THE PETITION AND ARGUMENT OF Mr. Hotham, Fellow of Peter-Hous● in Cambridge, before the Committee for Reformation of the Universities, April 10. 1651. Against the Master's Negative Voice of that College, and for a remedy t● be granted the College against the usurpations of Doctor Seaman the present Master, agreeable to what was granted by Parliament to the City of London, An. Dom. 1648. for the better enabling them, in case of need, to act as a free Body, without their chief Officers concurrence.  
Published for satisfaction to such of the University as may possibly be desirous of a true knowledge of that days proceed.  
London, Printed for Giles Calvert, and are to be sold at the Black-spred-Eagle at the West-end of Paul's. 1651.   

To the Honourable, the Committee for Reformation of the Universities.  
Right Worthy Senators,  
THough by reason of a subrustick pudor and love of ease (the two Cardinal vices of my Constitution) I have been always averse from action, never but by strong enforcement of duty appearing in public view. And though I was never so well pleased with aught I could ever yet say or do, as to think it worth a rehearsal, much less of publication, especially in these Pamphleting times, wherein the glut of Books hath rendered all men's Palates nauseous of what is not in its kind excellent and extraordinary: Yet have I been lately by a strong desire of removing those pressures our College hath long groaned under, roused up out of my darling rest, and native shamefacedness, to appear a petitioner before you in some causes of our common concernment; in all which, though wearied with the discouragement of continual frustrations (which put both all those engaged with me, and others that would have otherwise appeared, into a resolution of no more addresses) yet could not I sit still as despairing, till I had made this one assay more, and delivered myself of this last parturience.  
This masculine birth was no sooner expos●● to the light in your presence, but it was, as you may well remember, by Doctor Seaman, whose prerogative it was born to oppose, endeavoured to be stifled with a deluge of vulgar slanders, viz. Malignity to his person, ambitious desire of private promotion, enmity to the established Laws and Government of the University, from all which the Petition was I think before yourselves sufficiently asserted; but those light aspersions being easilyer born away on the wings of common Fame, than that weight of reason I laid before you for its vindication, I held it convenient to send after them this particular memorial of that day's proceed, that so his Calumnies, and this Narrative being both heard speak together, the University, which I know never yet esteemed me an enemy to its Government, may be the better enabled to give a true judgement.  
But above all, being convinced by some present at that debate, that what I then delivered before you, if published, might possibly prove both a serviceable light and incentive to some generous spirits, to the contribution of their endeavours to that good reformation by you rosolved upon, I could not, (being a most devoted servant to that public end) but give way to their Counsels, though putting my slow Pen to the great penance of extorting from my weak memory, and transcribing into a form fit for the Press, that rude draught of materials, I had prepared for this work, together with an intersertion here and there of some few pertinencies in that tumultuary dispute, either omitted or forgotten.  
I must confess I expected, that having the state of the Controversy, and great need than was of determining it, so clearly laid open before you. 

1. In Doctor seaman's great unwillingness so much as to answer whether he laid claim to a negative voice.  
2. In his open discovery, when more pressly urged to it, of his avowance and claim to it.  
3. In a full and satisfactory answer to all those Pleas he could produce in justification of this claim; That a Declaration of your senses against his negative voice, with some certain provision against the use of it for the future, would have been the narrowest result of that day's consultation.    
And I further hoped that some Gentlemen of worth would so far have espoused a Common wealth quarrel, as that, if the abolition of the Master's supremacy in calling of meetings, and proposing of questions at his own pleasure were not in the Committees power, the matter being of a high and public concernment, should have been speedily reported to the house to provide a remedy.  
But I will not make any foolish expectation of mine, a rule whereby to judge of the resolutions of wis●r men.  
That Order you were pleased to make that day, of having a view taken of the Statutes of the whole University, and every particular College, was a noble and a generous Resolve; and to suffer yourselves, from the representation of a particular places grievances to be awakened into a positive activity towards an universal reformation, was a thing becoming men of enlarged spirits, and that Archipoimenall power you are entrusted with. And in that subsequent Order of those Gentlemen of the Sub Committee, Dated April 25. I cannot but with all due reverence applaud their wise admittance of an intermixture of the experience of men best knowing in College affairs with their own particular wisdoms in this Reformation: you gaining by this means a threefold advantage.  
First, The due praise of your Honourable Condescend in not asserting us to our lost freedoms by an absolute power, till there first appear in ourselves a dislike of our former Metamorphosis, and willingness to be restored.  
Secondly, A true knowledge of the condition and temper of the University in the Genius of its particular members, and how it stands affected to the principles of freedom.  
And thirdly, Many considerable discoveries, which yourselves out of the bare Theory could never have made, of great subserviency to the clearing of your understandings, not only in this point of freedom, but in all the other parts of your intended Reformation.  
Yet give me leave in my rough Northern Dialect to present before you some grand obstructions, which as to our College (for I desire not to intermeddle further) may possibly hinder such due concurrence as might justly be expected.  
The first is the Master of the Colleges residing at London, who though at that distance from his Charge, he ought to be looked at as a non significant cipher, yet hath he thereby opportunity, by his great interest and acquaintance with many of your members, to cast the prejudices of a private and partial information against whatsoever we shall present, especially if entrenching upon his prerogative.  
Secondly, Though himself should sit still and say nothing, yet his known Agent that grave Signior, who stands always at your elbow, and hath been permitted more than once to intermeddle in our College affairs, even in the time of your private debates, when we of the College, who are most concerned were commanded to withdraw, and who, by the knowledge of your minds he thereupon pretends to, hath sometimes attempted to deprave your Orders from your sense, recorded by your public Officer. This man still continuing in trust and respect with you, and I believe oft intruding his alley into the penning of your Orders 〈◊〉 cannot but administer us great ground of jealousy, that our best endeavours are in danger to prove abortive.  
I speak not this without good ground, for when we had once at the beginning of these troubles a Petition to present to you; a prudent man of our Society, whose judgement we knew concurred with us, did refuse to appear above-board upon this very ground: Our Petition he said was very just, and agreeable both to Reason, and the College Statute, but the Tribe of Adoniram would be too strong for us.  
A Gentleman being once to travel into France, took with him a raw Country-fellow to wait upon him; the Gentleman being arrived at Paris, and some days after, going to see the Court, his man was very inquisitive of him to know which was the King: but being shown him, would not believe it was he, and gave this for his reason, That sure the French were not such fools, when they had among them as he knew well, a grave, able, and learned Counsellor to make choice of (he meant a tall grim Swisser, with a great head, and a long beard, which he had observed waiting at the King's Gate) to reject this wise man, and make choice of a young youth of not thirty year old to be their King.  
All the application I make of it is but this one sober aviso, that you beware of too much depretiating yourselves, and your authority; The being but thought to Philippise, was once a great dishonour to the famous Oracle.  
This reverend Swisser is I assure you looked at as a great man, is adored by many, and few I think appear before you but sacrifice to him, at lest ne noceat, and the old Proverb of our Chronicle gins to be again remembered;  
He that will England win,  
With Scotland must first begin.  
I know not whether this plain language may displease some, but I hope some indulgence will be granted to a poor Northern man, who hath not yet learned to speak smooth English. And besides, it is more agreeable both to the rules of honesty and your interest, that these things should be declared to you, then whispered of you. But I forget myself.  
That this man's finger (though yourselves I am confident are not ware of it) hath not been wanting to the penning of this Order, I do a little suspect. Because first, Only those members of Colleges entrusted with the Government for the time being (which I think in most Colleges are only the Master and two Deans, and a Lecturer or two) are here called in to give their advice. Secondly, That masculine expression in your first Resolve of reducing the Statutes to such a state as may render them most conducing to the advancement of the interest of a Common wealth, being in this latter Order left out, and instead thereof, they only commanded to consider what Statutes, etc. are prejudicial to the present Government: whereupon most men declining your intended sense (of which your first Resolve is the best Expositor) will probably confine their understandings solely to the Consideration of the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, or something of that nature, as fit to be abolished.  
Thirdly, In our College, though the Master and Deans, with the Lecturer (and Bursar in some cases) are solely entrusted with the executive part of the governing power, yet is every member of the society by our Statute, equally entrusted with the Legislative.  
Now there are lately five Fellows put in by Order of this Committee, who though none of them have yet attained the degree of Master of Arts, and so are not yet men in an University account, yet must they (being by your special Orders made complete Fellows a year before their time) though utterly ignorant of our Statutes, unexperienced in College affairs, and besides, all but one of them, by their several relations to the Master, most devoted to his interest, have equal Votes in this grand Transaction with us of ancientest standing and experience, which must needs produce vast obstructions, and perhaps returns of contradictory opinions before your Tribunal. And these young lads opinions, being in the most material points, sure to have the Masters, either private or public abettance, according to whose private instructions they will assuredly act, 'tis not uneasy to judge by former successes what is like to be the event in this.  
Fourthly, It being unlikely that you will find in other Colleges, a number considerable to the major part to declare for any considerable mutation, where no oppressive miscarriage of their chief Officer hath awakened them into a distaste of their present absolute Monarchy; its improbable our College lying under such discouragements will adventure to be singular.  
Fifthly, That which is likely to prove the main obstruction of all, is men's jealousies of those hazards they may incur by a fruitless Declaration of their senses in points tending to the advancement of a Commonwealth interest, yourselves having not yet declared your own senses in favour of the cause of Liberty, which makes some fear, that their profession of some free principles may (though undoubtedly far from your honourable intentions) prove in the event, but an assembling themselves though honest men, to the fate of Baal's Priests, I mean the rage of that Samaritan, whose corrupt interest they oppose.  
But if yourselves upon whose countenances all men will look as the magnetic Pole-stars of their motion, would but show yourselves so far propitious to the cause of Liberty, as to pass but by way of earnest, a previous Declaration of your senses against the prerogative of Peter's Chair, whose root lies already bare and disfastned by reasons, axes and mattocks, and wants but one stroke of your authority to lay it levelly with the ground; this would indeed give some encouragement to our fainting resolutions.  
But if the redress of our grievance must be deferred till a perfect new model of all those Statutes have waded through that infinitude of almost insuperable obstructions it will meet with: I cannot but look at our Cause as near desperate, or at least shall of poor Peter-house take up my Proverb, and say Dum consulitur Romae, capitur Saguntum; while help from our friends of the Roman Republic is delayed, our Liberties are left as a prey; and those that appeared for it, as ascorn to the insulting enemy, who now having obtained his will in your ejection of one elected by the Precedent and Fellows; of which you have an account annexed to the latter end of this Relation, and his own Sizer a Londoner put by you into that Fellowship, though designed by our Founder for a Northern man; and having lastly got this desired advantage of having this great controversy left in statu quo, and drowned in that unfathomable Ocean of the universal view, and Reformation of the great body of our College and University Statutes (like that soldier, who being told he must answer for some yards of cloth he had snatched out of a Merchant's shop, at the day of Judgement, merrily retorted; that might he have so long a day given him, he would take the whole piece) puts the evil day afar off; and as I hear impotently boasts himself your only Favourite, and the Society as a despised handful, not otherwise looked at then as a heap of dead stones, except when it shall please himself to animate us into a Fabric.  
This I can attribute to nothing so much as those his Punic Ambusca●ds where with he hath hitherto prevailed against our more apert Roman Militia; I mean those secret whisper instilled, I fear into their ears, whom he hath free access to, of his being the author of all their essences in Peter-house, who now lift up their heels against him, of a Faction, and I know not what plot, to make way for building up another man's promotion out of his ruins; which groundless▪ scandals, lying perhaps as a prepossession in many men's belief, cannot but prove a heavy obstruction in their way who have done, or shall further appear his adversaries.  
But I hope you will in time consider how usual a stratagem it hath always been of tyrants, to defile those that appeared for Reformation with such like slanders.  
And when Truth's Story comes to be told in to your other ear, which I hope is reserved empty for us the Fellows; these daughters of Falsehood will hid their faces, and vanish into nothing. I could myself with a little more of your patience rectify your judgements of those prejudices, were I sure there were need of it.  
But I have detained you too long.  
Be pleased to accept of these Remonstrances, which, lest the Publication might be misinterpreted an appeal to others; I crave the boldness to Dedicate in all humility to yourselves, not doubting, but that that candid and favourable attention of yours, which honoured their first privater birth, will not deny its propitious influence upon this their more public production.  
And that you will every way approve yourselves answerably to that honourable Style you bear, The Committee for Reformation, is the confidence, And will always be the Prayer of  
Your meanest Servant, Ch. Hotham.   

