THE FIRST PART OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ART MILITARY, Practised in the wars of the United Netherlands, under the command of his highness the PRINCE Of ORANGE our captain general. For so much as concerns the duties of a soldier, and the Officers of a company of foot, as also of a troop of Horse, and the exercising of them through their several Motions. REPRESENTED BY figure THE WORD OF command AND DEMONSTRATION. Composed by captain HENRY HEXHAM, Quartermaster to the Honourable colonel GORING. The Horse is prepared against the day of battle, But safety is of the Lord, Prover. 21. 31. The second Edition newly corrected and amended. Printed at DELF in HOLLAND, for the lovers of the noble ART MILITARY. ANNO 1642. Cum Privilegio. TO THE JLLUSTRIOUS WILLIAM. By the grace of God, borne Prince of Orange, Earl of Nassau &c. Marquis of veer and Vlissing &c. Baron of Breda. AND Lord general of the cavalry, in the service of the high, and mighty Lords, the STATES GENERAEL of the united Provinces. Jllustrious AND NOBLE PRINCE, AMong the many Arts professed in the World, the Art Military practised in our modern wars of these united Provinces, (the nursery of the Milita) ought not to be accounted the least: for what magnanimous, brave vailliant generals, chieftains, commanders & soldiers of all nations have been bred, and brought up in this Academia, and Sede belli is sufficiently known to the World, and what honourable Actions, and memorable services they have done and performed, returning victorious out of the field, I leave to the testimony of history. Especially, the Almighty God, the Lord of hosts hath so blessed your generous House, as namely, your grandfather Prince William, your uncle Prince Maurice, both of immortal memory, and now your victorious Father, Prince Fredrick Henry our captain general, as instruments for the defence of his afflicted Church, the true protestant Religion, & for the maintenance of the Privileges, & freedoms of the Land & hath crowned them with an never-dying name, against the violence plots and subtle machinations of one of the mightiest Potentates of all Christendom. What glorious actions the Almighty God hath wrought by them, for the deliverance of his Church and people in this Land the Historigraphers of our times strive as with Trumpets to sound forth their fame. For if we cast our eyes backward to times past, & the beginnings of our wars, when this State consisted but in a handful of people, and a few towns and were in great distress, and compare it with the State of the Land as it is now, we must acknowledge how wonder-fully God hath blessed, and protected these Countries against all the tyranny, and treachery of the Duke of Alva, the Bishop Granvelle, and diverse other Spanish Gouvernours, & that he by his out stretched arm, hath extenpsed the Limits, & bounds of these United Provinces, even (as it were) from the sun-rysing, to the sun setting, and what hath all the Peruvian Gold, and the Topazan Silver availed them, we May therefore truly say with the Apostle, If God be with us, who can be against us. Again, if we consider what God hath done for this Land of later years, it is a wonder in our eyes how remarkably & with what good success he hath blessed the able Conduct, and dessignes of his highness your Father: for in the beginning of his Generallship did he not take in Groll, & Oldenzeel, and that heaven-blessed surprisal of Wesel, even when the enemy was entered almost into the bowels of this country & just at that time, when his highness was engaged so deeply at the siege of the Bosch, and carried that invincible town, against the expectation of all men? The year after Rhyenbergh, and then became master of the strong town of Mastricht, & took it before the noses of two great armies, which lay between us and home, than his and your own city of Breda, within seven weeks & a day, after we put spade into the Earth, and broke ground towards it, whereas Marquis Spinola lay almost a whole year before it. And last of all the strong Castle & house of Gennep, which did so much annoy these Countries; These victories and Lawrils I have briefly related, to refresh your highness' memory withal, & to the end, that we may give the glory and praise unto God for them. As for myself, i have seen these things, & have served this Land two and forty years, and learned some experience in these wars, which made me take pen in hand, to writ the Principles of the Art military, practised in these wars, first under the Conduct of your Uncle Prince Maurice of blessed memory, as now also under your victorious Father for the instruction of such English Gentlemen, & soldiers, who are willing to come into the state's service, & for the informing of their judgements the better, & with a great deal of labour, charge, and pains have represented this noble art by the way of Figure, the word of command and demonstration, & having once shown one of my three parts to his highness your Father, it pleased him in your presence to give me encouragement, to turn my English books into Netherdutch. In obedience whereof, I translated my first part for the exercising of a foot company, and a troop of Horse (and God willing intend to do the other two parts in time) & dedicated it to your highness, And now the wars of my native country and Jreland which the Almighty compose, calling for them again, as I dedicated my first part unto your highness in Dutch: so now I most humbly beseech your highness, that under your gracious acceptance and patronage this second Edition May come again to the view of the World in my maternal tongue, both in these Countries and in England, and I shallbe bound not only to pray unto God for you & her highness' royal your dearest consort to bless you being our future Hopes next under God hereafter, and a sprig sprung from that noble house of Nassaw, to give you the like success and victory over our enemies as he hath done to your predecessors: but also to crown you, and her highness' royal with everlasting felicity hereafter resting. Your highnesses humble and submissive servant, HENRY HEXHAM. THE OFFICERS AND duties BELONGING TO A foot company through ALL THEIR degrees, from a private soldier to a captain as followeth, And first. Of a sentinel, or a private soldier. A sentinel or a private soldier ought to vuderstand well his duty, to come to his squadron, or company at seasonable times, at the drums beating, or otherwise, or when they are to draw in arms, and to set the paradoe. To be very vigilant, and careful upon his centinel-ship, & to have as many eyes about him as Argus had, suffering no man in the night to pass without crying Qui valá & calling his Corporall to take the word, un less he be commanded to come in silently. He must also take delight in the handling, & use of his arms and see that he keeps them fix, neat, and clean, and go handsomely in his clothes. He must play the good husband, and menage well that little means he hath. In marching or standing, he must have a singular care to keep his rank and file, & not to stir out of it (without command) yea if he were sure to kill an enemy: he ought also in fight, and in the day of battle, to harken well to his officers command, that when his officer may fall, or cannot be heard in a charge: he may be acquainted with the sound of the drum, when it beats a march, a charge, or a tetreate. He must not be given to sharking, and oppression, but as Saint John Baptist teacheth us in the gospel, Luk. 3. 14. to do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely, & be content with his wages, he must be no Drunkard, whoremaster, or thief, knowing how honourable his profession is, & how dear his reputation should be unto him; but ought rather to arm himself with these christian virtues, the fear of God, praying morning and evening, and with Moses, to number his days that he may apply his heart to wisdom, he should of all men be prepared to welcome death, seeing that a bullet in a moment, may send him from earth to heaven. Morever, he must be diligent, active, sober, patient, courageous, discrete, and courteous. Carefulness and labour will exercise him, and fortitude, with valour will teach him to execute, & suffer patiently all fategations of the war. To conclude, I would have a gentleman, and a soldier ambitions of his preferment, and advancement: knowing how many brave generals, and commanders, even from private soldiers (passing through all the degrees, & offices of a soldier) have raised their advancement, thinking that he may also come to the like height of honour, withal remembering how many worthies, Emperors, Kings, Princes, Dukes, Earls, Nobles, & gentlemen have been of this honourable profession, & what heroic, & brave actions they have performed, how many brave battles they have fought & what victoires they have gained, leaving in history Traphes of their memorable actions, to eternize their everliving memory to posterity. Of a Gentleman of a Company. IN a company of foot, there are also Gentlemen, especially in a generals, or colonels company, they ought to have many brave gentlemen of quality, valiant, and capable of perferment, when the general, or colonel shall find them worthy, and deserving. The first duty than required in a gentleman, or private soldier is obedience, as appeared by the Centurion, in his answer to our Saviour in the holy Gospel, which teacheth us obedience, saying, I am a man under authority having soldiers under me, and I say to this man go, & he goeth, & to another come, & he cometh, & to my servant do this, and he doth it, Math. 8. 9 For without this a whole army is worth nothing, & to this virtue also, he must join love, & respect to his captain, & superior commandour. A gentleman's duty at his first entrance into the profession of a soldier, following a Generals, or colonels company, is to stand centinel for a month, to learn the first degree of a soldier, that he may be the better able to command others, when he is advanced. In places of danger, either in the field, or approaches he is to lie perdu, with his pistol, and sword, & not to budge from his place, till he be relieved: not to retreat for one man, but in case of more, then to fall back to the fecond, & discovering an enemy coming off betimes & silently, he must give the alarm so, that the corpse de guard, or company may be provided to defend themselves. A Gentleman also is to go the Round with the captain of the watch, or his fellow-gentlemen, either in field or in garrison, to give the corporal of the guard the word, and to charge the sentinels to look well about them. Of a Barbier chirurgeon to a Company. THere ought to be in a Company, a good Barber chirurgeon, both to trim the soldiers, & to have skill in chirurgery, that when the company watches in approaches, and guards, where there is danger, he may be at hand (in the absence of the chirurgeon of the Regiment) to bind up & dress hurt, and wounded men, in doing there of, he is to be free from all other duties, belonging to the company, seeing he is an officer allowed in the States list. Of the clerk of a Company. THe clerk of a Company ought to be an honest, and a sufficient man, whom his captain may entrust for the fetching of his months pay, & the due and seasonable payment of the company: his duty is to keep the muster-roll, to have it upon all occasions in a readiness, to enter his men, both into his muster-roll, and pay bill, to receive the service money of the Company, to see the soldiers or their hostises where they lie duly paid it, & to deliver up every payday, a true pay bill unto his captain, or chief officer. Of a drum Majour. Every Regiment ought to have a Drum-majour, to whom when it is watch time, the other drums are to repair, there to beat a call, and to march with his Company that is appointed for the guard. A Drum-majour ought to be a grave man, able to instruct the other Drums to beat a true march, and other points of war, to see the drums that beat upon a march to be duly relieved, and also to speak divers tongues, and to be wise, and cautelous what he shall speak to an Enemy. Of the Drummers. EVery company also ought to have two good Drummers, that