THE THIRD PART OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ART MILITARY. PRACTISED IN THE WARS OF THE UNITED PROVINCES Under the LORDS the STATE'S GENERAL And his Highness the PRINCE OF ORANGE.  
Treating OF SEVERAL PIECES OF ORDNANCE, Carriages, Engines, Quadrants, Mortars, Petards, as also instructions for Master-Gunners, and Canoniers, with divers Instruments and Materials belonging to a war with their several uses and practices, most briefly and lively demonstrated by LETTER and FIGURE.  
TOGETHER WITH A LIST OF ALL NECESSARY Preparations appertaining to an Army, With a Quarter for the General of the ORDNANCE, and of all Officers belonging to his Train.  
Written and composed by Captain HENRY HEXHAM, Quartermaster to the truly honourable, Colonel GORING his REGIMENT, for the lovers of the Noble ART MILITARY.  
The second Edition Corrected and Amended.  
ROTTERDAM Printed by JAMES MOXON. 1643.   

TO HIS HIGHNESS CHARLES LODOWICK: PRINCE ELECTOUR COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE, AND DUKE OF BAVARIA.  
SIR,  
AFTER I had traveled through the world in speculation, by translating and augmenting of ATLAS MAJOUR in English, dedicated to his most excellent Majesty your Uncle, & my dread Sovereign: I could give no rest unto my thoughts till I had undertaken some thing of my own profession, which might give light, understanding, and instruction, unto some young Gentlemen, Soldiers and others, who desire to follow the wars, and to study this Art Military, for their prince's service, and the good of their Country. And where could I find a fitter place, and a better subject to work upon, then in these United Provinces, under the command of the Lords, the STATE'S GENERAL, and his Highness the Prince of ORANGE, which now in regard of their long Wars may truly be called a nursery, and sedes belli, for the breeding and training up of Soldiers, and verily how could I do better than to begin ad principium, with the very first principles, and rudiments of the Art Military, Practised in these Wars, under the command, first of Prince MAURICE, of blessed Memory, and now under the able conduct of that great and victorious Captain General of our age, his Highness the Prince of Orange his Brother. Now besides what experience my long service hath gained under their Command, for the space of forty years, as an addition thereunto, I have got some translations and extracts out of the best and choicest Authors of our modern times, who have writ upon this subject, to give lustre unto it, and having before by the assistance of God, run through the first two parts: I have now also finished my third part, concerning all preparations and necessaries appertaining to an Army, and so to put an end unto this laborious work, For in my first part I promised the right honourable the Earl of Holland, and in my second part my noble Colonel, that I would go through the three whole parts, for the arming of a Soldier, the cap en pied, that is at all points, which now thanks be to God I have done, to the end, that such as may go into, his Majesty's service, your Highnesses, or any other foreign State or Princes, may gain some experience, and reap some benefit by my labours, which is, and was the principal thing I aimed at, For I hope, as old as I am, when these unhappy differences at home are reconciled, appeased and composed, that God, who leads the hearts of all Kings in his hand, as the Water of brooks, will so direct his Majesty's heart for your right, that his Majesty will assist your Highness, and turn his powerful Arms another way, and make your Highness' General of a brave British Army, for the vindicating of your injuries, and the recovery of your lawful and ancient rights and inheritances, against the usurpers thereof.  
I will not trouble your Highness any longer with a tedious discourse, seeing myself, and thousands of true hearted Britons besides myself, (whensoever his sacred Majesty and our dread Sovereign shall lay his commands upon us) shall be all willing to fight in so just a quarrel, for your Highness, and lay our lives down at your feet, and your Queen mothers, for the regaining of your Highness' Rights and Countries.  
This third part then of the Principles of the Art Military, comes in all humility to present itself unto your Highness' gracious pratronage, that though it be mean in itself, yet it craves to comeforth to the view of the world, under your illustrious name, which if it may be acceptable unto your Highness, than I shall think my weak endeavours happily sacrificed, and acknowledge myself much obliged to your Highness, and shall not only be bound to pray unto the Lord of Hosts, to honour and bless your proceedings here in this world with happy success, but also to crown you, your Royal Mother the Queen of Virtues, and her princely progeny with eternal felicity hereafter, beseeching your Highness to believe, that no creature living shall more heartily fight, nor more willingly die in your service, than  
Sir, Your Highnesses ever most humble, Obedient, and devoted Servant, HENRY HEXHAM.   

A BRIEF TREATISE of eight several pieces of Ordnance, as they are founded under the Command of the Lords the State's General of the United Provinces, with their appurtenances, carriages, Engines, together with Mortars and Petards, quadrants, and Instruction for Master Gunners, and Canoniers with divers other Instruments & materials, belonging to the wars, with their several uses, and practices demonstrated.  

THE FIRST CHAPTER.  
Treating of the Leagues, Allegations, and Commixture of metals, wherewith Ordnance are Cast, and made inthese Country's, and else where.  
THe Alloye wherewith our Ordnance is made here in these Countries, is commonly old cast brass pieces, ill proportioned, burst, or made unserviceable with too much Shooting, and therefore, must be refounded into some better, and more serviceable forms, or are such perhaps, as are too great for ordinary Carriages and bullets. If these old brass pieces be of too fine a mettle (which yet is seldom found) the Mr. Founder may mingle some slighter copper amongst it; yea so much as he in his judgement shall think sitting: so that the Ordnance, which he makes be answerable to their proof.  
Our new Ordnance then being founded with these new allegations, and alloyes are commixted with three fourth parts of red Copper, made up in Sows one fourth part of Bell metal cast also in Sows, and one ninth part of the finest Cornish tin you can get.  
These bricks are pieces of red copper weighing, about 50 lb. weight, cast after the fashion of a square footed pavement, and your great Sows, are pieces of other Copper, melted one timeless, than your brick Copper, where of some of them weighs 200, 300. yea the greatest 600 lb. a piece, The is tin mixed amongst the Copper, and Bell-mettal, that they may run ne the better in melting, which makes your piece more solid and firm.  
But in Italy S. nor. Alexander Bianco (as master Norton oneof his ma tias, master Gunoners, And Engineer citeth in his practice of Artillery) saith, That the best Allegations of these metals for Ordnance is for every 200. lb. of Copper 20 lb. of tin, and 5 lb. of brass, or Latton is to be mixed therewith. And Digeo Vffano a Spainyard, Captain of the Ordnance in the Castle of Antwerp, in his instruction of Artillery affirmeth, that the best ligature for Ordnance is 100 lb. of Copper, 8 lb. of tin and 5 lb. of Latton, and 10 lb. of Sow-lead, affirming that lead being tough & cold, maketh the peece-become hard. But le Sieur de Brissac, a french man in his militatie discourses saith, that the french, Founders unto every 100 lb. of Copper do either add 20 lb. of Bell-mettal, which is 25 pound of Tin & Lead for 100 lb. of Copper, orbrasse, or else 10 lb. of soft tin to every 100 lb. of Copper.  
The Lords the States have in the Hagh avery brave foundry, and a workhouse joining to it, in which they do all their massive works, and behind that aspacious room, where they Settand place all their carriages, which is kept fair and dry, and besides the Master Founder hath a house to dwell in, all which belongs to the Land.  
The Master Founder must be very careful in making choice of his powders, & Earth's wherewith he is to make his Moulds for the Casting of brass Ordnance in, that they be able to resist the fire, and receive the melted metals: So that they may render them to be east, and founded neatly, without being Subject, either to be diminished, cracked, or peeled, when they shallbe nealed, which is such a matter, as without experience cannot be done well. Wherefore, I will conclude with master Norton in his practice of Artillery, that good Earth's are neither fat, nor lean, but between both, and of a fine and subtle grain or mould, which soon drieth, and remaineth firm, without breaking, being able to resist the vehemency of the fire, and such Earth's are most commonly of a yellow, or a red colour.  
Now to find such Earth's, as are fit for your work, it behoveth you to sink diversse pits, or Caves under ground, which have not been much stirred. And after you have begun your work, and Compounded your Earth's in a bouke, or heap, and wet, and moistened them like paste, begin then to heat them with a rod of iron, as the Potter's use to do their Clay. Then take two third parts of the whole lump, and mix it with lint of linen cloth, and then beat the same together, until they be well incorporated, that they may appear all one substance, and if any small stones should chance to fall amongst it, then pick thene out, or bruise them, as small as may be, that the powders being well tempered, may serve for your moulds and forms.  

Of making of moulds for the founding of Ordnance.  
THe Master Founder having prepared, and resolved of what kind, and what sort of that kind the Ordnance is, which he intends to cast, he is then first to make a perfect Model there of, either of timber, or of Earth, orboth, with all the Mouldures, Ornaments, & compartments, even as you would have the piece to be, which you must thinnely anoint with soft hogt-grease, and then cover it over vith a Column of the afore said tempered Earthp, made and dried by little and little, augmenting it, until it be of a Competent strength, and thickness. This Column must be made so, as it may be taken into two or more parts, to the end, to take the said model, or pattern out of it, and it is to befortifyed on the outside, with plates of iron, at long as the Chase of the piece is, and with iron Wires an inch each from an other, and lastly with iron Hoops a foot, or two asunder, to knock off, and on, as occasion shall require. Their must elso be a smooth, and equal Cillender, whose Dyamitre must be just the beigth of the Boar, and made of the same Earth, moulded upon a strong Iron square Bar, and upon a Cord woulded about the same, to make therewith the soul, Concave or hollow Cillinder of the piece, by placing it (by help of the Base, and Muzzle ring) exactly in the midst of the Vacuity of the outermost Column, which whenthe Patterne, or Model shallbe taken out, will remain hollow, to receive the metrall, that must make the body of the piece. All these must be well jointed together, polished smooth, dried Nealed, that the mettle may run fine, and come off smooth and neat.  
Lastly, the pattern of the breech, with all the Mouldures, and Cascabell, is in like manner to be Couvered over, by little and little with the same tempered Earth, which must afterwards be Luted neatly, and strongly to the breech end of the outer Column: all which Mouldures, Rings, Arms, Devises, Flowers, Trunions, Dolphins, and Circles, may be at pleasure added there unto, upon the pattern, either with wax, earth, or plaster, and so the perfect Impression thereof willbe received by the Concavity of the outward Column, keeping still the due prescribed proportion of the pieces (you intent to cast) accordingto the kind & sort thereof, for the rest se master Norton in his 21, & 22 Chapters of the practice of Artillery.  
Having thus digressed, I will return again to my former matter, and give the gentle Reader to under stand, shalt the States have Conditioned with their Master Founder, that he shallbe at the charge of making all Mouldures, Forms, castings, boring, and finding of firing, for which he hath from the States six gildens, or 12 hillings starling, for the founding, of 100 lb. weight; so that for a whole Canon, which weighs 7000 lb. weight, he hath 840 gilders for him and his men, the rest proportionally. Now when any old brass pieces are to be cast, they are delivered to him by weight, and he is allowed him ten pounds in every 100 lb. weight for dross and waste: for you must understand, that Copper & brass have much more dross in them, than gold or silver, because the finer the Alloye is, the lesser it will consume by fire.  
The greatest number of new pieces cast in the State's foundry at the Hagh, every year by the help of some, 20 men are six whole Canons, twelve half Canons, and six long Field pieces, or demi Culverin, making in all the number of 24 pieces of Ordnance. But of late years they cast divers sorts of french short Demy Canon, and smaller Drakes, as now the occasion of service requires.  
These Ordnance being founded and made, the Master Feunder is to deliver them to the States upon Proof in the presence of some Commissioners, and the Controuleur of the Ordnance, who are to oversee them, and to take care, that the piece, which is to be tried, be well loaded with her due weight of powder, and bullet, and rammed well home.  
The proof of a whole Canon which weights 7000 lb. weight, and carries an iron bullet of 48 lb. weight must be charged with 32 lb. of fine powder, and with the bullet above said well rammed home; but the ordinary charge then of it willbe no more than 20, 19, or 18 lb. of sine powder at the least: A half Canon which weighs 4500 lb. weight and shoots a bullet of 24 lb. weight, the proof Shott must be 16 pounds of fine powder & the ordinary charge 12 lb.  
A Feild piece, which weighs 3200 pound weight, carrying a bullet, of 12 lb. must be loaded with nine pounds of fine powder, but the ordinary charge is no more but six pounds.  
The Faulconet, that weighs 2100 lb. which carries a bullet of six pound weight, must be loaded with 4 and a half lb. of fine powder for it proofs shotr, and with 3 lb. for its ordinary charge.  
Note also, that a Canon, which shoots a bullet of 48 lb. must be bored for a bullet of 52 lb.  
Weight, A Demy Canon, which carries a bullet of 24 lb. must be bored for a bullet of 28 pound.  
Weight, A quarter Canon, which carries a bullet of 12 lb. must le bored for a bullet of 16 lib.  
A Faulconet which carries a bullet of 6 lb. weight, must be bored for a bullet of 8 lb.  
Your whole Canon, and Demy Canon, are commonly pieces for Battery, used at sieges for to make a breach, but your Field pieces, and Drakes are to be drawn to some sudden piece of service, as in the day of Battle, upon a Passage, or upon Plate Forms, & Batteries made upon the line of Circumvalatione, or for the defence of a Camp, when an enemy is at hand, and the rest of the short chambered Drakes likewise.  
A Canon or a smaller piece of Ordnance, may shoot in 12 hours some 80 shoot, yea 100, if it be not Over Heated, but after you have made with it some 10 or 12 shot at the most, it must have a Cooling time, by casting over the breech of it a Danck hair cloth a pretty while, and that will cool it enough.  
For a whole Canon mounted upon a block waggon, or upon its own Catriage, it is commonly drawn in these hollow, and marshy Countries, with a team of 15 couple of Bustie horses, besides the Thiller horse, making account, that every couple of horses, must draw for their shares 600, yea 650 pound weight if they be well put to it. A Demy Canon with eleven couple and a Thiller horse, a quarter Canon with eight coupple and a Thiller horse, & a Faulconet with four couple & a Thiller horse, and your smaller Drakes with a number proportionable to the weight abovesaid, yea even to a small Drake carrying a bullet but of one pound weight, is drawn but with a Thiller horse. The length of the chase of every piece both Reinforced & Chambered is noted above its figure.   

The Demonstration of the eight pieces of Ordnance, which are in most use, under the Lords the State's service.  
And first of four pieces of Ordnance reinforced Plate A.  
NVm. 1. is a Faulconet weighing in metal 2100 lb. weight, being 10 and three quart of a foot long ' which shoots an iron bullet of 6 lb. weight, which being laid level by the mettle, otherwise called the Horiozontall level 800, by the Levelaxis, or dispart, commonly called point blank 400, & at the bighest range 4090 paces at 2 and a half foot to the pace.  
Number 2 is a Field piece, or a quarter Canon, weighing 3200 lb. being 8 foot and three quart of a foot long, which shoots an iron bullet of 12 lb. weight, & carries by the mettle 600, by the Axis or point blank 300, and at the highest range 3800 paces.  
Number 3, is a Demy Canon, weighing 4500 pound weight being 10 and a half foot long, carrying an iron bullet of 24 lb. weight, which will shoot level by the metal, or Horiozontall level 800, by the Axis or point blank 400, and at the highest range 6000 paces.  
Number 4, is a whole Canon, weighing in mettle 7000 lb. weight, carrying a bullet of 48 lb. weight, which shoots by the mettle, or Horiozontall level 1000, by the Axis, or point blank 500, and at the highest range 7000 paces at two foot and a half to the pace.  
I refer the Reader to the other ranges specified in the Quadrant and table fallowing.   

Of the other four pieces of Ordnance, called Drakes chambered Plate B.  
NVmber 5. is a small Drake, weighing 280 lb. weight in mettle, and is 4 foot long, carrying a bullet of 3 lb. weight, charged with one lb. of powder, which will shoot level by the mettle 176, by the Axis, or point blank 40 and at the highest range 800 pace.  
Number 6. is a Drake weighing 580 pounds, is 5 foot long corring a bullet of 6 lb. weight loaded with 2 lb. of powder, which will shoot level by the mettle 196, by the Axis or point blank, 100, and at the highest range 2500 paces.  
Number 7. is a quarter Canon Drake weighing 1130 lb. weight in mettle, is 6 foot long carrying a bullet of 12 lb. weight, charged with 4 lb. of powder, which will shoot level by the mettle 264, by the Axis, or point blank 140 and at the highest range 2500 paces.  
Number 8. is a short Demy Canon Drake, weighing 2250 lb. weight in mettle, is 7 foot long, carrying a bullet of 24 lb. weight, with 6 lb. of powder which, will shoot by the mettle, or Horiozontall level 340, by the Axis, despart, or point blank 180 and at the best, or highest elevation 2770 paces. Note by the way, that the longer the chase of a piece is, being reinforced & well charged, the further it will carry its bullet, and the stroke the more violent, as you may see by long Culverings, and slinghs of some 24 or 25 foot long in chase, whereof the experience hath been tried at Arnham in Gelderland, where a long Sling lay upon a Bulwark, which shot from Arnham to Nemegen being 6 English miles distant one from an other. Again, the Shorter the chase of a pieces is, as in these Drakes, the shorter it carries the bullet, as you may see by their several ranges.  
Yet this doth not always hold true for Count Maurice Prince of Orange of blessed memory, tried ance a half Canon upon the Strand at Scheveling, giving it the due charge of powder, and caused the Canonier to level in upon its highest range, at 6000 paces, to try this conclusion, to see how far it would carry, when it was shorter, caussed some two foot and a half of it to besawne off, made it be loaded again, shoot it off, and found that it carried it bullet as far as it had done before.  
To conclude, with Touch-holes, I have seen in Ostend upon the West Bulwark, that some touch holes of Canon, were blown so great with often and continual shooting, that I have put my fist into them. Now such a touch hole being blown some three or four incles, may easily be remedied. For if you bore the hole round, and drive in a screw of iron into it, as thick as your finger, and in the midst of the screw above said, bore a small Touch hole in it, you shall find this to last longer unblown, than any other way, which hath been invented, for now when ordnance are cast a new at this day, for the preventing of this two much blowing, they ice now to make such a touch hole with a screw, as is here mentioned which will not so soon be blown great, and as your brass or Copper Touch holes will.    

THE SECOND CHAPTER.  
Treating of a ladle, a Rammer, of a Sponge, and a Field Carriage for a piece of Ordnance as shall be demonstrated under the Carriage.  
THe figures of a ladle, a Rammer, and a Sponge is represented unto you under the Faulconet, and field piece, with their just length, and thickness, after which form you may make all others for what sorts of pieces you please, and with all observe, that the bigness of them must be according to the Dyamitre of the bullet which your piece carries. The length of the ladle under the field piece with the staff and Rammer is 11 foot, and 9 inches & a half long. The opening of the ladle is a foot and a fourth part of an inch. The brass plate rounded to the staff, and to the height of the shoot, and due vent allowed is five inches. The staff of the ladle 3 ynches thick made of soft fast wood as Asp Beech or willow. The Rammer B is 4 inches, turned with hard wood, and the length of the copper ladle a foot and ten ynches, the staff to the neck on both sides is 3 inches thick. The Dyamiter of the bullet is traced out with bricks coming down from the ladle marked 1, 2, & 3.  
The Sponge C. is couvered with rough sheep's skins wool, and nailed to the staff with Copper nailles so that it may fill up the Soul or Concavity of the piece when it is to be scoured and cleared. Note also that the Copper ladle for a piece of ordnance must be threetimes the length of the Dyamitre of the bullet. Such a ladle costs the States 6 gl. 10 stivers, vidz. The staff 2 gl. and 14 stivers for a whole Canon, for a half Canon 5 gilders, for a field piece four gilders 10 stivers. And the Rammer, the staff, and the Sponge or sheep's skin will cost two gilders 14 stivers.  
You have also in the plate B figure, 9 represented unto you the figure of a Carriage for a field piece with all the Dimensions, joints, and parts belonging to it.  
The Naves, The cheek, called limbres, and the wheels are made of Elm, but the Transoms, The Axeltrees, the spokes of Oaken timber, and the fore carriage of the wheels are made of the same wood, as the former are, but the Transoms are elm and the cross beams of Oak as the ichnography of the Carriage Figure 9 shows.  
The Lords the States have agreed with their Master Carpentes, to make them a Carriage for a whole Canon for 134 gilders 10 stivers, namely the two side pieces 15, or 16 foot long, 17 inches broad, and six and a half inches thick, for 59 gilders, and to every carriage four transoms for 6 gilders. An Axletree for 4. gilders 10 stivers, The two wheels 37 gilders 16 stivers, for the framing and making of the carriage for a whole Canon 27 gilders 10 stivers, for an Axekree 1 gl. 10 stivers. for the making, of the wheels 10 gl. which comes to in all, as above said to 134 gilders 10 stivers, and so the rest of all Carriages proportionally.  

