APHORISMS UPON The New Way of Improving CIDER, OR MAKING CYDER-ROYAL, LATELY DISCOVERED For the Good of those Kingdoms and Nations That are Beholden to Others, and Pay Dear for WINE.  
SHOWING, That Simple Cider, frequently Sold for Thirty Shillings per Hogshead, (viz. Three-halfe-pences a Quart) may be made as Strong, Wholesome, and pleasing as French Wine usually Sold for Twelvepences a Quart; Without Adding any thing to it, but what is of the Juice of Apples; And for One Penny or Three-halfe-pences a Quart more Charge, may be made as good as Canary commonly Sold for two Shillings. As also, how one Acre of Land now worth Twenty Shillings, may be made worth Eight or Ten Pound per Annum.  
To which are Added, Certain Expedients concerning RAISING and PLANTING OF Appletrees, Gooseberry-trees, etc. With Respect to Cheapness, Expedition, certain Growing, and Fruitfulness, beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known.  
By RICHARD HAINES.  
LONDON: Printed by George Larkin for the Author, and are to be had at the Marine and Carolina Coffeehouse in Burching Lane near the Royal Exchange; Until our Royal-Cyder-Office be Erected for Granting of Licenses, of which we shall give a further Account shortly. 1684.   

THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY, TO ALL Kings, Princes, & States, Who have No Wines of their own Production; ESPECIALLY To the most Sacred Majesty OF HIS SOVEREIGN LORD THE King of Great Britain, etc.  
AS ALSO To their most Excellent Majesties, the Kings of the two Northern Crowns; And to the High and Mighty Lords; the State's General of the United Provinces.  
May it please Your Majesties and Lordships:  
FOod, Drink, and Raiment, are the prime Requisites of Humane Life. Of Drinks, the Juice of the Grape is esteemed the most Generous; But since Providence has not Indulged every Nation with That of its own Growth; and for that, tho' the more Southern Countries Enjoy it, yet the more Northern that are without it, do by the Coldness of their Climate most stand in need of strong Drinks; And since Ale and Beer is too Cloudy and heavy; and to furnish themselves with Wine, they exhaust yearly a great part of their Treasure and Native Commodities; I thought, if I could find out and inform that part of the World, how to prepare a sort of Liquor which might Answer all the Ends and Advantages of Wine, and yet be of Your own Country's Production, and afforded much Cheaper, I might Deserve well of Your Majesties and Lordships, and all Your Subjects, both now and to Posterity.  
That which nearest approaches the Nature of Wine, is the Juice of Apples, Wildings, Pears and other Fruits, (commonly called Cider, Perry, Currant, Cherry and Gooseberry-Wine etc.) And with all or some of these, Your respective Territories are, or may be plentifully Furnished. The Defect hitherto has been, First, That few have applied themselves to making of Cider. Secondly, Much fewer are Those that know how to make even tolerable common simple Cider. Thirdly, Their Cider who made it Best, Falls short of the Goodness of Wine in strength and Delicacy; and besides, by reason of its Coldness and Crudities, was apt to Generate Wind, and other Distempers, and so proved not so wholesome to the Body.  
For all these Inconveniences, Here is found a proper and certain Remedy; The SECRET is brought home to Your Doors, and in the Following Papers spread before You; So that hencefoth, after a little Industry, You need not (for General use) be beholden to any Foreigner, for their Wines but Furnish Yourselves as well, and abundantly Cheaper, at Home, and Drink for Your own Healhs, without Despising the Discoverer in Variety of Liquors of Your own Production, altogether as good and Satisfactory.  
How this Overture may be Resented, I am not Prophet enough to foresee; The Incredulity of our King Henry the Seventh (though justly numbered amongst the wisest Monarches of that Age) is reported by some Authors to have cost him the Immense loss of the West-Indian Treasures, which have since Enriched all the Kings, Princes, and States of Europe: And even Ferdinand of Castille was beholding to the Importunities of his Lady Isabel, for accepting that proffered Prize, and the Discovery of that New World, from a despised Columbus. And however this Present thing, or myself may be Censured or Contemned at first; yet without the least doubt I believe, that a time will come, wherein all or most of the Kings, Princes, and States, or at least their Subjects, in those Nations that have no Wines of their own, may have Cause to Rejoice either in the Use or Advantage, which themselves may make thereof; And that too, without Raising any Burdensome Taxes, or putting their Subjects to heavy Charges.  
For as it must undoubtedly be of great Profit to all Nations that are unfurnished with Wine of their own Production, especially, those whose Soil will afford the Materials (In which respect I forget not the Kingdom of Poland, to whom I made my Endeavours to transmit my Proposals, but by reason of the remote distance and small Intercourse from hence thither, I could not gain an Opportunity; However I cannot but Recommend it as a thing of great Moment to that Renowned King and Nation, their Country being as proper for it as any in the World) so as for Climates which yield not Fruits Necessary, they will yet however Fare much the better too, since less Wines being spent in those Nations that used to take off the greatest Quantities (viz. two or three Millions worth of Wines and Brandy's per Annum) The French, etc. must then be necessiated to force a Trade, by selling them much Cheaper, than ever they would have done, were it not for this Discovery.  
Upon the whole matter, as Your most Excellent Majesties, and Your renowned Lordships, have by Your several Letters Patents, Contracts, and Resolutions, given me Assurances of a Proportionate Reward and Encouragement; If upon the Discovery, the thing should prove Feazible, and be Accepted, or Suffered to be practised in Your several Dominions, so Relying upon Your Royal and Honourable Words (than which nothing here below can be more Sacred) to Your Justice Wisdom, and Goodness, I Humbly refer myself, and these my well-intended Endeavours, Remaining  
To Your Majesty my dread Sovereign, a most Humble Loyal and Faithfully Devoted Subject. And to you the other most Excellent Kings, and Honourable Lords, A most Humble, And Ready Servant, To my Power, Richard Haines.   

AN ADVERTISEMENT TO ALL LOYAL SUBJECTS IN HIS Majesty's Kingdom of England AND Principality of Wales.  
Whereas our Sovereign Lord the King, hath been Graciously Pleased by his Royal Letters Patent, to give and grant unto Me and Partners, the sole Use and Benefit of my Invention in the ensuing Treatise Discovered; With all the Profits and Advantages that may, can, or shall be made thereof; With prohibition to all others from doing or imitating the same, within all His Majesty's Dominions; For and during the Term of Fourteen Years.  
And forasmuch as such our Invention may be very desirable, useful, and beneficial to all or most part of his Majesty's Subjects; Therefore to the intent, They may not be withheld from the same, notwithstanding it might be abundantly most for our particular advantage to keep it in our Hands, and Reserve it wholly to ourselves, since it is, That we might gain Five or Six Pound by every Hogshead, when no such is made in our Nation, but by ourselves. Yet nevertheless to demonstrate the Greatness of our Zeal to the Public; and how ready we are to postpone our private Interests thereunto; That no reasonable person may have any Colour to Complain; And that all that are willing, may have the opportunity to make sufficient Benefit of this our Invention; We do by these Presents declare, That we are willing and content, That this our said Invention shall be free to all His Majesty's Subjects in England and Wales, Upon the Terms, Limitations, and Conditions following, viz. 

