vessels being in great numbers directed from the Spleen to the Stomach, to Transport thither a proportion of Lymph, that in the Percolation of the Blood, was attracted and assuged into the said Lymphatic Vessels, being thoroughly Saturated with Volatile Salt, transported through the Pores of the Stomachick Nerves, and Coeliac Arteries, is Effused into the Stomach at such times when it hath received Victuals to Digest; for thereupon the Arterial Blood, and Vital Spirits are moved and attracted, and a heat Excited, whereby the Lymph being Attenuated, rendered Turgid and the Vessels Tumefied, is forced into the Stomach in that quantity, as doth sufficiently Relax the said Lymphducts. This Lymph by means of the said Volatile Salt, is so Subtle, Penetrating, Attenuating, and Rarefying, that Uniting with the Volatile Particles of the Liquor ingested, and that which by Mastication of the Victuals lies Perfused and Dissolved, doth soon disunite and dissolve the Vinculum of the solid Victuals, and being thoroughly mixed with the Liquid, is speedily reduced into a Cream or Chyle. Whilst this Attenuation and Solution is performing, there is a Turgency occasioned in the Capacity of the Stomach, which straightening the Arteries, that Amplexe the Stomach, do through Renix duplicate their Pulsation in Fraequency and fortitude, (as appears upon feeling the Pulse of the Carp after Dinner or Supper) whereby the Heat is much intended, and Copious Effumations of Vital Spirits or Arterial Volatile Salt, immitted into the said Capacity, which do most vigorously assist the Dissolution and Concoction of the Stomach.  
§. 19 That the Concoctive Faculty is most Active, and Potent in the Fund, or bottom of the Stomach, hath been hitherto the blind Opinion of most Anatomists, upon Surmisal, that the Acid Ferment, which bears a great part in the Concoction, through its Gravity and Praecip●tative quality, is chief floating about the lower Region of the Ventricle: But if we suppose, the Digestive Operation to be performed principally, by virtue of the Volatile Salt contained in the Pores of the Lymph, being of a Subliming and Ascending Nature; the Stomach by reason of those greater Nerves of the Sixth pair, and Fibres of the greatest strength, Circumvesting the upper part of the Stomach to be most Robust, and the Heat and Dissolvent steams to be Reflected, Collected, and Augmented there; it must be confessed, that the Digestive Faculty is most Energic about the upper Region of the Ventricle. The next Particular in order to be Explained, is, when and how the Juice that is Concocted, is separated from that, which is not yet perfectly digested, and afterwards Transmitted through the Pylorus, or Inferior Orifice of the Stomach, into the small Guts. That the whole content of Victuals and Drink is not so long retained in the Stomach, until the entire Mass be totally Digested, is Experinced by all, that observe their Stomaches after Meals, to grow gradually Lighter and lesle distended, and their Appetites likewise to return Gradually, and so consequently the upper part of the Chyle being first Concocted, and swimming atop like a Cream, is first praepared, and ready to be Effused thence in this manner: The Chyle being thoroughly perfused with a great proportion of Volatile Salt, is so Rarefied and Tumid, that it now exceeds its bounds, and by assistance of that Aculeous quality of the aforesaid Salin Particles, stimulates the Obliqne Fibres to Expulsion, and still as in the same manner the Stomach is gradually disburdened, so the Fibres gradually Contract and Corrugate the Tunics into a smaller Comprehension, until the whole be Transmitted, and the Stomach reduced to a scarce greater Circumscription than a Fist. Several particulars here are of Remark.  
The first, That the Finer and most Coaequate matter is Extermined first, and that which is somewhat of a grosser Pulment next, until at last the coursest an Feculent part succeeds to be wrought upon, which being Tough, Tenacious and Glutinous, requires an Acid Dissolvent, by whose force, together with the Continuation of the heat, Animal and Vital Spirits, or Vivid Volatile Salt fuming out through the Pores of the Nerves and Arteries, the matter is more potently Incided, Comminuted and Dissolved, and the said Acid Dissolvent, or Mock-Ferment, obtaining a Pontic or Amicable astringent Acidity, is qualified thereby, to praecipitate the gross remainder of the Chyle into the Duodenum, and afterwards to fortify, and Corroborated the distended and defatigated Fibres of the Stomach by a gentle Astriction.  
The Second, That the Ventricle being full, the Pylorus or lower Orifice is Erected high, to prevent the too sudden Expulsion of the Chyle, and therefore no part but what is uppermost, and rendered Turgid, by being throughly Imbued with Volatile Salt, can be Transmitted; but as the Chyle Ebbs lower, so the Pylorus seems likewise to Decline downwards by the Contraction of the Fund of the Stomach, to give an easier passage to the weighty and drossy remainder of the fore said Chyle, to which, should the Pylorus continued Mounted, at so great a distance from the Inferior Region of the Ventricle, the Trajection or Expulsion would prove extreme difficult.  
The third is, That the last remainder in the Stomach, upon every complete Concoction, is nothing but Dross, among some Physicians called the Scoria, which being Commixed with the Acid Mock-Ferment, is precipitated into the Duodenum, where by reason of the Acrimony of the Commixed Acid, vellicates the said Gut, at the Terminations of the Cholidochus, and the Ductus Pancreaticus, Irritating the former to Disburden its Cargo of Choler, and the latter its Incrassated Glutinous Lymph, of which three only the Excrements of the Guts do consist, viz. From the Dross or Scoria of the Stomach, they Derive their Matter and Consistency, from the Pancreatic Lymph their Clamminess and Cohaesion, and from the Choler their colour, from the quantity whereof it's more or lesle Yellow, Read, or Luteous, and from the commixture of all their stink doth Derive.  
The fourth Observe is this, That whilst the Body is seated in a Healthful state, the sweet Cream of the Chyle not being irritative, passes the Duodenum and the other small Guts, without being Perturbated, Commixed, or Corrupted with the foresaid Excrementitious Choler, or Pancreatic Lymph, which ever as I said before, are disburdened at last, separately from the Alimentary Juices.  
The fifth Discovers an Error of Opinion of some of the Learned in Physic, who strive to maintain, that it is the Read Dregss of the Blood, is Evacuated through the Ductus Pancreaticus, which they name Gloces Sanguinis, not being unlike the Dregss of Red-Wine, which partly they say consists of thick Melancholy, that hath performed its Task, and partly of the Read of the Blood, that was too long Retained, and somewhat Adust. Of this Opinion the Learned Professor Ʋander Linden, of Famous Memory, was the Author, and also did (among the rest of his Disciples) Instil it into me many Years past, but having only his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for it, and upon Anatomical search into several Subjects, not finding any Read Dreg or Lee, or any thing else, except the often forementioned thick Pancreatic Lymph, have justly deserted that Tenet.  
The sixth puts me in mind of the Praeparation, all solid Victuals require●, namely of being Masticated, Ground small and even by the Teeth, and withal Perfused with Spittle, which almost consisting of the same Principles and Volatile Salt, the Dissolvent Lymph of the Stomach doth, is a singular assistant to the Concoctive part. That the Spittle is so pregnant of Volatile Salt, is clearly Evinced from its Dissolutive virtue, Softening and Discussing almost any Pustle in lesle time, than any Medicine whatsoever; and supposing the Spittle to be so Turgid of Volatile Salt, much more the Dissolvent Lymph of the Stomach.  
The seventh Annotation is, That during three fourth parts of the time of Concoction, the Dissolvent Juice is no wise Acid, but on the contrary partakes of an Igneous Alcalized volatile Nature, abounding with Penetrative, Dissolutive and Pungitive, or Mordicant Effluviums and Steems, as may be observed by those, that occasionally Belching at the mid-time of Concoction, or before, or somewhat after, are so vehemently Stung, Bitten, and Inflamed in their Throat, and along the Oesophagus, that it is not in the power of Brandy, or other Ardent Spirits, to imitate those Effects. But the Volatile Salts being together with the Chyle, passed out of the Stomach into the small Guts, the Dissolvent Lymph is left Acid, to accomplish the Digestion of the Gross and Feculent remainder, which towards the latter part of Digestion, or some six or eight hours after Meals, in some quicker, in others slower, is upon an Eructation or Belching perceived in the Mouth, not only Sour, but Acid with an Adstriction, not unlike the Acid Spirit of Vitriol.  
§. 21. To those that are knowing in the Analytick part of the Spagyric Art, it's very Obvious, that Compound Liquors consist of a Volatile Salt, and an Acid Tartar, as plainly may be Demonstrated in Wine, whose Volatile Salt or Spirits being extracted, and dissolved from the Union with the Fixed Particles, through the attraction of the igneous effluviums of the Ambient Air, the Acid Tartar doth immediately appear in the taste of the remaining Liquor, which than is called Vinegar, or Sour Wine. In the same manner most other Liquors and Decoctions being deserted of their Volatile Salt, by Attraction of the Sunbeams or Ambient Air, do likewise immediately turn sour. Spittle though sweet, when it's egested out of the Mouth, grows Acid, as soon as its Volatile Salt is Exhaled. Upon so perspicuous an Illustration, I cannot imagine you expect further proof, that the Dissolvent Lymph of the Stomach is not at all Acid, but contrary, as soon as it's effused into the Stomach, it's Subdulce or Sweetish, and continues so until its Body is Expanded, Pores opened, and it's Volatile Salts and Spirits Extracted to the Circumference, and than it's grown Igneous Colliquative and Mordicant, and at last, the Volatile Salt being partly Evaporated, and partly Attracted into the Vasa Lactea (like Wine changing into Vinegar) turns absolutely Acid, Inciding and Astrictive. Arguments in greater number, and of no lesle Evidence, I could here offer to your Consideration, but do praetermit them to avoid the Suspicion of judging my Reader so Obstinate an Opiniater, as not to be perfectly Convinced of the truth of the Praemises, by what is already proposed. Neither would I have you conclude, that I have Steered beyond my Rhomb, in Expatiating into so Ample a Discourse of the first Concoction or Chylification; for the true Theory of the Office of the Stomach, and its manner of Operation, is a great Fundamental of the Art of Medicine, the Ignorance whereof (God mend it) among Physicians, is a great occasion of their too great Correspondence with the Sexton and Grave-maker. What Principles, or rather Praenomenon, an Eminent Physician of the City, had assumed in Informing himself with the manner of Production of the Scorvey, and its Causes, I could never apprehended from his Receipts; But this is most certain, that a Patient of this Physician, a Person of Quality, and a very near Relation to a Pear of the Realm, for the Benefit of Air, living at Woodford in Essex, had the strength of walking Abroad, made use of Medicine prescribed by him, but within two days Ghosted. Whether the said Medicines, set the Humours a float, or whether our Doctor had been upon the Merry-pin before he Praescribed, was much doubted.   

CHAP. VI  
1. That the Material Cause of the Mouth-Scorvey is an Acid Lymph of the Stomach. How a Salivation is Continuated; the Cause of those Anxieties in a Salivation. 2. The Nature and Kind's of Acids. The Effects of the Acid of Vinegar, Vitriol, Nitre, Salt Marine, Tartar, Antimony, and Sulphur. 3. That there is a Difference in Nature in Acids, and likewise in Alcalies between themselves.  
§. 1. IN Mercurial Salivations, wherein (as hath been hinted before) every Particular doth so exactly resemble the Scorbute, I found the Material Cause is the Liquor of the Stomach, and the Lymph of the Stomachick Lymphducts, which like a continuated Stream is forced up; but how this Issue of the Mouth is supplied, aught to be further inquired into.  
Although many of these Water Rivulets from the Brain, and other parts of the Head, do Communicate with those, that are terminative within the Mouth, yet it must be received for a Truth, that the great Source and Spring is about the Stomach, and the Pancreatic Lymphaticks, which latter streaming so Impetuously upwards, are the chief Cause of the Constipation of the Belly, being otherwise greatly promoted, in its natural Quotidian Evacuation by the wont descent of the Pancreatic Juice, Relaxing and Lubricating the passage of the Guts. The Anxiety attending a Salivation, is a Symptom often very Urgent, and depends on a straightened passage of the Blood, through the Ventricles of the Heart; for being deprived of the greatest part of its Volatile Salt, imbiled by the Lymph or Serum, which is now too much drained from the Blood, the Pulsifick Faculty for want of the Volatile Salt, must necessarily Languish, and the Blood being too dry, and Coagulative, must needs pass the Heart with great difficulty. Neither is this the sole Cause, but being accompanied with a stoppage of the Salivation, as often happens, the Salivable Matter doth Regurgitate to the Lymphaticks about the Hypochondria, where it doth Duplicate the Anguor, which in some I have observed so extreme, that they owed their narrow Escape to very Opportune Remedies, and most, if not all, that have the ill Fate, to be Banished the World in a Salivation (which the Surgeons and Apothecaries of this Town are so Unsuccessful in) have been stifled by these Angours.  
§. 2. The Blood floating through its Chanals, naturally is Endued with a sweetness, but in a Salivation, and the Scorbute, turns Acid; the manner how, is the great Secret of this Theory. Praemissorily it's requisite, to propose the Nature and Kind's of Acids, which are various. The Acids of Vinegar, Vitriol, Nitre, Common Salt, Tartar, Antimony, Allom, Sulphur, etc. all obtain a Specific difference, as is rendered Obvious by their Properties and Efficiency. The Acid of Vinegar is particularly observed Potent, in Attracting the Sulphur of Minerals. The Acid of Vitriol is Diametrically opposite to the Alcali of Tartar. Nitre by force of its Acid, doth Amortise the Volatile Salt of any Mineral; Abstract it often from Mercury, and the result will be a Dulcified Arcanum Corallinum, a Medicine singularly reputed for a mild Vomitory and Dejectory; upon further repeated Cohobations, the foresaid Arcanum deserts its Cathartique Faculties, and is limited to a Diaphoretique. The like Effects it produces on the furious Body of Butyrum Antimonii. The Acid of Salt Marine is the sole Dissolvent of Gold, especially when united with the Acid of Nitre, and than constitute the true Aqua Regia, which is in nothing different from the common Aqua Regis, abstracted from Vitriol, Nitre, and Sal Armoniac, except that the former far exceeds the latter in Purity and Force: For though the common Aq. Regia be made out of Aq. Fort. Cohobated upon Sal Armoniac, it's most certain, that the said Aq. Fort. is nothing but the Spirit of Nitre, that of Vitriol being too ponderous to ascend through the same degree of Heat; and the Shall Armoniac, from which this is propeled, contributes nothing, but its Acid Spirit of Salt, which constitutes the Body of the said Sal Armoniac; for the Volatile Salts of Urine and Soot, which defer to it a Specifique difference from other Salts, being Alcalies, are Amortised, and Extinguished by the Acid of Nitre, and consequently in their Extinction, must necessarily by Reaction obtuse, and hebetate the Acid of Salt, and Nitre, whence it appears this sort of Aq. Reg. must yield to the other, in point of Efficacy and Virtue. In the Thirsts of Hydropicks, the said Acid Spirit of Salt, through its penetrative Faculty doth excel all others, in Allaying and Conquering the Exiccative Quality of those fiery Salts, that are daily Meteorised to the upper Orifice, or supreme Region of the Stomach, and there occasion those insatiable Droughts. There is a Subject of Admiration in the Acid Spirit of Tartar, considering there is nothing so Remote, or Abstruse in the Body of Man, but it will found out and Insinuate into; but what is more than this, contrary to the Nature of most Acids (whose Operation is universally by Urine) it's a great Diaphoretique, and provokes Sweated potently. Antimony, if like Vitriol it may be called the third part of an Apothecary's Shop, it's Acid Spirit merits the chief place in it; for beyond all Peradventure, he that's unacquainted with this great Acid, is by some thought Ignorant, how to Cure a Malignant Fever è Fundamento. The Acid Spirit of Sulphur, though usually termed the same with Spirit of Vitriol, hath that difference, that it contains a sixth Principle, whence it derives a power, to fix the most Fugitive of Minerals, which is denied to Spirit of Vitriol.  
§. 3. Put to Illustrate this more plain, that some Acids are very different, and in a manner almost as contrary to each other, as an Alcaly is to them; only make trial upon the Magistery of Coral or Pearl, which is commonly praepared, by their Dissolution in Spirit of Vinegar, (whereupon happens an Ebullition) Exhalation of the said Spirit, and Edulcoration; upon this Magistery affuse some different Acid, as Spirit of Salt, Sulphur, or any other, there will arrive another Ebullition, as smart, if not smarter than the former, but of a shorter continuance, which Evinces, there is a great Contrariety; as appears further in this particular, that one Acid will praecipitate, what's contained by Dissolution in the other. There is no lesle Contrariety between Alcalies, for Sulphur dissolved by a continuated Ebullition in the Capitel or Lixive of Calx viv. is precipitated by Urine. Any of the Aromatic Oils, be it of Cinnamon, Cloves, etc. is Incrassated, and Coagulated into a thick Balsam, by affusing Spirit of Sal Armoniac to it, which is an infallible Character of Contrariety between them, and (by the way) is looked upon as a great Secret, whereby a Balsam may be made without the Mixture of Wax, or Oil of Nutmegs. Besides these, it is to be Remarked, Acids are either Natural, or Corrupt. The former bears the part of a Constitutive Principle in all Natural Bodies, though being praedominated by an Alcaly, or balanced to a temperament ad Justitiam, is not exposed to be discovered by sense; but by a Chemical dissolution into their Elements, the Acid is ever discovered to Universal view to be one. All Salts, (not being Alcalious) though the Acid lies dormant and hidden in them, by the force of Fire through a Retort, do deprome their Acid; all sorts of Wood do exert the like Acid, being forced in the same manner through a Retort; which Acid before this Analysis, could not be deprehended in them by Taste or Scent. A strict Proof will not be required, I imagine, that there are some Acids, that are corrupt; Apples and Pears when they begin to Rot, smell and taste sour, and so do Flesh-meats, and most Artificial compound Liquids' corrupting, as Beer, Syrups, Meathe, Broths, and most sorts of Decoctions, also natural Compound Liquids, as Milk, Wine, etc. None of these Acids, but by any Naturalist will be termed Corrupt. But what is more, Bodies that are primarily Acid, are subject to be Converted into a corrupt Acid, as appears in the Juice of Lemons, Oranges, Pomegranates, and others, which being exposed to the Rays of the Sun, do decline into a corrupt Acid, far remote from their Natural.  
The variety of Acids beyond this last inserted distinction, is great: Acids are either Pontic and Styptique, as some deep read Wines, Vitriol, and many Vitriolate Preparations; Acerbons, as immature Pears, Apples, Plumbs, etc. Austeres, as some sort of Wines, that taste sour and harsh. There is also an Acre-Acidum; a sharp Acid, without any Stypticity or Austerity, as the Acid of Spirit of Salt Marine. In Mucilages is also a particular Acid to be observed, which may be termed Acidum Mucilaginosum. Some use may be made of describing Acids▪ by names derived from Acids in Minerals, whereunto the Acids in the Body bear a proportion and resemblance, as in some its remarkable, they experience a sour styptique taste upon their Tongues, not without some likeness to Copper, which may not improperly be called a Nitri●lat Acid. In the same manner other Acids may be termed nitrous, aluminous, etc. By the way I am to advertise, that I am not ignorant, that Natural Philosophers distinguish Tastes into acid, sharp, austere, etc. which here I do resume as kind● of Acids; referring the truth thereof to the arbitrement of any one's sense; but those Naturalists following the umbrage of reason more than Notion, abstracted from Experimental Philosophy, no wonder they failed in this particular.  
I must here divert my Reader from opinioning me to have deserted my line, in bringing on the board the nature and distinctions of Acids; which I affirm is no wise foreign to this matter; for it is from the praemisse● I am to deduce and illustrate, there is in the humours of the Body discoverable a natural Acid; that they are subject to be converted into corrupt Acids; and the manner how.  
If to all Physical Bodies there concurs an Acid, a● a Constitutive Principle, whereby the Alcala is bound and coagulated into a body, it cannot be denied to the humours, which for further proof being mixed with Brick dust, the Mass form into Cakes, dried, and forced through a Retort, you shall found in the Recipient an Acid spirit of great Energy and Virtue in Hydropic Maladies. This is the natural Acid is Latent in Humours, and not to be discerned by Sense, because it is praedominated by the Volatile Salt being of an Alcalious Nature. To continued the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in the next place it's to be declared, the Humours, and particularly the Chime is susceptible of a putrid Acid. The vulgar Barber-Surgeons and Bleeders, give their Testimony, that the Blood by Phlebotomy extracted out of several diseased Bodies, to their taste hath appeared Aluminous, Austere, and in some Scorbutiques very sensibly Acid or Sour; their Breath hath also expired a sour steam, and those Tormina or taring pains of the Guts, which Scorbuticks are so much exposed to, are sometimes caused by a Pituita Acida, or Acid Phleam, terebrating the Tunics of the Guts. For brevity I do praetermit many other Arguments, inferring the Blood in Scorbuticks to be Acid, as the evident Derivation of Symptoms from an Acid, will in the process of this Discourse more amply Demonstrate; only in conclusion of this Paragraph, I do say, That if it be granted, that Milk doth often turn sour and curdle in the Breast, it's as probable the Blood in the Vessels doth turn sour and Coagulous, they being in constitutive principles, but little different from one another. I cannot very well avoid animadverting on an Objection, that Prima front seems to carry some force, viz. That if the Blood be supposed Acid in the Scorvey, than all Acid Medicines must tender the Blood more Acid, and the Disease worse, as is implied by that trite Theorem in Physic, Similia similibus conservantur, & contraria contrariis curantur; and consequently Alcalies should be furnished with a virtue, to subdue the said Acid, being their contrary. The praemitted dissertation contains as to this a very satisfactory Answer, wherein it is very perspicuously Exhibited, that many Acids are è Diametro contrary to one another, as according to the rule of contraries (Contraria sese mutuo pellunt ex eodem subjecto) appears by the several Ebullitions (a sign of contrariety of two different Acids) in the abovementioned Praeparation of Magistery of Pearl or Coral: Wherhfore most Acids, especially Spirit of Salt Marine, Juice of Sorrel, Lemons, Citrons, etc. are so deservedly extolled in some Scorbutic Distempers, and seconded with good success; though I must confess, they are most properly and chief useful in a Lixivial Scorvey.  
The field of Acids is large; Therefore which of them this Scorbutic Acid doth most imitate, will be expedient to propose next. Upon pervolving those Authors, that have treated on this Distemper, I found them so closely adhaering to Similes abstracted from Wine and Vinegar, that I judge it a matter more facile, to draw a Drunkard out of a Tavern, than them from their course notions upon Wine and Vinegar. He that resembled Scorbutic Blood to Wine, that's turned Ropy, hugs himself in that subtle Invention, and in the ample recompense of being applauded by the young sucking Physicians. This word Ropy is often intended for stringy, or streaky, there being long streaks separated from the whole fluid Body, and floating in the thin liquor, as appears in Milk that's turned sour and grown Roapy: But such I could never yet observe in Scorbutic Blood, though I have examined a great number of Porringers. Blood that's tenacious, obductible and glutinous (which thence may be termed pendulous) I do very fraequently meet with among Scorbuticks, but that's no other, than what flows in the Veins of most Cachecticks. The Cause assigned (by my Author) of the Roapiness of the one and the other, is an over-fretting; wherefore, he saith, the Scorvey is often subsequent to a continual Fever: And why not than to all Fevers, there being as much an over-fretting in the one as in the other? Whence this is the consequence, that all Scorveys are produced by Fevers, or Over-frettings; And what over-fretting of the Blood are Seamen and others subject to, that derive the Seminary of their Scorvey from the Salin Air of the Sea? I could never yet understand any. He proceeds, and would persuade you to believe, that through this over-fretting, the Sulphur and Salts are separated from the Mass of the Blood, and being abandoned to the Urine, tender it Read like unto Blood; as if the Urinal of all Scorbuticks were of that tincture. If this pretended Roapiness may be attributed to the Blood, it must be that, which is contained in the Vessels of the Mesentery, whence gross Humours are purged away in great Streaks and Ropes: But that it should be Streaky within the Vessels, because it appears so, when by Carthartick Physic it's purged thence, Non valet ratio. For a farther Explanation upon Ropiness, I refer to Chapter 11.  
Others affirm, the Blood in the Scorvey to turn Acid like Vinegar. By the way, you must not apprehended the Blood to decline to the same Degree of Acidity Vinegar is of; for that must necessarily Infer a Total extinction of the Dogmatic Innate and Influent heat; but that it only recedes from its Dulcor and Sweetness, to a Crude Austerity and some small Acidity. It will not be out of purpose, to Examine how an Acidity is introduced into Wine, and consequently becometh Vinegar; whence probably may be Extracted the Cause of Acidity in Scorbutic Blood. Peripatetique Philosophy asserts Wine to change into Vinegar by Putrefaction and Corruption. Putrefaction (being by some accounted only a tendency to Corruption) is Defined by the Stagirite a Corruption of the proper Natural heat in each moist Body, occasioned by a foreign Heat that's without. This applied to the Generation of Vinegar, infers that Sourness to proceed from an Extinction of the Natural heat or Spirit of Wine, by an External Heat. I cannot but admire here, that a Liquid Body should issue from a preceding Liquor by Putrefaction, and that without any Foetor or stink, which is asserted to be an inseparable Accident; and what is more, that a Body should be engendered by Putrefaction, which of all others is the greatest praeserver from Putrefaction; for such Vinegar is esteemed to be. Wherhfore it's more Rational, and Consentaneous to Experiment, th●t Wine consists of fixed Salt, Sulphur, Volatile Salt, and Lymph, or in the Spagyric phrase, Mercurius. The Fixed Salt is the Acid Tartar; the Volatile (Incorporated with the Sulphur) being dissolved into a small proportion of Lymph is the Spirit, which as long as it continues United with the Fixed Salt, doth obtuse the Acidity, and renders the whole Mixture sweet, as the Wine appears to the Palate, but being separated from it (as hath been hinted before) the Acid Tartar dissolved in the greater proportion of the Lymph, in effect is the Vinegar; so the way to make Vinegar, is to Abstract the Spirits or Volatile Salt from the Wine, by suffering it to Exhale, or by Expoposing it to the Sun, or Heat of a Fire, which Attract the foresaid Volatile Salt, or by adding a small Measure of sharp Vinegar to a greater of Wine, which with an united force of the Fixed Salt, do soon Extinguish and Expel the Volatile, and than the praevailing remainder is Converted into Vinegar. The Method chief in use among the Vinegar-makers in France is this; They take two Barrels of a long shape, which there they call Flutes, and being well cleansed, they put into each of them Four, Six, or Eight Quarts (according to the bigness of the Vessel) of the strongest and sharpest Vinegar, being made Boiling hot, and thereupon stop the Bunghole very close, than they Roul and Move them to and from for Six Hours together, until the Vinegar is grown cold, after this they run it out again, until there is not a Drop left, and than lodge the Barrels in a warm place, and fix them so, that they may lie fast and not stir; upon this they make two Holes (which they call the Eyes) in each of them with a Piercer, about a foot from the bottom, and pour into those Holes through a Funnel, some Eight or Ten Quarts of the best Vinegar, and a Week after they pour Two Quarts of Decayed Wine to it through the same Holes, to make Vinegar of, a Week after that they put as much more to it, and so every Week they add as much more to it, until the Barrels are a little more than half full, and than they increase them every Four days, until they are quite filled, which they draw of to two Thirds, for to Cell; and afterwards fill up their Flutes again gradually.  
From whence I infer all Wines to be actually Vinegar, and Spirits, that is to be Physical Compounds, containing actually the Principles of Acidity in them, and Volatile Salt of an Alcalious Nature; and on the other hand I deny, That in Vinegar the Acidity is Introduced or wrought into it per se, by the Efficiency of the Sun or other Extraneous heat, but only per accidens, by separating the Volatile from the Fixed Salt, or Reducing it into its Principles.  
In the Generation of Vinegar there are several alterations observable, being Ascents and Degrees, tending to that extreme Acidity Vinegar is of: In the first place, Wine changes to a Muddy and Turbid Countenance, losing that Diaphaneity and equality of Substance and Colour it had, because the Constitutive Particles have changed their Position and Situation; for in Wine that's declining towards the Eager, the Volatile Salt, which before had equally expanded the Fixed Acid Salt, Exhaling or Receding, the said Fixed Salt doth somewhat Coagulate, and Unites nearer in its Particles, whereby this Obscurity and Turbation is Introduced. In this degree the Wine hath something changed its Taste, and Drinks flatter, but no kind of Sourness doth than appear; for though the Acid Salt seems to get ground upon the Volatile, it's not yet arrived to any mark of Acidity, because the aforesaid Acid is Commixed with a slimy dull Tartar, which Obtuses its Sourness, and is the principle 'Cause of the Obscurity and Turbidness in the Wine. It is not long after, that a little Sourness may be discovered by the Taste, and Turbidness observed to diminish; for as the Wine gains in Sourness, so it loseth in Obscurity, the Acid freeing itself from the slimy Tartar, praecipitates it to the bottom, or by Inciding and Attenuating it, dissolves it into Lymph, whereby it's Clarified and grows Pellucid, and consequently as it grows Sour so it grows Clearer, until it becomes perfect Vinegar, and than it's likewise grown perfectly Diaphanous.  
Now you may easily imagine, it is not my Scope, only to offer my Reader the Theory of Vinegar, or to Inform him, how to Arrive to be a Vinegar-maker, but by a way of Comparative (for Notions in Physic fraequently spring from that Method) to the Blood, to Illustrate its manner of recess from its Natural towards a Scorhutick Acidity. Wherhfore first you are to apprehended, the Blood in its Native Constitution is sweet, or of the Qualification of a Pingue Dulce, it's nitorous or shining, of an equal Temperament and Mixture, imagine ad Justitiam, and not Perturbated or Coagulated, but Fluid and Smooth; by reason of its Volatile Salt is so Penetrative, and Insinuating (though when it's Tapped out by Phlebotomy, appears thick) that Quicksilver the most Insinuating of all Minerals is Gross to it; for it's Observable, the Blood doth daily pierce to the most Intime and Remote Pores of the most compact parts of the Body, viz. Bones, Membranes, etc. Lastly, The Blood, though consisting of a Fat and Unctuous substance, the Taste of it is Smart and Piercing.  
It is in all these and more particulars the Blood in Scorbuticks doth undergo an Alteration. I shall begin with a short Comment upon its Acidity, unto which it gradually recedes from its Natural sweetness; but the kinds of Acids being many, it's requisite to assign, which of them this Distemper is grounded on.  
The Volatile Salt of the Blood suffering any impair by depravation, diminution, or extinction, the natural Acidity of the said Nutritive Liquor, doth acquire a predominance, or sometimes an absolute power, in the same manner as was asserted above, touching the change of Wine into Vinegar. If obtaining a praevalence, renders the state of health neutral, but if by conquest it hath got an absolute power, denotes the temperature and mixture of the Mass of Blood dissolved, which only happeneth in those, that die of old age. But supposing, that upon the affection of the Volatile Salt, the natural Acid lieth exposed to injuries (read Chap. 11.) which during the entire Vinculum of both, it was defended from; than the foresaid Acid degenerates from its natural into a vitiated, putrid, or corrupt Acid, which ipso facto doth constitute a disease. This premised, I assert, that a recent, or confirmed Scorvey is the adequate effect of a putrid Acid; The others, namely austere, or pontic, are causes only of melancholy, hypochondriac and mesaraie distempers. Proof hereof may very well be made by arguments, desumed from the effects, that issue from the causality of a putrid Acid. First we will examine the blood of Scorbuticks, which upon view I have fraequently remarqued, to be of a dull countenance, and in no wise nitorous, of colour livid, or sometimes cineritious, or in others resembling the whites of Eggs, interspersed with opaque streaks; in point of consistency thick, coherent, conglobated and tenacious, being also overflown with a turbid serosity, of gust palpably acid, and here and there a nitrous Acid, both in scent and taste, and at no time gratefully acid; in initiated Scorbuticks the serosity discovers a crude, austere, or sometimes pontic Acid. The evidence here is strong, being demonstrable to one of the surest Senses, viz. the Taste, and that desumed from the Serum; which by reason of the Salts and Tincture it extracts from the humours, affords a most pregnant discovery of the constitution and complexion of the Blood. But we shall insist not longer on that sense, but convert our discourse to experiment; instil a few drops of Spirits consisting of a Volatile Salt (viz. Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Cornu Cervi, Soot, etc.) into a small proportion of Blood; their effect will tender it fluid, nitorous, serene, of a most pleasing read, and rescue it from a dissolution of the Humours: But on the other hand, Acid drops, viz. of Nitre, Salt, etc. occasion immediately a Coagulation of the said Humours, and a separation of their serum, leaving those in a turbid commixture, dull, opaque, cineritious, and of an ill whitish fleam colour. Whence we may rationally praesume, Scorbutic Blood so exactly resembling what is impressed on any other Blood by these Acids Spirits, to derive its vitiated constitution from an Acid, which must necessarily be a putrid one, as shall be explained hereafter. In the next place, let's make Inspection into the Characters of Scorbutic Urinal, which for consistency is uncertain, most times muddy, turbid and thick, sometimes thin and opaque; for colour pale and whitish, though in some few of a raw bloody colour, like water, where raw flesh hath been washed in; for contents various, sometimes a copious sediment of an Ash colour, with a scum swimming on the surface like Tallow, other times a small sediment. By scent is detected a particular stink, not like what's expired from other Urin. The causality of these qualities in the forementioned Urinal doth lie between an Alcaliou● Lixivial Salt, and an Acid Salt. The first contributes a muddy deep yellow, and sometimes a saturated read tincture to the Urinal, and therefore relating to some inveterate Scorvey, doth consequently lodge the faculty of engendering a Scorbutic Urinal of a recent Distemper in the latter, viz. an Acid Salt. Moreover, the same Experiment of Instillation of different drops into Urine, produces the same evidence it did upon the Blood. That this Scorbutic Acid is putrid, appears by its production and inseparable adhaerence of a stink, for which a sufficient testimony may be taken from the breath of Scorbutics, the steams that evaporate from their Bodies, the ill scent of the Serum of the Blood and Urine, which all stink abundantly. To make at present any further conviction, that a Putrid Acid is the internal cause of the Scorvey, by deriving any more Symptoms from its efficiency, will be superfluous, in regard, that will be singularly explained in the particular mention we shall make of them. The cause of a Putrid Acid shall be proposed in Chap. 11.   

