THE SECOND PART OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ART MILITARY, Practised In the wars of the United Provinces. CONSISTING OF THE several forms OF battles, REPRESENTED BY THE Illustrious maurice PRINCE of ORANGE of famous memory. AND HIS highness FREDERICK HENRY PRINCE OF ORANGE, that is captain general of the Army of the high and mighty Lords the STALES general of the united Provinces. Together with The order and form of Quartering, Encamping, and approaching, in a war offensive and defensive.  
The second Edition newly corrected and amended by captain HENRY HEXHAM, Quartermaster to the Regiment of the Honourable colonel GORINO.  
Printed at DELF in HOLLAND, By Antony of Heusden, ANNO 1642. Cum Privilegio.   

TO THE TRVELY honourable, AND HIS NOBLE LORD, GEORGE GORING, BARON OF HOSPERPOINT, vice-chamberlain TO HIS SACRED majesty, and one of his Majsties. most honourable privy council.  
MY LORD,  
ACcording to my promise and weak ability I had composed and finished this second part of the Principles of the Art military, for so much as consernes the duties of the Officers of Feild, belonging to an army, and the diverse orders, and forms of embattailling of Horse and foot represented in the field at several times, and in sundry places by the two famous Generals of our age, Maurice Prince of Orang of happy memory, and Frederick Henry his highness the Prince of Orang that now is our victorious general, together with the order of Quartering, Encamping and approaching in a war offensive and Defensive: This I undertaken with a great deal of labour and charge, and gathered it out of diverse good authors, for the instruction and informing the judgements of such, as are lovers of this noble Art military, & having heretofore been dedicated to my honourable colonel your son, having tasted of your Lo: bounty both for my Atlas' majors, and some other of my military books more than of any nobleman's in England to show & acknowledge a grateful mind, therefore this second Edition comes in most humble wise, to crave your Lo: gracious Patronage, as one to whom I acknowledge myself much bound unto, and so praying to the Almighty for your health & increase of honour. I rest  
Your Lo: servant ever to command HENRY HEXHAM.   

An Index, Of the contents of this second part, & how the Boockbinder is to place the Cards.  

OF the Provost marshal of an army, pag. 1.  
Of the marshal of a Regiment, a Quartermaster general, & a Quartermaster of a particular Regiment, pag. 2.  
Of a trenchmaster, an Inginier & a clerk of the Victuals pag. 3.  
Of a Carriage-Master, and a Muster-Master pag. 4.  
Of the sergeant major to a Regiment pag. 5.  
Of a Lieutenant colonel, and a Colonel pag. 6.  
Of the sergeant major general of an Army pag. 7.  
Of a sergeant major of a Brigade▪ or a great corporal of the field pag. 8.  
Of the general or Master of the Ordnance, & of the clerk of the Munition and Matterialls pag. 9  
Of the Lord marshal of the field pag. 10.  
Of the office and charge of the Lord general of an Army pag. 11.12.13  
In what order an Army ought to march over a Campagny, narrow passages, woods, and Rivers pag. 14.15.16.  
Of the Quartermaster general, of a Commissary general, & of a Lieutenant general of the Horse pag. 17.  
Of the charge and Office of the general of the Horse pag. 18  
Of the ordering and forming of a division, or a Battaillon of foot or Horse pag. 19  
Of the form of an army of 24. thousand foot & six thousand Horse ranged in battle ray as the figure demonstrates pag. 20.  
Next follows the several forms of battles of Horse and foot, which have been shown in the low Countries since Anno 1600 till this last year 1642. and are all to be placed Alphabettically from A. to X. one after another between pages 20. & 21.  
Of the order and form of encamping of an Army pag. 21.22.23.24.  
Of the quartering of a division or Regiment of foot according to the order of his highness the Prince of Orange pag. 25.  
Note that between the pages 26. & 27. the figure of a Regiment of foot is to be bound pag. 26.27.  
Between pages 28. & 29. is to be bound in the figure of a Regiment of Horse 28.29.  
Between pag. 32. & 43. which is false figured, the figure & form of a camp quartered, that is between letter H. & I. pag. 32.33.  
Of all manner of approaches and their profiles pages 33.34.35.36.37.38.  
Note that this sheet i. should have been figured 33.34.35. & 36.  
Note that between pages 38. & 39 the figure of approaches is to be bound  
Of Counter-Approches pag. 40.  
Of all sorts of Bridges pag. 41.42  
Of Galleries and their Appurtenances pag, 43.  
Note that between pages 44. & 45. is to be bound the figure of a gallery. 44.45.  
Of Mines and countermines pag. 46.47.48.49. & 50.  
Of all sorts of Palisadoes, Barrocadoes, quadrant Footnailes & bears pag. 51.  
Of turn Pikes pag. 52.53.  
Of Retrenchings of Inward cuttings of pag. 54.55. & 56.    


Hoe de Boeck-binder sal de Caerten van dit tweed deel binden.  
1. Tusschen fol: 20 en 21 alle de Caerten van Slachorders, van letter A. to X. Anno 1642.  
2. Tusschen fol: 26. end 27. de quartier van een Regiment te voet.  
3. Tusschen fol: 28. en 29. de quartier van een Regiment te Paert.  
4. Tusschen fol: 32. en 33. de quartier van een heel Legher.  
5. Tusschen fol: 38. en 39 de Caert van approaches.  
6. Tusschen fol: 44. en 45. de Caert van een gallery end Mynen.  
7. Tusschen fol: 54. en 55. de Caert van Retrenchementen end af-snijdinge.    

THE several duties OF THE OFFICERS OF the field belonging to an army.  

And first of the Provost marshal of an Army.  
BEcause in the nature of his Office he is to execute all directions and commandments, that he shall receive from the Lord general, or marshal, he shall be enjoined to give his attendance upon the Lord Martial. It is then his office to publish all Proclamations, Orders and Decrees of the Generals, and all things else that are to be notified to the troops, as the Lord Martial shall command him: He shall see them published in the general's Quarter, and before the Head of every Regiment, being attended upon, by the Provosts of every Regiment.  
He shall have the keeping of the Prisoners in the Army, that is to say, by himself and his men, he shall keep the chief Prisoners which are to be brought to Justice, and shall direct the Provosts of every Regiment, how the Prisoners in their charge shall be kept.  
He shall have thus far forth command over all particular Provosts of the army, and they shall give an account to him of all their prisoners, of the quality of their offences and of the informations against them, yea, as often as he shall direct and give up a note as well of his own prisoners, as of the rest, once every week to the Lord Martial.  
He shall attend every Court day at the Generals, or the Lord Marshals, if it be held there, and shall bring his Prisoners that are called thither, safely to the Court, with such informations and witnesses as are to be brought in against them, and shall after they have been heard, and proceeded withal, bring them back in safety, and so keep them till he hath attended and known the further will of the general, or in his absence, of the Lord Martial: Also he shall be bound to have his Executioner, a place of execution, and all things belonging unto it, whensoever, or wheresoever he shall be commanded by the general or Lord Marshal, and he shall see the said executions so commanded, to be duly performed.  
The Provost Martial shall have thus far commandment over the Victuallers of the Army, that he shall assign them their Quarter in every Regiment, and shall appoint what Victuallers are to attend every Regiment. Also he shall give order to the particular Provosts of every Regiment, that they see no victuals sold but at convenient hours, and that the prices of victuals and beer be reasonable, and every can of Beer, sold at that price as he hath marked upon the barrel-head, and as it is appointed him.  
It is further incident to his office, to have account brought unto him of all prizes of Cattle, and other victuals that comes into the Army, and that the preys, as soon as they are brought into the Quarter, shall be showed to him, and by him to the general, or the Commissary general of the victuals, because it may be known whether those preys be lawful, and how they ought to be divided.  
He shall by the particular Provosts of every Regiment and his men, cause all entrails of Beasts that are killed in or near the Quarter, and all other garbage and filth to be buried without the camp, and to see in all things else, that the Quarters be kept sweet from noisome smells, and the places adjoining clean, and that the places for easement be pricked out at such a convenient distance, as he shall in discretion set down, and that he himself, as often as he can conveniently, shall visit the whole Quarters, and to that end, he shall cause the provosts of every Regiment, and his own men, to visit the several parts of the quarters every day.  
He shall have all his fees, as well in preys that are taken, as for the oversight of the victuals and beer, and of all things else, which do properly belong to the provost marshal of an Army.   

Of the marshal of a Regiment.  
THe masshall of a Regiment is to receive and keep safely all such prisoners, as are committed to his charge by the chiefs, captains, and officers of the Regiment, and if they be called to justice, shall bring his Prisoners to the marshal general, to be carried from thence to the council of war.  
It is also the duty of the marshal of a Regiment, to take special care that all women, lacqueis, servants, bread, and Aqua Vita sellers belonging to the Regiment, shall march after their own Regiment, and not before, or upon the flanks thereof.  
It is his office likewise to set such prizes upon Beree and Victuals, as the Lord Martial or the sergeant Majour general shall appoint him, which order he shall receive from the Provost marshal of the Army, and that he sees it be duly executed within the circuit of the Regiment, and that the sutlers do not sell their beer and victuals above the set rate, lest they should grate upon the soldiers: After the Captain of the watch hath gone the first round, he is to see that the sutlers keeps no tippling or drinking, to commit any disorder in the night, but make them put out their candle light and fires: During the time of divine service he is to go the round, and see that there be no tippling or disorders committed in the Quarters.   

The Office of a Quartermaster general.  
FIrst he is to be at all removes, and before the taking up of any quarter, is to attend the general, or the marshal of the field, to receive his directions, where, and in what place the Army is to be quartered, and how the avant-garde, the Battle, and the rear, shall be distinguished.  
Having received then his directions, and the Army drawing near to the place assigned, he and the Quartermasters of every Regiment, rides before with a Guard of Horse and some firelocks, to view and make choice of the Ground, where the Army is to be quartered, and there ordains a quarter for the general, the chief Officers of the field, and their trains, together with the Regiments of every Tercia or Brigade, and gives out the ground, and houses to the quartermaster of each Brigade, and they to the Quartermasters of the particular Regiments, who draws out the quarters in that order and form, as the Lord general hath prescribed, and as the figure thereof following shall demonstrate.  
It is also his office to direct the Quartermaster of every Regiment, that in laying out their quarters, they observe that form which the general hath commanded, that is proportion for proportion, and to see that all places of arms, streets, sallies, and all things else, be answerable, and sees that every quarter be made according to that model.   

The Office of the Quartermaster of a Regiment.  
THe quartermaster of a Regiment in all charges is to attend the quartermaster general to receive his directions, and takes the place, ground, and houses appointed by him for the quarter and lodging of his Regiment, and then draws out his quarter, for the companies his Colonels, and the officers of the field, and for every captain of his Regiment, according to the order of their march and their seignorities in the Regiment, distributing and giving to a sergeant of every Company of the Regiment, who are to assist and attend him, the depth, length and breadth, of the quarter with the distances of the alarm place between the head of the quarter and the trench, and the true distance between division and division of the regiments, as also when the regiment is to be quartered in Villages, and houses, he is also to observe that form and directions which the quartermaster general shall give him.   

The Office of a trenchmaster.  
BEcause as quartermaster he shall know the Ground that is laid out: so he is to exercise the office of the trenchmaster in the outworks of the quarter, as he doth of Quartermaster within, these two offices having affinity the one with the other, and therefore he must set out distance between the quarter and the Trench, or rampire, with the breadth and depth of the ditch, and the height of the Trench, be the quarter altogether entrenched or in part, as he shall receive his direction, either from the general, or the marshal, as also the proportion of all outworks, as flanks, Mounts, Batteries, and other works that shall be appointed.  
As it is shown what is the duty of a trenchmaster in encamping: so in marching he is to give direction for the making of ways or Explanadoes for the passing of the troops, and marching of the Ordnance and Carriages, according as he shall receive his order, from the general or marshal, provided that in making ways for the Artillery, he take the Quartermaster along with him, assigned by the general of the Ordnance for that purpose and that the Carriage master or conductor of the Artillery and carriages, go also with him.  
In all approaches he is to take charge of the Trenches, and other works made in them, and after he hath received direction from the general or Marshal, he shall give directions to all those that work, and see that the works be made in such sort as they are appointed: In which service both pioneers, workmen, and commanded men shall obey him.   

Of an Inginier.  
AN Jnginier ought to be a man very skilful and experienced in arithmetic, Geometry and the mathematics, and before he begins to break ground, or runs his lines of approaches, he ought to consider well the situation of the place, and to have regard to the propriety and nature of the place, whither it be high ground, low, plain or hilly.  
By day he views well the ground, that he may the better run his approaches by night, in setting out his sticks and marks, that he may place his men, to get speedily into the ground with the more safety, and as he advances to make the Corpses of Guard, and the batteries upon the most advantageous places, for if he should mistake his ground, and not run his line and approach well by turning and winding it, and carrying it from the Bulwarks, Flanks and outworks of a town or Fort, he may endanger the lives of many men, and therefore it behooves him to be very circumspect and careful, but of this we will speak more at large, when we come to handle Approaches.   

The Office of the Commissary general of the Victuals.  
HE is to take charge of all the Victuals prepared for the Army, as well by water as by land, and to see either by himself or his Ministers the proportion of Victuals to be duly distributed to the soldiers, and mariners, as the general or the admiral shall direct him.  
All Pursers, Stewards, and all other, that shall in any ship have charge, and the oversight of the Victuals (as also all under Commissers and Conductors of victuals by land) shall upon the discovery of the extraordinary wasting, spoiling, or miscarrying of Victuals, presently give notice thereof to the general, or to the Commissary general of the Victuals, that he may presently take order about them.  
Wheresoever the Army shall land, march, or lodge, all the victuals found in such places, shall be seized upon by him, and a proportion set out by him for the present use of the troops, there quartered, and the rest reserved as part of the general store and Magazine of victuals, and to that end, he himself shall go, or send an under officer, or the clerk to attend the Lord Martial, or Quarter master general, when he goes to view and appoint him his quarter.  
He shall keep a list of all the Bakers, Millers, and Butchers in the Army, and of all others that are used about the provisions of Victuals, that he may set them on work, as the occasion, and the service may require.  
All ovens, and instruments of mills, for grinding, baking, or for preparing, bestowing, carrying, or for the preserving of Victuals and provisions, shall be under his charge, and he shall have authority to use and dispose of them for the public service.  
If any prizes of Victuals shall be taken at Sea or by Land, the commissary general of the Victuals shall take a note and inventory thereof, and appoint some officer of his to take charge over them.  
If any preys be taken by Land, he shall likewise keep an inventory of them, and view them himself, and shall make the division, as the general shall direct him, or in his absence; the marshal of the field.  
He shall give out no Victuals but by special order and warrant from the general, and from time to time, he shall give up unto him a perfect account of the Wast, spoiling, or miscarrying of Victuals, either in the army by Sea, or by Land.   

The carriage Master his Office.  
HE is with as much authority to order and marshal all the Carriages of the Army, as the sergeant Majour general is to marshal the troops.  
He shall see the carriages of the Munition first placed in the best and safest places, next the carriages and train of the general, and the chief officers of the Field, the next by turns: but because the encumbrances of Carriages may often times disorder the whole troops, he shall receive his directions from the sergeant Majour general of the army, where his charge shall march, though the particular disposing and ordering of the carriages be left to himself.  
He shall have three several men, or officers under him called Conductors, to attend upon the several divisions of the Carriages, as sometimes upon the baggage of the avant-garde, the Battle, and the rear: sometimes upon the Carriages of the munition and Ordnance; the Generals and chief Officers carriages, so that in the order of the march, they shall be divided into three bodies, and he shall have some smiths, carpenters, and wheel-wrights attending upon every several division: His best order in marshalling the carriages, will be to observe the same order, as the sergeant major doth in marshalling the Regiments which by the Provost marshal of every Regiment, he may give notice to all those that go along with the carriages.  
His direction being given, he shall oversee the whole order of March for all the carriages, and shall cause the Provosts of the several Regiments to keep the same order.   

The Muster Master's Office.  
HE having received his orders, he shall make a general muster of the whole Army before it be embarked, or marches, and keep a perfect list of the number of arms, whereof he shall deliver a true list to the general, that he may know the strength of the Army. He is to make reviewes, as often as the general, or in his absence, the marshal of the field shall appoint him, and alter his list, as he sees it alter in strength, and to keep notes of the alteration, betwixt every muster, and of the diminishing of the strength of the troops, that is to say, when men are slain upon service, and what are dead of sickness, and what men are run away, or diseharged by passport.  
He shall be obeyed and respected in the execution of his office, no colonel or Captain shall refuse to show him their men, whensoever he shall require them, either from the State or the general.   

Of the three chief Officers of a Regiment, and first of the sergeant Majour.  
THe sergeant major of a Regiment ought to be a valiant man, an old soldier, and one that is well experienced in the way of his profession: upon all occasions his place gives him access to the general, to the marshal of the Field, and to the sergeant Majour general of the Army, to know, how and in what manner his colonel's Regiment is to march, whether in one body alone, or else in two divisions joined with others.  
Whereupon he gives order how the Regiment is to be marshaled and ordered, in what form the Companies are to draw, and when upon any service they are disbanded, how to really them again, as is required.  
He receives his orders and commands either immediately from the general, as is said, or from the marshal, or sergeant major general, whether the Regiment be to march in the avant-garde, Battle or rear, he ought to have some knowledge how the country lies, through which the Army is to march, whether over a spacious Campaignie in battle, or through narrow passages, woods, over rivers, or the like, by drawing out of files, as the ground and passage will afford, as also what order and form the Regiment is to keep, if they should be charged with Horse, have Ordnance playing upon them, or being troubled with baggage.  
In the presence of his Colonel and lieutenant Colonel, he is to be an assistant to them in seeing all orders and directions executed and performed, and in the absence of them both, to have the same authority and command, as the colonel or lieutenant colonel shall have.  
In marching or embattailing he shall keep as near the midst of the Regiment as he can, either in the Front, the rear, or upon either flank, so as he may best overlook and observe the order of their march or embattailling.  
The Regiment being drawn up in divisions, he gives to every Captain and Officer his place, according to his Seignority, and withal commands the Drum-majour and the other drums to beat a March, and to move all at an instant, and sees that the soldiers keeps well their ranks and files, and none to disbandie themselves, or straggle.  
He is to come every morning and evening to the sergeant major general of the Army or to the sergeant Majour of that Brigade or Tercia, to receive the word and orders from him, if there be no extraordinary cause to hinder him, and when he hath received the word from the sergeant Majour general, or from the sergeant major of the Tercia, his colonel and Lieutenant colonel being present in the quarter, he gives them first the word and the orders, and afterward delivers it over to the sergeant of every Company of the Regiment, drawn in a ring, according to the Seignority of their captains, which are to come and attend upon him for the same.  
As he doth receive directions for marching, embattailling, viewing of ground, and placing of Guards, from the sergeant major general, or the sergeant major of that Brigade: so he is to deliver them over to the captains, and Officers of that regiment, and to call upon them to whom it appertains, to see them duly executed.  
Every night he is to visit all the guards of that regiment, and to keep duly the turns of their Watches, and marches, (that one captain or Company may not do more duty than an other) as also in sending out troops upon service, to the end that both the honour and the labour may be equally divided.  
It is also his duty to speak for ammunition, as powder, bullets, and match, and for victuals for the regiment if there should be any want, and to see them equally distributed to the Companies, according to the proportion given out, and finally to give order and proportion for the number of workmen, or commanded men of the regiment which are to go to work.   

Of a Lieutenant colonel.  
THe next place above a sergeant major is a Lieutenant colonel, which is an honourable charge, when his colonel is present he is to obey him, in seeing all the commands and directions that are delivered by any public officer, or such as shall be within the authority of a colonel himself, to be duly executed in the absence of his colonel, having as absolute command and authority over the Regiment as the colonel hath himself,  
In marching or embattailling if the Regiment consists but of one division, whensoever the colonel is in the head of his Regiment, his place is to bring up the rear of the Regiment, but if it consists of two divisions, than the colonel leads the first, and the Lieutenant colonel the second, but when his colonel shall be in the rear marching from an Enemy, his place is then to be in the head of the Regiment.  
If the Regiment consists of two Battaillons his division is to quarter and lodge on the left hand of his Colonels, and himself in the rear of his own company.   