1. That every Person that shall or will sell the said Cyder-Royal, or other Liquors herein after mentioned, either by Wholesale or Retail, shall yearly have a Deputation or Allowance from us so to do, paying us One and Twenty Shillings and sixpence per Annum.  
2. That any of His Majesty's Subjects in England or Wales, paying the like Sum of Twenty One Shilling sixpence, shall for the whole Term of Fourteen Years have the like Deputation or Allowance, to practice or use the same for his particular use, viz. so far, as to make Cyder-Royal, and all or any the aforesaid Liquors, to be spent by themselves and their Respective Private Families. And to entertain their Friends therewith in their own Houses; provided they do not fell, or otherwise dispose thereof.    
This is the method we propose, The Terms whereof are so easy and profitable to those to whom they are offered; That we hope no Loyal Subject may have the least Cause to dislike; Nor any be found so unreasonably perverse, as to oppose or contemn the Authority of His Majesty's Gracious Letters Patent, or to envy the Patentees so small a Consideration and Acknowledgement, who out of Love and goodwill to the Public, are contented with that which will not amount to one tenth part of the benefit we might make thereof, if we kept the thing wholly in our own particular Hands and Management.  
And supposing these our reasonable Terms may be readily Embraced, we shall be Content to abide by and continue the same. But however, forasmuch as we know, That there are a discontented troublesome and envious sort of people in the World, who are naturally apt not only to envy and abuse them whom they are beholding to, for their own Welfare; but also delight to affront and contemn the Authority of His Majesty's Laws and Royal Prerogative therefore, as to Venders, viz. All such as sell either by Wholesale or Retale, we intent their Deputations or Licences shall be but from one year to another; To the intent, that in case the method we have proposed be thwarted and endeavoured to be obstructed, we may the next year, take to ourselves the sole benefit of our Invention granted; And those only to have the selling and uttering thereof as shall give security to take it of ourselves and no others.  
But for those that sell it not, they upon sending in their money as aforesaid, shall freely enjoy the same, for our whole Term, upon the condition before offered.  
If it be objected, That this way of improving Cider, etc. by me discovered, is so obvious and easy, that it deserves not the Honour of being called a Project or Invention.  
To this I crave leave to answer— 1. That every thing seems easy when 'tis known, and yet if it be a useful thing, those that knew it not before, will be ungrateful not to Acknowledge an obligation to him that first taught them. 2. If it seem now so plain when you find it here discovered, it was lately not so; for else how came it not to be practised before? Nay, (though 'tis not difficult to add to things once found out) yet the ordinary Objector, even after I have given the hint, and in general disclosed the thing, would perhaps find it not very easy to advance his Liquors to the proposed perfection, without consulting those Rules and Instructions which I have here laid down, having by frequent Trials and Experiments found them most effectual. The Old Fable is significative, of the Magpie reaching the Wood Pigeon to build a Nest; to every Direction the other contemptuously Cried— This I can do, and This I can do; which at last so incensed the Pie, that she left her in the midst of her work with this Reprimand,— Then do't, then do't; and ever since the simple Pigeon for want of a little patience and gratitude is forced to be content with a sorry imperfect Lodging for her young ones. So in the present Case, suppose any shall say, this is easy, I doubt not but to do it and mend it too myself— Be it so, yet still I know not that you have more reason to Boast, than the Cobbler, who says he mends what the Shoemaker makes, whereas had not the latter first made the Shoe, the former would have had no occasion for such a Vapour.  
3dly. Inventions are to be honoured and esteemed for that Usefulness and Benefit they afford, rather than for their uneasiness to be found out at first, or their difficulty to be practised afterwards; Whether a man by sagaciousness of Judgement, or a long Industry and frequent Essays, find out a thing; Or whether it occur to him suddenly by the friendly suggestion of his good Genius, 'tis all one to the rest of the world. Nay, whenever the thing is really useful, the more easy 'tis in practice, the more ought it to be valulued, because thereby 'tis likely to be more publicly beneficial, and consequently the people are the more beholding to the Inventor. Especially he if be such an one as this Discoverer; who hath at his own cost and charge, (besides this thing) found out and contrived certain Expedients by which not only the Wealth of the Kingdom of England might increase at least Twenty, if not Thirty Hundred Thousand Pounds, and His Majesty's Revenue at least Five, Hundred Thousand Pounds Per Annum for ever; But also all poor People not having any Habitations of their own, or wherewith to Live of themselves, may be so provided for, That there shall not be one Beggar in the Nation, nor any have reason to Complain for want of a comfortable Employment, Food, Raiment or Habitation.  
As my several Printed Proposals presented to his Majesty and both Houses of Parliament, do most plainly demonstrate; Insomuch that I having presented my Petition to the Honourable House of Commons, the thing was so readily approved of. That an Order was made for bringing in a Bill Pursuant to the effect of my Proposals, Nemine Contradicente; Which Bill I at my further Charge, procured to be drawn and prepared; And had not the Person whom I first entrusted, and who promised to read my Petition in the House of Commons, from time to time delayed so to do, till within a week before the Dissolution of the Parliament; there is no reason to doubt but it had passed into an Act, and at this day been practised, to the Inestimable benefit of the Nation.  
So that it will be very hard, and the highest discouragement imaginable to all persons in future times, to study to promote the Welfare of their Country, by new and profitable Inventions and Expedients, If a person who has thus for many years made it his Business to serve the Public so considerably, to his great expense of time and charge, to the value of divers Hundred Pounds, may not without being Envied, repined at, or obstructed, be afforded and allowed to reap the benefit of his Majesty's most Gracious Grant (whose Goodness never is wanting to any that find out Improvements advantageous to his People) especially this present Discovery, being such as not only tends so much to the Public Utility, but also to the great Profit of all that please to make use of it on such easy and condescending Terms, prejudicial to our own Interests, as those herein before offered.  
Which as they are heartily tendered for a General Good, so we hope they will be received with that Acceptance and Gratitude, and Respect to His Majesty's Royal Grant, as becomes all Considerate Men and Good Subjects.   

APHORISMS Upon the New Way of Improving Cider, etc.  
THe Secret by me proposed to the before mentioned most Excellent Princes and Honourable States, and for the Discovery of which, They have been severally pleased, by their Gracious Letters Patent, Contracts, or Resolutions, to Promise me a Reward or Gratuity, is as followeth; that is to say,  To make the Cider, Perry, Juice, Wines or Liquors of Apple, Pears, Wildings, Crabs, Cherries, Goose-Berries, Currants, and Mulberries, to he as Strong, Wholesome, and Useful, as French, Spanish, and other Wines now in frequent Use; And that thereby the Revenues of the said Kings and States may severally be Increased more than One-Hundred-Thousand Pounds per Annum. And yet the said Cider, etc. So Improved, to be made and afforded for 3. d. per Quartfield, as good as the Wine now usually Sold for 12.d. per Quart. 
Which Cider so Improved, for its Excellency, and to Distinguish it, in Name, from Common simple Cider, may fitly be called, CYDER-ROYAL.  
All which I now come to Explain, and Demonstrate in the following Aphorisms.  