To my most dear and ever honoured friends, the Fellows of Peter-house in Cambridge.  
Gentlemen of our ancient Society,  
WHen I cast my eye upon your experienced great worth, and the unparallelled happiness I have long enjoyed in my converses with you, I cannot but wish myself able to erect some lasting monument, whereon to engrave my deep sense of both to perpetuity.  
But my short power sinking so infinitely beneath my own desire, and your desert, I am enforced rather than be altogether unfruitful, to present you with this barren Essay of my endeavours for our common freedom: which coming now to see the public light, is (next to our general Protectors, to whose Honourable inspection over us, we must needs say, we own our preservation) devoted to your service and acceptance.  
I know you will a little wonder at this opener appearance of this Petition and Argument, which I think you never looked I would have been so adventurous as to have suffered to see so much light as it did in your view before the Committee.  
For, to appear against the interest of a man so generally befriended, by some upon point of ancient acquaintance, & opinion of his holiness; by others upon his high merit in the secession from his former principles and party he was a head of, to an absolute compliance with the strongest sword, even to a preaching up the present powers Authority, out of the very same Texts and Principles which were formerly made use of by the Regal-Parasites, to establish that blind obedience we all declared and fought against; for a mere servant of principles to contend against a server of times, such a good loyal subject, and perfect tool of State, that hath like the complying Knight of old, confessed even Boots and Spurs and all, and resolved all his former stiff principles into that one of a supple, servile obedience to the strongest sword, was, I know both you and all men else will say, a desperate attempt, and more smeling of juvenile heat, than a sedate wisdom.  
I confess, if my love of Justice, and honourable esteem of our Judge's integrity had not been much stronger than any humane hopes of success, I had never employed my endeavours upon so improbable an adventure.  
But you know my professed principle hath always been, that a true Christians motions should be guided by that one single internal principle of righteousness, that where duty calls to action, there our work is simply to contribute an endeavour, leaving successes to him that is Lord of all: That that man is not worthy the name of a Christian, nor fit to be an instrument of any remarkable good, that will not prodigally adventure the loss of his repute, as well as labour in miscarriages, for the possible accomplishment of a righteous end.  
Whereupon some of you may possibly remember, that when we were upon that first attempt of petitioning the Committee against the Master's man, being made Fellow of our College, and the intrusion of young Lads into the Colledge-government, though I both owned and cordially joined with you in those (I think) just requests, yet I always said we were thus far comparatively unjust, in that we unbecomingly spent our pains in hewing at a few excrementitious branches, and did not rather lay the Axe to the root of the tree, viz. the Master himself, and his usurped prerogative, who by denying us our right of elections, had been the true original of all those mischiefs.  
For as for those youngsters, they having no trust upon them to the contrary, if they did a little over▪ eagerly seek their own promotion, it was but a private error, a sin of their age, rather than judgement.  
But for Doctor Seaman, a Patriarchiall pretender to Religion, and entrusted with the Patronage of the College rights, to betray them and us to his own corrupt design of new modelling the College, and moulding up a party devoted to his own ends, was in him an unpardonable transgression, and in us especially, who had appeared against lesser offenders, not altogether excusable to suffer it without endeavouring a remedy.  
Dat veniam Corvis, vexat censura Columbas.  
But you perhaps not thinking fit to engage against an interest apparently too strong for us, or desisting upon other reasons best known to your wisdoms, I thought fit however to acquit myself from the blame of my own Conscience by my single engagement against that destructive prerogative, which I was the rather willing to do upon my own single adventure, because if I prevailed, the Community would be a gainer; if not, the loss of labour, and the disrepute was only my own.  
Besides, I was sure you were all throughly persuaded of my souls candour in the attempt, and that none of those by-respects our Malignant and ungodly Master charged me with, but only the public good was my sole and sincere aim, both in this and other transactions, wherein I have appeared cross to his designs. And so whatever error I might commit in the management of this affair, I promised myself from you, whose censure I only valued, an easy pardon.  
Yet in all this prosecution of our cause of liberty, you see I have hitherto acted with such tenderness to him I opposed, as to aim only at the removal of his hurtful prerogative, not his person: but seeing he hath to his former miscarriages added this Capital transgression, of seeking to cast a public disgrace upon the Precedent and whole Society, whose honour and immunities he was bound to defend, I hope it will not be thought injustice if that personal charge against him (which if produced before, would have come in only as a needless supernumerary motive to the enforcement of my Petition) being reserved as yet entire, be in its due time, when some formalities yet wanting shall be ready, produced against him to his amotion.  
And if it should ever be our good hap to discharge ourselves of so unnecessary a burden, I see for my own part no reason why the Kingly Office in Peterhouse may not well be abolished, and he who shall a● President be elected yearly to supply the place, content himself for his pains with the stipend allowed by the Founder, and so the State become exonerated of the charge of that augmentation.  
Nor do I see why we should distrust that Government in our Corporation, of which all the Corporations throughout the whole Nation have such ample experience, especially we having found by a more than six years' experience of our own, that all the good ends of Government have been attained with us by a Precedent and Fellows in the Master's absence, much better than in his presence.  
Yet I speak not this at all in relation to other Colleges, whose Constitution may be different from ours, and who have perhaps found great benefit redounding to their Communities from their several Master's vigilancy and faithfulness to the common interest.  
But I hope the Master of our College will be so wise in his generation, as to cut off the Clue from these remote designs, by making use of that old Statute, de promotis, together with that present interest he hath in many members of the honourable Committee, to rid me first out of his way, a thing most of you know he hath oft threatened me with, but could never yet by such means get me to bate him one Ace of my open opposition to his designs, where my judgement engaged me to it.  
I know moreover what obstructions he is able to lay in my way (without once being seen in it himself) whensoever I shall come to lay claim to my Lancashire inheritance, but it is my resolution, God willing, to go on as justice shall call, strait forward, without looking aside either to the right hand, or to the left.  
Nor shall the hazard either of my fellowship, or five or six hundred pounds a year to boot, deter me from doing aught wherein I may advance a public good, with respect to that worthy Society, to whom I shall, while I enjoy life, endeavour to approve myself.  
A most affectionate and faithful Servant, Ch. Hotham.   

Vicesimo Octavo Februarii. 1648. An Act of the Commons of England in Parliament assembled, for removing Obstructions in the proceed of the Common-Councel of the City of London.  
THe Commons of England in Parliament assembled, do enact and ordain, and be it enacted and ordained by the Authority aforesaid, that in all times to come, the Lord Mayor of the said City of London, so often, and at such time as any ten or more of the Common-Councel men do by writing under their hands, request or desire him thereunto, shall summon, assemble, and hold a Common-Councel. And if at any time, being so required or desired, he shall sail therein, than the ten persons, or more, making such request or desire, shall have power, and are hereby authorized by writing under their hand to summon, or cause to be summoned to the said Council, the members belonging thereunto, in as ample manner as the Lord Maior himself usually hath done. And that the members appearing upon the same summons, being of the number of forty, or more, shall become a Common-Councel. And that each Officer, whose duty it shall be to warn in, and summon the members of the said Council, shall perform the same from time to time, upon the Warrant or Command of ten persons or more so, so authorized as aforesaid. And it is further enacted and ordained by Authority aforesaid, that in every Common-Councel hereafter to be assembled, the Lord Mayor of the said City for the time being, or in his absence such Locum tenens as he shall appoint, and in default thereof, the eldest Alderman present, if any be, and for want of such Alderman, or in case of his neglect, or refusal therein, than any other person, member of the said Council, whom the Commons present in the said Council shall choose, shall be from time to time Precedent or Chairman of the said Council, and shall cause and suffer all things offered to, or proposed in the said Council, to be fairly and orderly debated, put to the Question, Voted and determined in and by the same Council, as the mayor part of the members present in the said Council shall desire, or think fit: and in every Vote which shall pass, and in the other proceed of the said Council, neither the Lord Mayor nor Aldermen, joint or separate, shall have any negative or distinct Voice or Vote, otherwise then with and among, and as part of the rest of the members of the said Council; and in the same manner as the other members have: And that the absence and withdrawing of the Lord Maior or Aldermen from the said Council, shall not stop or prejudice the proceed of the said Council. And that every Common-Councel which shall be held in the City of London shall sit and continue so long as the mayor part of the Council shall think fit, and shall not be dissolved or adjourned, but by, and according to the order or consent of the mayor part of the same Council. And that all the Votes and Acts of the said Common-Councel, which was held 13. Januarii last, after the departure of the Lord Mayor from the same Counsel. And also all Votes and Act● of every Common-Councel hereafter to be held, shall be from time to time duly Registered as the Votes and Acts of the said Council have used to be done in time past. And be it further enacted and ordained by the authority aforesaid, that every Officer which shall sit in the said Council, shall be from time to time chosen by the said Council, and shall have such reasonable allowance or salary for his pains and service therein, as the Council shall think fit. And that every such Officer shall attend the said Common-Councel: And that all Acts and Records, & Register-Books belonging to the said City, shall be extant to be perused and searched into by every Citizen of the said City, in the presence of the Officer who shall have the charge of keeping thereof, who is hereby required to attend for the same purpose.  
Hen. Scobel Cler. Parliament.   

Errata.  
Preface to the Committee, page 1. line ult. read resolved. p. 2. l. 16. r. And I further, etc. p. 3. l. 23. r alloy. Book. p. 3. l. 26. r. some time. l 33. r. inconveniences. l. 34. r. Master. p. 5. l. 16. r. pausing. p. 8. l. 3. r. particulars. p. 11. l. 3. r. the only sound. etc. p. 12. l. 2. r. liking. and l. 15. r. be so understood. p. 13. l. 23. r. or Proctors. p. 14. l. 25. r. in aliquo. p. 19 l. 26. r. an equivocal brood out of corrupt manners. p. 21. l. 2. r. arduis. and l. 6. deal now. p. 22. l. 4. deal. when. l. 11 r. systemed up, etc. p. 23. l. 5. r. Societies. p. 24. l. 10. r. conjunctim. p. 25. l. 2. r. so much. p. 27. l. 3. r. obstinacy.   


To the Honourable, the Committee for Reformation of the UNIVERSITIES. The Humble Petition of Charles Hotham, Fellow of Peterhouse in Cambridge.  
Shows,  
THat whereas in all Societies of men incorporate, great evils do usually arise from the too exorbitant power of their chief Officer, not annually elected to his Trust; the sad experience whereof our College hath of late felt, the Master assuming to himself, or his Precedent (if present) the sole power of Convocating and dissolving of public Meetings, and proposing of Questions at his own pleasure; and sometimes refusing to act according to the determination of the major part; and all this only for want of our Founders sufficiently expressing his mind in a Statute of our College; wherein he Wills, that the Master should in the Arduous affairs of the College, consult with the Fellows in Common, and stand to the determination of the Major and sounder part, but hath through the uncertainty of the last expression, left a gap open to the exercise of an Arbitrary power; and besides, constituted no penalty to the Master at any time, upon sinister ends, refusing to do his duty in that kind, nor provides the College of any way for calling of Meetings, or making of Acts in form valid, without his, or his Precedents concurrence.  
And seeing the Parliament hath always adjudged this unlimited power in the supreme Officer of the Nation, of a dangerous and destructive nature to the Weal Public, and hath further proceeded so far, as to restrain the same in the City of London, where yet the danger is not so great, as in our smaller Corporation, their chief Officer being annually changeable, and new elected to his Trust: but ours, one and the same during the whole term of his life.  
May it therefore please this Honourable Committee, for prevention of future mischiefs, and for Caution that this root of Corruption left in one of the ancientest Fountains of youth's education do not spread out its pernicious branches to gangrene the whole Nation, To Ordain, That from henceforth the Master shall not assume to himself, or his Precedent, such an exorbitant power, but that he or his Precedent, or the Signior Fellow of those present at home, shall at any time, upon the desire of two of the seven Signior Fellows, left with him in writing under their hands, call a meeting at some seasonable time, within 48. hours after their desire so signified; and shall at that, and all other meetings propose to the Society such questions as the Major part shall think fit, and not dissolve any meeting without consent of the major part; And lastly, shall not assume to himself any Negative or distinct voice, otherwise then as one member of the Assembly, and in the same manner as other members have, but shall according to the duty of his place, duly and without delay put in execution the determination of the said Major part, and all this to be established under a sufficient penalty; the want of which is the greatest encouragement to mortal men to offend: And that in case the Master or his Precedent, or Signior Fellow then present, shall refuse upon such desire of two of the Seniors, as abovesaid, to call a meeting, than they themselves to be authorised to call a meeting; and such of the Fellows as shall meet upon their summons, if there be above seven then at home, to be empowered to choose a Precedent for that time, and to be a College Assembly to all intents and purposes; And what shall pass in such Assembly so Convocated by the Signior Fellow of those present at home, or the two Seniors abovesaid, to be reputed an Act of the College, as valid as if the same meeting had been convocated by the Master or his Precedent: And because great inconvenience may oft ensue by the Master and his Precedent, being both absent together, our Statutes having in such case provided the College of no Governor in chief. Your Petitioner doth further pray. That it may be ordained,  
That in case the Master and his Precedent, shall be both absent, That then the Senior-Fellow of those present at home, may, till the Masters, or his Precedents return, be empowered as Precedent, to all intents and purposes, as if he were by the Master nominated, and appointed to that Office.  
And your Petitioner, with the whole College, delivered from the oppressions and usurpations of an Arbitrary power, by the wisdom and justice of this Honourable Committee, Shall ever pray, etc.   
This Petition was first presented and read before the Committee March 27. at which time Doctor Seaman urged that this controversy would concern the whole University, and therefore was unfit to be singled out alone, but rather should fall in with the consideration of the whole bulk of the College and University Statutes now under consideration of the Committee of Visitors at Cambridge; but the Committee then looking at this as a dilatory subterfuge accepted of the Petition, assigned a day for taking it into further consideration, granting me summons for such of the Society as I desired for Witnesses in case of need. The Master having the like liberty to nominate whom he pleased, but pitched upon none. This was the Order.  