CHAP. VII. Of the Procatarctic or External Causes of the Mouth-Scorvey.  
1. That Mercury fraequently used, proves ordinarily an occasional cause of the Mouth-Scorvey. 2. That a Salin Air and Salt Diet are the principal external Causes of the Scorvey. 3. Whether a Salin Air or Salt Diet be the more principal Cause. 4. How Salt Meats 'cause an Acidity in the Blood. 5. That the Drink brewed about London is brackish. 6. That Gluttony and Debauchery are two grand Scorbutique Abettors. 7. How the other Non-naturals contribute to the engendering the Scorvey.  
§. 1. A Salivation excited by Mercurials, and accompanied with its usual attendants, is beyond all peradventure a Mouth-Scorvey; and for that reason Hartman and other Chemical Authors, affirm Mercurial Medicines pernicious, and altogether improper in Scorbutique Distempers; and consecutively to this Assertion, I have fraequently observed, that such as have been obliged to make use of Mercurial Remedies against their Venereal Maladies, do ordinarily fall into the Scorvey, which sometimes proves more stubborn than the Distemper, which the said Mercurials were intended against; So that we must set down Mercury, to be one among the number of occasional Causes of the Scorvey.  
§. 2. Gross feculent and obstructive Diet, especially if overcharged with Salt, or rendered hard and compact with Smoke, as dried Neat's Tongues, Bacon, Sausiges, Read Herrings, Dried Salmon, Hung Beef, etc. do not only contribute matter, but obtain also a peculiar faculty of impressing a Scorbutic Idea on it. Of the same nature are Melancholic Meats, as Beef, Pork, Geese, Ducks, Salt Fish, and all other Fish, that are bred in standing Waters, as Eels and others; also Pickled and Marinaded Fish, as Pickled Herrings, Anchovies, etc. The next of the Non-naturals, that bears a great part in this morbisique production, is a Salin Air, rendered thick and constipative by Vapours and Damps, Nitrous Evaporations out of the Earth, filled with putrid steams of Sinks, Gutters, Ditches, Muddy and Dirty Streets, and Sulphurous Smokes of Chimneys, stagnating and penned up between narrow lanes and corners, and seldom serenated or purified by the rays of a clear shining Sun, nor fraequently ventilated with Easterly briezes; and such is the Clime of London, where the Air is experienced close, dull, damp, salin and muddy, overspread with dense, dark, salin Clouds (attracted out of the Sea) for two third parts, if not three fourth's of the year; during which time the wind seldom blows Easterly, or is favoured with a smiling Sun.  
§. 3. These two are accounted the principal external Causes; the former aggressing the Body within, the latter without; but to which of these the sole causality may be imputed, hath been controverted between some Modern Authors, the one party, whose opinion induceth them to believe the Scorbut to make its first assault on the Blood and Animal Liquor, by entering the external pores, state the Air the chief and original efficient: The other, apprehending the Stomach and its Ferment, to receive the first efforts, proclaim Diet the principal Agent. In favour of the former sentiment, these arguments seem persuasive, 1. The Scorvey being assented by most an Endemick Disease, which generally derives its production from the Constitution of the Clime, infers a verdict for the Air: and, 2. This is further confirmed, by being also aesteemed among the number of Contagious Maladies, which are universally communicated by Transportation of morbifique Miasms, whereof necessarily the Air must be the chief Vehicle, and consequently a more principal cause than the other. 3. Symptoms bearing Characters more obvious to sense, offer an evidence very plain; wherefore if the Animal Faculty be the first sufferer, as appears by the Symptoms, viz. Lassitude, Drowsiness, Noise in the Ears, etc. and that the said Symptoms of Lassitude, etc. be perceived by the Patient, while his Stomach and its Ferment continued in their vigour, and exempted from any preternatural affection, than it's undeniable, but the Air is the primar Agent. Those who espouse the contrary arbitrement, assert the faculty of the Stomach to be impaired, and next after the Blood to be vitiated, before the appearance of any Lassitude, or other Animal Symptom; moreover, that the word Endemic, importing only a common Disease among people (from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) doth not exclude the generation of a Disease to be from a Vitiated Diet, or any other Non natural. Touching its contagion, they affirm a Disease may be primarily engendered within the Entrails, and afterwards prove contagious: But lastly, whether the decision hereof be any whit material, in relation to the Cure, is left to the Reader.  
§. 4. The next circumstance that's worthy of inquiry, is the manner, how a Vi●iate Diet, or impure Air, doth cause an Acidity in the Humours. We will suppose, That a Salt Diet 
* i e. Salt Meat, and Brackish Drink.  is the most common Efficient of the Scorvey, which being ingested into the Stomach, doth chief act on the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nervorum, consisting in a great proportion of Volatile Salt (whose office principally is, by contraction of the F●bres to corrugate the Stomach) and Spirits of the Arteries. It is than this extraneous Marin Salt, that attracts and absorbes the foresaid Volatile Salts, with the liquor they are contained in, in great measures; and hereupon occasioning a great Drought, forceth the Stomach to covet vast quantities of Small Drink; whereby the Stomach is immoderately cooled and relaxt; the foresaid Volatile Salts rendered fixed, and Spirits drowned and extinguished; moreover the said Extraneous Salt having absorbed and attracted the Volatile Salts into its Centrals, they meet with the Acid, that's latent in its Bowels (as appears upon driving Salt Marin through a Retort) which through its contrariety to Alcalies, amortises the forementioned Volatils. The consequence upon this is, that the digestion is not perfected, and the contents not justly dissolved and coaequated, but remain crude and imperfect, whence must hap Crudities and Obstructions, which afterwards prove a Basis for all other Diseases to be established on.  
§. 5. It is not to Salt, or other unwholesome Meats, we must solely ascribe this Scorbutic Effect, but lay part of the charge on Drinks, that are used among us; in particular the Beer and Ale that's brewed about the City; the Water whereout they are brewed being absolutely brackish, or imbued with a proportion of Salt, though not so great as to be discovered by the Pallat. That Water containing a Tincture of Salt, is thereby capacitated to make the stronger Drink, is most certain, and for that reason, because the Water being somewhat brackish in England, and therefore making the strongest Liquor, it's thence English Beer is reputed the best and strongest in other Countries. Consequently to this Remark, I found, that Beer or Ale brewed out of Thames Water, is more vigorous and spirituous, than what is made of other Water, because the former by having a commerce with the Sea, is more Salin; and thence it is also that North-down and Hull-Ale exceed Thames-Ale in strength, as being nearer to the Sea. This may likewise be confirmed by the practice of some Brewers, who to tender their Drink the stronger, do commonly fling some small quantities of Salt into their Brewing; wherein exceeding sometimes a due proportion, doth impress so great a seasoning on their Beer or Ale, that it's manifestly perceived brackish by those that drink it. The reason of this sort of process is grounded on the insinuating and attractive Virtues of Salt, attracting the entire life and soul out of the Malt. Neither are Chemists ignorant of these attractive faculties, who when they are to extract a Spirit or Oil out of Aromatics or Cephalic Herbs, generally dissolve a handful or two of Salt into the Water, while it's in digestion. Apothecaeries do also experience, that Roses lying a few days in Salt, yield a water much more odoriferous, than if Distilled of simple. These Instances are produced to make proof, that the water of London is Salin, and consequently highly Scorbutic. But probably an Objection may be started, that though Thames Water from its communication with the Sea, may be suspected Salin, Why should other Waters whereout Drink is also Brewed, be aesteemed so? To this I answer, That the Air of the City being perfused with salt Clouds, attracted out of the Sea, (which is no great distance thence) doth sufficiently imbue it with that Tincture: Moreover, the Earth over which those Water's stream, contributes to it a Saltness, being brackish, as may appear to any one's Gust, that will adventure to taste it; now that Clay Ground, and other sorts of earth, do exude or sweated out a Salsugo, or Saltness, is abundantly manifested in Salt Pits; and undoubtedly the Pit-water which Caesar's Army made use of for two Years together, when they were quartered near the Rhine, sourced from a salt Pit, though not so much Impregnated, as to be distinguished by the palate, or at lest the foresaid Water was imbued with some Mercurial Vapours (but the former is more probable) which afterwards gave them a Disease like the Mouth-Scorvey; they being subject to a Vacillation and elaps of their teeth, with pains of their Gums. One sort of Water we have not yet taken notice of, which is of standing Pools, as that is reported, whereout that Liquor is Brewed, which goeth by the name of Shoreditch Ale, for strength being Superlative to all other. No doubt but Water by stagnating, doth contract a Putrefaction and Saltness, which being thoroughly allayed with the Cream of a fat brackish Clay, is naturally praepared to Brew thick fat Ale; whence that Water is vulgarly termed strong bodied, whereas Spring water is accounted thin weak Water, and not capable to Extract the entire strength of the Malt, as the other is; which is true enough spoken. This Discourse doth also infer sour Beer, or Ale, to be very pernicious, likewise decayed Wines.  
§. 6. Among the next relating to both the preceding Branches, we must impeach Gluttony and Debauchery, for two grand Scorbutic Abetters. The former by imposing too great a burden on the Stomach, doth so much obtuse the Volatile Salts, that the Acid thereby gaining a predominance, and thereupon soon growing putrid, occasioneth Crudities and Obstructions, and so an Inlet to the Scorvey. The latter refers to excess of Drinking strong Liquors, particularly French Wines, through which the Stomach suffering fraequent inundations, their Spirituous and Volatile particles are attracted Crude, and Undigested into the Vessels, which in a short interval of time, Obnubilate and Drown the Volatile Salts of the Nerves and Arteries, as not being sufficiently praepared to be Assimilated to them; and these Efforts being often repeated, do at last Vitiate, Evaporate, and Amortize the Spirits. On the other hand, the Liquor that's remaining in the Stomach, is left Acid and Acrimonious, in the same manner as was Instanced in the making of Vinegar.  
§. 7. From what is here Discoursed, relating to the manner of a Salin Diet occasioning a Scorvey, may easily be Collected, how a Salin Air operates the same effect, viz. By entering the External Pores, and being inspired down by the Lungs, doth assault the Vital and Animal Spirits and Salts. 2. By contracting the Pores through its Exiccative and Absorbing quality, and constipating them by its grossness and crassitude of substance, whereby reverberating and locking up within the Body the fuliginous steams, that stifle or smother the Spirits, and fix the Volatile Salts, in manner, that they assume the Nature and Quality of a Marine Salt.  
Touching the remaining Non-naturals, viz. Motion and Rest, Sleep and Wakefulness, Excretions and Retentions, and the Passions of the Mind, though they come not within the notion of Primar sole Efficients, yet do potently contribute to the production of the Scorvey, by as much as by their inordinate use, they aggress, vitiate, diminish, and extinguish the Volatils, and give an increment to the Acid; which how it's effected, may easily be deduced from the praemises. To these add a Melancholic Complexion and ill Constitution of the Bowels, especially of the Spleen; also Fevers continual and intermittent, particularly a Quartan, which doth fraequently expatiate into the Scorvey, caeteris concurrentibus.  
Upon this praeliminated Explication a decisive touching the controversy in Par. seven. may easily be attempted; viz. That both can be admitted principal Efficients in the Scorvey; for many though observing the exact Rules of Diet, have notwithstanding by living in a Salin Air, contracted the Scorvey, which as hath been copiously expounded, is sufficiently qualified to produce the Distempers forementioned. Moreover those that derive the Scorvey from a Contagion (which hath been often observed) do attract the Scorbutic Seminaries and Miasms through the Air, without the lest concurrence of Diet, as having been regular and wholesome. On the other part, a Salt Diet continued for some proportionable time, hath engendered the Scorvey in such places, where the Air could not be suspected ill, and of this there are examples numerous enough; but waving that, I will evidence it in a president, that is more fraequent, and of a shorter production. Drunkenness in such whose Blood is not apt to be kindled into a Fevor, hath in a short interval occasioned an universal lassitude and weakness in the Knees, Spots and Blotches about the Legs and other parts of the Body, laxity, discolouration, and soreness of Gums, pain and looseness of the Teeth, a sour stink of Breath, etc. which Symptoms do plainly declare it to be the Scorvey, and that produced without the suspicion of an ill Air. So that either may be aesteemed a principal efficient, though where both do concur as principals, there it occasions the Scorvey to be Endemic; but where it is contracted from either singly, there it's Sporadic.   

CHAP. VIII. Of a second different internal Cause, being the cause of some Leg-Scorveys, and many or most Terminatory Scorveys; namely Saponary Blood.  
1. Instance, That there are two sorts of Causes (contrary to each other) of the Scorvey. 2. The Constitution of the Blood in an Alcalious Scorvey. 3. The Error of Sennertus and others in asserting the Cause of Roapy Blood. 4. The true Cause of Roapy Blood. 5. Proof by Experiment of the Lixivial Constitution of the Blood in the Scorvey; and why the Blood is termed Saponary.  
§. 1. THe Tenor of the next preceding Chapter implies a Putrid Acid, praedominating over the Volatile Salt, to be a cause of one sort of Scorvey; here we intent to propose a Scorvey different from that, wherein the Volatile Salt being vitiated and augmented in too great a proportion, over-ballanceth the Natural Acid, and produceth a Constitution of Salts and Humours, likewise Symptoms, that are absolutely Scorbutique, but of a fiercer and more malignant quality. By the way, I must prevent my Reader from any haesitation, wherein it may appear strange to him, that Symptoms that bear the same countenance, should be derived from two contrarily different Causes. As to this, it is an Observation evident enough in other Diseases; for instance the Colic is sometimes occasioned by Bilious Lixivious Humours, corroding the internal Tunic of the Guts, in which case they usually suffer a Contraction in longitudine; sometimes it's caused by an Acid flatuous phlegmatic Humour, and here the Guts are affected in latitudine. On the former is imposed the name of an Hot Colic, and on the latter a Cold Colic; the same may be also observed in Pleurisies and many other Distempers.  
§. 2. The Constitution of the Blood in this kind of Scorvey is far different from what it is in the other; for here the Blood runneth into a thick coherent Fluor, like Syrup, doth not coagulate or concrease; but continueth in the same form, without the separation of the Serum, that in the other commonly floats on the top. The difference is likewise in colour and taste; here the Blood appears in a purple, and to the taste its Lixivial and Acrimonious. Touching the Symptoms; the Acid Scorvey exercises its fury most on the parts above the Navel, the Alcalious Scorvey, chief on the parts below, what farther distinction is remarkable, you shall read elsewhere.  
§. 3. Certainly it was a great Hallucination in Sennertus, but far greater in others, that have wrote since on that Subject, to praetend an Acid the cause of Pendulous Blood (a term the Recentiors have borrowed from the forenamed Sennertus, though ill verted into English Roapy, as hath been animadverted before) which rather causeth a Coagulation, as appears by Experiment, upon instilling Acid drops into Blood or Milk; and yet this Acid is so abominably stretched by a late Author, who obtaining a particular knack of writing a Story smoothly, doth endeavour to adaptate it to Symptoms in general of all sorts of Scorvey; whence I found, neither he nor those that harbour his Notion do arrive to a success of curing some Leg-Scorveys, equal to that of the Mouth-Scorvey, but are often rendered infinitely worse.  
§. 4. The cause of this thick incrassated coherent Blood, that if poured into a Porringer, hangs in short ropes or long drops, like Balsam or liquid Soap, when poured of, I impute to the fixation of the Volatile, which united to the Fixed Salt of the Blood, doth alcalize and calcine it, whence assuming the nature of other Calcined Salts (as Salt of Tartar and Nitrum fixum) doth attract and absorb the Serum of the Blood, and some moisture out of the Air, whereby that and the whole mass is turned into a Deliquium, and so becometh thick (the Serum being absorbed) coherent and pendulous; because part of the Blood is naturally glutinous, which being tied closer together in its particles by the absorption of the thinner and serous parts, must needs prove pendulous; of a taste lixivious, because such all Calcined Salts appear to the palate; and of a purpre colour, because the Blood is adusted from a florid read into blackness.  
§. 5. That the Blood of these Scorbutics, which are here mentioned, is qualified in the manner described, will appear to any, that shall give themselves the trouble of examining Scorbutic Blood, when occasionally extracted by Phlebotomy; but lest such as desire to be satisfied in this point, have not a ready opportunity of examination, we will endeavour to convince them of this truth by experiment. Take Blood that's found, and possibly extracted for praevention or abating a Plethory, instil into it Spirit of Sal Armoniac, or of any other Volatile Salt, it shall praeserve it in its fluor, colour, consistency, mixture and other qualities, until it be evaporated, and than the said Blood by coagulating into a Mass, will separate from its Serum: But if instead of this, you affuse a small quantity of Calcined Fixed Salt, that's runned into a Deliquium, it will incrassate the Blood, change it into a deep purpre, tender it pendulous and lixivial to the taste. After all, proving the particular Symptoms to issue thence as proper immediate effects, will crave an undeniable conclusion; but that shall be referred to a further inroad into this Discourse. I must not retire from this Subject, before I give the reason, why I have named this sort of Scorbutic Blood, Soapy, or Saponary; namely, because like Soap consisting of Tallow and Lixivial Salt, the Blood in this kind of Scorvey, is also composed of a deflagrated incrassated Sulphur and a Lixivial Salt, both commixed and united into one Body; but how and through what causes it is rendered so Soapy, shall be told you in the next Chapter.   