I. To make Cyder-Royal, or raise Ordinary Simple Cider, to be full as good or better than French Wine, or to make the best simple Cider twice as strong as it is (and so the like of any the aforesaid Liquors) by putting the strength and Goodness of two Hogsheads into One; which for to do, first put one Hogshead of Cider, and some part of the other, into a Copper-Still, and draw off all the Spirit: After which Distil the said Spirit a second time, and then put the same into your other Hogshead and fill it up, stir it about well, and keep it close-stopr, except one day in Ten or Twenty, let it lie open five or six hours. 
The manner of doubling the strength of Cider, or making it as good as French-Wine.  And within one Quarter of a Year, if the ensuing directions be observed, this Cider will be full as strong or stronger than the best French Wines, and altogether as pleasing, tho' it may be some what different in Taste.  
II. If you would have it Drink more like Canary or other Sacks, 
How to make it as good as Canary.  you must add more of the Spirit, and as much Sugar or Sweets (the making of which is herein after taught) as will best please your palate; And is the proportion of one Pint of good Spirit to a Gallon, will make it as strong as French-Wine; So one Pint and a half will make it full as strong as Spanish Wine; And by this means in like manner, Perry and the Juice of Cherries, Mal-Berries, Currants and Goose-Berries, (especially Goose-Berries) may by adding thereunto their proper Spirits, or any other Convenient Spirits, be made as good and pleasing as the Winner made in the Canaries. 
The quantity of Spirits to be used.   
I mention other Spirits, because upon Trial I have observed, that Brandy, Spirit of Wine, and of Grain, and other Spirits, may be of good Effect in this Business, provided they are drawn Fine; yet by Experience I have found, the Spirits of the same kind, or at least of some other Fruits, to be the best and most natural; And the Spirits raised from Ale or Beer to be most Improper; unless the Ale and Beer be mixed with Cider before the Spirits be drawn off.  
III. That One Acre of Land planted with Appletrees, may be worth by this means to the Planters at least 8 l. per Annum; And yet the Cider thus made to the goodness of French-Wine, be afforded at 2 d. per Quartfield; As is thus Demonstrable. 
One Acre of Land to be worth 8 l. Per Annum, (besides the benefit of Corn and Pasture,) and yet Cyder-Royal Sold but for 2 d. per Quart.   

1. Eight-soore-Trees, viz. Red-Strakes and Golden-Pippins, may conveniently be planted upon one Acre of Land; each standing sixteen Foot distant.  
2. These Trees cannot be supposed to bear less than one Bushel on each, Tree, one with another, that is, eight score Bushels; And 'tis well-known that twenty Bushels of Apples will make an Hogshead of Cider; So that there will be yielded eight Hogsheads on an Acre.  
3. These eight Hogsheads of simple Cider, will make Four Hogsheads of Cyber- Royal, full as good and strong as French-Wine; which at 2 d. per Quartfield, is 2 l. per Hogshead; and so the Four Hogsheads yield 8 l. The Product of one Acre— Which is what was to be Demonstrated.   
But in case it be Sold at 8 d. per Quartfield, as most certainly it may, during the Term of Fourteen Years: Since it is so that this Cider- Royal will be as good as Wine Sold at 12 d. per Quart: Then the Product of this Acre thus Planted, may be worth 32 l.  
Besides the profit of the Grass or Corn, growing the same Year on the same Acre of Land: For if you Plant your Trees at the Distance of twenty Foot one way, and but twelve the other (Which is all one with sixteen Foot before mentioned) you may well enough Blow between them.  
IV. But further, If Goose-Berries and Currants be Planted amongst the Appletrees (as very well they may, and that will prove much the better Husbandry) then there may be more than four Hogsheads of Wine-Royal; made in a Year of Them, and much better than the other; So that at the same price, viz. 2 d. per Quartfield, there will thereby be. 8 l. more raised, that is, 16 l. per Annum from the same Acre of Ground. 
The same Acre to yield 8 l. per Annum more, by Goose-Berry and Currant-Wine.   
V. But since 'tis usual for Appletrees to Bear, some Four Bushels, some Five, Six, Seven, and upwards, to Twenty Bushels, 'tis very probable that one Tree with another, may bear four Bushels; whence may be Produced 16 Hogsheads of Cyder-Royal; which at 3 d. per Quartfield (that is, 3 l. the Hogshead) comes to 48 l. 
That probably one Acre may produce as much Cider and Wine-Royal, as may come to more than 50 l. at 3 d. a Quart, and at 6 d. per Quartfield, more than 100 l. per Annum.  Nor is it unreasonable to believe that the Product of Goose-Berries and Currants may amount to much more than the 8 l. per Annum at which we have Computed it. For I know by Reason and Experience, that Currant-Trees and Goose-Berrie-Trees, one with another well-Husbanded, may yield One Gallon a Piece: And upon One Rod of Land may be Planted 16 Trees, each 4 Foot from another (which is a competent distance) so that One Rod may produce two Bushels of Currants and Goose-Berries; And consequently there being Eight-Score-Rods in an Acre, there may 16 score Bushels grow thereon; Which yielding 16 Hogsheads of Simple Wine, makes eight Hogsheads of Wine- Royal; which at 3 d. per Quartfield, comes to 24 l. Which being added to the 48 l. made by Cider (according to the last Computation) makes 72 l. per Annum, at 3 d. per Quart: But Sold or valued at 6 d. per Quartfield, the total Product from one Acre of Ground (now worth not above 20 s. per Annum) will amount to double the aforesaid Value, that is to say, to 144 l. per Annum.  
Nor do I know why any should Contemn, or deny this, as an Extravagant Calculation; however a thing impossible it cannot be, for these two Reasons: First, That one Appletree may bear 30 Bushels at a time; and One Currant-Tree six Gallons, and One Goose-Berry-Tree 4 Gallons; whereas here I Reckon but 4 Bushels instead of 30, and but one Gallon instead of 4, or six.— And as for Selling it at 6 d. per Quartfield, this I am sure of, that the Cider and Wines made as aforesaid, are as good, and as well worth 12 d. per Quartfield, as the Wines generally Sold in Taverns. Secondly, For that this Cyder-Royal being as good as Wine at 12 d. per Quartfield, the Price cannot fail of 8 d. per Quartfield, until by a very considerable Increase of Plantations, the thing be made Cheaper through the Greatness of the Quantity.  
VI As this Method of Improving Cider and other Liquors before mentioned, renders them more strong and delicious, so it also makes them much more wholesome for the Body than simple Cider; The heavy, Cold, and Sickly parts being either wholly taken away, or so corrected that it becomes no way prejudicial to the Stomach, nor any longer apt to Generate Wind; And I think none will deny, that the Juice of Vegetables growing in our own Soil, and under the same Influences with ourselves, being thus honestly Improved with their own Spirits only, or the Addition of a little innocent Sugar, are as agreeable to our Bodies, and must needs be as good and wholesome, as those that are brought from Regions remote, and Climates vastly different, and afterwards Brewed again with variety of unknown, and perhaps, dangerous Ingredients. 
This Cyder-Royal much more wholesome than simple Cider.  And much more is the former to be preferred, than the latter, in another respect, viz. Because if Ten times more of it be spent than there is of Foreign Wines, the Nation will be never the Poorer for it, but on the Contrary much the Richer. 
The more Drank, the richer the Nation.   