March 29. 1651. At the Committee for Reformation of the Universities.  
ORdered, that the Petition of M. Charles Hotham Fellow of Peterhouse in the University of Cambridge, this day presented to this Committee, be taken into consideration on this day fortnight, & that Dr. Francius, M. Clerk, M. Brock, and M. sam's signior, Fellows of the said House, do in person attend this Committee, to inform this Committee of what they know concerning the matter of the said Petition, and that in the mean time the Master and Fellows of the said House have a copy of the said Petition if they think sit.  
James Chaloner.   
On the day appointed, being April 10. being desirous to have the cause heard at as full a Committee as might be, I attended sometime in the Hall with this following Petition for a revival of the business.  

To the honourable Committee for Reformation of the Universities, The humble Petition of Charles Hotham Fellow of Peterhouse,  
Sheweth,  
THat whereas your Petitioner on the 27. of March last past having represented to this honourable Committee the great inonveniencies redounding to that College, of which he is a member, from the too exorbitant power exercised by the Mr of the said College, for want of our Founders sufficient declaration of his mind in a Statute, wherein he willeth that the Master shall in arduis Collegii, consult the Fellows in common, and stand to the judgement of the major and sounder part: For the more full and certain execution of which Statutes, your Petitioner did humbly pray, That such remedies as were in that Petition specified, might be ordained by the wisdom of this Honourable Committee.  
Upon which desire of your Petitioner, it was then ordered, that the said Petition should be taken into consideration on that day fortnight, and that Dr. Fransticus, Mr. Clerk, Mr. Brock, and Mr. sam's, Fellows of the said College, should be required to attend here in person, to inform this Honourable Committee what should be thought requisite concerning the matter of the said Petition.  
Now therefore your Petitioner doth humbly pray, that this being the day appointed for the said hearing (and the Fellows of the College which were summoned being here in person, ready to attend the pleasure of this Honourable Committee) that the said Petition may be again read, and your Petitioner may be heard to make good his Petition, by such proofs of reason, or witness, as the nature of the thing shall require; and your Petitioner, as in duty bound, shall in all humility await such sentence, as shall upon full hearing of all parties concerned be awarded by the wisdom and justice of this Honourable Committee.  
And shall ever pray, etc.   
But this short Petition proved useless; for my former large Petition was resumed without any motion of mine, and much sooner than my expectation.  
But after the first clause of the Petition was scarce read, Doctor Seaman interposed a motion, that the further reading of it might be suspended, till a private business, which he said was the true original of all these commotions, were first heard. So the Petition was at his motion laid aside, and the private business first brought upon the stage: the issue of which, falling out strangely to his content, the Committee was made believe this was the substance of the whole controversy, there needed now no farther hearing of the public Petition.  
Now as for that private business, seeing he hath christened it with the name of public, I have at the latter end of this Narrative made it public for his sake.  
But nothing discouraged with this unexpected event of that dispute, I went in again to the Committee, informed a noble Gentleman there present, I had a Petition there of great concernment, which I desired might be read, and myself heard speak to it. So at his motion the Petition was resumed.  
After 'twas read, Dr. Seaman, I think, first spoke something to it; but to what effect, I have utterly forgotten, and shall be glad to be remembered of it by himself.  
When he had done speaking, I moved the Committee that for laying a clear foundation, whereupon to ground the debate, he might be asked the question, Whether he laid claim to a negative voice, or not.  
His answer was, first, that he did not desire to answer to any question, till commanded to it by the Committee; but pausing a while, and perceiving by a general silence of all the members, that a more full answer was expected, He still subtly declining an answer to the question, tells them we had many sorts of Colledge-meetings; that the Master was sometimes to consult with the Deans only, sometimes with 5 or 6 of the Seniors; but in the arduous affairs of the College, he was to consult with the Fellows in common, and to stand to the judgement of the major part. This now seemed, at first view, a clear acknowledgement of his being bound up in the major part, in meetings of the whole Society present.  
And any man, not acquainted with his methods, would have thought the controversy had been at an end, and that the Doctor was scandaled in my so much as intimating that he had laid claim to a negative voice.  
But as 'twill appear he meant nothing less For first, though he acknowledged himself bound in arduis to consult the Fellows in common, yet nothing appeared, but that he still reserved the judgement of that arduity as a prerogative within his own breast; so that the Society for meetings, though never so much needed, must depend upon his royal pleasure, which was one of the chief grievances, against which a remedy was petitioned for.  
Secondly, notwithstanding his seeming acknowledgement of being tied by the major part; yet being further urged to declare whether he did not from that additional expression in our Statute of the sounder part, challenge to himself a decisive judgement which was the sounder part, so as that he might judge the lesser part the sounder, and be thereupon absolved from standing to the judgement of the major part, he could then keep himself in the darkness no longer, but produced two Statutes for his negative voice. The one, extending only to the proof of his negative voice over the two Deans, was an interpretation made a hundred and fifty years, or more, after the first compiling of our Statutes. In these words, Item si aliquid ex Statuto sit determinandum per Magistrum, & Decanos concernens eorum officia, si Magister Collegii, & unus Decanorum aliquid decreverint, stabit pro rato, & si duo Decani decreverint, & Magister Collegii non concesserit, pro nullo habeatur.  
But this proved not at all a negative voice over the major part of the Fellows assembled in a meeting.  
The other (being the main pillar of his cause) was the University Statute, which he read to the Committee in these words.  
In omnibus & singulis electionibus tam Sociorum, Discipulorum, Schola●ium, Officiariorum, Lectorum, reliquorúmque membrorum cujusque Collegii, quàm in omnibus & singulis locationibus, & concessionibus quibuscunque, necessariò requirendus est Magistri sive Praepositi illius Collegii assensus & consensus. Et quod bene licebit Magistris sive Praepositis Collegiorum, in suis Collegiis, si quando illis necessarium videbitur, omnes illas poenas exercere in delinquentes, qua● aliquis Officiariorum illius Collegii per Statuta ejusdem Collegii imponere possit.  
These Statutes he said (but proved it not) were confirmed by Act of Parliament: To which 'twas answered, That it's true, the University Charters were confirmed by Act of Parliament, but as I believed, not the Statutes; no further confirmation that I know of appearing, more than by the same Commissioners, who reviewed our Colledg-Statutes; which as far as I knew, there was as good ground to believe were confirmed by Parliament, as those of the University.  
He further added, that that which I charged as a fault upon him, viz. the relying upon his own wisdom, I was chief guilty of it myself, in preferring a Petition of my own head, without first ask the advice and consent of the Fellows, who did not appear any way to own it: to all which allegations of his, my answer, directed to the Chairman of the Committee, was as follows.  

