Instructions for foreign travel  
IN MOTV MELOS  
LONDON Printed by T: B. for Humphrey Mosley, at the Prince's arms, in Paul's churchyard, Anᵒ 1642.   

INSTRUCTIONS FOR foreign travel.  
Showing by what course, and in what compass of time, one may take an exact Survey of the kingdoms and States of Christendom, and arrive to the practical knowledge of the Languages, to good purpose. — Post motum dulcior inde Quies.  
LONDON, Printed by T. B. for Humprey Mosley, at the Prince's arms, in Paul's churchyard. 1642.   

To the growing Glory OF Great Britain, Prince CHARLES.  
A parallel twixt His highness, and the Black Prince.  
SIR,  
Wales had one Glorious Prince of hair and hue (Which colour sticks unto Him still) like You:  
He traveled far, He won His spurs in France,  
And took the King, the KING, o monstrous chance  
Then His victorious troops afresh He getherss  
And with the grey Goose-wing his shaftsnew feathers,  
He beats a march up the Pyrene hills,  
And the Cantabrian clime with terro●fils,  
To reinthrone Don Pedro Castile's King,  
Of which heroic Act all Stories ring.  
Your royal Sire traveled so far, and they  
Of all our Princes only made that way.  
Who knows, Great Sir, but by just destiny,  
Your bunch of (Youthful) Plumes may further fly?  
But falcon-like, You may with full summed wing  
The Eagle cuff, and from his talons wring  
The 
* palatinate.  Prey, or in exchange seize on his Ore,  
And fix Your Standard on the Indian shore.  
'Twas by 
b Carolus Magnus.  ● Charles, France once the Empire got,  
'Twas by a 
c Carol.  Charles the Spaniard d●●ue that los,  
Why may not Britain challenge the next call,  
And by a CHARLES be made imperial?  
— Sic Vaticinatur. IA. HOWELL.   

The Substance of this discourse.  
OF the advantage, and pre-eminence of the Eye.  
Of foreign travel, and the progress of Learning.  
What previous abilities are required in a Traveller.  
A caveat touching his Religion.  
Precepts for learning the French Language.  
What Authors to be made choice of, for the Government and History of France.  
Of Books in general.  
Of Historians, and a method to read them.  
Of Private Meditation. Of Poets.  
An estimat of the expenses of a Nobleman, or of a private Gentleman a broad.  
Advertisements for writing of Letters.  
INstructions for travelling in Spain.  
Of barren and fruitful countries.  
The strange contrariety twixt the French and the Spaniard, the reasons natural & accidental.  
Of their carriage, clothing, and diet, &c.  
Of the Spanish Language, how to be studied, and of its affinity with the Latin.  
Of Spanish Authors.  
The advantage of conversing with merchants.  
PRecepts for travelling in Italy.  
Of the people and Language.  
Of the Repnblique of Venice and other States there.  
What observations are most useful in any country.  
A digression into a political discourse of the Princes of Europe.  
Of crossing the alps, and passing through Germany.  
Of the Court of Brussels, and the Netherlands.  
Of the wonderful Stratagems used in those wars.  
The best Authors for the Belgic Story.  
Of the States of Holland, and their admired Industry, and naval strength.  
A discourse of the vulgar languages of Europe, with their several Dialects.  
Of the richness of the English Tongue.  
Of the Pattuecoes a People near the heart of Spain, never discovered till of late years.  
Of the abuse of foreign travel.  
Of S. Thomas Moor Traveller.  
Of Ptolemy's Travellers, and of the most material use of Travel.  
What course a Traveller must take at his return home.  
Of the parliamentary government of England, and her happiness therein above other countries.  
Of the mathematics; of chemistry.   

Instructions FOR foreign travel.  

