Vera Effigies Samuelis Haworth, M. D.  R. White sc 
A DESCRIPTION OF THE DUKE's BAGNIO, AND OF THE MINERAL BATH AND NEW SPA Thereunto belonging.  
WITH An Account of the Use of Sweeting, Rubbing, Bathing, and the Medicinal Virtues of the Spa.  
BY SAM. HAWORTH, M. D.  
LONDON, Printed for Sam. Smith, at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's Churchyard. 1683.   

TO His Royal Highness JAMES DUKE OF YORK & ALBANY, etc.  
Great Sir,  
SInce it hath pleased Your Highness to express so much Candour and Condescension, as to encourage this New Undertaking, by suffering it to be called by Your Royal Name; this small Tract, which is a Description of it, presumes to throw itself at Your Highness' Feet, humbly imploring Your Favour and Patronage: For though it hath too hastily broke Shel, and is still Callow, yet it ventures to take Wing, and fly to Your Princely Bosom for Shelter and Protection, rejoicing at the Opportunity it hath given its Author of rendering a Grateful Acknowledgement for those Undeserved Favours Your Highness hath already vouchsafed him. Particularly, I return Your Royal Highness most submissive Thanks for introducing me into His Majesty's Favour, and recommending me upon the account of the Success I had in Curing Consumptive Persons by a Particular Method.  
That Your Highness would still go on to Favour, and continue to retain candid Thoughts of this Great Undertaking, now almost Completed; And that this Bold and Ambitious Attempt, of prefixing Your Name to this small Treatise, may be well resented by Your Highness, is the humble Request and earnest Desire of,  
Great Sir, Your Highness' most Submissive Servant, Sam. Haworth.   

A DESCRIPTION OF THE DUKE's BAGNIO, AND OF THE Mineral Bath, & New Spa, etc.  
THE Design of this Treatise being only to acquaint the World with the particular Conveniencies of the New Bagnio, etc. We suppose it needless to make any Preliminary Apology or Introduction to usher it in. We shall therefore with all possible Plainness and Brevity present the Reader with our Thoughts about it, and desire his Candid Perusal.  
This Bagnio is erected near the West end of Long-acre, in that Spot of Ground which hath been called by the Name of Salisbury-Stables. At the Front of it, next the Street, is a large commodious House, wherein dwells that Honourable Person Sir William Jennings (of whose great Worth, and Services to His Majesty at Sea, not only the King himself, but almost the whole Nation besides, is sufficiently sensible); who having obtained His Majesty's Patent for the making of all Public Bagnios and Baths, either for Sweeting, Bathing, Washing, etc. is the Only Undertaker of this New Building. In this House there are several Rooms set apart for the Accommodation of such as shall come to the Bagnio; and to the further side of it, the Structure of the Bagnio is adjoined. So that the first Room we enter to go into the Bagnio, is a large Hal, where the Porter stands to receive the Money. Hence we pass thorough an Entry into another Room, where hangs a Pair of Scales, to weigh such as our of Curiosity would know how much they lose in Weigh while they are in the Bagnio. Thorough this Room we pass into a large Room, called the Dressing-room: This Room hath on each side several private Boxes, for Persons to undress and dress themselves in: The middle Walk, between the Rows of Boxes, is paved with Black and White Marble. This Room is always moderately warm, to prevent taking cold when the Body is stripped; it is 32 Foot in length, and about 30 Foot broad; 'tis flat on the top, and covered with Lead. At the farther end of this Room is an Entry, which is somewhat warmer; in this Entry the Rubbers stand and wait, when they are not employed. On the farther side of this Entry is a Door or Passage into the Bagnio itself, which is a stately Edifice, of an Oval Figure, in length 45 Foot, and in breadth 35. 'Tis covered at the top with a high and large Cupola, in which there are several round Glasses fixed, to let in Light, which are much larger, and so fewer in number, than those at the Royal Bagnio. This Cupola is supported by eight Cylindrical Columns of white Stone Pillars, each of which are 20 Inches Diameter, and 16 Foot high. Between these Pillars and the Sides of the Bagnio is a sumptuous Walk, about 7 Foot and a half broad, quite round the Bagnio; so that the Middle of the Bagnio, within the Pillars, and just under the Cupola, is 36 Foot long, and 26 broad: yet the Heat within these Columns, and likewise round about them, is exactly in the same Degree. The mentioned Walk in the Bagnio is Arched over with Brick; which Arch, with the Cupola, and all the top of the Bagnio, is covered with Lead. The Bagnio is paved with Marble, and in the middle of it is placed a Marble Table, which is 20 Inches high, and 6 Foot square. The Sides of the Bagnio are covered with White Gally-tyles, and in the Walls are made ten convenient Seats, such as are in the Baths at bath: there are likewise 14 Niches in the Walls, in which are placed so many Marble Fonts or Basins, with Cocks over them of hot and cold Water, for the convenience of Washing. On one side of the Bagnio hangs a very handsome Pendulum-Clock, which is kept to give an exact Account how Time passeth away. Adjoining to the Bagnio there are four little round Rooms, about 8 Foot over, which are made for Degrees of Heat, some being hotter, others colder, as Persons can best bear, and are pleased to use. In each of these little Rooms is fixed a Leaden Cistern, about 2 Foot high, 6 Foot long, and 2 Foot and a half broad: Over every of these Cisterns are placed two Cocks, the one to supply with hot, the other with cold Water. These Rooms are likewise all covered with Cupola's, and their Walls with Gally-tyles.  
The Inside of this Bagnio being thus described, it's now requisite we say something of the manner of Entertainment in it, which is as follows.  
The Person that comes to receive the Benefit of this Bagnio, when he first enters, pays his Money to the Porter, or Person appointed for that purpose, then if he pleaseth, he may be weighed in the Scales: whence passing into the Dressing-room, he is received by the Barbers, and presented with a Box to himself, his particular Barber attending him, who immediately undresseth him, causing him to sit down on the Squab or little Couch placed in the Box. Being thus undressed, and his Head wrapped about with a Napkin, he hath a Linen Cloth put round his Middle, which reacheth down to his Feet, and another thrown about his Shoulders, which hangs like a Mantle down to his Middle, he hath a pair of Slippers given him, and so passeth to the Entry of the Bagnio, attended by his Barber, where he is met by a particular Rubber destined to wait on him, who bringing him a pair of Wooden Clogs, which he changeth for his Slippers, introduceth him into the Bagnio, and then leaves him to walk about, or sit down on one of the Seats, or else lie along upon the Marble Table, which best pleaseth him. Thus, observing the Clock, the Person may continue as long as he will: If he purposeth to sweat much, and desireth a greater degree of Heat, he may walk into one of the little Rooms designed for that purpose; and if he finds himself almost overcome, or ready to faint, he may pass thence into another of these little Rooms on the other side of the Bagnio, which is much cooler, and there find present Relief; or, if he please, he may call for a Bottle of a Diaphoretic Liquor, which our Apothecary hath always in readiness, which is a very pleasant Cordial, and will both prevent Fainting, and quickly restore him from it if he already faint, and likewise much promote his Sweeting. After he hath been in about an Hour, more or less, he calls for his Rubber who first causeth him to sit down in a Chair, over against one of the Stone Basins in that Bagnio; there with his Hands he artificially rubs him over, beginning with the Arms, than the Legs, afterwards the Back, and then the Breast and Belly: Hereby he fetcheth off much Scurf; which before stopped the Pores, and so hindered those Sluices of Perspiration from sending forth those Heterogeneous Particles which Nature deems not fit to remain mixed with that wholesome Liquor the Blood, and therefore endeavours to throw them off that way. After this, to make the Parts more pliable, the Rubber stretcheth every Limb of the Body, and distends every Joint in each Limb; then he throws warm Water upon him, and washeth his Body all over, and hereby renders him white and clean. Having thus done, he takes him into a little Room, which is a Degree colder; there he rubs his Body all over with a Hair-Chamlet Glove, which gently scratcheth the Body, and is exceeding pleasant to the Sense; the particular Use and Benefit of which, we shall relate in the Sequel of this Discourse. After he hath continued this pleasant sort of Friction for some time, more or less, as the Person desires it, he fetcheth a Basin of a Perfumed Lader, with which he washeth the Body all over; this, the Rubber tells you, he finds at his own Charge: The Body being washed hereby, retains a very grateful and pleasing Scent. This being finished, he rinseth the Body with Water, and the fills the Leaden Cistern, setting the Cocks of hot and cold Water both running, whereby the Cistern is soon filled with Water moderately warm. The Cocks being then both stopped, the Person is desired to lie or sit in the Cistern of Water; and the Cocks being at his Hand, he sets the cold Cock a running, which renders the Water in the Cistern gradually colder and colder: Thus he cools himself at pleasure; and when he thinks himself cool enough, fresh Linen is brought him: He than walks to the Door of the Bagnio, where his Barber meets him with a pair of Slippers, and a long white Linen Frock; which having put on, he is again conveyed to his Box, where lying along upon the Couch, he is with fresh Linen wiped dry, and covered with Clothes for some time, where he lies till he is desirous to dress: The Barber than brings him his Shirt warmed at the Stove, which is at one corner of the Dressing-room; having put on his Shirt, he helps him on with his Clothes, and then brings him his Shoes ready cleaned: Having put on his Clothes, Shoes, and Stockings, he shaves him, if he desires it. The Person than repairs to the Scales, and sees what he has lost; and then leaving the Bagnio, he betakes himself to his Pleasure or Business, finding himself as brisk, active, and vigorous, as if he had just skipped into the World, and never wearied his active Members by any Exercise or Occupation.  