Of a colonel.  
THe colonel of a Regiment hath a very honourable command, and is called in Spanish Maestro del Campo, that is, one of the masters of the field, and therefore ought to be a man of authority and respect, having absolute command and authority over the captains and Officers of his Regiment, and all such are to respect and obey his commands, as fully as they would do the chiefest Commanders, and aught to love and honour him, which his valour, wisdom and discretion will acquire him.  
Also he is to see, that all orders, commands and directions, which are delivered him by the public Officers of the Army, for guards, marches, quartering, or any thing else, as for matter of justice, for ordering of the troops, and furtherance of the service, be duly executed and performed within his own troops: Further, if he himself do find any mutiny, or any discontented humours tending to mutiny, extreme outrage or disorder, or shall be by any of his captains, Officers or soldiers informed of any such thing, he shall forthwith advertise the Lord general or marshal of the field: And if he find any other fault, negligence, or swarving from the directions or policy of the Army set down, he shall straightway acquaint them by whom such direction came, or was to come unto him, or some other superior Officer, and shall produce the party so offending with the Witnesses and proofs, that order may be given forthwith, and justice done: And if he fail to give this information of any thing he knows or hears of, he shall be thought deeply faulty, and if any such things pass without his knowledge, he shall be thought of worse government than befits a man of his place and charge.  
Upon marches the colonel shall be at the end of his troops, that is, next to the Enemy in the head of his Regiment going towards an Enemy, and in the rear coming off, and is not to go from thence, except it be for the ordering of his troops, or for some extraordinary occasion, as to attend the general, or the chief officers of the field.  
He is also to see and command the Officers of his Regiment, that their men be well armed and duly exercised.  
A colonel being one of the chief Officers of the field, aught to be called to take council and advice with the general, especially when any piece of service is to be done, or in the day of battle, which concerns his charge, where he may freely speak his opinion, and give his advice touching matters of weight and importance, and though his opinion may be good, yet if the most voices be of the contrary opinion, and that things in the execution thereof fall out ill and contrary to his own opinion, he ought nevertheless to give way and yield to the plurality of voices, and wholly obeying his general be ready to execute all his commands, giving thereby to understand that the contrary opinion held by him in the council of war, was neither for want of courage nor affection.  
A colonel also ought to give all respect, love, and obedience to the general of the Army, the Lord Martial, and the sergeant major general of the Field, as having charge from the general to give out orders, as also to quarter and appoint alarm places, the place of Battle, for marching, choosing of Guards, and sending out of convoys. Moreover the colonel once every week, may call together all his captains to inquire of all offences happened in his Regiment, and examine duly the nature and quality of such offences, and to prepare the cause for a more short and easy hearing in a martial Court, for all Colonels are to repair to a court of war as often as they shall be warned, as an assistant to the Lord Martial, and the precedent of the council of war, for all causes that shall be questioned there, belonging to the justice of the Army.  
Finally in quartering, or lodging, if his Regiment consists of two divisions, his quarter is in the division, that is between his two battaillons assigned for his Regiment, because he may give best and speedy directions to the whole, this shall be shown more particularly, when we come to draw out the quarter for a colonel and his Regiment.   

Of the sergeant Majour general of an army.  
THe Office of a sergeant major general of an Army is a place and charge of a high degree, whose command is full of action, and therefore he ought to be an able, a wise, a grave and able person experienced in the way of his profession.  
He is to come to the Lord general or Lord marshal for his orders and directions for all watches and Guards that are to be placed, and upon the charge of a quarter or a remove he is to march with the Lord general or marshal in the avant-garde (after he hath seen the troops settled in the order of their march) and to view well the places appointed him by the general or marshal for the placing of the Guards, upon the very first arrival of the troops.  
Having received the word, and his orders from the general, or the marshal, he gives them to the three sergeant majors of the Tercias, called also the three Corporals of the field, and they give both the word and orders to the sergeant majors of every particular Regiment.  
He himself in the beginning of the night, after the warning piece is gone off, and that all guards are settled, he is to visit them, and gives order to the three sergeant majors or grand Corporals of the field, which attend upon the avant-garde, the battle, and the rear, at what time they (or some chief Officer of the field) shall go the grand round, and if he or they find any thing amiss, or any thing extraordinary discovered, either when he goeth himself, or one of the three sergeant majors of the Brigades, or any other chief Office, they are to give him an account of what they find amiss, and he is to advertise the Lord general or marshal therewith.  
In a day of battle or any kind of skirmish or fight, he is to receive his directions from the Lord general or marshal, and to see them duly executed.  
Also in a day of battle he hath the ordering and disposing of the divisions and battaillons, according to that form which the general shall command him, and upon all occasions must be active and stirring up and down, to spy out all advantages, which might offend an Enemy, and wisely to foresee all disadvantages which might bring the troops into any disorder or confusion.  
Moreover he is to be the chief Officer with the Quartermaster general which is to be at the rendezvous for the disposing of the troops of Horse and foot, as also by giving out orders for the providing them with ammunition and victuals.  
And being arrived first at the rendezvous, he is to give the Lord general and the marshal of the field to understand the state of the army, that the Lord general thereupon may give him command and direction, how & in what manner the army is to be ordered, and afterward gives order to the sergeant majors of the Tercias, and they to the sergeant majors of every regiment for the providing of ammunition victuals and all things necessary for the ordering of the mareh.  
He ought to be well acquainted with those passages and ways throw which the Army is to march, and doth commonly march himself in the head of the avant-garde, having some light horse and firelocks to attend him, and to send out some troops to discover the ways and passages for the discovery and preventing of Ambushments, having the captain of the pioneers and his men to wait upon him, and the quartermaster general, for the making and explaining of ways for the Army, that they may not be surprised on a sudden, and drawing near unto the place of quartering or encamping, he and the quartermaster general riding afore, do view and choose out such ground and villages as may be most commodious for the lodging and quartering of the Army.  
To conclude, he is to have absolute command over the three sergeant majors of the Brigades, otherwise called the three grand corporals of the field, who are to be his assistants and his mouth, as he is the mouth of the Lord general, or the marshal, and therefore hath a vigelant eye over all things, and sees that the generals commands delivered to him be strictly kept and observed.   

The office of the three sergeant majors of the Tercias otherwise called the three Corporals of the field.  
THe state's Army by order from his highness the Prince of Orange is commonly divided upon a march into three Brigades or Tercias. In French he is called Le marshal, or Le sergeant Majour de battaille, and in English one of the great corporals of the field. A sergeant major then of a Tercia doth receive his order immediately from the Lord general himself, or the Lord Martial, but most commonly from the sergeant Majour general above mentioned, To wit, in what form the Brigade or Tercia is to be ordered, and how many regiments of foot and horse are to march under it, and with what ordnance and baggage. He assigns and shows them the place, where they are to draw out in battlely, and receives order from the sergeant Majour general whether they are to march in the avant-garde, the battle, or the rear, so that in marching every one of these three shall attend upon his Brigade, and several divisions, and in the absence of the sergeant major general see that the order of marching and embattalliing be duly kept and observed. And every one of these three sergeant's majors de Brigade are to be at the command of the Colonoll general or he that leads and commands that Brigade or Tercia, and is to be sent to the Lord general the Lord marshal or sergeant major general upon any occasion which belongs to the present service.  
These three sergeant majors of the Tercias are to be lodged as near the sergeant major general as conveniently may be. And these three which attends upon the avant-garde the battle and the rear with the sergeant major shall make choice of ground for the placing of guards, and assign them to the sergeant majors of every Regiment, they are to go the Round and to visit the guard commonly every night, and at such an hour as the sergeant major shall appoint them either by day or night.  
If any of these three sergeant majors of the field shall find any want of powder munition or victuals, either in the avant-garde, Battle, or rear, as well upon a march, as when the troops are quartered or during a fight. He is presently to advertise the sergeant major general with the said wants, and then by his direction shall go with an officer of every Regiment of that Tercia to the general or Lieutenant of the ordnance, or to the commissary general of the ammunition or victuals.  
To conclude, he having received his orders from the Lord general the marshal or the sergeant major general gives them to the sergeant majors of the particular regiments but because the word and the orders are to be sent to quarters far distant one from another, the sergeant major of every regiment cannot come conveniently to the sergeant major general. Therefore the sergeant major of the Brigades are to attend every morning and evening upon the sergeant major general, of the Army to receive their orders and to carry the word to the several quarters, whether the sergeant major of the regiments comes to him, and from him receive the word and orders.   

Of the general, or Master of the Ordnance.  
HE hath the charge of all the Artillery, arms, Munition, Ingiens, Materials, and Jnstruments of work, yea of all things belonging to the Ordnance, As beddings, platforms, carriages, and whatsoever else appertains to the Office of the master of the Ordnance.  
Under the Lord general he hath absolute command over all officers appertaining to that train, as the Lieutenant of the Ordnance, the controller, the clerk, the gentlemen of the Ordnance, The master-gunners', armourers, Munitions, engineers, captains of pioneers, and Mineurs, over all Smiths, Carpenters, and wheelwrights, as also over all Artificers, and attendants upon the train of the artillery, Munitions and Matterials.  
The General of the ordnance (after the places for batteries are chosen and assigned him by the general of the army) he is to observe, command and direct the making of beds and platforms for the ordnance, he is also to give direction for the making of ways and explanadoes, for the bringing up of the ordnance to their batteries and to see that the batteries be made cannon-proof, and the portholes so that the ordnance may most annoy an Enemy.  
And after he is once commanded by the general to begin a battery, he is to give order to his inferior officers to play and beat with the ordnance upon such and such places till the Lord general, giveth direction to the contrary, and as occasion and ground is gained to advance and remove the ordnance to nearer places. Also in a day of battle or fight he is to choose the most advantageous places for the planting of ordnance where they may gall or offend an enemy most, and to have a vigilant eye, that all things be done in good order.  
All the Artillery and carriages belonging to the train of his office upon a march o● quarter to be in the safest place of the Army, and therefore are to take place before all other carriages unless some of the Ordnance be drawn to march in the avant-garde, battle, or rear, or to some other places: where the necessity of the service may require.  
He is to make laws and orders for the well governing of the officers of his train and all officers appertaning to his charge, with which he is to make the general acquainted, that he from time to time may know the state of the ordnance, and of all things else belonging thereunto, and to take care that the service of the land be not defrauded.   

Of the Commis or Clark of the Munition and Materials.  
THe clerk of the Munition, and Materials, Marches under the train of the general of the ordnance, he by order from the general or sergeant major general is to give out all munition, as Powder Match, and Bullets, to the Regiments, and captains according to the list or proportion commanded him by the general, and as he receives his bullet from the sergeant major general, which orders being given out the sergeants of every company repairs to his quarter and lodging to receive it, and to give him an acquittance under their hands for the receipt thereof. Likewise he is to take an account what powder, bullets, and match is shot away and spent in the Approaches and Trenches, and the colonel which commands there gives him a note how much was spent the night and day during his command there, because he is to give up an account to the States and General how many barrills of powder, bullets, and match was spent in the said approaches.  
More over, for entrenching outworks and approaches he is to deliver to the quartermaster of every Regiment so many materials, to wit, Spades, Showels, Axes, Pickaxhes, Hatchits, and bills, as there are workmen Commanded out of every Regiment and company which are to go to work, which Materials the quartermaster of every Regiment is to pass his hand for, and to distribute them to the several companies, and when the work is ended to deliver them up to him again or to give him a reckoning how many were broken or lost upon service that the commis may render an account to the States.   

Of the Lord marshal of the field.  
THe Lord marshal of the field is in command and authority next unto the Lord general, as is (as it were) his lieutenant and mouth, and therefore having so eminent a place, he ought to be acquainted with all the duties of the officers of the field: especially with the general's office itself, because there is such an affinity betwixt them, as having absolute power to command the Army in the general's absence, and may oft-times be employed to command the Army himself, as commonly the marshal's of France do.  
His office is also to see that justice be duly administered, and that the laws, Articles, and ordinances of martial discipline be strictly kept and observed, that all banishments, and proclamations, coming either from the general, or the council of war, be published, and excecuted, and by his authority, to cause malefactors, and offenders, to be punished for an example of others. And seeing that all he doth is for the generell good of the whole Army, he ought to be feared, honoured, and respected of all men, and in no wise contradicted, seeing it is his proper charge to take care that the policy and discipline of the Army established by the general, be exactly kept and maintained under his authority.  
All quarrels and duels happening between officer and officer, soldier, and soldier either of horse or of foot, aught to be brought before him, seeing it is his office to right the wronged, and to punish the offender, or by his wisdom and authority to appease and compose them.  
The Lord Martial also when the avant-garde is drawn out, and are ranged in battalia while the battle and the rear are dislodging, he sees and commands that both horse and foot march orderly and in their own place.  
And with some choice troops marcheth before the avant-garde, and considers the ways and passages, as Valleys, Rivers, Marras, Boggs, mountains, Hills, Hedges, Woods, Hollow and Narrow ways, throw which the Army is to pass, that he may order the march accordingly as also to send out Scouts, Guides, Spies, to discover and get intelligence from an Enemy.  
He marches also in the head of the army, Sometimes with the sergeant major general, the quartermaster general, and the quartermaster of the Regiments, as men experienced to view and make choice of the ground wherein the Army is to be lodged and quartered.  
He observes also the order of marching, quartering, and fighting, the three chief things belonging to an Army, and sees and commands that the march, quartering, and fight, be conformable to that order, which the general hath prescribed, and the divisions, and troops being ranged in battalia, he is full of action, and considers the place and soil of the ground, the advantages of the sun, wind, and dust, and how the troops with the most advantage may be brought to encounter an Enemy, taking care that the order commanded by the general be not changed, and when the troops are engaged in fight, he sees that they be duly seconded, and relieved, and being overlaid or charged, to cause them to retreat orderly for the avoiding of disorder and confusion, having a watchful eye upon all casualties which may happen, for what the Lord general ordains, the Lord Martial sees performed and executed, to the end, that both their desires may take one and the same effect. For when commanders undertakes a war, and fights with council and judgement, and sees all things also executed with wisdom, discretion, and valour, giving the success to God, no man can then be blamed.  
The Lord Martial also ought to be acquainted with the general's design, and whether he is resolved to fight with an enemy or no. To consider whether he is to charge an enemy in the Front, in the rear, or on the flanks, to hinder them from quartering, and to send out convoys for the cutting off, of his Victuals and provisions.  
He ought to consider likewise how an Enemy lies encamped, which way he can come to attempt him, whether he is to march, and whither his design tends, what order he keeps, with what troops he may hinder or annoy an Enemy, or being once engaged in fight, where and how he may best second and relieve his own men, either with horse or foot, to place and bring up the divisions of musketeers, where they may most offend and gaul an Enemy, and the bodies of Pikes may with the most advantage be brought to give a charge, or a shock.  
Also to understand and get intelligence of what force and strength an Enemy is, what baggage, carriages, and encumbrances he hath, and from whence his victuals and provisions are to come, to know whether any more forces are to join with him, and how and in what manner he may break their conjunction.  
He is also to have in a readiness, an exact map of that Country through which the Army is to march, and a description of all the ways, rivers and passages, through which the Army is to pass, having also by him good Guides, which are well acquainted with the several passages of that Country and place.  
The Lord Martial likewise, with the sergeant major general, ordains and appoints all places for watches and Guards, either of Horse or foot, which they assign to the three sergeant majors of the Tercias, and they to the sergeant majors of the Regiments, and the places which they are to maintain and make good, also for alarme-places, and the choice of ground to fight a battle in, for the most safety and defence of the Army.  
In the day of battle he must be stirring and full of action to give orders and directions where need most requires▪ and to 〈◊〉 both officers and soldiers to acquit themselves like men.  
Upon a march or the Army being encamped, he ought to counsel Tradesmen and victuallers, which bring provisions to the army, and gives command that they be not wronged and abused by the soldiers, but that they may sell their commodities peaceably: Likewise he gives order by his authority to the Provost Martial general, and to the particular marshals of every Regiment, that they set reasonable rates and prizes upon victuals and beer for the good of the poor soldier.  
There are divers other points appertaining to the office of the Lord Marshal of the field which for brevity's sake I omit.   

The Office and charge of the Lord general of an Army.  
A general hath absolute command over the whole army, and is to know and understand well the several duties and charges of every inferior Officer under his command, and aught to be a personage of great experience, wisdom and discretion, and capable to discern and choose the best of different opinions, which may often fall out in the councils of war.  
He ought also to be a personage descended of some noble House and Family, which will give a lustre unto his command, and a man of undaunted courage and authority, severe and austere in his command, and to be greatly feared, honoured, and respected, a man full of resolution and magnanimity in the day of battle, and constant and resolute in desperate cases, happy in his designs and enterprises, but above all religious, fearing and invocating God to be propitious and favourable unto him, to bless his designs, and to pray unto the Lord of hosts to give him knowledge, understanding and policy to govern his army well, and that he may keep it in good order, and under good discipline, whereby it may become not only capable of vanquishing, but also victorious, which depends alone upon the Almighty power of the Lord of hosts, and that neither good nor bad success should make him change or alter his Countenance, but upon the hottest services to give out his orders and directions with temperance and moderation, without impatience, choler, cruelty or emulation against those that are under his command, especially those who have gained honour, and deserved well, which he ought rather to advance and reward, which will make him to be honoured, loved, and respected of all men.  
A general also ought to be qualified with these excellent virtues, as wisdom, valour experience, providence, constancy, authority, and liberality, and should well ponder and consider the occasion which might move him or engage him into a fight, or to give battle to an Enemy, he ought to be sparing and a good manager of the lives of his men, and not rashly and unadvisedly to hazard his troops, for he may as well vanquish by policy, in putting on the lion's skin, and foreseeing all advantages and disadvantages, as by surprising an Enemy unawares, as by laying hold upon an advantage, when their troops are in disorder, when they are dispersed, when they are dishartened, harried and wearied out, when they are pinched with hunger, thirst and cold, and such like casualityes which may befall them.  
Also by seeking to divert, amuse and divide their army, while he keeps his own in peace, concord, and unity, which is one of the chiefest points of war. To gain time and advantageous places, to prevent and hinder an Enemy from possessing them, and to seek by all means to break an enemy's design, and with all expedition to put his own into execution, and to premeditate and to overweigh with a thousand things, which depends upon the war, having a vigilant eye upon all occasions, for the Art Military hath many difficulties attending upon it, and one is not able to express the many hazards, straits and plunges which befalls this profession.  
He ought not lightly to hazard his men either in skirmishes, or in a battle, unless he be forced to it, and that upon very good grounds and advantages: for having fleshed his men in small occasions, it heartens and embouldens his men, and gives them the more encouragement, and assurance of good success, for they perceiving the valiant, wise, and able carriage and conduct of their leaders and Commanders, especially of their general, this makes them fight bravely, and gives them hope of victory.  
A general also ought to take the grave council and advice of his chiefs and Commanders, and (as is said to make choice of the best, and yet not to make known his own resolution, for many a brave attempt and enterprise hath been broken for want of Secrecy, and if he should reveal it to some intimate friend: yet to do it as sparingly and reservedly as he can, by which means he shall gain knowledge and experience, and in an instant will be ready to lay hold upon such and such occasions as may execute his resolution. and there by make him capable of prevailing.  
A general ought to take care, that his army be not wearied out, and fatigated overmuch, which breeds sicknesses, & causes the weakening thereof, to see & Command that the Regiments be well armed, & duly exercised in all the several motions of war, that justice be readily executed, to be favourable to good men, and severe against evildoers & offenders. It is also the Office of a general to give Charge, that the army be provided with Victuals, amunitions, and other things belonging to the war.  
A general ought to speak diverse languages, for having to do with sundry Nations under his Command, being able to speak unto them in their own language, this gives a great deal of Contentment.  
Moreover, he ought to be learned, a good Mathematician, & well seen in the points of Fortification, and to have excellent engineers about him, that are careful in running the lines of approaches, for the preservation of the lives of men.  
It is requisite also, that he should have good Guides, and spies about him, to get him intelligence of the State of an enemy, & aught to spare no money that way, for the breaking of an enemy's design, and for the advancing of his own.  
A brave general also considers, that the force of an army consists not in the multitude of men, but in valiant & well experienced soldiers, & Officers, which are well instructed, and trained up in the use of their arms, & knows that victory consists not in many troops; but that an enemy's army being stronger than his, as hath often happened by observing of good order, & discipline choosing of advantages of wind, sun, and Ground together with the ready obedience of his men, in executing of his commands, & by experience in their profession, they become more bold & confident in fight, so that an old beaten soldier, knows by heart, what his chief & general will require of him.  
As a general should be beloved: so likewise he ought to be feared, & of the two among. Cammon soldiers, rather to be feared, for the most part of them, will be sooner restrained from doing evil for fear of punishment, then for any love they bear to their general.  
To conclude, he ought to be experienced in the beleegring of towns, & Forts, to view all places of advantages, & where an Enemy may most offend him, to forrifie his camp strongly with lines of circumvallation, Forts and works upon it, to know the site, and situation of a town, how, & in what manner those within are able to defend it with men and munition, to cause his engineers to be very circumspect, and careful how they run their lines, to sap forward to the weakest part of the town or Fort, which he intends to become Master of, with diverse other things requisite in a brave general, which for brevity's sake I will omit.    