SIR,  
I acknowledge it may to this grave Assembly seem strange, & perhaps something smelling of presumption, that in a business wherein the good of the whole College is pretended to, one man only should appear to own it, & he neither the first nor second Senior of the College, nor yet publicly employed by the Society for the making of such attempt: But I hope if the high consequence of the matter presented, and greatness of the person, or rather interest to be opposed, and how unwilling men of prudent and suffering spirits have always been to engage themselves in high contests, and how loath modest men are to ask that which they think may probably be denied them, be well considered, this wonder will soon cease. And to take away the imputation of presumption, I have only this to say, that had I known of any man that would have taken upon him this task, I should most willingly, according to that man's directions, either have sitten still, or seconded him in the meanest of services tending to the advancement of this cause. But I knew of none, and besides, had, above the rest of the Society, these special engagements obliging me to this endeavour.  
1. First at the time of my presenting the Petition, I was one of the Deans of the College, an Officer entrusted by the Founder, not only as an assistant to the Master in the Colledge-Government, but likewise as one of the Ephori of Sparta, a Supervisor and Censor of his actions in some cases, to admonish him, if need were, and in case of his obstinate standing out against admonitions, to complain of him to a Superior Justice.  
Secondly, our Colledge-statute requires every member of the College, even after his departure, (much more during his abode) that in way of a grateful acknowledgement of that much good he hath received there, he should endeavour the preservation of the Colledge-rights to the utmost of his power.  
Now there having been one of my own name, and Family, the third, or fourth successor to the Bishop of Ely that founded the College, a great Benefactor to it (though the particulas wherein, appear not) and myself coming now in a more peculiar manner, and by a strange cast of providence, to partake of the good fruits of his bounty; I held it a double obligation upon me to a performance of this clause of our Statute, by endeavouring somewhat which posterity might reap the benefit of; which being at present not in a capacity to do, by gift of Lands, or any considerable sum of Money, all I had left within my power, was ●●●ly to appear here as the Colleges servant, in the vindication of our common-liberties, than which, ingenuous spirits know not a more precious treasure upon Earth.  
Thirdly, 'Tis a thing well known to all I have ever conversed with, that I have ever since the first beginning of these civil wars, and that in the most hazardous times, when the generality even of the Parliaments party stood inclinable to a defection, been to my poor ability, and in my narrow sphere, a zealous assertor of the Nations liberty, against the prerogative of the supreme Officer of State, then in War against us: And therefore, if upon the same principle I now show myself more then ordinarily forward in asserting the liberties of our particular Commonwealth, against a parallel tyranny; I hope my boldness will find the easier pardon.  
This I have been necessitated to premise, in answer to those evil surmises which you hear have been raised, and objected, as of great consequence against the title of the Petition, and more might be added; but seeing this Committee hath been so just and honourable, as waving all respect of persons, to take the matter itself into your grave considerations, I shall now wholly apply myself to the matter in hand.  
The Petition is large, but may, in sum, be reduced to these two heads.  
First, a Preamble consisting of a Concatenation of divers motives for enforcement of the Petition.  
Secondly, The Prayer of the Petition itself.  
The Motives are many, and of great weight.  
You have in them,  
First, a general Proposition of those great mischiefs which the common experience of all ages, places, and Nations, teaches us do arise from the chief Officer of any Corporations being entrusted with a power distinct from, and superior to that of the community. 'Tis both the true characteristical badge of slavery, and the chief fomenter of jealousies and contentions: For wheresoever 'tis so, there's always a particular interest of the governing power set up distinct from, and most what contrary to, that of the public, than which nothing can be more destructive to the welfare of any Community: the truth of which Maxim we have had a feeling proof in the sad series of those evils which have lately sprung up in this Nation from the claim and exercise of this power by the chief Officer of England's great Corporation: 'Twas that which had like first to have plunged us into the depth of slavery, and did afterwards engage us in a bloody war, the justice of which war can never be solidly maintained by the asserters of a Negative Voice. For my own part, this was to me the great convincing argument of the Scots apostasy from their first principles, and from the cause they were with using aged in, when I saw them in their Manifesto plead so openly for the upholding of this great branch, or rather stock, and bulk itself of the royal Prerogative.  
2. You have for confirmation of this truth the judgement of the whole Representative of England, and those that have most cordially appeared with them in this cause, especially of the now governing power, which hath always declared this power in the King of a most dangerous and destructive nature to the weal public, and inconsistent with the Nations freedom: And the Army in particular, when we were not yet attained to that wise and generous resolution of removing the Kingly Office as well as his Person, did in their grand Remonstrance propound it as a necessary caution for the securement of our Liberties, that whosoever should, upon the removal of the late King, be admitted, though but by election, to succeed him, should before his admission disavow all claim to a Negative Voice.  
3. You have presented to your view a more particular declaration of this present Parliaments judgement in this point, in reference to a particular Corporation: Those evils which the whole Nation had formerly groaned under, there was a critical time when the City of London felt the same pangs of the same disease arising from the same fountain of corruption: the chief governor of that city exercising that power in his own Corporation, which himself with others had declared and fought against in the supreme Officer of the Nation; whereupon this Parliament was pleased to remove that prerogative, and provide them this very way now petitioned for, of acting as a free Body in case of need, without the chief Officers concurrence.  
4. The fourth motive humbly propounded to your consideration is the great mischiefs which have redounded to our small Corporation from the exercise of this arbitrary power by our chief Officer: But of this theme, because 'tis very large, and will need much interlacing of proofs and examination of Witnesses, I shall treat, if need be, in the last place.  
5. The fifth, and that the most generally convincing motive of all, is from our local Statute which I read to you, when I was here last before this Committee, which runs in these words.  
Quia quod à pluribus quaeritur, faciliùs invenitur, et consulendo dicit Sapiens, Omnia cum consilio fac, & minimè poenitebit: statuimus injungendo, nè cùm ardua domus emerserint negotia, Magister capitosè suae prudentiae imitatur, sed omnes Scholares convocet, & emersa ●egotia exponat eisdem, & super illis quaerat consilium singulorum, nedum seniorum, sed juvenum, cùm donet juniori Deus aliquoties quod non seniori: sed si in unam conveniant sententiam, bene quidem sin autem, numero stetur majori, etiam & saniori.  
Here you see our Lawgiver expressly declares his will, that the Master shall not prefer his private wisdom before the wisdom of the whole or major part of the Society: and brands such proceed of his with an imputation of headiness and rashness: Only supposing the conscience of that Oath which the Master was to take at his admission would be a sufficient tie to a strict performance of his will, thought it needless to establish his law by any penalty, or to point us out a way of acting without him, which is the defect we now desire a supply of.  
In those times, when a pla●n, honest, and conscientious simplicity bore sway in men's hearts, and wickedness was not so ingenious as it hath since proved in our times, a few rules sufficed to preserve righteousness and peace amongst men: The Laws were then (as the Mosaical Law) like those wide-windowed Nets our national Statutes prescribe for hindering the destruction of the young fry of fish: but afterwards the corruption of man's nature spinning out itself to such a subtlety as to find easy Evasion through those spacious grates, 'twas found necessary in every age to make an intertexture of new threads, and cross bars for the intangling of those subtler Offenders: Now therefore this which is propounded unto you being of this nature, not purely a new Law, but only a new way laid down (agreeable to what the wisdom of Parliament had prescribed in a parallel case) for the more sure and effectual execution of the old established Law of our Founder, aught in reason to find the easier admittance.  
Only there is one Objection or two of some weight which I, must crave the patience of this honourable Assembly, to give me leave to discuss, for the fuller clearing of all doubts, which may perplex the question.  
The first is, that our Founder where he saith the Master must numero stare majori, adds [etiam & saniori,] whence some may perhaps infer, that 'tis left to the Master to judge which is the sounder part, and so if he relinquish the major part, and follow their advice whom he judgeth the sounder part, he transgresseth not. But that this was an exposition far from our Lawgivers intention, I shall demonstrate by these Reasons.  
First, It's apparent the Founder intended this Statute mainly as a provision against the Master's self-wisdom, upon which he says, he shall not rely. Now therefore if the Master refuse the major, and adhere to the minor part, only because in his judgement the sounder, he does in effect rely upon his own prudence, which is the thing our Founder forbids.  
Secondly, If the judgement of the sounder part be left to the Master, the word majori may as oft as he pleases be made a mere non-significant Cipher. If the Master propound a business to the whole number of Fellows, which is fourteen, & can get but two or three (than which nothing is more easy) to side with him, he may call those few men the onl syound men of the Society, all the other eleven or twelve shall be esteemed as factions or frantic, because of their advice not suiting with his ends; and so that obscure word [sani●ri] shall, like one of Pharaohs lean Kine, swallow up the word majori, though fairer and better likin●, into its insatiable stomach. So shall the Master contrary to the Founders will be made by his own estimate the Solus sapiens, and supreme Lord. The fellows, they are flattered with a specious show of liberty and co-partnership in the Government, but are indeed like mere Schoolboys (such would the King have made the whole Parliament) called together to a posing, not voicing, in which they must either comply with the Masters will, or have their advice rejected with scorn, and themselves dismissed with infamy, as crack-brained and unsound men.  
Therefore this being an interpretation so full of contradiction and inconsistency both to the general current of this Statute, and particular, contexture of the sentence itself, the word saniori cannot be understood, but is either a mere word of formality, or to say the most, was added only as a Proviso, where 'twas impossible to determine which was the major part, as where the number of Fellows on both sides was equally divided, that there the Master might incline to that part which he should judge the sounder.  
But that by the word saniori is not meant at all a reference to the Master's judgement, but that 'twas rather a mere word of form affected by the solemn gravity of those times, will appear several ways, As,  
First, From our eighteenth Statute, where our Founder, treatting of licence to be given to two of our Fellows to travel, shuffles the Master and Fellows all into one pack, and says that they (the Master and Fellows, or the major and sounder part of them, shall have power to give this licence. His words are these, Nos principatitor hoc attente, dictis Magistre, & Scholuribus potostatem & licentiam impartimur: quod ipsi vel saltem major pars, & sanior corundem, si hoc Domini & Scholaribus expedire viderint, unum vol duos Scholar's domûs hoc p●t●ntes, si ad hoc suo judicio fuerint habiles licentiare valeant.  
Here you see the Master is clearly levelled as one man with the rest of the Society: The expression runs not, as in some Statutes, Magister & maior ac sanior pars Scholarium, but mayor & sanior pars Magistri & Scholarium, the greater and sounder part of the Master and Fellowes put together: so the Master being here made a party in the Scrutiny, is incapable of being a Judge in the same: and therefore in all probability the word saniori is, as I said, put in by the Founder only as a word of course, a mere synonimas, an expression affected by the gravity of those times in which he lived.  
And further, that this is no bare conjecture of mine, but rather a truth evidenced with us by experience of all times, the first of all the University Statutes entitled De modo statuendi, which I have here copied out of the Proctor's book, will make it very evident.  
That De modo statuendi runs thus:  
Authoritate totius Vniversitatis Cantabrigiensis tam Regentium quàm non Regentium, ordinatum est, quòd in statuendis rebus & negotiis utilitatem communem dictae Vniversitatis concernentibus solum illud pro Statuto habeatur, quod de consensu maioris & sanioris partis dictorum Regentium, & de consensu non Regentium fuerit decretum per Statutum.  
And I have here ready to produce, if need be, a sufficient number of precedents showing the observation of this Statute in several sanctions from time to time, all which bear the stile of the major and sounder part of Regent's and Non-Regents: yet the constant tenor of our University proceed witnesss that the major and sounder part were never looked at as two distinct notions, and left to the Vicechancellors and Proctor's discretion to determine of; but that the major part was always (and as I can prove by another Statute ought to be) adjudged the sounder, and whatsoever was decreed by the major number of voices, passed always for an act of the University without exception. And for the truth of this assertion, I appeal not only to those of our Society, men of great standing, here present, but to all that ever have long resided as Masters of Art in the University: yea and to Doctor Seaman himself, if he has seen so many Congregations as to make him a competent witness in this matter.  
So the advantage of that expression for the assumption of a negative voice being now I hope cleary removed, I shall proceed to the last objection urged, and chief relied upon by the Master, which is, that the University Statute allows all Masters of Colleges a negative voice.  
The Statute for your memory's sake I shall again rehearse.  
In omnibus & singulis electionibus tam Sociorum, Discipulorum, Scholarium, Officiariorum, Lectorum, reliquorumque membrorum cuiusque Collegii, quàm in omuibus & singulis locationibus, & concessionibus quibuscunque necessarsò requirendus est Magistri five Praepositi illius Collegii assensus & consensus.  
This is as much of the Statute as concerns the question in hand.  
This Statute will, I know, to all that read it at first sight seem an Argument invincible.  
But I shall notwithstanding orave leave to say somewhat in answer to it, not doubting but before I have done I shall make it appear as contemptible, as now it seems formidable. As,  
1. First, That every College being a distinct Corporation by itself, and Laws prescribed for its Government by him that founded or endowed it, it may well be questioned whether those Laws of any of them can be taken away or superseded by any general Statute of the University. And this I do the rather question, because the University hath in former Statutes shown itself very tender of the infringement of the particular Statutes of Customs of private Colleges; as appears by the last clause of a Statute de expulsis in all a Collegium non recipiendis, which Statute though in itself most rational, and fit to have a binding power over all, yet did not the University think fit to pass it without this additional Salvo, Neque intendimus per praesens Statutum, Statutis, Constitutionibus, Compositionibus caterisque Colligiorum, in aliud derogdre: Nor is it our meaning by this present Statute to derogate aught from the Statutes, Constitutions, and other Compositions of particular Colleges.  
Besides, it hath formerly been the declared Opinion of some of the wisest of our University, that the Vicechancellor, who is our chief Officer in the Government of the University, cannot exercise his Jurisdiction within the walls of a private College.  
Now it seems irrational to think that the University Statutes should claim a Power paramount to the local Statutes of those places, where yet the chief Officer entrusted with the execution of those Laws that lay claim to this supremacy, can find no entrance.  
2. Our College Statute is of a far ancienter standing than this University Statute; and therefore though this of the University seems to thwart it, yet being made without any clause of a non obstante, the College Statute lies unrepealed, and therefore in full force, especially our College Statutes being revised and confirmed at the same time with the University Statutes, and by the same Visitors, as I shall, if it be thought needful, make it appear.  
3. This Statute is none of our ancient Statutes of the University, but one of very late standing, no ancienter than the tenth year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, for in all our Statutes till that time (as I am well able to say, having lately searched the Proctor's book to that purpose) there appears no footstep of it; nay not in the first new model of our Statutes which, was made primo Elizabethae. For our Reformers being then but newly come out of the furnace of the Marian persecution, were not yet mounted to that height of ambition: but about ten years after growing warmer and fatter in their great preferments, the Heads of Colleges did its likely upon plea, that our University-statutes were not enough refined from Popery, & that new Diseases stood in need of new Remedies, got a revival of the commission granted formerly primo Elizabethae for another new modelling of them, in which though for pomps sake the Commissioners appointed for that work were some of them, as Cecil, Cook, and Haddon of the Queen's privy Council; yet the rest of them being Doctors of Law, Physic, and Divinity, and two of them Divinity Professors of the University, no man that is not blind, and knows not how little leisure those greater Statesmen had to labyrinth their brains with all the tedious anfractus of that Theory, but will say that the main Engines, and the very both prima & secunda mobilia in this last new Model were the Heads of Colleges alone; and they having now gotten this ample power into their own hands, did, together with the public Reformation, cunningly interweave their own private advancement; and in purging us of Popery, did, like those Medicamenta maledicta, emunge the body of the University of some of their most essential and fundamental privileges;  
As for example.  
The choice of a Vicechancellor, which was before in the whole body of Regent's, they got in this Reformation a Monopoly of it to themselves, so as the body of the University hath only left them a bare superficies of election, but the substance they got into their own hands; for by this new Reformation, they got themselves the nomination of two, one of which the University is necessitated to elect, and if they doubted of him, whom they desired to have elected, 'twas but nominating some one distasted or contemned man for a stolen, and then they were sure to carry it for such one of those two nominated, as they should think fittest.  
2. Another great privilege, whereof they deprived the Body of the University, was the interpretation of Statutes, which before except in a few cases, was as well as the making of Statutes in the body of the University; but in this new Model, the heads got a Monopoly of it intitely to themselves.  
And if I mistake not that strange Statute of the Caput Senatus, consisting of the Vicechancellor, and five others chosen by the heads of Colleges, and the two Scrutators out of fifteen persons nominated by the Vicechancellor, and Proctors, and all this without the least advice or privity of either of the two Houses, and these five men entrusted, every one with more than a Negative voice (for nothing, be it never so just or necessary to the common good, or of particular persons, can be so much as propounded to the Houses, till every single man of these hath given his positive consent) is of the same date. If but one of these deny, though giving no reason, the concurring voices of the Vicechancellor, and the other four are of no force, the motion is stiffed in the very cradle, a thing of not care practise among us; Now this Stature, if considered in its full latitude, will, I think, be found of no longer standing then that new model. Something there was of a like nature before, but if compared with this, will be found vastly different; For that had for its object only tempus & formam, but this, Concessions of all natures: in that the negative was in three, here in any one.  
And lastly, to fill up the measure of their iniquity, they did likewise as much as in them lay, defraud those Societies, where the Founders had enriched them with that unvaluable treasure, of their precious liberties; and with their spoils, sacrificed to their own ambition, made every Master of a College and absolute Monarch, and the Societies their Vassals.  
Thus miserably were the poor Fellows of Colleges deluded and oppressed; but to complain was no boot.  
These men's potency at Court was such, and such was the reverend esteem had of them there, that to have spoken aught in derogation of them, or their proceed, would have been deemed blasphemy, but especially for one of no higher condition, than a Fellow of a College to have appeared in public in his Russet-Coat against these grand silken Rabbis, had been to have exposed himself only to laughter or ruin.  
But the Court-prerogative, the root of all these oppressions being now digged up, these excrementitious branches will, I hope, be thought fit to be removed with it: besides nature teaches us, than each evil is best cured by its contrary: therefore it having been laid open clearly before you, how the Monarch's connivance at the fraud and corruption of its Representatives was the cause of this distempered mutation. We hope for cure from the vigilant sincerity of our true Republical-Magistrates, by the anulment, if need be, of that Statute, and restauration of each College to at least that ancient wholesome Crasis of Liberty it was created in by its first Founder.  
I speak not this to cast any the least prejudice upon that good work of Reformation in Religion, for which I cannot but say the Nation owes much thanks to the endeavours of all those Reverend Divines, that were so happy instruments in it. But we see the experience of that proverbial sentence, Nullum magnum ingenium sine mixturâ insaniae. The best of men are but men. This whole World, and the heart of every man in it, is nought else but a Champagne, where good and evil, light and darkness, contend for victory; and so where God hath his Church, the Devil will erect his Chapel as a Fort to lay battery against it. So in all Reformations the greatest instruments in it will always (if they be not by themselves, or others narrowly looked to) carry on some design of their own private, an attendant at least, if not corrival to that of the public. Besides we know how the people of God, who immediately upon their deliverance from Pharaoh, and the Red-Sea, did nothing, but in humility of heart, worship and sing praises to God their Deliverer, were observed afterwards upon a little prosperity to have forgotten God; to have waxed fat and kicked. And of our Reformers, about that Decade, it may justly be questioned. Whether thein zeal in preserving the Reformation begun, were more to be commended, or their ambition in obstructing its further progress and perfection to be condemned.  
But above all I desire to be understood, not to intent any the least reflection of blame upon those reverend Gentlemen and Ministers, the present Heads of Colleges in our University, for as they had no hand in procuring of those encroachments, so neither that I know of, have they ever made ill use of that power which their Predecessors ambition had purchased to their hands: For though they have, by the last Statute I told you of, the full power of interpretation of Statutes within themselves, and there was a time, when they might have used it with applause, in that excellent interpretation of our University Oaths, whereby men's consciences, endangered to perjury upon every penal statute, were much eased, yet to my best remembrance, they did not assume to themselves, but yielded to the whole body of the University the honour of alleviating this grievance.  
Nay this I must needs say, to the honour of all those Heads of other Colleges, except our own, that I conceive 'tis nothing but their honest and prudent carriage in their several charges, which is the cause that none of the University (none having the like particular cause of complaint) appear as yet in this cause to desire those provisions against Tyranny, petitioned for in our College, For 'tis not evils in posse, though of the nearest probability, but those in esse that stir up the generality of men to the invention of remedies. In other Colleges where the Masters have by statute or custom a negative voice, yet they have chosen rather to wave sometimes their own, not interest only, but judgement too, then make use of it, and in the very propositions of questions to be swayed by the public reason of their Societies.  
And if our Head had behaved himself with the like candour and moderation in his trust you had not I think been troubled with these tedious disputes at this day: but our Head though, as you have heard, denied a negative voice by our Lawgiver, will yet usurp it, propounding only what he pleases himself, and after the vote past, following his own, not the common prudence of the Society, as shall be amply proved (if need be) in its proper place. Besides, we having in the general course of this man's Government, observed nothing of a public Spirit, aiming at the common good, but rather a constant tenor of close dissimulation and greedy intentiveness upon all advantages of not only holding fast in every punctillo, but advancing still further, the grand interest of his power and profit; and that as far as humane wit could guests of man's heart by its fruits, the two great poles of his whole revolution were dominion and covetousness (of which upon many sinister deal of his, there's not three men of all our Society that have been the constant observers of his College-tranfactions this seven years but have at one time or other expressed their deep resentment) this is that has occasioned this extraordinary petition for a just restraint of this exorbitancy of an assumed power within those bounds our Lawgivers wisdom had prescribed to it, with some concurrent helps for the surer execution of his declared will:" Ex malis moribus ortae sunt bonae leges. 'Tis the greatest glory of good magistrates, that they can, in imitation of him whose image they bear, bring forth good out of evil, light out of darkness; and like the Sun in the Firmament, produce good Laws out of an equivocal brood of corrupt manners.  
These things I thought it convenient by way of diversion to suggest, not that the cause stands in need of it, but only to open your eyes, that you might see how this Antichristian mystery of the negative voice began its working betimes, even near the Apostolic days of Reformation.  
For to the very letter of the Statute as it stands, I am not without a very satisfactory answer.  
For it says not positively, that all Concessions, Elections, etc. shall be Null which want the Prefects consent; but that in all Elections, Concessions, etc. the Prefects consent is necessarily to be required. Now we know that that word is of the same nature with Postulo in Latin, and so implies rather that the Prefects consent is to be required of him de jure, as a right, then begged as an act of grace, as if the Societies consent without his Le Roy le veult were of no force.  
And this answer in these times wherein all Statutes ought to be interpreted in favour of liberty, as they were formerly in favour of Prerogative, might alone suffice. But I shall add another of more convincing evidence; Which is this.  
That granting the intent of this Statute was to make the Master's consent a necessary ingredient to the composition of each Election or Concession, etc. yet it absolves them not from that obliging power which lies upon them by any of their local Statutes to consent to what is advised by the major part of their Societies, but that by refusal of such consent they incur the guilt of perjury and breach of trust or such other penalty as their Founder's providence hath allotted for the establishment of that Law; and therefore this obligation to consent remaining still in full force, supposes in the major part the Prefects consent legally involved and included.  
As to compare the greater with our smaller controversies, the King's consent was always supposed to be legally included in the major vote even of the most petit Tribunal much more of the grand Judicatory of the whole Nation, though never so much personally dissenting: which principle hath been always esteemed one of the main pillars of our cause upon which alone we might lay the whole stress of not only the justice and lawfulness but even legality of our war. But this man who no doubt hath more than once with our once-brethrens of Scotland voted the King a man of blood, and guilty of all the bloodshed of this war, for endeavouring but to assert this power to himself (though far more favoured by the the standing Laws of the Kingdom at that time, then with us by our Statute) yet hath not scrupled to do the same thing himself, both in his particular practice in the College, and by his appearance here with all his interest and wit to maintain this prerogative.  
But to return to the point.  
This point having been fully cleared up to you out of our local Statute, that our Master is bound to consent to the vote of the major part, that expression of the University-Statute will now I hope create no prejudice.  
And this answer may likewise satisfy another argument for the negative voice, which may possibly be drawn from our Statute of Elections, which requires Consensum Magistri, & major is part is sociorum, and some others running in the same strain. For the true sense of that Statute de ardius being now fully cleared, makes it apparent, that in the consent of the major part of the Society, the Master's consent always is or aught to be included.  
And now having I hope removed all doubts and objections, I shall now desire leave to speak a word to my sixth motive for granting my Petition, viz. the danger lest this root of corruption left among us, should hence spread itself again to infect the whole Nation. This I confess may seem at first sight but a mere flourish of Rhetoric, or far-fetched strain of melancholy; but I shall make it appear, there's much of reality in the assertion.  
'Tis an humour you all know the most of mankind are much incident, to, to labour the promotion and propagation of the forms, opinions, and customs of those places where they live, especially where they have been trained up in their younger years; and therefore it was the policy of the contrivers of our former Government (as knowing that that Government could never be durable which had not its image stamped upon the people's affections) to set up the image of that universal Government of the State in every petty combination of men. Hence as a reflected image of the then-present Government by King and Council, King and Lords, or King and Parliament, was set up that Government of Corporations by Mayor and Aldermen, Dean & Chapter, Master and Fellows; and in Corporations, Masters and Wardens of particular Companies; all which were nothing but the general frame of the State-Government contracted as to the matter only into a narrower compass; and this was that that fixed the love of Monarchy so fast in the affections of most Corporations, that had it not been that the King had displeased some of the greatest of them by hard impositions upon them in way of their Trade, and withal let lose his Bishops to exercise their tyranny in trampling upon the faces of their reverenced Ministers, they had never been brought off to draw sword against their Prototype; and after they had done it, its observable how prone the great ones among them were often to defection, and how zealous in showing their distaste at the removal of that great Idol; of all which the King was very sagaciously sensible in the beginning of these wars, when in a proposal of his to part with the Militia upon some provisoes, yet would by no means consent to take the Militia's of Corporations out of their own hands: yet were not the Chiefs of those Corporations such perfect images of Monarchy, as ours, either for power, or durance; those were indeed but shadows of it; but ours, in regard of their continuance in trust during the term of their lives, were its living images, wanting nothing but an establishment of it in their posterity, which yet they bid fair for too, when in that new Elizabeth-Reformation wherein they did in a positive inhibition of Fellows from Marriage handsomely imply a leave indulged to themselves.  
But it may be some will look at this Argument as a great Mallet lifted up to kill a Fly: Our Corporations you will say are small, and inconsiderable, a mere Synedrion of young Youths, or handfuls of poor contemplative men systeemed up for Orders sake into the form of a Corporation; what good or ill can redound from these to the whole Nation?  
But I shall easily make this appear to be a misprision, and that there will be more and greater danger from neglect to remedy this evil in our smaller bodies, then from the most populous City of the whole Nation.  
For our Corporations, though but small in bulk, are like those grains of Mustardseed our Saviour speaks of, of a vast, comprehensive, and multiplying capacity. The members of those great Corporations are men it's true of abler purses, and stronger bodies for the present State-service; but their abilities are confined all within the narrow bounds of their own territory; but ours are Seminaries of able wits which are sent to us from all parts of the Nation, in the very nick of their first emersion from the slavery of the Ferula into a state of liberty, at the first putting on of their considering caps, they being as yet abrase tabula, smooth tables, prepared to receive of us those tinctures of good or bad principles; with which impressions stamped upon them, they afterwards spread themselves into every corner and quarter, to leaven the whole Nation. No man educated among us, but goes away instructed for some public trust but is in capacity, to be an Abraham, a Father of many Nations.  
Therefore it concerns you very-deeply, who desire not by arms only, but by principles, to root up Regality, and mould the Nation into a true Commonwealth-frame, to pull down (by taking away its destructive power) this image of it in those Fountains of Youth's education, lest the youth of the Nation coming in their souls choicest pregnancy to drink of our waters, enamoured of that idol, conceive and bring forth its Antitype, as heir male to their strongest affections and endeavours, to be promoted again to its lost inheritance, when time and opportunity shall serve.  
And for the same reason does it deeply concern you to take special care of the Society of Colleges, and not give away Fellowships, being you see places, though of small profit yet of high trust to every beggar that comes to you with a formal Certificate, much less to confer these high trusts upon Samaritans and mere slavish compliers, but especially to tender their precious liberties as the apple of your eye, to which nothing can be more inconsistent, than a negative voice placed in any one man; for let any of the Society approve himself never so active and industrious in promoting the College good, and with his utmost pains and skill train up his Pupils to the most eminent proficiency in piety and learning, yet if he will not flatter, and fawn, crouch and cringe, and comply with this one great Monarch, even to a betraying of the common Freedom to his corrupt ends of pride or covetousness, he lives an unserviceable man, and all those educated under his charge are put into an impossibility of ever attaining that preferment their deserts shall make them capable of. Though the whole community, or far greater part, judge them worthy of it, one man's non placet shall blast all: and how great a temptation this will be even to some not disingenuous men (being not willing to expose those under their trust to contempt and beggary) to worship the Image of that great beast, I leave to your wisdoms to judge; as likewise, whether such an impression of slavery fixed upon the spirits of Fellows of Colleges be not like to impress its counterfeit upon those educated under their trust, and by their means upon the greatest part of the Nation.  
Another motive give me leave to present you with, which though omitted in my Petition is of great consequence, being drawn from the principles of universal reason, which will say that every particular man's interest of the Society being every way equal to that of the Master, nay in some respects far greater, (for the Master is but one single person; but every Fellow having pupils under his charge, is a kind of Corporation by himself) 'tis a thing contrary to common sense that his one voice should be laid in the balance to oversway the major part of the Society.  
There was once a custom in some Corporations (of which ourselves have yet in our College some shadows left) that not the Warden or Master only but every single man of the Society had a negative voice, which upon this very ground, as contrary to the common Law of the Land, i.e. to common Reason, was taken away by an Act of Parliament, 33. H. 8. only I conceive in tenderness to the Prerogatives of Monarchy, much favoured throughout the whole body of our Laws, the Statute was so penned, that the Mayor, Master or Warden had his Negative left him; but now we have no Monarchy, whose privileges we ought to be tender of, and there's every way the same reason, nay far more, for divesting the single Warden of his Negative, then for taking it away from so many members conjunctive, as may amount to near the half of the Society.  
One word more I desire to add as an enforcement of my Petition, that of all Masters of Colleges in the Town, there's least reason the Master of our College should claim to himself this grand Prerogative of a Negative voice; for the whole burden of the Colledge-government hath for all these seven years laid wholly upon the shoulders of the Precedent and Fellows.  
The Master hath held his place now for about seven years, yet he hath never once that I know of resided among us for six weeks, nay not one month, seldom above a fortnight together at one time; hath seldom or never visited us, but either when he was necessitated to it, either to supply his course in the University-Church, or to audit our Accounts, and receive his money: All his short visits put together for this whole seven years, will not mount to one years' continuance.  
For which prodigious absence of his from his charge, all he can say is only his being Beneficed in London, or an Assembly-man, or that he hath been employed in Colledge-affairs.  
Now for Colledge-affairs, in those we have, it's true, made some small use of his being at London, but never empowered him to reside at London for that purpose; nor was there need; for nothing was ever done by him, which a common Solicitor for a small fee would not have performed as well, or better, especially being sufficiently furnished with his instructions or Letters to Council at Law, or such great men as were to have addresses made to them in cases of need.  
And for his Benefice and Assembly-man-ship, there's no reason either of them should be a protection to save him from an Arrest for that debt of Residence he owes the College, from whence he has had so considerable subsistence; for one of them being a place (by common fame) of one, if not two hundred pounds a year, the other of four shillings a day, it seems not very reasonable, that one so against Pluralities, should enjoy the revenue of all three places, and bear the burden but of two. For he hath all this time of his discontinuance laid in a manner the whole burden of his Colledge-Office upon the Precedents back, not allowing him for his pains so much as one penny.  
Besides, it may be answered that all the other Masters of Colleges, who yet were many of them Assembly-men as well as he, have been far more constant continuers at their respective charges, and have some of them as I think relinquished considerable Benefices they were possessed of otherwhere, that they might the more solely attend their charges at Cambridge: And I'm sure ours hath not wanted all the encouragement we could give him to enable him to it, having out of our common poverty connived ever since our coming to the College at his taking a double portion of our Dividend though neither allowed him by our Statute nor any constant Precedent beyond the second year of Doctor Cousins his time.  
Now that this man who is apparently of no use to the College, whose servant he should be by the constitution, but resides at London afar off, making use of the College only as a prey, and his title only as a hook to draw power and profit to himself, knowing little but by hearsay of the sufficiency or insufficiency, good or ill behaviour of each member of the College should be thought fit to have a power superior to the Society, who to their great charge reside upon the place, and bear the whole burden, 'tis a thing beyond the comprehension of a vulgar understanding.  
I have now done with all my motives.  
As to the Prayer of the Petition: having so amply expressed my mind in it. I need not add much by way of Exposition or Apology.  
Only this: 'Tis not, as some may perhaps suggest, a fancy or new Model of my own brain, but 'tis a Model approved of in a parallel case by the reason of the whole Nations Representative. It concerns every member of this honourable Assembly more than myself to make it good; for 'tis nothing else from point to point, but a Series of such particulars as the wisdom of the whole Parliament judged necessary for the circumstantiating that freedom which the City of London were debarred of through the like want of provision in their Law: change bu● the name of London for Peter-house, ten of their numerous Common-Councel for two of our seven Seniors, and their [at any time] for our within 48 hours, and this draught will prove wholly the same with that Act of Parliament.  
Nor could less have been well desired for taking away that hurtful Prerogative I dispute against, which is not the bare name of a negative voice, but the substance, viz. that supremacy of power, which our chief Officer claims above the whole or major part of the Community, which is of a Complex nature, and consists of these three powers, viz. 