CHAP. IX. Of the Procatarctic Causes of Lixivial Alcalized Salt, in Scorbutique Blood.  
1. That Volatile Salt is nothing but Fixed Salt volatilised by the commixture of Sulphureous Particles is proved by Experiment. The manner how a Volatile Salt is fixable. 2. The remote Causes of Saponary Blood. 3. That Salt is capable to produce two contrary effects, viz. an Acid and an Alcali. 4. A farther proof of the Saponary Synthesis of Scorbutic Blood.  
§. 1. THe Fixed Salt of the Humours is the Original and Conservative of the Volatile, for (according to one of the Hermetick Theorems formerly recited) a Subtle Sulphur penetrating into the pores of the Fixed Salt, closely knits itself with its particles, and being of a subliming nature, that is derived from the igneous minims it contains, doth levitate, sublime, and volatilize the said Salt. Experiment doth assert this a certain truth; affuse Spirit of Wine on Calx Vive (which beyond all Objection is pregnant of Fixed Salt) after a short digestion, abstract it, and some part of the Fixed Salt will be volatilised and sublimed with the Sulphur of the foresaid Spirit. Possibly here may be demanded, how doth it appear any of the Fixed Salt is volatilived? Hereunto I answer, 1. By the Taste, the foresaid Spirit proving more igneous, vibrating and pungitive to the Tongue. 2. Spirit of Wine, by reason of its Sulphur, is inflammable to the last drop; but being united to this Volatilised Salt, doth very difficultly receive a flame, or when inflamed, will scarce continued. One Experiment being too scanty, I will offer you another. Volatile Salt of Amber is fixed by abstracting Spirit of Salt from it; and being so fixed, affuse on it Spirit of Wine, digest them a while, and than abstract the Spirit of Wine from it, and you shall found the Fixed Salt volatilised again. Hence I infer, 1. That the Fixed Salt is not only the original matter, but also the sole conservative and nourisher of the Volatile, by yielding new sublimable parts. 2. That the Constituent principles of a Volatile Salt are a Sulphur and a Fixed Salt. This being allowed or at lest praesupposed, doth detect the manner, How a Volatile Salt is fixable, viz. by divelling the Sulphur from it, or stripping it of its force and efficacy; so that those externals that act against the foresaid Sulphur, are to be aesteemed the Procatarctic Causes of rendering the Blood Scorbutic, and of lixiviating its Fixed Salt.  
§. 2. The same remote Causes, which in one of the praecedent Chapters were declared Efficients of a Putrid Acid, are also impowered to lixiviate and alcalize the Fixed Salt of the Blood, though not in the same manner, or univocally, but per accidens, and aequivocally; so the Sun is virtuated to produce contrary effects aequivocally, in engendering Cold and Hot Bodies, moist and dry. A Salin Diet and Salin Air, by virtue of their Salt Marin, do absorb and concentrate the Sulphurous minims of the Blood, which being inflamed, and rendered corroding, partly through its own nature, partly by its union and amplexe of the Saline parts, and being withal thereby Fixed, are both precipitated to the Fixed Salt of the Blood, whereunto also uniting, do all become Soapy and Lixivial. Secondly, The Fuliginous Salts, that are too copiously occasioned in Saline Scorbutic ebullitions, are a principal cause, but for a more ample satisfaction I refer you to Chap.. How greatly the familiar sipping of Brandy and other adust Spirits, do contribute to the inflaming the Sulphurous particles of the Blood and lixiviating of it, is sufficiently obvious; likewise that fuming Tobacco, under the notion of concentrating and fixing the Sulphurous and Volatile particles, doth lixiviate and fix the Blood, needs no farther proof.  
§. 3. Lest I should leave the lest scruple, that might induce the Reader, to suspect the contents of this Discourse, I apprehended it expedient, to remove this Objection, which is offered by way of Quaery, How can a Salt Diet or Air, or rather Sea Salt, occasion two contrary effects, viz. of rendering the Blood Acid, and Lixivial or Alcalious. I hinted before, that these effects are derived in a various manner, to wit, an Acidity is caused, as was explained formerly, by the separation of the Volatile Salt and Subtle Sulphur, which is an effect per accidens; an Alcali is impressed on the Salt of the Blood, by an effect the Marin Salt produces per se; for through its igneous faculty, and especially when its tumid with the absorbing the Sulphur of the Blood, it alcalizes the Fixed Salt. 2. The forementioned Marin Salt is not only naturally fiery, but vigorously augmented in its igneous quality, by its conjunction with Lixivious Salt, or Excrementitious Choler, that naturally aught to be separated and evacuated by the Gall Bladder and Cholidochus, whose passages in a confirmed Leg-Scorvey are commonly for a time constipated, the Excrements of the Guts through their paleness and livor signifying as much; but withal observe, that the Cystis Bilis and Ductus Cholidochus continued obserated only for a certain space; for afterwards the foresaid passages are forced open, by the abundance of gross lixivial Choler, which than impresses a deep read Tincture on the Excrements of the Guts. Furthermore observe, That commonly the Mouth-Scorvey precedes a Leg-Scorvey, and seldom do both invade the Body at the same time, but one upon the neck of the other; so that if the Mouth-Scorvey continued any considerable space, the Leg-Scorvey must necessarily follow.  
§. 4. Observe likewise, That some continual and intermittent Fevors, especially Quartans, do sometimes exchange into Alcalious, but no Acid Scorveys, as by their internal Causes and Symptoms, which the deep read Tincture and vehement stink both in Urine and Ordure, likewise a very saline Sweat and Spittle, do attest lixivial, is evidently declared; and that which doth positively evict the cause of these kinds of Scorbuts to be Alcalious and Saponary, is their Cure, which is chief to be performed by Acids, as Spirit of Salt, Antimony, etc. and by Subtle Sulphurs', and Volatile Salts; but in no manner by Fixed Alcalies, upon which an irreparable detriment hath often ensued. Lastly, To prove the undeniable truth of these Observations, the vulgar management of Seamen (who are out upon long Voyages) in their Scorveys, which so inevitably they are incident into, using nothing but Acids, as Spirit of Salt, Juices of Oranges and Lemons, wherewith they are abundantly stored, tells us, it's an Alcalious Saponary Scorvey they are subject to, against which an Acid is the diametrically contrary Remedy.   

CHAP. X. Comprising the Examination of Scorbutic Principles proposed by a late Author.  
1. The Summary of the learned Oxonian Authors Treatise on the Scorvey recited, and proved erroneous. That Scorbutic Blood is neither Rancid nor Roapy in the sense intended by the Oxonian▪ 2. A recital of several absurdities necessarily ensuing on the concession of the Hypothesis offered by the foresaid Author. 3. That Roapiness in the Blood is not occasioned by the commixture of a lesser proportion of Sulphur with a greater of Acid Salt.  
§. 1. AGainst what is asserted in the two last preceding Chapters, nothing of moment can be farther objected, than the authority of our Oxonian Author, who for his learning, concise, smooth and elegant mode of Writing, may justly be characterized the English Fernelius, aesteeming withal, that he hath in some sense surpassed ●ug●len, Solomon Albertus, Wierus, Sennertus, and the rest, that have treated on the Subject of the Scorbut; and among those his other superlative qualifications, I must also take notice of his Modesty, not peremptorily asserting, but like a Cartesius affirming only a probability of that, whereon his whole subsequent Discourse is grounded as its Basis; Tract. 2. de Scorbuto, Edit. Amsterd. fol. 230. where the word● run thus, It's probable, that the Blood in the Scorbutic affection is altered, in a manner not unlike Wines, that grow Rancid or Roapy, as often as they are overheated (that is over-fretted) for this is an Argument, that that Disease doth not depend so much upon Dregss, mixed with the Blood, as on a habitual intemperament of the Blood; because a Radicated Scorvey is so difficultly cured, and sometimes never. Moreover it may be stated, that the intemperament of the Blood, which is the parent of the Scorvey, is twofold, as it is in Wine, namely Sulphurous and Salin, and Salin and Sulphurous. The whole Theory of the Scorvey is by the Author forementioned briefly summed up in those few lines, which to examine, is the chief affair of this Chapter. First, He tells us, It's probable; But why is it probable? Because probably it seemed so in some inconsiderable little Analogies and Resemblances: I may as well affirm, that it is probable, his Horse is a Mare, because viewing him at a distance, he seems like one. Certainly, he that by too much stretching of the Cloth, endeavours to make all sorts of Habits and Shapes out of it, must necessarily make a very incongruous Suit. This our Author hath practised in most of his Tracts, abstracting Notions from Wine to illustrate his Theory of Diseases; as first in relation to Fevors; Because Wine is apt to be fretted, it's probable the ●lood is also subject to a fret; whence a necessary conclusion is drawn, That the Blood so fretting is either a Fevor, or rather the cause of a Fevor; but A probabili ad necessar●um non valet consequentia. Neither doth the similitude quadrate, the one being a derivative from a Vegetable, that naturally is disposed to the foresaid alteration; the other from a Vive Animal, that when declining into a Fevor, is praeternaturally affected. Moreover this fretting quality that Wines are incident into, is only of one kind; but the frets or fevors of the Blood are various and very different, as Quotidians, Tertians, Quartans, etc. Secondly, In relation to Convulsions, Because the Blood is disposed to fret in all the Vessels of the Body, it's probable, that in the fretting of the Nervous System, it doth impel heterogeneous Copula's and Explosive Particles into the Liquor Nervosus, and irritate the Nervous Systeme to an explosive motion, through which a S●pasmodie affection and a preternatural Diathesis of the Brain, are occasioned. A pretty kind of Rhetoric, exchanging the old significant terms, into those that are obscure and aequivocal; however these Probables might very well be admitted, especially being garnished with those pretty affected Phrases; provided the Phaenomenon and resemblance were omewhat more parallel, and conform to Experiment; from which that they are infinitely different, I shall particularly instance in the comparison of Rancid and Roapy, or rather Scorbutic Wine (for such he would have it to be) with Scorbutic Acid and Scorbutic Lixivial, and Saponary Blood. That Wines by over-fretting become rancid, is agreed on by all Wine-coopers', which in their usual phrase, they do not term rancid, but say, It tastes of the fret, that is, Fuliginous, Empyreumatic, and Piquant, but not Acid; neither when they are over-fretted as much as they can be, do they immediately taste otherwise than what is set down. Their Cure is performed, as he sets forth, by being drawn of the Leeses; which in a plainer way is to be understood thus; if it be observed, that Wines are inclined to fraequent frettings, or over-frettings, as all Wines are in the Summer season, especially if lying in a warm Cellar, to prevent the former, they endeavour to cool the place, where they lie, by stopping up all the Lights, and often dashing cold water over the Floor. The later, viz. Their aptness to over-fret, is remedied by pouring a proportion of new Milk to the Wine, or Ison-glass dissolved, or other materials that are impowered to appease, alloy and sweeten the heat and fury of the Sulphurous Spirits; but when Wines are absolutely over-fretted, than indeed to draw them of the Lee, is the next remedy. The cause of an over-fret or rancidness, he asserts to be an imbodying or cogulation of the Sulphureous particles with the Salin, so as the former exceed the latter in proportion. This Aetiology may easily conduct the Reader into mistakes, supposing the Constitutive Principles of Wine, viz. The Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, to be distinctly contained therein, whereas it must be conceived, they are so intimately cemented together in their minimal particles, that there is not the lest drop, but contains the foresaid principles in its least individual physical particle, so that you are not to imagine, that in Wine, that is thus declining, the Sulphur swims in one part, the Spirits in another, and the Salt in another, but that the Subtler Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury, being united into one, do abscede from the grosser, into whose room and cavernicles external heterogeneal principles succeeding out of the ambient air, occasion such various alterations, as tender the Wine rancid, roapy, etc. Those Heterogeneous Corpus●les, if they are sulphurous, as in the Summer season they generally are, than they alterate the Wine into rancid; if more gross and salin, a● at other seasons they are, it becomes roapy. But Wines being subject to these alterations in all Climes, and Human Bodies only in some particular sorts of Air, which therefore (together with a vicious diet) tender the Diseases thereof 〈◊〉; this alone is an Argument sufficient to evince the Alterations of the Blood and Wine not to be comparative, and consequently the Simile to be dissonant. Secondly, Suppose the Simile allowed in Fevors, that as Wines fretting are endued with an intense heat, through the exaltation of their Sulphur, so the Blood fretting is attended with a dyscratic or intemperate heat, which for the present shall also be allowed the name of a Fevor; than consequently the Blood must be deemed Scorbutic, because rancid; for Wines during their fretting are ever rancid, and taste of the fret; and so all compounded Liquors, as Beer, Ale, Metheglin, etc. whilst they are working, are rancid.  
§. 2. The absurdities that follow the Hypothesis, are, 1. That there is no moving living Creature, but is troubled with the Scorvey in one part or other; for whilst the Chyle is fermenting in the Stomach, or the Blood fretting in the Vessels, which according to the dictates of Fermentators happens at all times, they become rancid. 2. In France I found Fevors more fraequent, than in any other Country, which in the sense of my Author are all attended with fretting, and very probably some with over-fretting; yet I could never observe any there afflicted with the Scorvey, and if they are, I am certain they have no proper name for it in French. 3. That all Heats, Spots, Blotches, and Pustles, that burst out into the Face and ambient skin, upon a fretting of the Humours, are Scorbutic Symptoms, pag. 234. l. 3, 4. which many Wine Drinkers are subject to in many places, where the Disease and name of the Scorvey are as little known, as the Man in the Moon. 4. That the forementioned Scorbutic Eruptions, are only safely cured by Remedies, that demulce and lenify the incongruous Ferment (as it's styled fol. 340. l. 18. which is expressing an ignotum per ignotius) such are Starch, Gum Arabic, Gum Dragant, etc. These I am assured, never yet removed Scorbutic Eruptions, I cannot tell what they might operate at Oxford, and the Market Towns about it, where Scorveys are not so numerous, as to abstract observations from them, sufficient to teach the world a new Doctrine of Scorbutic Dyscrasies', and Copula's. But this I dare declare for a truth, that real Scorbutic purpre, and yellow, some read Blotches, and Pustles, I have removed, and known others to do the like, only with Antiscorbutic Volatils; which manner of Cure doth in no wise square with the Notion of Rancid blood. However it must be assented, that many Eruptions, such as are recited in pag. 234. have been extermined by Contemperative Medicines, and Bleedings; but than they were not of the genuine Scorbutic issue. In summa, admisso absurdo uno conceduntur mille. Wines that have been disturbed by an Overfret, do seldom long continued only Rancid, but after a short interval, are incident into a Putrid Acid, far different from Vinegar, and in that particular, may more exactly square with Scorbutic Blood; but it is not from Emplastic Lenients these Wines rethe lest Rectification, for through them they are rather rendered far worse. For the removing this sort of dyscrasy, Cooper's experience the scenting the Cask with Brimstone, to be very effectual in manner following; They dip a Linnen-rag into melted Brimstone, which being grown cold and coagulated on the Cloth, is kindled into a flame, and hung through the Bunghole into the Cask, until the flame be burnt out, and upon that the Bunghole is stopped up close again; for the same purpose Lime, burnt Allom, and other Materials, that are pregnant of an Alcalious Salt, are commonly used. 5. Upon the concession of the Author's Rancid Hypothesis, the Blood of Scorbutics of that degree, aught to appear smoky, Sooty, Empyreumatic, not easily Coagulable; on the contrary, it's observed Acid, Coagulable, Ill coloured, etc. I will conclude this Branch with a Caution, That all Innovators aught rather to Demonstrate their Notions a Posteriori, that is, they aught to Invent and Illustrate the Cause, by the Effects and Symptoms, and not to invent Notions of Causes, and by their Virtuality, or by what they probably seem capable to act, to assign their Effects; for that is often contradicted by Experiment.  
§. 3. The other Branch falling under our consideration, is the Roapiness of Wines, wherein the Cooper's generally observe a Gradation of Alteration; for first they begin to Pall, and grow Flat, next they fall into Clots and Lumps of Jelly, and than they say, the Wine drinks tender; at last, their Clots running into one, causeth the Wine to become Roapy. This the worthy Author affirms, is occasioned by the association of a lesser proportion of Sulphur, with a greater of Acid Salt, or Tartar. It's an Universal Remark, that Sulphur and an Acid Salt, without some other Intermedium, that is amicable to both, are insociable; for affuse a menstruum purely Acid (as Rain water acuated with Oil of Vitriol, Salt Nitre, etc.) to Sulphur, and digest it ad Infinitum, no Tincture shall be Extracted, but upon the lest digestion with a Lixive, or any Unctuous Liquor, the Sulphur yields its whole body, and entirely unites. 2. It's averred, pag. 234. l. 31. That Roapy Wines are reduced by fixed Alcalies; which on the contrary, I know some that arrive to their Mark, by dissolving Roch-allom into them, that by all is agreed to be an Acid, and consequently doth subvert this Roapy Hypothesis. 3. The blood of those Scorbuticks, that contract their Distemper on a long Voyage at Sea, must be allowed to be either Rancid or Roapy. That it's the latter, the Symptoms mentioned Tract. de Scorb. pag. 234. l. 21, 22, 23. declare, viz. Cutaneous Eruptions, Sloth of Limbs, Difficulty of Breathing, etc. with which Scorbutic Seamen are sufficiently infested. The remedies used successfully by them are Acids, viz. Juice of Lemons and Oranges, Tamarinds, Spirit of Salt, etc. on the contrary, they experience Spirits of Scorvey-grass, of Sal Armoniac, and others of that nature Detrimental. The Argument collected hence a Juvantibus, which are Acids, evinces their Blood to be Alcalious and Lixivial. So that I may safely conclude, that our Author's Hypothesis is not only Erroneous, but too scanty, since it only appoints Contemperatives, and Volatile Alcalies for Remedies; and those being mis-applied (as too fraequently happens) are unpowered to tender the Disease far worse, and provect it into a Terminative Scorvey. 4. I discover a great Contradiction, in illustrating some Alcalious and Lixivial Symptoms, to proceed from Acid causes, viz. Pendulous Blood, which though not agreeable with his supposal, he asserts that the lixivial parts abscede from the Blood, by being dissolved in the Serum, having quite forgotten his Pendulous Acid principle. Thus I read, pag. 256. in Sign. 8. the Aetiology of Lixivial Urinal expounded, which Paraphrase is not where received, but in the Latitute of 51 ●. 5 lie. To evade all Objections, and to tender Notions more Plausible, his Discourses are observed, to be armed with a Quinary number of Principles, viz. Spirit, Sulphur, Salt, Water, and Earth, by which to Illustrate the Nature of Bodies, will prove as superfluous, as (in his own phrase, pag. 3. l. 28. Diatr. de Fermentatione) to say, a House doth consist of Timber, Wood, Stones, Brick and Lime. For a Spirit being a composite of Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury, signifies itself to be a Principiatum, and not a Principium. For proof, I offer the most Alcolized Spirit of Wine, which in the process of Spiritus Calcis, being often abstracted from Calx Vive, its Volatile Salt (which formerly I have demonstrated to be Fixed Salt, rendered Volatile by the admixture of Sulphur) is refixt, and detained by the Alcali of the Calx, so that at last nothing passes the Alembic, but a pure Lymph; whence it's evident a Spirit is a Compound, and no Principle, which aught to be Simple. The next multiplication of Principles is the stating Earth, and Salt, different Elements, which in effect are realiter the same, though of distinct Nomination. Earth is an immature Salt, which by Digestion easily passeth into a Salin body. The Terra damnata of Vitriol, affords an indubious Argument for Evidence: This though very well washed from the Fixed Salt it contain's yet being exposed to the warm Sun for some long time, and than washed over again, yields a considerable quantity of Vitriolat Salt, which that it is not attracted out of the Air, but engendered by Digestion of its Substance, appears by the diminution of weight of the said Terra damnage, after it is washed. So that the difference between Salt and Earth, is no other than between Stone and Brick, or a Heterogeneous Copula, and an Incongruous Ferment.   

CHAP. XI. Containing Practical Observations Praeliminary to most Scorveys.  
1. Acute Symptoms praecurring an Acid Scorvey. How it is Originally engendered. 2. Mixed Symptoms, partly Chronical, and partly Acute, praecursors of an Acid Scorvey. 3. Chronical praevious Symptoms. 4. That those praevious Ebullitions mentioned in the praecited Observations, do not tender the Blood Rancid. The Notion of Rancid Blood dangerous in Practice.  
§. 1. THe Practical Observations which I do here propose, will tender Obvious to you, how the Blood declines into a putrid Acidity. It is a remark I have at sundry times made, that some Bodies, before they expressed any Sign or Character of being molested with an Acid Scorbut, undergo a smart Ebullition of the Liquors in the Vessels, depending upon an accension of the Spirits, and deflagration of the Bituminous Particles of the Blood, whereunto some Catarrh, Rheumatism, Lassitude, Pain in the Head or Bowels, or some other Symptoms, are attending, which tender it dubious, whether this sort of Fever be Essential or Symptomatick; however Antifebril Remedies, as Bleeding, Purging, Contemperatives, and Sudorificks are prescribed, the success whereof in the space of three or four days, commonly amounts to the abatement of the Fevor and other Symptoms, though not to a perfect Restitution of Health, the Patient for some short time possessing only the condition of a neutral State; hereupon manifest Scorbutic Symptoms begin to take up their quarters with him, as Lassitude, Sloth in Mo●ion, Difficulty of Breathing Indigeston of Stomach, Interrupted sleeps, and Disturbed with Dreams, Spots, Blotches, and the like.  
§. 2. The content of the premised Paragraph I do affirm to be the Morbisique transaction in some, though in others I likewise observe, that the preceding Ebullition, or Tumultuation of the Blood is not so vigorous, as to 'cause them to think more, than that they are only a little out of order, and so the Juices of the Vessels detumefying, leave them in a kind of neutral state; which manner of Ebullition and Intumescence often returning, increasing and decreasing, doth at last result to the same Effect, as if it had been as smart, as what is above described. These are certain and true Observations, any Physician may make on Bodies, before the Scorvey declares. A third Observation I shall subjoin, after the Explication of the two former. By these praevious commotions the Blood is grown extremely Turbid and Disturbed in its parts, mixture, consistency, ntour, sapour, and other qualities, like Water in a River, that grown Muddy and Thick upon a Storm, raising those Impurities, that lied on the bottom. Now the faeculencies and Acid tartarous Humours, that by stagnating in the Vessels of the Mesentery, and other remote parts, being raised, and commixed with the Mass of Blood, choke up and extinguish the Spirits and Volatile Salts, damping withal the flaming of the Bituminous particles, upon which the Ebullition ceaseth. The cause of these Ebullitions is the saltness, induced into the Humours by a Salin Air and Diet, which obtaining a power of condensing, and congregating the Spirits or Volatile Salts, and sulphurous or bituminous particles of the Blood, cause an accension of the foresaid Volatile Salts and Sulphurs', whereunto by constipating of the Pores the gross Salin Air doth also very much contribute. In this conflagration the Volatile Salts are in a great part dissipated and consumed, the other part stifled, choked, or extinguished by the rising of the Acid salin dregss, whereby the whole Mass is not only turned Acid (how the dissipation of the Volatile Salts occasion an Acidity, you have read before) but grows putrid Acid by the commixture of fuliginous acrimonious Salts, that through the foresaid Ebullition and conflagration are occasioned, and through the constipation of the Pores repelled into the Blood. The cause of the latter Observation may easily be collected, from what is here set down touching the former.  
§. 3. A third remark taken from Scorbutics is, that many gradually and insensibly without any such praevious Ebullitions, as are above mentioned, undergo an alteration in their Temperament and Faculties; first observing a sloth in their Limbs, nauseous spitting in the Morning, an ill brass taste in their Mouth, crudities and imbecility of Digestion; afterwards do succeed Spots, Laxity, and Discolouration of Gums, stink of Breath, and so the rest in order. The Cause of this sort of Morbifique progress is the blood, gradually declining to a putrid Acid, in the same manner as hath been explained in one of the foregoing Chapters.  
Though the first of these three Observations seem to have some resemblance to the nature of Rancid Blood, occasioned by Fretting or Fermentation, and the manner of Cure appointed in the often cited Treatise de Scorbuto, to be performed by Demulcers of the Blood, as Phlebotomy, and contemperatives; upon a more deliberate consideration, you will conclude their difference almost contrary to each other; for, 1. All Ebullitions, especially that expressed in the Illustration of the foresaid first Observation, are not Fermentations. 2. The worthy Oxonian Author infers all Rancid Blood Scorbutic, though it be still on the Fret, which is greatly erroneous, the Scorvey being a Chronic or long tedious Disease; this a praevious distemper, that is soon removed, or at lest altered into a contrary Intemperament, viz. From an Acrimonious hot, to an Acid cold Disease. 3. The foresaid Notion is highly dangerous, and often proves fatal, in deriving thence a Method of Cure; for forming Indications, that this being a hot sulphurous Distemper, lenient and cooling Remedies are indicated, which if long continued after the Fermentation is quieted, and an Acid disposition introduced, do tender the Disease incurable.  
§. 4. It is only in some, that this Ebullition is a praecursor to the Scorvey, whereas the Notion of Rancid Blood doth infer all Scorveys, that are not depending on pendulous blood, effects of an immoderate Fermentation.   