NOW follows IN what ORDER an Army ought to march in over a campaign, narrow passages, Woods, and Rivers.  
HAving shown the several Offices of the Officers of the field, it resteth now to speak something in what order an army ought to march.  
The army then being come to the rendezvous, or being to disencampe from any place, the afternoon or evening before the breaking up of it, orders is giuen out, that the soldiers shall be provided with Munition, & so many days' Victuals, as the general shall Command.  
But an Enemy being near at hand, when the general will conceal them breaking up they draw into arms silently, without sounding of Drum, or Trumpet.  
The general being attended upon before his Lodging, by the sergeant Majour general, the Quartermaster general, the captain of the pioneers and some other Officers.  
The most part of the army, being drawn into arms, the general gives Command to the chief Inginier. Quartermaster or some other, to throw down the Trench, fill up the Ditch, and to make such gaps in it, that whole divisions, & battalions may march through them.  
After the Trench is cast down, the general, or the sergeant Majour general from him, gives order that the Avantguards shall draw forth, and march a good distance without, and there to stand, & make a halt, till the battle, & the rear be also drawn out, in observing a con venient distance between them. In the interim the Ordinance, Carriages, wagons & baggage that belongs to the army, are likewise drawn out, and put into order. And the Guides, Scouts, and Pyonniers sent out before into the country, to discouver and to set out sentinels of Horse upon all passages, and heigths, while the army is a marching forwards.  
The Master of the Ordinance being present, commandeth where the Ordinance and the train of Carriages belonging to them shall march. And giveth order to the conductors, & inferior Officers, to march forward, as the nature & propriety of the ways will permit. And if there be any rough ways, which are to be explained, he ordains the captain of the pioneers, and his men to make them plain & even, likewise all the wagons of ammunition, & Victuals with the baggage, are put in order by the Carriage Master & conductors of the train: but the wagons and cars belonging to the horse, they are ordered by their Officers, to march according to the seignority of every Regiment.  

How the artillery, and the Carriages are to March.  
The Ordinance marches first with all the Carriages, and the pioneers are always by them, having no other wagons mingled among them, & so march in their order only with one waggon before them, laden with spades, shovels, Axses, hachets, hand biles, and other instruments to make the ways, & to explain the ground & ditches, after which is drawn an Instrument, which doth make a rut upon the way, to show which way the Canon is to pass. The lesser lighter pecces of Ordinance laid upon their Carriages follows the said Instrument, & afterwards the great pieces drawn upon block-waggons when there is no danger: but expecting to be encountered by an enemy, they draw them upon their Carriages for fear of losing time in mounting them, lest an enemy might fall suddenly upon some part of the army. Next after the Ordinance follows the wagons with Instruments, & tools for Carpenters, and Smiths, the wagons laden with Bullets, powder, and match, and after them wagons with Pikes and muskets, all which being passed; then follows the wagons belonging to the general of the Ordinance & his inferior Officers. And after them all the wagons laden with munition for the Ordinance, & the army, the wagons laden with Victuals, provisions, & wagons for the sick and hurt, and last of all the baggage, belonging to the Officers of the whole army.  
But when necessity requires, some field pieces marches before in the head of the army when an enemy is expected to fall on, with which there marches some wagons laden with powder, match, and Bullets to be used upon any occasion.  
All the Ordinance, carriages, and baggage being thus ordered, and the army divided into the vanguard, the battle and the rear: the sergeant majors of the foot Regiments, and the Commissaries of the Horse troops, having order, shows which way they are to lead the troops, that they may give not hindrance one to an other, & the general, or the sergeant major general gives Command, that the vanguard shall begin to march, and sends out before it Guides & light horsemen, to discouver the passages: yet so, that they ride not so far afore: but that they keep always within sight of the vanguard, that upon the discouvery of an enemy, they may advertise and givi them warnin of it in time  
The vanguard then (as is said) hath commonly some small pieces of Ordinance marching before it, which likewise may happen before the battle, & in the rear of all with a greater number of horse, and foot, as the necessity may require: so that the three Tercias of the army, are all of them provided with Ordinance, where it is thought most needful and where it is imagined an enemy may give an attempt, either upon the Front, the rear or upon either of the flanks: for which one can give no certain rule, but must defend themselves in that place, where the occasion presenteth itself.  
When a Campagnie, Heath, or field is spacious and large, than one may march in full battle by divisios, & close by one an other in good order, which an Enemy perceiving, it may be he dares not offer battle, otherwise every division, & Battaeillion may march by itself with more ease and liberty, than when they are joined close together: yet so that in case of necessity they may easily be drawn up together, as likewise the Ordinance, & baggage drawn to that place, where they may be safest, and best defended by the troops, if an Enemy should give an attempt upon them.  
The wagons ought to be drawn up, and ranged into eight, or ten ranks close one to an other, that they may march without hindering one an other, and the Ordinance may march upon one of the flanks of the army, and some field pieces before if necessity should require, without hindering, or putting the rest of the wagons into disorder, which the Master of the Ordinance, or the Carriage Master, aught to Consider well, and take a special care of.  
The chief Officer which commandeth the Reereguard, gives order that some troops of light horsemen shall march with in sight of the whole rear, especially, when they are to pass over a Heath, or Campagnie: but the country having mountains, hills, & valleys in it, than the horse may be commanded to march sometimes in the vanguard, & sometimes in the rear of all the army, and keep such watch, and sentinels upon the highest places, that an Enemy may not discouver the strength of the army as it passeth, or in what order it marches.  
When the army is to march through some narrow passages, the vanguard is commonly strengthened with some foot, or Ordinance drawn up before it, lest an enemy Might surprise it, & marches them by files, & draws up as the condition of the place will permit. In like manner the Reereguard in places of danger, aught to be strengthened, as also the battle to be ranged into such an order, that the Ordinance, & Baggage, being placed in the midst, may come best to serve, & relieve the other troops, from whence they may send Harquebussiers (as occasion serves) to attend both upon the vanguard, and i rear, and as the ground will best afford.  
In case that the ways and passages be so narrow, that the Ordinance, Carriages, & baggage takes up so much time, that the vanguard cannot be easily seconded by the Reereguard, than there may be appointed some troops of Reserve, which may march along with the Carriages, & Baggage, to be disposed of in such a sort, that they may the better relieve those troops, which should be overcharged by an Enemy.  
Upon such an occasion, one ought to consider and observe well, the nature, & condition of that passage, through which the army is to march, whether there be any windings and turnings in it, or other intrieate ways, as through woods, hills, and valleys, where an Enemy may best lay his Ambuscadoes: therefore upon every such turning, or cross way, a troop of horse, & some foot ought to be placed upon it, to guard there, till the Ordinance, Carriages, & Baggage be past & out of danger.   

How one is to march through a wood.  
But in passing through a forest, a great wood, or a Grove, there ought to be placed good store of Horse upon the ways that goes into it, & where the army is to pass, to round & guard it well, a swell on the one side, as on the other. And if there be any plain or open places in it, the Horse are to overspread it, and to draw there up in battle for the seeuring of the passage, till the Ordinance & Baggage be all past, and that the foot, and Horse follow, which are appointed as a Reserve to bring up the rear.  
The army then having passed through a wood, & come again into a plain Campagnie, or field, some Horse are to guard the way that comes out of the wood, till the Horse troops are drawn up in those Fields, and are possessed of the heigths thereof.   

How, and in what manner an army is to pass over a River.  
When an army is to march through a country, wherein there are Rivers, & brooks▪ the States army carries continually along with them some ten or twelve boats having planks▪ spars, beams, anchors▪ & Cables laden in them, and upon those Block-Waggons that are drawn with some ten, or twelve couple of horse, which coming to a river, they presently take them down, casts out their anchors▪ & lays them over the river, as broad as it is, & as many as they have use of joining them together, laying the beams, planks, spars, & boards upon them, & so in an instant, claps over a bridge, over which the army Ordinance, & Carriages may pass without danger Sometimes also for expedition sake they lay over bundles of float, or slag bridges bound up in canvas, as also they make a bridge with Barrels & Hogsheads, in laying spars & planks upon them, being clasped & fastened hard together: so that foot & horse, and some small field pieces may march over them.  
A Bridge then (having good engineers, Carpenters, and workmen) is presently made over a River, or a brook, for the securing whereof, there are certain pieces of Ordnance, drawn up, and planted by the river side, to play upon an enemy, if they should force the passage over it, and likewise draw up some Harquebussiers, lighthorsemen, firelocks, and musketeers, to give fire upon an enemy, while the bridge is a making. As soon as the bridge is laid over, some firelocks, half-pike, & horse marches first over it, to maintain and make good the other side of the river, till all the army & carriages be come over, & takes also along with them four or five small pieces of Ordnance, to scour the passage, a waggon laden with powder, and ammunition, and some pioneers to make the ways, hedges, & ditches, plains, & expecting an enemy at hand commonly cast up a trench, or a work on both sides of the bridge, having some 500 soldiers to guard it, till the army & all the Carriages and Baggage be passed over it.  
Now if an enemy should seek to oppose, & 〈◊〉 your passage over it, the Ordinance horse, and firelookes above mentioned, are 〈◊〉 ●●rposely upon the Riversside, to free the passage, and to clear the Coast.    

HAVING shown THE DUTIES OF THE Officers of the field, touching the infantry or foot, before i show the several forming & making of battles. It is necessary that I briefly speak some thing of the Officers of the field, which commands the cavalry or Horse troops, which are these, namely.  

Of the Quartermaster general.  
THe Quartermaster general of the horse, hath the particular Quartermasters of every troop as his assistants to ease him, and to help him to discharge his place, either when the troops are lodged in houses, or formally quartered in the field, from him they receive their orders, and billets for their troops, chaulking the name of their captains upon the doors of every house, where the troop is to lodge. The further duties required in a Quartermaster general, are described in this second part, in speaking of the Quartermaster general of the foot.   

Of the commissary general.  
The commissary general's place ought to be given to a soldier of great experience, who hath been bred up in the wars, being a man of valour wisdom & discretion: in a commissary general is required also vigilancy, dexterity and an ability to compose Quarrels, and punish disorders which May arise between officer, & officer, soldier, and soldier, what he cannot do by fair means, he hath power & authority sufficient to punish them. It is also his duty to give out orders, to appoint guards upon avenues and passages, to keep a list of all guards, convoys, & other actions, to receive orders from the general, or the Lord marshal of the field, to give it first to the general of the horse, and afterward to the Quartermasters of the troops, that they May give them to their captains and superior officers: also to range, & embattaille the horse in that form, and order, which his general, or Lieutenant general shall find good, in whose absence he commandeth the Horse.   

Of the Lieutenant general.  
The charge of a Lieutenant general of the horse is of great authority, & reputation, and therefore he ought to be a man of great experience, valour, and wisdom, careful, & diligent for the well ordering of the troops, because he commonly marches, with them, & lodged among them. He must have knowledge of the ways, & passages through Countries, and choose the best way, least meeting with an enemy, lying in Ambuscado, upon a march, he May give him a blow. Therefore, he must always have his mind busied upon the motions of his enemy, discovering from what part they May annoy him, be it either foot, or horse; in how many hours they can march unto him, by what passages they May assault him, to send out Scouts & Spies to give him true intelligence, that he May be provided for them, against some sudden attempt. To give encouragement to officers and soldiers in the day of battle, to carry themselves bravely, to charge home, and to find out all advantages, to break and rout their enemy. He ought not only to carry himself lovingly to the soldiers in hearing them willingly: and assisting them in their necessities, but also to punish offenders severely, which will make him to be both feared, loved, and respected.   

Of the general.  
The general of the horse is one of the principal chiefs of an army, who ought to be a soldier of great experience, and valour, & for the most part a personage descended of a noble family. Yea a man of a high spirit & command, for under his charge are the sinews of the principal forces of an army, from whose magnanimity, valour, & wi●edome proceeds many times good success, when occasions are offered, which are for the most part executed by the horse, especially in the day of battle, who charging in good order upon an advantage, May happily rout an enemy, and get the victory, whereas contrary wise, by the disorders of the horse, it May breed great confusion and loss of men.  
The general of the horse ought to take particular notice, not only of the captains and officers, but also of every gentleman and soldier that carries themselves bravely in the face of their enemy, and to honour and respect them in public, which will encourage others to do the like, & when occasion present itself, to advance them to military charges. Contrariwise to punish Delinquents. and such as do not their endeavour, in doing whereof, he shall be honoured, loved, feared, and respected of all men: last of all, by his high command, he gives command for the due exercising of his troops, and helps in them their necessities.  
To conclude, the proportion, or gross of the state's horse, answerable to their foot, consists in eighty troops of horse namely Curassiers, Carrabins and Harquebusiers, two Companies of Curassiers and two Companies of Harquebusiers being joined together, according to his highness' order make a battaillon or a division: These also being formed & ordered into ten Regiments, May be drawn as the foot are into three Brigades or Tercias, making the avant-garde the Battle and the rear, as you see them ranged in the first figure, by observing their true distances.  
What a goodly show it is, to see these 80 troops of Horse drawn into three brigades, the general commanding in the head of the avant-garde, the commissary general in the battle & the Lieutenant general in the rear, being bravely mounted, well armed with their scarves, and 160. Trumpeters sounding Tantara in honour of their prince, and country I leave it to the report of those, which have seen it.  
Also of what excellent use, & service horse May be off in the day of battle, for the breaking of foot, as also upon execution, for the cutting off of convoys, gaining of passages, and the beating in of an enemy sallying out of a town besieged. I will leave to the testimony of history, and here will I shut up this second part.   
FINIS.   

FIRST. OF THE ORDERING AND FORMING of a division, or a Battalion, and then the form of an Army of thirty thousand Horse, and foot ranged in battle.  
THe ordering of a Regiment, according to his highness the Prince of Orange his command, hath been shown already in the first part of this book, namely, that companies being made into even files, & ten deep, four or five Comapnies, joined together make a division, to wit, the Pikes are drawn first into one body, and then the musketeers into an other, standing in their true distance of three foot in file & rank, and 18 foot distance between the Pikes & the musketeers, this is the first order. The second is, when the musketeers are equally divided, as near as may be, and drawn up on the right, and left flanks of the Pikes, there to give fire by ranks, or to march away, as these two first figures marked with number 1 and 2 do show.  
Now the fittest number of men to make a division of, is accounted to be 500 Pikes, & Musketteires, that is, 25 files of Pikes, and 25 files of Musketteires, or more, or less of the one or of the other, as they fall out.  
This number being so embattled makes an Agile body, & the best to be brought to fight, and two of them being joined near one an other, can best second, and relieve each other, better then your great Phalanges, which are unweeldy bodies, the experience whereof was seen in the battle of Nieuport: for being once broken, & routed, they can hardly be reallied again, and cannot bring so many men to Fight, as the Lesser Bodies do.  
Many of these divisions being drawn together make a Tercia, or one of the third parts of an army, and three of them the whole.  
For all the Officers and soldiers of an Army, are divided into three parts called Brigadoes, or Tercias, each of them having a several name, to wit, the vanguard, the battle, & the Reereguard.  
Now that Tercia, which is to march first, is called the vanguard, that which marches in the midst the Battaille, and that which comes up last the rear. every one of them upon a march every day taking their turns interchangeably: for the second day of the march, the battle becomes the vanguard, and the rear the second day hath the battle, and the third day the Tercia which had the rear the first day is the vanguard.  
Moreover, each Tercia may likewise be subdivided into a vanguard a Battaille & a rear, to the end each of them with the more convenience may be orderly brought to fight, and by that chief which commands them.  
Therefore, the battle one of the Tercias of the Army, being placed in the midst, that of the vanguard, may be drawn on the right, and the rear on the left flank of the Battaille.  
Now the number of the divisions, which each of these Tercias have, are ordered, and divided after this manner, two divisions before, two in the midst, and two behind, standing above, as you may see in some of the figures of the battles following, having six or 7 divisions placed in every Tercia. The seventh being uneven, is placed as a Reserve behind the rear, to second the others in time of need.  
The first divisions of the Tercias standing in a right line, are to give the first charge, according to the order of their March.  
The second divisions standing likewise in a right line, makes likewise the second troops and the third part of the battle.  
Now these divisions are also ordered and joined, that if the first should be overcharged and come to give ground then the second are to come up, and to relieve the first, yet in such a distance, as they may not hinder one an other in marching by them, but find place to come up betwixt the first.  
The third divisions are to be placed directly behind the second, in a distance twice as as the second is from the first, that if it should happen▪ that the first division should stand behind the second, that then the third might have room enough, to put itself into good order.  
The Horse troops are commonly ordered, the one half on the right, the other half on the left flank of the divisions, and Battaillons of foot, as the first figure of an army demonstrates.  
And sometimes there may be battalions of Horse interlaced, and placed betwixt the intervals, and distances of the foot, as the ground and necessity may require. For, if an enemy's Horse should be ranged between his battalions of foot, it is needful then, that the other side should observe the fame form likewise, and have horse to encounter horse, lest they should break in upon the foot divisions, & so by this means they may with the more convenience second, and relieve one an other, otherwise the foot being overlaid with an enemy's Horse, having not Horse at hand, to charge and second them, might be easily routed and overthrown, and though and enemy have not placed Horse between their battalions of foot, yet it may easily be done, according to the discretion, and foresight of the general. All which shall be clearly demonstrated to the Eye by figure first in beginning with an Army of six thousand Horse, & 24, thousand foot embattled into three Tercias, with their several divisions, and afterward I will show the grounds and platforms of the battle of Nieuport in Flanders, fought (Anno 1609) between Prince Maurice of famous memory, & Albert Arch Duke of Austria, and then proceed on to represent unto you the forms of battles shown by the Prince of Orange abovesaid, & his highness' brother the Prince of Orange that now is till Anno 1635, which may give some satisfaction to those, which are desirous to follow the profession of a soldier.  

The Demonstration of the figures following, marked with great A. and B.  
THe two first figures, marked with the figure 1 and 1 are two Divisions of 25 files of pikes a piece, and ten ranks deep, ranged in Battaille.  
The second two figures noted 2. and 2. are two Divisions of musketeers, consisting also of 25 files a piece, and 10 ranks deep as abovesaid.  
Now if you are desirous to alter this form, and divide your musketeers into two parts, than you may draw up 13 files on the right flank, and 12 files on the left flank of the Pikes, and giving them their true In tervals and distances for the musketeers to fall away, than there are two divisions made of a Regiment, and they stand as is showed underneath, marked with the figure 3.  
The figure B represents the form of an army embattled, consisting of 24 Regiments of foot, each Regiment making two divisions of 100 men, and 20 divisions of Horse, Curassiers, and Harquebusiers, each division consisting of 300 Horse, making six thousand Horse in all ranged into three Tercias, with the true number of feet, and distances between them, as the figures shows.  
Note also, where the gentle Reader sees a P marked within the Division, that signifies Pikes, and the division underneath are musketeers marked with the Letter M.  
To conclude, the Horse are noted in French with C for cavalry, and in English with H for Horse.  
The figures that are Coloured are distinguished thus. The Pikes with a yellow, the musketeers with a green, and the Horse with a red colour.    

THE ORDER AND form OF QVARTERING and Encamping of an Army.  
HAvings howne the figures of general forms, and orders of embattailling, ranged in the wars of the united Provinces, under the Command of his Excellency Maurice Prince of Orange of famous memory, and his highness Frederick Henry Prince of Orange, our captain general that nowiss: I will proceed on and show how, and in what manner an army ought to be encamped, with the sevetall divisions of their quarters, beginning first with a Company of foot, and Horse, then with a Regiment, and afterward an army entrenched, and last of all come to handle approaches, and all things depending thereupon, for the beseiging and taking in of a town or fortress: which for the most part, I have translated out of Mr. Adam Fritach, an excellent Mathematician, in his book printed. Anno 1635.  

THE FIRST CHAPTER.  