VII. For there is in this Invention not only Strength to Cheer the Heart of the weak or wearied, Delicacy to please the palate of the Curious, Cheapness to render it Familiar to the Poor; Private profit to Gratify the Rich, and wholsomness to Endear it to due Observers of their Health: But also public Advantage to Recommend it to the Regards of Princes, and engage Kingdoms and States in a Concernment to Advance and put it in Practice. 
Cyder-Royal of National, as well as private Advantage.  For by this Expedient, the wealth and Treasure of those Realms and Nations to whom it is proposed, may be greatly preserved and Augmented; And particularly England and the Territories thereunto belonging, may save at least Six, if not Eight-Hundred-Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum. (And the other Nations proportionably) by saving so much Treasure as goes out every Year to the Enriching of other Nations, and Impoverishing of their own. 
The more Drank, the richer the Nation.   

To this there may be some Objections.  
First, Those whose Lands are Employed in Raising of Barley, will fear that by this Expedient Rich Liquors will be so plenty and Cheap, and raised by every Body for their own use, That Beer and Ale will be neglected; And consequently, they will in some measure lose their former Benefit arising by Barley. 
The Farmer's Objection.   
To this I Answer; First, 'Tis as reasonable, that all others should make the best Improvement of their Lands in an Honest way, for their own and the Nations good, as that these Men should make the most of theirs for their private Interest. 
Answered.  Secondly, Most Lands kind for Barley, are proper for such Plantations, and the Owners thereof, as well as others, may make the like Profit in this way, and much more than they did by Barley: For that, one Acre of Land so Planted as is beforementioned, when grown up, will (without Charge of Ploughing and Sowing) produce more Hogsheads of Cider and Wine-Royal, worth sixpence a Quart (or Threepences at least) than it would strong Beer or Ale, worth but Twopences per Quartfield, if it had been sown with Barley. Thirdly, As for several Years yet to come, there will be little danger of the Objected Inconveniences, viz. until those Trees hereafter to be Planted, shall be grown up; So in the mean time, until then, there will be more Beer and Ale spent than was before this SECRET was discovered: Because that Cider which was Sold for twenty or thirty Shillings per Hogshead, and spent instead of Beer, will now be advanced to the Price of Five or Six, perhaps Eight or Ten Pound per Hogshead, and so be drank instead of Wine. And lastly, When the Plantations shall be grown numerous, the Public Wisdom of each Nation, may easily prevent any such Inconvenience as is Feared, by laying such an Imposition on all Home-made Wines and Cyders, as may keep them from being Sold too Cheap, which yet will be no Burden to the Planters, nor they have any Reason to Complain thereof, tho' it should be Twenty Shillings on every Hogshead, so great will their Profit be, notwithstanding.  
The Second Objection, as it more immediately concerns England, is more Considerable, viz. 
Objection touching Loss of Customs.  That this Invention of improving Cyders, and other Liquors of our own production, hindering the Consumption and Importation of foreign Wines, will much diminish his Majesty's Customs.  
To this is humbly Answered, That the loss of Customs by decrease of Foreign Wines may easily be made good; nay the profit to His Majesty more than doubled, by an Imposition on these Domestic Liquors which come in place of them. 
Answered.  And as the Public National Interest will readily Embrace and afford such an Imposition, which tends to the stopping of that vast Sluice of Treasure, which Foreigners yearly drain from us; so may the same be laid without any Grievance to the particular Subjects that are to pay it; Since notwithstanding the same, 'tis evident every Acre may be made worth at least Six Pound per Annum (after all Charges deducted) better to the Owners than it was before: And every one for his own use may make or have that for Threepences at most, as good as what he paid a shilling for before. Besides the public profit of Enriching the Nation several Hundred Thousand Pounds every Year.  
For Example (keeping to our first, and the meanest Calculation that can in reason be imagined) suppose but Four Hogsheads of Cyder-Royal, and as many of Currant and Goose-berry-Royal be made upon an Acre; These at threepences per Quartfield make the product of that one Acre for that year Twenty Four Pound. 
An Imposition of 20●. per Hogshead may be laid on Cyder-Royal, without impoverishing the Planter.  Now suppose further, That an Imposition were laid of one penny per Quartfield, which is Twenty Shillings per Hogshead; Then the King's part or profit from that Acre will be Eight Pound Per Annum, and the Planters Sixteen Pound. And sure the latter has no Cause to Complain, since that may be more than Two Crops of Grain would have brought in.  
And at this Proportion in any Country where there shall be One-Hundred-Thousand Acres Planted, the King or State may Raise to themselves Six or Eight Hundred-Thousand Pounds per Annum. 
Thus Six or Eight hundred Thousand Pounds per Annum may be raised to the Government.  And yet at the same time much Benefit and every their Subjects, as keeping their Treasure at home from being Exhausted by Foreign Nations, and Enjoying for their use at 3 d. per Quartfield, altogether as good or better Drink than that for which before they paid 12 d. And as for those that Plant it, especially such as have Land of their own, they may by this means keep their Houses always Plentifully Furnished with Variety of Rich Delicate Liquors for themselves, and their Friends, and if there be no Imposition, the same will Cost them nothing but the Labour of making it: And if there be such an Imposition, yet (besides their Labour) it will stand them in but one penny a Quart.  
Again, The Decrease of Customs on Foreign Wines may be supplied by laying double or treble Customs on what shall for the Future be brought in; for since there will be no need of it, 'tis but just that those that will Gratify their Fancies to the Public Prejudice of their Countries, should pay for their Humour, which perhaps will make their Outlandish Drinks Relish the Sweeter; And yet even they will have no Reason to grudge at it, since (supposing them Persons of Estates) their Lands by this Improvement of Cider at home will be much Augmented in Value. 
Customs on Foreign Wines may be doubled.   
If it be Objected that the Customs already on Wine, are twice as much per Hogshead as what is proposed to be laid on Cider. 
Customs on Cider may amount to more than those on Wine, because more will be Drank.   
I Answer, Suppose the Customs on Wines be 8 l. per Tun, and on Cider but 4 l. yet since Cider may be made for 3 d. per Quartfield, as good as French Wine at 12 d. per Quartfield, it may be Concluded, that there will be 4 times as much Cider Drank as there is now Wine; which if so, then for every 100 l. the King or State did receive for Wines, they may receive 200 l. by Cyder-Royal.  
There is yet another Objection,— Many People are much against Mixtures in Drink, and will be ready to say, Here is a Mixture in Your Cyder-Royal, and therefore we will not like it— To which I Answer: First, 'Tis not all Mixtures, but Dangerous or improper Mixtures which ought to be avoided. Secondly, This in Truth is not any Mixture at all, since only the better part of the same thing or kind is added to it, and when all is done, it is but Cider, or Wine Refined and made better, without any Composition, but what comes from the Apple, unless you will (which is left to your own free Choice) to Gratify Your own palate add a little Sugar, which all Men know to be Wholesome and Nourishing, especially when 'tis first so Purged and Ordered as herein after is set forth; Nor is such Spirits in such Liquors any ways worse than Gravey with Meat, which makes the best sauce for the Flesh whence it proceeds: And as the Gravey is the Vital and Nourishing part of Meat, so is the Spirit of Cider to Cider. But if our Cyder-Royal he to be refused, as being mixed, I desire to be Informed, what Liquor (except fair Water) there is in Common use, not much more justly liable to the like Exception? 