CHAP. XII. Declaring a further Illustration of a Saponary Leg-Scorvey.  
1. The Symptoms of a Saponary Leg-Scorvey. 2. Proof that the Bituminous parts of the Blood, do easily unite with the Fixed Salt. Pendulous Blood is not miscible with Acid Salt.  
§. 1. I Have formerly observed, that an Acid Scorvey, upon a long continuation, changeth into a Saponary Scorvey, which a● was hinted before, is the Cause of some Leg-Scorveys, whose Symptoms, are Inflamed, Tumefied, Corroding, Phagedaenic, Cancerous Ulcers, Hot burning and pricking Nocturnal Shin-pains, fraequent glowing of the Calves of the Legs and Plants of the Feet, an Erysipelas Phlegmonodes of the Legs, salin pungitive Rheumatisms and Defluxions to the Periostium of both the Fossils'; besides a saturated Lixivial Urinal, a fuliginous fowl Stink of the Body; the Blood when extracted by Phlebotomy appears of a deep inflamed Subpurpureous aspect, besides many other Symptoms, all which to any Judicious Physician are sufficient Testimonies of an Alcalious constitution of Humours. But this is not all; for the Blood in this Case is not only Alcalious, but Saponary, as now will be made apparent to you. There being a large proportion of impure Sulphur, or gross Bituminous Particles, mixed with the Humours in this degree of Scorvey, the Alcalious fiery Salts do easily attract, Colliquate, and Unite them to their own Particles, which absorbing the Serum in a great measure, must needs tender the Blood thick, cohaering, and a little obductible.  
§. 2. That the Bituminous parts of the Blood are so apt to be united to the Fixed Salt, is evident from the ready commixture of Tallow, Train Oil, or other unctuous bodies with Pot-ashes in the Composition of Soap, from the resemblance whereunto (as formerly hath been intimated) I have termed the forementioned constitution of Blood Soapy, or Saponary. The same Promptness of Unition several other Chemical Preparations do likewise confirm, as in particular; the Ebullition of Sulphur with the dissolution of Salt of Tartar, Fixed Nitre, or a Lixive of Calx vive, in the process of Lac Sulphuris; also in the Praeparation of Hartman's Sulphur of Antimony, where the Antimony being fused by the violence of a ventous Furnace, and instilled into the deliquious Oil of Tartar, its Sulphurous parts are immediately Embodied with the Alcali of the foresaid Tartar. Whence we may plainly Collect, that in our Authors Pendulous Diathesis of the Cruour, which by him is supposed to be Acid, there is no probability of their ready Coalition. And after all, I must tell you, that the Blood in that sort of Scorvey, which is not Rancid, as he terms it, is not absolutely Roapy or Pendulous like Syrup, Barbadoes Treacle, or Therebinthin, as the Oxonian Professor intends it, but far different.   

CHAP. XIII. Of the Causes of Scorbutic Symptoms.  
1. The Cause of a Scorbutic Lassitude and Imbecility of Limbs. That a Scorbutic Lassitude is not occasioned through a Fermentation of the Nervous Liquor and the Extravase Blood. That the Nervous Juices are not contrary to those of the Veins and Arteries. 2. The Cause of a Dyspnoea, or Difficulty of Breathing. 3. The Cause of a Low, Quick, and Inaequal Pulse. 4. The Cause of a thick Read Vrin. 5. Of Spots and Blotches. 6. Of the Bleeding of the Teeth, and Haemorrhages. 7. Of Fainting and Palpitation of the Heart. 8. Of Erratic Fevors.  
§. 1. IN course I aught next to Adapt these preceding Causes to their Effects, viz. Scorbutic Symptoms, in which I judge I shall not found that difficulty, or be Obliged to strain the former, to square them with the latter, since I arrived to the Knowledge of them by the Observation of their Effects. I shall commence with the Explication of the Cause of Lassitude, and Sloth of Limbs, as ordinarily the first budding in a Scorbutic Body. A Lassitude, Debility, and Sloth of Limbs, are Affections of the nerves, which originating from the marrow of the Brain & Back, must necessarily derive their Causes thence, unless we should conceive them naturally to draw in a● both ends; but there being usually concomitant other Symptoms of an affected Brain, as Drowsiness, Obtuseness of the Internal senses, etc. doth amply confirm, what is asserted. Wherhfore the Blood according to the first Observation mentioned in Chap. 11. being affected with a tumultuation, the Spirits and Volatile Salts are inflamed, and rendered Acrimonious, which being the principal constituents of the Animal Juices, must necessarily prick the Nerves, through which they pass, and incommode the Nervous parts, to which they are transmitted. As for the Imbecility and Sloth of Limbs, also the obtusion of the Animal Faculties, they depend on the intemperature of the Animal Spirits, not being potent enough to perform their Offices with alacrity, to which their accustomed just Temperament is absolutely requisite. By the way you are not to apprehended here, that the said Lassitude is occasioned through a Fermentation, happening upon the appulse of the Nervous Liquor (rendered praeternaturally Acid) to the Articles, and there meeting with Lixivial Blood; for the constitution and temperament of the Nervous juices are not so extremely different from that of the Blood, as to be contrary to it, which in this sort of Fermentation or Ebullition is necessary it should: I can conceive not more difference between them, than between Spirit of Wine and Wine, which former cannot be endued with any other qualities, than what it derives from the latter. And here it is, that trite Maxim is verified, Vitium prim● coctionis non corrigitur in secunda, nec secundae in tertia. So that, if the constitution of the Blood in the Arteries be Acid and not Lixivial, the Animal juices must likewise be Acid and not Lixivial, as being engendered by a further digestion out of the said Arterial blood. Hence I argue, that Arthritic pains in the Scorvey do not proceed from a Fermentation between an Acid Nervous Liquor, and Lixivial blood about the Joints; moreover as you shall be further satisfied below, the Lixivial Salts, that are cast forth to the circumference in an Acid Scorbut, do not partake of an Acrimony, or at lest not so intense, as to excruciate the Limbs with those insufferable pains. But after all, the indication desumed in this case from the Nervous Liquor, assigns an Alcalious Medicine, and that which is collected from the Lixivial Blood, indicateth an Acid; an absurdity not to be admitted in Physic, that one and the same Disease should require two Medicines per se contrary to one another.  
Neither can I assent to that opinion Tr. de Sc. p. 250. l. 25. which asserts the cause of a Spontaneous lassitude and weakness of the knees and legs, to be an infarction of the pores of the Musculs with Excrementitious humours, through which the Animal Spirits are obstructed in their passage; for it is not observed, that there is any Tumour or Tension in the flesh of the said Musculs, but commonly hangs lank and lax; on the contrary, where there is a real Tension and Tumefaction of the Musculs of the Legs, which some gross Bodies are subject unto, we do not found any other, than a small compression of the Nerves and Tendons, notwithstanding which, the Animal Spirits have their free influx and reflux, and the Limbs their sense and motion; wherefore if there be no obstruction or constipation in this case, much lesle in the other, and consequently it must be the Animal Faculty and Loco-motive Spirits, being praeternaturally affected, that are the occasion of these last forementioned Symptoms.  
§. 2. The Dyspnoea or difficulty of Breathing, that so often is implicated with the Scorvey, depends on the stagnating of gross Acid Blood in the Vena Arteriosa or Arteria Pulmonalis, Arteria Venosa or Vena Pulmonalis, and in the Pores of the Parenchyma of the Lungs; for every Systole propelling the streams of Blood into the foresaid Artery faster, than it is received through the Pores of the Parenchyma into the Lung Vein, the Lungs must necessarily be stuffed, swelled up, and consequently much oppressed by the weight of this stagnating Blood. But that I may prevent you from lapsing into the same error my Author is fallen into, it's convenient I acquaint you here with the meaning of Dyspnoea or difficulty of Breathing; Respiratio Anhelosa, or short and thick breathing, or in the common phrase, Short windiness, Asthma, or improperly Phtysick and Orthopnaea, or the worst and extreme degree of Phtysick and their difference; for qui bene distinguit, bene docet. In a Dyspnoea the breathing is somewhat long and slow, with the sense of an oppression or weight, as if something kept the Lungs down. A Respiratio Anhelosa is a quick and thick Breathing, as you may perceive in yourself, after any smart Exercise, as Running, or Carrying a Weight, etc.  
An Asthma is a thick and short breathing, accompanied with a wheesing noise, and commonly also with a Cough. An Orthopnaea is a long and slow expiration, and a quick catching (as it were) inspiration, attended with such a stifling, that the Patient is forced to sit upright, thrusting his Mouth up and gaping for Air.  
A Respiratio Anhelosa is also fraequent among Scorbuticks, and is occasioned by a Putrid Acid Blood, that is (as I have told you before) Fuliginous and Acrimonious, by means of those sharp sooty steams it irritates, and prompts the Lungs to a quick breathing, to prevent stifling, and to attract a clearer Air instead of those sooty Evaporations, which in some I have observed so copious, that their Tongue was covered with a black scum, not unlike what is fraequently taken notice of in continual ardent Fevors.  
§. 3. As the Pulse in respect of quickness and equality of motion, doth proportionably correspond with the Respiration in a healthful, and likewise in a morbifique state; so it doth in the Scorvey, where in this degree it's quick, fraequent, and unaequal in motion, which is occasioned by the same cause, viz. by Acid Fuliginous Blood, stimulating the Vital Faculty of a quick motion, and imposing a necessity on the Ventricles of the Heart to an expeditious explosion of the Acrimonious Cruor. The inaequality of Pulsation depends on the unaequal mixture of the Blood with those Fuliginous steams (or Heterogeneous Copula's) that do so unaequally vellicate the sides of the Ventricle.  
§. 4. A ruddy and thick Urinal is most commonly an attendant of a Praeliminary Scorvey, which is comprehended and specified in the two foremost Observations of Chap. 11. the production whereof is a dissolution of those deflagrated Salts and Sulphurs' in the Serum, which afterwards is precipitated by the Putrid Acid, that's ever a sequel to the Scorbutique Ebullition, and so abandoned to the Kidneys and Ureters; but as the said Ebullition doth only occasionally hap now and than, so the forementioned ruddy Urinal doth only appear on those occasions. For the greater part the Urinal is turbid, and copiously saturated with a thick sediment, that is apt to fur to the sides and bottom of the Chamber-pot, being nothing else, but an excretion of crude indigested Tartar, or Acid Salt, from the Mass of Blood; if at some seasons the Urinal appears thin and aqeous, that may hap either thorough the potent coagulative quality of the acidity in the Blood, not separating the superfluous and excrementitious Tartar; or through some obstruction of the passages, leading to or from the Kidneys, suffering the thin only to pass, and retaining the thick. Moreover observe, that in those thick drabby Urins, upon some standing the gross sediment is apt to sink to the bottom, leaving the middle clear and transparent, and a cream swimming on the top, which is nothing but the mucilaginous part of the Tartar, through its lightness recovering the surface of the Urin.  
§. 5. Spots and Blotches of several colours do ordinarily survene a Scorvey, and are caused by a condensation of the sulphurous parts of the Blood, that are deflagrated, and Volatile Salts amortized through the Acid, in the pores of the ambient Skin or Cutis, where they are deposed or deserted by the Acid Blood, withdrawing itself from them, and through its penetrative faculty insinuating into the Veins, returns by the circulative motion into the Body; whereas the others being so much obtused, are rendered incapable of reverting into the Vessels. These Spots and Blotches are not dolorous, because the acrimony of the deposed Salts is obtused; their colour if read, they derive from the Sulphurous or Bituminous parts of the Blood, mixed with the Volatile or Amortized Salt; if yellow, from an admixture of part of the Acid Salt, condensed and obtused by the reaction of the said Volatile Alcali, which now mentioned obtused Acid, if left commixed in a greater proportion with the Alcali, and with a lesser proportion of the Bituminous Particles, tender those Blotches of a livid tincture.  
The production of Scorbutic Pustles and Botches differ from Spots and Blotches in this only, that the Salts in these latter are diluted, or dissolved in some part of the Serum, which in the former are more condensed and coagulated. Some of these are without pain, others are painful; the latter hapening, because the acrimony of the foresaid Salts is not totally obtused by reaction.  
§. 6. The bleeding of the Teeth, fraequent Haemorrhages of the Nose, and Haemorrhoids, also immoderate Menstruations, and sometimes a bloody Flux, are Symptoms of this Disease, occasioned through a serous Acid Blood, rendered acrimonious and corroding by the Imbibition of fuliginous Salts, corroding the termination of the Vessels. Note, that in most Scorbutics are two sorts of Blood, viz. A gross and feculent Blood, coagulating and praecipitating itself from the more ferous and fluid parts. The gross Blood floats about the Entrails and lower parts, and is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; so the other being more fluid and light, is more apt to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and to stream upwards. Those intolerable Gripe of the Guts without a looseness, which Scorbutics here are so miserably tortured with, are likewise occasioned by the same corrosive Humours, or rather nitrous acid Juices, infesting the nervous, and consequently most sensible Tunics of the small Guts. That the cause of these Autumnal Epidemic Gripe of the Guts, the Inhabitants of this City are so much exposed to, is a Nitrous Acid, appears partly by the Procatarticks, viz. Liberal Drinking cold sour Small-beer, when they are heated by the aestuating Rays of the Sun, going cool in their Clotheses, and lying half Naked in Bed, immoderate eating o● Horary Fruits; and partly by the Cure (Argumentum a Juvantibus) Volatile Salts and Aromatics, not only giving ease, but often removing the Distemper. But that these Acid Juices should distil from the Brain through the Nerves, or be the Liquor Nervosus rendered Acid (as our Learned Author asserts in a late Treatise entitled Pharmac. Irration.) and all this while the Brain continued unaffected with any Symptom, Non credo.  
Whence fraequent Spitting, Laxity, Discolouration, Corrosion, and pain of the Gums and Teeth do proceed, hath been declared formerly.  
§. 7. The Fainting and Palpitation of the Heart is caused by fuliginous acre steams, suffocating the Heart in the former, and Vellicating its Ventricles in the latter.  
From what hath been already explicated, may easily be Collected the cause of Vomiting, Nauseousness, Punctorious pains of the sides of the Breast, tearing pains of the Stomach, Looseness, Headache, etc.  
§. 8. Those Erratic Fevors, that ordinarily are observed to attend the Scorvey, are often occasioned by a copious quantity of Fuliginous Salts, that have been Deflagrated, and by their long continuance have attracted some proportion of impure Sulphurs', and so take flame again.   

CHAP. XIV. Of the Description of the Scorvey.  
1. The Description of the Scorvey. 2. Whether it be an Occult Disease, or Morbus totiu● substantiae. 3. Whether it be a Similar or Organical Disease. 4. Which is the part Primarily and Principally affected.  
§. 1. THe Scorvey being seated in several parts of the Body, occasioned by various Causes, and attended with a train of all manner of Symptoms, appears as if it had no certain Essence, and consequently is not capable of a description so Pathognomonic, as other Distempers, and therefore you must be contented with such as can be given of it, viz. The Scorvey is an Universal, Multiform, Variable, Endemic, and Contagious Disease of all the parts of the Body, particularly of the Stomach, Spleen, and Liver, occasioned by a Salin Blood, and attended with a Cachexia of all the parts, Spontaneous Lassitude, Pesanture and Imbecility of the Limbs, but especially of the Knees, difficulty of Breathing, sore and lax Gums, Spots, Blotches, Pustles, etc. The Universality of this Distemper consists, 1. In Attaquing all People generally more or les●, inhabiting a Scorbutic clime. 2. In a Preternatural disposition of all the parts. It's Multiform, because it assumes all shapes of Diseases, there being scarce any Distemper, which in one Symptom or another, it doth not resemble. Moreover, it's a Cold, Hot, Dry, and Moist Disease, as its Symptoms do plainly demonstrate, viz. Inflamed hot Pustles, Erysipelas, cold Oedematous Legs, moist Rheumatisms, dry Scabs, etc. It's also variable in all manner of respects, 1. Variable in the Subjects, there being scarce two in a Hundred, whose Symptoms are alike. ●. In the parts affected, being commonly chief rooted in the Stomach, sometime, in the Spleen, other times in the Liver; moreover, per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 often transferring its head quarters from one part to another, and exchanging the whole Syndrome of Symptoms into another quite different, and also in progress of time passing from an Acid into a Lixivial and Saponary Scorvey, or from a Mouth-Scorvey, into a Leg-Scorvey, and thence into a Joint-scorvey, or sometimes into a Terminative Scorvey. That this Distemper is endemic (Tam ratione aeris quam aquae) hath been declared elsewhere; and certainly it is Contagious, since most Endemic Maladies are so, there being ordinarily Miasms, or perfect Scorbutic seminaries transported, by means of the Vehicle of the air from one Body to another, which obtaining a power of producing their like out of the humours of such Bodies, into which they are transferred, engender an absolute Scorvey, in a far lesle space of time, than if it had primarily took its rise in that manner, I have heretofore explained. All the parts of the Body and Humours being thoroughly infected with the Scorbutic Seminaries, the Spermatic parts cannot be free, which must therefore also tender this Distemper 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Haereditary. 1. By means of the Semen of the Parent, and its plastic faculty. 2. Of the Uterin Blood. 3. Of the Milk assuged by the Infant, whence we may term it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 4. Of the Contact (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) of the Lips of the Mouth, and Ambient Skin of the Body, whereby the Scorbutic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is transferred to the Child, by being Kissed or Hugged by the Parents, and lying by them in Bed. But because you shall not only be satisfied with my Information, give me leave to acquaint you what Platerus, the Learned Professor of the foregoing Century at Basil, reports of it, pag. 355. This Malignant Disease when it first discovered itself in the Maritime Northern parts, and proved Contagious, gave me no small suspicion, That from remote Countries, which these People that cross the Seas do in our Age discover, almost to the extreme Borders of the Earth, and where possibly it is familiar; it was Transported first to these places that are near the Sea by Seamen.  
§. 2. Definitions or Descriptions are rarely so perfectly made in the Art of Physic, as to rescind the occasion of all Objections from Cavillers, and therefore to prevent that Risk, I will be Opponent to myself, in forming several Doubts and Objections against the Definition by me proposed in this Chapter. First, I offer thi● Quaestion, Whether the Scorvey be a Manifest or Occult Disease, that is as Fernelius doth term it, a Morbus totius substantiae? Some that Argue from Authorities, probably may offer the Sentiments of Platerus, Sennertus, Steeghius, and others. The first of these asserts the Scorvey to be an Occult Malignant, and absolutely Venomous disease. The second gives us a definition (which as I said before, the Scorvey is not capable of, as having no essential difference) in these terms. The Scorvey is an Evil and Occult quality, or disposition, impressed on the whole Body, but chief on the Bowels, that are destined for Nutrition, arising from a gross Melancholy Humour, that's Ichorous or Serous, and corrupted in a peculiar manner, or, saith he, It is a certain Evil Nutrition, or Ill Habit of the Body, etc. The last expresses it, to be a Moist distemper of the Spleen, occasioned through the putrefaction of the thick Humour, which the Spleen delights in. The foremost Opinion may easily be Refelled, since the Symptoms of the Scorvey may be plainly deduced from Causes, that are obvious and manifest. 2. All Venom's do immediately assassinate the Heart, dissolve the Vinculum vitae, and have this Qualification appropriated to them, that they are only to be Expelled by their Antidotes; but common Observation tells us, that the Scorvey moves gradually, is more ordinarily seated in the Spleen, or Stomach, than the Heart, and is Cured by Medicines, that Operate by a Manifest, and not Occult quality, namely such as are of a subtle igneous and colliquative faculty, as Scorvey-grass, Watercresses, etc. The second Definition savours much of the first, and renders it a morbus totius substantiae, which that it is not, appears from the former Answer. Steeghius will have it a Moist disease, and asserts Melancholy a Drying humour, the continent cause; which however per accidens may produce a Moist distemper; but waving that, it is most certain, that in many Scorbutics the Spleen is not affected, and therefore cannot be described to be a Moist distemper of the Spleen.  
§. 3. The next Quaery is, Whether is the Scorvey a Similar, or Dissimilar Disease? Some that do allow the Scorvey a Disease of very ancient date, adjudge it a Dissimilar disease, and in particular a Disease of Magnitude, viz. A great Spleen. Pet. Forestus asserts it a Compounded disease, and not Simple. The fittest answer to this in short is, That primarily it is a Similar, and secundarily a Dissimilar Disease.  
§. 4. The third Quaestion is, Which is the part Principally and Originally affected in the Scorvey? Horstius states the Spleen the part affected, others the Stomach only, and many the Stomach, Spleen, and Liver. If in some it be observable (as it is) they are troubled with luxuriant glowing Gums, and vacillation of their Teeth, without the concomitance of other Symptoms, in all probability it's the Stomach is the only part affected, there appearing no Sign or Symptom of any other entrail, that's affected. On the other hand, if no other Symptoms Emerge, besides bluish Scorbutic Pustles or Blotches, it may rationally be concluded, no other part is affected but the Spleen. It has been also observed by Forestus, and Reusnerus, that the Spleen and other Entrails have not appeared much affected in some deceased Scorbutics, but the Liver chief, wherein was observed a great discolouration, and dissolved unity of its substance. Whence we may deduce, that a Scorvey that's contracted by a Salin Diaet, the Stomach is originally and primarily affected, in that which is occasioned through a Salin Air the Spleen, but after some continuance they become all parts equally affected.   

CHAP. XV. Of the Differences of the Scorvey.  
1. A distinction taken from the Growth of the Scorvey. 2. From the manner of its Origination. 3. From the parts primarily affected. 4. From the Internal Cause. 5. From the Concentration of Symptoms. 6. From Predominant Symptoms. 7. From the Occultation of Symptoms. 8. From its manner. 9 From the place, where it reigneth. 10. That these Distinctions are of great Use.  
§. 1. SUbjects that consist of a mutable Nature require exact distinctions, which are to be desumed, 1. From its growth, whence the Scorvey is called either Praeliminary, Liminary, Recent, Inveterate and Terminative. A Praeliminary Scorvey, I must confess, is very Improperly named a Scorvey; for being absolutely considered in itself is no Scorvey, but in a Relative and Subsecutive way I have Imposed that Denomination only Doctrinae gratia, to express the root whence a commencing Scorvey doth spring and bud forth. This being praemised, I intent those Ebullitions comprehended in the Observations that are Delineated in Chap. 11. for a Praeliminary Scorvey, because they precede, and are generally Praeliminary to a Scorvey. A Liminary Scorvey is that, which upon the quietation and subsidence of a Praeliminary Ebullition buds forth. A Recent Scorvey is a confirmed Scorvey, but of no long standing, and is answerable to the augment of the Distemper. An Inveterate Scorvey is a Distemper of a long continuance, and alludes to the state of the Disease. A Terminative Scorvey is that Disease whereinto it doth pass, and puts a termination to the Distemper and Life also; as a Scorbutic Dropsy, or Consumption, etc. for it is such a sort of Disease the Scorvey doth at length terminate into, and so prove Mortal.  
§. 2. From the manner of its Origination, in which respect it's either Haereditary and Connate, when it's derived from the Scorbutic indisposition of the Parents; or Adventitious, which is engendered some time after one is Born; and this is twofold, for it's either Contagiously adventitious, when gotten by Infection, or Non-naturally Adventitious, that is, when contracted through fault of some of the Non-naturals, as Salt diaet, Salin Air, Melancholy, want of Stirring, etc.  
§. 3. From the parts Primarily and Principally affected, this Disease is termed an Hepatic, Splenetic, or a Stomachic Scorvey.  
§. 4. From the Internal Cause, it's styled either an Acid, Lixivial, or Saponary Scorvey.  
§. 5. From the parts where the Symptoms do concentrate and clot together, it derives the name of Mouth-Scorvey, Leg-Scorvey, or Joynt-Scorvey; By the way I must give the Reader this Advertisement, That in a Mouth-Scorvey the Symptoms are not so limited, or circumscribed, as to extravague not farther than the Mouth, but that some slight superficial Symptoms of the other kinds are also attendant, viz. A great weakness or feebleness of the Knees, spots about the Legs and Arms, Blotches in several parts, especially in or near the Groin, Ambulative glancing pains about the extreme parts, etc. So likewise in a Leg-Scorvey some Symptoms of the Mouth and other parts are remaining. So that this distinction doth chief take its denomination from the greater number of urgent and remarkable Symptoms, that haunt the Mouth, Legs, or Joints.  
§. 6. From some praedominating Symptoms the Scorvey often takes a particular Nomenclature; from an Asthma it's called an Asthmatick Scorvey; upon the same account it's styled a Rheumatic Scorvey, a Torminous or Griping Scorvey, a Diarrhoeous Scorvey, an Emetic or Vomiting Scorvey, a Flatuous Hypochondriac Scorvey, a Cutaneous Scorvey, viz. of Spots, Pustles, Blotches and Pimples, an Ulcerous Scorvey, a Dolorous Scorvey, etc.  
§. 7. From the occultation or hiddenness of the Symptoms within the Body, it may be called an inward, hidden, or Latent Scorvey, which doth not manifest itself in Symptoms that are external and evident, as Spots, Mouth or Leg Symptoms; but without the Concomitance of these, there is only observable a Neutrality in point of Health, a defection of Appetite, some small oppression of the Breast, a diminution of ones usual inclination to stirring, and some little hebetude or dullness of the Senses, etc. or a Manifest Scorvey, appearing in external Symptoms.  
§. 8. From its manner, it may be termed a Mild or Malignant Scorvey. From the Country or place where it reigneth, it's called an English, or Dutch Scorvey; also a Sea, or Land Scorvey.  
§. 9 It is not to increase the bulk of this Tract, but the great use that may be made of these differences and distinctions, as you will in their proper places observe, hath been the occasion of inserting them in this Chapter; the truth hereof will manifest itself, when you come to understand, that many patients are frustrated of their hopes of Cure, and some precipitated to their Tomb●, thorough the neglect and error in making a right distinction of their Disease, its degrees, and its various mutations, which sometimes is to a contrary distemper; and it is here chief, that I praetend to be particular, whereas the Vulgar Hackney Physician neglecting the Journal of progressions in Maladies, followeth only the common Tract of Method and Remedies, and therefore fraequently misseth his scope of restitution of health.   