The Demonstration, or Terciating of the whole Canon,  
Num. 4. and also of the Demy-Canon Drake chambered, Num. 8. with their several names and parts described.  
NOte first that a piece of Ordnance is divided into three parts. 1. The Breech, or chamber 2, the trunions, & 3 the Muzzle, or neck, and the length of the whole piece is called the Chase, or Column.  
A. is the Cornish, brow, or base ring of the piece.  
B. is thee pieces neck. C. the pieces Boutill, or Astragall called the mussel Ring.  
D. The Reinforced ring, E The tronion-ring, & these a tronions are two spyndles, upon which the piece lieth in its carriage. E H. is that part of the piece, between the Breech, the tronions, & the ears.  
F I. is the Calibre, Mould, or the bore of the piece. G. is the touchhole, and all the metal behind the touh-hole, is called the Breech. F H. is the Coil of the piece. H. The Casacabel, or the out most pommel or button of the piece. F L, is the mettaline Substance, & thickness of the Coil, about the breech of the piece about the concave Cillender, otherwise, called the Soul of the piece.  
M. is the mettaline Substance at her ears, and Stays of Gravity, by which she is hoist up into her Carriage. So much of her bore, as containeth the powder, and shoot, is called the chamber, or charge cillender; the rest the vacant cillender, & all the rings circles, andeminences at her mouth & breech are called the Friezes. To conclude, the ordinary Canons of Battery is seven eights of substance in their chambers five eights at their. Trunions, & three eights at the muzzle, or necks of the Dyamitre of their Calibres, or boors in thickness of mettle. And thus much briefly for the demonstrating of anyother piece of ordnance whatfoever.    

THE DEMOMSTRATION OF THE NEXT Figures following, and first of a Block, or a long Wagon: THE THIRD CHAPTER  
THe first figure underneath number 10. showeth you of what singular use and accommodation your Block, or Lisng waggon o for the carriage, and drawing of a piece of Ordnance, or for the carrying of small Punts, or Boats to clapp on a sunden over a River, or a brook, when occasion may serve: therefore there is no one Instrument more useful for the train of Ordnance then this is, and are excellent good also to stopan Avenue or a passage croswise, where an Enemy's horse may break in upon an Army unawares, especially, when one hath no time to cast up a trench, or a traverse upon it. Besides, a piece of Canon will be easilyer drawn, through moorish, foul, and sandy ways upon this, because the piece lieth more steady, and is not subject to so much wrenching afide in dirty and Ruttie ways, then upon its proper Carriage. Now whensoever an Enemy should draw near unto an Army by the help of the Fern, you may quickly hoize it up, and lay it upon its own carriage. The form and moddle whereof is represented unto you in the figure following, noted number 10.  
The second figure number 11. demonstrates to your eye a half Canon mounted upon its carriage, drawn with seven couple of horse, and a Thiller horse, and this to be understood in a good way: but if the way be foul, morish, and dirty, then for a whole Canon, weighing 7000. li. weight, you must span in 15. couple of horse and a Thiller; for a half cannon eleven couple and a thiller; for a field piece or a quarter Canon six couple and a Thiller; for a Falconet two couple and a thiller; and for a small Drake weighing 250. pound weight. one horse. You must observe also that the mettle of one of the States half canons weigheth (as is said before) 4500 pound weight, the carriage and iron work thereunto belonging about 900. pound, so that these horses are to draw in all the weight of 5400. pound, and the other pieces proportionably.  
The third figure, number 12. represents unto you this, that when you want or cannot use Canon horses and Athrals, how you may then by the help and strength of men, draw a piece of Ordnance to the top of a hill, and there to make a Platform for the battering of a Castle: Now presuppose you are to batter it with 16. Pieces of Ordnance; to wit, eight Demy canon, and 8 Quarter canon, the first carrying a bullet of 24. li. and the second of 12. li. and are to carry along with you all necessaries, as Powder, Bullets, Match, bedding, traces and divers other materials. The question is how many Soldiers, Pyonniers, and workmen are able to do this? which Diego Vffano in his 22. Dialogue resolveth in this manner following.  

Of a Block waggon, and drawing of Ordnance.  
First for 600. half Canon Bullets, each bullet weighing 24. pound, the whole weight of them will come to 144000. pound. Now if you lay three of these bullets, in a wheelbarrow, they will make 72. pound for every Soldier to wheel, and will require 200. men to do it.  
And for 600. quarter canon bullets, weighing 12. pound a piece, the weight of the whole will be 7200. li: now putting 7. of these into a wheelbarrow, for every man's share to drive, you must have 86. men in all, and every man as before 72. pound weight.  
Item for 168. weight of powder, for to charge these 16. pieces of Ordnance withal, each half canon requiring 12 pound of good powder for its charge, and for your quarter canon, or field piece 7. pound; you must have 240. small firkins, or so many leather powder bags to carry it in, and giving to every Soldier 70. pound weight of powder, it will require the like number of 240. men to carry it, as is represented unto you in the fourth plate and 12. figure following.  
Now for the Attelage or drawing ropes for these 16 pieces of ordnance, represented unto you also in this fourth plate and 13. figure, is shown you the manner of it, by dividing your men into three drawing files or teams, according to the greatness of the piece which your men are to draw up, for a Demy-canon, carriage, attelage, and all will weigh a matter of 6000. pound weight, now giving to every man 60. pound weight to draw such a half Canon will require a 100 men to draw it, and proportionably the 8. half canons 800. men.  
For a quarter Canon, carriage, attelage and all, will weigh 3000. pound weight, now allowing to every 60. pound weight to draw, every of these 8. pieces will require 43. men, so that for these 8. quarter Canons you must have in all 344. men, which being (as is said) divided into three equal files and distances, each drawing rope must have 14. men and one odd man over to go by.  
And because it may sometimes happen, that by reason of the steepiness, badness, and unevenness of the way, you may be driven to dismount and remount your piece ere you get up to the top of the hill, you must carry along with you a Fern, a winch, or a Scalet, with all appurtenances thereunto belonging, as winding roaps, an iron goats foot, with a crow, pinns, truckles, pulleys to help you withal at a dead lift. All these Engines and Materials may conveniently be carried on the shoulders of 30. men, insomuch that if you make your calculation you shall find that you must have for the drawing of these 16. pieces of Ordnance, and for all things above specified, the number of a 1703. men without any difficulty will do the deed and draw these Ordnance whithersoever you please. The Fearn the figure and its necessaries shall be described unto you in the next chapter following.  
Now for your attirals or drawing harness, to the end that every man may draw alike share you must fasten a crossebeame or bar to the end of the fore waggon marked as you see with A. B. through which you put your drawing roaps into an equal distance, that your men may not hinder one another drawing, having behind it three men to steer the piece aright, when you come to any winding or turning in the way.  
Again, if it be a whole canon or a piece of Ordnance, which you are to draw through a trench to a battery, or some other place, where you would plant it, and find these drawing ropes to short for the men that are to draw it, than you must lengthen the ropes and fasten an other cross bar just in the very midst, and this will guide your piece from wrenching aside for certain, the shorter your drawing ropes be, the more steddier and easier your piece will be drawn, to every drawing rope also you must have as many necklines to cast about your men's shoulders as you have men, to the end they may draw with more ease, strength, and take firmer footing. Nevertheless if you draw your piece after this manner up to some steepy hill lest the piece should fall downward and overturn them, for the avoiding of this danger, they must in an instant whip these lines over their heads to loosen themselves from them, or else cut them on a sudden, but than it is safer to draw with their hands.  
This manner of drawing of Ordnance is no new thing, but hath been practised by the first conquerors of the West Indies, as Pizarre, Ferdinand Cortes, and divers others, who with the strength of men drew their Ordnance over hills and mountains to the City of Mexico. Likewise Henry 4. King of France, of immortal memory, used this manner of drawing of his Ordnance over the Alphes in his last wars of Burgundy, and instead of pyoniers used lusty Swissers to do it  
The 5. rings called in dutch, Mailles, number 14. is to try whether the bullets which you are to choose in the Arsenal will fall through them, which if they do, than they will fit your piece to a hair, the several bores and calibres of your 8. piece of Ordnance described before.   

THE RULE CALIBRE, TEACHING ACANONIER How by the help of these five nails or iron ringed hanels, numbered A. B. C. D. E. he may fit the Calibres, or Boors of these 8. several pieces of Ordnance, figured out above, as also by the middle figure of a Canon bullet marked H. and decifered also by letter.  
  

THE DECYFERING OF A CANNON Bullet, or any other piece by letters, as followeth.  
BEsides this manner abovesaid, by fitting your bullets out of the Magazine, for the Calibres and bores of any piece of ordnance, by the help of the nails, the Caeron bullet marked H. shows you also another way to fit the Calibre of a piece of ordnance, with a right bullet, by giving it the requisite vent. As for example, take the just Diameter of the mouth of your piece with a pair of strait Compasses, and then divide the overtur thereof into two equal parts, and draw from the Centre the circle marked B. A. and E. whose Centre also is noted to be D. which is the form and Circumference of your pieces mouth orbore, Then set the two points of your compass upon the points A. and B. in drawing one after another, the crossoe- lines under C. from whence you shall draw a line parpendicular to D. down to the bottom of the circle marked E. and from thence another line to the point A. Then set one of the points of your compass upon the point E. and the other upon the line which you have drawn from thence towards A. and mark well the point which the circle makes thereof from F. where letting rest the point of your Compass, you shall raise the other which was in the point E. upon the first line perpendicular, which you have made from the crosse-line at C. by the Centre to D. where the point C. will show you how much less the bullet must be. Then the Dyamiter or Calibre of the mouth of your piece, for giving it the necessary vent, so that putting the one point of your compass upon the centre D. and draw in the other which is set upon the edge of the circumference and Largeness of the pieces mouth O. to the point G. and so in making an other circle the Dyamiter thereof will be the just and requisite calibre and Circumference of your bullet, and which will fit thebore of a whole Canon, or any other piece which you shall desire.  
There is a third way found out byskillfull Canoniers, by abating the twentieth part of the Calibre of your piece in the circumference thereof, to the bullet which with a sufficient abatement and vent for your piece, which rule is easily found out by takeing the just Dyamiter of the mouth of your piece.   

OF A FERN, A SCALET, AND A WINCH.  
The description of a Fern, called in French a Guindall, in Netherdutch a Bock, from a Goat, with a Scallet and a Winch, being of excellent use about the train of Ordnance, Represented unto you in the fifth plate, and 14. 15. and 16. figures following.  
THE Carriage being placed in a readiness, you are then to hoist up your piece into it, which in regard of the weight of it, be it a Canon or any other great piece of Ordnance, cannot be well done without the ingenious help of the Fern or Ghynne, ropes, a Goat's foot or an iron crow, levers to wind up the Rouler, etc. especially when a wheel is graveled, and sticks fast in some deep rut, or rotten ground, than you must use the help of the Scallet or Winch, demonstrated unto you in the figures following.  
First than you must make and frame your Fearn, according to this model used in the State's service, which is accounted the best, number 14. and for the goodness of it ought to be preferred before all others, and for the lightness of it may upon a march be laid upon a waggon to be carried along in the train of the Ordnance with the Scallet, Winch, and all appurtenances thereunto belonging. It is made upon three feet, beams or supporters, triangular-wise, upon which it stands. The demonstration is this a. a. a. are the three feet, which at the top or head of it are industriously joined together, from b. to c. is the length of it some 13. or 14. foot long: it is framed a foot broad, and half a foot thick, d. and e. shows a great iron bolt with a round head, and at the other end a cross wedge to clench and join it close together, f. g. is the copper hook and ring, upon which the uppermost pulley or Truckle hangeth, h. the uppermost truckle itself, through which the ropes are let down and woundup, i. i. the cable or winding roap, k. the lower truckle above the Rouler, l. l. the plate-work within which the rowler turns in its bed and sockets, m. is the rowler itself, n. n are the ends of the two roaps well pleated and bound about, which are to be put through the ears of your piece which is to be hoist up, o. o. the two oblique iron plated feet, upon which it stands and rests upon the ground, and by reason they are so made, cannot so easily slip away, or sink into the Earth, but makes the Fearn to stand steadfast and firm, p. p. are the holes into which the two wooden levers are put into the Rowler and wound up by two men, the one taking out his leaver to put it into an other hole, while the other with all his strength holds the rouler fast, q. are the two winding levers, r. the Goat's foot or iron crow, necessary both for the Fern, Scallet, and Winch. One of the winding roaps must be at least 25. foot long, and in circumference a Geometrical inch, and one fifth part, the ends whereof must be so wreathed and bound fast together, that they must not loosen.  
The main roap must be 73. foot long, and 1. and three four parts of a foot about, the slip must be well wrought and bound about with packthread, which is put through the two holes of the Rowler.   

OF A SCALLET.  
The other Engine is called in French a Scalet or a Ladderet, in Netherdutch a Knape, which must have likewise a strong iron crow belonging to it, a thick oaken board upon which the pillars or supporters of the weight stands, which are well nigh two foot long and a foot broad and about half a foot in thickness.  
The two pillars of the Scalet must be enchased a quarter of a foot in the thick board, to give it the more firmness whereupon they stand, and must be a matter of 2. Geometrical foot high about the said board, and ⅗ and ¼ part of a foot thick each pillar as you see having 8. holes boored through them at an equal distance one from another, through which you are to put your great iron bolt, which with the iron crow must sustain and bear up the ponderosity: unto this bolt there is an iron chain fastened to it, and nailed to the right hand pillar as you may mark: the bolt itself ought to be one and one fifth part of a Geometrical inch round, and one an a half of a foot long, each pillar must stand at least half a foot one from an other. Upon this iron bolt, which may be put into any of the holes as you raise up the piece, and as occasion serves, resteth your iron crow and levers, and receiveth strength from it to lift up your wheel piece, and all at a dead lift out of any rut, moorish ground, or place when it sticks fast in it, and as you raise it, by this engine, you may clap thick faggots, or boards under the wheel, till you advance it higher to an other hole.  
The Winch or Windlass represented here unto you in the 14. figure, is called in Netherdutch a Windaes', or a Dumcracht; and is a differing Engine from the former, but of singular use also for the heaving up of a piece of Ordnance, carriage, and all, let it be never so great, or any ponderous weight, as blocks logs etc. yea it is of such great strength and force that it is able to overturn a house, and hath no need but of one man to put it a work. Now to make it strong and sufficient, it must be two foot long at the least, 1 foot and a half broad, and half a foot thick, with avice, and a teethed screw coming out of the midst of the woodworke of it, and winding up its teeth by the force of two secret wheels turning within the midst of the woodworke. This Engine may also be used (as the former) for the lifting up of a piece of ordnance out of adeep rut, morish ground, or any dirt or mire into which it is sunk; by laying of thick boards, and faggots under the wheel, as is said; and this will be done quickly, so that you need not lose much time upon a march: and thus much in brief for the making and use of these three Instruments. The figures whereof follow in the next page.    

HOW ONE IS TO MOUNT A PIECE UPON ITS carriage, by the help of a Fern, or a Ghynne. THE FIFTH CHAPTER.  
BEfore you are to mount your piece, above all things you must have a singular care that the Fearn be so firmly set, that it doth not recoil or slip away in any manner, and so that the rope, and pullie, or truckle, coming down from the head fall just upon the ears of the piece: whereof to be assured, you may let fall downward from the pulley above, a whipcoard with a plummet, or some small stone hanging down: and turning the said Fearn, till the Plummet falls just in the very midst, as is said.  
If it be in a plain, even, and fast ground, you may have the less care in setting firm and steadfast the feet of your Fearn upon it, but if it be a Sandie and a soft Earth into which the feet may sink, or give back, according to the greatness of the weight, than you must put planks, blocks, or some solid thing under the feet, setting tent pins about it, according as necessity shall require, and as opportunity will permit you.  
Your Fearn then being thus firmly placed and settled, the Gunner shall get up by a ladder, or some steps to the head or top of it, having the rope in his hand, shall put it through the uppermost truckle of the head, and let it fall down to the other, that he which catches it may put it through the left side of the piece in his hand, to fasten it, (as we shall show hereafter) into the ears of the piece, and so having put it through them, he draws it up till he can give it to him that is above him, and then he puts it again through the hole of the right hand truckle, and gives it down to him that is under him, who reaches it again to him that is above: and so he fastens it to the head of the Fearn, giving it some turns, till it comes under the uppermost truckle, as you see.  
This done, he must fasten it (with great discretion) to the lower truckle, by putting the rope through the ears of the piece, putting the end of it thorough three times, as well through the ears, as through the ring which is under the said truckle: after this, you shall begin to hoist your piece, putting a great, and a long piece of timber into the mouth of the piece to guide it aright, that it doth not swagg from one side to an other; a dangerous thing, which striking against one of the feet of the Fearn or against the Rouler, may break it, and so hinder the whole work. Those which mounts it, must have a care to keep the piece steady and right, until the weight of the piece is well settled. The General or his Lieutenant General, in the mean while having a watchful eye, as well upon the ropes, as upon the feet of the Fern; that the feet do not slip away, or the rope be cadgeld one among an other, or drawing not alike, may break. Therefore, when they begin to hoist the piece up, they must give a blow or two with a staff upon the ropes, to part them a sunder, one from an other, that each may bear an equal weight.  
If you perceive that your Fern begins to give back, than you must presently let your piece sink, and underlaye, and settle well the feet of it, and that as gently as may be, to the end the Cross beam, or Rouler may not be disjointed, or broken.  
Finally, giving two or three turns to the Main rope, upon the rouler or window of the Fearn, you must wind it up carefully, and very gently with the help of two men only: in such sort, that when one of the levers or handles hath gone about, the other must be held fast till that the other man hath put this in its place to make likewise its turn about: or else the other man shall stay his hand, till that his fellow drawing out his, hath put it also in its hole; which must be done so often till the piece be hoist so high, that you may put your Carriage under it.  
Also you must take heed that your piece knocketh not against any part of your Fern, which might cause any disaster, or that the Fern might break, and letting the piece fall, a mischief may happen, and put all into disorder: wherefore you must put the carriage under it very gently, that the Tronions may fall just into the holes or clasping sockets of the carriage and so guide your piece by the beam which it hath in its mouth, that it falls softly to rest upon its carriage, and then locking it well in, and fastening it with the wedges, you may then loosen your ropes, and taking away the Fern, your piece being thus mounted you may draw it whithersoever you please.   