Cyder-Royal is no Mixture.   
But perhaps our greatest Winebibbers will by no means Change their Outlandish Liquors for Domestic Cider: Because, say they, the Quantity we are to Drink, will make us Sick, before it will make us merry etc. 
The Reason why simple Cider makes the Stomach Sick; No such thing to be feared from Cyder-Royal.  To which I Answer, This is undoubtedly true of your Common simple Cider, but if you please to Consider the Cause, you shall find no room for this Exception against our Cyder-Royal, for that which useth to cause this Sickness in the Stomach, is the Chilly, Cold, Phlegmatic part of the Cider, viz. That which hath least Spirit in it, is most hurtful; That this is so, nothing can be more Evident, for that the strongest Cider is most free from Occasioning this Distemper. Now this we know, that the Spirits of Cider are no other but the purer part of it, viz. The strong, warm, and lively part, separated from the weak, cold, and melancholy dead part; so that Reason must needs yield, that the Spirits of the Cider being mixed with Cider, cannot but make it both more strong and Pleasant, and also more wholesome, for that by this Expedient the Sickly cold and windy part is Cured.  
Moreover for want of strength and Life, simple Cyders are apt to Decay and Dye; this we see by Experience; for that as the strongest simple Cider hath most Spirit in it, and therefore Lives longest; So the weakest Cider that hath least Spirit in it, will soon grow Sickly and Decay; Therefore this Expedient must needs be so far from rendering Cider more unwholesome and unkind, that 'tis rather to be esteemed its most infallible Physician or Remedy, for that it Corrects all the ill Humours that cause its Sickness, or Ill-Effects on Humane Bodies. 
Cyder-Royal will keep better than simple Cyders.   
And this much I can honestly and truly aver, from a long continued Experience, that a Glass of this excellent refined Cyder-Royal, drank half an hour before Meals, procures a good Appetite; and after Meals, helps Digestion: That it Cheers the Heart, and Revives the Spirits. 
Some of the Virtues of Cyder-Royal.  And as for its Operation upon the Brain, when too much is Drank at a time, the same is less hurtful, than Excess of strong Beer, Ale, Canary, or High-Country-Wines: For 'tis so far from Clogging the Stomach, or Clouding the Brain with thick muddy Vapours, that I do believe a Man may (WERE IT NOT A SIN) be Fuddled and Sober two times in a Day with this Liquor, without mischief to his Health; and the Reason in my Opinion, is, because it so admirably Provokes Urine, and carries with it such foul and Ill matter that Offends the Head, Stomach, and Belly; The Truth of all which, I doubt not, will be soon attested by the Experience of those that shall make Trial.  
VIII. A Bushel of Currants ripe and good, will make 6 or 7 Gallons of Wine; To every Bushel of Currants, so soon as they are Broken to pieces, put in 12 Quarts of Water, and in 12 or 16 hours after, press it, and strain it, put it into a Cask, and let it stand until it begin to be Clear, than Rack it off from the Gross-Lee, and put to each Gallon a Pint of good Spirit, and as much as best pleaseth your Pallets of Sugar, or Sweets, (hereafter mentioned) stir it well together for one quarter of an hour, then stop it up close for about a quarter of a Year. 
How to make Royal-Currant Wine, etc.   
In like manner is made Wine-Royal of Goose-Berries, Mulberries and Cherries; but of all these, that of Goose-Berries excels the rest, and doth resemble Canary the most.  
If it be Objected, that the foregoing Calculations are partial, because I have not cast up the Charge of Converting the Fruit into Cider, nor the Charge of Sweets or Sugars— To this it is Answered, That there is enough to be saved to defray all such Charges, viz. By saving the Spirits that may be drawn out of the Apples after the Cider is Pressed out of them, as in the 15th Aphorism is herein after mentioned; But that which is much more Considerable is, that here may be made double the Quantity of Goose-Berry and Currant-Wine-Royal as has been Reckoned upon ih the 4th. and 5th. Aphorisms, in this respect, viz. Because I there allow 20 Bushels of Currants and Goose-Berries to an Hogshead, Whereas every Bushel will make six Gallons; so that 20 Bushels will make 120 Gallons, which is two Hogshead, so that there, may be at least 4 Hogsheads on an Acre more than was Reckoned, which may much more than pay for all the Charges of Sweets, and of converting the Fruit.  
IX. The last Year, viz. 1682. good simple Cider was frequently Sold in the west of England for 100L per Hogshead, viz. an halfpenny per Quart. And this Year by Reason of scarcity of Fruit, at 20 s. per Hogshead; which is but one Penny per Quart. 
The Common price of simple Cider.   
X. When Cider comes to be plenty, there may be as much good Brandy made thereof, as may Furnish those whole Nations to whom this is Addressed, both for Land and Sea-Service, which perhaps may save them several Hundred-Thousand Pounds per Annum; For which use the most Stale and Sour Cider, which is scarce fit to be Drank, will make the greatest Quantity, and best tasted Brandy, being twice Distilled. 
Brandy to be made of Cider.  Of this Cyder-Brandy I have kept some four Years, and better than it was at first making, and without doubt would keep four Years longer.  
XI. The best known Fruit that is only for Cider is Red-Streak, which is a kind of Wilding; 
What Fruit best for Cider.  but for both Uses, viz. for the Table and Cider, the best and Golden Pippins, because they are both quick Growers, great Bearers, yield the greatest quantity of Liquors, and the best in Quality; And their very Husks after the Cider is Pressed out, especially the Golden-Pippin; will yield more Spirit than any other I have yet found out; Nor is it harder to Raise the best Sort of Fruit, than the Worse. 
Golden-Pippins Excellent.   
Some other Wildings I have sound that are as good as the other, but they are as yet unknown by Name; but this is most certain, good Wildings, and good Crabs, are better for Cider than the most delicious Summer or Winter Table-Fruit, or sweet Apples, (Golden-Pippins Excepted) yea the bitter sharp Crabb is much better than a bitter Sweet-Apple, because the Juice of the first will afford twice as much Spirit as the latter; Nor are the Spirits of the most pleasant Apples in the World, better than those of crabbed Fruit, for be they sweet or sour, neither of those tastes do arise with the Spirit, but is left behind in the Earthy Phlegmatic Part of the Cider: For Example, Suppose you put 10 l. of Sugar into your Still, amongst ten Gallons of sour Cider, the Spirit will be never the sweeter; Or suppose you fill your Still with new sweet Mead (or Metheglin) made of Honey, Sugar, or Molosso's, you shall have neither Spirits nor Sweets come out of it, but only fair Water; but if you let it stand until it be well fermented, and become sour, it will yield Spirit in abundance. 
When Cider it fit to make Spirits.  So likewise Cider, Perry, or Juice of Crabs, Goose-Berries, Currants, Mulberries and Cherries, will yield little or no Spirit, until it be passed the Fermentation (or working) and then the more sour it is (Provided it be not Vinegar) the more Spirit it will afford: nevertheless this observe, Apples of bitter taste makes the Cider bitter.  