The same Reception and Entertainment do also Women find, only with this difference, viz. On women's Days there are all imaginable Conveniences of Privacy, and not a Man to be seen; but all the Servants are of the Female Sex, and such as are not only neat and cleanly, but likewise skilful and dexterous in the Business they have to do. They likewise use a Water which affects the Skin with an admirable Whiteness and Clearness, with which they wash the whole Body, but especially the Hands, and Face, and Neck; whereby much Lustre and Beauty is added to those Parts. The Days appointed for Men are Mundays, Wednesdays, Thursdays; and Saturdays; those for Women are Tuesdays and Frydays only.  
Having thus described the Inside of this Bagnio, and given a concise Specimen of the Manners and Customs appointed for the Accommodation of such as shall frequent it; it is altogether requisite we should give as short an Account as may be of the Particulars belonging to it, especially the Bath and Waters, before we relate the singular Use and Virtues of them all; which take as follows.  
On the East side of the Bagnio there is a Coffee-house fronting the Street, with this Inscription upon the Sign, THE DUKE'S BAGNIO COFFEEHOUSE. Near the end of this Coffe-house is the great Gate, which opens into a large Court-yard, convenient for the receiving of Coaches: In this Court-yard is visible the Front of the Bagnio, having this Inscription upon it, in Golden Letters, upon a Carved Stone, THE DUKE'S BAGNIO. On the left hand of the Yard, over against the Coffee-house, is a very convenient Building, erected for the Accommodations belonging to the Bath; on the outside of which is inscribed in like manner, THE DUKE'S BATH. This Building is about 42 Foot broad, 21 Foot deep, and three Story high. There are in the lower Story, of first Floor, several Partitions: On the West side of it is a narrow Room for a Laboratory, in which are Chymic Furnaces, Glasses, and other Instruments necessary for making the Bath-Waters. At the East end a Door opens, thorough which Persons that come to the Bath first enter into an Entry, and then turn on the Right-hand into a convenient Room appointed for their Reception; and on the further side of this Room a Door opens to the Bath, round about which, within the Partition, is a Place for the Friends or Servants attending such as go into the Bath, to stand, who may lean over, and see those that wade in the Waters. At one Corner of the Bath are five or six Steps down into the Water. This Bath is about 10 Foot long, 7 Foot broad, and 5 Foot deep; though it seldom or never is full quite up to the top: It holds about 10 Tun of Water, according to the Rules of Gauging: On the further side of it are Seats in the Wall, such as are in the Baths at bath: At one corner of it is a large Pipe, to let in Water upon occasion; and also a Cock somewhat smaller, which is constantly running to supply the Bath with Water. There is likewise another small Cock, and several Vessels adapted for our purpose, thro' which those prepared Liquors pass which impregnate the Water, and cause that Heat and Ebullition which appears immediately after their mixture with the Water. The Bath is hereby kept continually hot to an exact Degree, and is impregnated by the very same Mineral Principles wherewith the Natural Baths are; only in this Bath they are more pure, being separate from all noxious Fumes, Arsenical Particles, and other poisonous and unwholesome Mixtures: So that this Artificial Bath is much safer and better than any Natural ones; for (not to lessen the Esteem of Natural Baths, they being extraordinary Blessings which God hat conferred upon some Countries) in Natural Baths there is much of Contingency and Casualty; and 'tis almost as probable that the Currents of Water in the Bowels of the Earth should fall upon a poisonous, as upon a wholesome or innocent Mine; and so may almost as soon be impregnated with Antimonial, Arsenical, or Mercurial, as with Sulphureous, Nitrous, or Vitrioline Particles. Hence several Baths in Europe do retain such deadly and pernicious Qualities, that none dare to enter them: Others, though frequented, are in some measure hurtful and destructive: And there is no Natural Bath in the World but hath some unwholesome Particles swimming about with the numerous Sulphureous ones.  
On the Right-hand coming out of this Bath is a little square Room, accommodated for the wiping and wrapping such Persons as use the Bath; which Room is kept moderately warm by the Heat of the Bath. At the end of this Room there is a Door into the Entry, and at the end of the Entry a pair of Stairs up to the Chambers above, where there are Beds, Fires, and all manner of Necessaries for such as bathe. There are likewise Garrets for Servants Lodgings, and other Conveniencies.  
The Manner and Circumstances of Bathing are these. The Persons desiring to use the Bath, whether one, two, three, or more, first come directly to the Bath-house, thro' the Court-yard adjoining to the Bagnio and Bath, and, by a Servant appointed for that Business, are conducted into the common Room of Reception, who having received their Money, either taketh them into the private Room at the end of the Bath, or else up Stairs, if they desire it, and there undresseth them: After they are stripped, he puts on them a Canvas Shirt or Shift, gives them a pair of Clogs, and so leadeth them to the Bath. If they are feeble, and unable to help themselves, they have a Guide enters with them; otherwise they go in without. When they are in, they either walk about, or sit down on one of the Seats in the Bath, which Seats are some higher and bigger, some lower and lesser, for the Convenience of tall and short, great and small Bodies. They continue in the Bath as long as they please, or so long as their Physician, if they consulted any, advised them. They have also, while they are in the Bath, offered them by the Apothecary a Bottle of the mentioned Diaphoretic Cordial Liquor. During the time they stay in the Bath, they either divert themselves by talking with their Friends or Servants about them, or else by taking notice of the somewhat strangeness of the great Ebullition and Heat which now and then by Intervals they will perceive to be caused by the abovementioned Mixtures: Also, if they please to order the Windows to be shut, and so the Bath darkened, the Surface of those Vessels wherein the Mixtures are made will appear Light and Flaming, and several shining Vapours or Exhalations will be seen to ascend, in the manner of Fiery Meteors; which Phenomena are caused by the avolition of the Sulphureous Aporrhea or Fumes from the Mineral Principles of this Bath, and are somewhat pleasant to behold: So that although the great Virutes and admirable Qualities, besides the Cleanliness of it, is the main Inducement to persuade Persons to make use of it; yet these Curiosities being for Diversion-sake worth observing, I thought fit to mention them in the Description of the Bath, intending by and by to insist upon the peculiar Virtues and Qualities of it.  
Therefore to return from this Digression, and proceed in what is yet behind, in reference to relating the Manner and Circumstances of Bathing. The Persons in the Bath having continued there as long as is thought convenient and necessary for this time, they come out, being handed up by a Servant, and entering the adjacent little Room, they are wiped dry, a Shirt or Shift and Gown is put on them, and hence they are either conveyed into warm Beds prepared for them in the Chambers, or else they are carried in a close Chair to their own Lodgings near the Bath, such as they shall choose for themselves.  
Women likewise two Days every Week are here received with all Decency and due Respect, by Persons of their own Sex, ordered to attend them. There is also one Day appointed in every Week for a particular Bath prepared for Children in the Rickets, very effectual in that Distemper, as will appear in the following Part of this Treatise, and likewise by the Experience of such as will have occasion to send their Children to it.  
But to avoid being prolix, I shall now (having given this summary Account of the Particulars belonging to the Bath) in as few Words as may be, give a Description of the New Spa.  