Of calling of meetings.  
2. Of proposing of questions.  
3. Of acting the results of those meetings.   Any one of which three powers remaining in the chief Officer, makes him as absolute as if invested with all three; and therefore the Parliament saw well in the City of London's case, that for the removal of that great evil, an establishment of all these particulars was of absolute necessity.  
For to return to our former parallel, grant but to our once-chief Officer of State the sole power of calling Parliaments, and binding them up to those questions only which he shall think fit to propose, he'll not much desire or stand in need of a negative voice, seeing he is able by either of those two former powers, to crush in the egg any motion which he suspects may in the least infringe his prerogative, or other corruptions.  
So in our lesser Commonwealth, though you should grant or declare in general terms that the Master shall have no negative voice, and leave him but this power (for want of provision to the contrary) that by delay of meetings when most necessary, or by making himself judge of that necessity, or in those meetings by refusing such questions as he likes not, he can keep us from ever coming to a voicing, or if after voicing he may refuse or delay to act our determinations, and yet neither he liable to a sufficient penalty for any of those refusals, nor we through the defect in our Statute enabled to meet, debate, or act any thing without him, he is an absolute Monarch, and has a most firm possession of a negative in reality, however denied him in words. And for this reason it was that I have been so bold in the prayer of my petitions to be so punctually particular.  
Now if any man object that these things granted would be a cause of much tumult, and factious disorders in our College: I answer; The experience of the same in the City of London shows the quite contrary, where 'tis apparent nothing but the sweetest streams of unity, freedom and peace have issued out of this fountain: For it lies only as a dormant proviso, like the major excommunicatio of the Presbytery, in terrorem, never like to be put into Act, except in cases of unheard-of obstinancy. Whereas on the contrary the want of this provision has been the original of all our divisions: nothing being the more natural fountain of contention amongst men or bodies politic, than the want of certain bounds assigned to each man or bodies propriety; which made the wise Lawgiver Moses to denounce such a fearful curse upon the remover of Landmarks, and religious Numa to place Terminus the God of boundaries among his principal deities, and to erect him him a Temple, as I remember, next adjoining to that of Concord.  
As for the last clause, which concerns Masters and Precedents absence, 'tis not only almost the same with that in the Act for London, but was moreover a proviso fitted more especially to the present constitution of our College, which hath oft: stood in great need of it, as I could instance in cases of Considerable consequence.  
And besides that the making of some such provision is a thing most agreeable to our founders will, who says expressly that the College should not defensore, & rectore career, the thing I aimed at in this proposal was the Precedents ease and the Colleges convenience: for as I told you before, the Master being almost a constant nonresident, and having power by Statute to make Precedent whom he pleases (which precedent is charged with the whole burden of his office) it will oft happen that this Precedent must either necessarily infer much prejudice in some affairs of his own requiring his presence otherwhere, or the College suffer much detriment for want of power to act as a living body in cases of emergent need. For that our Colledge-debates should be packeted up to London to a man sitting there in his regalia, and looking at us afar oft, or that the life of our assemblies should be derived from the spirit sent from London in a cloth-bag, is a thing disagreeable to common equity, and a flat contradiction to our Founders declared will.  
All I have to say further, is, that in this draught of my Petition, however displeasing to our Reverend Master, I have had no aims at his prejudice further than was of absolute necessity to state our freedoms and vindicate them from his unjust usurpations. If I have herein prejudiced any, 'tis rather the Society, by allowing the Master so much as an affirmative voice, which some of us are of opinion that by our Statutes, if well understood, he cannot lay claim to. But being desirous in this matter to walk in an indifferent way, giving each their reasonable due, and to follow close not mine own, but rather the public wisdom of the Parliament for my pattern; I doubt not of finding from them an easy pardon of my error.  
I have now done with the Petition.  
There was one motive for its enforcement referred to the last place, which was by showing how the Master of our College for want of these provisions here petitioned for, had debarred us of our manifest rights of treating in a Colledge-way about some affairs nearly concerning the common good, and of having our Resolves put into due execution: And how both particular members, and the whole College had suffered much prejudice by those his usurpations, which because I thought, he might possibly deny, 'twas for this cause chief, that I troubled these Gentlemen of our Society to make their appearance before you. These being they, who (except our Precedent, and one of our Deans left at home for the necessary affairs of our College) make up the whole number of those now resident, who having been present at all our former and later transactions, are best able to bear witness to those particulars I shall instance in.  
Yet because I have I think already both overwearied your patience, and laid before you reasons enough of far greater consequence for the enforcement of my Petition, my desire is that there may rather be a perpetual Amnesty of all our forepast grievances, and that our liberties may be so settled for the future, as each part knowing their due bounds, a true Christian amity may be preserved among us, and this honourable Committee freed from further trouble. And therefore except this honourable Assembly, or our reverend Master for the Vindication of his own repute, shall impose that task upon me, I shall wave this Argument, and leave it to your wisdom to judge what has been already spoken.  
Only to his Argument for the negative voice in such particular cases wherein he is appointed to consult with the Deans only, I can only say, that 'twas not the prime Statute, but an interpretation of Statute made many years after by a single Bishop of Ely, which endowed the Master with this Prerogative. And it being besides against the principles of Common freedom that an Officer constituted for term of life should have this vast pre-eminence of two of the greatest Colledge-Officers annually Elected to their trusts I shall in this following Petition which I here present you with as an appendix to my former, crave the assistance of your authority for the solution of this knot.  