knoweth how to beat a call, a slow, or a swift march well, a charge, a retreat, and a Reveille: He should also be a linguist, because oftentimes he may be sent unto the enemy, for the ransoming of prisoners, his duty is coming to the camp, or garrison of an enemy, having his generals pass in his hat, to beat a call, till he is fetched in, and because he shall not discover the weakness of guards, works, or trenches, he is led blindfold, and so carried to the Commander, and place where his prisoners are, with whom after he hath ransommed them, he is to return to the camp, or garrison. Of a Gentleman of the arms. THe next in degree is the Gentleman of the arms, who ought to be the eldest gentleman of a company, whose charge is to look diligently to the arms, of the company, to mark and figure them, and to keep a list what number, and figure every soldier hath upon his arms, to cause the soldiers to keep their arms neat & clean, and if any thing be amiss, or broken, to bring them to the armourers to be repaired, and if any soldier have his passport, be sick, dead, or run away, himself, or the corporal is to bring up his arms to his lodging, lest they be lost, and to keep them clean, till he delivereth them to some soldier newly entertained. Moreover, he is to visit the guards, to see that their arms be in good trim, to keep the powder, bullets, and match, and to deliver them out to the corporals and Lanspersadoes. In divers companies, especially in great garrisons, there is a corporal of the Gentlemen, who is to acquaint them in the field, when they are to lie perdues, and in garrison to call them out in the round-house, to go the round according to their sennority. Of a corporal. EVery company is divided into three squadrons, and every squadron hath his corporal and Lanspresado, he is the head of the squadron, and aught to be an honest & able man, & sufficient to discharge his duty, sober, modest, and peaceable. He is first to have a squadron roll of all the gentlemen, and sentinels names of his squadron, and when any new soldiers are entertained, he is to instruct them in the use of their arms, and must not suffer the old soldiers to mock, or gear the younger, if they do not their postures as they ought: seeing that every man in every science, & profession must have a time of learning, before he can be perfect: & if he doth not well he must go over & over again with them patiently, until such time, as he hath made him a good musketeer, or pikeman, for which he shall get commendations of his captain, and his officers. In marching either in his squadron, or company the eldest corporal is to lead the right hand file of the musketeers, the second corporal the left hand file, and the third in the midst of the division. Being with his squadron upon his guard, he is to provide them wood, coals, and candle light, to keep a continual fire day and night. Having an outguard, he shall do his best endeavour to strengthen as much as in him lieth, his little corpse de guard, and set out his sentinels according to the avenues, or comings on of the enemy: for the cutting off of a centinel, and the surprising of a corpse of guard, is of a great imporrances, and may endanger sometimes the overthrow of an Army. And therefore it behooves a corporal to be very careful and vigilant, and to visit his sentinels often, to give them charge to look well about them, to relieve them duly, & not to suffer them to stand to long, especially in cold weather. His duty also is not to forget the word, but to imprint it in his memory, when the captain of the watch goes the first round, he shall with his sword drawn against his breast give it him, and so receive such orders from him as he shall command him. And afterward when the round comes again, he shall cause the rounder, or gentleman with his sword drawn to give him the word, before he let him pass, and if upon his guard, himself, or his sentinels should hear, see, or discover any men, or light-matches, to have his men in readiness with bullets in their muskets, and their matches lighted, and to come in silently to give his superior officers intelligence thereof, that they be provided before the alarm be given, to resist an enemy, and to defend the guard. To conclude, he is to distribute powder, bullets, & match out of his squadron, and to have a care, that they keep their arms neat & clean. And not suffer the holy name of God to be profaned, or taken in vain upon his guard. Of a sergeant. NExt unto the three chief officers of a company above mentioned, follows the sergeants of a company, where of there are two to a private company, and three to a Colonels or a double company. The word sergeant is borrowed from the French, & signifieth a charge-bearer. A sergeant than should be a man of experience, stirring, and vigilant, and to have these three qualities, a wise man, a man of spirit, and a man of courage, for a good sergeant is a great help to his captain, and other officers, in helping to execute their commands. He must be also able, & sufficient to teach the soldiers the true and perfect use of their arms, his duty is to march upon the flank of the company or division, to see that the soldiers keeps their ranks and files, and in the field or in garrison to lead the squadron to their guard, to carry to prison with his halberd (the sign of his authority) such offenders, as his captain or superior officer shall commit to the Provost marshal. In excercising of the company the sergeants places are upon the right and left flanks, to look that the soldiers stand right in their files and ranks, and to see that they perform the terms of direction in every motion given by the captain in the front, to cause the musketeers to make ready by ranks and to lead them up to the place where they are to give fire. Moreover his duty is to attend on the Sarj'. major of the regiment, when he is to give out orders, & from him to receive the word, & other orders, to give it to his captain, lieutenant, ensign, & corporal, to fetch ammunition, powder, & match, & other materials for the company, also to set out perdues, & see them duly relieved, and thus much of the duty of a sergeant. Of an ensign. AN ensign ought to be a generous, able young man, above all things to be careful of his honour, & reputation, & not to meddle with the company, but only his colours, which is recommended to his charge, neither to command any thing to the soldiers, unless in the absence of his captain, and Lieutenant, having then full power, and command over them and to lead in the head of the company, with a Corslet and Pike. He ought to be beloved of all the gentlemen, and soldiers of the company, and to be kind, affable, and liberal unto them and to do them all courteous offices to their captain, which will gain their love and affection towards him. His place marching in a division, or battaille (Unless it be a generals or a colonels ensign) is to march between the third, and fourth rank of the pikes, and when the general, or some Prince passeth by in marching, he is to veil his colours, & if standing, to step up into the Front to do the like reverence, without moving of his hat. He ought to have a singular care, that his colours be guarded, as well to his lodging, as in other places. Also in the day of battle, seeing he carries the honour, and ensign of his country, rather than to lose them, he ought to make them his winding sheet, and in the company, or in a body or division, he is to march with gravity, and modesty, and thus much of an ensign, Of a Lieutenant. FIrst, it may be demanded, why a Lieutenant is so called, and the reason wherefore this name is given him. A Lieutenant then is a French word compounded of Lieu a place, and tenant the participle of the present tense, which signifieth in English, holding, or keeping, from whence he taketh his name, and is as much, as if one should say, a Lieutenant is he, which holdeth up, and supplieth the place of his captain or governor. He is also called in the German tongue Lieutenampt, which is as much to say, as having the charge, or office over men: because that in the absence of his superior, or his captain, his office, and quality importeth as much, as if the governor, or captain were present himself, and therefore Lieutenant, being a name rightly imposed upon him, he is to take care, order, & govern the company, and aught to be honoured, obeyed, and respected, as if the captain himself were present. Hence it is also that a King hath his Viceroy, a Prince his administrator, a Potentate his marshal, or chancellor, a Lord his steward, and a colonel, or governor, his Lieutenant colonel, or Lieutenant governor. A Lieutenant than must be an able, and sufficient man, capable of his charge, and experienced in the wars, understanding the duty of a captain, because he is to execute it in his absence, and to be an ease unto him. He is to receive all orders, charges, & commissions from his captain, assuming no authority to himself, unless in the absence of his captain: for it is certain that every military charge, aught to go by order, and to be received from his superior Commander. When it is required, he is to give his captain wise counsel, and to advise, and consult with him for the good of the company, especially in the time of action, and in matters of importance. He ought also by his command to appease quarrels, between soldier, and soldier, not to be partial, or favour one man more than another, for it is a point of justice, to compose a quarrel, and to give satisfaction to the party interressed, in so doing, he shall support his command and gain himself reputation. But in a matter of importance he ought to acquaint his captain therewith, that he may punish the offender, by committing him either to prison, or causing him to give satisfaction to the gentleman or soldier wronged, and that for the avoiding of bloodshed. A Lieutenant also must know how far his authority extends in the presence of his captain, and that his captain's honour and reputation ought to be as tender and as dear unto him as his own. In his captain's absence, he is to govern the company well, to take care that it be duly exercised, to command the inferior officers, as the sergeants, and corporals to do their duties, to make them teach the soldiers the perfect use of their arms, that when they shall come to be exercised by his captain, or himself, they may be in a readiness. When his captain excerciseth his company himself, his place is then in the rear of the company, to see that the words of command, which is given by his captain in the Front, be duly performed, and executed by the soldiers in the rear: likewise in marching his captain being present, he is to bring up the rear of the company, and in his absence to lead it, in the Front to the guards, and paradoe, and to see that every soldier do their duty upon their guards, and thus much briefly for a Lieutenant. Of a captain. EVery company hath a Head, (to wit,) a captain, who in the Allmaine tongue is rightly called a Haupiman, a head man from the word Haupt, which signifieth a Head, and from the Latin word caput, from whence the name of a captain is derived in French, English and Dutch. For, as the Head is the principal member that governs▪ and rules the body, and unto which all the other membres are subordinate; so likewise the officers, & soldiers of a company ought to govern, and carry themselves, according to the charge, and command of their captain. A captain then having so honourable a place, as to be the chief of a company ought to be very capable of his charge, and as he ought to carry himself with austerity, and gravity in the point of his command, that he may be obeyed, feared, and respected of his soldiers; so should he also carry himself towards them, as a loving, & kind father (seeing they must live and die together) in paying them duly, in helping, and relieving them in their wants, necessities, and sicknesses, neither must he be given to covetousness in keeping back from them, that which is their due. And as he is to love, countenance, and to make much of such soldiers of his company, as carry themselves bravely and stoutly in the face of their enemy, which