This Spa is a Well of Medicinal Waters, artificially made, by Mineral Principles, conveyed into the Earth by appropriated Vessels, there springing up in a sufficient Quantity to supply all Persons that shall have occasion to drink them. Their Colour is clear and transparent, their Taste sweet, and somewhat stiptic; they turn Purple if mixed with Galls, and are reduced to Transparency by a few Drops of Spirit of Vitriol: Oil of Tartar per Deliquium will curdle and turn them White, and Spirit of Vitriol will restore them to their former pellucid Colour. The Well is covered over with Stone, with a Figure upon it, and other Carved-work about it: It hath a small Iron Door, which is kept locked, and opened only by the Person that draws the Water. This Well is made close to the Wal of the Bath-house, in the Yard, about the middle of that Building; and 'tis encompassed on the Yard-side with tall Pallizadoes, in which there is a Door made for the Person that draws the Waters to pass to the Well, and likewise a Window, out of which the Waters are to be delivered to those that want them. Near to these Pallizadoes is a little Room, for Persons to sit in that drink the Waters. There are also all other convenient Accommodations for the Drinking these Waters, as Bottles, Cups, Glasses, etc.  
This is all I thought necessary to relate in reference to the Description of the Bagnio, the Bath, and Spa. The subsequent Part of this Tract is to be spent in mentioning the great Virtues, Effects, and Qualities of them all: And we shall begin with the Use of the Bagnio.  
Amongst the many excellent Helps and useful Inventions wherewith the Industry of Ancient and Modern Physicians hath supported the tottering Fabric of men's Bodies, the Practice of Bagnios deservedly claims an honourable Mention, and justly challenges a venerable Esteem. And indeed if we consider how long they have been known to the World, it cannot be supposed (without a manifest Reproach to the Judgement of the Learned in so many Ages, who having often experienced the great Advantages they have received by them, took care to hand them down to our Times, and recommended them to the Use of succeeding Generations) that their Usefulness is not found to equal the Character which they have always given them, and which we now contend for.  
Besides, when we remember how nearly Art resembles Nature in this sort of Administration, we have no reason to question such considerable Effects from Means so highly probable; for, as 'tis generally acknowledged, that by observing the singular Benefit some have received by involuntary Bleeding at Nose, some at the Hemorhoids, others in other Parts, we were first directed to take up the Lancet, open a Vein, and call in the Assistance of Phlebotomy; so 'tis not unlikely, that the Ancients taking notice of the great Relief some have found after, Critical Sweats, by a free Transpiration of the Fuliginous Parts of the Body thorough the Pores, received the first hint of attempting the like Evacuations by Artificial Baths or Bagnios, thereby powerfully assisting the weakness of sluggish Nature, in throwing off the offending Matter. We need not look back so far as to the Times in which Rome, when Mistress of the World, boasted of near 200 beautiful Structures erected for this purpose, since the present Practice of the Turks obviously presents itself to our Consideration; the Wisdom of whose Governors hath thought fit to provide such Accommodations in all the principal Places of that vast Empire, and endow them with large Revenues: Nor do they think their Charge and Trouble in erecting these Bagnios lost; for they apparently find themselves much recruited and invigorated by the frequent use of them; as likewise several Distempers are hereby prevented. It's rare to see any there afflicted either with Gout, Dropsy, or Rheumatisms; the Reason of which can be ascribed to nothing so much as this wholesome Custom of using Bagnios.  
Not only in Turkey, but also in several Parts of Europe, the use of Bagnios is much esteemed of; particularly in several Parts of Hungary, Germany, Sweedland, Denmark, etc. where they are in great request.  
Now if Bagnios are thus useful, the frequent Sweeting in them so beneficial; if they are so much in request abroad, and found to be of such extraordinary Advantage to Kingdoms, why should we exclude them? 'Tis matter of great wonder to me, that in this pregnant Age, when almost every Art and Science (but more particularly the Noble Faculty of Physic) hath been more improved than in several preceding Generations, and almost all ingenuous useful Inventions, whether found out in Europe, or any other Parts of the World, have been brought into immediate Use and Practice, that so admirable and Invention, and so publicly known in other Parts, was not thought on in England till about four Years ago. Certain I am, that if the real Virtues and Benefit of frequenting Bagnios were well known and believed by the generality of the Inhabitants of London and Westminster, 'tis not the Royal and the Duke's Bagnio would be able to receive the twentieth part of those that would crowd in upon them. But such is the remiss, careless, and negligent Humour of the Inhabitants of these Lands, that they think not of preventing Distempers till they come upon them, and then they smart for't. There is no Part of Physic so much rejected and forgotten, as the Prophylactic or Hygieinal, which is the Preservative Part, though no one Part of Medicine ought to be more respected. To this very end Mr. boil, the Mirror of our Age, hath prompted us to this Study, in his usefulness of Natural Philosophy, Part 2. Essay 4. Now that Bathing and Sweeting is useful in the Prophylactic or Preservative, as well as in the Therapeutic or Healing Part of Physic, is evidently enough demonstrable. For nothing tends more to the preventing of Distempers, and so, ex consequenti, for the preserving of Health, than the assisting of Nature in throwing off what is offensive to her, and incongruous with her Balsamic Crimson Liquor, and other deputrated Juices. The Pores of the Body, which are the outlets of those unwelcome Guests, are soon obstructed, by the constant and successive thronging forth of Effluviums by insensible Perspiration, some of which are glutinous, or rather crooked, and so hang in their very exit, by which others are afterwards stopped in their passage, and so in time several Pores of the Body are almost quite clogged, and Nature many times put to a force to burst them open: In the mean time several of these pernicious Corpuscles, which the Blood would otherwise transmit thorough those Pores, finding no passage into the open Air, at the yet too weak repulse of Nature, are hurried about again by Circulation, and hereby oftentimes such irregular Motions in the Blood created, by Nature's strenuous endeavour to throw them off, by a kind of abhorring violence and impetuosity, that the genuine Ferment, and slow and moderate Motion of the Blood, is exalted to a rapid Motion and furious Ebullition, and so many times fatal and destructive Maladies are created; all which, by the moderate use of Bagnios, might be prevented. And this is the reason why the Turks, and the Natives of other Countries that have the frequent use of Bagnios, are seldom sick, and live to a prodigious Age, because constant Perspiration being hereby promoted, the very Seeds of Distempers are thrust out, and the Enemies of Nature quite exterminated; so that Nature having nothing heterogeneous, or contrary to the Principles of Life, she performs her proper Functions with the greatest regularity to a competent Old age. The Body than resigns not by being overcome by any Distempers, but because its Organs are quite worn out and impaired by their long Exercise, and so unfit and unable for longer Service. We may mention the Use of Bagnios not only in preventing Diseases, as we have just now evinced, but also in curing and removing some particular Maladies and Infirmities. What can be prescribed better for a new-taken Cold, than to sweat moderately in a well-tempered Bagnio? For, as the Sulphureous and sticking Particles of the Blood do sometimes hang together in their Passage from the Body, and so obstruct the Pores; so it is also undeniable, that frigorific and cold Particles, which swarm and glide about in the fluid Air, especially in Winter, darting upon the Body exposed to the Air, do often stick in the Pores, and so hinder Perspiration, and hereby occasion very bad Effects, and perplexing Symptoms in the Body. Now it is not only highly probable, and easy to imagine, but certainly the Effect and Product of daily Experience, that these pernicious cold Particles are soon driven away and put to flight by the calorific or hot Particles, of which there are enough floating or rather jumping about in Bagnios. Cold Particles have likewise other hurtful Effects upon the Body, besides secluding the Pores; which is by entering the Body, and mixing themselves with the Blood, and hereby causing Coughs, Catarrhs Defluxions, Hoarseness, Quinzies, Pleurisies, Fevers, Rheumatisms, Pains, headaches, Toothaches, Deafnesses, etc. All which direful Maladies are prevented, if the Party soon after taking Cold enter a Bagnio, the Heat expelling those Particles which are the Causes of the mentioned Evils.  
Another Use of Bagnios may be to recruit the Body after a tedious and wearisome Journey; for if a Person coming off such a Journey do immediately make use of the Bagnio, it presently refresheth him, prevents, Stiffness of the Limbs, and renders him as fit for Business the next day, as if he had never traveled.  
To what hath been said, I may add, That Sweeting is useful in Surfeits gotten by Fruits, Meats, Wines, and other Strong Liquors; by causing the Blood to throw off and separate that which being mixed with it, gave it the Surfeit: For which reason it is very proper and benficial for such as drink hard, to make frequent use of Bagnios.  