CHAP. XVI. Of the Diagnostic Signs of the SCORVEY.  
1. The Signs of a Praeliminary Scorvey. 2. Signs of a Liminary Scorvey. 3. Signs of a Recent Scorvey. 4. Signs of an Inveterate Scorvey. 5. Signs of a Terminatory Scorvey. 6. Signs of an Hepatic Scorvey. 7. Signs of a Stomachic Scorvey. 8. Marks of a Splenetic Scorvey. 9 Notes of distinction of an Acid, Lixivial, and Saponary Scorvey. 10. Directions to discover a Latent Scorvey. 11. The d●fference between an English and Dutch Scorvey.  
§. 1. A Praeliminary Scorvey is not only discovered by preceding Scorbutic Procatarctics, but also by the Pulse and Urinal, the former beating not so unaequal, as in continual putrid Fevors; neither is the heat so pungent, but glowing only, that is obtuse and fuliginous: the latter is commonly of a higher colour, than in an ordinary continual Fevor it can arrive to in so short a space of time, and very abounding in a gross ruddy sediment. Moreover the ebullition of Blood is of no long continuation, but in a few days is apt to fall and subside, unless provoked by the error of the Physician or Patient.  
§. 2. A Liminary Scorvey some do decipher by these four Pathognomonic Signs, 1. A livid and deadish Complexion of the Face. 2. An itching deep redness of the Gums. 3. An Oppression of the Breast and Respiration, also of the Sides about the Bastard Rib●. 4. A Painful Feebleness of the Knees. These we grant to be common Signs in an evident commencing Scorvey, but not Pathognomonic, because they do not always attend every Scorbutique; for I have met with some, that without those Symptoms beforementioned, have been disfigured with livid Scorbutique Spots, likewise some whose Mouth and adjacent parts were affected, without the lest sense of feebleness in their Knees, or Oppression of Respiration; Lastly, Those that are molested with a Latent Scorvey, are exempted from several of the praenumerated Signs.  
To these common Diagnosticks must be added a fifth, A great heaviness of all the Body, and lumpishness or dulness of the internal and external Senses. 6. The Appetite in some is obtused, in others it's so much sharpened, that they are apt to covet more than they can digest. 7. A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or the digestion of the Stomach somewhat impaired of its wont vigour; as appears by a small heaviness and drowsiness after Meat, and accompanied with Belchings and Winds murmuring downwards. 8. The Urinal is lesle transparent, and grown a little turbid and drabby. 9 All these may be confirmed, by considering the Procatarctic Causes, viz. Whether they have lived in a Scorbutic Air, or fed upon Salt Diaet, or by reason of Imprisonment, or other voluntary Confinement, have neglected all manner of Exercise, or whether they have been under some occasional Melancholy, or whether some usual evacuation, as the Menstrua, Haemorrhage at the Nose, or Haemorrhoids, Issues in the Arm, Neck, or Leg, or in any other part, be not suppressed. Or whether they are not Splenetic or Hypochondriac; or have lately been troubled with a Quartan Ague: Or whether their Parents were not subjected to the Scorvey, whence it might be aesteemed Haereditary; or lastly, whether they do not daily converse with Scorbutiques, whereby it might become Contagious. Consider also the Juvantia, and Nocentia, what things help them, and what hurt them.  
§. 3. The signs of a Recent, or Augmented Scorvey, are, 1. A spongy swelling of the Gums, which upon the lest pressure, or biting a piece of Bread, are apt to exudate Blood. 2. A great stink of the Mouth. 3. Looseness of the Teeth. 4. Spots like Fleabites, and Freckles dispersed over the whole Field of the Body, but thickest about the Mouth, Temples, Arms, Breast, and Knees; some are Read, others Yellow, Grayish, Duskish, Purpre, or Blackish, easily disappearing in one place, and emerging again in another. 5. A deeper transmutation of the Complexion into an ill habit of Body, the looks seeming Yellowish, Greenish, deep Read, Sallow or Swartish. 6. The Oppression of the Lungs, Breast and Sides is considerably increased, insomuch that when they stir or rise up, they are subject to faint and gasp for Breath, which continueth so long, until they sit, or lay themselves down again. 7. Puffing up of the Stomach particularly after Victuals, and Tension of the Belly. 8. The weakness of their Knees and Ankles, is likewise much augmented, which renders them far more Impotent in going, or moving. 9 It's observed, that in many the whole train of Symptoms is apt to be intended or increased every fourth day, in some every third day, that is every other day (for Physicians do reckon inclusive) in others at certain seasons every day. 10. In this degree they are usually Costive. And 11. troubled with Pain and Stiches all over. 12. Suppression of the Menstrua in Women, in stead whereof, they are molested with a sort of painful Whites.  
§. 4. In an Inveterate Scorvey, these Praecited Symptoms and Signs, as they have taken deeper Root, so have also assumed a greater Intention and stubbornness; for in this degree the Patient is deprived of all power of Moving or Stirring; the Sinews, Tendons, and Muscles, are apt to be stiff and contracted. He is molested with Vagrant, Ambulative, Distending, Creeping, Vellicating, or Lancinating Pains of several parts of the Body; bruising Ossifragous' (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) pains in the midway of a Limb between the Joints, torturing most in the Night; Read, Yellow, Purpre, or Blackish splotches, especially about the Knees, which sometimes being concomitated with a Tumour, and extending thence downwards as far as the Foot, and meeting altogether in one tumefied Splotch tender the Leg to ones view, as it were all over Leprous; a fraequent recurring Melancholy passion, Hiccoch, choking Coughs, and copious Salivations, violent Palpitations of the Heart, deep Swoundings strenuous Vomitings, tearing Iliack pains, which a famous Author names a Dysenteria Incruenta, but how properly, let others judge. The Pulse variable, inaequal in motion and strength, most times low and thick, and sometimes vermicular, though at other times strong and violent, that is Thumping. The Urinal is inconstant, often turbid and whitish, sometimes thick and reddish, seldom thin and pale; deep Read, or purpre Tumour and Pustles, scattering over the Surface, Redness of Face, Tumours and Impostumes of all kinds, according to the Temperament of the Grieved. The foresaid Splotches often do peel of in Scales of several colours and figures, or exchange into Erysipelas', these and likewise Botches do pass into Ulcers, some of which are superficial, profound, simple, inflamed, callous, dry, sanious, purulent, etc. In some few the Veins under the Tongue, and about the inside of the lower Lips are varicious; some also they are debilitated by great Sweats, which they are exposed to. In an Inveterate Scorvey, they are often Lose and subject to fall into violent Fluxes of the Belly, or Diarrhaea's, and Lienteries, which if continuing, pass into a Terminatory Distemper. The tormenting pain in the Back, called Lumbago, and resembling the pain that's occasioned by the Stone of the Kidneys, is very brisk in this degree, as also spurious Pleuritic pains.  
§. 5. The Signatures and Symptoms of a Terminative Scorvey (which is the extreme degree, whereinto the foregoing passeth either per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, are, 1. A Scorbutic Phagedaenic, cancerous or gangraenous Ulcers, and Caries or Rottenness of the Bones. 2. A Scorbutic Fistul, which may hap to several parts. 3. A Scorbutic Dropsy, which commonly proves an Ascites, though I have also remarqued the Scorvey hath made its Exit, through an An●sarca, and Tympany. 4. A Scorbutic Atrophy and Marasmus. 5. A continual very fluent and drivelling Salivation, which one in Throgmorton-street hath laboured under several years, and will certainly conduct him to his Grave. 6. Scorbutic Convulsions, and Epilepsies. 7. Fraequent Syncopees. 8. Scorbutic Palsy, and Tremors. 9 Scorbutic Apoplexy. 10. Scorbutic Quartan, Tertian, Erratic, Hectic, and continual Malignant Fevers. 11. Scorbutic Orthopnaea, and Periodical Coughs, and Asthmas. 11. Scorbuticks Phthis●s, or Pulmonique Ulcerous Consumption. 13. A continual Flux of the Belly, as a Dysentery, or Lientery.  
§. 6. The Signs of an Hepatic Scorvey, are, 1. Deep, Read, or Yellowish prurient sanguinolent Gums. 2. Read, Yellowish, or Cineritious Spots and Splotches about several parts of the Body, especially about the Breast, Neck, and Face, also Pustles and Bumps of the like tincture in the same places, that prove somewhat Incommodious by a Pruriginous itching quality, also Erysipela's, Shingles, and Ringworms; some of those Spots and Splotches of an Ash and Citrin colour I have observed to be endued with a faculty so corroding, that their seat hath been deep in the Skin, much below the Surface. 3. The Complexion of the whole habit of Body, tending to a Cineritious or Subcitrine defoedation, and in some to a Verdure. 4. A Stitch or pricking, and in many a weighty depressing pain in the right side, under the short Ribs, particularly upon a deep caprisant Respiration. 5. A soreness, pain and oppression in the right Hypochondre, when lying on the left side. 6. Difficulty of Respiration, the Urinal and Pulse uncertain, nidorulent Belchings, besides several other signs common to a Liminary, and Recent Scorvey.  
§. 7. A Stomachic Scorvey is discerned, 1. By a pale Tallow habit of Body, white Spots like Cacatrix's, much lighter than the Skin, pale Pustles and Oedematous Tubercles', chief about the Stomach, Breast, Neck and Groin. 2. Oedematous Legs. 3. Laxe fungous pale ichorous Gums. 4. Fluent spitting. 5. Inflation of the Stomach, heavy Digestion, sour Belchings, and discharging of Wind both ways. 6. Distension of the Belly; whereunto add some of the common signs.  
§. 8. The marks of a Splenetic Scorvey are, 1. Livid luxuriant Gums, that are apt to be Fissured, Ulcered, grow putrid and stink, and at length through a Phagedaenic Sanies are apt to be corroded away. 2. Blue livid Spots and Splotches, which by Deterioration turn black, and ofttimes Ulcerate, and commonly haunt the left side of the Body more than the right. 3. Sour Belchings, Winds Murmuring and Fluctuating about the Guts between the Hypochonders, Stitches, Pricking, or Gravitating pains in the left side under the spurious Ribs, Melancholy passions, Palpitations, sudden Faintnesses, Vertigo's, Inflations and pains of the Stomach, which sometimes reach as far as the Back, in manner, imitating those of the Stone in the Kidneys, also Vomitings, which in some is so continuous and permanent, that they scarce ever Eat or Drink without returning some part of it immediately, or after a short interval; and notwithstanding are obliged to Eat and Drink often, to suppress the gnawing pain of their Stomach, which is occasioned by a putrid Acid Serum, vellicating the Tunics of the Stomach, lying on the left side proves easiest to them, a livid blearing up of the under Eyelids; a Haemorrhage of the left Nostril, and many other Characters expressed in the general Semeiotic.  
§. 9 An Acid Scorvey not differing from a Stomachic, a Liminary, and Recent Scorvey; a Lixivial Scorvey being often comprehended under an Hepatic, and a Saponary under an Inveterate and Terminatory Scorvey (which Identifications are only to be understood 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) are easily known by those Notes I have already praemised, whereunto may be added for confirmation, the most certain sign desumed a Juvantibus and Nocentibus, viz. an Acid Scorvey yields to Alcalious Remedies, a Lixivial to a Scorbutic Acid, a Saponary to a mixed Remedy. The Mouth, Leg, and Joint- Scorvey, needs no further Illustration for discovery, than what I have set down in their particular Chapters.  
§. 10. A Latent Scorvey requires Experience and Industry in the Physician, who must take his Dimensions of Conjecture, 1. From the Air wherein the Patiented Lives. 2. Diaet. 3. From such Symptoms, which cannot so Directly or Relatively be applied to any particular Disease besides this, as a Recurrent Lassitude, and sloth of Moving, dulness of the Senses, difficulty of Breath, pesanture of Body, inflation of the Stomach, heaviness and dulness after Meat, winds about the Guts, Coughs and Catarrhs fraequently returning, besides several other Neutral symptoms, which do neither determine a man absolutely Well or iii. last, Observe that where two such Non-naturals, as a Salin Air and Diaet, have so absolute an Influence on Bodies, scarce any Disease can seize on a man, which doth not partake of a Scorbutic Tincture, neither can it be well Cured, without abstracting a Coindication from the Scorvey.  
§. 11. A Dutch Scorvey in Symptoms is very different from the English; they using generally a Diaet more Excrementitious than ours (as gross thick Beer, Roots, Cabbage, Salats, Milk, Roak-Flesh, Pickle-Herring, and other Fish) are more Exposed to all the supposed Pathognomonics and Syndrome of a Mouth and Leg-Scorvey, than we, who feed commonly on Meats of more Nutriture and lesle Excrementitious, and therefore are not so much Exposed to that general Catalogue of Scorbutic Symptoms, but most commonly to those that are Latent, (and Recited in the preceding Paragraphs) and some others more evident, as Spots, Blotches, Pustles, Cutambulous Pains, Griping of the Guts, Vomiting and Gnawing Pains of the Stomach, Hypochondriac Winds and Vapours, Catarrhs, Coughs, also to those of the Joint-Scorvey.   

CHAP. XVII. Of the Causes of a Terminatory-Scorvey.  
1. The Cause of a Scorbutic Dropsy. 2. That the Heart is the part primarily affected in a Convulsion, Palsy, and Apoplexy.  
§. 1. THis Chapter I have reserved for the Aetiology of a Terminatory Scorvey, in whose train the Dropsy being placed in the Front, shall Commence my Discourse on that. The ill success that attends the Vulgar Cure of an Ascites, or Water-Dropsie, by hot drying and Lixivial Medicines, as Elycampane, Orris Roots, Cyperus, Calamus Aromaticus, Juniper, Salt of Wormwood, Centaury, and a Hundred more, is a plain Convictive, that the Cause is most erroneously assumed, to be a Refrigeration of the Liver, and its Obstruction through Phlegmatic Humours. But on the other hand, when we shall take into Consideration, that a Scorbutic Dropsy is easily, and certainly Cured, if attempted in time by mixed Remedies, (whereof Spirit of Tartar, of Salt Marine, single or composite, and such like Acids, are the Basis) besides the Symptoms attendant signifying a Lixivial Original, is to me a clear Demonstration, that it proceeds from a Calcination of Choler in the Liver, which thence resulting into an Alcalious Salt, dissolves per Deliquium, and so becomes Qualified to Penetrate into the most intime pores of its Parenchyma, where it subverts its Temperament, and through its Absorbitive Exhausting faculty parches its substance, and Endues it with a Salin dissolving Quality, whereby the whole Mass of Chymus is daily dissolved into a Serum. The Universal Current of Blood deriving hence an Absorbing and Exiccating faculty doth about the Stomachic Vessels so exsuge the Mouth of the Stomach, that Hydropics are continually obliged to moisten it, by Ingurgitating large measures of Drink, whence the L●tex seri doth so immensurably accresce, that through its intumescence generally some Vessel or other about the Abdomen, and particularly about the Mesentery, doth burst, or at sometimes through the Acrimonious quality of the Salin Serum the said Vessel is corroded through, among Physicians termed, a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; for it's not possible, so great a quantity of Water, as is sometimes collected in the capacity of he Abdomen, should sweated through the pores (per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.) But this is certain, that often in a Commencing Dropsy, or one that's Recent, and of no large Circumscription, the Serum may exstil through the Osculations of the Vessels (per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) and it is this kind of Dropsy is capable of an expedite Cure, whereas the other that depends on a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, is for the greater part Incurable; for suppose, that the Extravasate Serum is all, or in a great measure drawn of by Hydragogous' Purgatives, still the consolidation of the corroded Vessels is not only difficult of its own nature, but in a manner impossible, because of the daily praeferfluxe and appulse of the corrosive Salin Serum, to the discontinuated Orifices of the said Vessels; add hereunto the ineptitude of the salin constitution of the Liver and corroding Alcalious Blood to be sweetened, and reduced to their pristin Temperament. By the way, let me observe the Error of Hoffman in his Institutes, attributing the causality of a Dropsy, to a Diminuted or Abolished faculty of the Kidneys, not attracting the Serum, which is manifest, doth hap per accidens; because the Serum having taken another Channel, is deviated from its usual appulse to the Emulgents. But since I found myself for the prae●ent Embarked on this Subject, the Affinity of the Matter persuades me to Expatiate into some other sorts of Dropsies, that are not Scorbutique, namely such, as sometimes do hap to Women after their lying In, also to some upon a liberal draught of c●ld Water, and to others upon the continuance of a Skir of the Spleen or Liver, or upon a tedious harassing of a Tertian or Quartan. In the first case there being a vast Coacervation of Humours in the Hypogastric Vessels, by reason of the retention of the Menstrua, during the whole time of Childbearing, which upon the pains of Labour attracting a greater Conflux thither, and the great heat of the adjacent parts rarefying the said Humours, occasion some of the Lymphatic Vessels to burst, whereunto being concomitant a copious Haemorrhage of the Matrix, causeth a vast expense of Spirits, whereby the Bowels do all suffer a subversion of their temperature, that afterwards proves an occasion of engendering crude aqueous Humours; these upon their circulating reversions distilling out of the foresaid bursted Vessel into the capacity of the Abdomen, produce a Dropsy. The like may hap upon a draught of cold Water, violently repelling the Humours to the Vessels of the Abdomen, which partly through the violence of the Impulse, and partly through their being crowded together, occasion a Rupture of some of the Lymphducts. Here I must Animadvert further, how ridiculous a conceit it is of most Physicians, importing the said Dropsy to be caused by the sudden extinction of the innate or influent heat of the Liver, which afterwards doth engender Aqueous Blood; as if that entrail should be left so naked, or be so meanly fortified by Nature, as not to be capable, to resist the quality of cold Water at so great a distance; for certainly the cold is much broke and obtused by the Stomach, and other parts, before it can arrive to the Liver; or as if that cold quality, which is impressed upon the Liver, could not be easily remedied by hot Medicine●: But what do I insist so long upon these Trifles, since the whole Body of Physic is filled with them? How a Dropsy is engendered upon a Skir, Tertian, or Quartan, you may be informed from the Praemises, wherefore I will return to Confirm the cause of a Scorbutic Dropsy to be an Alcalised Blood, by the Calcination or Reverberation of the Bilis, which the Liver is always furnished with throughout all its parts, to subtiliate and depurate the refluent Blood, which being performed, the superfluous part of the said Bilis is abandoned to the Cystis. The Symptoms concomitant and supervenient do strongly Corroborated that Sentiment. 1. The Insatiable-Drought, the Atrophy of the Superior parts, the Lixivial ruddy Urinal, torrid Tawny Complexion of Body, cancerous depascent Ulcers of the Legs, the salt Lixivial taste of the Serum, when Tapped out Per paracentesin; who but an insipid Medicaster can derive them from any other than an Alcali, or a reveherated Bilis?  
§. 2. A Convulsion, Palsy, and Apoplexy, are the next particulars, that highly merit a serious deliberation, the more, because they ordinarily prove so dangerous and terminative. In the concept of their part primarily affected, seat, and internal Cause, I have for several years with the Generality of my Profession, attributing too much to the Dictates of Antiquity, sloathfully erred, until that by a stricter scrutiny and observation in practice I had detected their true Fountain and Original, which I now propose to you. That the Heart is the chief seat, and part primarily and principally affected of the forementioned Diseases, appears 1. By the Pulsation of the Arteries, which before any Convulsion, Palsy, or Apoplexy doth seize on the Patient, doth very much vary from its Natural, in respect of Fortitude, Order, Frequency, Equality of Motion, and many other specifications; which certainly express the heart primarily and principally affected; confer further with the 6. Arg. 2. By the Respiration, whose variation from its ordinary Function in several respects, preceding those recited affections, also signify the same to be the part principally affected. 3. From the consideration of the Office and Function of the Heart, which, besides the Vivification and Irradiation of the whole, is, to be the sole and Primum Mobile of Motion of the Animal Spirits; for through the Pulsation of the Arteries about the Brain, and more especially about the Plexus Choroides, it causes Efforts, Impetus, and impulsive motions on the Animal Spirits; so that it is from those Impulses these receive their energy and vigour, and therefore consequently the Heart being affected, those Impulses must also be depravated or diminished. 4. If at any time those Symptoms are abated or removed, it is by means of Cordials, which here for distinction, and the scope they are intended for (though improperly) may be termed Cephalic-Cordials, Cephalico-Cardiaca, as Spirit of Castor, Amber, Rosemary, Pyony, etc. These undoubtedly are nothing more than Cordials, and rectifying the Blood, comforting the Vital Balsam and Spirits of the Heart, and reducing them to Ordination, equality of Motion and Vigour. From ordinary Cordials they differ in this only, that consisting of a more durable and compact Sulphur and Spirits, they continued their Operation longer, in comforting the Heart, and oppugning the Salts of the Blood, by reason of the Compactness and Crassitude of their substance, whereas those that are vulgarly termed Cordials, and intended only to comfort the Spirits by assimilation, consist of a lighter, fusive, and exhalable substance; as Spirit of Wine, Treacle-water, Aqua Mirabilis, etc. 5. Observing, that in some Cases the foresaid Symptoms receive a considerable abatement and benefit from Phlebotomy, it is easily Demonstrable, that this is performed, by detracting some part of the burden, that oppressed the Heart, and its Pulsifique and Impulsive motions. 6. Galen, lib. 2. the cause. pulls. c. 12. seems to intimate what is here asserted, in these words: Pulsus convulsivus est, in quo ad utrumque terminum arteria tenditur, quem convuls●o sequi solet. So that a convulsive Pulse (which signifieth the Heart to be affected primarily) doth precede a Convulsion, which following must be deemed a Symptom of the former. Touching the manner and difference of those three Symptoms, I conceive, that a Convulsion is occasioned by Irritation, a Palsy by Relaxation and Obtusion, and an Apoplexy by Dissolution. But to Illustrate it further; When the Arterial Blood consisting of an acrimonious pungitive Salt, and appelling to the lower part of the Brain (which is the most sensible, and near the Principium Nervorum) is agitated smartly by the vibration of the Arteries or hard and violent pulsations (for in all Convulsions Pulsus sunt duri & tensi) those subtler particles of the Blood are adacted violently into the Pores of the tender parts of the Brain, which being thereby extremely discomposed, do violently impel the said pungitive Particles into the Nerves (or in some cases only make a smart Impression of their Idea on the Animal Spirits contained in the Nerves) and being protruded to the Tendons of the Muscles, through their stimulating quality incite them to contract and distend themselves, to be freed or discharged of those aculeous Particles. Moreover, take notice, that the vulgar Explicatory of Convulsions, wherein the Nerves are declared to be primarily and chief convelled, which being continuated to the Muscles, do likewise occasion their being convelled is greatly Erroneous; for only the Tendons are subject to Convulsions, they being the chief instrument of the Motus Spontaneous, and only subject to a Motus Depravatus, and Violentus, whereas the Nerves are not appointed to move or to be moved, but to convey the Spirits. Secondly, When a Nerve is punctured, or cut asunder (as hath often happened by the Indexterity of Surgeons in Phlebotomy wounding the Nerve in the Arm in stead of the Vein) it's only apt to be surprised with a very great pain, but never known to be convelled. Wherhfore I would not have my Reader judge the Dictates of the Ancients to be Infallible, since besides what is forementioned, it's manifest in many of their Positions, which hitherto by this credulous Age are received for Truths: I shall only give you this Instance for Proof; The Causes of a Cephalalgia, or Head-Ache, is by them asserted to be Acrimonious, or distending Humours and Winds, corroding or distending the Membranes or meanings of the Brain. Nothing is more false than this, or savours more of Ignorance in Anatomy; for neither of the meanings are in the lest sensible, as may be observed by the Probe, wherewith touching the Dura meninx, though roughly, (when lying bore upon the use of the Trepan) is not in the lest perceived by the Patient. Secondly, Whence should the sense be derived, there being not any Nerve, or so much as a Nervous Fiber transmitted to it from the Brain. In Summa, in the Brain, Stomach, and Liver, though they are daily Dissected and Examined by Physicians in their expired Patients, many particulars are passed by, that have not been discovered until very lately, which is to be attributed to their Negligence and Unskilfulness; for indeed now adays, if a Physician hath but once or twice dissected a Sheehead, or a Calves-pluck, he thinks himself sufficiently qualified to Challenge the Title of an expert Anatomist; thus we see, that an expert Anatomist of this kind, observing that one of the jaw Muscles of a Sheehead had two Bellies (whence its also called Digastricus) immediately concluded all Muscles to be Biventres; an able Head-piece for an Anatomist.  
A Palsy is an imperfect Apoplexy, or a Levis Apoplexia, and differ only gradu, secundum magis & minus, and therefore do easily pass into one another, according to the Tenor of the Doct of Hipp.  
Galen 3. de loc. affect. 10. further tells you, That where all the Nerves have at once lost their sense and motion, that affection is called an Apoplexy, but that which only happens to the right or left side is a Palsy.  
The causes in general are twofold, 1. A Material. And, 2. A Formal Cause. The former is a gross Saponary Blood, which through its thickness is rendered incapable of being so subtilised by the Brain, as to distil into the Nerves, and that part that is Insinuated into the Nerves, being too obtuse and gross, to receive the Impulsive motions and Impetus, prove unable to actuate or distend the Nerves and Fibres, and therefore move the Members very weakly, or not at all, whence I term it a Relaxation in opposition to the said distension. The Formal Cause is the pulsifique faculty of the Heart, which is rendered soft, slow, and dull, and therefore Incapable to exercise its Impulsive motions. Moreover observe, that though the Blood is Salin-Alcalious, it is not Acrimonious, because it is obtused by a mixture of gross Unctuous and Bituminous Sulphur, that obtuses its Acrimony; for otherwise were it Acrimonious, and purely Lixivial, it would prove Vellicating and Dolorous, and consequently Convulsive. The Aetiology of the other Terminatives may be easily deduced from the interspersed Discourses.   