SECTION. I.  
AMongst those many advantages, which conduce to enrich the mind with Knowledge, to rectify the judgement, and compose outward manners; foreign travel is none of the least.  
But to be a Sedentary Traveller only, penned up between walls, and to stand poring all day upon a Map, upon imaginary Circles and Scales, is like him, who thought to come to be a good Fencer, by looking on Agrippa's book-postures only: As also to run over and traverse the world by hearsay, and traditional relation, with other men's eyes, and so take all things upon courtesy, is but a confused and imperfect kind of speculation, which leaveth but weak and distrustful notions behind it; in regard the ear is not so authen●●q●e a witness as the Eye; because the Eye, by which as through a clear crystal Casement, we discern the various works of Art and Nature, and in one instant comprehend half the whole universe in so small a room after so admirable a manner, I say the Eye having a more quick and immediate commerce and familiarity with the soul (being the principal of her Cinq ports, and her sentinel) taketh in far deeper Ideas, and so makes firmer and more lasting impressions, conveying the object more faithfully to the memory, where it remains afterward upon record in particular topical notes, and indelible characters: For though I confess with the Stagirite, that Hearing is the sense of Learning (and of Faith also, as the holy Text tells me) yet the Sight surpasseth it by many degrees, if you respect the curious workmanship of the Organ, the readiest road to the heart, and love's best Intelligencer and Usher: As also for the penetrative apprehension of the object, with the intuitive virtue and force of affection, it worketh inwardly, as we find upon good record that a heard of sheep conceived once by the strength of the Eye, as likewise for the wonderful quickness of this Sense, which is such that i● makes the effect oftentimes forerun the cause, as we see the Lightning, before we hear the Thunder, though thunder be first in Nature, being by the violent eruption it makes out of the Cloud, the cause of such fulgurations. And although one should read all the Topographers that ever writ of, or anatomised a Town or country, and mingle Discourse with the most exact observers of the Government thereof, and labour to draw and drain out of them all they possibly know or can remember▪ Yet one's own Ocular view, and personal conversation will still find out something new and unpointed at by any other, either in the carriage or the Genius of the people, or in the Policy and municipal customs of the country, or in the quality of the Clime and soil, and so enable him to discourse more knowingly and confidently and with a kind of Authority thereof; It being an Act of parliament in force amongst all Nations: That one eyewitness is of more validity than ten Aur●cular.  
Moreover as every one is said to abound with his own sense, and that among the race of mankind, Opinions and Francies, are found to be as various as the several Faces and voices; So in each individual man there is a differing faculty of Observation, of judgement, of Application, which makes that every one is best satisfied, and most faithfully instructed by himself, I do not mean soley by himself, (for so he may have a fool to his Master) but Books also, and conversation with the Dead must concur, for they are likewise good Teachers, and edify infinitely; yet the study of living men, and a collation of his own optic observations and judgement with theirs, work much more strongly, and where these meet (I mean the living and the dead) they perfect.  
And indeed this is the prime use of Peregrination, which therefore may be not improperly called a moving Academy, or the true Peripatetique school: This made Ulysses to be cried up so much amongst the Gre●ks for their greatest wise man, because he had traveled through many strange countries, and observed the manners of divers Nations, having seen, as it was said and sung of him, more Cities than there were Houses in Athens, which was much in that age of the World: and the Greatest of their Emperors did use to glory in nothing so often, as that he had surveyed more Land with his Eye, than other Kings could comprehend with their thoughts.  
Amongst other people of the Earth, Islanders seem to stand in most need of foreign travel, for they being cut off (as it were) from the rest of the Citizens of the World, have not those obvious accesses, & contiguity of situation, and other advantages of society, to mingle with those more refined Nations, whom Learning and Knowledge did first Vrbanize and polish. And as all other things by a kind of secret instinct of Nature follow the motion of the Sun, so is it observed that the Arts and Sciences which are the greatest helps to Civility, and all moral endowments as well as intellectual, have wheeled about and traveled in a kind of concomitant motion with that great Luminary of Heaven: They budded first amongst the Brachma●s and Gymnosophists in India, than they blossomed amongst the Chaldeans and Priests of Egypt whence they came down the Nile, and crossed over to Greece, and there they may be said to have borne ripe fruit, having taken such firm rooting, and making so long a Plantation in Athens and else where: Afterwards they found the way to Italy, and thence they clammered over the Alpian hills to visit Germany and France, whence the Britain's with other northwest Nations of the lower World fetched them over; and it is not improbable that the next Flight they will make, will be to the Savages of the new discovered World▪ and so turn round, and by this circular perambulation visit the L●vantines again.  
Hence we see what a Traveller● Learning hath been having in conformity of course, been a kind of companion to Ap●llo himself: And as the Heavenly bodies are said to delight in movement and perpetual circumgyration, wherein as Pythagoras, goras, who by the Delphian Oracle was pronounced, the wisest man that ever Greece bred, did hold, there was a kind of music and Harmonious consent that issued out of this regular motion, which we cannot perceive, because being borne in it, it is connatural to us, so it is observed to be the Genius of all active and generous Spirits, Quêis meliore luto finxit praecordia Titan,  
To have been always transported with a desire of travel, and not to be bounded, or confined within the shores and narrow circumference of an Island, without ever-treading any piece of the Continent; whereas on the other side, mean and vulgar spirits, whose souls sore no higher than their Sense, love to hover ever about home, lying still as it were at dead anchor, moving no further than the length of the cable, whereunto they are tied, not daring to lance out into the main, to see the wonders of the deep: Such a one was he of whom Claudian speaks, to have had his birth, breeding, and burial in one Parish; such slow and sluggish spirits may be said to be like snails or Tortuises in their shells, crawling always about their own home, or like the Cynique, shut up always in a Tub.  
Amongst other Nations of the World the English are observed to have gained much, and ●mproved themselves infinitely by voyaging both by Land and Sea, and of those four Worthies who compassed about the terrestrial Globe, I find the major part of them were English, but the scope of this discourse is to prescribe precepts for Land travel only (for the other requires another Tract apart) and first, 
A Jove principium—  
Sic feret antennas aura secundatuas.    