Bagnios are likewise many times helpful to such as have Old Pains and Aches, and also newly contracted Rheumatisms.  
Farther we have to add concerning the Benefit of Bagnios, That the Friction or Rubbing used in them is of extraordinary use to Humane Bodies, as well as the Sweeting: For hereby the Circulation of the Blood in the small Capillary Vessels is exceedingly promoted, and the narrow Ducts and Passages in the extreme and superficial and cutaneous Parts of the Body, wherein the Blood and other Liquors are often coagulated, or those Vessels stopped by other Accidents, are hereby opened; the tender Nervous Fibres are also hereby rubbed up and stimulated to perform their Exercise. So that many and considerable are the Advantages of so little and unthought-of a thing as Friction. And this is not only my bare Opinion, but the Opinion of several Learned Authors. Galen in several places of his Works highly commends Friction; particularly, in Lib. de Artic. cap. 81. he saith, Frictiones reddunt Fibrarum substantiam pleniorem, Carnium vero validiorem; Frictions render the substance of the Fibres fuller, the Flesh more firm. Also Lib. de Offic. cap. 25. he saith, Frictio moderata nutrit; Moderate Friction nourisheth. We have not only the Authority of Galen for the abetment of our Assertion; but likewise several Modern Authors do testify the same.  
The Lord Verulam, in his History of Life and Death, looks upon Touch and Friction as a great Medic Branch, and effectual Cure of many Diseases and Infirmities; That Motion and Warmth (which make up Friction) draw forth new Juice and Vigour into the Parts; and that they also contribute much to the Prolongation of Life, etc. See his History of Life and Death, Hist. 6. Sect. 3. & in Canon xiii.  
Mr. boil, in his usefulness of Experimental Philosophy, Part 2. c. 15. compares the Bodies of Animals to Engines, whose distant Parts may be altered much for the better or worse, by Impressions upon some other Part, by Motions confessedly Mechanical: He also tells us how much the wel-dressing and Currying of a Horse contributes to his Thriving; that he shall look better by such wel-ordering, than twice the quantity of Corn without such care taken of him; That the Brasilian Emperics, though otherwise very unskilful, do strange things in the preserving of Health, and removing Diseases, by such means; curing Cronic Diseases by Friction, Acute ones by Unction.  
You may see more among Dr. Beal's Communications concerning the Cure of Excrescences and Wens by the Touch of a Dead Man's Hand, and Friction; and of some that would cause Vomiting or Purging by different Stroking, and give ease in the Gout; as also the Benefit an old Gentleman received, having his Feet licked by a Spaniel. Of which see at large in Philosophic Transactions, N. 12. p. 206, 208. for the Year 1666.  
'Tis likewise credibly reported, and I am apt to believe it, That Mr. Hobbs, who lived to a great Age, was a great Admirer of Frictions, and oftentimes employed his Man to rub him down with a course Cloth, if not constantly.  
It's also more than probable, That many great Cures which have been done by some Private Persons, who have been Famous for Stroking or Rubbing the Parts, and have been thought to have had an Extraordinary or Divine Gift or Happiness, that way, have oftentimes been no other than the natural Effects and Consequents of Friction.  
The Famous Van Helmont tells us, That he himself could by the Milk of an Ass tel whether she had been that day diligently Curried or no. Now so considerable an Alteration in Milk, should methinks strongly argue, that a great one is in the Blood, or other Juice of which the Blood is elaborated, and consequently in divers of the principal Parts of the Body, which must have preceded it. Now there being so sensible an Alteration made in the Body of a Brute by mere Currying, how much more Benefit and Advantage must needs accrue and redound to the Body of Man by accurate Friction?  
Thus we have endeavoured to demonstrate the great Use and Benefit of Bagnios. Now that this ample and spacious Structure of the Duke's Bagnio doth not fall short of, but rather exceed most of the Bagnios in Europe, is the Assertion of all Travellers that have yet seen it.  
That which next occurs to our Consideration, is the Use and Benefit of Baths, and particularly of this New Artificial Bath.  
Not undeservedly have Natural Baths been applauded by the most Eminent and Learned Physicians of many successive Generations; neither hath the general Esteem of the Vulgar for them, for so many past Ages, been merely the Fruits of Fancy, without Ground or Reason, since the multitude of Cures that have yearly been effected by the Use of them, hath been a sufficient Manifesto of their great Virtue and Usefulness.  
Never was the Use of Baths so much in vogue in Europe as now. The most Renowned, and those that indeed excel all other Natural Baths in Europe, are those of Hungary, 
Dr. Brown's Travels.  at Glas-Hitten, an Hungarian Mile from Schemnitz: There are five very convenient Baths, with handsome Descents into them, and covered over with large high Roofs. These Baths are exceedingly frequented, by reason of the extraordinary Cures that are done by them. Also at Eisenbach, which is four English Miles from Glas-Hitten, are two very commodious Hot Baths, which are very much frequented. Not only in Hungary, but likewise in Germany, Natural Baths are highly esteemed, and much used: Particularly those of the famous City of Aken are much celebrated in many Parts of Europe. They were found out in the Year of our Lord 53. by one Granus, a Noble Roman, who adorned them after the manner of the Roman Baths, and built a Noble Habitation near them, part of which is still to be seen, retaining the Name of Turris Grani. Hence likewise these Thermae are still called Aquae Graniae. Within the Walls of this City are three Baths, viz. the Emperor's Bath, the Little Bath, and the Bath of St. Quirinus. The Emperor's Bath was very large, but is now divided by Partitions into several Bathing-rooms. This is that Bath in which Charles the Great formerly took so much delight, that he spent the latter end of his Days here, and would frequently swim in it, and invited abundance of his Friends to this Bath, so that a hundred at once did frequently enter it. There are likewise other Baths about this City, as the Bath of St. Cornelius, the Rose-Bath, so called from Mr. Rose, a Citizen, that built it; also the Compus Badt, or Poor Man's Bath. These are esteemed to be Sulphureo-Nitrous; their Smell is offensive, and Water not transparent. About a Furlong from the South Bath of Aken is a Village called Borset, where there are Twenty eight Baths, each of them holding Fifty Tun of Water, and all of them frequented.  
In Austria, at Baden, are Fourteen very sumptuous and delightful Baths, all of them well beautified, and much resorted to.  
The Turks also make great use of Baths, as well as Bagnios; and do most of any Nation beautify their Baths, and always build large Cupolas over them.  
We may likewise mention the Hot Waters at Bourbon in France, the use of which in Bathing, as well as Drinking, have given such satisfaction to the World of their singular and admirable Qualities, that Persons from all Parts of Europe do throng and flock thither for the sake of Bathing in them. Thus we see how Foreign Parts prove exemplary to us in the frequent use of Bathing.  
'Twil not be amiss now to mention something concerning the Natural Baths in our own Native Country. Those that are most known and frequented, are those of bath in Somersetshire, which were ('tis said) found out by one Bladud, King of the Britan's, about 900 Years before Christ. This Bladud was surnamed a Magician, and was counted by the Common People to be a Conjurer, though all that he did to deserve that Character, was nothing but the Effects of his Learning and Ingenuity.  

Guidot of Bath.  The Baths of bath are in number chief three; the King's, the Cross, and the Hot Bath; the Queens being but an Appendent to the King's, as the Lepers to the Hot Bath.  
The King's Bath is about 58 Foot long, and 40 Foot broad: The Queens, 25 Foot long, and 24 Foot broad: The Cross Bath, 24 Foot long, 19 Foot over Northwards, and 12 Foot over on the South: The Hot Bath, 30 Foot long, 13 Foot broad. If we reckon by Gage, we find that the King's Bath contains about 314 Tun of Water; the Queens 81 Tun 3 Hogsheads, the Cross 53 Tun, the Hot 54 Tun. These Baths are much frequented in the Summer; yet not so much as they would certainly be, if due Observation was made, and notice taken of the many Cures are done by them, and the admirable Virtues of them. But for what farther might be mentioned of these Baths, I refer the Reader to Dr. Jorden of Natural Baths, and Guidot's Discourse of bath, and the Hot Waters there.  
Another admirable Bath in England is the Sulphur-Bath at Knaisbrough in Yorkshire, the extraordinary Virtues of which, as the Causes of its Heat, are accurately discussed by that Ingenious Physician Dr. William Simpson (lately deceased) in his Discourse of this Bath, adjoining to his Zymologia Physica, or a Philosophic Discourse of Fermentation.  