CHAP. XVIII. Chronology of the Scorvey.  
1. In what place, and with what Concomitants the Scorvey first appeared, in what particulars its Symptoms increased. 2. A recital of several Primitive Authors that have wrote on the Scorvey.  
§. 1. TO whatever various Sentiments touching the first Rise and appearance of this Distemper, every particular Physician's Fancy may lead him, I am certain by all the Indagation I could make among Physical Records, the name of Scorvey (what touching Identified Symptoms hath been discoursed among the Ancients, let that rest) is not mentioned in any Author prior to Euritius Cordus, by his Botanology, and Olaus Magnus, who in his H●st. Gent. Sept. relates, There was a certain Campane Disease, which did afflict those, that were Besieged and Closed in, and seemed to grow from eating of Salt Victuals, was increased through a cold Exhalation out of the Walls, and was called the Scorboch. But Georg. Fabrit. Lib. 2. Annot. in his History of the year 1486. saith, This year was reigning a new and unheard of Disease in these Countries (which were Silesia, Bohemia, and the parts adjacent) which the Seamen of Saxony, called Den Scarbochk. Whence I collect, this Disease had some few years before been Extant in Saxony, and Denmark, possibly in 1483▪ or 84. Moreover two things are observable, 1. That this Scorbutic Evil praesently after its first Origination, was more fierce, and Malignant, than the ensuing Twenty or Thirty years; for the said Fabritius in the account he gives of it, tells us, this Distemper tended immediately to Ulcers; which if not timely remedied, became Gangraenous, and Mortal. The Second is, That there was an Interval of some years, before it spreaded into Countries, that were lesle Northern; for Balduinus Ronsaeus, who to me appears the first, that wrote on the Scorvey, è Professo, in his Treatise de Magn●s Hippocratis lienibus, pliniique Stomacace, or Sceletyrbe, seu vulgo dicto Scorbuto, printted at Antwerp, in the year 1564. doth express this Disease, was but newly arrived among them, and was so strange to them, that many scarce knew, what to make of it. Guil. Lemnius, a Zelander, wrote a Treatise on the same Subject a little while after. Forestus in his Obseru. Lib. 22. Obs. 20. Writes, that the Scorvey, was not only formerly unknown, but many that were troubled with it, Died of it; likewise that one Dorpius, a Priest of Louvain, died of the said Disease many years since, the Louvain Physicians being extremely surprised at it, who had not yet determined any thing concerning it, being an Evil, that was yet new and unknown, and so was its Name, Essence, and much more the manner of Curing it.  
Scorbutic Authors tell us, that Westphalia was pestered with it next after Denmark and Saxony, in the year 1500. the next Frizeland, than Flanders, and Brabant, in 1556. where it was occasioned by eating of Rye, that was brought from Prussia, there being at that time a great scarcity of Wheat; afterwards Holland, and Zealand; in a manner, as if this Distemper had by Contagion crept from Country to Country. Many years it remained on that Coast, before we were sensible of it here in England; for there are many Physicians yet living, who in the former part of their Practice, had not so much as heard of the Name of this Disease, whereas within the last 20 or 30 years past, it's grown very familiar among us.  
The next Author that wrote on the Scorvey after Ronsaeus, was Echtius, whose Epitome of the Scorvey was Printed a little after the said Ronsaeus, next to him was Wierus, de Scorb. printed in 1567. next Solomon Albertus, whose History of the Scorvey, with the addition of a new Symptom than appearing, which was a contraction of the Cheeks, was published in 1594. Hieron. Reusnerus, his Exercit. on the Scorvey, in 1600. Severinus Eugalenus his Book of the Scorvey, in 1604. Langius his two Epistles on the Scorvey, in 1607, or 8. Horstius on the same Disease, in 1609. Stubendorf upon Eugalen, in 1614 Dreyer, Brunner, Brucaeus, Albinus, Smid, Sennert, all Authors on the Scorvey, in 1622, 24, and 27. Besides these several others have Obiter and Cursorily touched on this Disease, as Bauhinus, Dodonaeus, Agricola, Carrichter, Dryander, Mithobius, Forestus, Rolfink, Barbet, and Twenty more.   

CHAP. XIX. Of the Praesages of the several Degrees and Kind's of Scorvey.  
1. The Prognostic of a Praeliminary Scorvey. 2. Of a Recent Scorvey: 3. Of an Haereditary Scorvey. 4. Of a Contagious Scorvey. 5. Of an Endemic Scorvey. 6. Of a Stomachic, Hepatic, and Splenetic Scorvey. 7. Of an Acid, Lixivial, and Saponary Scorvey. 8. Of an Asthmatic, Rheumatic, Torminous, Emetic, and Diarrhaeous Scorvey. 9 Of a Latent Scorvey. 10. Of an English Scorvey. 11. Of a Mild Scorvey. 12. Of Spots and Blotches. 13. Of Ulcers. 14. Of Spots and Blotches of an Ash-colour. 15. Of a Livid Palat. 16. Of a Scorbutic Pulse. 17. Of an Epiginomenal Scorvey. 18. A Prognostic applicable to Children. 19 Of a Reverting Scorvey. 20. Of Terminative Scorveys.  
§. 1. THe foreknowledge of the Danger, various Mutations, Facility, or Difficulty of Cure of a Distemper, is so necessary, that a Physician can by no means be thought accomplished, that is not well instructed in that particular, for which reason I shall Congest what Observations others and myself have made upon it, and recommend them to your reading.  
A Praeliminary Scorvey, if not well Distinguished, and rightly Cured, may either be Transitory into a dangerous Malignant continual Fever, or a Liminary Scorvey, either of which may be prevented by a very facile Cure.  
§. 2. A Recent Scorvey being neglected for six or eight Months, either by not making use of any means at all, or at lest such as are in effectual, passeth into an Inveterate Scorvey, that generally proves very stubborn to Remedies; being in some Cured by a long continued Course, in others only palliable, so that its fraequently returnable, either every Spring and Fall, or every Moon; in others it's absolutely Incurable.  
§. 3. An Haereditary, Connate, or Syntrophous Scorvey, is Mitigable, but not entirely Curable.  
§. 4. A Contagious Scorvey being only Liminary, or Recent, yields easier to Remedies, than one that is Non-naturally adventitious.  
§. 5. A Distemper contracted by a Salin Air is not so obstinate, as one engendered by Dyaet, provided the Patient takes the advantage of changing the Air.  
§. 6. A Splenetique Scorvey is worse than an Hepatic, and that also is worse than a Stomachic.  
§. 7. An Acid Scorvey is more corrigible than a Lixivial, and that more than a Saponary, which fraequently proves Incurable. The measures of a Mouth, Leg, and Joint Scorvey in general, are very consonant to the last preceding distinction.  
§. 8. An Asthmatic, or Syncopal Scorvey, is attended with danger, and often with a sudden death; a Rheumatic is tedious, and often survened by a Fevor; a Torminous is ordinarily very deplorable, and an Emetic distemper is of equal danger with the former, and often proves fatal. Diarrhaeous and Lienteric Scorveys are very Chronical, and fraequently Mortal. A Flatuous Hypochondriac, an Ulcerous, and a Dolorous Scorvey are very difficultly conquered, or if at any time Cured, are easily returnable.  
§. 9 A Latent Scorvey is easily or difficultly Cured, according to the length of time since it hath invaded the Body, and according to the quality of the Symptoms, and parts affected. In general, a Latent Distemper doth more easily admit of Cure in the beginning, than a manifest one; but in the Augment or State is far more difficult than the other, because there is no discharge of Scorbutic matter towards the Circumference, as in the other, and consequently the Spirits must be more oppressed.  
§. 8. An English Scorvey is universally milder, and lesle refractory than a Dutch Scorvey.  
§. 11. A Mild Scorvey may continued or be protracted to ten, twenty, or thirty years; a Malignant one doth sometimes terminate Life in two, six, or twelve Months, in some sooner, in others later; some arrive to their periods gradually, that is by a gradual decay of Spirits, and contabescency of Body; others die suddenly, and possibly when they least think of it.  
§. 12. Spots and Blotches, the nearer they come to a black colour, the worse they are, and if they burst out into Ulcers, signify a greater Malignity, and difficulty of Cure. It is observable, that in some before they Die, those Blotches do disappear by reverting into the Body, but soon after death appear again.  
§. 13. Ulcers of the Legs are not easily checked, but on the contrary if irritated, like Cancers endue a fiercer Nature, which fraequently inclines to a Gangraene, and Mortification.  
§. 14. Spots and Blotches of an Ash colour, especially if Corroding and Itching, in some are never Cured. Cutaneous tumors if apt to retrocede and burst out again, praesage a Palsy. A Palsy though Cured, leaveth a contraction of some of the Tendons, or a subjection to Convulsions behind it.  
§. 15. In a Mouth-Scorvey, if the palate and Throat turn Livid, that is Leadish, or Blackish, prognosticates Death to be at the door.  
§. 16. A weak Pulse, and debility of Body in this Distemper are not always dangerous, because that former may be occasioned by vapours and steams, and the latter by putrid Acid Blood. Neither are Convulsive Motions, that survene Scorbutique Fevors, of an equal danger with those, that accompany other Distempers; for these soon cease, and their cause being Acrimonious steams, are in a short time dissipated.  
§. 17. A Scorvey succeeding a Quartan Ague, or a continual Malignant Fevor, proves for the greater part very Malignant, Obstinate, and in some Incurable.  
§. 18. Children and Boys are most incident to the Kings-Evil, and Joint-Evil, young Men to the vagrant Gout, and old Men to the fixed nodous Gout. Boys and Girls are not so much exposed to the Scorvey as Men or Women; because the Constitution of the former is not so Salin, as the latter, and therefore when at any time they are surprised with it, are easier Curable. Old Men if Scorbutique, carry their Distemper commonly along with them to their Grave. A Mouth-Scorvey is more familiar among the younger sort, and a Leg-Scorvey among those that are passed thirty.  
§. 19 A Body that hath been once Cured of the Scorvey, if attacked the second, or third time, shall found the Cure to advance much more slowly than before.  
Few Distempers of this kind are remedied without an exact Diaet, though never so slight, and if they be any thing Inveterate, or Terminatory, the best Medicines without a Diaet avail nothing.  
§. 20. Terminative Scorveys, though Curable, require a long continuated strict course of Medicines; some are absolutely Incurable.  
These Prognostics are to be understood absolutely considered, without the help of Remedies, which being prescribed according to the Rules of Art, dexterously praepared, and Methodically applied, are sufficiently empowered to frustrate the most of predictions, always that excepted, which implieth a Period determined by the Creator, whereunto this Trite Versicle hath its Reference: Contra vim mortis, non est Medicamen in hortis.   

CHAP. XX. Of Praeservatives against the Scorvey.  1. Precepts relating to the Air. 2. Rules of Diaet. 3. Precepts referring to the rest of the Non-naturals. 
§. 1. IT is not in a bore Speculation of the Nature, Causes, and Signs of Diseases, the Art of Medicines doth Acquiess, but like other practical Sciences and Arts, designs its Theorems for Practice; wherefore since I have sufficiently laid down whatever appertaineth to the Theory of Scorbutique Infirmities, it's requisite I should now declare the Practic, which comprehends the Prophylactique and Therapeutique. The former being otherwise called the Conservative, in this case directs the means whereby to praeserve a Healthy Body from the Scorvey, which consist chief in Rules, and precepts of making use of the six Non-naturals.  
§. 1. Make choice of a thin serene perflated Inland Air, and therefore eat the Seacoasts, Bogs, Waterish, Stinking, and Close places.  
§. 2. Let your Diaet be chief upon fresh Meats, that are Nutritive, of easy digesture, and not very Excrementitious; so that you must avoid all Victuals that are stolen, stinking, salt, gross, obstructive, Excrementitious, and of hard digestion. Within the Verge of this Rule are meats, that have been kept too long, until they had acquired a French Haugou; likewise Pork, Brawn, and all sorts of Hog-meat, as Black-puddens, Sausiges, Beef, Ducks, Geese, Tripe, Flower-Puddens; most sorts of fried Victuals, as Pancakes, Stakes, Eggs fried, Collops of Bacon, etc. Most sorts of Fish, Salats, all Soused, and Pickled Meats, etc. Which are all Scorbutique. Let your Drink be clear, well fermented, fresh, sweet, and temperate; not stolen, or sour, ill tasted, thick and muddy, heating, or cooling. Thus much for the quality; for quantity you must be moderate, in respect both of Eating and Drinking. Let your times of Meals be seasonable, seven in the morning, twelve at Noon, and seven at Night in the Summer, and in the Winter one Hour later. Your Breakfast and Supper aught to be light, and moderate, but your Dinner somewhat more solid and plentiful. Particularly avoid Coffee, new raw Cider, Brandy, and Tobacco.  
§. 3. Sleep moderately, use Exercise, but not violently, keep your Body in order; that is between Lose and Bound; shifted your Linen once or twice a Week, to prevent the stoppage of your Pores by the Condensation of Sweat, and sooty steams, that stick to your Shirt. What concerns the passions of the Mind, I will only recommend to you the Old precept Bene age & laetare, Do well and be cheerful; and so here let us end this Chapter.   

CHAP. XXI. Of the Therapeutique in the Scorvey.  1. General Indications. 2. Indications taken from the Air, also from the quality of the Humours. 3. Indications abstracted from the quanty of the Humours. 
THe Therapeutique or Curative performs its part, by directing Methodically Remedies, contained in the Pharmaceutique and Chirurgique.  
§. 1. The Methodical Directions do flow from the Indications, which are taken from two general Heads, viz. 1. From the Strength of the Body. And, 2. From the affections against Nature; from both which likewise Coindications and Counter-indications are desumed. Among the Affections against Nature, the Causes of a Disease, and in our Case of the Scorvey are the principal Indicants, next are the urgent Symptoms, and lastly the Disease itself.  
§. 2. The Salin Air among the Procatarctics being the Ground and Original efficient, indicateth its change into a better, which is such, as hath been described in the first Rule of the preceding Chapter; whose second Canon doth likewise contain Directions, that answers the Indication, desumed from a Scorbutique Diaet, another grand Efficient; these two together with the rest of the Non-naturals being provided against in the same Chapter, we are to apply ourselves to those Indications, which the Internal antecedent Causes do point at, viz. 1. A Salin putrid, or gross fuliginous coagulated acid Blood, indicateth Remedies, virtuated to dulcify, attenuate, depurate the Humours of those sooty particles, and volatilize the salin parts, that are too much fixed. 2. A Salin lixivial thick chime requires Remedies, that by obtusing the fiery alc●lious Salts, may reduce it to an unctuous sweetness, or a Ping●e-dulce, and though their inciding property tender it thin and fluid. 3. A Saponary constitution of the Blood doth assign Remedies, that obtain a power not only of allaying the alcalious qualities of the Salts, but also of depurating and volatilizing the incrassated Sulphurous Particles, that are fixed and embodied with the Alcalious Salts.  
§. 3. In respect of their too much increased quantity, they seem to direct the Physician to Diminution or Substraction, which is accomplished by Pharmaceutical and Chirurgical means. The latter are, 1. Phlebotomy, for disburdening and depleting some part of the whole, which in Hepatic and Stomachic Scorveys is to be performed in the right Arm; in a Splenetic in the Left, and in a Pleuritic Scorvey in the Arm of the same side. After a competent Interval, for derivation from, and easing of the part affected, a particular substraction of Blood out of the Hemorrhoide veins by the application of Leeches is of great use in an Hepatic or Splenetic Scorvey. In Women, especially if there be either a Total or partial suppression of the Menstrua, the Saphaena aught to be opened. The measure of what quantity of Blood is requisite to be subducted, is to be taken from the degree of Plethory, Age, Sex, and other common Circumstances.  
2. Fontanels or Issues, than which no means, whether Chirurgical, or Pharmaceutical, seem more advantageous and necessary, both for a preservative, and Curative. Touching the Place, where an Issue is most proper to be made; in a Splenetic Scorvey is in the inside of the Leg above the Knee, an Inch or two higher than the Gatering place; but here the Surgeon is to be very cautious, that in making the Incision, he doth not wound some of the Vessels, that pass just underneath, which is fraequently done if made too deep, and sometimes not without danger. In an Hepatic Scorvey the Right Leg is most proper, in a Stomachic either, it matters not. The Mouth-Scorvey indicate; an Issue in the Left Arm, or in some cases in the Neck, or Right Arm, or in some very few on the Head, on the place of meeting of the Sagittal and Coronary Suturs. In the Leg-Scorvey an Issue above the Knee is more rational. In the Joint-Scorvey more Fontanels than one are necessary, to be made in the Arm or Leg, and sometimes in the Neck also, according to the circumstances of the Disease.  
Children that are Born of Scorbutic Parents, receive a great benefit from Issues, that are made in the Neck or Arm; but for praevention, that the Scorbutic stain wherewith some Child bearing Women are contaminated, shall be communicated to the Child in the Womb, nothing is of equal force to an Issue in the Arm. The too much increased quantity of Scorbutic Humours indicating Pharmaceutical evacuations, is to be diminished, or abated by Laxatives or Eccoprotics, and Purgatives or Cathartics. The former are usually praemised before Bleeding (where required) and Purgatives.   

CHAP. XXII. Of Antiscorbutic Laxatives.  1. An excellent Praeparation of Aloes. 2. A description of the Francfurt Pills. 3. Of Aloes Rosata, and Bontius his Pills of Tartar. 4. Of the Virtue of Aloetic Pills. 5. Two particulars to be observed in the Praeparation of Aloes. 6. Some other Laxatives proper also in the Scorvey. 
§. 1. ALoes is the chief Laxative, and indeed the Basis of most Purgative Pills; but in regard that it's offensive to the Stomach and Liver, and that by reason of its bitter Acrimonious Lixivial parts, it's of a nature so Colliquative, and Irritating, that it's apt to force the Blood out of its Vessels, and particularly to excite a Tenesmus, and Haemorrhoidal pains, necessarily requires such Correction and Praeparation, as may tender it not only lesle hurtful, but also particularly appropriated to the Stomach. The praeparation, which I have fraequently Experienced, to excel all others, is this following.  

℞ Aloes Succotr. gros. pull. ℥ i  
Flor. Ros. rub. ʒi. ss.  
Spir. Sal. come. gut. xl.  
Spir. Vin. non rectif. ad.  
Supereminent. iiii digit.  
f. digest. in ciner. per hor. xii. coletur & evapor. ad extr. consist. cui add Ol. Garyophyl. vel. Nuc. Muscat. stillat. gut. xx.  
Dos. a gr. xv. ad lx.   
§. 2. Tthe Francfurt Pills, otherwise called Pil. Angelicae, Invented by Hartman Beyer, have not only kept up their Reputation for many years, but to this day are accounted of great Virtue in Germany and Holland against Scorbutic Distempers, insomuch, that many Thousand Boxes of them are every Year dispersed to all Neighbouring, and some remote Countries also, so that they are found to be as stable a Commodity to the Francfurter Apothecaries, as Treacle to the Venetians, or Confectio Alkermes to those of Monpelier. The gain that hath been acquired by them, is the occasion their Praeparation hath been kept so private, though at present is grown public enough. The description I had of it at Francfurt is various, some praeparing them one way, some another, though in the whole it comes much to one. The most received Praeparation is that, which consists of an incomplete and complete Extract of Aloes. In manner following,  
The incomplete Extract is.  

℞. Aloes Succotr. lb s.  
Aq. Borrag. lb i ss.  
Diger. per hor. xxiiii.  
colatura fort. express.  
evap. ad consistentiam.   
The complete Extract is.  

Materiae inspissat. assund.  
Suc. Card. Ben. ℥ vi. aliis ℥ viij. Digerant. rursus per hor. vi. & expressio evaporet. ad spissit. Extract.   
§. 3. In Italy the praeparation of Fabritius ab Aquapendente was, and is still of equal Fame with the former, and is nothing but Aloes Rosata, whereof the said Fabritius for many years together was want to take every day a little before his Supper half a Scruple, for a praeventive of Diseases and a prolongative of Life. Leonard. Donatus writ an entire Tract upon the Description, Virtues, and Use of Aloes Rosata, concluding the last Chapter with this Expression, That as the Romans anciently through Sobriety lived to the Age of Six Hundred Years, so he hoped to Live no lesle by the use of Aloes Rosata.  
Bontius his P●l. Tartar. are also of excellent use for the same purpose, the Description whereof you have in Scroders Pharmac.  
§. 4. It is among the Records of Experience, that Aloetic Pills are a most safe and effectual Preservative from the Scorvey, being at convenient times used once or twice a Week or oftener; they are likewise a great Praeparative, that may be praemised before a Curative Method of a Recent, and Inveterate Scorvey. They offer no violence to Nature, which the Vulgar Mountebancks Universal, or Scorbutic Pills, Elixirs, and pretended purgative Cordials do in so rude a measure, that many have and daily do purchase them with the loss of their Lives. Were I obliged to set down the Names of all those bold adventurous Elixir-purchasers, or Pill-Chapmen, that in one Year only are untimely posted away to their Graves by those Deleterious Medicines, it is not twice the Bulk of this Treatise would contain a space large enough for a Register.  
How gently those Aloetic Pills cleanse the Stomach, the Guts, and Mesaraics of their Drossy Mucilaginous and Tartarous Dregss, and that without the lest perturbation of Humours, alteration of Body, change of Countenance, impair of Strength, or any ill attendance, may be admired. That they gently remove Obstructions, excite an Appetite, and tender the Body vigorous and prompt to Motion, is a most certain Truth.  
§. 5. Two particulars are to be observed; The one is in relation to their Praeparation, viz. That they be praepared singly, without the admixture of those pretended correctives contained in the Composition of Hiera Picra, Ruffi, Mastichin, and such like; for all that Farrago or Miscellany of Asarum spic. croc. etc. in the Hiera; Myrrh, and Saffron in the Ruffi, doth not only so much increase the Mole of a Dose, that in stead of two Pills of simple Aloetics, you are obliged to swallow down Eight or Nine, but it occasions also a Tumultuation and Ebullition in the Stomach, and all the Vessels, inflames the Body, and sets all the Humours afloat.  
The second is in relation to their proper Use and Exhibition, where you are to take notice, that they are only appropriated to an Acid Scorvey, being otherwise very praejudicial in a Lixivial, and Saponary Scorvey, also to all hot and dry Temperaments, lean and thin habits of Body, and such as are subject to Haemorrhages of the Nose or Haemorrhoides, or excessive Menstrua.  
§. 6. The Laxatives proper in a Lixivial or Saponary Scorvey, are Polypody, Sem. Cartham. Epithym. Cassia, Manna, Tamarind. Prun. dam. Passul. Tartar. Rhen. Crud. Crem. Tartar. Syr. Ros. sol. Out of these may be composed Decoctions, or Bolus'; or in stead of them may be substituted Laxative Glisters.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of Scorbutique Purgatives.  1. The great virtues of Senna. 2. Of Agaric, and Mechoacan, also of Halo-cathartics, and Gum-cathartics. Of composite Medicines. 4. A Caution in Purging Scorbutic Bodies. 5. A Purgative Apozem. 6. A Cathartic Powder. 7. Antiscorbutic Pills. 8. A pleasant Purgative Electuary. 
§. 1. Chemical Practisers cannot with greater Truth affirm, that Antimony is capable to Cure all Diseases, than in the same sense I may confidently assert, that Senna before all others is the most noble, safe, and effectual Vegetable Purgative, whereby most Distempers depending upon a Cacochymy, may be perfectly removed, and especially those, that are Scorbutique.  
§. 2. Agaric and Mechoacan, are the next Purgatives, that seem to be specifically appropriated to Scorbutic Cacochymies. Besides these, all Hydragogal Cathartics in general are experienced, to contain a peculiar faculty of Evacuating, and purging abounding vitiated Acid Salts, and among those Syr. è Rham. Cath. is praefered for a mild and safe Halo-Cathartic. Those of a more rude nature, and consequently more proper for Robust Bodies, and inveterate Diseases, are Elater. Gut. Gamb. Gialap. Extr. Esul. Suc. iridis nostr. soldanel.  
Gum Cathartics in obstinate Cases are of admirable Virtues, but must be used in their due season; such are Gum Ammoniac especially, Opopanax, and Sagapenum.  
§. 3. Thus much for the Simples, the Composits are these following; but before I proceed upon them, let me recommend one Rule of Caution to you, That the lesle Compounded Medicines are, the more certain are their Effects, and lesle subject to disturb the Spirits: For a Medicine that consists of manifold Ingredients, though perchance it may perform the same Operation, will occasion a greater Perturbation, and with so much uncertainty, that you shall not know, to which of the Ingredients, the success is to be chief ascribed. Moreover, though for Ornament and the Dubiousness of the Distemper a Polypharmacal praescription may be allowed, yet in Scorbutique Maladies, where the Blood upon the lest irritation is so apt to be exagitated, and moved into a tumultuous Ebullition or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, it's incompatible.  
§. 4. Secondly, Be mindful of this Remark, that Scorbutics, because they are so much exposed to an Oppression, and Depauperation of Vital and Animal Spirits, as appears by their low inaequal Pulses, the imbecility of their Joints, and oppressed Respiration, cannot bear much Purging, especially by violent Cathartics, neither is there that Concoction (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) nor Separation (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) of Humours, which are necessary before Evacuations; wherefore purge seldom, and that only with gentle Medicines, unless the Robust Constitution of the Body, or the Radication or Greatness of the Distemper should require it.  
§. 5. The forms of Purgative Prescriptions, viz. of an Apozem.  

℞. Rad. Polypod. q. Helen. an. ℥ ss.  
Fol. Agrimon. Asplen. an. M i ss.  
Sum. Absynth. P. i. Passul. m. ℥ i  
Fol. Sen. or m. ʒvi. Agar. albis. ʒi ss  
Tartar. Rhenan. ʒi. Zing. ℈ two ss  
Coq. in Aq. Fon. q. s. in Colat. lb i dissolve. Syr. Ros. sol. ℥ i ss  
M. f. Apoz. pro iii does. matut.   
§. 6. Of a Powder.  

℞. Crystal. Tartar. ℈ two.  
Flor. Sal. Armon. chal. ℈ ss  
Scammon. Sulphur. gr. vi. vel viij  
M. f. Pul.  
Capiend. in juscul. cochl. i. vel two.   
§. 7. Of Pills.  

℞. Fol. Sen. or. ʒii.  
Nitr. Tartar. ʒi.  
Resin. Scammon. ℈ i  
Ol. Garyophyl. gut. x.  
Syr. e Rham. Cath. q. s.  
M. f. Mass. Pill. Does. ʒi.   
Others of great Virtue.  

℞. Aloes praep. nost. vel Rosat. ʒss.  
Tartar. Vitriolat. ℈ i  
Resin. Gialap. gr. iiii. vel. v.  
Ol. Garyophyl. gut. two.  
Syr. ros. Sol. q. s.  
M. f. Pill. seven.  
deaurentur.   
§. 8. Of an Electuary.  