To the Honourable the Committee for the Reformation of the UNIVERSITIES. The humble Petition of Charles Hotham Fellow of Peterhouse,  
Sheweth,  
THat whereas by our Colledge-Statutes there are about twenty particular cases in which the judgement belongs not to the whole Society, but either to the Master and 5 or 6. Seniors, or to the Master and Deans alone, and that in all cases wherein the Master and Deans are solely trusted, being many of them cases of great concernment, the Master had by an interpretation made by a Bishop, of Ely betwixt one and two hundred years after the foundation, a Negative voice conferred upon him, which however agreeable to the policy of those times, is contrary to the principles and grounds of our present Reformation, and establishment of this Nation in form of a Commonwealth, and much prejudicial to the good and welfare of the whole College  
Your Petitioner doth further pray that the Negative voice of one man in all our Assemblies may be taken away root and branch, and that in all Elections and consultations whatsoever of the Master with the Fellows, Seniors, Deans, Rursars', or any other, the determination of the major part of those who have voices in that Election or consultation, may be acquiesced in, as the Act of that Assembly.  
And your Petitioner, with the whole College, shall ever pray, etc.    
This last clause and Petition concerning the Master and Deans were, though here inserted, yet forgotten to be delivered to the Committee.  
My Argument ended, the Master made a long reply, the punctual repetition of which I must leave to his own memory and pen. It touched nothing upon any material point of my Argument, But was rather a descant upon my Petition, with some recriminations consisting to my best remembrance of these heads.  
That he had assumed no power that was not his own by Statute: as was the calling of meetings, etc.  
That he had never shown any averseness from meetings, nor ever dissolved any, but when the time itself dissolved them.  
That ' its true he had propounded questions according to his own sense, but offered to others the same liberty of propounding questions in theirs.  
That we must distinguish between the Major part of the whole Society, and the Major part of those present, which sometimes being but few in number, were not fit to make Acts obligatory to the whole College.  
That the Fellows were the only men averse from Meetings, whom he could not easily get together, but when there was some Lease to be let, etc.  
That the party Complainant was himself, though Deane, absent from the last anniversary meeting appointed for reading the Statutes.  
That in the clause inserted in his Petition concerning the Signior Fellow's being Precedent, he aimed at his own promotion, being the next Senior himself, and so desirous of this power that in his or the Precedents absence he might assemble the Fellows about the making of new Models of Government.  
This was to my best memory the sum of his reply. To which it might easily have been answered.  
That this suggestion of my seeking the Presidentship for myself, was a most groundless scandal, It never having happened all this seven years above twice that I know of, that myself was the Signior Fellow resident, which lasted but for a few days neither.  
Besides, the Office being a vast burden, and nothing in it desirable to such eye of ambition or covetousness as he (measuring others by himself) supposed in me, nor myself in any probability of intermeddling with that Office, being (contrary to his allegation) neither the first nor second Senior of the College, both which, with the Master, must be all three absent, before I could be in capacity to act, and that for some longer time than ever yet had been, else no danger of attempting, much less of perfecting any new Model, especially there being but two times a year, wherein the College is enabled to make new, or interpret old Statutes.  
For my absence. That 'twas not about any private pleasure or business of mine own, but was solely to seek a removal, and hinder the further progress of those evils brought upon the College by his fraud and breach of trust, and those large opportunities he has had of acting those treacheries by his own constant residence at London, and his Proctor with the reverend Beard standing always at the Committees elbows, and being admitted (when all others are with drawn) to their private debates, and to speak in some cases when those most concerned cannot come in to answer, in which though by reason of those vast disadvantages I have been unsuccessful, yet I esteemed both my expense of time and pains, and the double my Colledge-revenue well employed in the endeavour.  
That his distinction of the major part of the whole Society, and those present, was a piece of empty Sophistry, himself well knowing, there was never yet since our first coming to the College (which is now almost seven years) a full meeting of the whole number of Master and Fellows together, nor can there well be, by reason of sickness, business, or travel allowed of by Statute, perpetually occasioning some two or three men's absence; so that if he may be allowed this salvo for his Negative, he will never want one who shall be absent for his sake.  
Besides, he always esteemed the major part of those present, though not the whole, valid Society enough to bind the College where himself was present and consenting; an evident sign, 'tis his own only consent, not the number of those absent or present he chief values.  
That his accusation of the Fellows as slack in coming to meetings, except in cases of Leases, etc. was a groundless scandal, of which fault himself was only guilty, having at those great semestrian meetings appointed for reading, and considering Statutes, been but twice, or at most, thrice present, during all the time of his Mastership, and particularly in the last great meeting, to which he summoned all the Fellows, he stayed not the reading out of one third part of the Statutes; nor indeed could ever be got from London to any Colledge-meeting, but when his quarterly course in preaching, or auditing the Accounts (being always suspicious of the denial of his double Dividend at those times) enforced his presence.  
That he hath been sometimes, when there was great cause of meeting, near a fortnight together, not calling any meeting till just a day or two at most before his departure, whereby himself was eased, and the Precedent wholly charged with the cares of such businesses as should have been then dispatched by himself.  
That in meeting it has been observably his custom when he had a mind to dispatch a business indeed, to sit him down, and call us formally to the table, and to cut out his work for the debate with all dexterity and expedition.  
But when a business was to come on which he liked not, then to let us alone by the fire, or to leave his Chair, and us, to dispute at random, otherwhile to spin out the time with us in discourses of lesser affairs; or if pressed to come home to the main business, then to fall a shuffling, and cutting, and winding us from the point by some non-significant, or dividing questions, of which Artifices he hath oft shown himself a well-skilled Architect.  
And for propounding of questions, his duty is, after the laying open before us the businesses he hath to acquaint us with, not to lean upon his own prudence in proposing to us like Schoolboys such questions as himself only shall think fit, but to be in that main point of the scrutiny ruled by the advice of the whole or major part of the Society.  
And therefore what be acknowledges, viz. that he did take upon him in the first place to propound questions of his own sense, was a great usurpation; but that he gave others the like liberty, is an Apology nothing to the purpose; for our Statute appropriating it to the Master's Office, to ask the Fellows advice, if any other do it but he, it renders the whole vote of the Society a mere nullity: Now it's true, the Master once at a meeting, when one excepted against some litigious questions of his propounding against the sense of the Society, promised he would afterwards propound those questions he had named, in terminis, but when it came to the point, told the party, he might now propound those questions himself, if he pleased, (which he knew well had been been a thing illegal and void) but refused utterly in pursuance of his promise and duty to propound them himself.  
These things I know will to a superficial view seem but inconsiderable brangles; but to men of piercing judgements, and well versed in Parliamentary debates, that see daily what a King the Speaker would be, if solely entrusted with this Prerogative above the Parliament; and how great a weight of business is oft turned upon the binge of one small punctillo, in the stating of a question; these things cannot but appear of high concernment.  
Yet I had very many materials of a much higher nature to charge him with, which being provoked by his challenge, I was then as I told the Committee, ready to produce, having for witnesses most of the signior Fellows then present before them to make them good. But as I was just entering upon that task, a worthy member of the Committee propounded it as a question to be first debated by themselves, whether they should single out the point of Statute to be determined, as they should see just upon weighing the Arguments of both parties laid before them in theory, or take in with it the consideration of the practic, consisting of personal charge. Another Gentleman seconding him, propounded likewise as fit to be considered, whether they would admit of recriminations, which are like to be endless (each party still deeming himself obliged to reply and answer at large to each others, though non-pertinent objections) or rather as the first Gentleman propounded, would fall singly upon the point of Theory. This motion the whole Assembly seemed to assent to; so according to the custom of the Committee we were commanded to withdraw, and the doors shut. The product of the private debate was this.  