HOW A CANONIER OUGHT TO CHARGE A PIECE. CHAPTER VI.  
A Piece being brought to a Battery, and planted upon a Platform, having powder, bullets, his linstock, scowrers, Rammers, and all things else in a readiness, after he hath stuck down his linstockin some place under the wind, and first carefully cleared his piece with his scowrer and sheepskin within, and sees that the touchhole be not stopped, or any dust or filth cleaving to it, than one of his Companions, which is to assist him, (for commonly there must be two Canoniers to every Canon, or great piece of Ordnance) brings him the pouch barrel, with powder just before the mouth of the peeee, and putting his Ladle or charger into it, fills it, and lest it might be overfull, gives it a little iogg, that the Surplus may fall down again into the barrel, after this he puts it gently into the mouth of his piece, even till the end of his Ladle comes up to the very brich and touchhole of his piece, and then turns his Ladle softly, and lets it lie within the chamber of the piece, and drawing out his Ladle almost to the mouth of his piece, puts it back again to take up the loose corns which were spilt by the way, and to bring them up to the charge of powder: this done he draws out his Ladle, and takes out of the pouch-barrell a second Ladle full (for by trial before, he knows the weight and charge of powder, which his Ladle will hold, and which his piece well require) and so putting in his second Ladle full up to the former, draws it out, and doth as he did before, that no loose corns may lie in the bottom of the mould of his piece, and in drawing out of his Ladle, he must have a care, that he let fall any powder upon the ground, for it is a thing unseemly for a Cannonier, to trample it under his feet. Then he takes a wisp of straw, hay, or any other thing: and puts it so hard into the mouth of the piece (turning his ladle to come to the end of his Rammer) he drives up the wisp and carries up with it the loose corns, which happily may be by the way in the mould of the piece, even up to the charge of powder, and then giving the stopper and powder, two or three shoves, to make it lie close together in the chamber of his piece, he draws out his Rammer, puts in his bullet, which rolls gently into his piece up to the wisp or stopper which keeps up the powder (all this while his Companion stopping the touchhole with his finger, that no powder flies out of it, but that it be also well filled and stopped with powder which he may do out of his touch-horne afterwards) and then puts in his second wisp after his bullet. And the Canonier is to be forewarned, that he stands not just before the mouth of his piece, while this is a doing, but aside of it, lest a danger or mischelfe might happen to him, and thus the piece having its due charge both of powder and bullet, he shall cover his touchhole with a dry sheepskin, after he hath leveled his piece, and setting away his pouch barrel of powder with the rest, in some Concave, or hollow hutt into the ground covered over with sodds or earth, he shall attend the Gentlemans of the Ordnance his command before he gives fire.  
An other observation for a Canonier.  
Touching the charging of a piece Frons-berghen maintaineth, that one ought to take in powder one half of the weight of the Bullet. Rivius and some others are of the opinion, that the more powder one puts in, the swifter and further the bullet will fly showing many reasons to prove it. But experience the mistress of this Art teacheth us otherwise: for a piece being loaded with two third parts of the bullets weight in powder, sends the bullet going more swiftly, and will carry it further, which hath been so often tried, that it is without all contradiction, giving this reason, that the exhencia is so swift and violent, that it bursteth out of the mould before the two third parts of the powder be fired, and this hath been found irrefutable.  
Again others maintain, that if one should forcibly ram in the bullet than the powder might take fire, ere it could cast out the bullet, and then would cause the bullet to fly further than otherwise it would do, but you must consider in so doing, you either endanger the breaking of your piece, or else make it crooked and unserviceable, because your ordinary pieces will not bear so great a charge of powder, this hath been tried upon the Sea strand at Scheveling by the Hagh in Holland, before his Excellency prince Maurice of famous memory, where first one and the same piece was loaded with ten pound of fine powder to see how far she would carry her bullet. The place being marked where the bullet rested, she was loaden again with 9 pounds, which shot as far as the ten pound did, but last of all she was charged but with 7. pounds of the same powder, which carried her bullet further than the two former shots: whence one may observe, that a piece of Ordnance may be overcharged, and therefore a good Gunner ought to have a singular care to give his piece her due measure and charge.  

Of the Gunner's service in general.  
NOw forasmuch as Ordnance are Engines of force, reason, weight, and measure: and the Gunner's men exercised and experienced in them and their apurtenances, in making platforms with defences, Troniers, Gabbions, Loops, Parapets of earth, and Faggots about 23. or 24. foot high, of Faggots of 2. foot high of earth, bed upon bed unto eleven foot high, and after 3. foot of Terraplene, to raise the Troniers and Loops, so that for the Canon it be 3. foot wide in the Barb and within 12. foot wide without the lower part thereof to descend scarpwise the better to discover the Enemy's avenews, and offend them the more freely, for avoiding the blast and smoke, and ruin, it would else make: For the Culverings 2 foot and a half within, and 9 foot without will suffice, and for less pieces, less measures. If the Battery be to be made with Gabbions', they being filled with earth without stones, moistened, and rammed 7. foot a piece in dyametre, 3. ranks between 2. pieces, if the place will permit or 2. at the least, and 3. rows also one before another, setting one between two, so if the 1. rank have 3. the second will have two, and the third one, but it will be hard to make a safe Battery with Gabbions', Canon, or Culverin proof: And each platform is to have 30. foot for the reverse of the Canon, and 27. foot for the Demy Canon, he ought to see that it be leveled, or rising 1. foot for 20. backwards the better to stay the reverse and facility, the bringing the piece being loaded to the Loop: He ought to search and examine, the goodness of the pieces, their Ladels, Rammers Sponges and Tampion, fitness and roundness of the shot, force and goodness of the powder and match; And to see all fitted accordingly, and to place the powder covertly, hid safe from the fire of his own as also of the Enemy's Ordnance, to see the Gunners take their marks toward the under part, giving each under Gunner his charge.    

HOW A CANNONIER AUGHT TO LAY AND Level his Piece and to amend a bad shot, CHAPTER VII.  
HAving time and Command to lay and Level a Piece, according to the ordinary aim, to try how far it will carry, the Canonier shall take a long ruler, and laying it upon the midst of the Frizes, aswell of the brich, as of the muzzle of the piece, and a level upon it, he shall raise or sink it, until the plummet of the Level be just in the midst: then taking away both the Ruler and the Level, he shall see even with the Frizes, the point or mark which this aim discovers, which without doubt will be the place it will carry to; with which according to the level of the mettle, whereof we will speak hereafter, it will make but the half. But if he hath no leisure so to use the Ruler and Level, he may take his aim, or lay his piece, as he finds good, according to the charge and proportion of his piece. If he strickes his mark, he may then be assured, that his aim is right, and using the like weight of powder, will always make the same shot.  
But if his bullet carries over, he shall levelly his piece again as he did before, and having got the first mark in his sight, he shall neither stir nor move his piece: but shall take away as much of the Frizes of the brich, till he sees the blow which the bullet gave, and which will be the true, and right sight, which he presently may try by laying his piece upon his first mark, which without any doubt he will strike.  
Now if his first shot falls short, than he must do as he did before, levelling his piece again and then without moving it, he shall go and take away the Frizes from the muzzle till he discovers the blow of the bullet, and then he shall have the true sight; according to which, laying his piece upon the first mark, he will surely strike it, if that there be no fault in the powder.  
There is an other way of levelling of a piece, and amending of a bad shot, in adding or diminishing the elevation, according to discretion. To wit, when he shoots short of his mark, the piece is removed and laid as before, afterward he raises up the Muzzle as he shall judge, and as need shall require, that he may strike his desired mark, observing well always how much this elevation is made higher than his first aim taken, which he shall perceive if looking even with the mettle, he shall see what mark it will show him.  
How a Canonier ought to Level his Piece.  
Then giving fire, and striking the mark before aimed at, he may be assured, that his piece carries right, to which henceforward he shall give as much height above the natural Level: if it fails, that is, if he over shoots his mark, let him dispart that which his firstshot fell too short, with the length of the same, for the lessening of the Elevation proportionably; in doing whereof, without all question he shall see his shot remedied, and a right shot made. And this is your common and ordinary way in which Gunners do most exercise themselves in, with assurance that he which knows not by this means to give the right elevation and range to his piece, is not worthy of the name of a Canonier. Now for his better understanding I will give him this example.  
Suppose a canon be mounted upon his carriage, and planted upon a plateforme, and is to mark a shot at some white-stone or mark in a Wall. To do this, your Gunner must take his aim as curiously as possibly he can Level with the mettle of his piece, but if his shot falls to short, to help it he shall take his aim again, and shall lay his piece as hath been taught before: afterward he shall raise it a point higher, so that whereas he had but 6. before, now he hath 7. points of the elevation, and afterward gives fire. If he strikes his mark let him always take the same aim and Level, But if he over shoots his mark, let him level his piece as is taught before: by disparting the difference of the first, from 6. with that of seven points, as discretion shall guide him, according to the carriage of the first shot, and giving fire, (without all doubt) he shall hit his desired mark. And his Piece being thus raised he must keep in his sight the point or mark which is shown him, and observe well the height which is above his mark, with assurance that when he is to make more shot by keeping this elevation he will never fail. But if the first shot lying upon the 6. points be to high, than he shall help that by the same Rule in laying his piece lower, and so shall strike his mark whereby he shall get credit and commendations for it.  

A new devise by any staff, to level, mount, and embase any piece.  
ALso any piece may with a field Linstock, Rammer, or Sponge, or other staff be mounted to any degree of the Quadrant, being thus prepared, first mark from one end of that staff a distance equal unto the height of the pommel or caskabel of the piece, placed level upon her platform, & then take the distance between the centre of the Tronions, and the pommel or caskabell, which make or imagine a semidiametre of a Circle, and divide it by diagonals or parallels, or otherwise into a 1000 equal parts. Lastly out of the table of Sines, take the number answering to every degree out of the said 1000 parts, and set that distance from the said mark downwards, and if the total Sign of the table be 100000. omit the two last figures of each number thereof toward the right hand, and if it be 10000000. then omit 4. figures of each number you find in that Table, and the remaining number will show how many of those 1000 equal parts are to be set downwards from the mark beneath the said level for each several degree: Then drawing also 10. parallels or diagonals from the first degree to the second, and from the second to the third, etc. successively continued from each to his next, noting every degree with Arithmetical characters, so you may from six minutes to six minutes by those right signs mount the piece, so set forth for any piece which it shallbe prepared for. This may also be described upon such a staff without the table of synes in a mechanical manner thus, If you describe a Quadrant or quarter of a circle with a semidiametre, equal to the distance from the centre of the trunions, to the centre of the pommel or caskabel, & divide the Arch of that quadrant into 90. equal parts or degrees, and then from each degree letting a line fall perpendicularly upon the base side of the said quadrant, and lastly, each of those right lines being thence transferred from the said first mark downwards upon the said staff, and marking them with arithmetical figures for each degree, thereupon making also parallels and Diagonals as aforesaid, you may thereby Geometrically and mechanically mark the same from 6. to 6. minutes as before. The use of them is plain and easy, for if you bring down the centre of the caskabel or pommel of the piece to any number of the degrees thereon so marked, for that piece, you setting the lower end of the staff to the platform being even, although it be rising or descending backwards, I say then the axis of the bore of that piece willbe found to be elevated to the degree assigned: If you be to embase the piece, those lines and number also set above the first named mark, will perform the like office there, in the thing required.    

OF A QVADRANT LEVEL, AND OTHER Instruments for Ordnance, and the use of them The form, proportion, and making of aquadrant and a Level, with an instrument to show the use of it, is very necessary for master-Gunners; and Canoniers, for the Levelling and aiming of Canon, other Ordnance, and Mortars demonstrated in the fifth plate, and 15. 16. and 17 figures following. CHAPTER VIII.  
TO make a quadrant, as is fitting, one must first make the whole circle marked 1. which is divided by lines, running from its centre into 48 equal parts; at the end of each is noted the number thereof, enclosed in a space between two little lines within an other circle, and between two Vergets or small rings, where you see there is a space also, by which the said line is divided equally in the midst.  
With a quarter of this circle is made your Quadrant marked (2) being from l divided into twelve points, making seven degrees and a half, so that in all they make 90, which is just the fourth part of the 360 degrees of the whole circumference of the world.  
It may also be divided, as you see upon the white, each one the outside, into 45 points, whereof every of them make 8 degrees: so that the whole 360 degrees are comprehended within them, according to this form and division is made your other quadrant, noted (3) and is marked with, A. B. and C. divided into 9 equal parts, each of them making 10 degrees.  
Now by these two quadrant, the plummet hanging in the midst from the point of the 45 degree, which are also divided into two equal parts, is shown to you the highest elevation and range of a piece, yea as ever the piece is able to carry at length, as you may see in the figrues following of a Canon and a Culverin.  
The like is also shown you by the Level marked (4) for the aiming, and levelling of pieces, when you are to take your mark aright, which also is useful for the making of your platforms, and beddings for Ordnance, all which are necessary for the Art of gunnery.  
This may also be made by a quart of the former Circle, if you divide it into 12 equal points, and so noted and ordered, that you must begin to count from the midst of it, towards the ends or sides to the 6 point, so that your plummet, being upon the 6 point just as the others, you shall, find that your piece is laid at its highest elevation and range.  
The Cartabon (or your foursquare level) marked 5, comprehends also all the circle abovesaid, and is divided into 48 points, according to the four quarters of the world, that is, East, South, North, and West, making also four particular Quadrants, whereof the forked dart coming from the centre or midst; shows all the lines, not only of the Circle, but also of the Quadrant, or your four square level, and running in a line from the midst, marked with O and N or with O and S, it will make a Level, and is in the first degree of the right Quadrant, but coming from the midst, and between the said lines, it will show you your highest elevation, as the other Quadrants have done. The handle noted E. F. (if it be possible) must be 2 foot and a half long, whereof each foot must be 16 ynches, to the end it may make just 40 inches, that in 3 foot and four inches of our ordinary foot, which is an ordinary pace, or half a Geometrical one.  
Of a Quadrant Level, and the use of them.  
Each of these aught to have in the midst, and at the end a little hole going from the one side of the handle to the other, which serve for this use, that this instrument being set upon the brich of your piece, looking through one of them above the highest Frizes: you may give a shrewd guess how far your piece will carry the bullet, according to the length, condition, and proportion thereof. The two pins which you see on the sides of it, marked C F serve to this end, that thereby you may discern the quality of the place, which you would measure, the point dessigning by its fall from the East towards the North, the length, breadth depth, and height of the same. Finally this instrument containeth many mysteries of great consequence, and is of excellent use both for an Engineer, and a Canonier.  
The common rule, whereby a Canonier may know how far his piece will carry, and how far from one degree to an other, according to the elevation thereof, let him first see how many paces it will carry being laid even with the mettle, which afterward he shall divide by 50. and multiply the Quotient by 11. and that will bring out the number of the further digression or range, which if he divides again by 44. he shall then find the quotient to be the just number of paces which the bullet will lose in the other ranges, degree by degree, as for example A battering Canon will shoot its bullet being laid even with the mettle a thousand ordinary paces, at two foot and a half the pace, which being divided by 50. your quotient will give 20 which being multiplied again by 11. it will give 220. paces, which is the number of the next digression, made in the second degree of the quadrant, or the first after the Level abovesaid.  
But all the other digressions or ranges, do always diminish even unto the 45. degree. To know then what this diminishing is from degree to degree, even unto the 45. which is the highest elevation, you must take the just number of the digressions from the first to the 45. which will be 44. now deviding them by the former number of 220. paces, you shall find your quotient to be 5. which is the number which goes always, decreasing from the first to the last digression, so that your Canon being laid upon its natural mark, in which it is raised a degree above the Level, even with the mettle, making a 1000 paces as is said, being laid upon the second degree, adding 220. paces to it as an advantage, than it will carry the bullet 1220. paces before it stops. Again, you may add the same to the third degree, but the former being the greatest digression, as we have taught, this then, and all the others will always diminish 5. paces, and will make but 215. above the 1220. of the second degree, so that you shall have in your third degree 1435. paces. in the fourth degree 1645. in the fifth degree 1850 paces, in the sixth 2050. paces, in the seventh, 2245. paces, in the eighth, 2435. in the ninth 2620. paces, in the tenth degree which is the first of the quadrant of 9 points, it will be 2800. paces, in the eleventh, 2975. in the twelft, 3145. in the thirteenth, 3310. in the fourteenth, 3470. paces, in the fifteenth, 3657. in the sixteenth, 3775. in the seventeenth, 3920. in the eighteenth 4060. in the nineteenth 4595. in the twentieth degree, which is the first of the second point, 4325. paces, in the one and twentieth, 4450. in the two and twentieth, 4570. in the three and twentieth, 4685. in the twenty fourth, 4795. in the twenty fifth, 4900. in the twenty sixth, 5000. in the twenty seventh, 5095. in the twenty eight, 5185. in the twenty ninth 5270. paces, in the thirtieth which is the beginning of the third point, 5350. paces, In the thirty one, 5425. paces, in the two and thirty, 5595. in the three and thirty, 5560. in the four and thirty, 5620. in the five and thirty, 5675. in the six and thirty, 5725. in the seven and thirty 5770. in the eight and thirty, 5810. and in the nine and thirty degree, 5945. paces, in the forty point which is the beginning of the fourth point, 5875. in the 41. 5900. in the 42. 5920. in the 43. 5935. in 44. 5945. Lastly in the 45. when you reckon but four half points of the quadrant, you have the highest elevation or range, as you shall see in the figure following, which maketh 5950 paces.  
To conclude, a skilful Canonier exercising himself herein, will easily conceive and know certainly how to level his piece upon any one of these degrees and points, and how far it will carry, be it great or little: for this calculation will never fail him, by observing this, that in giving the chase or elevation of his piece, in what point soever it be of this rule or degree reaches from 1. inch to 16. which is a Geometrical foot. The next chapter following shall show you the use of it in levelling of Ordnance after three manner of ways, to wit, even or level with the mettle, pointblank, or upon a higher elevation at a range.   