℞. Mechoacan. ras. ℈ i  
Gialap. pulv. gr. xv.  
Ol. Still. Macis. gut. iiii.  
Man. Calabr.  
Pulp. Tamarind. an. ʒii.  
Sy. Ros. sol. q. s.  
M. f. Elect.   
This last preceding I have often in a Lixivial Scorvey prescribed with success to those, whose Stomach could not bear an ill tasted Medicine.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of Antiscorbutic Alteratives.  1. Antiscorbutic Alteratives. 2. Spagyrics Antiscorbutics. 3. An Antiscorbutic Decoction of great Virtue. 4. An Antiscorbutic Liquor. 5. A Liquor by expression of Juices. 6. A Liquor by Infusion. 7. An Antiscorbutic Spirit. 8. A different process to abstract Antiscorbutic Spirits. 9 An Antiscorbutic Syrup. 10. A different process of praeparing the Elixir Proprietatis. 11. That Crocus Martis as it is praepared by the Oxonian Author, is very hurtful in the Scorvey. 12. That Steel powder in some cases, is poys●nous. 13. That Vitriolum Martis is Astringent and not Ecphractic. 14. Tunbridg Waters examined, and their true Principles discovered. How they aught to be used with Benefit. 15. Barnet and Epsom Waters Examined. 
§. 1. IN an Acid Scorvey these following are aestimated Specific Antiscorbutics, viz. Cochlearia Hort. Garden Scorvey-grass, being the chief of all the rest, the next is Nasturtium aquaticum Water-cresses, Becabunga Brooklime, Sedum minimum Wall-peper, Armoracia Horseradish, Persicaria Arsmart, Arum wakerobin, Semen sinapi Mustardseed, Semen Erucae Rocket-seed, Saponaria Soopwort, Chelidonium majus Selandine, Guaiacum, Cortex Winterani, the Flowers and Spirits of Sal Armoniac, Spirit of Soot, and of Hartshorn.  
§. 2. There are also other Simples, which though they are not Virtuated with so Specifique and Anticorbutic a faculty, yet by deobstructing and deterging the Bowels and Mesentery, and attenuating the gross Tartarous Blood, they are often Experienced singularly to contribute to the Cure of Scorbutics, viz. Rhaponticum verum, Helenium Elicampane, Iris Florent. Orris Gentiana, Centaurium minus, Absynth. Wormwood, Betonica Betony, Salvia Sage, Petasitis Butter-burre, Filix Fern, Chaemaedris Germander, Baccae Juniperi, Sambuci Elder, Ebuli Dwarf-Elder, Satureia. Hereunto may be added the common Splenetic Vegetables, as Fumaria, Fumitory, Cort. Rad. Cappar the Bark of Capper-Root, Cort. Tamarisc. Cort. Fraxini Bark of Ash, Ceterach Spleenwort, Agrimonia, etc.  
The Hermetic Art recommends Tincture. tartari, Tinct. Antimon. tartar. Elix. Proprietat.  
The ordinary Chemical Salts, as Sal Absynth. Cochlear. Card. Centaur. by as much as they participate of the Nature of Common Salt, are absolutely hurtful. Among the Common Spices, Pepper is experienced to be of an Ebullititious nature, and very praejudicial to all Scorbutics, and therefore aught to be omitted in those Prescriptions the Learned Oxonian hath recommended to the Public.  
What concerns the forms of Compositions out of these forementioned Simples, it is to be remarqued, that Electuaries, Tablets, Powders, and Syrups also, unless praepared according to that or the like manner I shall propose below, are of little or no use, and are only interspersed by Authors among their forms for pomp, or to add to the Bulk of their Tracts; for it's the Volatile Salt is the sole energic part of these Vegetables, which in the praeparation of Conserves, and Syrups, and in reducing them into Powders for the use of Tablets, doth Evaporate; wherefore I shall only offer to you some few select Forms of Decoctions, Infusions, Distilled Waters, Spirits, and Juices.  
§. 3. The form of a Decoction of little Trouble, and lesle Charge, but of great Virtue.  

℞ Scob. Lign. Sanct. ℥ two.  
Lign. Sassafr. ℥ i  
Sal. Tartar. ʒi.  
Coq in Aq. font. lb iiii. ad consumpt. medietat. in Colat. infund. fol. Cochlear. hort. M. iiii. Becabung. M. two. Absynth. M. ss. Cort. aurant. ʒii. Coletur & reservetur in Ampul. Vitr. Does. ℥ iiii. ter per diem horis Medicis.   
In the Winter when Herbs are scarce, I have frequently recommended this following with good Success.  

℞. Fol. Cochlear M iiii.  
Chelidon. maj M two.  
Bac. Junip. ℥ i  
Contundantr in mort. marm. sensim affund. Vin. alb tenuior. lb i exprimatur Liquor & reponatur in ampul. vitr. qui residendo clarescat. Does. ℥ iii vel iiii. bis vel ter per diem.   
§. 5. Of a Liquor by expression of Juices.  

℞. Folly Cochlear▪ succulent. q. l.  
Fol. Becabung.  
Nasturt. aquat. an. part. med. Contund. in mort. marm. pist. lign. Liq valide express. lb ii. adjiciantur. Cort. Winteran. ℥ ss. Cort. exter. aurant. ʒii Croc. Anglicʒss. in phiola probe obturata per hor 12. digerantur calore leni, dein liq. coletur & in vitr. reponatur. Does. ℥ iiii. bis per diem.   
§. 6. A Liquor by Infusion.  

℞. Rad. Armorac. ℥ i  
Rad. Gentian. ʒii.  
Fol. Nastur. aq. M two.  
Fol. chamaed. Saponar. an. M i  
Flor. Centaur. min. P i  
Rad. Zedoar. ʒi  
f. infus. per noct. in Aq. Sassafr. odorif. Vin. alb. an. lb i Coletr. de colat. capiat. ℥ iii vel iiii. pro Dosi.   

§. 7. ℞. Rad. Helen. rec. ℥ two.  
Raphan. ℥ i ss.  
Lign. Sassafr. ℥ i  
Fol. Cochl. Cichor. an. M x.  
Fol. Salu. Beton. an. M two.  
Sed. min. Persicar. an. M i  
Baccar. rec. Junip. Samb. an. ℥ two. Destillentur per vesic. cum refrigerio suspendendo in rostro alembic. croc. anglic. in pet. ligat. ʒi ss. capiat ℥ iii pro Dosi.   
§. 8. Spirits that are drawn by way of Fermentation do, besides the trouble and length of time required, suffer a considerable loss in their Volatile and Spirituous particles, which to evade, hath given me the occasion to found out a way, whereby the said Spirits are Extracted in a greater quantity with very little Trouble or Cost, and much exalted in their virtues. This following I have often Distilled, which may serve for a form for all the rest of the said Antiscorbutique Vegetables.  

℞. Rad. Armorac. ℥ iii  
Lig. Sassafr. Cort. Win. Aur. an. ℥ ss.  
Fol. Salviae M i  
Sum. Absynth. vulg. P i  
Sal. Armoniac. ℥ two.  
Vin. alb. lb i contusa & concisa digerantur per hor. xxiiii. dein distil. per Alemb. vitr. in cujus cucurb. fuerit calc. Viu. lb ss. Dos. a gut. xx. ad gut. xxxx.   
§. 9 An Antiscorbutic Syrup.  

℞. Succ. rec. expr. Cochlear. ℥ viij.  
Suc. Anagal. aquat. ℥ iii  
Suc. Betonic. Card. Ben. an. ℥ i  
Sacchar. alb. lb i depurando  
●oq. ad spissit. Syr. crass. cui frigefact. affund. Spir. Cochlear. & Anagal. Aq. praedicto modo simul destil. ℥ i  
M. f. Syr.   
§. 10. What relates to Elixir Proprietatis, praepared according to the process of Crollius, it's a Medicine beyond all Objections very proper against the Scorvey; but two Inconveniences I apprehended in it, 1. By the immediate affusion of so great a proportion of Spirit of Sulphur, the other Ingredients are Adusted or Burned, whence the Elixir afterwards contracts an Empyreumatique scent and taste. 2. By reason of the Various Digestions and Distillations is consumed a great deal of time, attended with some needless Cost and Charge. Both these the College of Physicians of the Hague endeavoured to avoid, by directing the procedure in their Pharmacopoea, Fol. 106. in this manner, 

℞. Aloes puriss. Myr. Elect.  
Croc. Anglic. an. ℥ i  
tritis ac vasi vitreo angust. orisic.  
inditis, superaffunde  
Spir. Vin. rect. lb i ss.  
Ol. Sulphur. rect. ʒvi.  
Vase optime clauso f. digest. in VB. per dies quatuordecim; tinctura abstrahatur, quae per decant. separata servetur usui.    
Although by this praescription they seem to have superated those two forementioned Inconvenients; there is a third remaining, which renders it very Incommodious for Exhibition, namely, that upon the Instillation thereof into any Aqueous Liquor, it's apt to be precipitated in the form of a Mucilage, all which to avoid hath given me the occasion, to praepare the Elixir Proprietatis thus: 

℞. Aloes Succotr. Myr. Elect. an. ℥ i  
Sal. M●rin. bene exiccat. ℥ iiii.  
Distil. per retort. vitr. in aren. cleo distil. affund. spir. vin. rect. lb i ss spir. salis rect. ℥ i addendo Croc. argl●c. ℥ i post digest. 4. dier. in ciner. d●cant.    
Vel.  

Adjiciatur Croc. Angl. ℥ ss. & diger. per dies 4. dein distil. in cucurbit. humil. appendendo extremitat. rostri alembic. croc. odoratis. nodul. inclus. ℥ ss.  
Guttulae oleosae supernatantes separentur per tritor. & saccharo albis. dissolute. addantur liquori distillato.   
§. 11. Medicines praepared of Steel have their particular uses, even in this sort of Scorvey, being designed to sweeten the Blood, by obtusing or allaying, and imbibing the putrid Acid Salts of the Blood; to this purpose the Learned Oxonian Author doth single out from all other preparations that fort of Crocus Martis, which by a long continuated Calcination is elevated into an Acool, and totally stripped of its Salin and Sulphurous particles, imagining that the foresaid Crocus through its droughty natury, doth Appetere and Absorb all Acrimonious Salts and Sulphurs' of the Humours, as being Consentaneous to those it is now deprived of. This Mode of Reasoning is most certainly verified in the Nature and Effects of Antimonium Diaphoreticum, Coral, Pearl, etc. But nothing is more Erroneous, than the applying it to the Aetiology (as he may term it) of that kind of Crocus M●rtis; for abstract from it Vinegar, or any other Acid, by Distillation, and you shall Experience it, to come over every whit as Acid, as when it was Affused. Wherhfore it aught to be abandoned from being used in any Distemper, excepting in some Loosnesses or Haemorrhages, where and when Emplastics may be judged serviceable, and in those cases I have observed the Effects of Terra damnata Vitriol. dulc. far more ample, having often prescribed it with Success.  
§. 12. All preparations of Steel, that consist in the form of Powders, are attended with an unavoidable inconvenience, being apt through their weight to descend to the bottom of the Stomach, and sometimes to penetrate through the Pores of the inward Tunic, and there lodge between the Tunics, occasioning so great an oppression, that the Patient is rendered subject to almost Incurable Palpitations and Lipothymies; for the Steel Powder is only with the greatest difficulty, and sometimes never to be Expelled from between that Tunics; insomuch that under that notion it may be termed Synonymous with Venom's, against which the Magnet Stone powdered and exhibited Internally, is the only Antidote. Not many years since I dissected one that expired of a Dysentery, against which an Apothecary had for many days given two and three Drams of Crocus Martis astring. for a Dose; the same praeparation that is so much Extolled by my Author. Upon the separating of the Tunica Rugosa from the middle Tunic, I detected a vast quantity of read sand, which upon Examination of what had been taken, I found was some of the Crocus Martis this skilful Glyster-pipe Doctor had given.  
§. 13. Those that consider Salts to be dissoluble, praefer Vitriolum Martis before Chalybeat Powders, designing thereby to avoid the Permanence of the latter in the Body; but than are certainly Frustrated in their scope of reserating oppilations, there being nothing so praevalent in an Obstructive and Astrictive quality, as the foresaid Vitriol of Steel, which that you may give the greater credit to, this I do discover to you as a great Medicine for stenching Haemorrhages, and it is by this sole praeparation I have Cured a great number of Spitting of Blood, and several Women of immoderate Uterin Fluors, both Sanguinolent, and White. Wherhfore it must be deemed an Error Albo calculo notandus in those, that praetend to imitate Diuretic Mineral Waters, such as the Savenier at the Spa, and the Wells of Tunbridg, by dissolving of Ch●lybeat Vitriol in Spring-Water: But how great a Detriment this must necessarily import, may be best understood from those, to whom they have been prescribed. Notwithstanding by mean● of another Method, Artificial Mineral Waters may be praepared so effectual and pleasant withal, that they shall in a great measure excel the Natural. By the advantage of these it is I have freed several from Lixivial Scorveys, that had proved obstinate to all other Methods.  
Touching the use of Purgative Mineral Waters, viz. Barnet, Epsom, Dulledg, Chigwel, Stretham, Northall, etc. To some Scorbutics they have proved Auxiliary, to others Hurtful.  
§. 14. The Virtue of those Diuretique Mineral Waters is derived, from a permixture of some crude Elements of Iron, imperfectly Coagulated or Compounded into Particles, with Water sourcing near and washing through the Matrices of the said Crude imperfect ferruginous Elements; or to be more plain, the said Mineral Waters do consist of a dissolution of Vitriolat Salt, volatilised by the Sulphur of Iron. From the Vitriol it is, the Water is disposed to turn black upon the addition of Galls; from the Volatilizing Sulphur associating to it some of the Subtlest, Acid, Piercing, and Insinuating Particles of the Vitriol, it is, that they prove so excellent in driving down the Urinal; and from the Exhalability of the said Volatile Salt or Sulphur, volatilizing the purest part of the fixed Salt, it is, they upon a very small interval lose their Diuretic Virtue, especially if violently shaken or moved, by being transported by Horse or Cart; though notwithstanding that, they will not lessen in their aptness of turning black by Galls, as long as they continued Impregnated with the fixed Vitriolat Salt, which probably may be long enough; but in the Interim I would have you to escape that Error, many unpolisht Philosophers commit, in judging the said Water to continued vigorous in its Urinating quality, as long as it continues alterable by Galls. On the contrary, as soon as it hath suffered the loss of all its Volatile Salt, which is in very few days, it doth assume a binding obstructive quality, and that in so dangerous a manner, that some have died of it; for the Water remaining in their Bodies, and not being carried of, had suffocated the Vital flames of the Heart and Arteries.  
Those that have made Observation on the number of such, that have been hurried out of the World both at the season of their drinking the Waters of Tunbridge, or soon after they had left them of, may very well conclude, either, that the said Waters were not proper for their Distemper, or that as too frequently happens, their Bodies were insufficiently praepared; for it is far from a proportionable praeparative, to Exhibit only a Dose of Stomach Pills, or a little Pulu. Senae comp. maj. but upon the use of a proper Purge or two some good Aperitive praeparation of Steel aught likewise to be mixed with a Cathartique, and than they will Experience their Bodies to have been well praepared by the safe and successful use of the Waters upon it.  
§. 15. The Waters of Barnet, Epsom, etc. are rendered Diuretic, Purgative, and sometimes Vomitive, through an Imbibition of some Immature principles of Copper, as appears on the trial by Lapis Calaminaris, or Shall Armoniac. The Cathartique and Emetique Faculties issue from the Sulphur of Venus.  
Among other numerous capricious Chalybeat preparations, I found no form so agreeable, and greatly successful, as the Tincture of Steel; but not when praepared after the usual slovenish Mode. Some sorts of Dulcifying Medicines in many Cases do wonderfully contribute to the Cure of an Acid Scorvey, by obtusing the Acrimony of the Blood; such are most Testaceous Simples, as Coral, Pearl, Crabs-Eyes, Crabs-Cl●ws; Oyster, Muscel, and Egg shells; add to these Antimonium Diaphoreticum, Bezoard. Mineral. Bezoard. Jovial. Magister. Jovis, Chalk. etc.   

CHAP. XXIV. Of Specific Alteratives in a Lixivial and Saponary Scorvey.  1. Antiscorbutic Simples of the first Order. 2. Simples of the second Order. 3. Simples of the third Order. 4. A Narrative of a Scorbutic Case. 5. Some other Antiscorbutics. 6. An account of another Scorbutic Case. 7. A third Scorbutic Case. 8. Some other Chemical Antiscorbutics, and a Description of the Author's Nitrum Tartarisatum. 9 The great Virtues of this Nitrum Tartarisatum. 
§. 1. THe Simples that are endued either, 1. With a Lentour or Mucilaginous moisture. 2. With an Acidity· Or, 3. With a cooling detergent Faculty, are aesteemed very proper, and useful in an Alcalious Scorbut. Through the first of these Qualities, they Lenify and Mitigate the Acrimonious Salts of the Humours; through the second, they Hebetate the corroding Alcali; and through the third, they move, attenuate and devil the Pendulous parts of the Blood, withal Clarifying or Depurating it from its Impurities.  
1. Of the first Order. Are,  
borage, Bugloss, Violets, Mallows, Marsh-mallows, the four greater Cold Seeds, Jujubees, Sebestens, Corrents, Liquorish; Gum Arabic, Dragant, Milk, and in some Cases the Milk Diaet.  
2. Of the second Qualification. Are,  
Acetosa Sorrel, Trifolium Acetosum Woodsorrel, Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Cremor and Spiritus Tartari, Spiritus Dianae, Spir. Sulphuris, Vitrioli, Salis come. nitri, Veneris Ex aerugine, Antimonii, Spir. acid. Guaiac. Juniper, Liquor Corallorum, Perlarum, Crystalli acidae nitri, etc.  
3. Of the third Rank. Are,  
Ligustrum Privet, Aparine Clivers, Chelidonium minus Pilewort, Nummularia Money-wort.  
4. These four are by Authors proclaimed Specifics in the Scorvey, the frequent Experience of their Use in some Scorbutiques confirming them to be such; but their Ignorance, through what manifest Virtue their Effects are performed (these being diametrically contrary to the other Igneous Volatile Specifics) renders them incapable of judging, to what sort of Distemper, in what manner, and at what time they aught to be applied. A while since, a Patient made her complaint to me of sharp running pains, flying up and down her Limbs, a pricking in her Gums, glowing of the Calves of her Legs, and sometimes of the Shins, a gnawing pain about her Ankles, especially upon much stirring, heats and pustles in her Face. She had made use of several Physicians, whose Opinion concluded her Distemper to be the Scorvey, and therefore had prescribed several Decoctions, and Infusions of Scorvey-grass, Water-cresses, etc. Distilled Waters, and Spirits of the like Ingredients, all which she found, had rendered her much worse, but some two Years before, confessed she had derived much benefit from them, but now they extremely aggravated her Symptoms. This method of Cure I perceived depended on Indications, desumed from those pestilent principles of Rancid and Pendulous. The Error flowed from apprehending this an Acid Scorvey, which plainly appeared to be Lixivial. I praescribed her this Lenitive: 

℞. Pulp. Cass.  
Tamarind. an. ʒii.  
Mechoacan. alb. ras. ʒss.  
Pul●. sen. comp. maj. ℈ ss.  
Crem. Tar. ℈ i  
Syr. ros. sol. ʒii.  
M. f. Bol. two.  
Deaurentur.  
Capiat mane cum custodia.    
This Operated very gently and well, upon one days interval it was repeated. The fourth day she took this following Drink, and continued it three Weeks.  

℞. Rad. Buglos. ℥ i ss.  
Fol. Aparin.  
Nummular. an. M. iiii.  
Decoq. in Servant lact. q. s. ad lb i ss.  
In Colat. dissolve. Cryst. Tar. ʒi ss.  
M. f. Apoz. pro 4 dos. mat. & vesp.   
Once a Week she made use of the above written Bole. In the space of her whole Course of Physic, she was Blooded once in the Right Arm, and once at the Haemorrhoides. The success of these Means restored her perfectly to her former Health, in lesle than a Month, which she hath enjoyed ever since. How easily is a Distemper Cured, whose Cause is rightly understood; whereas had this Woman adhaered to the prescriptions of her pendulous Physicians, she would certainly have been among her Ancestors long ere this. Others I Cured of the same kind of Scorvey (Praemissis Vniversalus) chief by this following: 

℞. Rad. Sarsaparil. ℥ iii  
Rad. Chin. non carios. ℥ i  
Rasur. Eborisʒvi.  
Coq. in aq. font. lb vi. ad consumpt. unius tertiae, sub fin: coct. add.  
Rad. Cichor.  
Scorzon. an. ℥ i ss.  
Fol. Chelidon. min. M. vi.  
Colaturae assunde  
Elix. Antimon. fulv. ʒi. ss.  
M.  
Capiat ℥ iiii. ter per diem horis Medicis,    
Note, that Sarsa and China are made use of in this Decoction, not for their Sudorifique faculty, but for a quality they are endued with of sweetening the Blood, by obtusing its Acrimonious Salts, through the Lentour, which their farinaceous substance contributes to the said Decoction.  
5. To those four principal Antiscorbutic Vegetables may be added these following, Scorzonera Hisp. Vipers-Grass, Clematis Daphnoides Periwinkle, Rhaponticum vulgar Great Centaury, Virga Aurea Golden Rod, Rumex acutus Ditchdock, Hispidula Catsfoot, Auricula muris Mouseare, Aquilegia Columbine, Rad. Graminis, Geranium Rupertianum Herb Robert, Pyrola Sea-lavender, Cichoreum Succory, Sempervivum majus Housleek, etc.  
6. The difference in qualities of these Simples cannot escape your Advertency (though all agreeing in the same faculty, of oppugning Lixivial and Saponary Scorveys) some being temperate, some cold and moist, others cold and dry, and astringent; for which reason you may praesume, their use is limited to Diseases, though Lixivial, yet attended with particular Symptoms, so that they are not promiscuously to be applied. But because Practical Instances may serve you for a more clear Example, I will give myself that trouble, of setting down the Case of a Patient, who Repaired to me the last preceding Year; it was a great heat in the Epigastrical Region of the Abdomen, that chief incommoded him, which for the most part exercising its fury in a fixed place, that sometimes was at the bottom of the Stomach, sometimes a little lower (which must be in the Pancreas) and sometimes on the Left-side, where the Spleen resides; so that here was a Lixivial Scorbutic Humour, that from the Spleen was tossed to and from to the Stomach, or sometimes to the Pancreas through the Splenic branch and Vas Breve; the other Symptoms were a nidorulent crudity of the Stomach, a dejected Appetite, thick ready spumous Urinal, low inaequal Pulse, difficulty of Breathing, and purpre Pustles erupting and retroceding in the Face. Those several eminent Physicians (that is eminent for a numerous Practice) subsequent to their Opinion, that it was the Scorvey, had for several Years treated him, with those common igneous Antiscorbutics, until his daily Experience of the praescribed Medicines discovered to him, it was to those unskilful Courses of Physic he must impute a great part of the growth of this Disease. His Body being very thin and exanguious counterindicated Bleeding. The Crudities of his Stomach and Infarctions of the Mesaraiac Vessels by Lixivial pendulous Blood required Lenitives, mixed with some gentle Cathartics.  

℞. Elect. Linitiv. Man. Calab.  
Pulp. Tamarind. an. ʒii ss.  
Nitr. Tartar. nostr. gr. xxv.  
Diss. in decoct. Prunor. dam. & sem. foes. ℥ iii M. f. Pot.   
This he used twice a Week; in his interval days took this following Drink for five Weeks, and was perfectly restored to his former Health; but for confirmation of his Cure, I ordered him to drink the Waters at Tunbridge for one and twenty days.  

℞. Rad. Tarax. ℥ i  
Fol. Chelidon. min. M iii  
Semperviv. maj. M i  
Glycyr. ras. ℥ ss.  
Coq. in servant lact. q. s. ad lb i  
Coletur. & instil. Elix. Antiscorb. nostr. ℈ two.  
M. f. Apoz.  
Sine sacchar. vel Syr.   
§. 7. To another Scorbutique, whose Palpitations and Lypothymies had rendered him very languid and weak, besides Purgatives and Bleeding at the Haemorrhoides, prescribed this.  

℞. Rad. Scorzon.  
Vincetox. an. ℥ i  
Folly Chelidon. min.  
Aparin. an. M two.  
Virg. Aur. M i  
Hord. Mund. P i  
Glycyr. ras. ℥ i ss.  
Coq. in Aq. font. q. s. ad lb i ss.  
In Colat dissolve. nitr. Tartar. ʒi. & instil. tinct. mart. gut. xv.  
M. f. Apoz.  
Capiat ℥ iiii. ter per diem horis Medicis.   
In case a Scorbutique of this kind is afflicted with a Diarrhoea, or Dysentery, you must make choice of Ligustrum, Auricul. Muris, or Hispidula; if Dysepulotic Ulcers of the Legs be the praevailing Symptoms, praefer Virg. Aur. Pyrola, Symphyt. Petr. or Bellis.  
It is this sort of Scorvey and its subdivisions (which hitherto hath not been observed by any) that occasions so many ambulative Patients, wand'ring from one Physician to another, among whom some are so ingenious to confess, they do not know what name to give the Distemper, or what to make of it.  
§. 8. Besides these forementioned I have found a singular Virtue in Steel drops, praepared after my Mode; likewise in an Elixir Antiscorbuticum, the Basis whereof is Antimony stripped of its venenous Sulphur, and rendered cooling, Diuretic, and a very high Mundifier of the Blood. Neither have I ever observed a Medicine in most Scorbutic Cases, to exceed the powerful faculties of my Nitrum Tartarisatum, the praeparation whereof is, as followeth; but for your praevious information, you are to take notice, that in praeparing Antimonium Diaphoreticum, I am used to add a triple proportion of Salt Peter, pulverised and sifted, to crude Antimony, likewise powdered and sifted; this being mixed together, I put by little Ladlefuls into a Pipkin made Read hot in a Reverberating Furnace, covering the Pipkin upon every Injection of the said mixture; and having Injected all, I cover the Furnace with a great Tile, and let it Calcine, until the Coals be burned out. The Mass being yet warm I powder, and put it into a large Basin, on which supposing the Mass to be a Pound in weight, I pour about a quart of warm Water, and stir it very well about, afterwards let it stand four or five hours, that the Powder may settle on the bottom, decant the Water into an Evaporating body, affusing to it half a pint of distilled Vinegar, evaporate it to a Pellicle, and set it in a Cellar or other cool place, and there let it continued three or four days to crystallize; collect the Crystals, and evaporate the remaining Liquor again to a Pellicle, afterwards set it on Crystalizing, and so proceed, until all is passed into Crystals. Dissolve the Crystals into distilled Spring-water, strain it, Evaporate, and crystallize it over again, until it prove very pure and transparent. What relates to the remaining Calx of Antimony, proceed to your ablutions, until the Powder be perfectly Edulcorated; it is not here I desist, but make a farther progress to a maturation, and protrusion of the essential or centrical Sulphur, and than I found it to be a Medicine, that deserves a singular Character in many Distempers.  
§. 9 I aught not to recede from the praeparation of Nitrum Tartarisatum, without giving a description of its Doses and Virtues; from half a Scruple to two Scruples, it hath performed effects in the Scorvey and some other Chronical Distempers, which could never be expected from the Arcanum Duplicatum, Tartarum Vitriolatum, or such Hermaphroditic preparations, and Neutral Medicines; for besides its penetrative, incisive, detergent, and deoppilative Qualities, it doth retain a proportion of Antimonial Salt, Centrical Sulphur, and a true Idea of what ever excellent Faculties Antimony in its best praeparation is enriched with, so that there is scarce any Impurity (whether Manifest or Latent) in the Blood or Bowels, that can escape its energy; But when you have made use of as many Ounces of this Nitrum Tartarisatum as I have, I doubt not but you will have cause to give the same Character of it I have here Expressed.   