Of three sorts of camps or leaguers.  
THere are three kinds of camps, The first is called in Latin Castra Temporaura, that is, A camp which stays not long in a place, but removes and changes every day: the second Castra Strataria a settled camp, which environeth a town, or a fortress with intent to take it in, and the third is called Castra Sustentoria, a camp lying upon a passage, or river to stop and hinder the incursions of an enemy from getting into a country.   

The camp which dislodgeth every moment is called Castra Temporanea.  
This camp is also called a Flying leaguer, hiving no certain place of abode, but at every motion, is continually to attend an enemy upon every remove, and this army is to encamp, when the enemy's army encampeth, and therefore is called a Flying camp, because it is to hinder the enemy's progress.   

A camp having a trench Cast up about it, or beset with turn Pikes and Palissadoes.  
Now for a camp, which is ready to remove upon an instant, we understand that, which takes up a quarter only for one night, which form requires a great deal of wisdom, and circumspection, especially when it is to march, or Quarter not far from an enemy's country. Therefore, it is very necessary, that the general sends out before, a good number of Horse, to view, and inform themselves of the nature, and condition of that place, where the army is to Quarter that night, for the accommodation where of, they ought to choose, as near as possibly may be, a place situated in a plain field, to which the army being come (and that in good time by day, the Quarters shall be made near unto the a djoining villages) if there be any and the Horse lodged about them, in places of danger most suspected. A camp may be encompassed with a Trench 4 foot high, and 3 foot broad for their more safety against an enemy, which otherwise might give an attempt upon some part of the army. The moorish grounds, where is enemy is not feared, that may be beset with turn Pikes, or with Palissadoes, which may be taken up again, when the camp removes.  
After the Thenches are in defence, the soldiers begins to make their huts of forks, lathes, withes and straw, or for a night only with sticks and boughs, or such things as they can get, the carriages and wagons laden with ammunition, Materials, and Victuals are to be lodged in the midst of the camp, with a small trench cast up round about them; but some pieces of Ordinance are to be planted upon those avenues and passages, where an enemy may best give on upon the camp when the watches, and the sentinels are disposed of, the rest of the army goes to take their rest, the next morning at the break of the day and at drums beating the army dislodges, and every one makes ready for to march away, while the trench is a Casting down, lest an Enemy, which follows the army might lodge in the same quarter.  
But if the army is not to march through an enemy's country, and that one is assured they cannot come near unto the camp so soon it is not necessary to environ the camp with trenches, but the soldiers are either Quatered in houses▪ or fields next adjoining to them, in disposing of guards, and sentinels in every place needful, and this order of march observed every day, till the army is come unto that place, which is resolved to be besieged; where then a formal, and a settled quarter called Castra strataria is made.   

Castra Strataria and the proprieties thereof.  
The propriety of this camp may be observed well out of the Instructions of Veget in the 22 chapter of his fust book, as also in the Castrametation of Hygnius Gromaticus, according to these observations following.  
First, that the Quarter be made in safe place, that is, where there are no hills and heights, which may command and serve as an advantage to an enemy, when he resolves to relieve the town, or Fort besieged, or to assault the camp; for being lodged and fortifying himself upon them, he may easily overlook the camp, and then it is subject to be played upon by an enemy's Ordinance.  
That it be made (if it be possible) near unto some brook or river, which may commodiously serve, as well, for the watering of Horse, and cattle, as also for the soldiers, and by which, with shipping, or boats one may bring up Munition with provisions, and Victuals to the camp, by the help of a running river, or the wind for the saving of excessive charges, when one is driven to bring them up to the army by convoys, and wagons, which oftentimes causeth a dearth in the army: for commonly victualers, and sutlers raises the price of their Victuals, and commodities, according to the length of the way, if they be constrained to bring them up by waggon hire. Besides, it is a great advantage for a Quarter, to lie by a river side, because sometimes the water may be carried round about the camp, which will make it stronger, then if it were lodged in a plain field, and fortified with some small Forts, and Redoubts; so that all that charge is saved in making of works, if the camp may commodiously be enclosed about with water. I say nothing of the great stink, caused by dead Horse, and beasts, as also by Butchers and their shambles, which like wise is avoided by the help of Water, neither are men so subject to sickness, and pestilence, which takes away many times a greater number of people, and weakens an army more, then if it were assaulted by an enemy. For, the prevention of which inconvenience, the Carrions, panchescand garbidges of Beasts are cast into it, and carried away with the stream, and the Butchers quartered in the most remote part of the camp.  
One must also have a special care, that there be no thick-bussches, and woods about it, where an enemy may lie in Ambuscado, or fortify themselves without any hindrance, which would keep a camp in continual fear, of being assaulted by an enemy out of a wood.  
To make choice then of the sittest places, to encamp and Quarter in, those are held the most commodious, which are situated in a plain field, seeing an enemy may be discovered a far of, having then time to draw into arms, to oppose them, and that the Canon may play upon them, in case an enemy would attempt to assault the camp by force.  
As many sicknesses are engendered by staunch, end the putrefaction of the air: so likewise many are caused by Moorish grounds, Marras, and bogs, in regard of the damps, and fogs, which riseth out of the waters, as also poisonable vapours, arising out of marshy grounds, where upon the soldier's huts are built.  
Therefore one ought to be well informed, before a quarter or a camp be made for an army, whether those grounds be covered or overflowhe with water, which may often happen in autumn, or Winter, which were a great annoyance, and hurt to the camp, if it were driven to stay there all winter, and that one knew not the Condition of the place. Again, it may serve for some use to help the besieged, or those which come to relieve the town, when they may turn the water by some places into the camp, or can cut some dikes or Seabanques, or keep up the water by banks, and sluices, to make it overflow the Campagnie, which will bring a greater dammago to the camp, than fire would do, therefore one ought to consider, and ponder well all these things, and to think upon some remedy to prevent these inconveniences.  
One ought also to make choice of such a place, which yields good store of gràsse, and hay for cattle, and straw for the accommodation of the soldiers; because the want of fourrage for Horse, will constrain them to fetch it far by convoys, which is dangerous for the soldiers, when an enemy lies upon the snap for them, and their Horses in those places, where they are driven to fetch their fourrage, which one is forced to do with great convoys, and excessive expenses. Also there must be care taken, that there be no want of wood for fyring, and building of soldier's butts, as also straw serving for the same use.  
A camp ought not to quartered too near the town besieged, lest the enemy may reach it, and do great annoyance to it with his Canon, neither ought it to be quartered too far of, but that one quarter may with expedition relieve one another, as also those which work in the approaches, if the besieged should sally out upon them, therefore the furthest, and the nearest distance for the better safety of the camp, is to lie without Canon shot.  
The Circumference, measure, greatness, and largeness of a camp, aught to be answerable to the greatness or littleness, of it: for one must not take a place too little for a great army, neither a place too great for a small army: for the one will not be able to defend the camp, because of the smallness of it, and the other not able, and sufficient to defend a great place.  
Finally, it is a point of great consequence for a camp, to have all the avenues, and passages that comes to it well guarded, so that an enemy cannot lodge near it, to hinder the provisions and Victuals which comes to it, for want where of many times an army is forced to rise.  
A camp then being endowed with all these Proprieties, no question but it is well settled. But seeing that such places are seldom found, which answers to all these proprieties described above, one must accommodate themselves, according to the propriety of the place, and repair that by Art, which is wanting by Nature.  
If there being any hills, or heigths in it, you must quarter, and lodge upon them, when the nature of the place will afford it, or if there be any other commodious place near unto the Quarter, it ought to be taken in, and environned with a Trench, and a Redoubt made in it, and Ordinance planted upon it. But this height being situated upon a passage, or place of importance▪ a Fort is made upon it in taking away, as much as possible may be all advantage from an enemy.  
The siege of the Bosch may give us an example herein, where was a height situated upon the way, as you go to Vliemen, and towards the Longstrate, upon the top of which hill, a foursquare Fort was made with four Demy-Bulwarkes, and besides a crown-work before it, and before that as a surplus, there was made a horn-work, all which works were nevertheless environned with the line of circumvalation, which encompassed the whole army: for the enemy could hardly assault the camp on this side, because the hill lay so, that it commanded all the grounds about it.  
When there is no River, than all necessaries, and provisions must be brought to the camp by wagons, whereupon care must be taken, that the waggonmen and sutlers set not too high a price upon their provisions, and Victuals, which might cause a Dearth and scarcity in the Army.  
For the avoiding of stinks and noisome smells, the dead carrions of horses, and other Beasts ought to be carried and buried far off without the camp and quarters, to which order also the Butchers are subject, for the carrying away of the paunches, and entrails of the cattle which they kill, and to bury them in pits without the camp.  
The woods, thickers, and groves, which stand not far from the camp, aught to be taken in within the Trench, when it may conveniently be done with asmall charge, which wood and timber may serve for firing, and other good uses. But when they lie too far of, and cannot have all within the compass of the line of circumvallation, which may be damageable to the camp, than they are cut down, and burnt, lest an enemy might lay any Ambuscadoes in them.  
Also, having a water, or a river, which may be stopped by the besieged: so that in time, it might overflow the camp, one ought to take a singular care by hindering it, and casting up of some bank to stop, and carry it about the camp, to discharge itself elsewhere, which necessity, and experience will teach one.  
All these things then being maturely considered, and overweighed, after one is well informed of the nature, and condition of the soil, lying about the town, or fortress, which is to be besieged, and being come within two or three Durch miles of that place, the Quartermaster general before the army rides out with some 80, 100, or a greater number of Horse, as necessity may require, to view the town, or fortress to be besieged and considers well the soil and grounds that lies about it, and draws a draught and platform of them, that he may the better distribute, and give out the several Quarters.  
All Quarters are not alike over all, and of one and the same form, but one must accommodate himself many times, according to the site of the place; for sometimes one must content himself with one Quarter alone, and otherwhiles the camp may be divided into two, three, four, or many quarters.  
The form is also diverse, seeing one must govern themselves according to the situasion of the place, The largeness must be answerable to the number of the Regiments, which are to be Quartered, and which shall be handled in the next chapter.    

THE SECOND CHAPTER. OE THE division OF huts FOR officers, soldiers, and Sutlers.  
TOGETHER, With the true measure and distances of them, according to his highness the Prince of Orange his new Order for a Regiment, and for the quartering of the captains in the rear, for the preventing of fire, and disorders,  
BEfore we come to the division of the ground, appointed for the Quartering of a regiment of foot, it will be necessary to describe first, how much ground, commonly a company of 120, or of a 150 and of 200 heads must have, which may serve then as a general rule in the distribution of the quartering of several Regiments, containing diverse Colours, and Companies under them.  
First for a Colours of 120 foot, there is ordained three hundred foot deep. But the breadth must be according to the number of the heads in a Company, which are some more some less: For a Company of 100, or 120 heads must take up 24 foot inbredth, that is, two rows of Huts, and a street betwixt them, a company of 150 must have 40 foot in breadth, to wit, three rows of huts and two streets, and a colonels company of 200 heads, requires 56 foot in breedth, that is four rows of Huts, and three streets, besides the back streets, which are between company and Campany.  
As for Example, the Quartermaster hath given him a Paralellogramma of ground, which is 300 foot deep, and 24 foot broad for a company of 120 heads, which he divides thus, from the Lieutenants and ensigns huts downward to the sergeant's huts in the rear, of the sergeants hutt, and the boughs of the captains hutt: next the captain hath allowed him 40 foot in depth and some 20 foot btoad (because a passage for the soldiers must not be stopped up) for him to build in, Then between the rear of the captains, and the sutlers huts, there is a large street of 40 foot made for the passage of men and wagons, and for fear of fire. And last of all, there is 20 foot allowed for the depth of the sutlers huts, to wit, ten foot for the forepart of his hutt for eating and drinking in, and 10 foot for his kitchen, and this is the distribution for a company, which must take up (according to the Princes new order) three hundred foot in depth.  
The breadth of a Quarter, is according to the number of the heads of a Company.  
In the depth of 180 foot for the two rows of huts above menrioned, there may be made in each row, twenty or two and twenty huts with a distance of two or three foot between every Cabin, for the avoiding Eues-droppings and a little trench to receive the Water made betwixt t'him.  
The doors of the Lieutenants, and ensigns cabins commonly opens towards the Front, and the arms, and the alarm place, but the sergeants towards the rear.  
The soldier's doors open opposite one to an other, that upon any occasion they may presently draw out into arms, all which parts shall be described in the figure for a Regiment (of ten Companies) following.  

HIS highness THE PRINCE OF ORANGE his new Order, and form for Quartering of a Regiment of ten Companies of foot, to wit, the Colonels being 200, the Lieutenant Colonels 150, and the captains 120 Heads.  

THE DEMONSTRATION.  
A Is the colonel's Hall, gallery, and pavilion.  
B Are two huts for his servants,  
C The kitchen.  
D Two huts for the butler, a Cellar and a pantry.  
E The Stable.  
F A place for his wagons.  
G The captains Hutte.  
H The Quartermasters.  
I The Preachers Hutt.  
K The chirurgeons Hut.  
L The lieutenant's huts.  
M The ensigns huts.  
N The Crutch for the muskets.  
P The Crutch for the Pikes.  
Q The alarm placc, which is 200 foot between the head of the Quarter and the Trench.  
R The Provost-Marshals Hutt and Prison.  
S The sergeant's Huts.  
To The Backstreetes between each company.  
V Is 20 foot between the front and the furthest side of the Pikes.  
The breadth of the whole quarter for these 10 Companies, is 436 foot.  
The colonels division, 84 foot.     

THE form OF QVARTERING OF A REGIMENT of Horse, consisting of five troops, according to the Prince of ORANGE his new Order, the captains being quartered in the rear. THE THIRD CHAPTER.  
FOr every Cornet of Horse, there is ordained (as the foot are) a depth of 300 foot, the breadth is not always a like, but must be given according to the greatness, and smallness of the number of heads, serving under the said Cornet.  
A Cornet then containing hundred Horsemen, must have a place of 300 foot deep, and 70 foot broad, wherein they are to lodge, and content themselves.  
The captains Hutt of the troop, with his boughs is 70 foot broad, and 40 foot deep, being a part of the 300 foot abovesaid.  
Between the rear of the rows of the horsemen's Huts, and the captains, there is a street of 20 foot, and the two rows of the horsemen's Huts (as the foot is) is 180 foot deep, to wit, from the Lieutenants, and Cornets, Huts in the front, to the Quartermasters and Corporels in the rear, which makes in all two hundred foot deep, and 70 foot broad, the room for the Huts in each row is ten foot, after which there is a small street of 5 foot, in which the Huts have their doors, and comings out. For the Horse there is a space left of ten foot broad, seeing that the Cornet consists of no more than of 100 horse, so that there are placed 50 Horse in one row, and 50 in another, and every Horse is allowed 4 foot in breadth, and 10 foot in depth, which is the space also appointed for his Master.  
Between the captain's Hut, and the sutlers, there is also a street of 40 foot for the same reason, as we have described in the Quartering of foot, after which there is a place for the sutlers Huts, which is answerable to the breadth of the Cornet 70 foot, and for the depth of his fore Hutt 10 foot, and for his kitchen 10 foot more allowed him, so that the true dimension for the Quartering of a troop of 100 Horse, is 300 foot deep, and 70 foot broad.  
But a greater Cernet consisting of 140 heads, (or it may be 150) than they have given them a row of Huts more, so that they must have in all three rows, of which the last standing alone, is separated from the second by a street of 10 foot, which reacheth from the huts of the second row, and the Horse are set behind this new row, after which (as before) there is a depth of 10 foot for a Horse, and a small street of 5 foot, and for the Huts of the Horsemen likewise 10 foot, whence followeth, that the breadth for a Cornet of Horse of 140 heads takes up 105 foot, for the two rows taking up 70 foot, if you add thereunto the two streets, the one of 10, and the other of 5 foot, with the distance left, for the Horse, and the Horsemen, making 20 foot, it is in all 35 foot, upon shall then have the breadth of 105 foot for a Cornet of 140 heads, and the depth of 300 foot as before.  
Note that every Horse hath his head standing towards his Master's hut, that upon any occasion his Master may go directly to his Horse, without going about his hut.  
The space being deep enough for the huts, they need not build them close one to another, but leave a little distance of a foot and a half, or two foot at the most between the huts: but between every fifth and sixth hutt, there is an open space left of some 6 or 8 foot, for the Horsemen to draw out of, if necessity should require.  
The huts which the Horsemen build, are built in the same manner as the foot are, saving that they take up more room, for the depth of the huts for the foot, is but 8 foot, and the Horsemen must have ten.  
The two first huts in the head of the Quarter is appointed for the Lieutenants, & the Cornets, and the two last in the rear are ordained for the Quartermasters, and the Corporals.  
Before the Horse, (between the huts and the streets) there are mangers made for the Horse with boards, or planks fastened and nailed together, which stand upon posts driven into the ground, and have S●iles covered over them, from the one side to the other, and because many Horse are of such a nature and condition, that they will not stand together, there are posts tied between them, that they may not strike, and hurt one another.  
Now if there be any likelihood, that it may prove a settled Camp, or leaguer, than they may also build Huts for their Horse, to keep them from cold and Sun. Th●se Huts are covered with straw, as the horsemen's are, but are open before and behind, (because every Horseman may have an eye to his Horse) so that they are but only covered over head on both sides, which coverings are also made oftentimes with such sails, as Tents are commonly made of.  
But the Horse being come to such a place, are commonly lodged and quartered first in Villages, houses, and barns, if there be any thereabouts, at leastwise till they have built them huts for themselves, and their Horse. But finding no Houses, Stables, and Barnes, or such like accommodations for them, than they will be constrained to let their Horses stand uncovered, till they have built their own Cabins, which being done, than they may make their Horses.  
The ichnography of a Quarter for a whole Regiment of Horse, Harquebusiers and Curassiers, consisting of five Cornets, each of a hundred heads, shall be demonstrated in the figure following.  

THE DEMONSTRATION.  
ADrs, is the Colonels, sergeant majors, and captain's Huts, being 70 foot broad, and 40 foot deep.  
Li, and Cor, are the Lieutenants and Cornets Huts in the Front of the Quarter.  
Qu, and C, are the Quartermasters, and Corporals Huts in the rear of the two rows.  
r a, c g, a Street of 20 foot, between the Quartermasters, Corporals, and captain's Huts.  
a b, and g i, is the depth of 180 foot, for two rows of Huts, from the Lieutenants, and Cornets Huts in the Front, to the Quartermasters and Corporals in the rear.  
a k, b c, p g, and h i, is the breadth of ten foot for the two rows of Huts.  
k b, c d, oh p, q h, is the streets between the Huts, and the stables for the Horse, being 5 foot.  
m n, e f, is the great street of 20 foot, for the whole troop to draw out in.  
From b to t, is a large street of 40 foot, for fear of fire, between the rear of the captain's Hat, and the Front of the sutler's.  
C n, is the sutler's Huts, that is, 10 foot for the forepart, and 10 foot for the afterpart for their kitchens.  
Note, that a colonel of Horse is allowed no more ground, than a captain of a troup is, only this preeminency he hath, to be quartered in the midst, and if his troop be stronger, than a private captain is, than (as is abovesaid) he is allowed him more ground, and another row of huts, and thus much for the Quartering of a Regiment of Horse.   

Of Particular Quarters.  
BEsides, the Quarters above mentioned, there are also Particular Quarters in a camp, which ought to come into consideration, to wit, The Generals, The general of the Ordinance, the Quarter for the Canon, Carriages, and wagons, as also some other Quarters, which shall be described as followeth.  
The general hath a square place of Ground given him, which as a Regiment is 300 foot deep, and 600 foot broad, and his Tents and Pivillions set up, and disposed of as the general, and his Tent-master shall think fitting.  
Also there is given to the general of the Ordinance, a depth of 300 foot, and a breadth of 480 foot for him, and his train of Ordinance, Officers, and Handie crafts men to Quarter in, having a little trench cast round about it.  
In which ground also, is built a four square Redoubt with hair cloth over it, to say in powder, and fireworks, for fear of fyring, and to keep them from wetness, and rain seeing they are not so combustible and will not take fire so soon, as straw, or sails will.  
There is also a place ordained of 300 foot in breadth, and depth for some chief Officers of the field, which are not lodged within the Regiments.  
The wagons also have a certain place given them, that they may give no hindrance to the camp. The depth is also commonly 300 foot, but the breadth must be answerable to the number of wagons.  
The Market place, where Marchands, victualers, tradesmen, Butchers, and Bakers are lodged have a depth also of 300 foot given them, and is some 400 foot broad, in the midst whereof there is an open place left for the market place, and the sides are divided into rows of huts and streets. They make ordinarily eight rows of huts, whereof four are set upon the one, and four upon the other side, every hutt being ten foot broad, and between every two rows of huts, there is a street left some 20 foot broad.  
The first two rows of huts next to the market plaee, are appointed for Mercers woollen and linen Drapers, and some other choice wares. The taverns, and Ordinaries takes up the second, the third are for handicrafts men, and fourth for Butchers, and Bakers.  
There is likewise a vacant place left for the lodging of volunteers and Strangers, which hath no certain measure, but must fall out, sometimes more and sometimes less as occasion serves, and this is the description of a quarter, or camp, both in general and particular, as near as may.    