XII. As to the time of putting your Spirits into your Cider, Observe, that the Staler your Cider is before the Spirits are added, the more time they require to Incorporate; and the sooner they are put in, the sooner is in fit for Use 
The time for putting in the Spirits to Cider. . But in case you put your Spirits into the Cider, before it hath fermented, they will Evaporate, and be cast out; therefore be sure, that your Cider be Racked off the Lee, once, twice, or three times, as you find occasion, and being indifferent fine, then put in your Spirits, either with or without Sweets, well Beaten together with a certain Quantity of Cider, and after 'tis put into the Cask stir it very Well together again, and Bung it close up, and about 2 or 3 Months after, it will be sit for Use; But the longer it lieth, the better, especially if your Cider be Stale ere your spirits are put in, for as this Cider Drinks very unpleasing when first mixed together, so no Wine can be more strong and pleasing than this, when it hath Stood its due time to Incorporate and Meliorate, and in the mean time to be kept close stoup without drawing any out. 
When Cyder-Royal is fit for use.  Unless the season of the year be warm, then to prevent its fermentation, let the Cask be open as you find occasion.  
XIII. The first and worst Infirmities that Common Cider is subject to, are of two sorts, either being musty, or fretting itself until the Spirits are spent, and the Cider become weak and unpleasant. 
The Infirmities of simple Cider.   
If Apples be gathered into the House whilst they are wet, they will be Musty, and so will the Cider; again, if the Vessel wherein 'tis made, or that you put it into, be Musty, so will be you Cider: If none of these happen, you need not fear any thing of that kind: But if Cider be Musty, so will the Spirits that are drawn from it. 
The Causes of Musty Cider.   
To Cure Cider that is subject to Fret is somewhat difficult, but the best way is to prevent the Causes; Which are, either the Gathering of the Fruit before they are Ripe; or making the Cider before the Apples have lain long enough, for until Apples have lain in an Heap while they have sweat, and are dry again, they cannot be fit for the Press. 
The Causes of Cyders Freting and Cure.  But if by Reason of warmth, and mildness of the season, or any other Accident, the Cider should fret and destroy itself, the best way is to draw it off into another Vessel; And do so once in six or ten days, as you see cause, always taking the Lee from it, as oft as 'tis Racked. Let not your Vessel be full by a Gallon; Nor yet stopped close, until by drawing it off, it be made to leave Huzzing and sputtering; for the fuller and closer it is, the more it frets. When your Cider is thus quiet then have a care to keep the Vessel full and close stopped; yet lest you should stop it too soon, open it once in two three or four days, and if you find it is not yet quiet, let the Vessel lie open an hour or half an hour at a time.  
Omit not to burn a match of Brimstone, dipped in Corianderseeds in your empty Cask, just before you put in your Cider, and do this as oft as your Cider is Racked, 'tis an Excellent Expedient to prevent ill tastes and Fermentation. 
A presume for the Cask not to be neglected.   
XIV. The best way to Order your Sugar before you put it into your Cider, is to make it into a kind of Syrup or Sweets, by Dissolving of it in Water; one hundred weight will make 16 Gallons, and so proportionably; But before you put your Sugar into the Kettle, take the whites of 30 or 40 Eggs, the more the better, which being well Beat with a thing like a rod or whisk in eight or ten Gallons of Water, than put 4 Gallons of this Egg-water so prepared into your Kettle or Vessel where your Sugar is to be dissolved; then hang it over a Gentle Fire and stir it about until it be Dissolved: But be sure when it Boils, put in more Egg-water to keep it from Boiling to high; and so continue putting it in, one Quart after another, for an hour together, until all your Egg-water be spent: but to prepare your Egg-water in parcels, viz. a Quart or two at a time, as you use it, is the better way. 
The way to make Sweets for such Cyder-Royal as you would have as Rich as Canary.  Now the use of these Eggs is only to raise such a scum as will carry away not only all the foulness and grossness of the Sugar, but all the Egg also. And when the scum hath done rising, and is clean taken off, then fill up your Kettle with as much Water as will make up your Quantity, and let it Boil to the size of a Syrup, and being cold put it into your Cider: But to put in a little Coriander-Seed bruised, and tied up in a fine linen Rag whilst it is Boiling, will give it a fine grateful scent.  
Of these Sweets you may put in 2 or 3 Gallons more or lest into an Hogshead as your palate invites you, or as the tartness of the Cider requires: But, put them not in till you have Racked your Cider the last time, and that it be passed the Fermentation. 
The Quantity of Sweets, and when to be put in.  And before you put your Sweets into the Cask, mix your Sweets and the Spirits you intent to put in, together; with a like Quantity of Cider, and stir them well together, then put all into your Cask of Cider and stir them with all your strength, with a strong staff in the Bunghole for one half quarter of an hour; After that stop it close, and draw none off till 2, 3, or 4 Months; By which time it will be Answerable to what hath been proposed; Only remember that if you will have it to resemble Canary, you must add the greater proportion of Spirits and Sweets, but if French-Wine, than the less Sweets, or none at all.  
As to the sort of Sugar, if the Sweets be made with white, the Cider will remain Pale, if of Brown Sugar, it will raise it to an higher Colour. 
What Sugar to be used.  And in my Opinion the latter is as good, as well is the cheapest, since the coursest by the aforesaid preparation, becomes as pure, as the finest; And Sweets being thus made, will cost but 5 d. per Quart.  
And thus every man may merryly make his varieties of Drink, with that which he knows to be good cheap and wholesome, which is more than he is sure to have at every Tavern, altho' he Pay three times as much for it: Nor hath he so much Reason to suspect these Liquors in those Houses to be so much Adulterated as the others, because none of like goodness to the Eye, Scent, and palate, can be afforded so cheap to the Pocket.  
XV. The Husky part of the Apples, after the Cider is Pressed out, being steeped 2 or 3 days in as much water as will cover it, and then Pressed clean out, and kept in a Vessel until it hath well Fermented; As also the Lees of all your Cider, will afford Spirit or Brandy, so much, that being added to the Cider of the same Apples, will make it almost as strong as French-Wine: which is a thing of great Advantage. 
An Advantage For making Spirit.   
XVI. Spirits being put into Bottles amongst Cider or any of the aforesaid Liquors, Will not Drink well. 
Spirits mixed with simple Cider in Bottles, will not do so well.  I was a long time troubled to find out how to make this Drink as palatable and pleasing as it was become strong and Cheering, until I put both Cider and Spirits into a Wooden Cask; The first I Completed Was in a Vessel of six Gallons; Into which I put 2 Quarts of Sweets, and 3 Quarts of the Spirits of Cider, which after it had lain 2 or 3 Months, I found to be as strong and pleasing as Canary.  
XVII. By adding Wormwood to Cyder-Royal, as you do to Wine, you may make it as good and grateful to the Stomach, both for procuring Appetite and causing Digestion, as the best Purl-Royal or Wormwood-Wine. 
Wormwood Cyder-Royal.  Thus may you have or your own Growth, Cyder-Royal, Goose-Berry, Currant, Cherry, etc. from the size of the smallest Wines, to the strength and goodness of the best Canary, suitable to all Seasons of the Year, and to the Constitutions of all Persons, and Humours of all Palates, and agreeable to all Ages from Children of 12 Months Old, to the height of Old Age.  
XVIII. This Cyder-Rayal or New Wine, thus prepared, may be kept in the Cask 2 or 3 Years, and be bettered thereby; Provided you keep the Cask full; which to do, you must Observe, that in 2 months' time, the Liquor will waste a Quart more or less, as the Vessel is bigger or lesser; which you ought to fill up again, with Liquor of the same strength, or if; stronger, the better. 