It might now be expected we should say something of the Causes of Heat in the Hot Baths, and of the particular Minerals wherewith they are commonly impregnated; but the Largeness of that Theme will not agree with the Brevity which we have resolved to limit ourselves unto, and therefore I shall not enter upon it.  
Nor shall we launch out to relate the Virtues of particular Natural Baths, but only betake ourselves to declare the Use of this New Artificial Bath, by giving an Account of the several Diseases that it may safely and successfully be prescribed for.  
Only let us premise thus much, to take off whatsoever prejudice the Reader may possibly have entertained against an Artificial Bath, That there can be no Reason in the World alleged, why Baths may not by Art be prepared with the same Mineral Ingredients that the Natural ones are impregnated with, which shall equal, if not exceed any of them al. The Reason may be this, That there are no Metals in the World but by Art may be so prepared, as that the prepared Particles of those very Metals may be mixed with Water, and so the particular Virtues of those Particles communicated to the Water. Secondly, There are no Saline, Aluminous, or Esurine Particles in the Body of the Earth, which, impregnating Water, render it able to pray upon and dissolve the Metals or Mineral Sulphurs there, but what may be obtained or prepared by Art, or something analogous to them. Thirdly, There are no Natural Baths in the World but have some Arsenical, Antimonial, or else some other unwholesome offensive Particles, mixed with the more wholesome and powerful Principles of it, which render those Waters less helpful and effectual in routing those Maladies for which they are prescribed. But this Artificial Bath consists of Principles most refined and depurate, and so consequently most innocent and effectual: For whatever is poisonous and pernicious to the Nerves, is abstracted and separated from them; but whatever is purely Sulphureous, Balsamic, and agreeable to the Nerves, is added to them. Besides, our Bath is much more convenient than the Baths at bath, it being within-doors, and covered, so that Persons need not fear the bad Effects of being exposed to the open Air. This likewise renders our Bath useful in Winter, as well as in Summer. Another Convenience of it is, that it is at London, whither the numerous Diseased Persons, that either have not Money, or Strength to travel down into Somersetshire, may here be accommodated with small Charge or trouble, and that altogether to as much purpose.  
We shall now mention the particular Distempers in which this Bath gives immediate Relief: And that which first occurs, and hardly admits of any Relief from any other Means than Bathing, is the Palsy. This it doth by opening the Pores of the Body, absolving the Nerves from their Obstruents, dinting the Acrimony and Sharpness of the Serum, dissolving coagulated Blood, and giving Current to that fluid Balsam of Life, and at length reducing the Nervous and Membranous Parts to their due Order and Tone. For the same Reason this Bath is likewise very effectual in Convulsions, Cramps, Epilepsies, Pains, Numbness, and Lameness in the Joints, and all other Affects of the Nervosum genus, which are caused by the various Seizures of pungent, acid Particles upon the Nerves, hereby first vitiating the Nervous Juice, and then causing Contortions in those tender Vessels, whereby their Tone is altered, contracted, or relaxed. Now as these Nervous Maladies are created by the prevailing of supervening Acids, resulting from some spurious inordinate Fermentation upon those Animal Chords, and so causing Obstructions, Contractions, Relaxations, Coagulations, etc. so, in order to their Cure such Remedies are to be sought after as may dint, altar, and dulcify such kind of Acid Particles, and thence may loosen the contracted, smooth and make even the contorted, and strengthen the relaxed Nerves; yea, and may every way answer the Indications of the depraved Tones of those Animal Pendulas or Vital Strings, whereby the imprisoned Spirits may again be set free, and all the Animal Functions be restored to their pristine State. Now of this sort is our New Artificially-prepared Bath, which by correcting the Acids, supples and softens the contracted, strengthens and binds up the weak, and very much repairs the depraved Tone of the Genus Nervosum. We may also add under this Head, the Stiffness of the Limbs and Joints, Contractions of the Tendinous and Musculous Parts: For these outward Maladies being caused thro' some rejected Acids, which wanting a due Fermentative motion to give them wing by Perspiration, are coagulated or hardened in the external Parts: By this Bath the Pores being opened, and they dissolved and put into Motion, are either sweetened, or carried off.  
We may likewise here mention, That this Bath may be used in Atrophyes or Aridulas, Witheredness of one or more Parts; for by helping a fresh Fermentation of the Blood, it may force its passage into the otherwise deserted Parts, and thereby become capable of distributing an equal Nourishment to every Part.  
The next general Distemper that this Bath is proper for, is the Gout. O, what direful Pains, what wracking Dolours do some undergo, by means of this cruciating Malady! How are some (otherwise stout and undaunted Persons) forced to cringe, stoop, and cry out, when this Tyrant gins to tease them? Now nothing more safe and speedy to give ease in these horrid Torments, than to enter into this New Bath: It immediately dints that Fermental Acor impressed upon the Synovia of the Joints, so easily communicable to the adjacent Nerves: For this Distemper, as well as the forementioned Maladies, is chief determined and specificated by Acid Particles fixed and coagulated upon different Humours and Parts. Now it is the essential Efficacy of a subtilised Sulphur (and such is the chief Principle of our Bath) to dint Acids, and to resolve such as are coagulated; so that by the Use of this Bath I doubt not but Persons will find so much Alleviation of these previous Symptoms, and such a Mitigation of the Severity of a future Fit, as that it will soon need no Pen to commend it, or Tongue to assert its Usefulness. Under this Head may be added, Rheumatisms, Sciaticas, Old Pains and Aches, Strains, and other Griefs, here too tedious to relate; all which Affects may be removed, or at least in a great measure lessened, by the use of this Bath.  
The next grand Malady for which the frequent use of Baths is proper, is a Scorbutic Lassitude, Debility, Sloth of Limbs, Drowsiness, Obtuseness of the Internal Senses, and other liminary Symptoms of the Scurvy. Most of the Affects which are the Buds of that reigning Malady the Scurvy, do depend on the Intemperature of the Animal Spirits, not being potent enough to perform their Offices with alacrity, to which their accustomed just Temperament is absolutely requisite. Now by moderate Bathing the Animal Spirits are quickened, the Nerves cherished, and all Obstructions and Remoras to their sprightly Motion taken away, and so these unwelcome Symptoms quite removed. The Blood and Humours are likewise hereby purified: and so the Bath becomes also useful in other Symptoms of the Scurvy, as Spots, Blotches, Elephantiasis, and other Scorbutic Impurities of the Blood: For by Bathing in this Bath there are procured most excellent moderate Sweats, whereby the impure Acid Particles (which are precipitated or cut off from the Blood in its Circulation, and topically fixed upon this or the other external Part) are loosened, dissolved, or mortified.  
The next General Use of this Bath which we design to mention, is for women's Distempers; particularly, Barrenness, Proneness to Miscarry and not retain; Distempers of the Womb, Obstructions of the Natural Courses; all which Distempers this Bath is very useful for: But for Modesty sake, being unwilling to disgust the Ladies, we shall omit insisting on them; though we resolved to mention them, that they might not plead Ignorance in the great Virtue and Efficacy of our Bath in this Particular.  
Another admirable Effect of this Bath is to Cure the Rickets in Children; for which purpose we have ordered, that One whole Day every Week the Bath be wholly employed for Children, admitting no other Persons into it on those Days. Besides, on those Days we appropriate our Bath for that Distemper, by somewhat altering the Mineral Principles of it from those which impregnate it on other Days. Because Bathing may at first seem something uncouth for this Distemper, it being unusual, and seldom prescribed, let us a little inquire into the Nature and Cause of this Distemper, and consider whether Bathing may not then seem the most Rational and Probable Remedy that can be prescribed for it.  
The Rickets is a Distemper which hath been known but a few Years in the World; and the 
See Glisson de Rachitide.  first Place that it was taken notice of was in England, about Fifty odd Years ago. It first appeared in Dorset and Somersetshire, and afterwards by little and little it came to be minded at London; and still in the Northern Counties of England it is not so common, and in some places hardly known.  