deserve well, seeking by all means to advance such, it will give encouragement to others to do the like: so ought he also to punish vice severely, quarrellers, and offenders, for the good and example of others. A captain should also be religious, loyal to his Prince & country that he serves, just, temperate, liberal, wise and discreet, valiant in the field before the face of his enemy: valiant in towns and forts besieged, and for his honour, never to give consent in yielding up any place, till it be past relief, & that there is no possibility to hold it out any longer. A captain also ought to instruct, & inform his soldiers in the point of their duties, to train them up, & to exercise them well in the use of their arms, as well himself as the officers that are under him, & to see that they readily obey, and execute his commands, which is the life of war, and one of the principal things, required both in a captain and a soldier. The scale. The arming of a pikeman 2 The arming if a musketeer NEXT follows the Postures of the Pike, and Musket, represented by figure, having the word of command under every of them, with brief observations on the first page, answering to the number of every figure. THe postures of the Pike may be done, either standing or marching. In marching (as well as in standing) a pikeman may advance, shoulder, or charge his Pike, either to the Front; to the rear, to the right, or left flank, according to the term of direction given him by his officer. The postures likewise of a musketeer are also done, either marching, or standing, by himself, or in his squadron, company, or division. A good musketeer that is ready, and well made by his officer, will fall naturally and gracefully to the doing of his postures, and will take delight in handling of his Musket, avoiding antique, and dancing postures, which heretofore have been taught by some officers, but now is grown ridiculous, not beseeming and becoming the grave comportment, and carriage of a soldier. A captain then, having a commission given him to raise a company, aught to make choice of the taller, and abler men for his pikes, and of the shorter, stronger, and well set with good legs, for his musketteires: yea, such as may be able to endure both hardship, and labour. And thus much as a short preamble by the way, before we come to show the figures of the postures themselves. Brief observations upon the postures of the Pike, answering to the number of every figure following. 1 SEt the but end of your Pike near your right foot on the outside, holding it right up in your right hand, about the height of your eye, and your arm a little bending, and your right foot forward. 2 With the right hand alone bring your Pike just before your body, bearing it directly right up, raising the but end from the ground, then take the Pike with your left hand about the height of your griddle, 3 Forsake the Pike with your right hand, and with the left hand alone raise up the Pike, that the But end be about the height of your thigh, then take the But end in your right hand, without stooping to it. 4 Forsake the pike with the left hand, and with your right hand alone carry the pike right up locking the pike between your shoulder and arm, your right hand holding the but end of the pike, about the height of your hip. 5 Sink your right hand a little, and with your left hand take the pike, as high as well you can reach, and bring the pike just before your body. 6 Forsake the pike with your right hand, and bring down the pike in your left hand, that the but end be near unto the ground, then with your right hand take the pike about the height of your head. 7 Forsake the pike with your left hand, and with the right hand only set the but end on the ground, on the out side of your right foot, as in the third posture. 8 Bring the pike just before your body, & raise the but end from the ground, bearing it forward, then take it with your left hand a little beneath your right. 9 Bring forward the pike with your left hand, and take it in your right, reaching backward as far as well you may. 10 Forsake your pike with your left hand, & with the right only lay it upon your right shoulder, bearing the but end about a foot from the ground, holding your thumb under the pike, the better to govern it, carrying the pike forward. 11 bear your right hand with the pike backward, as far as well you can, with your left hand take the pike forward, and with the right bear the pike upward. 12 Forsaking the pike with the right hand, cast the point forward, that the but end may conveniently be taken in the right hand. 13 Take the but end of the pike in your right hand, holding it about your hip, and raising the pike with your left hand about the height of your breast, carry the pike directly before you, your left foot tward. 14 Raise the right hand and stretch it backward, your left hand being at your breast, your left elbow against your hip. 15 bear down the but end of the pike with your right hand, and raise the pike with the left, and so advance, as in the sixth figure. 16 sink your right hand, and with your left take the pike as high as well you may reach, brining the pike just before your body. 17 Forsake the but end with your right hand, bearing forward your Pike in the left hand, and take the pike backward in the right hand, as far as well you may reach. 18 Forsake the Pike with your left hand, and with your right only lay it upon your shoulder, or as in the twelfth figure. 19 bear the pike with your right hand backward, take it forward in your left hand as you may conveniently reach, bearing the pike with your right hand upward. 20 Forsaking the pike with your right hand, bear it over your head, and at the same instant turn your body to the left hand, that you may conveniently take the but end of the pike in your right hand. 21 Having the but end of your pike in your right hand, stretch your right arm backward, and set your left hand at your breast, etc, as in the sixteenth figure. 22 Slip your left hand forward as far as well you may, and lift the pike upwards to your head, and with the right hand bear the but end some what downward. 23 Forsaking the but end of the Pike with your right hand, bear up the pike over your head with your left hand only, at that instant turn your face to the right hand, and be ready with your right hand to take the Pike more backward. 24 Having the pike in the right hand, forsake it with your left, and with the right hand only lay it upon your shoulder, as in the 12 and 20 figure. 35 This is to be done in three motions, as the contrary is shown in the ninth, tenth eleventh figures. Bear the pike with the right hand backward, with your left take it forward, bearing the but end downward, then slip down your right hand a little above your left, and set the but end on the ground, as in the ninth figure. 26 This is to be done by several palming postures, with the right hand bear the but end of the pike backward, as far as you can, and continue palming till you come to the head of your pike. 27 With your left hand hold the pike a little below the head, your right hand more backward, as far as the cheeks, or arming reach, set your right hand upon your hip, your elbow stretch forth, and your left hand more forward before your breast. 28 remove your right hand to your left, & in your right hand only carry your pike, your hand being upon your hip. 29 This is to be done by several palming postures backward, bringing forward your right hand as far as well you can, and with the left hand gripe the pike backward as far as you can. 30 Forsake the pike with your right hand, bring forward the pike with the left, & take it backward with the right, and so continue palming, until you have the but end of the pike in your right hand. 31 Stretch your right arm backward with the pike in your hand, your left hand at your breast, and your elbow upon your hip, as in the sixteenth figure. 32 This is to be done in three motions, first bearing the pike right up before the body, and so forward as from the advance in the 6, 7 and 8 figures, only you must observe to set the but end of the pike at the inside of the right foot, which is your close order. 33 The but end of the pike resting against your right foot, take it in your left hand, abouthe heigh of your griddle, and step forward with your left foot, the knee bent, lay your left arm, upon your knee couching down low, and draw your sword over your left arm. 34 Raise your body right up, set your pike against your right shoulder with the left hand, the but end being still upon the ground, than put up your sword. Brief observations upon the postures of the Musket, answering to the number of every figure on the other page. 1 THis figure showeth a musketeer marching with his musket on his left shoulder aslope holding the but end of it with his left hand, and his match between the two lesser fingers, with his rest in his right hand, and his right leg before. 2 How he carrieth his musket shouldered with the rest cross, close to the inside of his musket his match between his two fingers, holding his thumb upward to the fork of the rest, and his right leg before. 3 Draw the right leg to your left, and withal sink your musket, and then slip your rest, griping it with your right hand between the breech and the thumb-hole, 4 Hold the musket upright, in your right hand, and on your side, raise your left hand to the fork of your musket, and set your thumb against the fork. 5 Sink your right hand, and gripe the musket fast in your left hand, with your rest on the out side, holding your thumb hard against the care of your Fork, to lock the rest fast to your musket in your left hand, that you may have the use of your right hand, to do the postures following. 6 Take your match from between your little finger, with your thumb, and the second finger of your right hand, being turned with the palm from you. 7 Bring the right hand with the match backward, and your left hand with the musket and rest forward, turning your face a little backward, and blow of your match with a good blast. 8. Holding your match between your thumb and second finger, then bring it to the cock, & press it into the cock with your thumb. 9 Your thumb and finger being upon the cock, and your second and third finger under the cock, pull the cock down to the pan, and with your thumb and middle finger, either raise or sink it, that it may fall right into the pan. 10 Lay the two fore fingers of your right hand upon your pan, the thumb behind the scutcheon of the pan, the easier to lift up the musket, and so bringing up the musket with both hands toward your mouth and yet not stooping, blow again your coal. 11 Open your pan with your two fingers, and withal bring back your right hand to the thumb-hole of your musket, your second finger to the tricker, and with your left hand fix the fork of the rest to your musket, your thumb against the fork, and set the pick end of the rest upon the ground. 12 lie on, and lift up your right elbow, bringing the but end of your musket with in your shoulder, near your breast, winding your shonlder to it, holding it fast from recoiling, presenting a fair body, the small end appearing a little above your shoulder, having the left leg before, bending a little with the knee, and resting stiff upon your right leg, take your mark breast high. 13 First, sink the but end of your musket, and with the rest bring it to your right side: then step forward with your right leg, and carrying your musket in your left hand, fall away. 14 Take the match out of the cock with the thumb, and second finger of your right hand, holding the musket and rest in the left hand only. 15 return the match between the two lesser fingers of your left hand, from whence you had it. 16 Bring up the musket with the left hand only towards your mouth, and withal, blow your pan stiffly, not stooping with your head, in the mean time take your touch box in your right hand, as this figure showeth. 17 Hold your touchboxe between the thumb, and forefinger of the right hand only and so prime as showeth the figure. 