April 10. 1651. At the Committee for Reformation of the Universities.  
Resolved,  
That a view be taken of the several Statutes of the Universities, and the Colleges and Halls therein respectively, to the end that they may be reduced to such a State as may render them most conducing to the advancement of true piety, and the interest of a Commonwealth.  
Resolved,  
That Mr. Rous, Mr. Martin, Mr. Moyle, Sir Hen. Mildmay, Mr. Oldsworth, Mr: Thomas Chaloner, Mr. James Chaloner, Mr. Palmer, Mr. R. Darley, Mr. Love, Mr. Nevil, be a Sub-Committee for this purpose, and that any three or more of them do meet and consider thereof, and make Report to this Committee from time to time concerning the same, as there shall be cause: and the care of this business is especially referred to Mr. Oldsworth.   
In pursuance of which resolve, some of those Gentlemen Members of this Sub-Committee have since met, and past this following Order.  

April 25. 1651. At the Sub-Committee for viewing the Statutes of the Universities.  
THe Parliament having resolved a thorough Reformation of the Universities, and the Committee appointed for that purpose in Order thereunto having taken the same into consideration, do hereby desire and require the respective Heads of Colleges, and those Fellows that are interested in the Government thereof for the time being, to send up to this Committee true transcripts of the Statutes of the said Colleges, examined and attested under their hands respectively; and they do specially recommend it to the care of the said Heads, Governors, and Officers, to consider what Statutes or any parties thereof are prejudicial to Religion, Learning, good Manners, or the present Government; and further, whether there be any defects in the same, and to propose their opinions concerning the supplying of the said defects; and that they give an account of the receipt hereof forthwith, and of their further proceed concerning the same with all convenient speed.  


James Chaloner,  
F. Rous,  
M. Oldsworth.     

The private business upon which at Doctor Seaman's Motion the grand Petition was at first laid aside, though indeed it nothing concerned it, yet is a story worth the reading, and therefore take it as follows.  
WE had a Fellowship in our College kept vacant for many years, as the Master pretended for the College necessities, but as the Fellows well know, for the defrayment of his double Dividend; this Fellowship one Sr. Conyers Scholar of our College observing the Committee had before in a parallel case, taken the disposal of such dormant vacancies into their own hands, petitioned to have conferred upon upon him; whereupon the Committee ordered the Master and Seniors, or any two of them, to certify the true state of the case; which Order being read at a public meeting, the Master was very urgent with the Society to certify it as kept void for the Colledge-necessities; which the Fellows as not agreeable to truth, generally refused to do: so the Master (and one of the Society concurring with him so far) made only this general return, that it had ever since our coming to the College been kept vacant, but for just reasons. But the Master alone makes another return, specifying some particular reasons, as namely a debt of above one hundred pounds owing to him by the College. Upon which Allegations he made a large descant before the Committee; which ended,  
I put in some exceptions in writing, detecting somewhat of his fraudulent dealing with the College, and further added some inlargements as I remember to this effect.  
1. That the Fellowship had not been kept vacant by any public vote, nor for those reasons he produced.  
2. As to the debt, that once in a meeting, knowing our stock behindhand, and we in an incapacity of disbursing money, he pressed hard upon us for this debt, and took the advantage to say, that if we did not presently pay, or clear him of it, he would be at liberty, if he pleased, to dispose of the Lands as himself should think good. And being answered, that the present Revenue of the Land would near amount to the payment of moderate Interest for his money, and that for his security he should have the Colledge-Seal, upon which one of the Society had formerly lent the College a hundred pounds; he slighted all, and nothing would content him, but either the money presently, or some of our particular Bonds, or the Land to be at his own dispose. So we being in this strait, myself, to give some breathing-time to the business, presently offered upon that very security, viz. the Colledge-Seal, which the Master had so unbecomingly slighted, to lend the College fifty pounds for some months, till we might think of some better way; and another, (I think 'twas Mr. Quarles) seconding me, offered the loan of forty pounds; which ninety pounds, together with another income then mentioned, would make up the whole debt. But the Master seeing his pretence of seizing the Land to himself thus defeated, neither accepted our offer, nor spoke more of the business at that time.  
And further, that this debt he now mentions as a plea for keeping void this Fellowship, was a mere pretence made use of for by-ends, might hence appear. That he had formerly in a Colledg-meeting twitted us again with this debt as a plea for keeping void another Fellowship against our common Consent, yet gave way to his own man to defeat the College of that Fellowship, not once appearing (though acquainted with his man's intentions) by Petition or otherwise in behalf of the College right, which to have done was both the duty of his place, and his solemn promise before the Society, as many can 
See two Letters annexed to the later end of this Book.  witness.  
3ly. That the Bishop of Ely himself, in whose power the Committee was to act as to this case, could not by our statute give way to the keeping vacant any Fellowship without the desire and Counsel of the Master and major part of the Fellows; but here there appeared no desire of so much as one of the Fellows to have it kept longer vacant. But the Master did it alone of his own head, contrary to the sense of the major part of the Society, and contrary to our express statute, which says the Master should not headily rely upon his own wisdom, but stand to the discretion of the major part.  
To these things the Master having replied what he thought fit, we were commanded to withdraw, and the Committee being, it seems, sensible that the Fellowship being void by death was not theirs, but the Colleges right to dispose of, made this following Order.  

March the 27th. 1651. At the Committee for Reformation of the Universities.  
Upon Reading the Petition of Mr. Tobias Conyers Bachelor of Arts and Scholar of Peter house in the University of Cambridge, together with the testimonials of him hereunto annexed, and likewise the return of the Master, and one of the Fellows of the said College, concerning the vacancy of Mr. Hanscombs Fellowship, and upon hearing Doctor Seaman and Mr. Hotham before the Committee; It is Ordered upon debate of the matter, that the Master, or Precedent and Fellows of the said College, do forthwith proceed to election of a godly and learned Person into the place of the said Mr. Hanscomb, and that they give an account thereof to this Committee on this day fortnight.  
James Chaloner.   
The College having received this Order, proceeded according to their usual form within eight days, unto an election. The result of which was the election of Sr. Conyers into the said vacancy; to which election the Precedent, and all the Fellows were consenting excepting only three juniors brought in lately by the Master's interest at London, and who indeed according to our College statutes being in their state of minority, and not out of their year of probation, should have had no voices in the election; yet these three not agreeing, neither, in any one man for a competitor.  
The reasons moving the Society to the election of Sr Conyers, were these.  
First he was one in a special manner designed out to us for that preferment by our College statute both in regard of poverty, a thing generally favoured in all statutes, and likewise in regard of his Country, our statute allowing two Fellowships for each County, and but one of them supplied with men of his qualification, and this Fellowship belonging to the Northern division, which we were bound in the first place to see supplied.  
2ly. Our statute commands us to choose the ablest man we know of or can find out. Now Sr. Conyers was known to be one of the greatest eminency for learning and parts in our whole College, insomuch, that though we had a general order made some years ago for examination of such as should stand for Fellowships, yet was it unanimously agreed even by those that dissented from the election, that they were all so well satisfied of his learning and sufficiency, as that the former order for examination might well be suspended for that time, except some man should declare to the Precedent his intent to stand as a Competitor against him, in which case there should be an examination; but no man adventured upon the trial.  
3ly. He was well known to us for the general course of his life to be one of a pious and virtuous conversation; Excepting only that once growing a little elated by a sudden promotion, and falling acquainted with a malignant, he began to be a little seduced, in which time, (which was about two years ago,) 'twas his ill hap to be in the company of some Rakells of another College, who drank the King's health, and he with them: But for this fault with some concurring circumstances, he did then receive most severe punishment every way answerable, if not greater than the offence. And for the malignant distemper, that held him not above two months; he was by his tutors and father's Counsels soon reclaimed from it: and as his life had been before this one unhappy misdemeanour, so was it all the time of his abode in the College after, which was for above a year, exemplarily pious and virtuous. And he had both to his Tutor, and to some honest Scholars of his acquaintance given that full evidence of his change of mind both in reference to piety, and good affection to the State (which he had likewise evidenced by that ordinary way of taking the Engagement) that there could not be now left any scruple in any rational man's breast concerning either his piety or good affection to the Common wealth. Besides all this, he had a most ample testimony both of his piety and good affection to the State, such as is not ordinarily given to any man, from some godly and well affected Gentlemen and Ministers in Norfolk, where he had lived the last year of his discontinuance from the College.  
Some buzzings there were of some Heterodoxe opinions which he was said to hold, but neither did the Master, nor any one of the Society, even of those that dessented from the election, lay any thing publicly to his charge, and the utmost that any of us could hear, so much as by rumour, was only of some innocuous, though unwary expressions uttered once at a huddling dispute in the Schools, and at an after-supper discourse at one of the Sophister's feasts; at which times all men know how ordinary it is, and how inoffensive to maintain by way of dispute the greatest Paradoxes.  
4ly. The order for election being made upon his petition, and sent down to us, with our own and the Norfolk testimonial annexed, we looked at him as one recommended to us by the Committee, as the godly and learned person intended (though in tenderness to the liberty of our election, not nominated) by their order. This election thus made, upon those solid reasons, with a full account of all our proceed in it, we did according to order make a return of to the Committee, not for confirmation, for the election (which, being every way full and legal, needed it not) but only to show, that in obedience to their order, the Fellowship was forthwith supplied by election.   

The form of our return to the Committee containing the whole proceed of our election, was as follows: To the honourable Committee for Reformation of the Universities.  
Whereas there hath been sent to the College an order from this honourable Committee dated March 27. 1651. requiring the Master or Precedent and Fellows of Peterhouse in Cambridge forthwith to proceed to election of a godly and learned person into the place of Mr. Hanscomb, and to give this honourable Committee an account thereof on this day, these are humbly to certify, that in obedience to the said order, Tobias Conyers Bachelor of Arts, & Scholar of the house of our College, being one generally well approved of amongst us for his piety, learning and good affection to the Commonwealth, was in a full meeting of the Precedent and Fellowes elected and admitted into the said Fellowship, according to the statute and custom of our College, April 5. 1651. as by these following copies of the order, and our proceed thereupon will more fully appear.  

March the 27. 1651. At the Committee for Reformation of the Universities.  
UPon reading the Petition of Mr Tobias Conyers Bachelor of Arts and Scholar of Peterhouse in the University of Cambridg, together with the testimonials of him hereunto annexed, and likewise the return of the Master, and one of the Fellows of the said College, concerning the vacancy of Mr. Hanscombs Fellowship, and upon hearing Doctor Seaman and Mr. Hotham before this Committee, It is ordered upon debate of the matter, that the Master or Precedent and Fellows of the said College do forthwith proceed to election of a godly and learned person into the place of the said Mr. Hanscomb, and that they give an account hereof to this Committee on this day fortnight.  
James Chaloner.   

March 29. 1651.  
Agreed by the Precedent and Fellowes then present, that in obedience to the order from the Committee for Reformation of the Universities dated March 27. 1651, this day be the first day of monition according to the statute about election.  
According to which agreement the first monition for an election was published the day and year above written by me Robert Quarles Precedent. 

Robert Quarles Precedent.  
James Clarke Dec. sen. dep.  
Edward Sam's Dec. jun.     

April. 3. 1651.  
Agreed by the Precedent and Fellowes then present, unanimously, that forasmuch as they are all well satisfied concerning the learning and sufficiency of Sir Conyers, there is no need of public examination of him in reference to the election, and that therefore it be at this time omitted; yet with this proviso, that if notice be given to the Precedent of any that will stand in competition with him, there shall be a public examination of all the candidates upon Friday and Saturday, according to a former order of the Socety, dated July 15. 1646. that so the most worthy persons may be elected.  


Robert Quarles Precedent.  
James Clarke Dec. sen.  
Charles Mildmay Dec. jun.     

April 5. 1651.  
The second monition in reference to an election into the place of Mr. Hanscomb, was published in full meeting according to the statute and custom of our college by me  
Robert Quarles Precedent. Presentibus Sociis 

John Francius.  
Charles Hotham  
James Clerk  
Francis Brock  
Edward Sam's  
Charles Mildmay  
James Goodall  
Thomas Church  
Ralph Heywood  
William Sam's.    
The election presently followed according to the schedule hereunto annexed pagina sequenti.  
This is a true extract out of the College Diary, which with the following Schedule is a full account of our whole proceed concerning the aforesaid election. Ita testamur 

Ro. Quarles Pres.  
Ja. Clarke sen. Dec.  
Ch. Mildmay Dec. jun.    