'Tis uncertain who was the first Person that took notice of this Malady, who gave it that Name, and for what Reason: The most probable Etymology or Derivation of the Word is from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Spinalis, quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Morbus Spinae dorsi, because the Spine or Backbone is the Part primarily affected in this Distemper. The Spinal Marrow being first affected, its Tone vitiated, an Imbecility and Relaxation caused, the adjoining Nerves do all by consent likewise suffer, and also all the Membranous and Fibrous Parts, to which those Nerves are fastened; hence Impotence, want of Motion, Torpitude, Dulness, and Imbecility, etc. which are the first Symptoms of it, discover this Distemper to be creeping on, which in a little time renders the whole Habit of Body feeble, the Tone of the Parts relaxed, flaccid, soft, and lubricous; whence succeeds such an internal Slipperiness in all the Parts, that they are quite despoiled of their Faculty of Retaining and so Assimulating that Nourishment which Nature conveys to them: Hence an unequal Distribution and Retention of Nutriment doth proceed, whereby one Part becomes less, another bigger, than in proportion it ought to be: for some Parts are much emaciated and extenuated, as the Legs, Thighs, Arms, etc. other Parts are swelled, as the Head and Liver. There are likewise in this Distemper, for the same Reason, several Protuberancse of the Bones, particularly at the Wrists, Ankles, and Extremities of the Ribs. There is likewise, which is another Symptom attending this Disease, a Sharpness and Straitness upon the Breast. We may likewise add, that several Bones are sometimes inflected or bend, as the Bones of the Legs and Thighs, Arms and Shoulders, etc. All which Symptoms, with several others which might be mentioned, if not removed by Art, do tend very much to the future Prejudice of Children. How many crooked-boned, Bandy-legged, Strait-breasted, Jolt-headed, Wry-backed, Weak, Decrepit Persons do we daily see? The Original of all which Infirmities may be attributed in a great measure to the Relics of the Rickets, with which they laboured when they were young. Now of All the Remedies that ever were yet invented for this Malady, there's none like that of Bathing: Therefore to prevent the Injury that Children would otherwise necessarily receive by this Disease, we have ordered a particular appropriated Bath to be made every Saturday, for such as are afflicted with it; by the use of which the vitiated Tone of the Parts is rectified, the Parts themselves comforted and strengthened, equal Distribution of Nourishment promoted, and the Causes of the former inequality of Nutrition and Extenuation removed; and, in fine, the whole Habit of Body in those tender Punies reduced to its due Eutaxy and regular Disposition: So that among all the Remedies that have hitherto been in vogue for Curing the Rickets, as Scarification of the Ears, Issues, Leeches, Cupping-glasses, Blisters, Ligatures, Rollings, Straight Stockings, Clysters, Purges, Vomits, Specific Powders, Syrups or Electuaries, Ointments, etc. none can be safer and more effectual than Bathing in this appropriated Bath; for by the use of it this Distemper is prevented where there is fear or danger of it; its Progress is stopped where it is begun, and all its Symptoms in a short time removed where it hath arrived to an Increment and considerable State. The Certainty of all which, and much more than I have asserted, will appear to such as shall hereafter use it.  
Another very afflicting and somewhat spreading Malady, to the Cure of which Bathing may much contribute, is the Dropsy; and that because it is found by experience, that Bathing provokes both Urine and Sweat: For a Man shall scarce well get out of the Bath, but he shall be inclinable to make Water; and than Sweat doth in some considerable measure succeed, which if promoted by some inward Diaphoretic, will help notably to transpire the superfluous Serum or Water in the Blood, especially in that sort of Dropsy which is called Anasarca, where the Blood is too much diluted, and the Limphaducts obstructed in the Habit of the Body: So that two grand Symptoms or Effects of a Dropsy, and perhaps a third, are hereby removed, viz. Stopping or Difficulty of Urine, Obstructions of the Pores, and lastly, Debility of Ferments in their separating Functions. For hereby the Reins, Ureters, and Sphinctor of the Bladder are reminded of their Duty, the Pores of the Body are opened, the inward and outward Parts rendered Perspirable, and the Digestive Ferments fortified: So that though the use of this Bath itself, without concurring Means, is not sufficient to Cure a Dropsy, yet if Bathing be joined with other Remedies, it will certainly prove very useful and beneficial.  
We may here likewise mention another great Convenience of it, which is, That it is very useful for. Corpulent Persons, for gross and fat Bodies: For by opening the Pores, and exciting a new and brisk Ferment in the Blood, it assists Nature to emit the superfluous Unctuous Parts of the Blood; it likewise wastes and causeth to exhale that Matter that hath already been settled into Fat: Thus Fat and Corpulent Persons may in a little time be eased (at least in a great measure) of that heavy Burden which they generally complain of. Nor doth this Bath make Lean Persons become Leaner, for the same Reason that it makes Fat Persons Lean; because in Lean Bodies there is none of that superfluous and Unctuous Matter which it meets with in grosser Bodies; but in Lean Bodies it plumps and corroborates the Fibres of the Muscles.  
We shall in the next place add, That this Bath may with very good Success by used to give present Ease in the Fits of the Stone and Gravel; for by a kind of an Anodyne Virtue it obtundeth the acute Sensation of those Nervous and Membranous Parts which suffer in this Distemper: It likewise causeth a propension to make Water, and so either expels the Gravel or Stone if it be small, or else if it be too big to force its exit thro' the Meatus Vrinarius, or Urinary Passage, it often causeth a Removal of it from the top of that Passage, and so present Ease ensues. But we shall not insist farther on this Head, our Mineral Waters, the Virtues of which we shall hereafter relate, being of exceeding Efficacy in this wracking Distemper.  
The last thing I purpose to mention in Commendation of this Bath, is, That it Beautifies the Skin, though some Natural Baths make it more Tawny and Unhandsome: To which end I can commend it to Ladies, to smooth and whiten their Skin, increase its Plumpness and Lustre, and preserve the Body in a good Habit and Disposition: It takes away Wrinkles and Shrivelling in the Skin, and is very useful to take away Chaps in women's Breasts and Bellies after Lying-in: It fetcheth off Spots, and other Cutaneous Deformities: It also washeth from the Body that Scurf and Dirt which adheres to it, so that the use of it is very neat and cleanly: It takes off that yellow and unhandsome Colour of the Skin which remains in the Yellow Jaundice after the Cause is removed.  
These things, besides the great Pleasure of Bathing and Washing the Body, are all I design at present to mention concerning the great Usefulness and Virtue of this New Mineral Bath: of which much more might be said, but, for brevity sake, let what hath been here concisely related suffice till a future Opportunity, and more apparent Testimonies of its real Benefit, do present themselves. We shall therefore now proceed to give an Account of the Nature and Virtues of the New Spa, or Mineral Waters designed for Drinking.  
Having made it part of my Study to dive into the Nature of Waters, I must declare my Opinion to be, That Mineral Waters are not only of great use in Physic, and retain in them very admirable Virtues; but also, that no other sort of Medicines, let them be made up in what Form soever, have that Energy in reducing the Blood to its pristine eucrasy, the whole Body to a sound Diathesis, and routing the Mineras and Seminalities of Diseases, as wholesome Medicinal Waters. Of the Truth of which Opinion, not only I myself am fully satisfied and persuaded, but also the whole European World becomes every day more and more convinced. How many thousand Cures have been performed in this small Island, within few Years? What flockings are there every Summer to Tunbridge, where the best Mineral Waters in England are? How is Epsom, Northaw, Scarborough, Knaisborough, etc. yearly frequented? Not only in our own Country, but in other Parts of Europe, Mineral Waters are much in vogue, especially in France and Germany. How are the Wells at Bourbon crowded in May and September, by Persons of several Nations? And what a Confusion of Tongues is there every Summer at the Spaws in Germany? This being my first Thesis, That Medicinal Waters are of admirable use and efficacy both in Preserving and Restoring the Health of Man: My next Position is, That there is no Mineral Water that is naturally made in the Bowels of the Earth, but may be likewise prepared exactly by a skilful Hydrotomist: For all such Waters are made by a Mixture of such Mineral Particles with their Bodies as they have washed off from the Mines or Metals by which they pass. Thus if a Current of pure Elementary Water fall upon an Allum-Mine, it is immediately impregnated with an Esurine Quality; whence passing on, it may probably meet with an Iron Bed: here by the Esurine Quality which it before acquired, it gnaws and erodes that Mineral, receiving several of its finer Particles into such Pores or small Cavities in its Body as those Particles are adapted for by their Figures; and thus it becomes a very wholesome Alumino-Chalybeat Water: And of this Nature are the Spaws in Germany. So likewise a Current of Water within the Caverns of the Earth gliding thorough the Marcasites of Vitriol, which abound in some Countries, and the Nitrous Glebes wherewith some Lands are saturated licking up the Saline Particles of those Bodies, and then meeting with a Sulphur-Bed, there is instantly an Effervescence and Ebullition caused by the strenuous Conflict between the Acid and Sulphureous Particles; a notable Fervour presently arises, and a Heat hardly to be endured by the Hand; which Waters afterwards break forth in Hot Springs: Thus the Waters of Bourbon in France are made. I might instance in several other Springs, but I aim at Brevity. Now all that is thus effected by Nature, may be performed by Art, by a Person well studied in the Nature and Principles of Mineral Waters; such curious Preparations may by Labour be made, as may by their solution in pure Fountain-water enrich it with the excellent Qualities of Natural Spaws. For my own particular, having pried and been more than ordinarily curious and inquisitive in the Anatomy of Spaws and Mineral Waters, I dare say so much in my own behalf, that I never went about to imitate any particular Water, but in the end I exactly effected it. Further, to pleasure any Person of Quality, or particular Friends, that are desirous to drink the Bourbon, or Spa Waters of Germany, I do here offer to make either of them, so exactly, that those Persons that frequently have drunk them, or the greatest Hydrotomist or Proficient in the Study of Waters, shall not be able to distinguish them from the Natural Waters, either by Taste, Smell, Colour, Operation, and Virtues, or whatsoever Experiments he shall make to try them.  