Touching the keeping of Cyder-Royal.  And by this means it may keep and grow better and better some Years, without putting into it (as some are said to do into their Liquors) Stum, or other unwholesome Ingredients.  
Suppose by keeping cyder-Royal too long, it should become unpleasant, and as unfit to Bottle as Old Hockamore, take but one Hogshead of that, and one of Tart new Cider, and before the latter be quite clear or fine, mix them together in two other Hogsheads, well-Perfumed, and add Spirits and Sweets a due Proportion, to the Quantity of your new Cider, Suppose it be in the Month of october or November, you may be sure to have it full as good, if not better than ever it was, and a most Excellent Cyder-Royal to Drink, or to Bottle, by or before Christmas. 
If Cyder-Royal be kept till 'tis too Stale, there need be no loss by it.  And this I know by repeated Experience and Practice, nor can your New Cider be made half so good by that time of the Year.   

An Appendix further Demonstrating, that the Treasure those Kings and State, who have respectively by their several Letters Patent, Contracts or Resolutions, promised me a Gratuity, may by this Invention amount to more than Four-Hundred, Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum, over and above several Hundred-Thousand Pounds that will be Saved at Home, which before was carried out, to the Enriching of other Nations and Countries.  
 l. s. d. FIrst, Suppose one Penny per Quartfield Custom be Paid for Cyder-Royal, & a man Drink a Quart per day, that makes by the Year. 2 - 0- 5 Secondly, A thousand Persons at the same Rate and Proportion must Pay, 2004 3 4 Thirdly, And consequently 400000 Persons must Pay, 801661 13 4  
So that in any Nation that yields 100000 Acres of Land fit to be Planted with Apples, Currants, Goose-Berries, etc. and wherein there may be found 400000 Persons that may one with another, Drink a Quart a day (of a Drink so Rich, and yet withal so cheap, and of their own Production) The Supreme Magistrate of that Nation may have and raise hereby 800000 Pounds per Annum (which is as much again as above proposed) to the Public Exchequer: Besides 1661. l. 13 s. 4 d. towards the Charge of Collecting it.  
If it be still Objected, that this will be a Grievance to the Subject?— 'Tis Answered (besides what has before been said on that Subject) that notwithstanding such Imposition, it may be Raised by those that make it for their own use, much cheaper than Beer, since one Acre of Land (take one with another) will yield at least; half as much more of the former, as it will of the latter, and with less Labour and Charge.  
Nor can it be well Imagined but that there will be found in either of those Nations, 40000 Persons who one with another will not Drink less than a Quart a day a piece, when they can have it upon the matter as cheap or rather Cheaper then Beer, tho' it be altogether as good as Wine; And especially since such as have Land in their own Possession, may have plenty of it for their own use, for nothing but a little of their own Labour and paying a Penny per Quart to the King or State.  
If be Objected, that this Cyder-Royal will be of low esteem amongst the Nobility, who are Accustomed to the most costly and curious Wines— I thereto humbly Answer; That the Objection is built but upon a Supposition, for no man is sure, that Princes whose Dominions, yield not Wine, may not be as much taken with these Drinks instead thereof, the rather for that besides their variety, pleasantness and wholsomness, 'twill be so much their Interest to permote and Recommend the same to General Use, whereby not only the wealth of their Kingdoms or States may be Preserved and Increased, but their own Revenues greatly Augmented.  
Secondly, Tho' Princes and Nobles are the Highest and more Refined part of the World, yet they are but few, Comparatively, in Number: The great Benefit depends on the Greatness of the Consumption of Liquors, and that depends, upon Persons of an inferior Sphere, and middle Fortunes; so that although Princes and Persons of the first Rank should still delight in Champagne, Burgundy, Frontineack, Greek or Florence-Wines, of any Other costly Foreign Liquors, yet this will signify little to hinder the General Use of Cyder-Royal, etc. Since 'tis not to be doubted, but thousands of good Country-Gentlemen, multitudes of Citizens, substantial Yeomen and other Persons, may for Interest and Good-Husbandry be content to make themselves and their Neighbours merry with these cheaper, and altogether as good, strong, and wholesome Drinks, with which they may so readily furnish themselves. Nay, there is scarce, a Cottager, having but one Acre of Land, but may have as much of these excellent Liquors as may be worth him 8 l. per Annum; so that the Persons of inferior Condition that may make use thereof, in comparison of the Nobility, who 'tis Objected are not like to use it, will be at least 5000 to One; And consequently the profit proposed, may not fail or come short, notwithstanding it should so happen, that neither Kings, Princes, nor Nobility should ever vouchsafe to Taste thereof.   

The best and quickest way of Raising a Nursery, etc.  
THe raising of Nurseries for Orchards being so Essential to what hath been proposed, and since by Experience I know, that these following Difficulties and Inconveniences do happen therein, viz. That 2 Trees of one sort of Fruit, and both well Rooted alike, and Planted in one and the same Soil, many times the One will grow bravely, and bear a Bushel at a time, within 6 or 7 Years, and the Fruit good and pleasant, when the other shall be a small shrubb, and produce small unpleasant Fruit, and not half a peck for the others Bushel.  
Again some Trees tho' they are Planted on very good Land, and Husbanded never so carefully, will yet never become good nor long lived Trees. Whereas other Trees Planted in the same Land shall grow apace, be very Fruitful and long lived. The want of knowing the Causes and Remedy of these things, hath not only Discouraged many from Planting, but hath spoiled many hopeful Trees and Orchards.  
As for the Remedy it is (in itself) both PLAIN and EASY; and therefore since many People think that they need not be taught any thing that is so, and are unwilling so acknowledge any Obligation to those that inform them thereof, what need I say any more? Let them find it out.  
However, for the Satisfaction of Person more modest and grateful, I will at present show you the best Expedients to prevent both those mischiefs, which are the great Cause why in most Orchards little more than half of the Trees prove Good.  
As to the First, Supposing 2 young Trees being both very good, let one of them be set shallow, viz. the upper Root not more than an Inch or two at the most under Ground, and the deepest not above 8 or 9, and Suffer no downright Root to be upon it; Then shall you have it a thriving Tree and bearing good Fruit, If it be Carefully preserved and kept clear from Suckers and superfluous Branches, which are apt to Sprout up at or near the Root. But the other Tree being set too deep never thrives, nor proves Fruitful.  
As to the second Inconvenience, by which the Planter misseth his Expectation, that doth arise from the Stock or Kernel, on which the Graft is placed; and this I take for a certain Rule, that the Kernels of Fruit produced by a shrubb or imthriving Tree, very rarely prove good, and indeed the like may be said of Apple-Kernels in General.  
Wherhfore in raising of Nurseries, rather take your Kernels from a Fruitful Crabtree that hath a clear Body, a great spreading Head, and full of Boughs and Branches; For it may be observed, that as the Head is full of Boughs and Twigs, so proportionably that Stem abounds with Roots and Fibres; and as is the Tree, so will its Product or Seed be. I have so much remarked this, that I would much rather give 12 d. per Tree for those so raised, than a Penny a Tree for such as are raised from Shrubs or Appletrees.  