Aprilis 5, Anno Dom. 1651. Conventus Praesidis & Sociorum Collegii Sti Petri Cantabr. pro Electione novi Socii in locum Magistri Hanscomb nunc vacantem, octiduo post primam monitionem interposito.  
EGo Johannes Francius eligo Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem, in Artibus Baccalaureum, in locum Magistri Hanscomb supradictum; sed in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Carolus Hotham eligo Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem in Artibus Baccalaureum, in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Jacobus Clarke eligo Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem in Artibus Baccalaureum, in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Franciscus Brock eligo Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Edwardus Sam's eligo Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Carolus Mildmay eligo Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Jacobus Goodall eligo Johannem Quarles Norfolciensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Thomas Church eligo Gulielmum Stavely Leicestriensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Radulphus Heywood eligo Gulielmum Stavely Leicestriensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Gulielmus Sam's eligo Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum supradictum; idque in annum probationis tantùm.  
Ego Robertus Quarles Praeses hujus Collegii, eligo, & electum à majori parte Sociorum pronuncio Tobiam Conyers Eboracensem in Artibus Baccalaureum in locum Matthaei Hanscomb supradictum, in annum probationis tantùm.  
Formula admissionis eodem die post lectionem statutorum & juramenti praestationem.  
Authoritate mihi commissâ, Ego Robertus Quarles Praeses hujus Collegii, Admitto te Tobiam Conyers in Socium hujus Collegii, ex antiqua fundatione, ad annum probationis & convictum.  
Robert Quarles Praeses Collegii.  
Vera Copia, & concordat cum Originali.  
Ita testamur, 

Robertus Quarles Praeses.  
Ja. Clarke sen. Dec.  
Cham Mildmay Dec. jun.      
But the Master, who would neither according to his duty come down to be present at the Election, nor so far own the College, whose Rights he is by the fundamental Statute to be a Patron of, as to acquaint us with any exceptions he had against the person in view: (only as we hear, he sent some private Letters to the Precedent (without any communication to the Society, that Sir Conyers might not be elected; together with some other private instructions to a creature or two of his own) like an enemy, rather than Master of the College, comes to accuse the person elected, bringing with him one of his own creatures, who being present at the Election, would not before the Society produce any exception against Sir Conyers, but it seems, according to the Master's instructions, reserved them to be produced as a scandal to the College (who were the Electors) before the Committee.  
The Master's exceptions were much to the same effect with those before mentioned.  
First, that he had been a malignant, and had drunk the King's health upon his knees, and for these misdemeanours had been publicly corrected, and was sent away into the Country by his Tutor as incorrigible.  
2. That he had been guilty of heresy and blasphemy, and upon that Account was refused at St. John's College, where he once stood for a Fellowship.  
In answer to which, I being his Tutor, made before the Committee this summary relation of his life.  
That he being recomended to me by his father, a godly Minister in Yorkshire, and one who had suffered much for the Parliament, I took him at his first admission into the College about the age of sixteen years to be my poor scholar, in which service he demeaning himself with all faithfulness and diligence, and showing himself in the quick apprehension of what ever was laid before him, one of extraordinary parts and industry, that his further proficiency might not be hindered by those necessary diversions of service, I desired to promote him to the degree of a Pensioner; in which way he being not able to maintain himself without some concurrent helps, I was a suitor to the Master to confer upon him the Chapel Clerks place then vacant. The Master, as I was told by a third person, who made the motion to him, was willing to it, if I would have trucked with him; i. e. if I would have received one of his recommendation to be my poor Scholar in his place; but I being otherwise engaged, could not do it, and so could not obtain the Master's consent; yet was dismissed with this intimation of hopes, That there would be ere long more vacancies of these places, which fell out accordingly; but he whom I had spoke for was never the nearer; for still one or other was promoted before him. Which observing, I took my opportunity, upon a vacancy that happened, to represent the case to the Precedent & Deans, who convinced of the poor lads deservings, elected him without the Master's concurrence. This the Master resented so deeply, as at his return he did (as I have been certainly informed) call the Precedent (a man of more standing and worth than himself) by such a foul name, as I am ashamed to mention. And in passion would, had not I withstood him, under pretence of translation, have thrust this poor youth out of his place of eight or nine pounds a year, into a poor place of three or four pounds a year; and has ever since that time born him an implacable malice.  
The poor youth being something elated with this sudden promotion, began a little to lay himself open to temptation, and as was before related, through the seducement of a malignant, whom he fell acquainted with, was something infected, and by chance a Rakell of Pembroke-Hall coming into our Butteries, and beginning the King's health, 'twas his unhappiness (as of some other simple lads there present, who were no malignants) to pledge it, yet not upon his knees, as was alleged: hearing of this, I sent for him, and finding the original of this distemper to proceed from a chamber-fellow with whom without my privity he had associated himself, I commanded him back to his former chamber, but he refusing, that the example of his misdemeanour and disobedience might not further infect the College by his impunity, I corrected him publicly before two or three of the scholars in my chamber; and because I conceived a father's admonitions might be most powerful with him, I sent him down to the Country with letters to his father, informing him how the case stood, that if a real reformation should appear in him, he should be welcome to me again; if not, that he must dispose of him some other where, for I would own none such as he was in that present condition: so after some reasonable stay in the Country, his father returned him up to me again, as a reformed man, of which he gave good evidence by a whole years pious & religious conversation. And besides, better to satisfy myself, I enquired concerning him of some honest and religious lads, whom I durst trust, who professed to me, that he had divers times in their hearing testified his great sorrow for his former miscarriages; and that to them he then appeared, as much as could be, of a truly pious disposition. Hereupon the youth having taken his degree of Bachelor of Arts, I began to look out for some preferment for him, and knowing the Master's malice to him was such as 'twas impossible without higher contests than I was willing to engage in, to prefer him in our own College, and hearing of a way open in St. John's College, I made a suit to some of that College in his behalf, acquainting them fully with the worst of this which the Master now objects, and received from them good encouragement.  
But the day before their sitting I received a note from one of the Fellows there, of a report they had heard of some Arminian tenant which he had maintained in the Schools, whereupon I sent for Sr. Conyers, and charged him with it; chid him for that he had, contrary to my counsels, troubled his head in his unriper years with the study of the contentious part of Divinity, yet withal charged him with all severity that whatsoever opinion though never so heterodox, he was possessed of in his judgement, he should not deny it for any worldly preferment; but if those things which he was said to have disputed for in the schools were not his judgement, he should then expose himself to examination to clear himself of those aspersions: his answer to me was, that he had not maintained any thing that way as his judgement, and that he doubted not of giving satisfaction in any reasonable way that could be expected: Whereupon I writ to St. John's College, that I wondered any thing uttered by way of dispute in those tumultuary velitations, should be esteemed an argument of a man's judgement, and that Sir Conyers was ready to give satisfaction to aught could be alleged against him: But I was answered, that the time of election being now come, the suspicion that was conceived of him could not be removed in such an instant, and that therefore it was better to forbear sitting, which counsel of his was accordingly followed.  
So the poor young man destitute of maintinance, was not able to continue longer in the College, but retired to a poor employment into Norfolk, where he has lived near the space of a whole year; during which time, what his behaviour hath been, and what opinion the religious and well affected of that place have of him, this testimony of men well known to some members of this Committee, which I desire may be rehearsed before you, will make it appear.  

Norff.  
These are to certify all whom it may concern, that Mr Tobias Conyers now resident in Hapton, hath, during his abode here, been blameless in his life and conversation, useful in teaching of children, and painful and industrious in his calling and studies: And that from time to time he hath showed good affections to the present Government, and setlement of the Common wealth; and hath been desirous after the best things, and expressed much longing after communion with God in holy duties, and ordinances; and hath laboured to promote the cause of God to the utmost of his power, as he hath had opportunity; declaring much love to the truth, preferring the society of the godly, and turning from such as are otherwise minded: All which things, we whose names are underwritten do very freely and hearty testify this 11th of February 1650.  


John Reymes.  
Edward Wail Pastor of the Church at Hapton.  
Nathaneel Brewster Minister of Neatshead  
Michael Whitefoot.     
So you see the man was no original malignant, nor was he ever any drunkard, or otherwise scandalous person, but only for a short time seduced, and quickly cured of his distemper: as for a scandal which 'twas his unhappiness to fall into, he received then condign punishment, & therefore ought not to be punished again for the same, especially his life both before and after being exemplarily virtuous; and besides, having voluntarily upon the first coming out of the Act of Parliament for that purpose subscribed the engagement, which in other cases has been adjudged alone sufficient to qualify a man for keeping his old, or acquiring new preferment.  
As for Blasphemy, 'tis by the Master only alleged, not proved; nor do I believe he was ever guilty of it in the least. But with Episcopal spirits every petty difference in opinion is a capital crime: and not to say Amen (though without understanding) to each article of their voluminous Creed, is blasphemy against the Holy Ghost. They not considering, that the passage of religious spirits is, as through many tribulations into the Kingdom of God, so through many errors into the true knowledge of God.  
Besides, it might have been considered, that his election was only as Probationer, during which time, being a whole year, he was to stand upon his good behaviour, and if in all that time he gave just cause of offence, was by our statute to be denied admittance into perpetuity of his possession. And therefore the danger of him, if there were any, was not considerable. But that we have one in our College put in by this Committee, who since the date of this misdemeanour was so malignant, as publicly, in the face of all the College assembled together, to parallel the Parliament for their proceed with the King, etc. with the Powder treason of the Jesuits and Papists, contrived and carried on under pretence of Religion. Now this man being made Fellow by this Committee, we did not in regard he was otherwise a man of good desert, oppose ourselves against his admittance, only in regard of his late disaffection, petitioned this Committee, that he might according to our statute stand upon his good behaviour for one year before a final settlement in his place: But in this case, the Master neither regarding the obligation upon him by our statute, nor by his engagement to be true and faithful to the Common wealth of England, would either petition himself, nor join with us in that petition: whence 'tis apparent, that the great object of his distaste here was not the malignancy, but only the person, now clear enough from that disease.  
Lastly, though I will not take upon me to inquire into the hidden mysteries of a superior power, yet this I shall say, that that power which can eject a man out of his legal possession for a misdemeanour of a date of near two years old, committed and punished in the days of his minority, long before his entrance into that possession, must sure be very transcendent, and above that of any, either common Law or Chancery, that I have heard of.  
The Committee having heard what they thought fit on both sides, we were commanded according to custom to withdraw, and the doors to be shut.  
What was said pro, or con at the private debate, the man with the great beard only knows. But the result was as followeth.  

April. 10. 1651. At the Committee for Reformation of the Universities.  
FOrasmuch as it appears to this Committee, that Tobias Conyers elected by the Fellows of Peterhouse into the Fellowship of Master Hanscomb, hath been guilty of scandal, and malignancy, therefore this Committee adjudge him unfit for this Fellowship.  
Resolved,  
That this Committee will choose a Fellow into the place of Mr. Conyers this day fortnight.  
One who was the Masters Sizar, and who, for aught that yet appears, never subscribed the engagement, is now put into this Fellowship.  
These things I have been enforced to publish for vindication of the Colleges repute from those scandals endeavuored to be thrown upon it by our unworthy Master; in which (being little more than a bare historical narrative of the proceed) I do not in the least take upon me to judge of the honourable Committees severity in this their censure upon Sir Conyers, only to make it appear, that the Precedent and Fellows in their choice of him did nothing but what was agreeable to their trust, both as members of the College and Commonwealth.   
A Letter from our Precedent to one of the Society in London, upon occasion of the Master's man being made Fellow of our College.  
Sir,  
I Marvel Master Becher neglected his place in this fashion, he did. For my part, I desired him much to the contrary. Sir Church is admitted into it; after seven days (prefixed by the Fellows) were expired. Sr. Heywood the under butler did bring yesterday morning an other order for Mr. Major's place; which we do much wonder at, seeing Dr. Seaman at his last being at Cambridg, did both give several statutable reasons why this place ought to be kept void: as also did promise to do his best endeavours that it might be also. Being then, that D. Seaman and the major part of our Society are now at London, I thought good to make a stop of Sr heywood's admission for seven days, till we hear what your mind is. I do not know where Mr. Hotham, Mr. Clarke, and Mr. Brock have their lodgings at London, otherwise I had written to them also. I have acquainted Dr. Seaman to the selfsame purpose yesterday, being Tuesday, and the 24. of December, at the receipt of that Order. I sent my letter unto him with one Green a Cambridg letter Carrier, and delivered the letter myself unto him, upon Tuesday last before he went. I pray present my best respects to your brother Doctor, and our Society now at London. With the wishes of a happy new year I rest; desiring to here of you this week.  
Sr. I am yours, etc. I. H. Cambridg, in haste, January 25. 1650.  
A Letter from one of our Society upon the same occasion, to another of our Fellows then in London.  
Sir,  
SInce your departure, there is another Mandamus come to supply Mr. Major's Fellowship, Sr. Heywood hath got it and expects his admission daily; but Dr. Francius hath sent to the Master to know his resolution, as also the minds of the Fellows which are in London, determining to defer his admission till he hath received your answers, or be ascertained whether you will vindicate the College from such a manifest violation, and intrusion, or not. Sr, there are a considerable part of our Society now in London, it much concerns you to act your utmost, to deliver yourself and the College from so great a detriment: You may press the Master with those protestations which he made the last time he was with us, whether they are not incompatible with Sr. Heywoods' Mandate, or whether his vow which openly he expressed, to keep void that Fellowship, be consonant with the obtaining an instrument to put in his own man. Sr, you know the manner of his proceed better than I can inform you, only I thought it necessary to give you notice of it, lest the seven days should be expired before you were acquainted with it. I have nothing else but my service to present unto yourself, Mr. Hotham, and all the Society with you, and to subscribe myself.  
Yours, etc. C. M. Decemb. ●1.— 50.  
FINIS.