SHOWING HOW A CANNONIER SHALL Shoot level by the mettle of his piece, otherwise called the Horiozontall Level. Secondly, or by the Level Axis vulgarly called by some Gunners the level point blank. And Lastly at the highest elevation and range, as the figure following shall demonstrate. THE NINTH CHAPTER.  
TO do this, he must first take a crooked compass, therewith take the highest frizes to or base ring of the brich, and marking well the distance of the two points which make the diameter of the circumference upon a right line, than he must do the like upon the frizes of the pieces muzzle or mouth, and set the points of his Compass upon the said line in such sort, that setting the one upon the first point which he had taken before, extending the other to the second, he shall divide the distance between the two points towards the lower part of the line, into the two equal parts, of which each will show him how much the frizes of the brich doth differ, or are higher than those of the mouth. Therefore to lay his piece right, so that it may be leveled even with the mouth, he must trace out this height upon a piece of wood or some such thing, and put it to the highest frizes of the mouth, and upon that a rule, which is so long that it will lie upon the freeze of the brich, upon which, hanging a level with a line and a plummet, he shall raise the piece or sink it, till that the plummet comes to fall just in the midst, and then he shall have the boor thereof, right in the Level.  
Then taking away the rule, and taking his aim upon the highest freeze of the brich, and the height which is upon the freeze of the mouth, he shall mark well the point which it shows him and surely in giving fire to his piece he shall without fail hit his mark.  
But it is needless always to set the said height upon the freeze of the mouth, therefore the Canonier shall hold it in his hand, whensoever he would shoot upon this point (which he is to do upon batteries, which have the mark near enough) and shall take his aim level by the mettle of his piece, as usually he doth, till he hath in his sight the mark he means to hit, but because the distance being too near, and that the bullet may carry over, letting his piece stand without stirring it, he shall set the height which he hath in his hand upon the freeze of the brich and observe well the point which it shows above the said height, and after he hath it, he shall lay his piece again level by the mettle upon the said point, and he shall without fail hit his desired mark. But this being something obscure, I will explain it by an example, Suppose there be three points, as D. A. C. and that you would shoot even by the boor of the level upon the point A. you must lay your piece level by the mettle, but questionless you shall shoot over it, the distance being too near at hand for his aim, so that in giving fire to your piece the bullet will come to strike the point C. to hit then just upon the point A. you must set the said height upon the brich and taking from thence your aim (without moving your piece downwards) you shall have in your sight the point D. from which having taken away the said height you shall lay your piece again level by the mettle as before, and giving fire, the bullet will fly over D. and strike just upon your desired mark A.  
If occasion were that you would shoot at a mark which is too far for the aim, level by the boor, and notwithstanding is so near for the Ordnance level, a Canonier must use this discretion, to wit, the distance being a third part further, he must then take away a third part of the height, and if it exceeds the carriage of the level two parts, than he must also take away two parts, and he shall snoot so right, that if it were for a wager he would hit a shilling or at least a hat without failing.  
This is your Ordnance pointeries against batteries, which according to the instruction given before, one ought to approach as near an enemy as one can, so that if you do not take heed to lay always this height upon the brich of your piece, you will always overshoot your mark, contrary to the desire of a good Canonier, which is always to beat upon the foot or foundation of a wall, that it may tumble down, and be battered the sooner, for the easier entrance of a breach, observing that it is one of the principallest considerations in all shoots, that in making a good shot one levels his piece at the foot of his mark, especially in shooting at a troup of horse, or a company of foot. But in a stony place, a Canonier doth willingly shoot short, because in striking upon the stones or bricks, in razing them, he makes a hole much greater than the bullet which goeth through them. But in a plain place one must lay his piece so, as the bullet may take them just in the middle, or about the girdle, and so may kill a whole file, or a rank at a shot, yea though they should all fall flat down upon the ground, yet they cannot all escape, otherwise if you level too high, it may be accounted but as a lost shot. To amend then a shot too high for this mark, you must level your piece upon the white or mark you shoot at, then going to the mouth of your piece with a level line and a plumber, and take there the height of the highest freeze or ring to the bottom of the boor, which you shall set to the freeze of the brich, and from thence, and above the freeze of the mouth, you shall take (without stirring the piece) your aim, marking well the place it will show you, then taking away the said height, you shall lay your piece again upon the point it showed you, and so without failing, you shall hit the mark you desired. But if you piece carries to short, it must be amended in this manner, lay the piece as before, then going to the mouth with your line and plummet, take all the height of the freeze from the top to the bottom, in such sort, that your line may take the whole Dyamiter of all the circumference thereof, and by this dyamiter, you shall take the thickness of the ●ettle from the bottom of the boor, even to the lowest part of the said freeze, and laying this height upon the brich of the piece, and levelling it upon the mark designed, which you would shoot at, you shall see the good effect it will take: now for a shot that is made on either side of your mark, it is to be helped in this manner following, if the bullet falls on the right side of it, than you must lay or move your piece, and take your aim so much on the left hand, and that you may not fail a hairesbreadth, now to make the distance of the other side alike, you shall levelly your piece as before, right upon your white, then take a long ruler, which you shall lay upon the frizes, aswell of the brich, as of the muzzle, and leaving it upon the mouth, you shall take your aim removing it at the brich so long, till you have got in your sight the place of the side shot which your bullet made, and without taking away your eye, or your hand from this fight, removing the brich of your carriage, till the brich of your piece, comes to be right in the midst under the said ruler, which being done, take away the ruler, and take your aim levelly by the mettle of the piece, and you shall find your piece to be turned just as much towards your left hand, as it shot before on your right hand. Moreover, there are many occasions, which may cause a bullet to straggle either on the one side or on the other. The first is, when the boor is boored more on the one then upon the other side, or by reason of the inequality of the mettle, or that the mould is not right: this cannot be imputed a fault in the Canonier but in the Founder: nevertheless, if he be ingenious, he may help this fault by his discretion trying his piece by his creuset in, or scaling primer, and so help it as the fault may require.  
A Piece also will carry sidelings, if the tronions be not just right the one over against the other. Also if the platform be not laid even, but that the one part is higher than the other.  
Item if a Canonier it taking of his aim stirs his eye from the just middle of the frizes of the piece, and though he hath it, yet he may fail in not taking his aim just in the middle of his mark.  
Item if one wheel be higher than the other, the shot will fly always toward the lower side.  
Item if one of the wheels should stay upon a nail, and the other not, as likewise when the one turns more easily than the other, and if one wheel should stand upon dirty ground and the other on hard, or when one of the Cubes or heads of the wheel is longer than he other.  
Item When the bullet is not driven home alike, or lies more upon the one side of the boor then upon the other: And Finally, the straying of the bullet upon the one side may be caused by the vehemency of the wind, when it cannot be holpen.  
Likewise a short or an overshot may be occasioned either by the force or the weakness of the powder, or by reason of the unskilfulness of the Gunner which knows not to lay and level his piece aright, neither knows the true distance of the mark whereat he shoots.  
All which I have marked at large, not as a matter to excuse an unexpert Canonier but to give advice to the wise to have a vigilant eye upon all things, and to follow the rules abovesaid; and so to prevent all inconveniences, for to fail the first time may pass, the second may be pardoned, but the third time is too much, and cannot be excused, because it is a certain sign of indiscretion and want of judgement; And indeed there is no fault which we have shown, but by discretion it may be remedied, whereof we have seen many examples at the famous siege of Ostend, wherein a sound judgement was shown in this kind, whereof I will relate two examples.  
A ship running into the haven to get into the Town, which brought the enemy some provision, a woman sat at the helm to make us ashamed, order was given to a Canonier that he should make a shot at this Steeresse, who thinking it was too cruel a thing to shoot at so weak a sex, offered to take away the helm from between her hands, and to make the boat come floating towards us with the flood, if she were not provided with an other, which he presently put in practice, levelling his piece so right and discreetly, that indeed shooting of the helm it fell in the water, and the boat came floating towards our quarter, where it was pillaged and burnt in sight of our enemies.  
An other ship lying at anchor, staying for a high water to come into the Town, our men to sink it made many Canon shot at it in vain, judging that the distance was too far to do it any harm, whereupon they were forbidden to shoot any more at it, and not to spend their powder to no purpose: But at last there came a Canonier who promised not only to strike the ship, but also to shoot the Cable in sunder, so that by favour of the water the boat should come floating to our mercy, and indeed, levelling and giving fire to his piece, he shot the Cable in pieces, and to the great admiration of all our Army, the boat came swimming to our quarter. These examples I have related and will do others in the following Chapters, to show the skill of a good Canonier that hath discretion and judgement in such occurrences, and to give encouragement to all Canoniers and Gunners to do the like when occasion shall serve.  

The first Dialogue. BETWEEN THE MASTER, OR GENERAL OF THE Ordnance, and a Captain, to know whether a Demy Canon or a Culverin will carry furthest at the highest range, and how a Canonier must level, and raise his Canon, and Culverin to try it, as the two next figures following shall demonstrate.  GENERALLO. 
SENOR CAPTAIN, I have often heard that in trying of a Canon with a Culverin, at random, it hath been found that the Canon will carry its bullet further than a Culverin, and indeed I should be of the same opinion, if your discourse persuade me not to the contrary.  Capt. 
My Lord there are many reasons, which one must yield unto, that a Culverin will carry its bullet further than a Canon.  Gen. 
It may be so, yet I have heard many men say, who have tried it, that a Canon will carry further, than the Culverin.  Capt. 
It may well be, but I would fain see the trial thereof, to the end it might be certainly known.  Gen. 
How ought then a due trial to be made thereof.  Capt. 
Sure it is, that a Culverin is mounted upon a higher and a longer carriage, than a Canon is, and that the crossebeames upon which the brich of the Canon resteth, being higher than that of a Canon, and the piece being longer cannot stoop so much as to elevate its mouth so high as a Canon can, that hath its carriage shorter, than the crossebeames lower, for the shorter a piece is, the easier it may be elevated even to 45 degrees of the quadrant above said, whence will follow, that a Canon being raised to a higher elevation, must needs carry its bullet further than a Culverin, not that the fault is in it, but that it wants its due elevation, for if it could be raised to the same elevation and degree the Canon is, than you should see the Culverin, would over shoot the Canon by far.  General. 
How so? then there must be some fault in the Inginier, that made the mettle of it, or else in the Carpenter in the making or frameing of the Carriage.  Captain 
It may be in both of them, though they have done their best endeavour, because they have not attained unto the height of this perfection: for as in the Art of gunnery, so in the fabricking and framing of the other Engines and Instruments, there are many secrets in them, which a common capacity cannot so easily find out.  Gen. 
How shall we then discover this mystery, and to have a sure trial thereof, that the one piece may have no more advantage than the other.  Capt. 
To have a true trial thereof, first the carriages of the one and of the other must be so rightly fitted, and locked with crossebeames low enough, to give both the piece one and the same elevation, as you may see in the figures following.  
Secondly. They must be planted upon two plain and even plate forms.  
Thirdly, if the Culverin cannot be laid upon the same height as the Canon is, than you must take away so much of the Cross beam of the Carriage, that the brich of it may sink, and the muzzle lie upon the same elevation as the Canon doth.  General. 
What need is it then to take away so much of the Crossebeames, and so to weaken the Carriage, which may easily be remedied by digging a hole in the ground, to make the brich of the carriage sink into it, till the muzzle of the piece be raised high enough.  Capt. 
It may well be done, when there is no strife nor dispute about it, to which the contrary parties will never agree, because of giving an advantage.  Gen. 
What advantage can there be in this, to have a piece to lie upon a platform, and to have the brich of the carriage sunk a little into the ground.  Capt. 
I am of that mind, that a piece, which hath the brich of the Carriage stepped from trary part is will never agree, because of giving an advantage.  Gen. 
What advantage can there be in this, to have a piece to lie upon a plate-forme, and to have the brich of the carriage sunk a little into the ground.  Capt. 
I am of that mind, that a piece, which hath the brich of the Carriage stepped from recoiling, will shoot its bullet with a greater force and violence, then that which lies freer upon an explanado, or a platform, And therefore to give no advantage to a Culverin, it is better to shave of some of the Crossebeames, to cause it to sink lower, then to lie in such a ditch by raiseing the muzzle to the required height as you may see in the figures following.  Gen. 
I have heard divers disputes among good Canoniers touching this point, Who thought that a Culverin, could not carry so far as a Canon, because this piece being long, the bullet must go a longer way from out the chamber to the mouth, and that before the bullet comes out, the powder in that while may lose some of the strength thereof, whereas a Canon being shorter, and the flying of a bullet out of the Canon shorter, the powder will send it going with a greater strength.  Capt. 
I believe well that there is some reason for what you allege for the length of a Culverin, and the shortness of a Canon, when they are charged with that quantity of powder as their bullets require: but for your Culverin, in regard of the length of it, you give it a greater charge, whereas for the charging of your Canon, you give it in powder but half the weight of his bullet, and to an ordinary Culverin, you give it, in powder, or the weight of the bullet, but being a Culverin renforced, you may give it as many pound of powder as the weight of your bullet.  Gen 
I will demand of you Sir one question more, and therewith conclude this discourse, If you were to shoot at ships upon the Sea, what pieces would you choose to be best either your Canon or your whole Culverin?  Capt. 
Of this you may be assured from one that hath found it by experience, that there is no better pieces to do this then your Canon.  Gen. 
Give me your reason?  Capt. 
Your Canon being shorter, may be laid lower, and better leveled, considering also that their bullets are weightier than the others, and fly more certain, because neither the wind, nor the humidity of the water, can have any such great power to dead or hinder their sight.  Gen. 
How so? seeing your Culverin taketh a greater charge of powder, than your Canon, as you even now confessed is better, and will ding away the bullet with a more violent force.  Capt. 
My reason is that the wind and the moistness of the water have more power over a lighter, then of Canon bullet, which is heavier than a Culverin, now if you were to shoot at a ship of a like distance, you must raise your Culverin to your thinking two pikes length higher than the ship is, whereas your Canon will require but one pikes length of elevation above it. Therefore I have made many a trial of it at the siege of Ostend, both of a Canon and of a Culverin.  Gen. 
Well Sir you have satisfied me, and given me good reasons for what you say: but I pray you tell me whether a piece will carry furthest, which is shot out of the Sea to the landward, or that which is shot from the shore side, along the superfices of the water  Capt. 
This were a hard question to resolve, if one had not made experience of it, Nevertheless I will tell you what I have seen, that we shooting into the Sea from our batteries in Dunkirk at the Enemies shipping, which rid before the Town, we could scarce reach them, But I have seen with admiration, that the Enemy shooting from their shipping to us ward, their bullets flew from that place, five hundred paces further, then ours did, where we stood, yea some of them into the very Town of Dunkirk.  Gen. 
Surely I was of a contrary opinion, thinking that a piece planted upon the firm ground, the bullet would fly further, and with a more violent force, then that which is shot from a floating ship, because the piece in recoiling shakes the ship, and by the shaking thereof, the bullet may lose some of its strength, but these are secrets in nature, more admirable than apprehensible.  Capt. 
True it is, that there are many hidden and secret mysteries in nature, but for this one may allege some natural causes: for a bullet shot from a ship to the land-ward, seeketh its natural resting place: but that which is shot from the land along the surface of the water, the bullet is forced to strive against two elements, that is first against the air, which retaineth it with all might, and secondly against the moistness of the water, which also deads' the bullet, causing it to stoop, for this hath been found by experience to be true, that a bullet will shoot further into the Sea at a low water, than it will do at a high Sea.  Gen. 
If a piece were so planted, that one could shoot both into the land, and also into the Sea, by turning the said piece, the question is, whether the bullet would fly furthest over the Land, or upon the Sea.  Capt. 
A Canon will carry its bullet a thousand paces further over the Land, than it will do upon the superficies of the water, and though we have had no certain trial of it: yet the siege of Ostend hath taught us this experience, that we may be assured of it: For in the channel by Newport, when the battle in Flaunders was fought Anno. 1600. we shot at the Enemies shipping and men of war, to make them give back, that our men might come up along the strand with more safety, and less danger to fight, we found that our bullets, which were shot at them from the land, could not reach them to do them any harm, but the Enemy's bullets, which were shot from their men of war, shot amongst us, and flew five or six hundred paces over our heads.  Gen. 
That might well be, for perhaps the enemy's pieces were either greater or longer than ours, or else that they had finer, and stronger powder than ours had.  Capt. 
The Calibres and boors of the one and of the other were alike, for their bullets fitted our pieces, but indeed in the goodness of the powder there might be some difference, and for our parts to charge them well, we put a Ladle full of powder more than ordinary into ours, but this would not help. This question I have asked many times, both of Gunners, and Mariners, who have given me always this reason, that it was for some secret cause in nature, that a shot being made into the land, should fly further, then that which was made from the land into the water.  Gen. 
Though this troubled me a little yet I am glad to hear your reasons, and the experience you have had. But I had almost forgotten to have asked you one question more, which now I call to mind how comes it to pass, that all the charge of the powder takes not fire, and is not consumed in a Canon, aswell as in a Culverin.  Capt. 
This is not any fault or advantage in the pieces, for one would think that a Canon being shorter, and of a Larger bore than a Culverin a small part of the powder might be expulsed or driven out before it be all fired, and that a Culverin being long and strait, might kept in the powder till it takes all fire, but this is done at a venture, and yet notwithstanding it happens oftener in a Canon, by reason of the bigness of the boor, then in a Culverin, for after you have given your piece its due charge of powder to ram it up some what close into the chamber of your piece, you give it two or 3 shoves with the end of your Rammer, the powder being well corned; there lies ordinarily some loose corns and dust by the way in the bottom of the mould, which the wisp or stopping hath not driven home, so that if a Canonier, doth not take very good heed, there will always be some part of the powder shed in the piece, which will lie before the bullet, and when the rest of powder takes fire those loose corns flies out, and cannot take fire, like as you see also that some shreds and pieces of the stopping after the shot is made, and smokes without being consumed by fire. So that your Lo. may be assured that any piece of ordnance be it either short or long, if the charge of the powder be well stopped and rammed home and some loose corns which will fly back gathered well up by the wisp, there will not be so much as one Corn, but will all take fire. This is seen also in the trial of Bombards and Mortars, which though they be short, and large mouthed, fire and consume, all their powder, without losing so much as a grain.  Gen. 
Now I understand well, and confess that hitherto I have been of the vulgar opinion attributing the cause to the shortness of the piece and herewith we will conclude. Here follows the figure of a Canon and a Culverin elevated by level upon one and the same degree of the quadrant to try which will carry furthest at range.  
   

CONTAINING THE DEMONSTRATION OF Mortars, and the use of them. THE TENTH CHAPTER.  
YOUR great and small Mortars, are not only serviceable in a war offensive, by shooting and casting of great Granades, as of a 100, 150, 170 pound weight, and smaller of 40 and 50 pound, but also by casting of Fire-balles, stones, old rubbish, and pieces of iron into Cities, Towns, and Fortresses, and may be used also defensively, to be shot from Towns, and Forts besieged, into any Enemy's works, and approaches, especially they are of singular use, when an Enemy hath covertly approached, and lodged himself under some Bulwark, Tower, or Turret, and is a beginning to undermine them, which if they do, you may plant one of these Mortars at a reasonable distance, on the inside of your Wall, and shooting your Granado, as it were bolt upright into the air, by its natural fall, it may light just into the Enemy's works, and there with great violence, breaking among them, it will make them cry, fly, and forsake the place, you may also fire them out of a place, by casting good store of hand-granadoes down among them, and so annoy them, that the work will be too hot for them.  
Two of these Mortars are represented unto you, in the plate and figurs following number. Now for the shooting away of your great Granades or Firebals, you must ever remember, but to take ⅕ or 1/7 part of fine powder of the weight of your grandoe or thing which you shoot, but if you are to shoot away a bullet without any fire works in it, or some massy stone, or such like solid thing, than you must take but half the weight of it in fine powder, which having given fire to the Mortar, will send it going merrily.  
The use of them is not to shoot in a right line, as other ordnance do, but in an oblique line, as you may see by the two figures following, unless your mortar be mounted to 90 degrees, mounting them usually above 45 degrees, namely to 60 70 80. and sometimes more or less, as the distance, and fall of your Granadoe or shot shall require.  
Having before shown you the making and use of the Quadrant, it remains now, that I come to the charging and use of a mortar, now before you put in your powder, it must be well sponged and cleared, whether you charge it with loose powder, or Cartouch, turning the mouth almost bolt upright, the powder being put into the chamber, you must stop it with a wade, either of Hay or okam, and after a Tamkin of some soft wood, and this with the powder that was put in first, it must fill up the whole chamber thereof, that there may be no vacuity, between the powder, and the wadd, or between the wadd, and the shot, this done the shot shall be put in at the mouth, with another wadd after it, but you must have a care that your Mortar be not much mounted, lest your shot flies out too soon, and the wadd between the Tampkin, and the shot will not only save the shot from the Tampkins breaking of it, but also is to avoid vacuities, which may endanger the breaking of the piece by second expansions.  
Now then having resolved of the premises, touching your piece, shot, and powder, as above said, and upon the distance and monture of your mark, as the rules and tables following shall direct you, then for the bending and disposing of it to the assigned mark, lay first a strait ruler upon the mouth of your mortar, and upon it place a quadrant (as you may see by the figures, or some other instrument crosse-wise, to set the mortar upright for shuning of wide shooting, and then placing them fore- ●ight to elevate it into the resolved degree of monture, to avoid short or overshooting accordingly, as the tables following will teach you, for having made one shot, you may thereby, proportion the rest considering whether you are to shoot with or against the wind, or whether it blows towards the right or the left hand, whether weakly, or strongly, and so accordingly to give or abate the advantage, or disadvantage, which judgement and discretion will induce you thereunto, and the help of the Rules following.  
Now we will come to the use of a mortar, and that in this example following, Suppose an Enemy be approached to the Basis, or foot of a wall, or a Bulwark, and there is a rooting, and begins to make a mine, and having chambered his powder, intends to blow it up, and that there is no other means left you, to repulse, and hinder their egress and regress into it: but by shooting out of your mortars some Granades firebals, stones and rubbish among them, or at least by casting many hand-granadoes down uponthem. To do this either by force or policy, it behoveth a good canonier, or fire-worker, to know first (as hath been taught) how far his mortar will carry a granado, or any solid thing else, which shallbe shot out of it, being set upon such and such a degree & elevation as the mortar figure will show you. As for example, takey our aim level with the mould or mouth of your mortar, noted A upon the quadrant, and it will carry 200 paces, where you see the granado falls upon the letter A. but your mortar being elevated to the mark B it than will carry its bullet 487 paces, if to the second C, then 755 paces, if to the third D, it will carry 937 paces, if to the fourth E, then 1065 paces, if to the fifth elevation F, than 1132 paces, if to the sixth G, which is in the midst of the quadrant, and lies then upon its highest elevation it will carry 1170 paces, as you may see by the several falls of the bullets upon every letter▪ The second figure shows you a mortar casting a granado upon a Castle, as you may see by the example.  