From such Kernels as aforementioned, I do knew, Trees may be raised ready to be Transplanted into Orchards, and Produce a Bushel on a Tree within 10 or 12 Years after the Kernel is put into the Ground; For the doing of which, and to raise a Nursery to the best Advantage, I will show you the best Expedients myself have Experienced by the following Aphorisms.  
I. As to the Ordering of your Kernels of such Crabs as aforesaid, either put them in the Ground so soon as they may be taken out of the Crab, or else so soon as the Winter Will give Leave, the sooner the better; But if you Keep them till the Spring, take care they be kept neither too moist nor too dry; If too moist, they will Heat, etc. If too dry, they will not grow, therefore keep them in a mixture of dry sand within Doors.  
II. So soon after January, as the Season will permit, sow your Kernels in Ordinary good Ground (that lies as warm and Lue from the Wind as may be:) Let the Ground be will dug, and the Kernels be Raked in so as they lie not too deep; an Inch, as near as you can guests, is enough; and when they are come up, preserve them clear of Grass and Weeds, until you have them Transplanted.  
III. The next Spring, viz. About 12 Months after your Kernels were sown, you may draw those that are best Grown, and Transplant them into a Nursery.  
IV. Let your Nursery-Ground be made good with Dung, and well digged, and mixed together, and set them in Rows so far apart as that you may dig between viz. the Rows at 2 foot distance: But in the Rows the Plants may be placed within 9 inches of each other.  
V. Before you set your Plants in the Nursery, be sure Crop off the down-right-Root, spread the small Roots, and close up the Ground very well about them.  
VI The next Spring after this, you may return agnin to your first Plantation of Kernels, and draw forth, & Transplant into your Nursery as aforesaid as many more as have made a good shoot, Ordering them as the first, & so you, may do from year to year; But observe the last of all are not so good as the first altho' for the second or third Year they may do well enough.  
VII. Having thus Transplanted your Kernels into a Nursery, they ought still to be kept clean from Weeds, and also the Ground to be kept loose, that the Roots may spread the better, and therefore in the next Autumn before the leaf is off, your Nursery ought to be digged; But never amongst them but once a Year; Only pull up the Weeds in Spring and Summer, as often as Occasion requires. And here note, the difference between digging your Nursery and all other Trees whilst the Leaf is yet on, and afterwards, is greater than you may at first Imagine; For that if it be done whilst the Sapp is up, if a Root should happen to be cut, the same will shoot out again, perhaps two for one, But after the Sap is once down, if a Root be Cut, it will not shoot forth that Winter, neverthelese be not too early in the Season, nor yet too careless of the Roots.  
VIII. By that time your Plants have had one or two Summer Growth in your Nursery, the next Winter, or rather near the Spring, cut off all their Tops, about a foot above Ground, and the next March or April after, the biggest of them will be ready to be Grafted.  
IX. A Tree that is Grafted, having made two Summers shoot, is fit to be Transplanted into an Orchard, because there is far less danger of a young Trees not growing or Thriving, than is of an Old One.  
X. In Transplanting be sure do not set too deep, To prevent which, this I do, First dig my holes 4 foot square, but no deeper than one Spit, or there abouts, viz. no deeper than the Roots of the Trees should Lie; For if the Holes be digged deep, and filled up again before the Tree is Planted, the Tree and all will sink together and never Prosper.  
If it be Objected, That if the holes be no deeper they will not contain the Roots of many Trees, for some have Roots as downright & long as a Parsnip; some are single, some double, and some treble, and all downright long ones, and such an hole will not receive them.  
I Answer, Away with such Trees, I would rather give 2 d. a dozen for them to Burn, than 6 d. per Hundred to Plant; and tho' there is scarce one of an Hundred but proves thus bad, if they are never Transpanted, (especially if they come from Apple Kernels) yet if from Crab-Kernels, and Transplanted as before is Ordered, there is hardly one of 400 will prove so improper.  
XI. Now as to the Charge of all this; One man's Labour upon one Acre of Land with Crab-Kernels may after 3 or 4 Years raise 10000 Trees every Year, which at 3 d. per Tree, comes to 125 l. which will well pay the Rent of your Land and the Gardeners wages; so that the Charge of Planting your Orchard will be very Cheap and Easy, for that an Acre of Land Planted with six score. Trees, as for the Trees they comes but to 30 s. and the Planting about 18 d. per Score, which is 9 s. So that by this Expedient, Nurseries may be raised so as to afford an Acre of Land to be Planted with the best sort of Trees, and of the best Fruit for less than 40 s. per Acre.  
XII. After your Trees are Transplanted into Orchards, the greatest Care and Charge is to keep them safe from being abused, either by Weeds that may grow about them, Suckers that may grow out of them between the Root, and spreading Boughs, and from all Cattle, Coneys and Hares. And in case they are digged about the Roots (where you may, if you please, Plant Turnips, Beans, Peas, or any other thing that may destroy the Grass or Weeds,) your Trees will thrive much the better, and grow twice as fast; But in case you Plant Currant and Goose-berries amongst your Appletrees, you may place 4 of them in the same Hole with your Appletree (that is, making the hole about 4 foot square, Plant your Appletree in the middle, and a Currant or Goose-Berry-Tree at each corner) and keep them from Weeds, and all will thrive together. But note that for Goose-Berries and Currants, you had need bestow more Dung than Appletrees require; And also forget not to mix your Dung and Earth together before the Trees are Planted; For if a Tree stand in all Dung, 'tis destructive to the Root: Mudd and Soil of Ponds, Ditches, etc. is as good for this purpose as any Dung, provided it be Sunburnt and dried before it be used.  
XIII. As to the Soil most proper for Orchards, I do observe that all Land proper for Corn, as Wheat, Barley, Rye, Beans, Pease, etc. are kind for that use. But the most Improper is extreme hot and dry Sands, and on the other side Grounds very wet and Cold.  
XIV. As for Currant & Goose-Berries, very great may be the profit that may be raised by Planting them amongst your Appletrees, because they will thrive there better than elsewhere. But because the Currants love the shadiest Ground most, let the Goose-Berries be Planted in the midst of your Ground, between your Rows of Appletrees in the most Sunny part.  
XV. As for raising of Currant and Goose-Berry-Trees, it's very easy & speedy, as thus: Take either of the said Trees about the End of February or beginning of March, lay down every Limb flat with the Ground, cover every Twig with good Earth, and turn out the Tops that they may lie above Ground, and every Twig will both Root and shoot forth, so that by the next Winter you may have of one Tree, 40 or 50, perhaps an hundred, well-rooted Plants, fit to be so Transplanted. Take Care to keep the uncovered Stock, which is between the old Root and the covered part, that it run not out in Branches; for if it do, the Twigs will be robbed of that Nourishment as should feed them. Also remember to keep them clear of all Grass and Weeds that may Annoy them.   

ADVERTISEMENT.  
IF any think it too much trouble for themselves to prepare the Spirits herein before mentioned; These are to give Notice, that they may have them ready made and well prepared at Mr. Woodward's, a Distiller in the Old Bailie: And Sweets at almost every Sugar-Bakers in London: But for such Spirits, I have not heard there is the like, neither for Quantity nor Quality, in all the City, as at the Place aforesaid.  
FINIS.