The ichnography of a camp. THE fourth CHAPTER.  
THe Quartermaster general makes first a Scale, which will serve for a sheet of paper, fitting it according to the proportion, as the said paper will bear, either greater or lesser, and then makes a draught upon it. According to the measure of his Scale, he draws out upon this, some parallel lines of 300 foot deep, which shows the depth of every quarter, with some other parallel lines of some 50, 80, or 90 foot, as the ground will afford, and the divisions between Regiment and Regiment.  
Afterwards he marketh upon a paper, every one of the said quarters, and Regiments a part, according to the proportion of the same scale, as one hath drawn the lines above said, and then cut it of so that they have all one depth of 300 foot, and the breadth according to the list of the number of the Companies of every Regiment, and how many foot every Regiment and quarter will take up. It were better to take a piece of past board paper & then make & cut out also upon the said paper, the depth the breadth, and the name of the Regiment the colonel and person to whom the quarter belongs; doing the like in all the other quarters. These littles papers being so cut and ordered, one may put and lay them again upon the paper with the parallel lines abovesaid, even till they he laid according to your desire, and let them be as they are fitted. One must nevertheless have a care, that the general's quarters be in the midst, and that there be a convenient space without his quarter, as well before, as on both sides, as the figure following will show marked with the letter A, where the general is lodged in the midst of the camp, and the breadth of his quarter, according to this scale is 1250 foot, and the depth as is said 300.  
The quarters are separated one from an other by streets, and divisions some less some more, as the ground will give it, as somewils 500, otherwhils 80, 92, or 100 foot between quarter and quarter, as you may see in the figure following.  
Finally the Quartermaster general takes first the breadth and depth of the whole quarter, and camp, and draws it out (as io taught) upon a paper. The breadth here takes up 3000 foot and the depth 2000  
The draught of the camp being drawn upon a paper, and the whole quarter designed, it will be easy then to lay them out in the field.  
How one must mark and lay  
Out the quarters in a field.  
To this end, the Quartermaster general hath a chain divided into Rhyn-landish foot & rods at 12 foot the rod, & an instrument used in fortification, or at least a wooden cross with four right angles, and a good number of Beackons with banroles upon them, called Quarter beackons, whereof the statues are painted, and are some nine, or ten foot long, and sets up one of these angles of every quarter▪  
Being come into the field, in which he is resolved to encamp the Army, first he lays out the circuit of the general quarter, with four exterior lines in such sort, that every corner of the quartes makes a right angle.  
After one hath measured out the four lines abovesaid, he sets up four quarter Beacons, and then begins to lay out every quarter a part, according to the proportion, which he hath marked in this paper: but to the end one may not err, he puts upon the little cut paper the number of every quarter, with which also the Beacons are marked, by which means the same quarter is bounded in the field, and the number is painted, or cut upon the Beacons. It will not be amiss, to have always four of them of one number, which may easily be known by the Beacons, in case they were all of one colour. All which is demonstrated in the figure of a camp where the Beacons are set up, and noted with the figures 1, 2, 3, & 4.  

The duty of a Quartermaster of a Regiment.  
AFter all this is done, and every particular quarter drawn out in the field, every quartermaster distributes the ground to the Companies of his Regiment, according to the jehnography of the figure of 10 Companies shown before for a Regiment; In laying out of his quarter, he useth a line of 300 foot long and every eight foot is marked for the depth, and breadth of the huts and streets, sticking down into the ground at every eighth foot a bough, or stick, as well in the front as in the rear of the quarter, giving also to the colonel his ground in the midst of his regiment. But first the Quattermasters ptikes out the ground before and behind for the captains, & gives there the breadth of the street between the sergeants in the rear of the soldier's huts, and their own as likewise the depth, between the captain's boughs the sutlers huts, marking out first the four angles of his quarter, by setting into the ground his quarter staves and flags of his colonel's colours.   

The duty of a sergeant.  
THe quarter being so laid out, than the sergeant of every company kilspits it, and divides and makes the partition of the huts to the Gentlemen and soldiers, which they prick out by line and small boughs, or sticks stock into the ground, and so divides the rows of huts and the streets among them, every hut having some 4 or 5 foot in breadth, and for uniformity sake 8 foot deep, and thus the ground for a whole Regiment of what number so ever the Companies be, is marked and drawn out in a field, as the figure of a Regiment for 10 Companies before mentioned demonstrates.  
The other quarters to wit, for horse, officers, ordinance, and carriages are marked by number and letter in the camp following.   

The alarm place.  
THere is left round about the circuit of the whole quarter, a parallel on all sides some 200, or 250 foot between the front of the quarter and the trench, called an alarm Place, for the soldiers to draw out into arms, into Parade, or when any alarm or commotion happens, the camp or quarter being environned with a Trench, and a Parapet of six foot high, six foot deep and three foot in the bottom, and the ditch 8 foot broad.  
The soldiers of every company are commonly commanded to make this trench, parapet, and ditch before their quarter, or where it may fall on't, because it serves for their own defence, which the soldiers are to do, for their own safety, without giving them any money for it.  
There is assigned by the Quartermasters to every Regiment, how much ground they must cast up, according to the commission and strength of every company, which proportionally is equally divided among the companies, that one company do no more work than an other. In doing of which, the captain and Officers of a company are to oversee it, that the trench be done well and with expedition. Now the whole circumference of the quarter, being measured out by line, and kilspitted, there is a general calculation made, how many Regiments there are in the camp, and how many companies each Regiment hath, that one may know how many hundred companies there are in the army. And then by the rule of 3 (knowing the line and circumference) and the number of companies, say, the number of all the Regiments, and Compagnies which are to make upe the line of Circumvallation, amounts to so many feet, or roads, how much ground than must a Regiment of ten companies have that contains so many men. This calculation being made, the companies of every Regiment draw out so many men, after the Quartermaster hath furnished them with materials, which is quickly done, seeing the men are relieved, and many hands (as the proverb is) makes light work, and will make haste, that they may have time to build their own huts and cabins to keep them under covert.  
The quarters being thus fortified, and the line of Circumvallation made a double ditch for horses and strong Redoubts, Horne-works, Crowne-works, Batteries, Half-moones and Spurs upon the commanding places of most danger (as your shall see in the Ichnographies of the lines of Circumvallation before the siege of the Bosch, Mastricht and Breda which shall be shown (God willing) in my third part of this book, all these things then being done, after the demonstration of this camp, we come next to handle approaches.   

THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE several Quarters in this camp.  

A Is his excellenties' quarter, which is 300 foot in depth and 125 in breadth.  
B Is the Lords the state's quarter being 300 foot in depth and 342 in breadth.  
C The general of the ordinance and magazine 300 foot in depth and 800 in breadth.  
D The quarter of the Carriages and wagons.  
E The quarter for merchants, tradesman and victualers.  
F Mons. Chastillon quarter being 14 Companies making 28 rows of Huts 300 deep and 500 foot broad.  
G Mons. Bythunes being 13 Comp. making 28 rows 300 foot deep and 500 in breadth.  
H The friezes being 5 Comp. making 15 rows 300 foot deep and 235 foot broad.  
I Sir Horace Vere's Regiment being 14 English Comp. making 31 rows 300 foot deep and 548 broad.  
K Mons. Cicils Reg. being 7 Comp. making 15 rows 300 foot deep and 292 broad.  
L Colonel Ogles Reg. being 8 Comp. making 16 rows 300 foot deep and 308 broad.  
M Mons. Fulchs' being 6 Comp. 18 rows 300 foot deep, and 300 broad.  
N My Lord of Bach-louch being 6 comp. 12 rows 300 foot deep and 244 broad.  
O Colonel Egmont his Reg. being 6 comp. 12 rows 300 foot deep 244 broad.  
P 7 comp. Walloons commanded by Count John Ernest 14 rows 300 foot deep and 276 broad▪  
Q Count Ernest Lord marshal 10 Comp. 25 rowos 300 foot deep and 450 foot broad.  
R 6 Comp. of Hollanders 12 rows 300 foot deep and 242 broad.  
To Prince Henry Generrll of the Horse 4 Cornets 300 foot deep and 476 broad.  
V Capt. Qwicht 3 Cornets 300 foot deep and 250 broad.  
W Mons. Market Lieut. general 4 Cornets 300 foot deep and 349 broad.  
X Mons. Ryhoven 4 Cornets 300 foot doep and 340 broad.  
Y Mens. Bacx 4 Cornets 300 foot deep and 340 broad.  
Z Mons. Wagheman 3 Cornets 300 foot deep and 253 broad.  
aa Mons. Quaet 3 Cornets 333 foot deep and 350 broad.  
bb Mons. la Sale 4 Cornets 330 foot deep and 340 broad.  
cc Mons. Stakenbrouck 4 Cornets 300 foot deep and 340 broad.  
dd The Drost Sallant 4 Cornets 300 foot deep and 340 broad.  
ee Peter Pany commanding the Princes guard of Horse 1 Corn. 300 foot deep and 100 broad.     

OF ALL MANNER OF approaches, AND their Profiles, with the definition what approaches are. THE FIFTH CHAPTER.  
THe approach by which one approacheth safest towards a town, or a fortress besieged, are certain hollow ditches; called Trenches digged into the Earth, whereby one may approach near unto a town, or a fortress covertly, without any great harm, if the lines be carried well, and kept from the sight of an enemy.  
In approaching one aught to consider well; 1. The situation of the town or fort to be besieged. 2. The propriety and form of the approach. 3. The beginning and distance of them, and fourthly their profile.  
1. For the Site of the place, one ought to consider well the propriety, and nature thereof, whether the ground be high, low, hilly, or plain. In plain and even ground, one may find four kinds of Earth, to wit, 1. a Clayie & a solid Earth, 2. Sandie, 3. a spongy and rotten earth, & 4. moorish and a marshy ground which may be covered & lie under water, having no firm foundation to work upon. Secondly, hilly places whether they have a solid foundation, 3. Sandie, and 4. Stony. Also one must take into consideration the forests, woods, ways, ditches, hills, and such like things, as may lie round about it, or go towards it.  

Of four wanner of approaches.  
FIrst, if one can not make choice of such ground as they desire, than one must take it as it falls out, whence there follows diverse manner of approaches; for if it be good ground, than they run their lines directly from the left hand to the right, & from the right hand to the left, continuing it alternatively till you come to your distance desired, the half of which trench is digged into the Earth, & the other half cast up with a parapet raised upon it, which serves as a blind to keep your men from the sight of an enemy, and thus you continue your approach by windings and turnings, till you come to the counterscarf, and moat of the town besieged, and this kind of approach you use in good and firm Earth.  
The second kind of Approach is that, which is made in a Sandie ground, which you may run in the same manner with windings, and turnings as you did the first, saving that your parapet will not hold with sand, and therefore, because Sand is not so good to work upon, and will not lie so firm as other Earth doth, but will cost more labour, and require more time then solid Earth, therefore one must approach nearer and nearer by setting up of Gabions.  
The third way hath another difference, than those two above mentioned, for sometimes one may find good Earth, and Sandie mingled together, yea, and somewhiles a Marras on both sides, in so much that one shall have but a narrow way, through which one is to carry his approach, and as in the former you cannot run your lines from the left hand to the right, or from the right hand to the left, so in this you are driven to run a line directly upon the town or fortress besieged.  
Now this manner of approach carried in a right line, is not so laboursome & chargeable as the others beforenamed, which are run with oblique lines: but the greatest labour is, such an Approach must be made deeper, than the former, & do require a double trench & parapet, whereas the others have but a single one, and ever and anon there must be blinds set up because this kind is more dangerous, and in this approach the one half of the Earth is set up with a parapet on the one side, and the other half on the other side.  
The approach which is made through moorish, and marshy grounds overflown, is almost impossible, by reason of the inconstancy of the water, which riseth, and falleth according to the season, and which causeth many inconveniences: for when one expects dry season, the weather may alter and prove rainy and stormy, which may not only hinder the approach begun, but also fill the trenches with water, therefore in such cases, one must accommodate themselves, according to the weather, and use the wisdom, & experience of jngeniers herein, for the preventing of these inconveniences.  
As the half of an ordinary approach, is digged into the ground, so the other half is cast upon ground: this kind being made over water and Marras, having no firm foundation, the foundation of them is laid by filling up the water with bundles of Boughs, Brush, faggots, & such like things, having Earth cast upon them, to settle them, & make them lie fast, & the Earth being brought upon wheelbarrows from some other place, a parapet is raised, and blinds set up, that the workmen, & soldiers may work and be in more safety, which guards it.  
The fourth difference of approach, is also made by Earth brought from some other places, having faggots, Brush, Bavins, and planches laid upon it, with parapets and blinds set up.  
Fifthly, having want of good Earth, and finding great store of Sand, than the parapet must be made with Gabions, and Cannon Baskets filled with Earth.  
The sixth & last manner taketh its original from the former, & is made with Redoubts in joining the one to the other.  
And if your meet with a stony place, than you must help yourself with Gabions, & fetch your Earth from some other place, as you did in marshy grounds.  
These are all the several kinds of approaches, that we have mentioned here in this Chapter, which one cannot make without difference and judgement, because the one is more laborious, and dangerous than the other, as we have taught.  
But to the end all inconveniences may be avoided, one must first inform himself well the nature of the place, through which one is resolved to run an approach, & take a special care, that no error and faults be committed through ignorance, which may lose time expense and labour, and may cross the happy successie of an army, for it were an absurd thing, of one should make that approchin a moorish ground, which is to be made in a plain place, where there is good Earth, where one hath elbow room, and space enough to run oblique lines, or when one would make them above the ground, when there is Earth enough to be digged out of the ground and cast up.  
Besides, one ought to consider well, the distance of the first breaking of ground, between it and the town or fortress to be approached to, that one begins not roo near, nor too far off, for the beginning of the approaches being too far from the fortress, one loses both time and pains, when one begins to break ground from a place which is in safety.  
On the other side, to begin an approach within the sight of an enemy, one cannot so well defend himself from musket shot, because the musketeers may take a surer mark, than when they shoot at Randum, and it will be hort for the workmen, before they can get into the ground, besides the workmen cannot be so well seconded, and relieved without great danger, especially if the besieged sallies out, and gives them hort alarms, so that they must be presently, relieved, or else they will be driven to quit the approaches and to retire, if they be not seconded betimes.   

The distances between the beginning of an approach, and a fortress.  
HEnce one may clearly understand, the distance of the approach to the town or fortress besieged, and the place where one begins to break ground first, aught to be as far, as a musket can well carry from the outworks of the fortress, which may be about some 90, 80, 70, or 60 rod at 12 foot the rod, or as the nature of the place will afoard it.  
The beginning of an approach.  
or first breaking of Ground.  
When one would begin an approach, there must be choice made of 200, 300, 400, or 500 lusty soldiers, which are used to work, now besides the ordinairies arms, which they carry, they take down along with them into the approaches spades, shovels, pickaxses, and others materials necessary for work, and are set in order by the engineer in that place, where the approach begins, & to the end they may begin with the more safety, they have diverse guards of foot, and horse standing up and down, here and there to defend them, if the besieged should sally out upon the workmen, and because they may make a good beginning, first they cast up a Redoubt or two, from whence the trench & approach is run, which are environned with a parapet, & a good ditch, & the sides of the redouts made some eigt rods square, as you may see in the profile of trenches.  
Indeed, sometimes as occasion may serve, they make demi bulwarks, or it may be Whole bulwarks, for which one takes a profile answerable to the greatness, for when they are little one makes use only of the Profile of ordinary trenches, and when they are great their Profile must be likewise correspondent unto them.  
These works and Redouts serve for a Retreat to the workmen, if an Enemy should make a great sally upon them: for being retreated into the said Redouts, they may resist an enemy, and stop them, till they are seconded, so that such Redouts are very necessary. For if the workmen had not a place to retreat into, they would beforced to betake themselves to their heels, and to abandon and lose their work.  
But the engineers which are employed therein, aught to use all the skill, industry, and experience they have to run their lines in such a sort, that those which are in the trenches and approaches may not be discovered and seen by an enemy. In a word, they may run their approaches with the more safety, and as much expedition as possbile be towards the place, or part of the fortress, which de general desires to become master off.  
There are two principal parts in a Town or Fortress, one of which must be battered, if one is resolved to take it in, and that is, either a curtain, or a bulwark.   

What part of a fortress ought to be approached to.  
IT is not good to approach to a curtain, which is defended by the two next bulwarks, and their flanks, when you are to expect an enemy's Canon continually on both sides of you, especially, when you would give an assault upon it; for afterward it may easily be cut off. Besides that the moat is broader before the curtain, then in other places whence it followeth manifestly, that there is no advantage in approaching upon such a place.  
But a bulwark is the safest, & best to be approached to and taken in: my reasons are these first the moat is not so broad and large, as it is before the curtain, & a bulwark hath but a single defence, coming from the Bulwark opposite to it, which may be better beaten vpon by Batteries then the curtain can. Moreover, a bulwark hath but a little defence of itself, because on may be forced to retire from it, & to make new works, & cuttings of behind that part which is quitted. And because there is no so much space, as is within the curtain, the fortification there of is more painful, and more incommodious, & therefore it is better to approach to wards bulwarks, than curtains, which is found by practice, and daily experience.  
There are other works belonging to a Town, or fortress, as (Crown-works, Hoorn-works, Tenailles, Ravelings, halfmoons, and others. The manner of carrying of approaches will be clear and easy enough, when we come to show an approach by figure upon a town or fortress which is to be taken in.  
After one hath naturely resolved, whether he will run an approach upon a curtain, or a bulwark. The engineer being present at the breaking of the ground, is to show & inform the workmen well, how they are to run their line, and as necessity requires, being of diverse lengths, but most commonly some 20, or 40 rod long, or sometimes shorter or longer and broken and turned as often as is necessary. The line then being laid out, & marked they divide and place the workmen in order, that they may not hinder one another.  
Now they give to every man the length of four or five foot, and every one maketh as much hast as possible may be, to get into the ground, for the avoiding of the danger whereunto he is exposed, while he stands upon the open field, therefore the Earth, which he diggeth he casteth it up before him, and with all expedition maketh a hole like a grave: it is needless that at the first breaking, the ditch should be any broader or deeper than three foot, for the Earth being cast up three foot above the Ground, and the ditch likewise three foot deep, a man than hath covert enough.  
The workmen then being got into the Ground, they enlarge and deepen the approaches as necessity requires, but those which are farthest of from the town, they need not be so deep at the beginning, as when they come nearer to the fortress. The breadth of the approaches ought to be some 10 or 12 foot broad, as may be found necessary: yea, sometimee one is constrained to make them larger, lest they might be to narrow, in regard wagons may be driven through them, with materials necessary for the gallery, as also Canon which must be drawn down, and mounted upon the Batteries.  
But by how much larger the approaches are made, by so much aught the parapet of the Trench to be heightened, that the enemy may not discover the soldiers that are in them.  
Especially one ought to heighten those points, and windings, where the Line turns, otherwise it may prove very hurtful and dangerous.  
While the soldiers are busied in making of the Line, others are employed in making of a battery, to hinder the enemy from Sallying out.  
When the night is past, there are fresh workmen sent down to relieve the first, and to enlarge, heighten and repair that night's work, unless some of them are willing to connue their work, and these commanded men, are to have ten stivers a piece, which the Quartermaster of every Regiment, who delivers the matterials doth solicit for, and pays them.  
After the first night's work (or it may be the same) there are corpse de guard made, to put a good number of soldiers into, where they keep their main guard, which are made sometimes within the lines, with which the corpse de guard ought to be Parallels, or else upon the point where the line turns, and sometimes without the approaches, to which the corpse of guard are joined to them by a line of Communication: so that they lie three or 4 Rod from them.  
It is not always needful that these Redoubts be made square, but one may make them long-wise, or else with 5 Angles, and after diverse other manners, as the Ground will best afford.  
Most commonly one works by night, that they may receive the less harm, and that the day following the work may be repaired.  
When one line is finished as abovesaid, and that it must be run no further that way, the Inginier turns the line another way, (bearing it from the town or fortress) and placeth the workmen in order as abovesaid, in continuing so by windings, and turnings. till he hath got something near unto the fortress besieged, and making good the Line continuly with corpse de guards and Batteries.  
But the nearer they approach unto the fortress, the more subject they are to danger, so that their pay is increased every day, as the Approach is advanced, seeing they hazard their lives for it, they have a half Rixdaller a night, sometimes a whole Rixdaller otherwhiles a Rixdaller and a half, yea sometimes ten Rixdallers for an hour's work, if it be very dangerous.  
Finally when you are approached with your trench so far, that you are continually in the sight of an Enemy, & where you cannot get any more ground, but with great danger, they make use then with an other manner of digging, or an Approach called commonly a Sapp, which is made in this manner following.  
When a resolution is taken, to approach unto a curtain, or a bulwark, you run a right line upon that place, which you intend to assault: as for example, suppose it were upon the Demiface of a Bulwark, in such sort, that it lies without the flancking blows of the fortress.  
A man then kneeling upon his knees, digs to get into the Ground, and casts up the Earth before him on both sides, with a short spade, towards that part of the fortress, till he hath digged three foot into the Ground, and that he is covered with the Earth, casting always the Earth like a moald before him towards the town, and on that side, where the most danger lies, he ought to cast up the Earth so high that it may be able to shelter those, which comes to repair and make the Sapp larger. After the first man which makes the Sapp is got into the ground and covered with earth, he advanceth forward and continues the Sap, till he hath got some six foot, and then follows another supper presently, who repairs and enlargeth the ditch to the breadth of six foot, while the other advances forward three foot further in breadth and got so deep, that he is always covered with the Earth, which he casts up before him, and the other follows him continually enlarging the ditch from three foot to six. After him comes a third man, which finishes the whole Sapp, and gives it the convenient height, depth, and breadth answerable to the first approach. But one must have a singular care, that the approaches and Sapps be not digged so deep, as that water may rise in them, but that they may always remain dry upon firm ground, which the condition of the ditch will show it: For when the water within is very deep, and the declination high enough, one may make the approaches as deep as the ditch, when the water that is in it, is distant from the plain Earth.  
Touching the manner of Working, an Agreement is made with certain workmen, because a greater number of workmen cannot work in so narrow a passage, they take on five or six workmen, and give them 4, 5, 6, yea, sometimes more as six-dallers apiece, as they can agree with them, and as the danger is little, or great.  
In this manner of work, being come so near for the safeguard of the musketeers, which are to give fire, there are musket baskets set up upon the top of the Parapet of the approaches, close one to another filled with Sand or Earth, between which the musketeers puts out the noses of their muskets, to give fire upon the besieged.  
And because the approaches, the nearer you come to the fortress are made much deeper than at the first breaking of ground, there are one or two foot banks made for the soldiers to mount up upon, and to discharge their muskets or firelocks.  
As for example, the figure following numbered 153, is the part of a town or fortress upon which we are to run our approaches, and that upon firm and good ground.   