Another table of Diego Vffane ●s for Mortar pieces, with their Randoms, made for every degree, between the level, and 90 degrees, as followeth.  Degr. Pac. Deg, 0 100 89 1 122 88 2 143 87 3 364 86 4 285 85 5 204 84 6 224 83 7 243 82 8 262 81 9 280 80 10 297 79 11 314 78 12 331 77 13 347 76 14 363 75 15 377 74 16 392 73 17 406 72 18 419 71 19 432 70 20 445 69 21 457 68 22 468 67 23 479 66 24 490 65 25 500 64 26 510 63 27 518 62 28 524 61 29 526 60 30 534 59 31 539 58 33 543 57 34 549 56 34 552 55 35 5 ●8 54 36 562 53 37 568 52 38 573 51 39 477 50 40 580 49 41 582 48 42 583 47 43 584 46 44 582  45 582    

TREATING OF COMPOSITIONS, MIXTURES AND INGREDIENCES FOR THE MAKING OF YOUR Concave, or hollow GRANADES, both great and small, to be shot, or cast out of a Mortar, and also of your HAND-GRANADOES, to be cast into a Trench, a Sapp, or the work of an Enemy. The Eleventh Chapter.  
FIrst, take three parts of Canon powder well pounded, and sifted, one third part of Greekish pitch, & half the weight thereof in brimstone, mingle these two lightly together, and then add to them a half part of ordinary salt, and afterwards knead them well together, with oil of linseed. This done, fill the pipe of a Cain, with some of this paste, and commixture for a trial of it: if it carries the flame clear and fair, and blows out of the pipe, with an offensive force, without cleaving to the pipe, into which it was put, then without all question it is a sign and token of the goodness and perfection thereof.  
Now to charge a granado for your Mortar or Bombard with this mixture, and ingredience: first you must take a round stick, to turn them about withal, of the bigness that it may go just into the touchhole of your granado, which you are to charge by reaching down to the very bottom of it, and give it a stamp or two with the said stick, continuing so, filling and stamping it, until you have filled up the concave of your granado up to the touchhole of it within three or four finger's breadth, then put into the pipe, or hole of your granado, an artificial match, and fill it up round about the match, with the aforesaid Ingrediences even up to the very top of it, which you may do with your finger, without the help of the stick, because the match will stand bolt upright in the hole, and in the verymidst of it. Lastly take a piece of course linen cloth and smear it over with pitch and wax well melted together, and lay it over the mouth of your touchhole, in such sort, that the upper end of your match may peep up a little through a small hole, made in your cloth, and then you must bind it hard about, by making your cloth fast to the mouth of the Mortar.  
There are divers other receipts, both for the making of your Compositions, for great and small Granades, much differing one from the other, but of all others, this above is of excellent use, and therefore it is needless for me to spend more time in the further search and description of them: only remember this for a general rule, that in all compositions, mixtures, and ingrediences, they must all be well dried, pounsed, and pulverised, but for your great mortars, it will suffice if they be lightly broken, the fall, breaking, and operation of them, are able to tear, rend, and break down houses in pieces. The figures of the granadoes are marked ABC under, the Mortar figure.  
The same ingrediences will serve also for your hand-granadoes if they be finely dried, pounced and pulverised as is abovesaid, and thus much for your Bombards Mortars and granadoes both great and small.   

TREATING OF A PETTARD, WHICH IS A KIND OF A short piece of Ordnance, devised of late years, for the blowing open of Gates, Ports and breaking down of draw-bridges, Their making, use, and manner of charging are here described. The eleventh Chapter.  
THE Model or form of a pettard, represented unto you in the next plate and figure, is not much unlike to a Grocers, or an Apothecary's Spice-morter, and some are tapred much like a Cooper's pail, little deeper than the Dyamiter of their mouths but being not above ¾ in dyamitre at their bottom, or breech of their mouths calibre, and in thickness of mettle ● of the Dyamitre at their breech, and lessening by degrees in thicknes towards their mouths, Their magnitudes are some to hold but one pound of I owder, or less, and others to hold 50 pound or more, and they usually allow four pound of brass, or five pound of iron, to cast a pettard for one pound of powder, and two hundred 50 pound of brass, or 3 hundred pound for a pettard that shall hold fifty pound of powder, using those proportions diminished for lesser, and augmented for greater, as Mr Norton in his practice of Artillery describeth.  
The demonstration thereof out of Diego Vffano.  
Being massy and heavy (whereof the figure A is the mouth, B the breech near the touchhole) it must be carried upon a thick-board or plank, marked E E, and then laid upon a Karr noted C D, which serves not only for the use of it, but also to raise it, when you are to hang and fasten it upon a Port. This planchier in the midst, hath a round hole in it marked H, Through which the nose, or mouth of your pettard is enchased. Above it there are two iron rings to hang it on to two Crotchets marked G screwed fast into the port marked A with a match to give fire unto it. A A are the Bungs, or tampkins wherewith the mouth of the Pettard is bunged up or stopped.  
The outside on which the planchier is enchased being three inches thick is even and plain, armed with strong plates of iron to defend it from splitting: it is also to be underpropped with the forked rest, and stayed in the ground at the hirder end to keep it from recoiling.  
When you charge your pettard, you put a round stick into the very midst of the mouth of it down to the bottom, about the length of half a cube and some two fingers in circumference, & put no more into it at a time, than the better part of a pound of fine come powder, and so fill it little and little, stamping it well in, round about the said stick, with iron drifts or wooden stampers within the concave of the Pettard, until it be filled within one fingers breadth of the top and have its due charge, than tume your stick in the midst about draw it out gently and fill up the hole out of which you draw the stick with fine powder that when you are to give fire at the touchhole, the whole charge within may be fired in the twinkling of an eye, And having thus given it the full charge, then stop the mouth of it close with the bung or tampkin noted A, which must be of the thickness of your little finger, and lastly cover the mouth thereof with a thick waxed cloth, and power melted wax upon it some two fingers thick above the tampkin, & thus much for the charging of a pettard.  
Now we come to the fastening and hanging it on a gate, to do this well, you must first screw in fast into the Gate the Crotchets marked G. and make choice as near as you can of the weakest place of the Gate or Port, where it may easiliest be broken open, upon this hang your Planchier and put the mouth of your Pettard through the hole of the Planchier above mentioned, then fasten it firmly to the Port. There is also a third ring or a crochet, and the ear of your Pettard through which you put a roap to bind your pettard fast to the Port.  
And being thus fastened, and hung upon a port, nothing remains then, but to give fire to it, but your Pettardier must have a singular care, that he order his match so, within the Touchhole, that is gives not fire too soon, but that he and the men which help him may have leisure and time to come of with safety, before the pettard burst open the gate, lest any be mischeived with the violence of the breaking of this diabolical Engine, which having taken its operation, and the gate flying open, your men must presently enter, but one caviat I must give you by the way, that while they are a fastening and hanging on your pettard, to the gate, you must have a special care, to look to the Percullies, that it be well underpropped to keep it from falling, for I myself was once upon a piece of service at Venlo, that year as the Marquis Spinola took in Rhyn-berg, and having burst open one gate of the Town, the petardier hangging his pettard upon a second gate, a woman throwing a great stone down from the top of the wall feled the pettardier while he was a doing his business, which gave the enemy so much time that they knocked down their portcullis, and so catched some 30 of Mounseur Chastilons' Company between the last gate and the percullies, who first should have entered the Town, and being massacred and taken pirsoners, the surprising of that Town by this accident failed. The figures following doth demonstrate all things unto you that it may be the better understood.  

A QUESTION PROPOUNDED TO THE BATAVIAN ENGINEERS, by Master John Baptista Mathematician of ANTWERP, for the Battering of a HORNE-WORKE.  
ACCORDING TO THE PROVERB. Let skill appear by good demonstration. And Dissolved and Resolved by that famous Mathematitian, Master JOHN STAMPION of the HAGH in HOLLAND.  
 
The report (Ingenious Batavians) of some of your unskilfulness, hath spread itself far abroad, and flown I know not into what country, and yet no special thing is come to the view of the world, whether out of your own self conceit, or from some blast of superbity: It is so that I myself have thought good to propose this question unto your ingenuity, as a Touchstone, that it may be dissolved, according to the true Touchstone of that noble Science of the Mathematics by which it may be known.  

THE PROPOSITION IS THIS.  
SUppose a General having approached to a certain Hornwork which is here decyfered by the Letter H. and hath come with his line or fapp near unto the moat of this Horne-work, and there desires to cast up a royal battery in the place noted A. for to flank upon E. D. and D. C. in such sort, that the force of the Canon may beat aswell upon the Face as upon the I lank, to wit, Proportio Equalis, by an equal proportion. Together that the two wings C. D. and G. I. and the distance G. D. which are all alike to each other, may be flanked with the lines and blows, yet so, as the distance of the battery A. to the point C. be no more than sixty Rodd or six hundred foot, and the breadth of the Hom-work to be as M. N. or O. P. and being measured, is found to be 34. Rodd, 7. foot, and 4. Inches. The question is how this must be wrought.  
Moreover of the same Hom-work the face is as much as the two greatest valuation of 1. a. there a. 1. aaaaaaaa. 875. aaaaa. 3470. aaaa. 20640. aa. 104040. a. are alike to 5. aa aaaaa. 1147. aaaaaa. 28182. aaa. 118800. and the distance A. C. no further than 900. foot. O. A. and the rest of the conditions as abovesaid. The question is to find out the breadth of the Horne-work, and also the other parts as is abovesaid.    

THE MATHEMATICAL DESSOLUTION UPON THIS Antwerpian Question: Dedicated to all the Lovers of that noble Science, by Master John Stampion de John, Mathematician.  
 
Sirs. The wing of fame hath of late fluttered out that now our ingenuity is brought to the trial of the Touchstone, by proposing of a certain Question under the name of Senior John Baptista of Antwerp, whose pate is swollen with self conceitedness and pride, which being not worth the answering, I will come to the solution of it, ra ●her to give satisfaction to our Batavians, then to fulfil the desire of the Propounder: And this may serve as an introduction unto it, to the end, that the honour which he doth assume unto himself, may not wholly be appropriated to him.  

THE DESSOLUTION.  
LET this figure above of a Horn-work (as he saith) be decyfered by H. whose breadth M. N. is known to be 34. Rodds, 7. foot, and 7. inches, and the required battered noted A. whose place is likewise found out by the known conditions. The first co ●dition is, that the violence of the Canon planted upon the battery A. beats with as much force upon the flank E. D. as it doth upon the Face C. D. whence it is manifest, that the Angle of the espaule or shoulder EDC. being divided into two equal parts with the right line T. V. D. A. that then this battery of necessity must come to be in the right line T. D A. Secondly, that the face D. C. and I. G. and the distance D. G. may with the like Canon shot be flanked and beaten upon by the battery A. that is, when as the Angles I A. G. G. A D. D. A. C. are alike one to the other, whence will follow, that through the five points, C. D. G. I and A. a circular circumference will pass. Now for that which concerns the third known part, namely, as that the battery A. must be no further from C. then sixty rod, or six hundred foot, A. being the greatest distance in the circumference as is in the third book and fifteenth proposition which is taken from of the middle-line of Euclids propositions, we have found out according to this preparation, the middle line as C. Y. to be sixty rodds, the right line C. I. to be nine 34. rodds, 7. foot, and 7. inches, or 34. 77/00 and the lines I G. G. D. and D. C. to be answerable one to another. Let G. now be the Centre, Then subtract I. G. and Q. D. cutting through C. I. in A. and F. then will I. A. or I. C. be alike to one of the lines, I. G. etc. because now Q. I. stands alike to I. G. as I. G. is alike to G. A. and by the fourth proposition of the sixth book, as Q. A. is alike to A. F. so also Q. G. is to G. D. or as I. G. is to G. A. the cube upon I. G. with the corpse which is made upon the quadrate I Q. as superficies, and the depth I C. are together alike to the corpse upon the Quadrate I Q. as superficies, and the depth to be three times the length of I. G. whence will follow, aswell by the corporal cutting of a die, as we have shown in our New Algebra which shall shortly God willing come out in English, as by Sectione Com. by which I. G. is found to make 28. ½— V 263. ¼ so doth E. F. or D. C. likewise, and lastly the Angle E. D. C. being divided into two equal parts by the precedent T. D. then you have the cutting of A. in the circumference out of Q. where your battery is to be cast up.  
Now whereas Mr Stampion hath not expressed the finding out of the face G. I. by reason of the little space contained therein, the more because he hath fully shown the Dissolution thereof in his new Algebra, we will here demonstrate the whole working thereof, how the face G. J. by his new Algebra annexed hereunto is to be found out.   

The operation.  
Setting down for G. I. x. so comes xxx + 31293 alike to 2700. x. or xxx— 2700. x like to— 31293. which is an equality in the third case of the Algebra of Mr. John Stampion, which being changed by the second case comes to be xxx— 2700 x. as 3129. is alike, out of this vacant number 31293. is extracted a Cubice-root, 2700. times, the side as Mr. Stampion teacheth in his new Algebra, pag. 112. and 113. comes the valuation of x 57 whereof the whole working shall here be set down as followeth.   

The finding out of the first Letter.  
  

The finding out of the second letter.  
 
This 57 is now the valuation of x as xxx 2700. x is like to 31293. for the same value the sign— set down cometh 57, for the least valuation of the equality then in xxx— 2700 x is alike to 31293. Now to find out by this 57 the length of the face, G. I. as followeth in the Rule fol. 138. of his new Algebra, that is, taking the half of 57 which is 28. ½ and multiply the same quadrate, and the product will be 812¼. whose triple is 2436 ¾. and being substracted out of 2700. the number x. remains 26; ¼ whose square root is V. 263. and being deducted from the half of 57 as being 28½ there remains 28½.— V263. for the length of the face G. I. and E. F. and D. C. doth as much also.   

Observe the manner of the Operation.  
    