But to proceed: Another Position that I would lay down, before I come to relate the Virtues of our Spa, is, That a Mineral Water may be prepared by Art, much purer, wholesomer, and more effectual in answering the Indications they are prescribed for, than any Natural Waters can be. My Reason for this Assertion is, That Natural Medicinal Springs being the Products of Chance and Contingency (not to detract from the Providence of the Infinitely-wise Creator) must needs receive many unwholesome male-figured Particles with their other Principles: Those Springs being casually made, have no intrinsic Ferments in them, that will throw off the Arsenical Particles which they have accidentally devoured, to which no Poison can be compared for Mischief; they have no Streiners to secern them from the impure Mixtures; no Preparations made by the Alembics in the Earth, that will precipitate the Mercurial Corpuscles; nor any Expedients to dissipate the deadly Fumes or noxious Aporrhea they have received. I will not maintain, That all Mineral Springs have in them Arsenical and Mercurial Particles; but this I dare be bold to affirm, That many Waters in Europe, that are frequently drank of, do retain in them some of either of these Particles, though in a small quantity; and likewise, That there are no Natural Waters, that are impregnated with Mineral Principles, but have likewise in them some very impure Particles: But now such Waters may Artificially be made, as shall be altogether pure, being impregnated with nothing but the most refined and wholesome Particles of those Minerals from which they receive their Virtues; which pure Principles and curious Preparation are divorced and separated by Art and Labour from the gross Recrements and impure Sordes that accompany all those Metals out of which the Natural Springs extract their Medicinal Qualities. And certainly Waters thus diligently prepared, must needs excel the Effects and Products of mere Chance and Casualty, and prove more innocent, wholesome, and effectual.  
Being fully convinced of the Verity of this my last Assertion, by considering the Reasons I have here mentioned, I endeavoured to make a Mineral Water that should recede in Virtue to no other, either Natural or Artificial; and therefore I set about the Work with as much Care and Diligence, as Pleasure and Curiosity; and at last, by dissecting some of the most wholesome Minerals by the Instrument of Fire, have accomplished my expected and desired End, and obtained so admirable a Water, that I really think that all the Countries in Europe cannot produce a Natural Water equal to it. I do not say but Physicians, by taking the same Pains that I have done, may in time effect the same; but that this Water, or any thing like it in Virtue, was ever yet made, I dare confidently deny.  
Now 'tis by the Persuasions of two or three Persons of great Quality, as well as my own Ambition, and Inclination to pleasure my Country, and add any thing to the promotion of Health, or Improvement of Physic, that I am induced to make public these Excellent Waters; not doubting but the general Benefit that will be received by them, by all that drink them, will Quickly give an universal Satisfaction of their Goodness.  
These Waters, with all Accommodations, being now almost ready for Public Drinking, we have given them the Name of the New Spa; the particular Virtues of which we shall just mention, desiring no other Judge of the Reality of what we have or shall affirm concerning them, than Common Experience.  
The Chief Virtue of these Waters consists in their Diuretic Quality; for they work potently by Urine. To some Bodies they give a Stool or two, especially if they drink them quick: They make the Excrements very black, and the Urine pale: They dilute the Blood, and dissolve those Salts that are fixed upon the Nerves, or other Parts, causing acute Pains, and other Maladies, and force them out of the Blood thorough the Reins and Bladder: So that the particular Distempers they are proper to be prescribed in, are these.  
1. They are very safely and successfully drank by Scorbutic Persons; though indeed the Word Scurvy is grown so general a Term in Physic, that some Practitioners, whatever Symptoms their Patients labour under, when they are any way doubtful of the Distemper, immediately term it the Scurvy: whereupon several Physicians of late have declared their Opinions to be, That there is no such Distemper in Nature as the Scurvy, and that the Notion of the Scurvy is a mere Imposition upon the Fancies of Men: Yet I am fully persuaded, and that for several weighty and convincing Arguments, that there is such a Distemper as the Scurvy, which some call the Scurvy, others the Scorby, and the Scorbute.  
'Twould not only be too tedious to enter upon explaining the Causes of the Scurvy, but likewise needless, it being so accurately done by Dr. Willis, in his Book de Scorbuto, and likewise by Dr. Gideon Harvey, in his New Discovery of the Scurvy, to which I refer the Reader. We shall therefore only reckon up some of the chief Symptoms and Effects of the Scurvy, for which these Waters may successfully be taken. The Scurvy, for the most part, appears in the Gums and Teeth; the Gums are swelled, spongy, discoloured, and sore; the Teeth become lose, and in process of time they do inevitably rot and caviate; and a Stinking Breath doth frequently render the Disease very incommodious. The Gums will bleed at the least touch, insomuch that some Scorbutic Persons can hardly by't a piece of Bread, but the Remainder in their Hands will appear Bloody. Hereupon the Gums sometimes fissure or cleave, and afterwards become Ulcerous; which little Ulcers are many times succeeded by malignant Cancerous Ulcers, threatening Deformity to the circumjacent Parts. Another grand Symptom of the Scurvy is Weakness and Lassitude in the Limbs, especially about the Knees and Ankles, which is attended with Shortness of Breath, great Faintness and Weariness upon the least Exercise: Sometimes there is an universal Soreness of the Limbs, especially the Arms, Shoulders, Neck-bones, and Back, and no disposition to stir or move, but a Heaviness and Drowsiness possesseth the Body, especially upon the least alteration of Wether.  
Another Concomitant of the Scurvy is Pains in the Joints, extreme Tortures in the Wrists, Knuckles, Elbows, Shoulders, Hips, Knees, Ankles, Toes, and Fingers; and that which is worst of all, miserable Pains about the Neck and Backbone, shooting and darting Pains in the Head.  
The Scurvy is also frequently discerned by Spots and Blotches, of several Colours and Figures, on the Legs; Pustules, tumors, and Tubercles on the Shins; thick, hard, callous Skin about the Ankles: The Spots are commonly first read, then yellow, afterwards livid, and at last of an Ash-colour. After this appear Blotches on the sides of the Legs, which are first read, then yellowish, and in time grow rough, and peel off: these generally are succeeded by Pustules, tumors, and sometimes nasty Scabs. Not only the Legs, but many times the whole Skin is deformed by Scorbutic Spots and Eruptions. To these we may add frequent Itchings all over the Body, a livid and deadish Complexion of the Face, and pale Tallow Habit of Body; a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or bad Digestion of the Stomach, sour Belchings, Dulness and Drowsiness after Meat, want of Appetite, and sometimes too sharp an Appetite, puffing of the Stomach, and tension of the Belly, especially after Food; Costiveness, and sometimes Fluxes of the Belly, as Diarrheas and Lienteries; suppression of Natural Courses in Women, with a sort of painful Whites.  
These being the Chief Symptoms of this Epidemic Disease in England, nothing can be more proper or more effectual in removing them, than our New Spa Waters: In confirmation of which, I do assure the Reader, that I have frequently prescribed not only these Waters Artificially prepared, but likewise the very Principles of which they are made, to several Persons in this City, with great Success, for this very Distemper. By these Waters the Scorbutic Impurity of the Blood is washed away, and the whole Mass of Blood purified, the exalted salt, acid, and saponary Quality of the Blood removed, the Habit of the Body rectified, the Concoctions altered, the vitiated Tone of the Parts reduced: so that by drinking of this Water every Morning, for some considerable time, all the mentioned troublesome Symptoms are made to vanish and disappear.  