The First Example.  
For as much as the fortress is environed with a Corridor or a counterscarf, one must not take the distance from the great Rampart, but from the counterscarf, and begin the approaches some 90 rods distance from the Corridor, because one may with the more safety put the spade into the Earth. Therefore one beginneth the first line of approach from the letter A, and runs it to the letter B, being some 30 rods long or thereabouts. The beginning of the line is fortified with a Redoubt marked with the letter C, into which the workmen (if the besieged should fall out) may make their retreat, and into which also the guards for the workmen may retire. The first line turneth at B, taking its beginning near unto the corpse de guard D, and runs to E, being some 30 rods in length, where an other Redoubt is made marked with the letter F, to hold a guard in it, and because it might be dangerous to run this line any further, it turneth from F to G, and from G to H▪ where another corpse de guard is made. For the nearer you approach unto the fortress, the more the approaches must be strengthened with guards and batteries. Besides the approaches there ought to be made deeper, and higher, because you come nearer the Enemies, Canon, and his Musket shot, which may shoot the surer upon you, here than you begin to set up Musket baskets, and make foot-bankes to your approaches, that the soldiers may get up to them when they are commanded to give fire.  
When one is approached so near by means of these turnings and traverses that the remainder may be run with a long Traverse, than one begins to Sapp from H to I, from which also one may make another line to approach unto the other side of the same bulwark, or also the other bulwark, as the line from I to K, shows. Behind these lines the musketeers gets up always to discover, and shoot at those that would peep into them.  
There are likewise two Redoubts made on both sides for guards, as the letters N and O, do show.  
In the Interim a Sapp is begun, that runneth towards the Bulwark, which one is resolved to mine in, and which is made in the same manner, as we have described above, when you sapped into the counterscarf, and that you are come to the brink of the moat, than you are to fill and dam it up, and to make a gallery, and blinds which we will treat of when we come to speak of a gallery.  
While you are busied about making your approaches, diverse batteries are made here and there, which serve partly to spoil the Ramparts and partly to dismount and hinder the enemy's Canon from playing upon you, and to keep the besieged in awe, that the workmen may work with the more safety, as you see by these fix Batteries noted in the figure 153, and thus much for approaches upon good ground.  
We have divided the approaches, which run in a right line into three sorts: The first is in a narrow way▪ an earth which may be spitted out somewhat deep, and yet nevertheless without turnings and Traverses: The other is when you cannot dig into the earth, but there is, or you shall have water presently, as happeneth in low and moorish grounds.   

The Second Example.  
When you are to approach unto a fortress in a right line, and that the nature of the way through which you are to carry your approaches, is of such a condition, that you cannot dig into the earth with spades, than you must do as is shown in the figure 154, where they are covered with earth both on sides, & are made a little deeper than ordinary approaches. Now seeing the danger is greater in this kind, then in the first, and that a right line causeth you to be continually in the sight of an enemy, you must prevent, and avoid that danger by making of blinds, which are either made of bundles of rise, or brush▪ or with thick oaken planks four or five inches thick, and as in this figure you may see, for what use they serve.   

The third Example.  
There where one cannot dig, as in Marras and moorish places, a foundation must be made with sinkers, that is bundles of boughs bound fast together, upon which (as is said) earth is cast. Upon this foundation one makes Traverses and Blinds with Gabions as you may see in the figure 155.  
These Gabions are also filled with earth and made so strong, that they are Canon proof, one may set up also a double row of Gabions, which sometimes have earth cast about them.  
The breadth of such approaches is from 4 to 8 rod, as the place is narrow or broad▪ and as necessity and danger requires, but the ordinary breadth is no more but four or five rod. One must have also a care, that one Traverse endeth there where another beginneth, to wit, there where an alley is left.  
The like manner of approaches were made at the siege of the Bosch on Count Ernest his side, to which as being a new found-work, it got a new name, and was called the great gallery.  
This manner of approach may be used also in a stony ground, where one cannot dig the earth because of stones.   

The Fourth Example.  
Again you meet sometimes with a foundation, which one cannot pass through dryshod, and cannot get deep enough into the Earth, but one is forced to approach in that manner as is represented in the figure 156 in taking the nearest way, which may be to approach unto the fortress, and the approaches is made of that Earth, which is digged about it, in stead of setting up of Gabions, and as in the former Approaches the traverses, and blinds were made of Gabions, so here they are made with whole Redoubts: in the midst whereof there is a gape or a sally, made in such sort, that the one Redoubt is joined to the other▪ the greatness of every Redoubt, being some six or eight foot in length▪ and as much in breadth.  
Such Traverses are oftentimes made so strong, that they are able to resist a Canon-bullett when they have Earth enough, for sometimes they are made six foot, but the height of them is not always alike, seeing they must be made higher there, where most danger is.  
The gates are made in such sort with a falling plank, that they may be drawn up, and shut, and are of that height, and breadth, that a waggon may come through them.  
It is a thing impossible to describe all the manner of approaches, because they are so mixed and of such great diversity.  
Neither is the ordinary way of approaches always a like, because the one are made deeper, and larger than an other: but commonly they are from 8 to 14 foot broad, and three or 4 foot deep in the earth, or thereabouts: the Basis of the earth laid upon it, in stead of a parapet, aught to be between seven and eight foot.  
We have propounded as an example for them two Profiles, marked with the numbers 157, and 158, whereof the greatness, & measure of them, is noted with letters and numbers in this table following:  

THE DEMONSTRATION.   figure.   The Profile of the Figure marked.  157 158 The inferior breadth of the approach. AB 9 12 The depth of the approaches. FB, EA 3 4 The Talud or Slooping exterior. FD, 1 ½ 2 The Talud inferior of the approaches. CE, 1/● 1 The breadth of the approaches above the Earth. CD, 11 15 The Basis of the Parapet above the Earth. LC, 8 10 The Talud exterior of the parapet. KL, 1 1/● 2 The Talud interior of the parapet. GC, ½ 1 The height exterior and interior of the parapet. IK, GH 3 4 The Top of the parapet. HI, 6 7  
We have expressly omitted the foot-banks, because they are not made in the beginning of the approaches, which ought to be made in the approaches after diverse manners sometimes this way, and sometimes many as occasion may serve.    

OF COUNTER-APPROCHES. THE SIXTH CHAPTER.  
THE besiegers having approached near unto a town or a Fort, it behooves then the besieged to look well about them, and not to be idle, but stirring, and to do their uttermost endeavour to hinder, and offend their Enemy.  
The defence which is made against these approaches is rightly called Counter approaches.  
This defence also is made after diverse manners, first when the besieged are a great number, so that oftentimes they are able to fall out, and make Sallies, which they ought to do as often as may be, notwithstanding that they lose men, which of necessity must happen, because the besiegers are much more stronger than the besieged, and have far more forces, than those which are within the fortress.  
For by this means the enemy will be hindered, and his Approaches slowly advanced, being many times beaten back, and constrained to retire into his works, during which alarm, they cannot advance forward their works, neither can they begin them again, till the besieged are retreated.  
They ought to have a singular care, when one makes a Sally, that their men be not exposed to slaughter, but must be commanded to fall on with discretion, advantage, and profit, to the end that the town or Fort besieged be not bereft of their men by foolhardiness, rashness, and imprudency.  
For a fortress which wants men, may be compared to an empty purse which hath no money in it. It lies much upon the endeavour of the Horse, which are in Fortresses, for making of Sallies, and which ought to fall out oftener than the foot, because they can fall on and retreat with more speed, and though some be lost, yet the hurt will not be so great, as the loss of foot, which must be husbanded, and spared as much as possible may be, to repulse the assault of an Enemy.  
The second manner of defence is made by Canon, which must play continually from all places upon the workmen and approaches, to do them as much harm as possible may be, whence it comes to pass, that the workmen are amazed and frighted, when they see many of their fellow workmen fall and slain miserably by the Canon, which will abate their courage, and make them work more faintly: in such sort, that an Enemy is driven to leave of their work, till such time as the offensive side have made Batteries, against the besieged.  
But when it is not feasible, they must be constrained at last to break up, and quit the siege, otherwise if they continue, it will be exceeding chargeable to them, because no men will undertake the work, but such as will be soundly paid for it.  
For every man hazards his life, when Ordinance and Musketteirs play continually upon him, and a man will not venture his life for nothing, but will sell it at as dear a rate as he can: besides in so doing, it prolongs the time for an Enemy, so that a fortress may sometimes be relieved, or when Winter, or bad weather comes on, they may be forced to abandon the Siege.  
The third manner is by making of all sorts of outworks, and in taking up the Ground, whereunto an enemy approaches, which may be made during the siege, and while an enemy Approaches, as by making of Ravelings, halfmoons, orn-works, Tenailles, and Traverses: for all these works may be made, while an enemy advances his Approaches towards a town or fortress, but it were better they had been made before the town was besieged, for the gaining of time, and saving of charges, which might be employed in other works.  
The fourth manner is when the besieged make Counter approaches, whereby they may resist an enemy that he may not get into the outworks and counterscarf with his approaches, where to hinder him, they must cast up some Traverses, and other lines running them from their outworks, as it were to meet the enemy's works, and so make them get ground (as it were by piecemeal) till they come to the fortress: But nevertheless one must observe well, that they must be carried and made so, that they may always flank upon the besiegers works, and approaches, and that the Approchers may do them as little harm as may be, always making them so, that they lie open towards the town or Fort besieged. from whence they are to be defended, and must be so carried, that they may give no advantage to an Enemy, when he takes them in, and see that they may be flanked from the Town and Fort both with Canon and Musket.  
At the last siege of Bergen op Zoom, there were many such Counter approaches made, wherewith the besieged gauled the Enemy shrewdly, insomuch that he was not able (notwithstanding the loss of abundance of men) to get a foot of ground of them, having chests in the Counter-Approches which played continually with musketeers and firelocks upon the Enemy, and casting fireworks among them, taking up also the ground and advantageous places before the Enemy could approach unto them, which did dishearten them much, for as soon as Prince Maurice of happy memory, came to Rosendale with his Army to relieve the town, Marquis Spinola seeing no hopes of getting it, after the loss of twelve thousand men, was driven to rise without it, and quit the siege.   

OF ALL SORTS OF BRIDGES, ESPECIALLY, your flag, or Bulrush Bridges. THE SEVENTH CHAPTER.  
UPon an expedition of war, when of necessity an Army is to pass over a River, or a Brook, there are commonly carried boats, or sloops upon wagons, as hath been taught before, having beams, or Boards, all necessaries laid in the boats to be used, first they take down the beams and Posts, and then the planks, and Boards, which is done in a trice, when all things lie in order, sometimes they carry only Boats, and sometimes only planks. To make then a Bridge over a River, first these Boats (as many as you shall have use off to lay over the River) are lanced into the water, which are bound together with ropes, and fastened with Cables and anchors in the bottom over, which sparres and beams are laid, and then planks and boards laid orderly upon them, for men to march over. There are likewise such kind of bridges made with great boats in Fortresses lying upon a river side, when an enemy is feared, and where one dares not make any other bridge for it is drawn up every night like a drawbridge, that if an Enemy had any enterprise upon that place, he might not pass over it.  
There are made likewise bridges over the moats of the outworks of a fortress: but an Enemy being approached near unto the fortress having made batteries to beat them down, these bridges are broken down in the outworks, and sally bridges made, to which they cannot do much harm, for the making of which, one takes some Barrels, or Hoggs-heads bound about with iron, and pitched, unto which rings of iron are made fast for to put posts into them, by which means these Barrels are joined together, and locked one to another, upon which there are laid planks for men to pass over and repass, and if one would take them up in the night, they do it in such a manner, that they are soon sundered one from another. An Enemy cannot so easily spoil such a Bridge, because it lies even with the water, and if one part of it should be shot a pieces, one may presenly help it again, with other Barrels and posts.  
There is an other kind of Bridge, over which one may give an assault, whereof some of them are borne upon wagons, and others upon boats, and are made after the manner of Draw-bridges, saving that they are lighter, and are drawn upon the wagons, or boats upon which they are laid, but when one is to use them, than they must take them down. Read the Treasury of the mechanic Secrets of Augustine de Ramely: The Artillery of Diego Vffano, and the theatre of the instruments of Henry Leysing, which treat of these things at large.  
But of all Bridges none are found more necessary and useful than those that are made of flags and Bulrushes. For all others require great charges, especially when some engineer takes some old invention from an ancient Author, and gives it out for a new one: for it is reason such a one should be recompensed, because of his invention, and afterward becomes a director for the making of it, as though no other could be made, but that which he hath invented, and so by this means makes his benefit of it, and his count and reckoning according to his desire, by making a bridge at such a high rate and charge, that makes his Master's purse light, and his own heavy. But if you look narrowly upon it, you shall find it to be an old invention, as one cast off, and serves for no use. The like doth happen here, for when you consider well many new invented Bridges, made with great skill and industry, yet nevertheless they serve for little or no use. But your bridges made with flags, or bulrushes, are nothing so chargeable, and yet nevertheless of great use: we will show here in few words, how they are, and in what manner to be made.  
The matter whereof they are made, are called in Dutch Biesen, in French a Jonc, in Latin Juncus, and in English a Bulrush. This rush groweth in Rivers, waters, brooks, some four, five or six▪ foot high, and is commonly found in brook pits Marras, and wet places, especially by Rivers sides, whereof also many times houses are tharcht. The nature of this bulrush is to float above the water, and are used (being bound up in a bundle) when boys learns first to swim, putting them under their armpits.  
This Bridge above mentioned is made with this rush after this manner following, when they are ripe and grown to their length, than they must be plucked up, and well dried, and when you would make such a Bridge, you must bind up these bulrushes in round bundles, or four square, whereof the sides must be some ten inches broad, and about four or five foot long.  
Now having got good store of them, one makes a hurdle of them, interlaced with smallwiths, 5▪ foot broad, and 7. or 8. foot long: upon this hurdle one lays and binds in order the bundles, one after an other, and afterward one takes two long stakes, a little greater than a pike, which is fastened to the hurdle, drawing and binding these bundles fast one to another, which are likewise bound with canvas, at the end of the hurdles one fastens at both ends two or three rings made withwiths, to join and fasten the joynctures of this bridge together.  
These kind of Bridges are of excellent use in Seiges▪ chiefly in places where one is resolved to take in a work upon a sudden enterprise, and would not be at the charge of making a Gallery.  
When one is resolved to take in such a work, those which are appointed to force it, being well armed as is requisite, being come to the brink of the moat by the means of the approaches, which are brought thither, they send out before some venturous soldiers, which carrying this bridge lances it into the water, and joins the pieces together withal expedition (and while the musketteirs gives fire as fast as ever they can) till they have laid it over the breadth of the moat, and fastened it on the other side, which being done, the soldiers goes over it, and strives to enter by all means to take in the work, as they are commanded.  
But if there be any mine made ready, they stay the putting over of the Bridge, and the falling on, till the mine be sprung, for fear of breaking the Bridge, and that it might spring backward.  
When the besieged are resolved to make a sally, they may likewise make use of these kind of Bridges, all other commodities and utilities, necessity the mother of such like inventions will show you.  
Now for the better understanding of all things touching these bridges above described, we have represented them in the figure 159. where you shall see how they are made fast, on that side which is to come into the water.  
But they are to weak, where you are to put over a broad moat, such as are before towns and royal Forts, over which one must pass, before they can come to the Wall, for these serve only for some sudden piece of service, and therefore it is needful to make use of some other invention called a Gallery, which is of excellent use though chargeable, and which we will handle in the next chapter following.   