CHAP. XXV. Of the Cure of a Stomachic Acid Scorvey.  1. An Observation on the structure of the Stomach. That it is the Tunica Fungosa is the Seat and Matrix of many Chronical Diseases. 2. The Method of Curing a commencing Stomachic Scorvey. Antiscorbutic Pills. An Antiscorbutic Decoction. 3. Emetics and Gum Cathartics are most effectual Remedies in an inveterate Stomachic Scorvey. Gum-Pills. 4. Corroboratives proper after a Course of Purgatives. 5. Specifics against an Hepatic Scorvey. 
§. 1. I Must necessarily praemise one Observation touching the structure of the Stomach, before I can tender the Indications plain and obvious. It's contexture doth consist in four Membranes. The first I call the Tunica Mucosa, or the slimy Coat, being destined by Nature for a defence of the nervous Tunic from those Acrimonious moistures, the Stomach upon every digestion doth abound with. This Tunic if at any time it be abraded, occasions great Pains, Vellications, continual Singultitions, and enormous Vomitings. The second from those various Sulcations and Wrincklings may aptly be termed the Tunica Rugosa. This Tunic is very Nervous, and consequently endued with a most exquisite sensibility, derived from the Ramifications of the External branch of the sixth pair, and from the Plexus sexti paris mesentericus; the use of it is, to corrugate the Stomach, and to amplex the ingested Victuals firmly and strictly. Both the forementioned Tunics late Authors have improperly named the Crusta Carnosa. The third I call the Tunica Fungosa, consisting of a lax spongy flesh, serving to give an ample space and passage for a large proportion of Arterial Blood, from whose presence and praeterflux in its Circulation, the Stomach doth receive a sufficient heat to dissolve, concoct, and elaborate its contents into a Chyle. Another great use is, that it is subservient in the nature of a Concoctory, where the crude Blood circulating is to be Digested or Concocted into a sweeter and equal Mass; so that you must make this Annotation, that it is here the gross, and phlegmatic crude Blood doth so frequently stagnate; whence that pesanture and load at the Stomach, which the Sick do so commonly make complaint of in most Distempers, is occasioned, and not from crude viscous Humours in the capacity of the Stomach, which Physicians, with the Ignorant vulgar, term a Cake of fleam; for were this a truth, a detergent Aloetic Laxative would at once scour the Stomach, and disburden it of those weighty Humours, or at lest a Galliard Vomit cannot be supposed to fail in that Indication; but on the contrary we found, that in many Cases scarce a score of proper Purgers, or half that number of Emetics will accomplish the design; however this is not to be apprehended so strictly, but that some crude Humours may float, or through their tenacity adhaere to the sides of the Stomach, and may be as conveniently removed thence by a detergent Laxative. It is in this Tunic, where many Distempers take their root, which generally proves of so difficult an eradication; but be not so facile, as to err with the gross of Physicians, in imagining, that it is those thick mucilaginous humours, penetrating through the Tunica Mucosa and Nervosa, do lodge in the Tunica fungosa, and constitute the Cause of those durable pesantures of the Stomach; for the said Humours are nothing near proportioned in subtlety to pass through the thick and compact bodies of the forementioned Membranes. The fourth Tunic is the common Tunic, derived from the Peritonaeum.  
§. 2. This sufficeth to inform you, that in a commencing Stomachic Scorvey nothing is more properly Indicated, that an Aloetic Eccoprotic praepapared, as hath been proposed before, and repeated once, or twice, and sometimes thrice a Week, and in the Interval days a Detergent and Antiscorbutic decoction. Thus I have Cured several with these following prescriptions, being sometimes a little varied to answer their several Temperaments, Ages, and other Circumstances.  

℞. Aloes nost. praep. ʒii.  
Cort. Winteran.  
Nitr. Tartarisat. an. ʒss.  
Syr. Ros. sol. q. s.  
N. f. Mass. Pil.  
Equavisʒa. formentur Pil. No. ix. & deaurentur. capiat Pil. iiii. vesp. sub ingress. in lect. & Pil. v. sequent. aurora, superbibendo haust. liquor. sequent.  
℞. Fol. Cochlear. hort. M iiii.  
Fol. Becabung. M two.  
Sum. Absynth. vulg. P i  
Flor. Centaur. ʒi ss.  
Cort. Aurant. ℈ two.  
Infund. in Aq. Cochl.  
Vin. alb. an. lb i  
Expressio reponatur in ampul. vitr. sumat ℥ iiii. ter per diem horis Medicis.   
§. 3. From the clogging and burden of the Tunica Fungosa we are to desume this Indication, that a safe and well praepared Antimonial Vomit is particularly pointed at, which through its most subtle Sulphur doth penetrate in a very short space through the whole Body and every part of it, dissolve the most tenacious Humours, and by stimulating the Nervous Tunic of the Stomach doth dislodge, and throw of those obstinate adherents; and among those numerous preparations, I could never yet found any more safe and effectual, than my Antimon. Resuscitat. the process whereof is described in my Great Venus. But where a Vomit is counter indicated by the unaptness and difficulty of evacuating that way, take your refuge to Gum Cathartics, which used for Eight, Ten, or Fourteen days, often do wonders. The following Mass of Pills in cases of this nature I have several times prescribed, with a success suitable to the Excellency of its Ingredients.  

℞. Aloes succotr.  
Gum. Ammon. an. ʒii.  
Solvantur in tincture. gentian. q. s. iustillat. Spir. Vitriol. philos. gut. xx. solutio coletur & evapor. ad mellagin. addendo deinceps.  
Spec. Diasen. ʒiii.  
Sal. Chalyb. nostr. ʒii.  
Nitri. Tartar. ʒi ss.  
Bezoard. Jovial. ℈ two ss.  
Ol. Succin. gut. xv.  
Elix. Proprietat. q. s.  
M. f. Mass. Pilul.  
Dos. a ℈ i adʒi.   
§. 4. Since in Scorbutic Distempers, longer Courses than of a Fortnight or three Weeks, do not only occasion a Fatigue, but a weakness also to the Stomach, a confortative Electuary aught to be made use of for six or seven days, and than return to a repetition of the foregoing Course; for Chronical Diseases, especially Scorbutics, proving very obstinate, require fraequent reiterations of Medicines.  
A Confortative Stomachic Electuary.  

℞. Conserv. Anth. Salu.  
Absynth. pont. an. ℥ i  
Pulu. Stom. ex aron. Quercet. ʒi.  
Zedoar. Cort. Winter. an. ʒss.  
Elix. Proprietat. gut. xxxx.  
Syr. court. citr. q. s.  
M. f. Elect.  
Capiat quotidie ad magnitud. castan. duabus horis ante pastum.   
§. 3. An Hepatic Scorvey is vigorously oppugned by these two specificks; Aparine, and Chelidonium minus. Most cooling vulnerary Vegetables do also very much conduce to the Cure of this Distemper; hereunto add Agrimony and Lapathum acutum.   

CHAP. XXVI. Of the External Cure of the Mouth-Scorvey.  1. The Description of a Mouth-Liquor. 2. A Lineament for the same use. 3. A Collution for the Mouth against Ulcers of the Gums. 
§. 1. BY what means to act against the Internal root of an Acid Scorvey, hath been formerly declared; how to rescind this Branch, the Mouth-Scorvey, by extrinsic Remedies, is the purport of this Paragraph. The correcting and subduing the putrid acour of the Blood, appelling to the inward parts of the Mouth, and there occasioning a Vacillation of the Teeth, painful, spongy, tumefied and discoloured Gums, I have more than once proved successful in, by this following Liquor.  

℞. Fol. Cochlear. M viij.  
Fol. Salu. P iii  
Post contus. in mort. marm. exprimatur succus, in●q. dissolve. Alum. rup. ℥ i Colcoth. Vitriol. ʒii. reponatur in vesio. Suil. quae strict. clausa suspendatur in aq▪ tepid. donec Alum. & Vitr. fuerint penitus solut. dein destil. e cucurb. humil in aren. residentia denuo suspend. in vesic. & repetatur destil.  
Linteo praescripto Liquore imbuto confricentur gingivae bis vel ter per diem.   
This Lineament in some manner doth imitate the Virtues of the former.  

℞. Fol. Salu. sic. pulv. ʒi.  
Rad. Tormentil. pulv. ℈ two.  
Flor. sal. armon. chalyb. ʒss.  
ballast. pulv. ℈ i  
Mel. Crud. q. s.  
M. f. Lineament.  
Quo saepius inung. gingivae.   
§. 3. If by reason of a greater Acrimony and Putrefaction of Humours the Gums grow Ulcerous, nothing seems parallel to this Collution.  

℞. Lixiu. calc. viv. ℥ iiii.  
Tinct. gum. Lac. ℥ i ss.  
Elix. Proprietat. ʒss.  
Alum. Vst. ℈ two.  
Colcoth. v●triol. ℈ i  
Mel. ros. ℥ i  
M. f. Collut. oris.  
Qua saepius gingivae made●iant.    

CHAP. XXVII. Of the External Cure of the Leg-Scorvey.  1. Description of the Authors Lapis Salutis. 2. A Lineament against Ulcers of the Legs. 3. A Cicatrizing Powder. 
§. 1. DEpascent and Dysepulotic Ulcers are those obstinate Symptoms, that require a particular regard, against which my Lapis Salutis hath been Experienced to be very praevalent.  

℞. Vitriol. Rom. ℥ iiii.  
●erus.  
Litharg. Arg.  
Vitriol. Mart. an. ℥ two.  
Virid. aeris. ℥ i  
Coq. in Acet. acr. ad supereminentiam duorum digit. semper agitando, donec acquirant consistent. luti, addita Bol. Armen. ℥ i coq. ad duritiem lapidis. Hujus particula solvatur in Vin. rub. adstring. q. s. quo lotis ulceribus applicentur iisdem plumaceoli eo madefacti.   
§. 2. In case the Ulcers be very foul, the following Lineament may serve for an excellent Deterger.  

℞. Ol. Jovis Mercur. ʒi·  
Mel. Rosat. ʒvi.  
M. f. Lineament.   
3. Scorbutic●Vlcers of the Legs, though tightly deterged and incarned to the Surface, nevertheless prove Dysepulotic, or difficult to be acatrized by common Epu●otics, whose defect is often wonderfully supplied by the amalgamation of Lead, being subtly pulverised, laevigated, and inspersed pretty thick on the said Ulcers, and covered with unarmed plegets, or dry Lint.  
In conclusion of this Chapter, I shall only insert this Caveat, to forbear using any kind of Unctuous greasy Medicines, be they Emplasters, Unguents, Liniments, or Oils, they being all of a putrefactive nature, especially in this sort of Ulcers.  
What concerns Spots, Blotches, or Pustles, they do not require any particular applications, since they usually vanish with the rest of the internal symptoms, upon a due course of Medicines.   

CHAP. XXVIII. Of Cordials.  1. Cordial Simples. 2. The form of a Cordial Julep. 3. Analeptics. 
§ 1. THe Vital Faculty being commonly very languid in Scorbutic Distempers, indicateth Cordial Refectives, and Analeptic Corroboratives. The former are chosen out of fragrant and spirituous Vegetables, viz. Flor. Borrag. Buglos, Ros. Viol. Calendul. Summit. Melis. Ceras. Nigr. Mala Citrea, Serpil. Citrat. Menth. and Flor. Aurant. which latter in Virtue, Efficacy and Propriety, is a Specific Cordial in most Hypochondriac Maladies, by far exceeding all the forementioned; and therefore cannot but wonder, that Physicians have of late years estranged themselves from the use of it: But in this as in many others I found some to be very mutable; sometimes Acids, and Coolers are to be prescribed in Fevors, otherwhiles they aesteem them pernicious, and hot Volatils are only to be recommended; and so the like instability of Practice may be observed in several other Distempers; what principle this flows from, you may easily conjecture. To these may be added the lesle heating Aromatics, as Mace, Nutmegs, Cinnamon, etc. likewise Wine, some vinous Composites, and some Alexipharmacs.  
§. 2. Out of these several Compositions, may be prescribed this following, which hath been experienced not to be unpleasant, nor ineffectual.  

℞. Aq. stillat. ceras. nigr. tot. citr.  
Serpil. citr. aurant. an. ℥ i ss.  
Aq. Cinam. tenuior.  
Vitae Matth. an. ℥ i  
Suc. Kerm. ʒi.  
vel Confect. Alkerm. ℈ iiii.  
Syr. Melis. ℥ i ss.  
Spir. Menth. ʒi.  
M. f. Jul.  
Capiat. cochl two. vel iii  
urgente languore.   
The Citron and Limon Thyme water I suppose to be Distilled upon a praevious digestion with half water and half small French Wine. Aq. Mirabil. I seldom make use of, because it's a Water very unpleasant, and consisting of disproportioned Ingredients. You must manage your Election of the foresaid Cordials according to their proprieties against an Acid, or Lixivial Scorvey.  
§. 3. The Analeptic Corroboratives are chief Broths made of a Cock, Chicken, or Veal, with the addition of Barley, or a Crust of Bread, Cordial Flowers, and a small proportion of Mace.   

CHAP. XXIX. The Cures of a Scorbutic Atrophy, of the Gout, and of Convulsions.  
A Scorbutic Atrophy is remedied by reducing the Blood to its natural temperament, whereby it's rendered Nutrititious, and apt to repair the dissipated parts.  
Goat's Milk, wherein Antiscorbutics have been boiled, is universally received for a great Remedy in this Case.  
Likewise this following in a Lixivial Atrophy.  

℞. Rad. Consolid. ℥ i  
Fol. hepat. stellat. M iiii.  
Fol. Chelidon. min. M two.  
Ligust. M i  
Flor▪ Borrag. P two.  
Decoct. limac. vit. & ped. vervec. lb iii post digest. quatuor horar. distil. è cucurb. vitr. humil. in cinerib. de quo capiat ℥ iiii. ter per diem scilicet hora 8. 11. & 4. pomeridiana.   
§. 2. Against Scorbutic arthritic vagous' pains, I found nothing equal to my Tinctura Chalybis, and Tincture. Antimonii Fulva, either or both being in proper Vehicles exhibited for 14, or 21. days.  
This Observation I affirm is universal in this Climate, that all or most Arthritic pains both Vagous' and Fixed are either Scorbutic or Venereal, that is depending on a Venereal impression or Tincture, which some former Malignant infection (though cured 10 or 20 years passed) hath left; for all Varolous diseases leave a stain or impression on the parts, which is as little deleble as the mark of a Blast, or a Cicatrix of a Malignant Ulcer; for this reason these sorts of Gouts shall never be Curable, or indeed scarce palliable without Antiscorbutic or Antivenereal Specifics, or both mixed with Arthritic Medicines. Scorbutic Arthritic fixed pains I have often removed by my Spir. Arthritic. extracted from the Sulphur of several Minerals. For an Anodine and Palliative Topic, against the said Joint torments, I only apply a Cinnaber Emplaster, but not that recommended in my Great Venus.  
§. 3. Some Scorbutic Convulsions this following Elixir doth vigorously oppugnate.  

℞. Elix. praeon. praep. cum Spir.  
acid. Succin. ℥ ss.  
Sal. Antimon. nostr. ℈ two.  
M.  
Capiat. gut. xx. vel xxx. ter vel quater per diem in Decoct. antiscorb.   
The Antispasmodics contained in the London Dispensatory, are chief these; Vngula alcis, cranium humanum, viscum querc. Aq. Ceras. nigr. Lilior. convall. Flor. tiliae, paralies. rutae, Aq. Poeoniae compos. Spir. lavendulae compos. Spir. & tinct. castorei. Spir. Lumbricor. Spir. Angelic. Aq. Petasit. compos. Syr. infus. Flor. poeon. item Syr. Poeon. compos. Sir▪ de beton. compos. likewise Ol. Succin. Spir. C. c. & Ol. Guaiac.  
I have known two ounces of Aq. Gentian. compos. to do wonders, in suddenly removing Convulsion fits in Men and Women.  
The most proper form for Exhibition of the forementioned Specifics against Convulsions is a Julep prescribed in this or the like manner.  

℞. Aq. flor. till. rnt. ceras. nigr. an. ℥ i  
Aq. Poeon. comp. ℥ i ss.  
Tinct. Castor. ʒi.  
Rad. Poeon. p.  
Castor. p.  
Vngul. alc. ras. an ℈ ss.  
Syr. Poeon. comp. ℥ i  
Ol. Succin. rect. gut. x.  
M. f. Jul.  
Capiat part. med. ante paroxysm. Convulsiv. & alteram post parox.   
For a Topic nothing is comparable to Balsamum Succini.  
In some Scorbutic Convulsions an Electuary may be proper to prevent the Paroxysms, because it's not so soon digested, but remains a good while in the Stomach to disperse its Virtues to the parts affected.  

℞. Conserv. Flor. Poeon. m. herb.  
paralies. anth. an. ℥ i  
Rad. acor. conduit.  
Nuc. Moscat. con. an. ℥ ss.  
Confect. Mithridat. ʒi ss.  
Rad. Poeon. pulv.  
Castor. pulv.  
Vngul. alc. ras. an. ʒss.  
Syr. de Paeon. comp. q. s.  
Ol. Succin. rectif gut. xv.  
M. f. Elect.  
Capiat ad magnit. castan. duabus horis ante cibum.    

CHAP. XXX. Of Malignant Fevors, and Small Pox.  1. The Cause of Malignant Fevors. 2. The Cause of the Small Pox. 3. The Cure of the Small Pox. 
§. 1. THe Malignity that so often is Concomitant and Supervenient to continual Fevors, constantly almost Reigning in and about London, seems chief to derive its Original from the ill temperature of the Air, which as hath been declared, is Salin and Scorbutic. That this is the principal Procatarctic, is evident from these two Reasons: 1. Because Persons differing from one another in the use of all the other Non-naturals, are subject to be surprised by the same Malignant Fevor, which consequently must than solely be derived from the Air, that only of all the Non-naturals being the same, and common to all. 2. Because many of those, that have the misfortune to fall Sick of a Malignant Fevor, have been most temperate and regular in their Diaet, Motion, and Resting, Sleeping and Waking, Excretions and Retention●, and Passions of the Mind; so that it must be the Air only, that lies imputable of this Malignant Effect; add hereto, that English Bodies when incident into Fevors in some other Climates, are not afflicted with those Malignant Symptoms. The causality through which a Salin Air produceth such Malignant febril Effects, is by disposing the Body to engender great measures of gross Fuliginous and very Acrimonious steams, which by reason of the constipation of the External pores, and of other Internal obstructions are repelled, and incorporated into the whole current of the Blood, kindle and inflame its Bituminous parts, whose flames are thereby rendered Malignant and venomous to the Spirits, which than prove the immediate Cause of those Malignant Symptoms. 3. By this means the Blood soon becomes Lixivially Salin, Saponary, and runs into a gross deliquious Oil, as plainly appears, when occasionally tapped out by Phlebotomy. Now the great difficulty of reducing this unctuous saponary Blood to its former qualification, and freeing it from that gross Salin and acrimonious Fuligo, is the Cause, that renders Malignant Fevors so indomitable, and extremely pernicious. Upon this Hypothesis, which your strict Scrutiny and Observation in Practice will abundantly confirm, how Deleterious the ordinary Method of Curing the said Fevors, and how contrary those hot Cordials exhibited by spoonfuls prove, is easily discovered; for instead of moving Nature to sweated by an Incisive, Attenuating, and Volatilizing quality, and by Amortizing the Lixivial Salts, they tender the said Salts more Lixivial and absorbing, and consequently dispose the Body not towards, but against Sweeting. Neither are the Times or Seasons observed for exhibiting of Medicines, that are accordingly to be varied in quantity quality and other circumstances; a certain directory of all which can never be attained by Indications, desumed from that impertinently improved Notion of Fermentation, which hath been the occasion of posting hundreds to the jaws of Orcus. What measures aught to be taken in point of Management and Cure of this Distemper, I have already proposed in my Tractatus Theoret. & Pract. de Febribus; But in short, the necessary praemisses not being omitted, I do repose a great confidence in an Antifebril Elixir, consisting of Ingredients of a mixed nature; and in Spir. cornu cervi praepared in a peculiar manner.  
§. 2. The Small Pox being in some kind not unlike the foregoing Distemper, I will only give my Sentiment, with Directions relating to the Cure, and than take leave. I cannot give Credit to the received Opinion, importing, that the Small is caused by some impurities, the Foetus contracted in the Womb, which afterwards Nature doth cast forth into those virulent Pustles: this among the rest is certainly a Deliramentum Antiquitatis; for considering that in Guinee, most parts of Africa, and almost throughout whole Asia, the Natives, or indeed the Strangers are never surprised with the Small Pox, though their Impurities contracted in the Womb (if any after many years' interval) cannot be supposed lesle than ours, we must conclude, that it is rather an Endemic Disease, peculiar to the Northern Climes, or rather a seasoning or alteration of the Nature of Man, arriving out of the Microcosm of his Mother into the Macrocosm, impressed by the rudeness and difference of temperature of the Air of Northern Climes from his primogenial Temperament, which needs no other Confirmation, than the Instance of those Guineans, Indians, and others, who soon upon their arrival into those Climes are attaqued by the Small Pox, which I can term nothing but a Seasoning, in like manner, as Northern Bodies are seasoned with other Diseases of the Climate that transport themselves to Virginia, Barbados, or other parts of the West, or East-indieses. That some undergo this seasoning of the Small Pox, soon after they are crept out of the shell, others when they are grown up to riper years; and some not at all, being prevented by some Mortal Distemper, is occasioned, through the strength of Nature, some Bodies are endued with above others (that undergo the forementioned seasoning soon after their Birth) whereby they are rendered capable to resist the alterative impressions of the Air.  
Since than it is so obvious, that the Air is the principal External efficient, you must necessarily apprehended, that where the Air is Salin and Scorbutic, the Small Pox proves much more Malignant, and fraequently mortal, and that, by reason the Blood becomes Lixivial, Saponary, and Absorbing, which to dispose to a Diaphoresis, or Breathing, by those hot inflaming Cordials is in some as impossible, as to force Water out of a Flint; but on the contrary, the Salts of the Humours being rendered more Lixivial and Absorbing by them, they do not only through that absorbitive and droughty Faculty exhausted and dry up the Serum of the Blood, but concentrate and retract, or draw in from the circumference those volatile fuliginous Salts, together with the External Salts engendered in the Air, which otherwise Nature is striving to cast forth; and hence it is, that Old Women and Nurses by giving only large measures of plain moistening posset Ale, very small Ale boiled, or thin Fig-drink, prove infinitely more successful, than many if not most of Physicians: But now I must tell you also, that some of the ingenious Practisers of the College of London, taking their measures from the event the management of Old Women doth procure, and the ill Exit that attends the advice of other Physicians, do abandon all those hot aduring Species, and distilled Waters, and prescribe temperate Moistening Diaphoretic Decoctions, and distilled Waters, whereby they justly deserve the Character of most Experienced and Learned Physicians, scarce one in a very great Number stooping to the Conquest of his Distemper, and that by reason of their apt and exquisite prescriptions. In fine, there are no principles, either those of Dogmatic putrefaction, or that of Fermentation, which to me do so evidently expound the causality and reason of all those Symptoms and Changes, that so ordinarily hap in the Small Pox, and Measles, than the Hypothesis I have proposed; and what concerns the Practical Indications they are such, that in Success and happy Event, I am confident exceed all others.  
§. 3. The Alexiterial simples are Rad. scorzoner. hisp. Vincetox. fol. Galeg. Scabios. flor. Calend. sem. Aquileg. fruct. caric. (in case of a Looseness or Vomiting Rad. Bistort. and Tormentil.) aq. Card. Ben. Scabios. Malv. the Composites are Aq. Scord. compos. Diascord. not that of Fracast. as it is set down in the London Pharmacopoea with the addition of Pepper, Ginger, Cinnamon, etc. which must necessarily be very pernicious in this Distemper, Spec. e chel. caner. Diamarg. frig. Cardiac. Magistral. and such like  
The Decoct. Lent. though commended almost in every Author, I am certain is not agreeable to this Distemper in our Climate. Spir. Corn. C●rv. particularly praepared, and Elix. Antifeb●il. are equal to any of the forementioned.  
This Treatise being swelled beyond my Intention, am Obliged to omit particular Observations, and Conclude.  
FINIS.