A Dialogue. CHAPTER IX.  General. 
HAving brought your Approaches near unto a Town or a Forttesse, whether would you choose a Bulwark or a Curtain to be battered with your Ordnance?  Captain 
A. Town may be assaulted in divers places, sometimes you assault one side, when as you make your Battery on an other, Sometimes you choose a Bulwark, otherwhiles a Curtain to be battered, with this intention, to take in the Town, assoon as possible may be. As for me, if I were to take in a great Town which is populous, I had rather choose to batter a Curtain, than a Bulwark, which hath a high cat, or mount upon it: especially, seeing that in great Towns the Bulwarks lying one far from an other, they do show the skirt of the Curtain very open.  Gen. 
Why would you rather choose a Curtain then a Bulwark?  Capt. 
Because your Bulwarks are always stronger and better fortified then your Curtain, and being as it is the principal strength of a place, and better furnished with platforms, flanks, etc. will require more time, labour, and charge to batter then your Curtain.  Gen. 
But what General is so ill experienced, as to labour to batter a Curtain, having two strong Bulwarks on both sides of him, to flanker him when he is to put over his Gallery, and to give an assault upon the Curtain: peradventure for his labour and pains, he may be well beaten.  Capt. 
Soft (Good Sir,) Suppose that after a great deal of labour and pains you have battered a Bulwark, and falling up to the breach to assault it, you find it cut off, and an Enemy lodged in it, must you not then begin to sap forward again, to make a new battery, whereas on a Curtain there is not that means of cutting it off, as upon a large Bulwark.  Gen. 
Have you ever seen the experience of it?  Capt. 
Yes Sir, the Prince of Orange took in the Bosch by a Bulwark, and also Breda, but Mastricht was taken in by making a breach, and springing of a mine, upon the Curtain between Jonger Port and a bulwark, howsoever the Town of Cortes upon the frontiers of France, was first battered by the Archduke of Austria upon the point of a Bulwark, near unto the very joint of the Curtain, where a high, and a strong turret stood, which did annoy us much, so that we could not advance forward, but were constrained to leave off our approach on that side, and began to make a new Battery for a breach in a Curtain on the Field-side, where there lay a strong Bulwark to defend it, which did our men a great deal of harm, but wohsoever with great difficulty and much ado, we took in the Town that way, by lodging ourselves in the Curtain: Likewise the city of Cambray was battered, and taken in upon a Curtain, for all there were two strong Bulwarks that flanked it, which if we had run our line upon a Bulwark, we should not have forced it so soon, yea such an occasion might present itself, that a General may be forced to batter both the one and the other, or to find out some secret way by undermining a wall, and blowing it up with powder.  Gen. 
This is for your great Towns, but what say you to a Castle, a Cattadel, or some narrow Fortress, how will you go to work to take in those with the best advantage.  Capt. 
As for your Forts, and Castles, it is much better to batter them upon a mount or a Bulwark, then upon a Curtain: my reason is this, that in these your Bulwarks lying close one by an other, will flank one an other with the greater force, and hide the Curtain much better to defend it, so that one cannot so easily force it, if the said defences be not taken away.  Gen. 
Go to then; a Town then being to be battered, either upon a Curtain or a Bulwark how many pieces of Ordnance would you have to do it, and how, and in what manner would you place, and plant your Ordnance upon your batteries to make a good breach?  Captain 
To effect this, I would have 18. pieces of canon and half canon, (for lesser pieces for battery are now grown out of use).  Gen. 
Whether would you choose more whole canon or half canon?  Capt. 
To batter a place well either upon an stony or a earthy wall, you may assure yourself, the more whole canon you have, the greater and the moresufficient your breach will be: for your great battering pieces do spoil, and beat down any thing, which doth meet with their great force and violence: howsoever of late years, experience hath taught at divers sieges that your half Canon which are more portable, having good store of them, will do the business aswell as your whole canon.  Gen. 
But at what distance would you make your batteries, for these 18. piece. of Canons and how near unto the place, which you intent to batter.  Capt. 
I would counsel a General to approach as near unto that place as possible may be, and make his batteries some two or three hundred paces one from an other, and that if it were possible to advance covertly the Approach and sap, even up to the Counterscharfe, and very brink of the moat, to prepare a way for his Gallery: not only to batter that place being at hand with the greater force, but also to keep in, and hinder an Enemy from Sallying out upon the besiegers, to discover and dismount their Ordnance in Casemates, or if they have sunk any in their walls or Falsebray, and so to terrify them, that they dare not stir out.  Gen. 
I am also of your opinion, and hold it for good, yet I fear this will not be so soon done, and is sooner spoken, then executed, and that before you can bring your approach and sapp so far it will cost you warm blood, and a great many men's lives, if you have a stout Enemy within to deal withal, and one that is very Vigilant, and careful to stand upon his Guard, and his defence.  Capt. 
'tis true, this cannot be done without danger, and the loss of men, but he that is fearful must stay at home, and not come into the wars where there is neither place nor time, which doth free or exempt him from danger: yet the danger is not always so great, especially in such places, where you have Earth enough to work with, to cast up your sapps, and to heighten and deepen your Approaches, which will show you the more higher you find the ground in Approaching to the edge of the moat, the deeper trenches you may make and cover yourself by casting up of blinds continually, to keep you from the sight of the besieged, and it is better when you have brought your approach as it were under them, then if you were 200. or 300. paces distant from them.  Gene. 
I pray you Good Sir, how would you plant, and divide these 18. pieces of Canon?  Capt. 
I would make a great battery with 8. of them to beat upon a right line, either upon a Curtain or the point of a Bulwark (which the General shall find fittest) Two batteries with each 3. Canon to play slope-wise from the great battery as the ninth plate and 28. and 29. figures shows, and two batteries, with two half Canon a piece to play as it were crosswise upon the breach, and thus you see your 18. peeees planted upon 5. bateries, as you may observe in the ninth plate and the two figures of a Curtain and of a Bulwark following.  Gen. 
Good Sir tell me I pray you how many shot will these 18. pieces of Canon make in 10. hours, and how much powder will they require.  Capt. 
In 10. hours they may make some 1500. shot, and will require a matter of 25000. pound weight of powder, that is 150. barrels full, each barrel containing 160. pound weight in it.  Gen. 
You make your account then that every piece in the space of 10. hours is to shoot 80. shot, that is 8. shot an hour for every piece.  Capt. 
You may make 10 shot in an hour if you please, if your pieces be renforced, but as for your ordinary pieces, they have not mettailline substance enough to bear it: considering also that after you have made 40. shot out of a piece, it will be so heated, that it must have a cooling time, which must be at least an hour, for otherwise your piece being grown over hot, it may cause danger.  Gen. 
Me thinks that 80. shot for a piece in so long a time were too little, having often heard, that in that while, a piece may wellbe shot of 130. times, can you give me your resolution upon this?  Capt. 
I will tell you Sir what happened once in the Island of Bomble Anno 1599 we planted a piece by a mill, by which we did annoy the Enemy very much, so that they were forced to make a battery, and planted a whole Canon and a demy-canon upon it, seeking to dismount ours. Now shooting with this piece from four of the clock in the morning, till eleven toward noon, this piece had a cooling time the space of two hours, and about one of the clock, we began to play with it again, and continued shooting with it till 4. a clock in the afternoon: but this piece being not able to endure the force and heating of so many shot, we were constrained to leave off with it and yet ceased not shooting with our other pieces from an other battery by command from Don Lewes de Valasco General of our Ordnance, and shooting croswise with some other of our pieces, we put the Enemies two pieces to silence in the space of an hour, a Soldier of ours standing by, was curious to keep a taily of the number of all the shot we made from the morning till four a clock in the afternoon, and showed me 80. notches, which deducting the two hours cooling, our piece planted at the mill made 8 shot in an hour, which was as much as could be required of it.  
Senior Diego Vffano give your Translator leave to interrupt you a little, and so to conclude this discourse. If you remember at the siege of Ostend which you mention often in your Chapters and dialogues you were without, and I was within the Town, that on the seventh of January Anno 1602. Stilo Novo, After Sir Francis Vere of famous memory (who defended and kept the Town against you) had deluded you with a Parley, only to gain time, and to make up our Canon and Sea-beaten works, along the skirt of the old Town, his highness the Archduke resolved to assault us, and that morning began to batter Sandhill and Schotenburgh, to make a breach for you against that night, with intent to Assault us (as you did) and to have entered the Town, and have put us all to the sword, the Relation whereof you shall hear in the end of this book. Now you had placed and planted your 20. pieces of Canon to batter them in this manner, 8. from your battery at the foot of the downs, 8. from a battery on the right hand of the downs, 6. more which you had made upon the sand, and as it were raised out of the sea: the first shot upon the breach in a right line, and the other 2. slopewise, as your two figures following do demonstrate. These 20. pieces of Canon towards noon had a cooling time, for a matter of some 2. hours, just as you have said, and afterward you began to batter the breach and old Town again, till it was almost twilight, and then they cooled again, till you were ready to give us an assault, and before you fell on as I do well remember, you shot of one of your Canons with a hollow bullet which flew over the Town and made a great humming noise as a warning piece to the Count of Bucquoy, who lay on the East side, that you were then ready to fall on, and that he should do the like, this was your Signal: Now General Vere knowing well your intent, gave order to the Gentleman of our Ordnance who had the guard upon Sandhill, that he should keep a true taily, and an account of all the shot you made that day with your 20. pieces of Canon upon the breach and the old Town which being cast up, there were found to be made that day from morning till night 2200. shot, which was found to be an 110. shotfor every piece, and 11 shot an hour for every piece, which is more than 8. but I verily believe your pieces were renforced. This by the way, and so I return again to your own dialogue.  Gen. 
(Good Sir) I pray you show me how you would batter the point of a Bulwark (as the figure 28. following demonstrates,) and give me some reasons aswell defensive as offensive.  Capt. 
I am willing to give your Lordship content, and say, If I were to batter the point of a Bulwark or a Bastion, I would have the same number of battering Canon, and planted in the same for me and manner as they were for the Curtain and to shoot sloop and crosswise also, and if your approaches were advanced so far they should be planted upon the very brink of the moat and upon the Counterscharfe, I would plant 4. of them so, that they should dismount the Enemy's Canon in their Casemates, or any if they had sunk them in their Falsebray which should wait upon that occasion.  Gen. 
I am of your mind and prefer such a battery before all others who are of the opinion that they had rather choose a Curtain then a Bulwark to be battered.  Capt. 
You have heard my reasons for that, and see the figures following traced out to you. But as for your Bulwark the besieged may cut it off (as you may mark in the figurs of retrenchments and Cuttings off in the second part of this book) for indeed it will be a hard matter to force an Enemy out of a Bulwark, who is resolved to lose it by piecemeal and degrees and there is not so much danger in assaulting of a Curtain, which being once well battered and beaten down with your Ordnance, you have an easier way and entrance to fall on with your troops of men, to enter the Town or Fortress, but for the defence which is made from your flanking Bulwarks, or your Casemates, you must make batteries upon the brink of the moat against them, (as is said) to dismount the Enemy's pieces, and to flanker with your Ordnance the parapets of the Bulwarks to beat them about their ears, that the bulwarks may lie the more open to you, and I think this way is the least danger.  Gen. 
But the besieged their cuttings off, may they not be made aswell upon a Curtain as upon a Bulwark?  Cap. 
No, for the Rampire being thinner, you have neither so much ground, nor the like accommodation in a Curtain as in a Bulwark, and indeed, a Governor of a town or of a fortress if he were put to his choice, had rather to be assaulted on a Bulwark (then on a Curtain) by cutting it off into the form of a half moon, that he might make a new resistance, and defend it with a less number of men: Besides, in a Bulwark the besieged have this advantage over the Assailants, which is very dangerous for them, that they may make a mine within the bowels of their Bulwark, when an enemy shall attempt to assault it, and thinking to enter the breach, and take the town, they may be blown up into the air by a countermine, the like also may happen to the besieged, the Assaillants springing their mine also in a Bulwark, when they think they stand upon their best defence.  Gen. 
May not the like be done also in a Curtain?  Cap. 
No, It will not take the like effect as in a Bulwark, for a breach being once made in a Curtain, for as an enemy may assault it at large, so they may bring a greater number of men to fight to help to defend it, whereas in a bulwark they are penned up and straighted in a narrow place, which may be cut off, and will require a fewer number of men to defend it, whereas those which are to force it, must be constrained to bring up a great many men to assault, who in an instant may be in danger of blowing up.  Gen. 
Your reasons (good Captain) are not to be slighted, but as for me, I hold it safer to batter and assault the breach of a bulwark then of a curtain. For though the besieged may cut it off, and defend it with a fewer number of men, yet the Assaulters have this advantage over the besieged defendants, that they have more place and elbow room, and may find a less resistance then in a Curtain, seeing that one may make as great a breach in a Bulwark, as in a Curtain, because your Ordnance may beat it flat and level with the ground, and choosing rather a Bulwark: I will here with conclude this discourse, and now show you the figures both of the one and of the other in this plate following.  
  

HOW A CANONIER AUGHT TO GOVERN himself in making of a good shot. CHAP. X.  
AN occasion may happen sometimes, that a piece must be curiously, and justly Leveled, especially, when one is to dismount an enemy's piece, which lies in some secret port hole or Casemate, which may hinder and annoy the Besiegers of a town, or Fortress. It behoves then a good Gunner, to know well the condition and quality of his piece, having had the trial of it many times. For it is impossible, that a canonier can, let him be never so expert, know what his piece will do before he hath practice and experience of it. He must not shoot at all adventures, neither must he in charging of it, ram and stop the powder too hard, but that it may take fire in the twinkling of an eye, and that his piece may not recoil to much, for it is most certain, the less the powder is rammed in, the less will be the recoiling of the piece, and the easier is the shot. The like consideration must he also observe in his bullet, that it be not driven in too hard, but that it lies gently in the mould, and have such vent as is requisite. Finally, he must lay his piece by the Quadrant above taught, and Level as they ordinarily use to do, taking his aim just in the midst of the frizes, having marked well with a small file the point or button of the sight, and this may be done very easily, if he hath a care to prevent all the accidents reckoned up in the 9 Chapter especially, those which makes a piece shoot aside, considering that a good shot makes a Canonier to be beloved and respected.  
The fittest pieces for this effect are your ordinary cannons, demi and quarter canon, your culverins, demi and quarter.  
Such a good shot the General ought to take notice of, and to recompense such a Canonier liberally, not only to encourage him that made it, but also the other canoniers to do the like Lewes' Collade in his manuel practice writeth, that at the Siege of Sienna there was a piece planted upon the Lead, or walking place of the great church which overlooked the Besiegers approaches and did them much harm, and though many shot were made at it, yet they could not dismount it, till at last there was a German canonier found, which at the very first shot, did not only dismount it, but also shot the canonier, and some that stood by him, making their Legs and arms fly up into the air. Which the marquis of Martinia, General of that Army seeing, it pleased him so much, that he took a chain of gold from off his neck, and gave it to this Canonier, which had made so brave a shot, which did not only encourage this canonier, but also stirred up others thereby to gain the like recompense and reputation, when as occasion might present itself.  
The like was done also (though not of that account) at the siege of Ostend, There was a boat, which would come through the channel into the Town, and running in, the rudder was shot off by one of our canon bullets, whereat the shippers were much affrighted, and withal let their anchor fall, and were glad to save themselves by swimming into the town, leaving so their boat riding at an Anchor between the dike and the Town, which Marquis Spinola perceiving, enquired among his Captains if there were ever a soldier so venturous as to swim to the boat and cut the cable of it, for which he should not only be advanced but also he should be liberally rewarded. Upon this there were many brave soldiers offered to do it: but when it came to the push, and had stripped themselves to go into the water, the enemy within poured so volley of shot upon them, that they began to flinch and grow faint-hearted, the Marquis being loath to venture his men, and to employ so great a courage for so small a matter, called them back again. But at last there came an excellent canonier considering aswell the service that he might do to his Marie, as the pleasure which the marquis might take in it: offered himself, and entreated me being then General of the Ordnance, that I would be pleased to give him leave, that he might make some shot at it, with promise, that within two or three shot he would shoot the cable asunder, and make the boat come floating to us to the downs side.  
Upon this I gave him leave, though I feared, both powder, and bullets would be misspent: with the first shot he miss, but with the second he strake the cable in pieces: so that the boat indeed came floating to us. This brave shot pleased the marquis exceedingly, and commending this canonier greatly, gave him a good piece of gold, or two & besides promised to advance him.  
It is true Senior Diego Vffano, your translator being then page unto General Francis Vere, who then commanded within this Town, was then a spectator of it, and Sir Francis Vere and divers Officers which looked on, commended also your Canonier highly, for making so brave a shot, but I will put you in mind of two or three other, more famous than that. If you remember, there lay a whole Canon of ours upon the West Bulwark, which carried a bullet of 48. or 49 pound weight, and as it was a brave piece, so had it an excellent Canonier, one Francis Nelson an Englishman, who served Queen Elizabeth, of ever blessed Memory, in the Brill, he shooting so sure with it, that he dismounted 2. or 3. of your pieces which were planted upon your high Cat upon the Downs, for a revenge you did make a battery of 2. or 3. Canon to dismount our piece, and one of your Canoniers made so good a shot, that he shot his bullet just into the very bore or month of our Canon, ours being charged, your bullet and ours striking together in our Canon, from that violent blow flew sparks which gave fire to some loose corns of powder which were not well driven home, and so our piece giving fire to itself, sent you back your own bullet, and ours to accompany it, without breaking or doing any harm to our piece, and this is most true, for there are some Officers yet living that saw it.  
The second was this, you had a half Canon that endeavoured to dismount one of ours, which also sought to dismount yours, both Canoniers having leveled their pieces as right as possibly they could, and giving fire at an instant together, your bullet and ours meeting one another in the air, with the violence of that encounter, both bullets breaking, the pieces of them flew up as high into the Air as Paul's steeple, if Vandermyle the Controller of the State's Ordnance were alive, he could tell you that this strange shot is true, aswell as I  
And now you are a discoursing, I will truly relate two or three more unto you which came from your Cat, Some of our Runaways could tell and show you almost in what house General Vere lay in Ostend, and you had a shrewd spite at him, for some days you have shot eight or nine Canon shot through the upper part of his lodging, and one night amongst the rest, having been the round, for he was very vigilant and careful to look to your proceedings, and by all means possible to hinder your approaches, coming home after Sun rising, when he knew there was no danger, he went to take his rest for 3. or 4. hours, and lay down and slept upon his bed in an upper chamber, awaking he called for a clean shirt, and while his footman was airing of it before a Charcoal fire in the Chimney, while one that was then his Page was a pulling a silk quilted waistcot over his ears, and calling for the shirt to put it over his head, his footman coming with it, just came a Canon bullet of nine and forty pound weight, through a winescot bedstead just by Sir Francis Vere and his Page, the Lackey coming with the shirt, shot both his bowels and the shirt to pash, which blood light and sprang on him and his page: Was not this a narrow escape?  
After this Sir Francis Vere would lie no more in this upper chamber, but removed his own lodging to another lower Room, howsoever from your high Cat or Mount you could find us out again. For a while after, Sir Francis Vere going every night the Round, and visiting the Guards without the Town, to discover how you did advance your approaches, and to make you buy that ground full dearly, The Sun being up came home to take his wont rest, till ten a clock before noon, making our nights the days, and part of the day our night, for a resting time The same page after Sir Francis Vere had called for him, came into his chamber, and having a little firkin standing by the hearth, in taking up a few Charcoal ashes into it, comes an other Bullet of some 48 pound weight from your Cat, shoots through the utmost part of the chimney, a little above the mantle tree, and the bullet having come through a good part of the forehouse, and being somewhat deadened, falls just by the pages ears, into the very firkin, which the page was a putting the ashes into, broke it, and made a dint upon the hearth, all the ashes flying out, the page giving a leap towards his Master's bed, for we could scarce see one another, because the ashes made such a dust, and presently fell down above twenty great brickbats, which the bullet had loosened in the chimney (had he not leapt away) upon his head, this was an other escape, but for a revenge the page got one of Sir Francis Vere's sentinels, that stood in the street before his door, to crew up this bullet in a wheel-barrow up to the west bulwark, to the English Canonier before mentioned, and because you write in your former Dialogue, that one bullet may fit the Calibre or bore of another piece, this bullet fitted so justly our Canon above mentioned to a a hair, which was sent going to you again, piping hot out of our Canon to your Cat: and he made so good a shot, that I verily believe, he sent some of you to Purgatory, for we could discover some Arms and Legs which flew up into the Air, and so you were paid with your own coin.  
One or two more, and then I have done, You may remember the seventh of january, that day which you did batter Sandhill, and the skirt of the old Town afore mentioned, for all your often shooting, yet there was one half Canon lay upon it, not far from your breach undismounted. The same page, after he had taken his Level, gave fire upon two Horses and a Wagon which came riding along the strand from Albertus' Sconce, towards your Pile Battery, it seems laden with powder or bullets, he made so direct a shot, that he struck his mark, killed one of your horses, and the Wagon shot a pieces. The page being overjoyed with this shot, he would needs make an other, and whiles he was a levelling his piece at an other mark, one of your Canoniers turns a piece aside from the Pile Battery, and shoots just in at the very porthole of our half Canon, and came so right, that it licked off a pound or two of the mettle of the Muzzle upon the upper Frizes of our half Canon, some pieces of this mettle killed a Gentleman that stood by as a spectator, and shot Sir John Ogles Cook into his belly, which was there likewise, but the page which stood behind the brich, a levelling the piece with his thumb, escaped, and had no harm, but your bullet flying by his ear made such a humming noise in his head, that he thought there had been a swarm of Bees in it. This I have written, not for any Ostentation, but only to show you how miraculously (yea even in the greatest dangers) God can preserve his servants, according to his promise: Psal. 90. verse 7. A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand, yet it shall not come nigh thee.  
One more, and then I will end my digression: at the last siege of the Bosch the year we took it in, Anno 1629. We having advanced our approaches close under your little Sconce, a musketteir of ours, putting the nose of his Musket through the Musket baskets to give fire, one of your Firelocks lying upon the snap for him, gave fire upon him just at the very same instant, and shot his firelock bullet right into the very mouth or boor of his musket, so that the bullet striking against the screw of his brich, burst open the touchhole of his musket, and a piece of the bullet came out of the said touchhole, while the Prince of Orange, Sir Horace Vere, Colonel General of the English, and divers other Officers stood by, and thus you see how wonderfully it pleased God sometimes to preserve his creature.  
Now I come to you again, where you exhort all Master-Gunners, and Canoniers, that will study this Art, that they with great care and diligence practise these rules abovesaid, for the levelling, aiming, and taking their marks right, remembering, that there is more dexterity, and cunning to be shown in shooting at a ship, sailing away swiftly before the wind then at a Troop of Horse, or Men marching softly upon the Land, or to dismount a piece planted upon a Tower or a Bulwark, where you have an immovable mark, especially when as you are to shoot upward.  
This Art must be learned and practised, when you have not much to do, that when necessity calls for your employment, you may then not only be able to do your Prince and Country service against their Enemies, but also gain yourself fame and reputarion.  
Now having treated at large in the former Chapter, how you shall level your piece point blank, level with the mettle or at a range; according to the elavation you give it, To shut up all, take this observation along with you, that if the muzzle of your piece, or the button of it be higher than those of the brich, than it will carry over, Again, if you take your aim from the button resting only upon the thickness of the Mettaline-substance, your bullet will always fall short. But if your frizes, be alike, aswell at the muzzle as at your brich, than you shall be sure to shoot level with the mettle of your piece, & shall not fail to strike the mark you shoot at if it lies within the terms of the points above esaid.  