18 Lay the right thumb over the barrel near the pan, and with your two fore-most fingers shut the pan. 19 Hold your musket fast with the right hand at the breech, the left as before, turning the pan downwards, that the loose powder may fall off. 20 Hold your musket in both hands as before, heave it up towards your mouth, not stooping blow off the loose dust, or corns. 21 Hold your musket in both hands as before, bear it upright towards your left side, and with all step forward with your left leg, then holding the musket only in the right hand at the breech forsaken your rest. 22 Having forsake your rest, take the musket into your left hand, about the middle of the barrel, so as the but end touch not the ground, trailing your rest between your musket, and your body. 23 Take your charge in your right hand, with the thum, band fore finger there of, thrust of the cover. 24 Draw back your left hand with the musket, as far as conveniently you can, and with your right hand put powder in to the boor of the barrel, holding the charge between your thumb & forefinger only, as this figure showeth. 25 Take your bullet forth of your bag, or out of your mouth, and then put it into the muzzle of your musket. 26 with your right hand turning the palm from you, draw forth your scouring stick, bearing your body, and your left hand with your musket, so far back as you can. 27 Having drawn forth your scouring-stick, set the rammer head against your breast, and slip your hand close to your rammer, that you may the easier put it into the muzzle of your musket. 28 After your bullet, lest it should fall out again, either in skirmishing, or upon a slooping trench, put in some heart's hair, or some other stopping, and then with your scouring-stick ram home your powder, bullet, and stopping twice or thrice. 29 with your right hand turned, draw your scouring stick out of your musket, as before. 30 Your scouring stick being drawn forth of your barrel, turn it, and bring the scouring-stick end to your breast, and so slip your hand within a handful of the end. 31 Beturne the scouringstick into its socket; from whence you had it. 32 Bring forward your musket with your left hand, and bear it right up, take it into the right hand at the breech, and so hold it in your right hand only, either to showlder it or to lock that to your rest and so much for your marching postures. The standing postures of the Musket, and how to make ready upon the rest. in a squadron, Company, or division. 1 BRing up your left hand, with the fork of the rest to the musket, and pick your rest upon the ground, your left leg, somewhat bending, as in this figure. 2 Take the match between the thumb, and second finger, as in the 16 figure marching. 3 turn a little with your head behind your pan, and blow your match with a good blast. 3 Holding your match between your thumb and second finger, cock it, as in the eight figure marching. 5 Your thumb and forefinger being upon the cock, and your second, and third finger under the eock, pull your cock to the pan, and raisiug, or depressing it look that it falls right into the pan. 6 Hold the two fingers of your right hand upon your pan, and the thumb behind the scutchian. 7 In presenting draw back first your left leg to your right, and withal stooping a little with your head to your pan being guarded, blow off your coal. 8 Lying on (as in the 12 posture marching) opening your pan, fall back with your right leg, bring your right hand to the thumb-hole of your musket, presenting a fair body, hold your musket hard and close between your breast and your shoulder blade, and pulling your tricker with your fore finger give fire. 9 Having given fire, bring up your right leg again to your left as in the 7 figure, and withal un cock your match. 10 Set forward your left leg again to your first stand, and return your match between the two lesser fingers of your left hand, and after that do these postures following, as in the figures marching, viz clear your pan, prime your pan, and shut your pan, as in the 17, 18, and 19, posture marching. 11 In taking up the rest, hold your musket right up, cast off your loose corns, and falling back with your left leg somewhat straddling, bring up the pan even against your mouth. 12 First blow off your loose dust, or corns with a stiff blast, and then cast about your musket to your left side, falling a little back with your left leg. 13 Having forsaken your rest, hold the musket fast in your left hand, about the middle of the barrel, so as the but end touch not the ground, and bringing forward the muzile of your musket to charge, your right hand being at liberty, do these postures following namely, Open your charge, Charge with powder, draw forth your scouring stick, shorten charge with bullet put in stopping ram home, with draw your scouring stick, shorten, and return as in the 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 figures marching. 14 Bring forward your musket with your left hand, bearing it upright, taking it into your right hand at the breech, withal bring forward your left leg even with your right, as in the 11 figure. 15 Hold the musket bolt upright in your right hand, and having, the rest in your left hand, slip your right hand, and your thumb upward to the fork, as in the marching posture number four. Note by the way, that from this poizing posture, you may either join your rest to your musket, es in the fift posture marching, or rest your musket as in the first figure standing, or else shoulder your musket, as in the next figure following. 16 Having your musket poized, hold the rest a hand full under the fork, then bring the musket, before your body, and your rest cross over it behind your thumb-hole, and so with both hands lay it gently on your shoulder, having the rest a cross your body, drawing in your right leg to your left, and then falling back again with your right leg to your stand, either stand or march away. And thus much for the standing postures of the musket. Brief observations for a musketeer. When a musketeer is to be exercised in his squadron, Company, or division, all postures both marching, and standing are readily done, and reduced to these three words of command, to wit. Make ready. Present. Give Fire. For first a good musketeer, which hath all his postures perfectly, hearing his officer give the first term of direction make ready, will quickly run them over, even from unshouldring of his Musket, to the guarding of his pan, which is the sixth posture standing, and the eleventh marching before he comes to present. Secondly, in presenting he will be sure to blow his match well, open his pan, and fall back with his right hand to the thumb-hole of his musket, & having his forefinger upon the tricker, setting forward his left leg, will attend the next word of direction. Thirdly, lying on before he comes to give fire, bending his left knee, will fall back with his right leg, bringing the butt end of his musker, close between his breast and shoulder, raising his musket fast, and hard to his shoulder will keep it fast from recoiling, & resting firm upon his right leg will give fire. Having given fire, he takeeth up his musket, and rest gracefully, and bringing up his right leg again, falls away in his rank, returns his match, clears his pan, prims his pan, & doth quickly all his postures standing, or marching, as hath been taught, and which shall be shown more at large by figure, when we come to the excercising of musketeers in gross. Practised in the wars of the united Netherlandt. NOw follows the true form of exercising of a Foot Company of 40 pikes and 40 musketeers besides officers, represented by figure, the words of Command and demonstration: but before we come to the particular motions, it is necessary for a young soldier to know first what a File and a rank is. Files number 1 The Leader of the right hand file. 2 The leader of the left hand file. 3 The middle file on the right hand. 4 The middle file on the left hand. 5 The second file next the right hand. 6 The second file next the left hand. 7 The third file from the right hand. 8 The third file from the left hand. The Demonstration. Ranks. Letter. a The first Rank of Leaders. b The last Rank of Bringers up. c The ranks of the Leaders of half files to the front. d The Rank of the leaders of half files to the rear. e The second Rank next the front. f The second Rank next the rear. g The fourth Rank from the front. h The fourth Rank from the rear. i The third Rank from the front. k The third Rank from the rear. THirdly, to understand well the three distances, namely, Open order, order & close order. The Definition. Open order then, or the first distance is, when the soldiers both in rank, and File, stand six foot removed one from an other, as the scale, and this figure following show. Observations. BEcause the measure of these distances cannot be taken so exactly by the eye, we take the distance of six foot between File and File, by commanding the soldiers, as they stand, to stretch forth their arms, and stand so removed one from an other that their hands may meet. And for the ranks, we make account we take the same distance of six foot, when the butt end of the pikes do almost reach their heels, that march before them. THe second distance, or your Order is, when your men stand three foot removed one from an other both in rank and File, and this order is to be used when they are embattailled, or march in the face of an enemy, or when they come to stand, or when you will wheel, as this next figure represents. Observations. We take the second order, or distance between File and File, by bidding the soldiers sett their arms a Kenbowe, and put themselves so close; that their elbows May meet. And we reckon we take the same distance between the ranks, when they come up almust to the sword's point. Note, that when you march throw any country, you most observe three foot only from File to File, and six from rank to Ranke. The third distance, or your close order is commanded by this word Close which is, when there is one foot and a half from File to File, and three from rank to Ranke, as this Figure demonstrates. OBserve that though this figure stands but at a foot and a half distance: yet this is for the pikes only, and must never be used, but when you will stand firm to receive the charge of an enemy. The musketeers must never be closer, than the second distance of three foot in square, because they are to have a free use of their arms. THis figure represents the 40 pikes, and 40 musketeers, standing in their order because the page will not bear the first four motions in their open order. Here begins the words of Command. 1 Stand right in your Files. 2 Stand right in your ranks, 3 Silence. Here begins the first motion. 5. To the right hand. IT is to be noted, when you are commanded to be As you were, you are ever to turn to the contrary hand from whence you came, As for example, if you did turn to the right hand, you are to return to the left hand, and so in the rest. As you were, that is, as you stand in your order in the figure above marked with the letter I. 9 To the right hand about 10. As you were. 11. To the left hand about. 12. As you were. An Observation. These turnings to the right or left hand, or to either hand about serve for the given or receiving of a charge upon the right or left Flank, or in the rear about. As you were, Because there is now room enough this figure shows them standing in their open order of six foot distance one from an other both in rank and file from which standing they are to do these motions following. 13. Ranks to the right hand double. The Demonstration. The 2. 6: 8 & 10 rank from the front marked with the Letters. b. d. f. h. & k. moves all together and doubles into their order on the right hand of the files numbered 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. & 8. making 5. ranks at their double open order of 12. foot, & 16. men in each rank as is seen in this figure above. The Demonstration. This motion differs not from the former, but only that the utmost man of the second rank, and subsequently all the other ranks which moved before comes now up together to their order on the left hand of the files numbered, 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. & 1. 