2. The next Disease these Waters are useful in, is the Stone and Strangury. I will not pretend that these Waters will dissolve or break the Stone in the Reins or Bladder, for no Waters in the World can effect that: But yet these Waters are certainly as helpful in this Distemper, as any Waters in Europe; for by swiftly gliding thorough the Reins and Bladder, the Places where Gravel and the Stone have their Nativity, by the abstersive quality of their esurine Salt they hinder the Increase or Growth of the Stone, by carrying away the recremental Sordes that would otherwise adhere to the Stone, and so increase its Bulk; and likewise by their weight they keep the Currents open, dilate the Passages, and take the opportunity of slipping a Stone now and then, with a stream of water, thorough the Sphincter of the Bladder.  
Not undeservedly are the Spaws in Germany much resorted to upon this account, and exceeding Benefit and Relief found by such as drink them. Now there is nothing in these Waters, that ericheth them with these excellent Qualities, but it likewise impregnates our Waters: Why therefore should not our Waters, which are more refined and exactly prepared, be endowed with as great Lithontriptic Qualities as the Spaw-waters in Germany?  
'Tis certain, that some Mineral-waters, by being drank, occasion and cause the Stone, as Dr. Tonstal in his Anatomy of Scarborough-Spaw proveth, by several undeniable Arguments; and relates several Stories and Observations concerning Persons who never were troubled with this Distemper in their Lives, yet upon drinking those Waters for other Distempers, have afterward been tormented with direful Pains of the Stone. And Dr. Simpson, in his Hydrological Essays, prescribeth a Method to correct the Petrifying Qualities of those Waters. And it's my Opinion, That there are very few Natural Medicinal Waters, but among their Mineral Particles and Recrements that are dissolved in them, there are several Lapidific and Petrifying Particles. But these Waters are free from all such kind of Sabulous Mixtures.  
3. A Third Malady that may be helped by these Waters, is the Dropsy: For by these Waters the main Cause of a Dropsy, which is an Obstruction of the Reins, is removed: The Esurine Salt, which is a Solvent in these Waters, dissolves the coagulated Matter in the Reins, and makes free passage both for itself, and for the exit of the restagnating Water which before floated in the Abdomen and Legs, and so caused that Swelling in them. In the Dropsy likewise there is a vitiated Ferment in the Stomach, and an adust Sordes impacted in the Tunicles thereof; whence a Feverish and pressing Thirst constantly attends Dropsical Persons: Now this Water doth cleanse the Stomach, it looseneth and dissolveth the Sordes of Digestion, and so carrieth it off.  
Perhaps it may seem something contradictory and unreasonable, that Dropsies are to be helped by Waters, because the Blood in this Disease is too much diluted already: But if we consider how these Waters remove the Cause of this Malady, the strangeness will be taken away. Besides, when Dropsical Persons desire these Waters, we can, by adding to them some Preparations of the Mineral Principles of them, make them much stronger; and so consequently a smaller quantity of them may be more potent than a much greater, and so this Objection quite removed.  
4. The Yellow Jaundice is curable by these Waters: For hereby Obstructions in the Bilary Ducts are opened, the regular and genuine Motion of the Choler promoted, and the Blood cleansed from that Yellow Liquor which before was mixed with it, and hurried about thorough the Veins and Arteries by the Circulation, whence the ultmate Fibres and cutaneous Parts are at last discoloured by it.  
5. These Waters may be drank with admirable Success in Hypochondriac Melancholy, and Affects of the Spleen. The Causes and Nature of this Distemper I have related in a little Tract which I published several Years ago, called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or A Philosophic Discourse concerning Man; which the Reader may peruse at his leisure.  
6. In all manner of Uterine Affects or Diseases of the Womb, these Waters may be recommended. I shall not dispute whether Hysteric Passions, or Fits of the Mother, proceed from the Womb, as Sennertus, Riverius, and other famous Authors tell us; or from the Explosion of the Animal Spirits in the Nerves, as the Renowned Willis will have it; or else from the more than ordinary Effervescence or Ebullition of the thinner and more flatulent Blood in the Heart and Lungs, as Dr. Highmore asserts; whence (he saith) the Heart and the Pneumatic Vessels are apprest and straitened, difficulty of Breathing caused, and a kind of Rising in the Throat. But whatever the primary and original Cause of it is, we find by experience, that by these Waters it may be removed. They are likewise proper in all those Distempers peculiar to Women, as Obstructions of the Courses, immoderate Fluxes, Whites, Suffocations of the Womb, the raging and unbridled Furor Vlterinus, Inflammations of the Womb, Barrenness, etc.  
7. Nothing more proper and beneficial in great Surfeits, than to dilute the Blood, and separate from it those impure Mixtures wherewith 'twas surfeited, by drinking of these wholesome Medicinal Waters.  
8. In the beginning of a Hectic, 
See the Cause of a Consumption, in a Discourse of that Distemper▪ which I lately published.  and a tendency to a Consumption, nothing can be safer than these Waters. Where a Consumption is feared, and the Body inclinable to it, these Waters, if drank in a sufficient quantity every day, for some Weeks, will in all probability prevent it.  
9 In a Cachexy, or i'll Habit of Body proceeding from undue and depraved Concoctions, these Waters are certainly effectual: For by being often drank, they assist Concoction, by taking away what was injurious to it; and whet the Appetite, by correcting the vitiated Acid in the Stomach; purify the Blood, by separating from it what is heterogeneous, and leaving some of its wholesome Particles with it; and so in a short time the whole Body is reduced to a regular Crasis and Eutaxy.  
We might here add several other Maladies for which these Waters are of great use and efficacy; as, Preternatural Vomitings, Pains at the Stomach, Heats of the Liver and Bowels, Thirst and Bitter Tastes in the Mouth, Obstructions of the Mesentery and other Bowels, Sarpness of Urine, and Difficulty of making Water, Ulcers of the Reins, Bladder, and Yard, tumors of the Hemorrhoids or the Piles, Colics both Bilose and Nephritic, Dysenteries or Bloodyflux, Worms, Headache, Megrim, Giddiness, Bleedings at Nose, Palpitations of the Heart, the Itch, Bastard-Leprosie, Scabs, or other Breakings-out or Eruptions in the Skin. In fine, we may safely say of these Waters 
Petr. Giurius Arcanum Ac●dula●um, c. 10.  as a very late Author writeth in praise of the Spaw-waters in Germany; Non arbitror omnes Medicos tam Antiquos quam Modernos ullum unquam remedium adinvenisse adeo proficium adeoque amicum humanae naturae, quod uno eodemque tempore purgat, deterget, temper at & corrobor at omnia viscera, & tot tamque diversis morbis auxiliatur; I do not think (saith he) that the Ancient or Modern Physicians have ever yet found out a Remedy so beneficial, so agreeable to Humane Nature, which at one and the same time purgeth, detergeth, temperates, and corroborates all the Bowels, and is helpful in so many and so differing Distempers. To apply this; I would not be understood, that I think no Physicians can by their Endeavours make Waters Artificially, which may be as good as these: but my Opinion is (as I have already asserted). That no Form of Medicines do in any respect equal that of Mineral Water. Much more might be said in Commendation of these Waters; but I have already exceeded my limited Bounds.  
These Waters may be drank from One Quart to Two and Three in a Morning: The Person that drinks them is to use moderate Exercise, as Walking, Playing at Bowls, Ninepins, etc. after them: About two Hours after he may drink a Glass of Wine, which will help their Passage: He must not eat till two or three Hours after he hath drank them, nor use any violent Motion. He must use a moderate Diet during the whole time of his drinking them, not overcharging the Stomach with too much or too great Variety of Food: His constant Drink is to be clear, fresh, and not too strong; neither new, nor too stolen. He may now and then rest a day or two, and then drink again. It's convenient to purge gently, after he hath drank them a fortnight or three weeks. Such as please may have them made stronger, by adding some of the Essence of these Waters to them, and so may drink them in lesser Quantities.  
What I have farther to add concerning these Waters, I shall reserve till a Treatise of Observations that may be made upon the Bath and Spa, which we hope to finish by next Summer, shall be published.  
FINIS.   

ERRATA.  
Page 98. line 1. read Scorvey. p. 99 l. 1. r. cariate. p. 102. l. 14. r. Endemic. p. 111. l. 4. r. oppressed. l. 17. r. Vterinus.