NOW AND IN WHAT MANNER A GENERAL OF THE Ordnance ought to plant his Canon in a day of Battle, whereby he may most annoy an Enemy.  
Lutracted out of the second Treatise of Don Diego Vffano his fifth Dialogue between the General of the Ordnance, and a Captain, as followeth.  General, 
SIR, I would fain know of you, how Ordnance ought to be placed in a Day of Battle, for to gall the Enemy most?  Captain, 
I make no question but your Lordship having had experience in the Wars of Savoy and Hungary, can tell better than I am able to speak, and if I should use a tedious discourse, it might then seem that the Scholar might presume to teach his Master.  Gen. 
Howsoever, in such a case I would willingly take the advice of an old experienced Soldier, and especially of such a one, who hath served in these parts. As for me, I dare not boast of any great experience, having had enough to do to look unto my own affairs, neither have I had much leisure to inform myself well about Artillery. But now seeing I am to receive that charge upon me, I pray you tell me, as a man who hath been beaten thereunto, and hath had long experience in the Wars, how they do use to plant Ordnance in these quarters.  Capt. 
Sir, There hath been but a few battels fought in these parts, and to speak truly I am not able to satisfy you touching this point. Nevertheless, I will tell you what I have seen in two, wherein I was present. In the one the Ordnance was planted in the head of the Battalions, and in the other between them, two by two, and three by three, upon the flanks and wings of the Musketeers, and blinded with the wings of the cavalry. But as for me, I am of the opinion that it is best to plant some pieces in the front of the Army, which may play upon the Enemy's troops on all sides: seeking out always for this effect, some places of advantage to place them in, that you may not be in danger of losing your pieces. And though you cannot get such an advantage, yet your pieces being in the head of your Battle, will be of less service, because when you are to come to the Chock and joining of Battles, they may in some wise annoy your own men, which I saw in one of these Battles abovesaid.  Gen. 
Therefore I think it were fitter they should be placed upon both the flanks, and in the Rear of the Battalions, by leaving a free place of Arms, which may give no offence to our own men.  Capt. 
I can hardly believe (Illustrious Sir) that that would be so expedient, for an Enemy perceiving that the Front is left bare without Ordnance, he will take the more courage to fall on, and come up to the charge: Therefore, I hold it more fitting, that the Artillery may be divided some here some there, both before the Front, and upon the Flanks, placed some fifty or an hundred paces one from another, and then there will be no danger when the Enemy shall come up to Chock, to encounter you, or offend our own men, especially when they are fastened to them by drawing-Ropes and iron Rings, that upon an instant they may be removed and turned for the advantage of our own Troops, and give fire as fast as they can charge and discharge among the Enemy's Troops, which is a matter of great moment for the obtaining of a Victory.  
But it happens very seldom that such convenient places can be found for the planting of Ordnance in a Battle, as were to be wished, for oftentimes one shall be driven of necessity to make choice of such places as the ground will afford, by reason of woods, hills, marish grounds, and such like disadvantageous places as you may meet withal, and for which one can give no certain rule, but that the General by his wisdom and discretion may make choice of the best advantages, which may annoy the Enemy most, and give the least offence to his own men, either by dazzling them by the sun, the raising of Dust, and which way the wind drives the smoke, both of Ordnance and small shot, which though little in themselves, yet may prove to his men great impediments and disadvantageous. But leaving these things, we will now return again to our former discourse, because your Lordship is of the opinion that the Ordnance ought rather to be planted upon the wings and flanks of the Battailions then otherwise, which I dare not approve of, in regard that when the Troops are to encounter with the Enemy, and come up to the charge, our own men may be more annoyed by our own Ordnance (which may breed a confusion) than the Enemies; when as the wings of our horse which are upon the flanks shall come up to charge the enemy, so that our own pieces might puzzle them greatly, when as they are to play from the flanks, besides the mischief which might happen among our own men. Therefore one ought to be very careful and circumspect in planting them, and this is that which out of my own experience I am able to say upon this question. Wherefore I do advise every Captain of the Ordnance, and Master-Gunners, to use some light field pieces, and small Drakes, which upon every occasion may be removed from one place to another, and courageously advanced to the places of most advantage, which might offend the Enemy.  Gen. 
Sir, The reasons you use have given me good satisfaction, but I pray you resolve me of one thing more, that is, how a General of the Ordnance ought to carry himself in the day of Battle.  Capt. 
In such a time the General is to show most his wisdom, discretion and experience, which chiefly consists herein, that he and his Lieutenant keep their train together in good order, to have a vigilant eye upon all accidents that may fall out, and to make choice of such ground for the planting of his Ordnance as the General of the Army and he shall think best, to see that all things be in a readiness, the Ordnance well placed, and that the master-Gunners, Gentlemen of the Ordnance, and Canoniers do their best endeavour, and acquit themselves like men. It is partly also his charge to see that the whole Army be well provided with Munition, as powder, bullets, and match, because the Ammunition marches under his Train, He is to be near the General of the Army upon all occasions, to receive his directions and commands, and to see them executed speedily, and to know of him after what forr ● he will make his Battle, that he may plant his Ordnance accordingly, and so to find out hills and heights, to play over his own men, and offend the Enemy most. And when an Enemy shall present himself, and come up to the charge, to draw and plant his Ordnance as near their horse as possible may be, to hinder them from breaking in upon the divisions of foot, taking along with him Saylors and Pioniers to help to draw up the Ordnance, and sufficient guards to defend them, and this is that which in so great a business is the charge and duty of the General of the Ordnance, and which may be required of him.  Gen. 
Captain, This discourse hath pleased me well, and given me good contentment, and I am glad that I met with you upon this occasion. Adieu.    

THE TENTH CHAPTER.  
TREATING OF THE DIVERS SORTS OF BRIDGES used in the service of the Lords the States of the United Provinces.  
MAny a brave occasion in the wars hath been lost for want of Bridges to pass over a River a Brook, or a Moat, therefore the States for any piece of service, have always divers bridges in a readiness, both small and great. The smaller sort for any sudden enterprise, or for putting over the moat of a Town, a Hom-work, or a Half moon are 3. as first a Cork bridge now not in use, secondly a Bulrush bridge, the pieces whereof are ten foot long, and six or seven foot broad, that four men may go over them in Front, described unto you in my second part in the Chapter of Approaches, figure 159. whereof many pieces being joined fast together with ropes and Anchors, will lay a bridge over a moat, a brook, or a ditch for men to pass over, the third sort is a wicker, or a basket bridge, as shall be hereafter described.  
Moreover they have three sorts of other Bridges, namely, a small boat bridge, with beams, planks, roaps and anchors, which are carried upon long wagons in the Army, whereof you may see one of them in this treatise, chapter the third, figure ten, of these we have commonly twelve, that goes along with our Army upon a long waggon, drawn with 15. couple of horses, and a Thillet horse.  
Besides those above mentioned, there are two great bridges, the one called a punt bridge, which is laid longwaies, end to end over the Rhine, or any other great River, and the other a Maze schip bridge, as you shall see in the figure following.  
Command then being given to the Captain of the Bridges and his men, for the first they lad Ordnance, and all manner of equipage in those great Punts, as beams, planks, cordage, cables, anckors, windlasses, winches, and all other necessaries, to bring them up to the Rendezvous.  
Now when the Captain of the Bridge is to lay a great Punt bridge over the Rhine, or the Whale, as at Nemegen, Schencksconce, Wesell, or at Rhenebergh, taking first the breadth, and distance of the River from the one side to the other, they can easily give a guess, how many of these punts being 50 foot long, and 10. foot broad, will serve to reach over the River. The first punt then being laid longwise from the edge of the one side of the River being fastened to two great Stakes (and Anckers) driven into the ground, they then lay at the furthest end of the first punt. and other punt laying Brush at both ends of the punts, which rises and falls, that horse and wagons may pass over them, and always fasten and bind them together with ropes and cables which stays the punts, by casting out anchors and cables into the stream, to hold them fast together, and thus they do till they have laid over 15. or 16. of these long punts which will reach over from the one to the other side of the river, at the end whereof there are cast up two half moons, (if it be not near a Town, and a Steckado or two Gates made, that none may pass over it without leave, having always a guard to defend it and keep it from burning.  
Number 37 is the figure of a piece of a basket Bridge, such a one as was used at our last enterprise upon Hulst, made of wicket, about the bigness of ones middle finger, with supporters of wickers within it, as hedges, a foot distant one from another, to strengthen it, and help it from bending, when one goes over it, being also matted in the bottom, and covered round about with waxed Canvas, being carried between two men, with two cool staves some 13 foot long, as two men carries a hand barrow, being laid crosswise piece to piece, and fastened together with ropes, and at both ends anckors, the length whereof from a to b is 6. foot, and the breadth from c to d two foot and a half, and is a foot in height, so that 2 men in front may go over a moat upon any surprisal of a Town.  
Number 38 is a Maze bridge laid crossewaies, such a one as our Army passed over the Maze at the Grave, Venlo, and Mastricht, having beams some 15 or 16 foot long, and cross beams over the Maze schips, with planks from the one side of the river to the other, and is held fast together by cables and anckors, as the figure following of such a bridge doth demonstrate.  
Number 39 is the figure of a Mathematical Horse watermill, first invented by Vitrivius, and is of singular use for the draining out of water in Marish grounds and places, being drawn but with one horse, as the figure demonstrates, and by relieving it with fresh horses and a Driver may go night and day: the experience whereof we saw at the siege of the Bosch, what abundance of water twenty of them drained out of the overflown Meadows and the River of the Dummell, which did help and further our Approaches greatly.  
Number 40. is the figure of a Water Scope, made after this manner following, first you take three long pools or Sparrs, and at the top bind them together with a match or a Cord, from the top whereof descends an other Cord, which is bound fast to the haste of the Scope, as you may see, and the feet of the Sparrs put into the ground Triangular wise, with which you see the figure of a man casting water out of a moat or a ditch. This plate P following will show you the Figures of all that is said above.  

THE DEMONSTRATION OF A COPPER OVEN, A KNEADING Trough, and a Bread Chest, with the appurtenances thereunt o belonging.  
NVmber 41. is the figure of a new invented Copper Oven, set upon three Iron chimneys for the baking of bread for an Army, having at both ends two mouths or doors, which opens and shuts, whereof the length of one of them from a to b is nine foot long, the breadth from c to d is three foot, the height from e to f to the top is a foot and a half, and the bottom upon which the bread bakes marked g h is two foot and a half. This Oven (as is said) stands upon three Iron chimneys, noted 1. into which fuel and turf is put to heat this Oven, how many loafes, and pounds of bread it will bake in three hours, the list following will show you.  
Number 42. is the figure of a Kneading Trough, which from k to i is seven foot long, and from m to n is two foot broad, the ledge or cover o is three foot high, and the bottom p is almost two foot broad, to this kneading trough, you must have water pails, dow knives, peeles, to draw out the batches of bread, and all other necessaries belonging to a Baker.  
Number 43. is the figure of a Bread chest very useful in the wars for the carrying of Bread and Biscuit upon a march, whereof the length from q to r is eight foot long, the breadth from s to 't is four foot long, the height from u to w is three foot to the Cover, and the roof or Cover from w to x is likewise three foot high. This Bread-chest being set up a waggon, and drawn with three lusty horses, will carry a thousand, yea twelve hundred pounds of bread or biscuit, if need require the Figures follow.   

THE DEMONSTRATION OF MATERIALS USED IN OUR WARS FOR the making of Trenches, Approaches, Saps, and works of Fortification, as followeth.  

Number 44. is a short plated shovel to work in a Sapp or in a Gallery.  
Number 45. is a long plated shovel.  
Number 46. is an Iron Crow, or a Goat's foot.  
Number 47. is a Hatchet to cut wood with.  
Number 48. is a Mattock.  
Number 49. is a spade with plated iron.  
Number 50. is a Sod-Spitter.  
Number 51. is a Pickaxe.  
Number 52. is a two handed Rammer to drive Palisades into the Ground.  
Number 53. is a wheelbarrow to carry earth and Sodds in, for the making up of works Palisades of two sorts you shall find in my second part in the chapter of Approaches. figure 166.  
And Freeze Ruyters or Turne-Pikes in the same chapter, figure 165. And foot angles or foot tanternailes in the same chapter figure 147.  
All other warlike preparations, and neceessaries you shall find in the list following.   
  

The Office, and charge of the General, or Master of the Ordnance, and all other Officers subordinate under his Train of Artillery Munition, and Victuals, as the particular lists of all preparations, and necessaries belonging to an Army shall be here demonstrated.  
THe General or Master of the Artillery (as is shown in my second part of the chief officers of the field pag. 9) is a very honourable charge and hath command and super intendencie over all the Ordnance, Arms, Munitions, Engines, Materials & Instruments for work, yea, of all things belonging to the Ordnance, and hath also absolute Command over all Inferior Officers appertaining to the Train of the Ordnance, as over the Lieutenant of The Ordnance, The Controller, The Clerk, of the Ammunition, and Materials, The Gentlemen, of the Ordnance, and Master Gunners, Canoniers, Armores, Engineers, The Captains of the Pyonters, and Mineurs, over all Smiths. Carpenthers, and wheel writes, over all Artificers, and Handie-crafts-men, and all such as do attend upon the tràine of the Artillery, Munition, and Materials. And when the Army is to go into the field, he sends his wartants and patents out to all officers under his Charge, to meet him at the Rendezvous.  
Now for the better help, and discharging of his office, he hath a Lieutenant of the Ordnance allowed him, who in his absence hath absolute command also over this Train, and is given him as an assistant, to help him in the execution of his Commands.  
And because the General, or Master of the Ordnance, is commanded in his Commission, and particular Instruction, to keep a perfect account of all great, and small pieces of ordnance, Equipages, Munitions, Materials, etc. he hath allowed him a Controller of the Ordnance, which Controller is obliged, and bound to keep a pertinent list of all the pieces of ordnance great & small in the Arsenals, and Magazines, belonging to the Land, registering the weight of them, the Arms, and other things, that stand upon them, as likewile what weight every bullet is, which every piece of ordnance doth shoot, who cast them, how they came to belong unto the Land, moreover, to keep notice of all Carriages, wheels, plated, or unplated, yea off all thingselfe belonging to the train of the Artillery, as may appear more at large in his Instruction.  
Unto this Train of the ordnance there are allowed two Commisses, or Clerks, one for all things appertaining to the ordnance, The other over the Munition, Arms, Materials, Tools, and over all other necessaris, belonging to the Army, as shall appear in the list following.  
The Council of State, having resolved for the field, they send for the Controller of the ordnance, and gives him a list of all necessaries belonging to the Canon, where of the Controller delivers a copy of it to the Clerk of the ordnance, who receives charge to take on certain Conductours to the number of some 40, that by their help and care, all things contained in the list, may be in good order taken out of the Arsenals and Magazines of the Land, and to see them well embarked, or put upon wagons to be brought with all expedition to the Rendezvous appointed, and because the Ordnance, Munitions, and Materials may be taken out of several Towns and Magazines, he gives to every conductor his charge in writing, to lad such Ordnance, Munition, & Meterials, in those places as he is appointed which they are to ship, and bring them up to the place designed, as they will enswere to the contrary, if any thing should be lost.  

A List, or Supposition. What Ordnance, Munition, materials, and other necessaries, are useful to be carried into the field with an Arime, as followeth.  
IMprimes for battery 6. whole Canons reinforced, 14 Demy Canons reinforced, 6 long Field pieces, carrying a bullet of o lb. weight, 16 short Demy Drakes, of 24 lb. bullet, 12 quatre Canon Drakes of 12 lb. bullet, 12 short Drakes, or Sakers of 6 lb. bullet, & 14 small Drakes of 3 lb. bullet making in all 80.  
For o whole Canon spare Carriages, 6 for the 14 demi Canon Drakes 8 for the quarter Canon Drakes, 6. for the Faulconets, and saker Drakes 12, facit in all 29.  
Spare Ship Carriages for these several pieces of Ordnance 20.  
Spare wheels proportionally for the Ordnance above speecifyed of all sorts. 20.  
Fore-waggons, or Carriages 80.  
Spare wheels for the fore said Carriages 22.  
Block wagons & long wagons to lay, ordnance on, 25.  
Spare fore and after wheels 12.  
Spare Thillers for the Block wagone 3.  
Spare long wagons for the Block wagons 2.  
Spare Axeltrees, and draughts 3.  
Sledges, to draw ordnance on 8.  
Fearnes, or windlaces complete 8.  
Eshellets, ormartinets. 6.  
Iron Crows, or Goats feet, handspikes, and levers of all soorts. 20.  
Brass pulleys, or truckles 20.  
Winches, or the Endless screws 12.  
Iron bolts. 10.  
Spare kanns of Salett oil, for the Engines abovesaid 6.  
Tarr, or grease boxses, 25.  
Spare hoggs-grease for the Carriages. 1300.  
For every piece of these Ordnauce abovesaid, three ladies, three Rammers, and 3 sponges a piece facit 240.  
Sponge Copper nails 1200.  
Sheep skins, to make sponges off 400.  
Wooden levers for the Ordnance 50.  
Iron Crows 20.  
For 6 whole Canons bullets of 48 lb. 2000  
For 14 demi Canons, bullets of 24 lb. 3000.  
For 6 field pieces, o ● demi culverin of 12 lb. 1500.  
For 16 Faulconets of 6 lb. bullet 1000  
For the Demy Canon Drakes of 24 lb. 2500.  
For the quarter Canon drakes of 22 lb. 2100.  
For the Sakers of 6 ib. bullet 2100.  
For the small drakes of 3 lb. bullet 2200.  
The Gabinen and Canon bassketts, are made in the Field, some 6. or 6. and a half foot high, and 3. foot in dyamiter, and costs 18. sts. d'peece Latton, Boxses for the cartredge shoot for every piece 100 facit in all 4000  
Powder for these 80 pieces of ordnance 400000 lb.  
Match in Bundles 300000.  
Pouch-Barrils for the charging of ordnance with each a wooden hammer, and his dich 80.  
Haire-cloaths 100  
Hurdles to plant ordnance on which are stiff 500  
Hand Barrowes 50.  
Musket Baskets of all soorts. 1200.  
Wooden hoockes 20.  
Thiller Harnase complete 150.  
Spare ropes & other harnase. 150.  
Plated cross staves for the drawing ropes after every couple of horses 189.  
Whip cord to bind with all 1000 pair.  
Horse collars. 800.  
Drawing ropes of 40 fathom a piece 30.  
Half drawing ropes 30.  
Steering-roapes 60.  
Windlasse Ropes 8.  
Strycking ropes 8.  
Drawing lines ●0.  
Neck lines to draw up shipping, or use full about ordnance 40.  
Ramming blocks to drive in piles, in the ground 12.  
Small Rammers to drive in piles 10.  
Spare ropes 12.  
Great Iron hammers 7.  
Beams, and underlayers for platforms, and other uses. 10. foot long 500  
Planks for bedding & other uses 4000  
Sparres 6000.  
Spades 1000  
Showells 2000  
Axses 500  
Hatches 500  
Hand bills 500  
Pick axses 300.  
Mattocks 300.  
Iron hammers for the Greacers of ordnance 12.  
Lanterns 30 lb.  
Candlet 300.  
Frie-lights to put in pitched roopes 20.  
Leather pails to quench fry with all 30.  
Canvas pieces, to make blinds with 30.  
Pack thread 20.  
Sail yarn 4 lb.  
Firkins of ronnd pitched roopes 12.  
Bolts, and clenchers for the Axeltrees of Carriages, and the Block-waggons 60.  
Bolts for the Thiller carriages 60.  
Bolts and clenchers for the long wagons 60.  
After hooks for the carriages 20.  
After Nails 50.  
Spare clenchers and wedges for the ordnance 40.  
Wedges for the block and long wagons 160.  
Small shires, with bolts and rings 100  
Shires with chains 30.  
Nails for the bolts 150.  
Great iron Nails 150.  
Iron Staples 100  
Latton Boxses with cartriedge shot 1000  
Tow of divers sorts 100 lb.  
Bundles of ropes and Cordage 10.  
Nails 8 ynches long 600.  
Nails 7 ynches long 2000  
Nails 6 ynches long 6000.  
Nails 5 ynches long 12000.  
Double sizd nails 20000.  
Single sized nails 20000.  
Small nails and lath nails of all sorts 20000.  
Bundles of bar iron 400 lb.  
Plate iron, and small bars for smiths 3000 lb.  
Of stave steel 1000 lb.  
Item all smith's Tools, and vtensiles.  
All Carpenrers Tools, as many as shallbe need full.  
Two great Mortars, mounted upon their Carriages.  
One small Mortar for each 100 granades of 160 lb. fore he great, and 100 granadoes of 20 lb. for the esser.  
Hand granadoes to cast into saps, trenches, and works.   