17. Files to the right hand double. The Demonstration. The 2. file (next the right hand) moves & falls back between the right hand fiile, the 4th file between the 3. The 6. between the 5. & the 8. (or left hand file) between the 7 fiile all to their order, making four fiiles, 20. men deep, and 12 foot distance betwixt file and file, as in this figure. The Demonstration. The files which moved before stand now still. and the 2. file next the left hand file falls back between the left hand file the 5 file between the 6 the 3 between the 4 and the 1 (or right hand file) between the 2 file making 20 men deep, and 12 foot distance betwixt file and file as before. 19 Half files to the right hand double your front. The Demonstration. The leader of the half file on the right hand, (noted f) steps to his order beyond the right hand file number 1. and also all the rest of the files stepping to their order on their right hand, comes up together between the files numbered, 1. & 2. 2. & 3. 3. & 4. 4. & 5. 5. & 6. 6. & 7. 7. and 8. into the ranks marked a. b. c. d. & e. at their order of three foot distance in file, and 6. in rank, as this figure above shows. 20. Half files to the right hand double your front. The Demonstration. This motion differs not from the other, but that the leader of the half-file on the left hand & consequenitly all the rest of the files, steps to their order on the left hand, & comes up together between the files numbered 8. & 7. 7. & 6. 6. & 5. 5. & 4. 4. & 3. 3. & 2. 2. & 1. into the ranks marked (as before) with the letters a. b. c. d. and e. The demonstration. When you will Countermarch to the right hand, the first rank of Leaders numbered 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. and 8. only must advance one step forward with the right leg, and then turn, and all the other ranks must march first up to the place, from whence the first rank did countermarch, before they turn, where the sergeant stands marked with a star. This figure shows that between the ranks a and d there are 8 ranks met at their order, and the captain countermarch to the rear, with the first rank of Leaders, to the 6 rank marked f. and the Lieutenant, with the rank of bringers up noted K. towards the front to the rank noted e. which represents the Countermarch incomplete, as is seen in this figure above. This figure shows the Countermarch complete, when the captain (or Officer) is come with the first rank of Leaders to the place, where the bringers up, & the Lieutenant stood, and the Lieutenant with the bringers up to the captain's place, standing in their open order in rank and file, as this figure demonstrates. Observe likewise, if you will now Countermarch to the left hand, the first rank must step forwards one step with the left leg: and then turn, and all the other ranks behind, must come up to that place before they turn, where the sergeant with his Halbart stands as before. 25. ranks to the left hand countermarch. Note that this figure (as the first) shows the Countermarch incomplete as before. This figure shows, that the captain is countermarcht up with the first rank of leaders into that place, where the front stood before, and every rank, and file in their open order. The like countermarch is performed, either on the right, or left flank by giving first this word of command, To the right, or left hand, omitting the naming, either of ranks or files, in saying only, To the right, or left hand countermarch, which you lift. Observations before you wheel. First Files to the right, or left hand, or to the middle. Close to your Order. To 3. foot between File and File. If you would close your files to the right hand, the outermost file on that hand stands still, and the next on the right hand, (Numbered 2▪) moves first to their order, and then all the files ciphred, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. & 8. the left hand file closes in all to their order. And if you would have them close to the left hand, the outermost file also on that hand stands still, and then the file next the left hand (Numbered 7) moves first, and afterward all the other files, noted 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. & 1. (or the right hand file) close all to their order. But if you desire to have your files close to the middle, than the two middle most files numbered 4. & 5. close first to their order of three foot, and having their distance, the other files numbered 2. 3. and 1. on the right hand, and the files, 8. 7. and 6. on the left hand closes both ways into their order. Secondly ranks to your Order Close. that is To three foot between rank and rank. Note, that in this motion also the ranks, which stand in their open order on the other page, marked with the Letters, bc defghi and k moving all together in an even front, comes up to their order, or distance of three foot, as this figure demonstrates, where both files & ranks stand in their order of 3 foot distance Observe, that when you exercise a company single, you double your front before you wheel, in regard the body is small: but in a division, or a greater body, you close both your ranks and files to your order (as above) omitting the doubling, and then wheel: but being a single company when you wheel to the right hand, then double your front to the left hand: for so the leader of the right hand file will keep his place on that corner towards which you wheel. This figure before you wheel shows your men to stand in their close order in file, and their order in rank, as 〈◊〉. Again when you wheel to the left hand, double your front to the right hand, and then the two leaderson the left hand, do but only turn their bodies like the point of a compass, to that hand whereto they wheel, while the body comes about with a faster motion and an even front. Note also, that after you have wheeled to which hand you list, and as often as you will, you give in a single company this word of command, half files as you were, that is, as they stood in their order both in rank and file before; but in greater bodies where the doubling is omitted, you first open your ranks, by giving this term of direction. ranks backward to your open order, and then likewise your files by commanding. Files open (both ways) to your open order of six feet as this figure both in rank, and file represents. In opening of ranks and Files, you must make all the Files or ranks, saving the outermost on that hand from whence you mean to open (which must stand) to move altogether, till the second rank or File from that which standeth, have gotten its distance, and consequently all the rest. Having performed the former Motions you may afterward exercise your company of Pikes, and musketeers together, or if you pleafe each a part. To begin then with the Pikes you may command them to do these motions standing, to wit. Advance your Pikes. Order your Pikes. Shoulder your Pikes. Charge your Pikes. Order your Pikes. Trail your Pikes. Check your Pikes. But these Motions are to be performed, both standing, and marching, namely. Charge your Pikes. Shoulder your Pikes. To the right hand Charge. Shoulder your Pikes. To the left hand Charge. Shoulder your Pikes. To the rear Charge. Shoulder your Pikes. Stand. Order your Pikes. First, note that in charging half the ranks only must charge their Pikes, the other hindermost half of the ranks, do but port their Pikes that is, they carry them so couched, over the Heads of the foremost as may give them no offence, either in charging, or retyring. Besides, this way the Pikes are not so subject, to be broken by the shot of the Enemy, as when they are advanced. Secondly, they must likewise observe, when they charge standing, to fall back with the right leg, and marching to step forwards with the left. Standing, Thirdly, the exercising of your musketeers is likewise performed either or Marching. That is, either by ranks, or by Files after three manner of ways, to wit, first having an Enemy in your front. Secondly in your rear, and thirdly upon your right, or left flank, as these figures following in exercising of 260 Pikes & musketeers (besides Officers will demonstrate, whereof the first shows the manner of giving fire standing, upon an Enemy in your front, by commanding these three terms or direction) underneath. This figure above shows, that the first, and second rank of both the wings of musketeers, having given fire are fallen away, and are a doing their postures, till they come in the vacant ranks in the rear noted, i. & k, while the third and fourth ranks (on both flanks) make ready, and advances up to the same ground where the first were: even with the front of the Pikes: Note also, that the first rank falling back with their right legs, bending their left knee, lies on and gives fire (as hath been taught) and the first rank falling away, the second rank in presenting, having their pans guarded, blows their matches, opens their pans, and steps forward with their left legs into the place of the first rank, lies on, gives fire, and fall away while the rest of the body of musketeers moves up to their place, and so two ranks at a time, making ready, you may give fire as often as you list. You must observe likewise, that the musketeers in all these motions, do turn to the right hand, & so to have a cingular care, to carry the mouths of their muskets aloft, as well when they are shouldered, as in priming, as also when they keep their pans guarded and come up to give fire. Moreover, if an Enemy should appear on either your right, or left flank, and that you resolve to maintain your ground, and would gall him from either flank: it is performed by giving first this word of command To the right or left hand, which you please, and then making an interval of 6 foot distance between the two middlemost leaders of the half files, e &, for the half rank on the left hand, marked a b c d and e do fall away between the files to the rear before the pikes and the half rank on the right hand k i g h & f, on the right flank likewise, you may give fire from either, or both flanks, as you list. Again if an Enemy should show himself in your rear, the like is done by giving this term of direction, To the right hand about, and having given fire upon them, fall away to the place, where the front stood, even in the same manner as you did before. The manner of giving fire marching and advancing towards an Enemy is performed, as this figure following represents. In advancing towards an Enemy, two ranks must always make ready together, & advance ten paces forwards: before the bodies, at which distance, a sergeant (or when the body is great some other Officer) must stand, to whom the Musketteirs are to come up before present, and give fire. First, the first rank, and whilst the first rank gives fire, the second rank keeps their muskets close to their pans guarded: and as soon as the first are fall'n away, the second presently presents give fire, and fall after them. Now, as soon as the two first ranks do move from their places in the front, the two ranks next it must unshoulder their muskets, and make ready: so as they may advance forward ten paces, as before, as soon as ever the first two ranks are fallen away, and are to do in all points as the fmorer. So all the other ranks through the whole company, or division must do the same by two one after an other. A way how to give fire retreating from an enemy, which is performed after this sort as this figure following shows As the troop marcheth, the hindermost rank of all, keeping still with the troop maketh ready: and being ready the soldiers in that rank turn altogether to the right hand, and give fire, marching presently away a good round pace to the front & their place themselves in a rank together just before the front. as soon as the first rank turneth to give fire, the rank next makes ready and doth as the former and so all the rest. Last of all the troop, or whole wing of musketeers makes ready altogether standing and the first rank without advancing, gives fire in the place it standts in & speedily as may be yet orderly falls away the ranks doing the same successively, one after another. A manner how to give fire, either from the right or left hand flank, as these 6 files of 60 musketeers demonstrates. To the right hand, present, give fire, captain, to the left hand, present, give fire. The Demonstration. The company or division marching, the outermost file next the enemy are commanded to make ready, keeping still along with the body, till such time, as they be ready, & they turn all to the right, or left hand, according to the fight of their Enemy, either upon their right or left flank, and give fire all together: when thy have discharged they stir not, but keep their ground, and charge their pieces again in the same place they stand. Now as soon as the aforesaid file doth turn to give fire, the outmost next it makes ready, always keeping along with, the troop, till the bringers up be past a little beyond the Leader of that file that gave fire last, and then the whole file must turn and give fire an do in all points, as the first did, and so all the rest one after another. A sergeant or (if the troop be great) some better qualified Officer must stand at the head of the first file, and as soon as the second file hath given fire, and hath charged, he is to lead forwards the first file up to the second file, and so to the rest one after an other till he hath gathered again the whole wing, and then he is to join them again in equal front with the pikes. A brief, Index of the points, postures, and several motions, contained in this first part of the Principles of the Art military. THe first is the duties of a private soldier, a Gentleman of a company, and of all the Officers belonging to a company of infantry or foot, pages 1. 