OF GALLERIES. THE SEVENTH CHAPTER.  
VEgecius in the 16. chapter of his fourth book, describeth a certain kind of work, which the Ancients called Vinea, and saith it was a work made of planks joined together, some eight foot high, seven foot broad, and sixteen foot long, the roof or top whereof was covered with boards, and hurdles interlaced together, and the sides with boughs, in such wise that it could not be spoiled with stones, over which also was laid thick Oxen hides, newly killed, or coverlids of hair cloth, to keep them from firing, (whence it happeneth, that we make use of such coverings in our modern wars, for to hinder the force and violence of gunpowder, because they are not so easily spoiled by fire (as hath been said above) and these works being in a readiness, one makes use of them to their advantage.  
When they have made good store of them, than they join and fasten them together, and the besiegers being blinded and covered under them, begin their approaches to the wal● and sap under the foundation of them to make them fall.  
There is no work which resembles more rightly this invention of the Ancients, than our modern Galleries: The preparation, the use, the height, the breadth, are almost all alike, and do agree so together in all things, that we must needs confess our Gallery is no new invention, but was in use among the Ancients, and which of late years hath been renewed again.  
For if one considers nearly their structure, the Vinea of the Ancients was made with timber and planks, and our Galleries for the most part are made with posts and planks joined together: That had also posts to rest upon for its foundation, and this hath also great posts to bear up the weight of the whole work: The sides of the Ancients Vinea was fortified against the force of the Balists, because they were laid with hurdles and boughs, wreathed together, but our Galleries are covered with planks, and earth cast upon them, so that they cannot be spoiled by Canon: The Vineas were kept from firing by the help of Oxehides wherewith they were covered, and the sides of our Galleries have earth cast about them, that fireworks may do them no harm.  
These Vineas served to come to the wall, to sapp it, but our Galleries are brought to the Basis and barm of a Rampart, to make a mine in a bulwark, and so to blow it up.  
The height and breadth of the one and the other do not differ much, but it seems the length is differing, though in effect it differs not much; For the Vinea the joints of them being fastened one to another were reasonable long, but our Galleries are set up with planks and posts and as it were makes but one piece joined together.  
Whence it appeareth, that our Gallery is not wholly a new invention, but hath been in use of old, though in some things it is altered and changed.  
We will now take it in hand, and show after what manner it must be made▪ with all the appurtenances thereunto belonging.  
When an approach than is brought so far, where a Sap is to begin not far from the Town or fortress besieged, and that one is sapped to the counterscarf, than one sees how a Gallery may be put over the moat. For the effecting whereof, one must make provision of many things necessary thereunto, and first of all get good store of longbrush and bundles of boughs, to fill up the moat, with a great number of planks and posts joined and made together like a gallows, all of them having one height and breadth, which are so framed and made by the Carpenters before they are brought down into the approaches, tha one may either take them asunder, or pin them together without any great labour, for being brought thither, where they are to be used: it is easily done by marking the joints and pieces with one and the same number which they may fit, and join together without any great difficulty.  
Such a gallows hath five pieces, to wit, two posts which stand upright, one croswise over them, which joins the other two together, and two props or supporters of timber to bear the cross post up, the two posts are set upright being 8 or 9 foot long, and are cut half a foot in the upper end of them, for the cross beam, or post to rest upon the other two posts, and to join them together, and a foot and a half at the lower end is sharpened and set fast into the Ground, so that it remains seven foot high for the top of the Gallery. Yo shall see the form of it set out in the 160 figure following, whereof the length of them from a b to c d are each of them 9 foot long, and the breadth 6. or 7. inches, the half of this breadth at the uppermost end of these two posts is cut the length of half a foot, to lay the cross beam upon them, which ought to be cut in the like manner, having the length of ten foot, or thereabouts, for the longer this cross post is, the broader will the Gallery be, and the better for the soldiers to march five or fix in front, when they are to give an assault upon the breach, the greatness is answerable to the two others, being marked with A C. Now forasmuch as these posts are made in such a manner with joints that they may soon be joined together or severed, they cannot be so firm as those which are joined and pinned fast together by force, without being afterwards taken asunder, especially, because of the great weight which they are to bear, therefore there are props made to support the cross post, as you may see by E.F. and G.H. marked in the 160. figure, all which being done, and all the pieces joined and pinned fast together as is fitting, every piece is marked, and holes bored through them to fasten them together in a little time, when there is occasion to have them set up.  

Of the boards and Planks for a Gallery.  
AFter this you must provide in a readiness good store of Fir boards and planks, which must be as long as the two posts, or rather four or five inches longer, so that if the distance between post and post be 5 foot broad, than these planks must be five foot, and a half long: for the odd half foot is divided into two equal parts, taking up three inches on either side of the two posts, into which holes are bored, to nail the planks and the posts fast together.  
The ordinary space between the posts joined together is commonly 4. or 5. (but seldom) six foot in breadth, which oftentimes is changed according to the condition of the place, and as the danger is great or little.  
The thickness of the planks is without any certain measure, because it is needless to make them all of one thickness, for it may so fall out, that sometimes you must use a thick plank, and some whiles a thinner is fitter to stop a hole withal, as occasion may serve.  
Now for the joining and fastening of your posts together, you must provide good store of oaken pins, and bore all the holes with a borer, to the end the holes may not cleave, now all these pins ought to be of one bigness.  
Also in Galleries there are used nails some greater and longer, as you shall have use for, some of them are 4. or 5. inches long for to nail the planks with, which covers the sides: some other 6. or 7. inches long, which nails the props into the posts, you must have good store of them of all sises for to use them, when necessity shall require. Your ordinary wheel-barrowes and shovels are here of excellent use, but you must have shovels that have longer hafts then ordinary, to cast the earth a good way into the moat, which cannot be so well done with short hafts.  
In this place one ought to make use of thick plank-blinds, which we have mentioned in the chapter of gabions and blinds, which serve for a very good use in Galleries, as we shall show you hereafter.  
A gallery raised without, being covered with Earth, is represented unto you in the 161 figure.  
After you have sapped through the counterscarf, and that you are come to the edge or brink of the moat, and resolve to lay a gallery over it, you must first of all provide good store of these bundles of long brush before mentioned, brought down in wagons, and abundance of wheelbarrows, to fetch Earth into the gallery, to cast these things into the moat, and to fill it up, even to that place, where you intend to make a Mine, and in so doing, you shall by degrees fill up the moat, and make a good foundation for your gallery to rest and stand upon.  
But because any cannot cast and lay these bush-faggots in order, as one would, you shall meet with some venturous soldier or another, who for money will adventure in the night to go out at the mouth of the gallery into the moat, to lay them in order. And to the end they may not be seen by the Enemy, one must observe well to make the perpendicular of the face of the bulwark, which will be the shortest way to come unto it.  
The moat then being filled with these long bundles, and faggots of Brush abovesaid, so that one may cast Earth upon them brought from the next sap, the workmen fetches good store of Earth in wheel-barrowes upon planks laid in the gallery, and brings it to the mouth of the gallery, casts it upon a heap and then two or three workmen which are appointed to work in the mouth of the gallery, casts it into the moat to settle the fagotts. This Earth cast up in the form of a heap, serves to cover and make a blind for the workmen only before, but not on the sides▪ and therefore they must be constrained to make blinds on that side which is most dangerous, till the posts be set up, yea oftentimes they must make blinds on both sides of the gallery, if an Enemy flanks it from two places. After this one begins to set up one of the posts▪ joined and pinned together as hath been taught, and as you may see in the 160 figure. And sets some men continually to fetch Earth in their wheelbarrows, others from the top of the heap casts the Earth with their Tong-shovels into the moat, and gets more ground to set up the other past, for having got a matter of five foot or thereabouts, they set up the other passed joined together as is said, after they have set forward the blinds for to cover the sides of it: which two posts being set up, than they nail the planks fast to both sides of the gallery, and they set only the others upon it without fastening them by covering the side only with Earth, which may be beaten down by the enemy, till it is able to resist a Canon bullet, and then casts Earth above the gallery, about a foot or a foot and a half high, which must be spread, and laid even, to the end, fireworks may not lie upon it, and spoil the gallery by fyring of it.  
It happens sometimes, that one side of the gallery is out of the enemy's sight, and cannot be beaten down with their Canon▪ in such sort that one needs not cover it with Earth and then that time and charge is saved, unless it lies so, that an enemy can set fire on it with pitch ropes and other fire works, or spoil it with his Canon, which lies in his outworks, which being so, then of necessity, you must cover that side, till it is able to resist the enemy's Canon.  
And because it would be very dark if the whole gallery were covered with Earth, and so very incommodious for the workmen, therefore to help that on the safest side, there are little windows or holes made of a foot high, and a foot and a half long, between every three or four posts joined together, to give light into the gallery.  
This work is continually advanced and the heap raised by the workmen, which cast the Earth into the moat in a great quantity before them, having always a singular care, that the heap from whence they cast their Earth grows not too low, lest the workmen be discovered. Afterward they set up the third posts joined together in the same manner as hath been said, and make fast the boards, and planks to them, this labour must be continued till the gallery is advanced even to the very soot and barm of the Rampard.  
All which is shown in the 162 figure where a gallery is made & covered, as also to show that one of the posts joined and set up, which must be nailed to the other with planks, and the heap of earth behind, which the man stands and works is also here portrayed out. When the gallery is brought over almost to the very foot of the Rampart, than one may come to it with more safety, for then the heap is taken away, and a blind made of thick oaken planks to begin a mine into the bulwark.  
At the lower end of these posts abovesaid, as you may see from B to D, there is an other post besides of the same greatness, which cannot be seen, therefore we have purposely omitted it, but will remember to speak of it, when we handle the making of the posts and palisadoes.    

THE EIGHTH CHAPTER. OF MINES.  
AS a Gallery is an ancient invention, so likewise Mines, which we make at this day have been heretofore in use amongst the Ancients also: And this is the last thing wherewith the besieged are troubled.  
A Mine then according to the definition of Vegetius, is a Cave by which one makes secret goings under the earth, to come by night unawares to a fortress, or by which one diggeth into the foundation, and bowels of a wall, or of a Bulwark, underpropping the earth with posts of wood, and laying under it dry wood, for when they would make a hole in the wall, they set fire on this wood, which being burnt with the props, the wall fell down, and the Besiegers being in a readiness attending the fall of the wall, ran presently up by that breach, to assault the fortress; which is understood also of our modern Mines which we make in by blowing up the powder that is laid in them, whence it appeareth clearly, that this is also an ancient invention, being a little changed, and amended at this day.  
This mining (or digging under the earth) is called in Latin Cuniculus, of which name ancient Writers, as Julius Caesar, Livius, and Curtius make often mention of in the description of this Stratagem, it signifieth a Moole from whence the name is taken, because the Mines made under ramparts and Bulwarks, resembles the holes and passages which Mooles makes under the earth. There are others which derive this name from the Latin word Cuneus, because the Mines are made in the fashion of a Wedge, which is thick at the beginning, and diminisheth little by little, even as the Mines which make a rupture in those places where they are made, may be compared to a wedge, which cleaveth a piece of timber in sunder. Mines were of old called Cuniculary. He that is desirous to know more thereof, let him read Vegetius and Vitruve, who have written of Military inventions among the ancients.  
We will here describe in a few words, how our modern Mines are made at this day.  
The last means for the forcing of an Enemy besieged, to make him yield, is this making of a Cave or Mine under the earth, which is begun and finished (as is said) after you have brought your Gallery over to the barm, or foot of a Rampard or Bulwark.  
But before it is begun, you must have all things necessary, and in a readiness, for the effecting of this work, first of all ye must have Spades, Shovels, Pickaxes, and all kind of Masons tools, with all things requisite to pierce and break the Wall, wherewith the Rampart is made.  
Afterward, one prepares props to support, and bear up the Mine from falling or sinking, being two, or two inches and a half thick, the length of them being not alike, because the entrance into the Mine is made higher than towards the end of it. One is furnished also with fir planks, for to line the Mine within, as above, that it may not sink and fall down, for it must be set with planks on all sides, as well as the foundation, especially if the earth be moulding and wettish.  
But before you begin to make your Mine, it will be necessary that you know the condition of the place, that is, whether the Bulwark be hollow and vaulted, or whether the foundation be laid with Branchages, Logs, or borne up with Piles: and whither water may not spoil your Mine, if you should mine too low. In case that the Rampard or the Bulwark into which you intend to mine, were laid with logs, or supported upon great Piles, which happens ordinarily in moorish and rotten places, upon which you must build your Bulworks, and ramparts; or when one can get no other Earth but sand: you must try and get out all these Piles with Cables or ropes by winding them out with an instrument ordained for this purpose. Now you must pierce and pull out these logs by such ways and means as is known unto Miners, for the making of a way and a chamber to lay your Gunpowder in. When you are assured that you cannot dig no deeper, but that shall come to water, than you must raise your Mine a little higher, to the end the powder may lie dry in it.  
The Miners then beginning to break into the wall, do carry their Mine so close, and secret as possible may be, that the Besieged may not hear any noise, or gather any notice, where the mine is made, and how it runs: for if they do, without all question, they will make a countermine to discover and spoil your Mine begun, so that you shall be driven to begin a new one in another place, as hath happened many times.  
The height, and the breadth of the Mine must be made in such a manner, as you may only lay in the Barrels of powder, for it ought to be no higher, nor no broader, because your intention is, but only to chamber your powder in it, and therefore it must needs be so high as a man, and no higher, but that a man may only work in that upon his knees, and that he stoops lower, when he goes to lay the Powder into its chamber.  
The height than must be but 4, or 4 foot and a half high at the most, and the breadth but 3 and a half. or four foot, according to which measures, the props and the planks are framed, wherewith you are to underprop the Mine.  
When you begin to mine into a Rampard or Bulwark, you take out the earth, and carry it away in a vessel, or a pall of leather, which is light, in handing it one to another, till it be brought out of the hole, or entrance out of the Mine, and laid in the gallery, to the end the Enemy may not see it, and guess where abouts your Mine is.  
The Master-miner, which hath the conducting of the Mine, aught to be a man of great experience, how he ought to carry it, lest he be mistaken, and so make it in a place, where he ought not to make it. Therefore he must have knowledge of a compass, and how the needle stands, that he may carry his Mine aright. He ought also to have skill in Geometry, to the end he may know of what height he must carry his Mine, according to the proportion of the Rampart.  
The nearer he comes unto the place where he is to make his Chamber, the narrower ought the way of the mine to be, in such sort, that it must be no broader or higher at the entrance into the Chamber, but that a barrel of powder may scarcely pass through the way for the straighter and the narrower the passage is into the Chamber, the easier the Mine is stopped.  
The place where the Chamber is, aught to be so made, that the powder doth not break neither the one, nor the other side▪ but that it may blow the earth upward. Nevertheless sometimes the Miners are commanded, to make their Mine so, as it may blow the earth into the fortress, or else without which may be done, if they make that side, which is to be blown up, not so thick as the other: for the nature of powder is such, that it maketh the greatest operation always towards the weakest place, and though it blows it up ordinarily: yet commonly it searcheth most often the place, where it may break out soonest in to the air, which appeareth both in your Canon and Muskets.  
The bigness of the Chamber is divers, for it must be made according to the greatness and proportion of the wall or Rampard: nevertheless one must observe, that it be made as narrow as possible may be, and yet must have room enough to lay the Barrels of powder into it: the ordinary height is some six or seven foot, and the breadth four or five foot.  
When the Chamber is ready, than you lay in your Barrels, the number whereof cannot be so precisely described. For one Rampard is greater than an other, in so much, that a greater quantity of powder is requisite more for one place then an other. The common opinion is, that a Barrel of powder will blow up a rod, or twelve foot of Earth. The Barrels are laid in such order, that in the twinkling of an Eye, they take fire all at one time, which causeth a greater operation than if one barrel should be blown up one after another. After that your powder is chambered, the with all expedition you must stop the entrance into the chamber, with thick and strong planks, and stop it hard, and ram it in with good Earth, and leave a little hole or train, to lay some powder in it, which train is carried to the very end of the mine, and stops up the passage of it with firkins of Earth, that the air may neither come in or out. For the stronger the Mine is stopped, it will take the greater effect. All things then being in a readiness, it is left so till one is commanded to give fire to it.  
In the 163 figure is represented unto you a mine marked, A B C D E, is the way upon the Bulwark, E is the entrance into the chamber, F G H and I, is the chamber itself, wherein the powder is laid.  
Here a question might be moved, whether mines ought to be carried with right lines, or crooked? The answer is, that mines, which are carried in a right line are sooner made, but because they take not so good effect, the other are to be preferred before them, which are made with oblique lines. For the windings and the turnings of them, adds strength unto them, that the powder hath not so much force to break the stopping. Now suppose that it should break the stopping D: E: the rest therefore is not broken, because the force of the powder is kept in by the Earth marked D, and driven back to blow upwards, or finding no vent to turn back again, where it was laid. But in a right line when the powder breaks the stopping, the effect thereof is hindered and diminished, for it is certain, that the stopping, which is made newly is not so firm as the old settled Earth, which hath lain a long time in it.   

OF countermines THE NINTH CHAPTER.  
WHere there is an offensive war, there is also a defensive, as appeareth by mines: for the besieged having discouvered them, which one hath prepared for them, and that there is no hope left, but waiting for the Springing of an Enemies mine in their Rampard, and to give them an assault, than they are to stand upon their defence, and begin to make mines also, which they either do to offend an Enemy, or to defend themselves by them. Therefore we must understand here, three kinds of mines to wit, the works which are made to find out an Enemies mine, 2: The Countermines, which are made to spoil an enemy's mine, & 3 the cutting off of a bulwark or a Rampard within, of the two former, we will treat in this Chapter.  
For the first kind of Countermines, we understand those works, and mines, which are made to discover, and find out an enemy's Mine, and to kill the miners in it.  
After one hath found it out, as also for the casting down of the same work, and the taking away of the powder chambered, the Enemy will find himself deceived, when he thinks to spring his Mine, attending the operation thereof in vain, because the powder is stolen out of it.  
For to find out an Enemies mine, there are two manner of ways, the one which was used by the Ancients, and the other practised at this day.  
Vitruvius in the said Chapter of his tenth book, describeth the manner of the Ancients, and saith that the Cite of Apolonia, being besieged, and the Besiegers having made some Mines under the earth to assault the Citizens, on a sudden within the walls; the Citizens being advertised thereof, were extremely affrighted thereat, and began to faint and lose their courage: because they knew no remedy to prevent it, and could by no means find out the place where the Mines were made. But Trypho Alexandrin, which lived in that age, the Architector of this City, caused to be made along under the walls a great many ditches, and withal some Mines under the walls continuing them beyond the Enemies, as far as one could throw a stone. He caused to be hanged in these ditches vessels of Copper, under th●se places, where the Enemy wrought, which made a noise, by reason of the moving of the earth, whereupon he found out the enemy's Mines, and filled Cauldrons of brass full of boiling water, and melted pitch, to pour it down through those holes upon the heads of his enemy's mines. He cast down also men's dung, which was mixed with hot sand and gravel, which he did by night into the enemy's Mines, into which he had made divers holes, and by this means slay a great many of them.  
Herodotus in his Melpomina makes mention of a Tinker, which dwelled in the City of Barca, besieged by the Persians, who discovered the enemy's Mines by the means of a Buckler of brass, which he hung in divers places against the wall, and so found out at last the place under which the Enemy mined.  
But at this day to find out an enemy's Mine, they use to make counter-ditches, as hath been said, and before a Mine is begun▪ it is necessary to be informed, after the manner of the Ancients of the place, which may be undermined by an Enemy. But Mines are searched out after divers other ways.  
Some are of the opinion, that round about the walls, and bulwarks of a town or a fortress, (to wit, when the fortification is first begun) one should make hidden caves, and passages under the earth, by which one might discover, and find out an Enemies mine. But this methinks is not good, because the walls and bulwarks are made thereby slender & weak, and these caves & being made with posts, and planks, vaults in tract of time are subject to rot, and & the Mines afterward falling down, all that labour is lost. Also it is dangerous to make faults in ramparts, and Bulwarks, seeing it is to be feared, that such a work is not durable, sith it must bear up so great and ponderous a weight, besides it will cost excessive expenses. And though these countermines should be thus made and ordained: yet it is not certain, but that an Enemy in myning may meet just with one of these Mines, and so take his way and advantage, either over or under it, and so leatt this countermine alone.  
A second opinion is this, & some finds it good, that one should hang trees, and other bushes in them, which are found often in the ramparts of the Cimbri, which being stirred with the least motion, gives a sound, whereby one may find out the place where the mine is. But this is a thing uncertain, because the least gale of wind, will easily shake these bushes, and branches of trees. And if they do so this must be done in a still and a calm weather, when there is no wind stirring. And therefore I answer, one ought to search out an Enemies mine at all times, for it were an absurd thing, for one to stay from finding an Enemies mine out & till a calm time comes, who will advance (as much as possible may be) his work, without staying for still or fair weather. Therefore this way serves but for little use.  
A third and a better way, and which is the ordinary way, is to set a drum in the place suspected, with some Dice, pease, or beans upon the head of it, which upon any stirring, will leap upon the drum, when it stands over the place where one works. Nevertheless you must not let it stand in one place only, but remove it now and then from one place to another, yea so often, till you are assured of the place, which is shaken by the work which is made under it. Some make use of a basin of litany filled with water, and imagines, that the mine is there, where the water moveth, but that is uncertain as that of the Cimbri is, spoken of before, but that of a drum is held to be the best and surest way. Notwithstanding one may make good use of basins, when they are set upon a Rampard, as a drum with peas or other things. For by such a means one may know the place, which is undermined. The use of basins without all question, took its original from the Invention of a Kettle, whereof we have spoken even now.  
A fourth opinion besides these which is in use also; is a great long iron Borer, to bore into the Earth, wherewith those which searched the Earth, bores a hole with it into the Rampard, & laying his ear to the hole to listen well if he can hear any noize, which is practised in suspected places. Many other Inventions are invented by necessity the mother of practice.  
To resist then the mines of an enemy, one makes use of this practice following. After you have curiously searched out the enemy's mines, and that you are assured of the place under which they are hid than you may find them out without all question, & nothing remains then, but to make a countermine against them, which is made in the same manner as we have described in the former chapter, treating of mines, to wit, by underpropping the Earth with posts and laying planks between them, that the Earth may not tumble down. Now because one is not assured to meed just with the enemy's mine which may be made either too high, or too low, therefore you must make many, till by one of them you have found it out, & are come to the Chamber to take away the powder.  
When an Enemies mine is carried so secret, and hidden, that one cannot find it out, than the besieged must of necessity resolve to quit that part of the Rampard or bulwark under which they suspect there is a mine, and so cut it of inwardly. But for their advantage they make ready also their Countermine made in that place, & chambers their powder attending the effect of the Enemies mine, and when he springs his mine, than they retire themselves into their new work cut off, and the Enemy being lodged in that piece of the bulwark or Rampart, which they have quitted, than they blow up their Countermine, and slay all those, which they find in it.  
The like also is done in outworks, and Counterskarfes, when one is driven to quit them, and that one cannot keep them any longer.   