A list of some other Materials, and necessaires, which the Clerk of the Materials uses to carry with him to the Field, to make a Magazine of in the Army as followeth.  
Powder for Musketeers 500000 lb.  
Match in Bundles 80000.  
Sow-lead to cast muskett bullets with 50000.  
Moulds of 12 bullets a piece to cast in 50.  
Haire-cloaths to cover the powder with 60.  
A Great many of old pieces of sails to make blinds with 1000  
Spare Musketts 500  
Spare Musket rests 1000  
Spare Bandeliers 500  
Spare Muskett stocks 300.  
Pikes 16 foot long besides the head 2000  
Half-Pikes with Loops stave-feetes 300.  
Corslets, and Head pieces 300.  
Armours of proof with Caskets of proof 100  
javelines double pointed, with iron to put through the tres of Turnepikes 1500.  
Match-Hornes to blind light matches upon an enterprise 3000.  
Running wagons with two wheels, and javelins put through the Axeltres 300.  
Short Palissadoes to drive into the ground with long tenter nails 6000.  
Iron hammers to strike the nails in 50.  
Wooden hammers to breck open the barrils of powder 200.  
Great Boorers to boor holes with 〈◊〉.  
Twelve firkins of foot angles, or four square tenter nails 12000.  
Ice spurcs with lachets 6000.  
Pieces of Bulrush bridges for an Enterprise to pass over a moat, or ditch 150 pieces.  
Hand-barrows to carry sodds 150.  
Shippers hooks short and long 150.  
Long iron rakes with 3 or four teeth 150.  
Great Beetlets 1000  
Water scupps 200.  
Mathematical water horse miles, to drain out water, see figure 37. 3.  
Spiters' to spit sodds with all 300.  
Bagger Nets to work in a gallery 25.  
Crooked iron Showels, with long hafts to work in a Gallery 12.  
Spades 10000  
Showells plated. 2000  
Mattocks 1000  
Pickaxses 600.  
Great iron hammers to break stone walls with 100  
Axses of all sorts 1200.  
Hatchets and Hand bills 100  
Great Pincers 8.  
Great and small hammers 38.  
Tron crows of all sorts 30.  
Drags 25.  
Nailes both great and small enenuto lath nails of all sorts 200000.  
Lanterns and blind lanterns of all forts 40.  
Candles 400 lb.  
Torches 565.  
Fire-lights 25 and pitch ropes 600 pieces.  
Barrils of pitch 6.  
Barrils of Tar 4.  
Woll-sacks 200.  
Howerglasses 50.  
Vntempered chaulk in barrils a last.  
Ship-Katroles of all sorts 220 single.  
Double Ship Katroles 70.  
Drawing lines to draw Shipping against the stream 60.  
Bags to fill earth withal upon an Approach 2000  
Ammanition chests to put them in 6.  
Blinds of Kanuas 150 foot long each piece 200.  
Planks, Sparrs, Heames of all forteg ood slore for ordnance, palissadoes, galleries, and other works, some shorter, and some longer as occasion may serve.  
Great block pile-drivers, with all their roepes, and appurtenances 2.  
Tow-handed Rammers for two men to drive in palisadoes with 20.  
50 pieces of bulrush bridges, couvered over with Kanvas, with their ropes, & coards to fasten them one to on other and anchors each pieces being 10 foot long, & of ●ote broad, Cork bridges each bridge containing 10 pieces joined to gether, & each 10 foot long 2.  
Cordage of all soorts 400 lb.  
Windlases or winches 2.  
Leather pails to quench fire with 300.  
Handsawes, two handed saws, and great timber saws 250.  
Angers of all sorts, wimbles, & Adases 50.  
Good slore of Carpenters.  
All things necessary for 100 Karres, to carry earth in complete wheel Barrowes 2000  
Spare wheels and iron pin for them 500  
Single sawn planks for the wheel barrows 300.  
Quarter staffs, or great Beacons to lay out the quarters with all with flags 200.  
Haspels, and Turn pikes, with their javelins small and great 100  
By this List abovesaid, one may eassely understand, what Munitions, Materials, and necessaries are need full to be carried into an Army, of all which the Clarks of the Amu nition, and the Materials shalldeliver them out by the help of their Conductors, as the occasion of the may service require, and also receives them into their Custody again.    

The Wagon Master General, his Lieutenant, and Conductours march under the Train of the Ordnance.  
BEfore the Army rises to the Field, the Lord General sends out writs for the Wagon Master General, that he shall send for his Conductours, to press and take, up so many wagons, as the greatness, or litleness of the army may require, it may be in every quarter 6, 7, 8. yea 1000 Wagons, and each waggon to be furnished with three lusty horses, and a dryver, every weggon having 3 gilders a day, so long as the Army is in the Field, and the Conductours 30. stivers per diem.  

A List of the Wagons to beemployed as followed.  
FIrst for the General of the Ordnance his Train 150.  
For the Lord General himself, as many as his train shall require.  
For prince's Earls, and Lords volunteers as many as they shall have use for.  
For the Lords the Deputed States for the Army as many as they have use for.  
For the Clerk of the Munition, and his train Ineluding also the Controller, Engineers and conductor two companies of Pyoniers, and the Carpenters 120.  
For the Sergeant Majour General of the Army 2.  
For the Commisse or Klark of the Victuals and his train 320.  
For the Quartermaster General of the foot 2.  
For the Provost Martial General 3.  
For the three principal Chiurgians of the army 3.  
For the Treasurer of the Army 3.  
For the Waggonmaster General, his Lieutenant, Conductours, Wheele-makers, Smiths, & Tow-workers 7.  
For the Quartermaster of the Horse 1.  
For the Lieutenant General of the Horse 6.  
For every Colonel of the foot some 3 some 4, according to the greatness of their train, A Lieutonant Co ●onell 1.  
For every Sergeant Majour 1.  
For every Quartermaster of the foot 1.  
For the Preachter of a Regiment 1.  
For every foot Company in the Army 1.  
The Bridgmaster hath under his charge all sorts of punt bridges & small boat bridges: the ordnance and all things else carried up to the Rendezvous in punts.  
The Commise General or Clerk of the shipping when the Army is to go into field is to send forth two Conductours to press so many Ships in every Town and quarter, as the General shall give hrm order for, and as the greatness of the Army may require.   

A List of the Baggage Ships, and for all Officers that follows the Army.  
FOr every Colonel and the chief Officers of his Regiment Ships 3.  
For every troops three of horse 1.  
For the Lord General and his train 21.  
For the Lord Martial 5.  
Forforrain Lords and Earls 28.  
The Quartter-master & the Provost go in the Ship appointed for the Officers of the field  
For each Captain of the Pyoniers a Ship 3.  
For the Theasieier of the Army 1.  
For the Advocate fiscal & his Recorder 1.  
For the chief Master Gunner 1.  
For the Captains of the Carpenters 2.  
For the Prevost Martial General 1.  
For the General of the Ordnance 1.  
For the Klarke of the Ammunition 1.  
For the Klark of the Ordnance 1.  
For the Klarke of the Victuals 1.  
The Waggonmaster General 1.  
The Captain of the Kanon Horses 1.  
The Commise or Klark of the Shipping 2.  
The Sergeant Majour General of the Amy 1.  
The Quartermaster General 1.  
The Controller of the Artillery & Munition 1.  
The Controller of the Fortifications 1.  
The Engineers, and their Assistants 1.  
The Prevost Marshal over the Shippers, and saylours' 1.  
Ships allowell for the transporting of sick and wounded soldiers 20.  
Spare Ships for foreign Lords and Volunteers 10.  
For the Prevost Martial General of the Cavaillerie 1.  
For the Physician and Apothecarye of the army 1.  
Besides all these every Company so long as they lie a Ship board have three, four, or five Ships coming out of garrison till they march a land, where of some of these Ships have three gilders, some a rixe dalder, others two gilders a day, according to their hurden.  
The Commisse or Klark General over the Victuals, hath superintendence and care over all manner of Victuals, as also Victuallers and Sutlars, which follows the Army, and hath under his charge divers Conductours, and Bakers as the service may require.  
First if be a long expedition, so that no bread, or Victuals can come up to the Army from the Shipping by convoy, or to any town besieged it willbe needful for him to have meal barriled up 156 lb. in a barrill 3000 barrils  
Which 3000. Barrils will require 600 wagons.  
For the keeping of it in Shipping before it be loaded on wagons he must have 5. Conductours, and Ships 9  
All necessaries must he have also belonging to Bakers, and Bakers.  
As also 40. Kopper Ovens such as you see figure 47. each oven carried upon a waggon, Troughs, dowknifs, pails  
For these 40. Kopper Ovens six great kitchen tents, with two or three chimneys in them.  
Now one Oven being 9 foot long, and 2½ in breath, will bake in three hours a batch of 50. long loaves of bread each loaf a foot long, & 5. ynches broad, which bakes at a time, 300 lb of bread, and one Oven will bake in 24. hours 300 loaves of bread, which makes 1800. lb.  
And 40 of these ovens being well heated, will back 6. times in 24. hours, 12000. loaves, which at 4. lb. each lose, comes for one day to 48000. lb. and for two days if the Army rests 96000. lb. a reasonable proportion of bread 960000 lb.  
Item chief for the Army in store 500000 lb.    

The Demonstration for the Quartering of the General, or Master of the Ordnance, and all Subordinate Officers marching under the Train of the Artillery.  
FIrst this Quarter is in breadth, or Front from A. to B. 600. foot, and from B. to C. is 300. foot in Depth, which never takes up any more ground in Depth, but only the Ordinary measure, for all the streets in it, are but 20. foot broad, and are marked D. E, & is the Park or empalement of the General of the Ordnance is ground, with his Attendants, men, and Horses, as yond may evidently see in the razed Figure.  
Num. 1. is here a Park or a square of 100 foot: In which park his Tents, and Measures are set up as the first is as followeth, a Hall or place of 12 foot in square, and a Gallery beyond that, and the great Hall of 6 foot long, and 6 foot broad. The great Hall or dining room is 24. foot broad, and 12 foot deep. The two Pavilions are 12 foot square. The Gallery reaching from the one Pavillon to the other is 20 foot long, and 6 foot broad. The Gallery from the great Hall to the gallery of the two Pavilions is 10 foot long, and 6 foot broad. The Curtains of the Tents are all of them six foot deep, and the two first Pavilions are likewise 12 foot square, and the Kitchen is 24 foot long, and 12 foot broad.  
F. Is the park, or quarter of the Lieutenant General of the Artillery, and for the Master Gunners, and Gentlemen of the Ordnance, their servants, & Horses, which park is 100 foot broad, and 40 foot in depth. The Tents of the Lieut. General, are of this Measure following. The great Hall is 16 foot in depth, & 10. foot broad. The Gallery 6 foot long, & 6 foot broad. The Pavilions are 8 foot in square.  
G. Is the park for the materials of Ammunition, as spades, showelles, Hatches, Bills, Axes, Pickaxses, Mattocks. planks, beddings for Ordnances, beams, wheel barrows, and divers other things. This park is 140 foot in depth & 130 foot broad.  
Number 5. is the Hutt, or a Tent for the Clerk of the materials.  
Number 6, is a Hutt, into which all things are laid, which must not take wet. As Match, candles, and otherthings.  
Number 7. is a Common Kitchen for all the Conductours, to dress their victuals in, and made there to keep the quarter from fyring.  
Number 8 are the Conductours' Huts, some 8 or 10 foot in square.  
H. Is the park into which are laid, all the materials; instruments, & tools belonging to the Ordnance, as also anckours, powder, and bullets, & divers other things, which park is 140 foot in depth, and 130 foot in breadth.  
Number 1. is the Tent or Hutt of the Clerk of the Ordnance.  
Number 2. is a Hutt with all manner of Ammunition, belonging to the Ordnance, which ought not to receive wet.  
Number 3. is the Common Kitchin.  
Number 4. is a Cave, or Cellar to say in Gunpowder.  
Number 8 are Huts for the Conductours of the Train.  
I. Is the park or quarter for the Master Gunners, or Gentlemen of the Ordnance the ordinary Gunners, & Canoniers whose depth is 70 foot, & 40 foot broad.  
K. Is the park or lodging of the Master of the fire works, with his Conductours, & men, whose park likewise is 70 foot in depth, & 40 foot in breath.  
L. Is the park, or quarter of the Petardiers, and their men, which is also 70 foot in depth, & 40 foot in breath.  
M. Is the park of the Master of the Batteries, & his men of the same greatness.  
N. Are three tents, or hutts for the Captains of the sailors, & mariners to attend upon the Ordnance, the Attiralls, & drawing harnasses for the Ordnance and for the Mineurs.  
O. Are all hutts 8 foot in square, each for two sailors, and two Mineurs, The sreetes alsoo between every row of hutts is 8 foot broad.  
Their quarter is 140 foot in depth & 90 foot in breath.  
P. Is the park, or quarter of the Clerk of the Fortifications, and his Conductours, being 60 foot in square.  
Q. Is the park and quarter of the Engineers, & their Conductours, being 80 foot in depth, & 60 foot in breath.  
R. Is the quartermaster of this train his quarter, or lodging being 60 foot in square.  
S. Is the park or quarter of the Captain of the Canon, or drawing Horses, and his Conductours, being also 80 foot in depth, & 60 foot in breath.  
T. Is the quarter, or park for the makers of Gabions, or Canon baskets, & Musket baskets, being 40 foot in breadth & 60 foot in depth.  
V. Is the Armourers park, & the quarter for the General of the Ordnance, with their workmen. Farriers, & Smiths belonging to this Train, being 60 foot in depth, and 30 foot in breadth.  
W. Is the Chirurgeons park of this Train, 60 foot in depth, and 20 foot broad.  
X. Is the Provost Martial of this Train, 60 foot in depth, & 30 foot broad.  
Y. Is the Farriers, or Master Smith his park 80 foot in depth, & 25. foot in breadth.  
Z. Is the Carters or Wagon mens and labourers, 80 foot deep, and 35 foot broad.  
a. Is the Cooper's park 80 foot in depth, & 25. foot in breath.  
b. Is three Huts or Tents for the three Captains of the Pionniers, a. are the Huts of the Pionniers with their Lieutenants, whose hutts, are in the front of the rows, and each Hutt is 8 foot in square, whose park is 90 foot in breath, & 140 foot in depth.  
6. Is the park, where in is set the carriages of Wagons, & drawing Horses for the Ordnance, which is to be understood such as are to pass upon the watch, and Canon for any sudden piece of service, & to th'end, the horses may not be then to seek. The two Huts within the park marked 9 are for the Conductours & waggon Men. This park is 140. foot in depth, & 80. foot in breath.  
Thus much for the Geometrical model of a quarter for the Artillery.     

An Index, Of the principle points handled in this third part.  

THe first Chapter, of the League's Allegations and Commixtures of Metals, wherewith Ordnance are made. pag. 1.  
Of the Moulds, & founding of Ordnance. pag. 2.  
The Demonstration of eight several pieces of Ordnance, founded in the State's General their service. pag. 3.  
The second Chapter is of a Ladle, a Rammer a Sponge and field carriage for a piece of Ordnance, and the demonstration and terciating of any piece of Ordnance, and a carriage. pag 4.  
The third Chapter of a Block, or along Wagon, and the sigures of a piece of Ordnance drawn both with horse and men. pag. 5.  
The rule of Calibre for these 8 pieces of Ordnance. pag. 8.  
The fourth Chapter of a Fern, or a Ghynne, a Scallet and a Winch, otherwise called the Endless screw. pag. 9  
The fifth Chapter how a piece of Ordnance is to be mounted upon it carriage. pag. 12.  
The sixth Chapter is observations how a Canonier ought to charge a piece, and of the Gunners service in general. pag. 13. 14.  
The seventh Chapter how a Canonier ought to Level his piece, & to amend abad shot. pag. 15.  
A new devise by any Staff or Ruler, how to Level mount, or embase a piece out of Mr. Nortons' practice of Artillery. pag. 16.  
The eight Chapter of several quadrants, a Level, and other instruments for Ordnance and the uses of them. pag. 17. 18.  
The ninth Chapter, showing how a Canonier shall shoot Level by the Mettle of his piece, or by the Level Axis, otherwise called point blank. pag. 20. 21. 22.  
The first Dialogue between a General of the Artillery and a Captain to know this question whether a Culverin or a Demy-Canon will carry furtherst. pag. 24. 25. 26. 27.  
The tenth Chapter is of the demonstration of Mortars, and the use of them. p. 28. 29. 30.  
The eleventh Chapter of the compositions, mixtures, & ingredients for the making of great and small Granades. pag 31.  
The 12th. Chapter of a petard, the manner of charging of it, and the fasting of it to a Gate or port. pag. 32. 33. 34  
A question between two Mathematicians for the Battering of a Horne-worke proved by the Rule of Algebra. pag. 35. 36. 37. 38.  
The second Dialogue between a General of the Ordnance and a Captain whether it is better to Batter a Curtain or a Bulwark. pag 39 40. 41. 42. 43  
The 13 th'. Chapter how a Canonier ought to govern himself in making a good shot. pag. 44. 45. 46.  
The third Dialogue how and in what manner a General of the Artillery ought to plant his Ordnance in a day of Battle. pag 47. 48. 49. 50.  
The 14th. Chapter of divers sorts of Bridges used in the service of the State's General of a Mathematiciall Horse-Water-Mil, & a Water-Scoupe, of a Copper-Oven, a kneadingh-Tsough a Bread, or Biscuit-Chest, & of divers sorts of materials used in the Wars. pag. 51. 52. 53, 54.  
Finally, the Office, and charge of the General and Master of the Ordnance, and all Officers under his train, wit a list, & supposition of what sorts of Ordnance, Munition materials, and other necessary, & preparations, are useful to be carried into the field with an Army. pag. 55. 56. 57 58.  
The Demonstration of a Model and figure of a quarter for the General of the Orduance with all subordinate Officers, marching under his Train. pag. 59 60