1. 3. 2. The arms belonging to a pikeman, & a musketeer represented by figure 4. 3. The directions and the Postures of a pikeman pages 5. 6. 7. 8. & 9 4. The directions & postures of a musketeer marching, pages 10. 11. 12. & 13. 5. The direction & the sentinel postures standing, pag. 14. & 15. 6. Brief observations for a musketeer pag. 16. 7. The beginning of the exercising of a company of foot, consisting of 40. Pikes & 40. Musketeers, and the definition what a File and a rank is, with the Demonstration of the dignity of Files and Ranks, pag. 17. 8. Of the three distances, observed in exercising of a company to wit Open-order, Order, & close-order,, with the definition thereof, & observations there-upon pag. 18. & 19 9 Of conversions & turnings with the words of command pages 20. & 20. 10. The standing in open order, fit for the doubling of Ranks & Files pag. 21. 11. The doubling of ranks pages 21. 22. & 23. 12. The doubling of Files pages 24. 25. 26. 27. 13. The doubling of the Front by half files pages 28. 29. 30. & 31. 14. The Countermarchings, either to the right or left hand pages 32. 33. 34. 35. 15. Observations before wheelings pag. 36. 16, The wheelings to the right or left hand, or about pages 37. 38. & 39 17. The opening of Ranks and Files pag. 40. 18. The posture; of the Pikes, commanded either marching or standing, & the several givings of fire pages 41. 42. 43. & 44. For the cavalry. 19 Secondly, the duties of a private Horse, a Gentleman, & the several charges, and Officers belonging to a troop of Horse, beginning with letter A. pages 1. 2. & 3. 20. The arms belonging to a Curassier & a Harquebusier, pag. 4. & of the managing of his Horse, and their arms represented by figure pag. 5. 21. The directions & postures of a Curassier, & a Harquebussier, represented with their words of command in two great plates pages 6. 7. & 8. 22. The exercising of a Esquadron of cavalry, according to his highness the Prince of Orange, by the way of figure, the word of command & directions pag. 9 10. & 11 23. His highness' order for filing and marching of Horse pag. 12. Thirdly an appendix of Martial discipline enacted and statuated by the Lords the state's general & his highness, for the Militia of the united Provinces, beginning with letter A. B. C. D. THe Book-binder is to follow in this first part in binding it, first the title and Dedication, sheet then letter A. B. C. D. E. E2. (and the half sheet for turning pages 21. & 21. because a half sheet comes in here.) E3. F. G. H. I. K. L. L2. and this half sheet which makes L3. and so ends this first part: for the Printer according to the figures of the pages, hath committed an error in not figuring the pages right. FINIS. Brief Instructions of the Duties of a Horseman, and the several Officers belonging to a troop of Horse, practised in the service of the Lords the state's general of the united Provinces, under the command of his highness the Prince of Orange. FIrst, the cavalry, or Horse are ordered into two troops, namely, either a troop of Curaissiers, which are heavily armed, consisting of able and lusty men, and the highest and strongest horses, or a company of Harquebussiers, or Carabines, which are more lightly armed, as shall be described in the States list following. The Officers then of a troop of Horse, and the duty of a Horseman, or a centinel, through their several degrees are these, 1 A Horseman 2 A Good-Smith, or Farrier. 3 A clerk or Fourrier. 4 Two trumpeters. 5 Three Corporals. 6 A Quartermaster. 7 A Cornet. 8 A Lieutenant, and 9 A captain, & of these in order. Of a private Horseman, and a Gentleman of a troop of Horse. His duty consisteth chiefly herein, First, that he fears God, Secondly, that he respects, honours and obeys his superior officers. Thirdly, that he doth no violence, outrage, or wrong to any man, Fourthly, that he manage well his horse, and bring him to readiness, Fifthly, that he keeps his arms, and pistols neat and trim. Sixtly, and lastly, that he carries himself vailliantly upon service in the face of his enemy, and to be careful upon his march in keeping his order in rank and file, and to be vigilant upon his watch, and sentinelship, and to do all other duties belonging to an honest soldier, whereby he shall gain the love of his captain, and Officers, and so by his good carriage, and deserts make himself capable of better advancement. Of the Smith, or a Farrier. His duty is as occasion serves, to drench and let blood the Horse of the troop, and always, either upon a march, or in a quarter, to have in a readiness his buggett of tools, horse shoes, and nails, whensoever he shall be called upon by his Officers, or when any Gentleman, or soldier of the troop shall have use of him, and for this reason, that he must duly attend upon the troop, he is freed from other duties, and hath a greater pay than an ordinary Horseman. Of a trumpeter. Every captain of a troop of Horse, aught to have two good trumpeters, who cannot only found the Bouteselle, that is, a call to horseback, a march, a charge, and a retreat: but also to speak diverse languages, to be wise discreet and circumspect, especially whensoever his general, captain and Commaundour shall have occasion to send him to the enemy upon a message, or for the ransoming of prisoners, and that when he is with the enemy, he must be wary & cautelous what he speaks, and to let no words slip, which May be disadvantageous to the service of his prince and country, and that he observes, and marks well, how and in what manner the Ennemes works and trenches lie, that he May make report thereof to his general, or captain at his return, and give him intelligence of whatsoever he hath heard or seen. A trumpeter also ought to be lodged near his Cornett to be in a readiness upon all occasion, to sound an alarm, that the troop May betimes put on their arms, and get a Horseback. Of the clerk to a troop of Horse. The next degree to a trumpeter is the clerk of the troop, or as some calls him the Fourier, whose duty is to fetch moneys, to pay the Officers, and soldiers duly, to keep a perfect muster role of all the names, and Surnames of the horsemen of the troop, and to procure their Billers, and their lodging moneys, when they lie in guarrison, and to deal uprightly and justly with the company. Of a corporal. As a Compaigne of foot, so also is a troop of Horse divided in to three esquadrons, or Corporalships, over which a corporal commandeth, whose duty is tokeepe a perfect roole, of the Names and Surnames of every Horseman of his esquadron, and to cause them to have their horses in a readiness, to see that their arms, pistols, and Carabines be fix, and kept in good trim, whensoever they shall have occasion to use them, and that they be careful and vigilant upon their watch, that the sentinels perform their duties well, that he relieves them in due time, and that now and then he exercise them in the use of their arms upon their guards, and other places. Seeing he also is a good help, and an Assistant to his Lieutenant by preventing of disorders and disputes, and by composing of quarrels which May arise among the soldiers of his esquadron. yea and to do whatsoever else belongs to a worthy corporal, that he May gain the love of his Officers, and attain unto better advancement. Of the Quartermaster. Every troop hath also a Quartermaster, whose duty is to see that the troop be well lodged and quartered both in field and in Garrison, especially, when they are separated and quartered apart from the army in villages and houses, more over his duty is likewise to attend the Quartermaster general, and to receive from him such houses for his captain and the troop as he shall appoint him, after which he distributes those houses to the esquadrons and troop, acconding to their seignori●es, Also he is often employed in ferching of the word and orders. If the Regiment or troop be quartered about the army in Campaignie, than he is to observe, and keep that form, which the general hath ordained for a Regiment of Horse, and as the quartermaster general shall show him. Of a Cornet. A Cornet ought to be a brave young Gentleman, full of spirit and courage and though he be young, and hath no great experience, yet time and service will teach it him, and afterward make him ambitious of greater advancement. He is chosen so, because he May be capable of his place, and that charge which is committed to him from his general and captain, and rather upon any piece of service to lose his life, than his honour, & reputation. He ought also to carry himself amiable, loving, and affable to the Gentlemen and soldiers of the troop, where by he shall gain their loves, and affections, and who will gladly upon any occasion hazard their lives for him and that badge of honour which he carries. To conclude, a Cornet in the absence of his captain, and Lieutenant hath absolute Command over the troop. The Cornet Sometimes marches in the head of the troop, but when the troop is to be embattailled, his place is between the third and fourth rank, for the better safeguard of his Cornett. Of a Lieutenant. It is necessary that the Lieutenant to a troop of Horse be an old able soldier, and well experienced in the wars, and who upon divers pieces of service hath shown his worth and valour, and for his deserts hath raised himself from inferior degrees as from a corporal & a Corner, to this charge wherein he is now, and from it to make himself fit for higher preferment. He is a great help and an Assistant to his captain, and therefore bears the name of Lieutenant, who supports and keeps up his captain's place and authority, and who in his captain's absence hath absolure commannd over the troop. It is his office also to prevent, and compose quarrels and disputes, arising among the Horsemen of the troop, to carry a severe hand over the wilful, and obstinate offenders by punishing them soundly for the example of Others, and to countenance favour, and encourage those that carry themselves worthily, and to discountenance malefactors, till they are sorry for their disorders and offences. Moreover he is to give charge to the Corporals that every man manages, and keeps his horse in a readiness, that they keep their arms neat and clean, and their Pistols, and Carrabins six, and to exercise the squadron himself in the field or upon their guards. He ought also to be a good Guide, and to know well the passages, and avenues of a country for the expediting of a sudden surprise. His place when his captain is present, is to bring up the rear of the troop, causing the Horsemen to follow