OF PALISADOES, PALES, turnpikes▪ BARRICADOES, QVADRANT-TANTERNAILES: AND bears. THE TENTH CHAPTER.  
We have often made mention of Palisadoes and the use of them, especially when they are struck into the ground about dry moats, for than they serve, in stead of water against the sudden assault of an enemy, so that not only the moats before great walls, and ramparts, aught to be set with them, but also all outworks must be fortified with them.  
They are likewise of excellent use in the Field, when trenches are set round with them, and struck in round about Forts, and works, which lie in the most dangerous places.  
They are of no less use also in Fortresses, especially when the besieged are constrained to make cuttings off within a town, or Fort: moreover they are good to be struck in upon the top of Breaches, whereof we will treat in the next chapter.  
These Palisadoes than are made in this manner following, one makes choice of good and strong spars being some 3 or 4 inches in Diameter, but of several lengths, according to the place into which they are to be struck, whereof some of them may be 5, 6, or 7 foot long. Now the lower end of them must be sharpened and pointed, and the upper end flat, that they may be driven into the ground with a mallet or a beetle: one bores also a hole some 3 or 4 inches under the head of the palisado, & an other some three inches under the first hole, and a third hole on the side through the midst of the two others, in such sort, that the nails, which are driven through it, resemble as it were the corners. In some also they use to drive in two nails, so that they are not struck in a right Angle, but rises a little towards the head of the palisado. The length of these nails, must be some eight or twelve inches, and so big, that they cannot be easily bowed or broken, and the Head which is driven into the palisado is somewhat greater, then that which sticks out, which ought to be very sharp.  
When you are to use these spars, whereof you must have good store, you take first of the shortest size, being but five foot long, and strike in a long rank of them, as you shall find necessary. They are driven into the ground the depth of a foot and a half, or sometimes more, according as the Earth is conditioned, and thus you shall make your first rank: then you shall drive in an other rank of Palisadoes, being six foot long, which are set behind the first rank, to the end they may run in a right line with the first, but must be struck in a little sidelings, to the end, that their nails may fill all places necessary, and the heads of these Palisadoes, aught to stand about half a foot higher, than the others: In the same manner you drive in the third rank, which must be half a foot higher than the second, and thus you may do, if you will drive in a fourth rank, yea as many as it pleases you. These Palisadoes are represented unto you in the 164 figure.  
For the Palisadoes, which are used against assaults there are two sorts of them. The first is that sort of Palisadoes which are set upon the Parapets of Forts, Outworks, and Redoubts, for to hinder an Enemy that they may not so soon assault or scale a place: these aught to be 3 or 4 inches in Diameter, and some 6 or 7 foot long, whereof the half past is driven into the Parepett, and the other half stands upright.  
For the other sort, those great headed piles or pales, clasped together with chains, and plates of iron, which stand always upon rampards and bulwarks covered with a little roof against the time of necessity, when as an Enemy seeks to assault a fortress. For by this means he is repulsed, when he would scale a Rampard, because these Palisadoes, or logs being cast down a wall, annoys greatly the besiegers, in regard of their weight, which they are not able to resist, though they be armed with head pieces.   

OF PALISADOES, PALES, VRIZ-RVYTERS, cavaliers DE Freeze, Called in English turnpikes. THE TENTH CHAPTER.  
We have observed in our declaration of original names whence, the Cavalleries De freeze took their name: to wit, at the siege of Groeninghen in Frizeland, where they served for great use, by stopping and hindering the enemy's horse, when they came to relieve the town, and then got this name of Vrize ruyters in Dutch, cavaliers de freeze in French, and freeze Horses or turnpikes in English, and besides the stopping of a sudden charge of Horse, they are of excellent use, to be clapped on the top of a breach, or some weak place of a Trench, or a wall, and good store of them ought to be carried along with an Army on wagons, to be set up in some Avenus, or passages, to stop and hinder the sudden attempt of an Enemy, when one hath no time to cast up a trench.  
In Fortresses they are also of greater use than chains or bars, which crosseth the streets, For a man may skip over a chain, and a good Horse will leap over it: But being beset and crossed with turnpikes, neither Foot nor Horse are able to pass over them, seeing they have staves and sharp points through them on all sides. They may be set up also in the streets of Suburbs and other places instead of bars, and where some broad places are to be kept, in joining many of them together, which is done ordinarily in the expeditions of wars.  
They are made in this manner following, you take a tree of firm wood, which will not cleave, where of the Diameter is five or six inches, and some 10, or 14 foot long, which is made with six corners, so that it hath six sides, and in the midst of these sides, one bores three or four inches one from another croswise, and then puts through these holes round javelins, whereof the Diameter is an inch and a half, or at the most two inches, the lengt of them is six or size foot, and so made, that they are all of one length, which are made of a strong and a firm piece of timber, which will not easily bend, nor will be weakened by rain, these are thrust through these holes, so that they are of a just length on both sides, and have as many javelins on the one side, as on the other: so that the turnpike is alike over all, and falleth always after one fashion, as it lies, and as one would have it. Both the ends of these javelins are headed, and sharp pointed with iron, and the ends of the tree are plated about with rings of iron, that the tree of the turnpike may not cleave and in the midst of both ends there are rings and clasps made to tie two or three of these turnpikes together with chains, if occasion should serve, all which is represented in the 165 figure.  
Where there are some Banks near unto a fortress or water, where Shipping may pass to and again, or where a water may be waded through, there are made pales or Barricadoes, represented in the 166 figure, which are made with Sparres of strong wood, squared out, being some 4 or 5 inches big and some nine or ten foot long, which are set between 2 great posts, about 5 or 6 inches one from another, as ye may see in thee 166 figure.  
The foursquare Tanternailes is a very necessary thing for defence, having always one of the points standing upward. For they have four points as sharp as a nail, whereof three stands upon the ground, and the fourth howsoever it lies, standing bolt upright. They are of divers greatness, for those which are commonly used in this Country, are lesser than those which are cast into a moat. The point whereof 3 or 4, or 5 inches long. A fortress ought to have good store of them for to cast them into a moat, into a Falsebray, or upon a Breach, because they prick and hurt shrewdly the soldier's feet which strives to enter. They are represented to you in the 167 figure.  
Your Dodanes or bears made of stone or brick are set upon a bank by a river side, to keep the water from overflowing, (or running out of a moat. The Duchess calls it a bear, because it represents the shape of a bear, but the French term it des d'Asnes, and of one word corrupted Dodanes, that is, an Asses back▪ because it hath some resemblance of an Asses back, upon which disobedient soldiers, who committed some notable offence must ride upon some hours one after another, which we call in English a Woodden horse, and hath the fashion of an asses-back.  
Master Simon Stephens, Prince Maurice his old Mathematician, in his new book of Fortification, and sluices, makes mention of some great faults committed in the making of these bears, because the foundation, which should sustain and bear up this ponde●ous Work, aught to be exceeding strong, and fondly laid, for otherwise the expense, and the labour which it costs will be cast away in vain. For the preventing whereof, he gives good council to sink into the bottom of the moat, piles or Mast trees bound fast together and of one and the same bigness and length, which will make a strong and a firm foundation, whereupon afterward you may build your bear.  
It must be made a good deal higher, than the water, when the tides, or the rivers are swollen up to the very banks, and it must be made so thick, that it may be able to resist the force and violence of the water, and the stones and bricks so laid and plastered together, that the water cannot eat or soak through it· And because these bears in moats might serve as a way to straddle over and get into the town or fortress by, at both ends there is two palissadoes set the one upon the bank, and the other one either side next the moat, as you may see in the 166. figure before which also is struck into the ground, many other small palissadoes of 4 or 5 foot length before mentioned. But the top of the bear is made with a sharp Edge, and in the midst of it a little round turrit to hinder, and keep back those that would climb over it: Sometimes there are made two round turrets when it is made over a broad water or moat, the figure 168. will show you the pouretrature of such a bear.   

OF RETRENCHINGS, OR INWARD CUTTINGS OFF, AND HOW ONE MUST RESIST AN assault. THE ELEVENTH CHAPTER. Interior.  
THE Art of Fortification is not only of perfect Fortresses, provided with all kind of Outward-workes, but also hath besides an other use, seeing that it teacheth also how one ough to prepare and furnish a town or fortress with new works, When the others are ruinated. This part of Fortification is called in French un Retrenchement Interieur, in Latin Recessus, and in English an Inward Cutting off: because such works are made to no other end, but to make a retreat into, when the others are lost. For, when one cannot maintain, and defend a whole work, or a part thereof, because an enemy striveth with all his power to become master of it one must then resolve, when he is driven out of one work, how he may retire into another, and defend himself again, against the assault of an Enemy, because it would be very hurtful to defend oneself, when he lies open to an Enemy.  
This Inward Cuttings off is of two sorts, the one in outworks, the other in a fortress itself.  
Besides, it is in general or particular.  
We will first handle the Cuttings off, which are made in outward works, which are the first, which an Enemy seeks to take in, and afterwards the Cuttings off, which must be made in a town or Fortress itself.  
Touching a general cutting off, it is only used in Crown-works, Horn-works, or Tenailles.  
The same is also of two sorts▪ Regular, and Irregular.  
A general cutting off is, when a work is made in all things like unto that, which is Cut off, in such sort, that a crown-work is made within a crownwork, a Horn-work within a horn-work, and a Tanaille within a Tanaille.  
Irregular cuttings off of outward works, is that which is that which keeps not the form of the work, which is cut off within, yet nevertheless shutteth up the work with a continued Parapet.  
A particular cutting off is, when a work is made out of broken works, or severed one from an other, in such wise that there is made one, two, or three revelings, in stead of a horn-work, or two demi bulwarks.  
You must observe well, touching every kind of cutting off here set down, that they may have a good defence, and if it be possible, that they may also be defended from some other places, and that they lie open to that side which looks into the town or fortress besieged.  
A general cutting off in Crown-works is done as followeth, one falls backward some 20 or 24 foot, yea more or less, according as the condition of the place is, and as necessity requires, and one makes the work within it, like unto the other which is cut off. And though his work being cut off, is lesser than the other, yet it will give an Enemy enough to do when he shall attempt the taking of it in. Your Crown-workes are made commonly after the proportion of a small Fort royal, where the proportion of the Polygones are of 5550 or 45 rod, When you resolve to cut off a work a little more inward, it will become narrower in a regard of the great work, yet will be great enough to defend itself  
The general Cuttings of Crown-works, will cost no great labour, which may easily be shown, in regard it is very common. An example thereof you may see in the 169 figure: The cutting off being made, one is forced to make a ditch, between the work quitted and the cutting off, which ought nevertheless to be done, because one takes the Earth out of the ditch, to make up the cutting off withal: one must observe also that this cutting off must be made, as strong as possible may be. The cuttings off are maid only, while an Enemy is approaching towards you, but also when Towns and Forts are first fortified.  
Your General cuttings off in Tenailles doth not differ from that which is made in Horn-works, saveing that one make a Tenaile, in stead of a horn-work.  
The particular cuttings off of Horn-works is after so many ways, that one cannot show here all the kinds of them. A Cutting off is represented unto you in the 171 figure, where a horn-work is cut off, and two Revelings made in the sides of it, which are defended by a third, which are behind the others: & though they have a sufficient defence of themselves, yet the defence of the other revelling is added to them over & above, and is defended from the Tenaille, which is after it.  
Besides this, there is another kind of cutting of a horn-work shown in the 172 figure. In imitating these cuttings off one may make many others, as necessity may permit, and as an Enemy attempts upon you, all which is impossible to mark out here.  
A general cutting off a great wall or Rampard is used very seldom, because the Besiegers and the Besieged will at last grow weary thereof, nevertheless, this happened in the siege of Ostend, which lasted three years, three months and odd days: for as soon as the Enemy had got into the wall by sapping and springing of mines, they presenly had an other Cutting off ready to entertain them: in so much that during this siege, there were many Counter-approches against approaches, Counter mines against the enemy's mines, so that the Enemy could not get for a long time sarcely an inch of ground upon our men, for there were above forty mines sprung on both sides & when the Earth fell out, men fought for that and turned up the Earth against them, for these general and royal cuttings off, lasted, till the enemy had got more than half the town, before they gate over the whole. And though such a siege, and such a great cuttings off, happens but seldom, yet you shall see an example thereof in the figure 173, where is shown how one ought to quit a whole part of a town, or fortress, with the curtain and bulwarks, and how one by a cutting of a bulwark, or a curtain is more usual, whereof we saw an example at the siege of the Bosch in the Vucher bulwarks as also the last year at the siege of Breda where both the Ginnekeis and Haghish hornworks, with both these bulwarks, were most dangerously cut off now to represent unto you some cuttings off, which you may see in the 173 figure marked with A, B, and C. The letter C shows you how one ought to quit a whole bulwark, and how you ought to make your Capital line after a bulwark is cut off.  
Likewise other kinds of cuttings off of bulwarks, are represented unto you in the figure 174, 175, 176, 177, and 178, after which manner, you may make many others and change, and order them, as an enemy comes near you, and as the commodiousness of the place shall require.  
It happens also sometimes that curtains are cut of inwardly, when as an Enemy may assault them with advantage, because of their length. You may then cut them of as is shown in 172 figure, when you have time enough to cut them of Royally. But if time will not permit you to make a royal fortification, than you must make use of Traverses.  
It is impossible to cut of a False-bray, because of the little space, which is in it. Notwthstanding one may cast up some Traverses in it, especially on that side, which the Enemy seeks to take in, and towards which part he would advance his gallery, to the end you may not give too much to an Enemy, but keep and maintain the place as much as possible may be. For the Besieged may lay hold on the same advantage, as their Enemy doth, when he is once got into the False-bray, and though when he is in that they may cover the roof of it with planks one may nevertheless set fire on it, and disaccommodate the Enemy on all sides.  
As for other works as Revelings and Halfmoons, you may see how they are cut of after the same manner, as the bulwarks are, if the work which is to be cut of be great enough and have place enough in it to be cut off.  
But forasmuch as all this here shown, concerneth principally the defence, which ought to be considered in ordinary Fortresses, so one must have a special care to the materials whereof these works are made: for in making of them, you must choose the best Earth that is to be got, which will make your works the stronger.  
In outworks you may always take in the earth, which is digged out of the moate· But because that sandy earth, or earth mingled with sand, is not so good, it is lined with rise, or Brush, which is laid betwixt and upon it.  
In great Bulwarks, where there is not Earth enough, and besides that is sandy, it must be laid with rows of Brush, driving them in with stakes, and spars of houses shot down with Canon. But when the ground is so sandy, that you cannot work it alone, than you must lay dung, and straw, and other things betwixt it to make it hold together, and you must wet the Earth as many times as is needful. You may fortify your Parapets with Gabions, when you cannot make them otherwise, and likewise you may set great musket baskets upon the top of the Parapet, that it may be covered the better.  
In Outworks one may make use of the ordinary Profile, when you have time enough to make cuttings off, or you may make them long before hand. But the works which are made in great haste, have no certain rule: howsoever, you must make them as strong as possible may be, and as means, and time will give you leave.  
Touching the cuttings off of Bulwarks and Curtains, one can give likewise no certain rule, only this you must ever have a care, that all inward works and cuttings off, lie open toward the Town or Fortres with this proviso also, that they be not made so high, but that the great works may overlook and command them: For if the Rampard of the cutting off be lower, than the high Rampard of the Town, than the enemy's Canon can do it no great harm, because they are defended from the great Rampard. Again, the Enemy cannot discover the place and the form of the cutting off, according to which one may govern themselves otherwise. It is certain also, that one cannot beat an Enemy from a high place, which is near at hand because he is blinded and covered with the Wall or Rampard.  
All these things being finished, when one is assured, that an Enemy is ready to spring his Mine, which cannot be found out, one must then strengthen, & double the guards in every place, & bring your canon to those places, where they may most gall and flank the enemy. One ought to have an eye, as well on other places, as only upon the Breach, which is made by the springing of the mine. For an Enemy hoping that he may have drawn, the most of the forces in a Town or fortress to defend the Breach, may attempt some other place of the fortress, which is not thought upon & so become master of such a place, which is not provided with a sufficient defence.  
After that the Breach is made, the Besieged must expect to be presently assaulted, which they must maintain and make good as long as possibly they can, by defending the breach courageously, in doing whereof, they must throw down from the top of it, abundance of these square tanternailes spoken of in the chapter before, for to annoy and prick the Enemy, when he seeks to mount up and to enter it.  
Upon the top of the Breach also, if they have time they may cast up a breastwork, as Sir Francis Vere did in Ostend, or set up some turn-pikes, to hinder the Enemy for entering, and to strike in some Palissadoes upon the top of it, having Clubs, Flails, Stones: and Ashes, to offend them.  
It is necessary, when the Enemy strives to enter it, that the soldiers fight courageously, & that the officers should encourage them with their presence to carry themselves like brave men, that being a place to gain honour in, by giving them also premises of reward, and when they grow weary, to see that they be seconded with fresh men, which stand in readiness behind the Rampard, to relieve them.  
When they are not able to maintain and defend the breach any longer, than they must retire into the cutting off, and take a new courage, and a heart of grace, in fighting behind a new Rampard in making resistance as long as ever they are able, and thus much for the second part.  
Two divisions of 25 files of Pikes standing in their order in rank & file making 500 men.  
Ordre de Bataille de 24000 d'Infanterie, et 6000 de cavalry, Ordonné en trois Brigades, duquel le Front de A. B. a 5054 pieds.  
Ordre de Bataille en Flandres vers Nieuport, dressée l'An 1600 le 2e. Juillet. par le Prince d'Orange Maurice.  
Ordre de Bataille de l'Archeduc Albert en Flanders vers Nieuport le 2e Juillet l'An 1600  
Ordre de bataille d'Infanterie, ordonné par le feu Prince d'Orange Maurice, de tres boute memoire l'An 160●.  
Premiere form de l'Ordre de Bataille devant Rees, le 23e. Septembre 1605.  
Ordre de Bataille de 37 Compaignies de Cavaillerie devant Rees, le 23. Septemb. 1614  
Premiere form d'ordre de Bataille devant Iuliers dressée l'an 1610. e merchant depuis Vorstenberg.  
second form de lordre de Bataille dressée depuis Vorstenberg vers Juliers' le 22e Aoeust 1620  
A form of Horse embattled before Gulick Anno 1610. Ordre de Bataille de Cavaillerie devant Iuliers l'An mille six cent et dix  
An other form of Embattailing Horse shoes before Rees by his Exce 1621. Ordre de Bataille de Cavaillerie devant Rees, ordonné par son Excce. en octob 1621.  
Ordre d'Infanterie en bataille devant Rees l'An 1614 duquel le front est: long 2200 pieds, et la bauteur 740 pieds.  
Autre Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille devant Rees l'an 1614 duquel le front est long 2750. pieds, et la bauteur 1160. pieds.  
Premiere Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille devant Doormick l'An 1621.  
Seconde Ordre de Bataille de cavalry, et infantry, Ordonné par Son Excce. devant Doornick le ●e. de Septemb.  
Infantry en Bataille.  
Autre Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille.  
Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille pres Nimmege. 1624.  
Ordre de Bataille Ordonné par le Prince Henry à Walwic.  
Ordre-de-Bataille de toute L'Armeé, Ordonné par Son Altezze, devant le sort de Voren le 4e. de juin 1642.  
The form of the Battle, which his highness showed before Breda anno 1634. the Front is 8495. foot.  
The form of Battle shown by his highness at Maersen the 10e. of June 1635: the Front is 5050 foot.  
Quartier d'un 〈◊〉 d'Infanterie de dix Compaignies, selon l'Ordre de son Altezze: le front à 434 pieds.  
Quartier d'un Regiment de Cavaillerie de 5. Compaignies selon l'ordre de son Altezze le front à 430 pieds.  
Figure d'Une Armée en Campaigne; avec ques sa Cavaillerie et infantry, selon l'Ordre du feu Prince d'Orange.