their captain and Cornett in good order, and that they keep duly their ranks, and files, and to have an eye, that none of them straggles out of his rank or file. Coming to fight either in battle, skirmish, or ortherwise, when his captain and Cornet is to give a charge upon an enemy, he keeps himself always in the rear with his sword drawn, to animate, and encourage the soldiers to fall on; and if any one of them should play the Coward, break out of his rank, or run away, if he should kill him, he hath the mends in his own hand, and the Lieutenant May well answer it to his chief: for such a coward, or faint hearted soldier, by his evil example shows others to runaway, which May not only be the overthrouw of the troop, but also of a whole Regiment. His duty is also to visit the guards, and to see that the sentinels discharge well their duties, and to give command to the Corporals that they be duly relieved. That upon the sight of an enemy they come in orderly, and guy the alarm betimes, that the troop May draw into arms, and be in a readiness to entertain the enemy, or else have leisure to reteate unto stronger forces for their defence. Of a captain. The command, and charge of a captain of a troop of Horse is very honourable, and it ought to be given to a man of respect, and quality, and one that is descended of a noble birth, whose valour, and worth May be answerable thereunto. He ought also above all things to be religious, fearing God, temperate, moderate, just, Continent, wise, and discreet, curious in the choice of his men, and horse, and to see that they be well managed, ready, and his troop well exercised, That they carry themselves vaillantly upon service, in the face of the enemy, and to be careful, and vigilant upon their watch, Countenancing the good, and punishing the bad. In doing where of, these Christian virtues will gain him honour, love, and respect, not only among those of his troop, whom he commands, but also of his Chiefs, and all other men besieds. But if a captain either of Horse, or foot be debauched, leads an intemperate, and a disorderly life, given to covetousness, lucre, and gain, he gives an ill example to those, whom he commands: for if he himself doth commit such vices, how can he fasten a reproof upon a soldier, or how can he with a good conscience, punish that fault in his soldier, whereof he is guilty himself? for surely a captain being the head of a company (from whence his name is derived) who governs himself well, and leads an un blame able life, gyves a good example to his inferior officers, and the soldiers of his company, who lives under his command. He ought likewise to observe, and keep punctually all the orders and commands given him by his general, to be with his troop at the rendezvous upon the time appointed. To respect and obey his chiefs, and superior Officers. He is upon all occasions to be first on Horseback, and upon all services to carry himself courageously in the face of his enemy, to show no sign of fear in the greatest danger, lest he should give discouragement to his soldiers. He ought to take notice of those soldiers under his command, who carry themselves valiantly, and couragioustie before their enemies, to encourage them, and to reward them according to their deserts, and to take notice of the names and surnames of every Gentlemen and soldier of his troop, and sometimes to take the advice of some old experienced soldiers of his Compagine. He ought not to suffer the Horsemen of his troop to ravage, and spoil the country, nor to pillage, and plunder the poor husbandmen and Contributaire peasants, contrary to the orders, and proclamations of the general, for obedience is the first Christian virtue required in a soldier, and thus a captain by his valour, worth, wisdom, and discretion May aspire and attain to a higher degree of honour and command as his service and merit shall deserve, and thus much in brief for the soldiers, Gentlemen, and Officers appertaining to a troop of Horse. OF THE arms Belonging to a Curassier, and a Harquebussier, according to the Placcard of the Lords the Statee general of the united Provinces. HAving shown the several duties of a soldier, a Gentleman, and the Officers belonging to a troop of Horse, it resteth now that we come to the arming of them as followeth. In a Cuirassier then is required, that he be a man of an able body, who is mounted upon a strong, and a lusty horse, that he hath on a good buff-gerkin, a short sword, or Coutlase by his side, a skarff about his arms, and body of his Prince's colour, to distinguish him from his enemy colour upon any service, or in the day of battle. He ought to be mounted upon a strong, and a lusty horse, or Gelding, which is fiveteene palms high, according to the measure there of ordained by the state's Edict, namely, to meat his height with a cord of that length, beginning from his fore-hoof upwards to his shoulder blade, and so to the lower part of his main, and likewise to be provided with a good saddle, and Bridle, with two good pistols hanging at his saddle bow, in two strong pistol Cases, the length of the pistol barrels, being at the least four and twenly inches long, carrying a bullet of twenty in the pound, and of 24. which will roll in to his pistol. For his arms about his body, he is first armed with a close helmet or a Cask pistol proof upon his head, 2. with a Gorget about his neck, 3. His breast and back pieces, which ought to be pistol proof, 4. His Pouldrons and vambrases his Guard de reins, 5. his gandes, 6 his Cassets or thigh pieces reaching from his girdle beneath his knees, and (as is said) two pistols hanging at his saddle, and thus a Curassier is armed decap cap-à-pie at all points even from the head to the foot. The arms of a Harqut bussier, is lighter, to wit, first with a Cask open before. 2 with a gorgett breast and back pieces, which ought also to be pistol proof, a good Carabine hanging at his belt about his body, where of the length of the barrel ought to be at the least three foot long, which will carry a rolling bullet of 17 in the pound, having his Touchboxe, and cartouche all in a readiness, provided also with a good Horse 15 palms high & well managed, with a good saddle, Bridle, Coutlace, and a skarff as the Figure on the other sijde demonstrates. Of the managing of his Horse. A Cuirassier, and a Harquebussier being thus armed, It is very needful, that a horseman be skilful in the well managing, and making or his horse ready for service, and to bring him to his command and obedience, namely, to teach him to pace, trot, gallop, and to run a full career, how he is to advance, to stop, and go backward, and to turn and wheel with readiness, to which hand his Rider shall please. Now to bring his horse to this, and to learn him to turn and wheel with dexterity, he must often use him to ride the ring, first with a greater circumference, and then little and little by lesser degrees▪ as first vpon his pace, then upon his trot, and so to the gallop and career. These things he May be taught by using the hand, leg, and voice. For the hand (observing not to move the arm, but only the wrist) if you would have him to face to the left hand, than a little motion of the little finger on that rain, and a touch of the left leg (without using the spur) doth it, but if to face or turn to the left about, a harder, &c. If you would have him to trot, than you are to move both your legs a little forwards, if for the gallop to move them more forward, and to move your body by little & little forward with it. After every motion performed, it were good to keep him a while in that motion, as when you bid him stand to stand a while &c. Also it were not a miss after every thing well done, to give him some bread, or grass as a reward. For the voice you May use the words Advance, Hold, turn, or the like, but because the voice cannot always be heard, it were good to use him chiefly to the motions of the hand and leg. It will be also very useful to teach him to go side ways: this he May be brought unto, by laying his Provender some what far from him in the manger, and by keeping him from turning his head towards it. He must also be often used to the simell of Gun powder, the sight of fire, and armour, and the hearing of short, drums and trumpets, &c. and that by degrees and with discretion. When he is at his oats (a pretty distance from him) a little powder May be fired, and so nearer to him by degrees, you May also shoot of a pistol some distance off, and so nearer and nearer. In like manner, ye may use him to a drum or Trumpet. The groom May some times dress him in armour, and he May be used (now and then) to eat his oats from the drum head. It will also be very useful to cause a musketeer to stand at a convenient distance, and both of you to give fire upon each other, and there upon to ride up close to him, also to ride him against a complete armour, so set upon a stake, that he May over throw it, and trample it under his feet: that so and by such other means your horse (finding that he receiveth no hurt) May become bold to approach any object. He May also be used to mountainous and uneven ways, and be exercised to leap, swim, and the like. Thus far captain Cruso who hath wrote worthily of this subject in his 27 Chapter pag. 34 & 35. And he that desireth further directions for the art of rydings and managing his horse, let him read Monsieur Pierre de la Noüe in his cavalry Françoise & Italienne, also the Instruction du Roy de France en l'exercice de monter a Cheval, par Antoine de Plurier, Francisco Melzo, and diverse others to whom, refer the Reader for brevity sake. NEXT follows the Postures of a Curassier, and a Harquebussier, with the words of command, and the demonstration answering to the number of every figure, as they are set down by captain Cruso in his 29 chapter, and represented by figure. IT is to be supposed, that no Cuirassier or Harquebussier, will presume to mount on horseback, or repair to his Cornet, before his pistol, harquebus, or Carabine be spanned, primed, and laden: and his Cases furnished with Cartouches, and all other Equipage belonging to himself, his horse, and arms made fix and in a readiness. The first figure than shows a horseman how he is to mount on horseback, and takes both reins hanging in a loose position over the Horse neck, & upon the pummel of the Saddle, and first lays hold on the ends of the reins above the button in his right hand, and with the thumb, and the two first fingers of that hand, draws them to an even length. Then putting the little finger of his left hand, betwixt both reins under the button, with the other three fingers of the same hand on the further rain, and his thumb on the near side of the button to grasp both reins, that so (before he endeavour to mount) he May have his horse head in balance and at command: then grasping the pummel of the saddle with his left hand, and standing with his full body to the horse side, and just betwixt the bolster, and cantle of the saddle, always on the near side of the horse, with the help of his right hand, he shall put his left foot into the left stirrup, & with his right hand taking fast hold on the highest part of the Cantle behind, he shall (with the help of both hands) gently (yet strongly, and in a right posture without inclining his body to either hand) raise himself until he May stand Perpendicular upon his left foot, and then putting over his right leg cast and place himself in the saddle. 2. With the right-hand he is to turn down the Caps of the pistol cases. 3. He is to draw the pistol out of the Case with the right hand, and always the left pistol first) and to mount the muzzle of it, as in posture 15. 4. He is to sink the pistol into his bridle-hand, and to remove his right-hand towards the muzzle, and their to rest the butt end upon his thigh. 5. He is to sink the pistol into his bridle-hand, and taking the key, or spanner into his right-hand, puts it into the Axletree, and winds about the wheel till it stick, and so to return the Spanner to its place, being usually fastened to the side of the case. 6. Holding the pistol in the bridle-hand (as before) he is to take his priming box into his right-hand, and pressing the spring with his fore finger, puts poudre into the pann. 7. He is to press in the pan-pin with his right thumb, & so shuts the pan. 8. With the bridle-hand he is to cast about his pistol, and to hold it on his left side, with the muzzle upwards. 9 With the right hand take forth your cartouch out of your pistol case: for now flasks are grown out of use amongst us. 10. Put your cartouch into the bore of your pistol. 11. He is to draw his rammer out with his right-hand turned, and to hold it with the head downward. 12. Holding the rammer head in his right hand (as before) he is to take the bullet out of his mouth, or out of his bullet-bag at the pistol case, with the thumb and forefinger, & put it into the muzzle of the pistol, and the Rammer immediately after it, & then rams it home. 13. He is to draw forth his Rammer with the right hand turned, and to return it to its place. 14 With the bridle-hand he is to bring the pistol towards his right side, and placing the butt end upon his thigh, pulls down the Cock. 15 He is to take the pistol into his right hand, mounting the muzzle upward. 16. Having the pistol in his right-hand (as in posture 15) with his forefinger upon the tricker, he is to incline the muzzle (with a fixed eye) towards his mark, not suddenly but by degrees (quicker or slower according to the space he rideth) and that not directly forward towards the horse head, but towards the right, turning his right hand so as the lock of the pistol May be upward, and having gotten his mark he is to draw the tricker, and so give fire. 17. He is to return his pistol into the Case, and then draws out his other pistol (as occasion May serve) and doth as before, and thus much for the postures of the fire lock pistol. Now concerming the Snap-hane pistol, or Snap-hane Carabine (more usual in England then in these Countries) those postures, wherein they differ from the firelock pistol are these following, which begin with the 18 Figure. 18. Holding the pistol in the bridle-hand as before hath been showed in Figure 14. with the right-hand he is to bend the Cock. 19 With the right hand he is to pull down the back lock, and to secure the cock from going of. 20. With the right hand he is to draw down the hammer upon the pan. 21. With the right thumb he is to thrust back the back-lock, and so to give the Cock liberty. The 22. the 23. & the 24. figures show the marching postures of a Harquebussier or a Carabine. The Postures for the Snap-hane Carabine used in England, are some thing differing from the firelock pistols, which captain Cruso hath set down in his 30 Chapter, and Follio 43. & are these. 1. Order your Carabine. 2. Sink your Carabine into your bridle hand. 3. Bend your Cock. 4. Guard your Cock. 5. Prime. 6. Shutt your pann. 7. Cast about your Carabine. 8. Take forth your cartouche. 9 Lade your Carabine. 10. Draw your rammer. 11. Shorten your Rammer. 12. Lade your bullet & ramm home. 13. With draw your Rammer. 14. Shorten your Rammer. 15. Return your Rammer. 16. Recover your Carabine, 17. Order your hammer. 18. Free your Cock▪ 19 Present. 20. Give fire. For the use of his sword he is to demean himself as the Cuirassier Observations for the making of Cartouches. seeing that flasks are now grown out of use among our Horsemen, for the gaining of time, and the quicker giving of fire, especially upon a skirmish, or in a battle, it is needful for to make Cartouches. Now the cartouche is to be made of white paper, cut out of a convenient breadth, and length, and rolled upon a stick (or the Rammer if it be not too little) fit (according to the bore of the barrel) to contain the due charge of powder and the bullet. The proportion of powder usually required is half the weight of the Bullett: but being strong & fine pistol powder, it is held too much in the opinion of some men. Having moulded then the paper to fit the Calibre, or boor of your pistol (as is said) the one end of it is to be turned in (to keep in the powder) and the due charge of powder to be put into it at the other end, which powder is to be clossed in by tying a little thread about the paper, than the bullet is to be put in, and that also to be tied in with a little thread, and when the Curassier, or Harquebussier is to use his cartouche, he must bite of the paper at the head of it at the powder and, and so put it into the barrel of his pistol with the bullet upward, and then ram it home for a readiness upon any piece of service. Brief observations touching the exercising of cavalry, through their several motions, as it is commanded amongst us by the Prince of Orange, and what a young Horseman ought to know before the exercising of his Esqadron, or troop begins. FIrst as among the foot Companies, so the Horse troops are ranged into Files & Ranks, and their choicest men are made Leaders of files, and bringers up. secondly, Distance is also observed, namely, close Order, and Open Order. The close order is taken at three foot distance, and the open order at six foot distance, between rank and rank, and file & file, yea, no more than a Horse can well turn about, & in the standing of six foot, or open order in rank and file they are to do their motions. Thirdly, it is necessary, that a horseman understand well the several motions used in the exercising of a troop, or Battaillon of Horse, which are these three observed amongst us. 1. Facings. 2. Countermarching. 3. Wheelings. 1. The use of Facing, either to the right, or left hand, or to the rear, is to make a troop, or Battaillon of Horse perfect to be suddenly prepared for a charge on either Flank or in the rear. 2. Countermarches serve either to reduce the File-leaders into the place of the Bringers up, and so to have the best men ready to receive the charge of an enemy in the rear, or to bring one flank into the place of an other. 3. Among the Horse Wheelings, either to the right, or left hand, or to the rear about, is of excellent use to bring the Front which consist of the ablest men to be ready to receive a charge, or to give a charge upon an enemy on either Flank, or in the rear. Note that doubling of Ranks, doubling of files, as also doubling of half files, and half Ranks is ommitted amongst our Horse, because according to his highness' command, the files of the Horse are but five deep, in regard whereof there is always an odd rank. The Demonstration of the figures on the other side, answering to every Number of the words of command videlizet. 4 shows the form of a Squadron of Horse, consisting of 30 men standing first in their close order, at three foot distance one from another both in Rank and file. 5 shows that their ranks are opened backward to six foot distance, or their open order in rank and file. 6 shows that their files are also opened to six foot distance, & now stands in their open order both in rank and file. Note that in opening of their files, the two middlemost Files open first to their distance of 6 foot, and the other files both to the right and left hand also, till they are in their open order. 7 shows the clossing of their files to their close order, observing also that first the two middlemost files, take their distance first of 3 foot, and consequently the rest, clossing both to the right and left hand. 8 shows that the ranks are also closed to their close order, and that both ranks & files stand three foot distance one from another as Number 4 demonstrates. Number 9 This motion is performed by turning and facing all to the right hand. Number 10 This is done by bringing them again to the first form in turning all to the left hand. Number 11 To face them to the rear, is done by turning all to the right hand, till their faces front in that place, which was before the rear. 12 Is to reduce them to their first form by turning all to the right hand. 13 This is performed by turning all at an instant to the left hand. 14 This serves to reduce them to their first form, number 6 by turning to the right hand. 15 Is to face them to the rear, by turning all to the left hand, till their faces front in that place, which was before the rear. 16 This is done by turning all to the right hand, standing in their first form as number 6 shows. 17 shows the Counter march from the right flank by turning all to the right hand. 18 Is to bring them again to the right flank, by turning to the left flank. 19 shows the Countermarch from the left flank, by turning to the left hand. 20 This reduces them again to the left flank in turning all to the right hand and by giving the word of command As ye were, & then they stand in the first form, as number 4 demonstrates before they come to wheeling. 21 shows the use of wheeling, either to the right hand, or the left hand, & is to bring the front which is supposed to consist of the ablest men, to give or receive a charge either upon the right or left flank, or in the rear, as hath been said. THE ORDRE, Which his highness the PRINCE OF ORANGE, will have duly kept and observed by the captains of the troops of Horse upon their March, without any alteration therein, unless by express command. Every troop shall be divided into three Corporallships, & in filing them, they shall always follow this order, to wit, that before every Corporallship an Officer shall ride. The captain of the troop first, the Cornet before the second, a Corporall before the third, and the Lieutenant in the rear of the troop. And if any of these Officers should be wanting as the captain of the troop, the Lieutenant shall march in his place, and if the Lieutenant be wanting, a corporal shall march in the place of the said Lieutenant. And if they have any Bedets, a principal soldier shall be appointed over them, to see that they keep their close order in marching. The Quartermasters place is to march with the Lieutenant in the rear. 2. The Files shall never be made no deeper than five horses, how great or small so ever the troop be: so that if the troop consist of a hundred Horse, every Corporallship shall have five, or six horse in a rank, and five in a file. And the Officer shall be careful when he is to draw out the files in a narrow way, which is long & that there can pass but three Horses in a rank, than they shall divide the Corporallship into two parts: but if the way will permit it, than they shall not divide the Corporalship, but march with five or six in a rank as abovesaid. 3. The Officers shall command the soldiers expressly that in marching, they always keep the distance of three foot between file and file, & six foot between rank and rank, and that they never ride no faster than the pace, unless they becommaunded to the contrary. 4. There shall be no more distance left, between each Corporallship, than is needful for an Officer to march betwixt them. 5. The Lieutenant and Quartermaster, which brings up the rear of the troop, shall take care that the soldiers in the rear shall begin to march, as soon as those in the front move, and that they observe well their distance, and see that they do not straggle out of their ranks & files. 6. A Troupe of Horse standing in Battaille, the Lieutenant and the Quartermaster shall have their place in the rear of the troop. 7. In marching and filing of the troops, they shall follow one another so close, that there shall be no more place left, but as will serve just for the trumpeters Horses, and the captains. In the year 1635. his highness ordered the Lords the state's Horse consisting of eighte troops of Curassiers & Harquebussiers into Regiments, to wit four troops of Curassiers into one division, or Battaillon, and four troops of Harquebussiers into an other Battaillon, both which made a Regiment, over which a colonel commanded. Note also that coming to march over a Heath, or a company. As the foot, so may the troops and Regiments of Horse be embattelled, and ranged into three Brigades, as the avant-garde, the battle and the rear, which is a goodle sight. And thus much in brief, of the Officers, of the Arming, of the managing, of the exercising, and marching of our cavalry and Horse, practised in the wars of the United Provinces, under the charge and command of his highness the PRINCE of ORANGE our Victorious general. FINIS.