SECT. II.  
IT is very requisite that he who exposeth himself to the hazard of foreign travel, should be well grounded and settled in his Religion, the beginning and basis of all wisdom, and somewhat versed in the Controversies twixt us and the Church of Rome, which I presume he hath done in the University, where (I take it for granted, he hath been matriculated, and besides his initiation in the Arts and Sciences, and learned to chop logic (& logic though she be no Science of herself, but as she is subservient to another, Like the shoemaker's Last, that may be appliable to any foot, yet no Science can be rightly studied without her method, nor indeed can the terms of Art be well understood, or any scholarlike discourse framed but by her) where I say, besides these studies, he hath sucked the pure milk of true Religion, and orthodoxal truth, and such a one will be rather confirmed, than shaken in the tenets of his Faith, when he seeth the sundry fond fantastic forms, which have crept into the solemn service of God, since the primitive times, for the practice of the Roman Church is worse than her positions, so that I have known some, who were wrought upon very far by the one, averted again by the other, I mean by her Ceremonies, which in some places are so mimical, and set forth in such antique postures, that it may be not improperly said, whereas Religion should go arrayed in a grave Matron-like habit, they have clad her rather like a wanton Courtisane in light dresses: Such a one, I mean he that is well instructed in his own Religion, may pass under the torrid Zone, and not be sunburnt, if he carry this bon-grace about him, or like the River Danube which scorns to mingle with the muddy stream of Sava, though they run both in one channel, or like Arethusa, which traveleth many hundred miles through the very bowels of the Sea, yet at her journey's end issueth out fresh again, without the least mixture of saltness or brackishness: So such a one may pass and repass through the very midst of the Roman See, and shoot the most dangerous gulf thereof, and yet return home an untainted Protestant; nay he will be confirmed in zeal to his own Religion, and illuminated the more with the brightness of the truth thereof, by the glaring lights and specious glosses, which the other useth to cast; For Opposita juxta se posita magis elucescunt: Nay the more he is encompassed with the superstitions, of the contrary, the more he will be strengthened in his own Faith; like a good Well useth to be hotter in Winter than Summer, per Antiperistasin, that is, by the coldness of the circumambient air, which in a manner besiegeth it round, and so makes the intrinsic heat, unite and concentre itself the more strongly to resist the invading Enemy.  
After Religion, it is fitting he should be well versed in the Topography, Government and History of his own Country, for some are found Foris sapere, and domi caecutire, to be Eagles abroad, and stark Buzzards at home, being not able to satisfy a stranger by exchange of discourse, in any thing touching the State of their own country.  
To this end it were not amiss to run over Cambden, Sir John Shiloh's commonwealth, with those short pieces of Story, as Daniel and others who have written of the English Kings since the Conquest, and extract out of them, what traverses of war, what other passages and intercourses of State have happened twixt us and other Nations since the last Conquest, specially the French our nearest neighbours: It is also very behooveful, that he have a passable understanding of the Latin tongue, whereof the Italian, the Spanish, and French, are but as it were branches of the same Tree; they are but Dialects or Daughters, and having gained the good will of the Mother, he will quickly prevail with the Daughters.  
That he understand the use of the Map and Globe, to find out the Longitude and Latitude of all places, and to observe and compare the temper of them as he shall pass along.  
Lastly that he seriously contemplate within himself, how the eyes of all the World are upon Him, as his are upon the World, what his parents, kindred and acquaintance, yea his Prince will expect at his return: That he is now in the very forge of his hopes, either upon making or marring: That (being of Noble extraction) he is like to be a Star of the greatest Magnitude in the sphere of his own country, therefore common qualities will not serve his turn, that the higher the building is, the more it requires exquisite form and symmetry, that Nobility without inward ornaments is as fair guilded shells without kernels, or like a satin doublet with canvas linings, whereas on the Other side virtue reflecting upon a Noble subject, is as the sunbeams falling upon a rock of crystal, which makes the reverberation stronger and far more resplendent, or as rich goldembrodery, upon a piece of Tissue: Such thoughts as these will work much upon an ingenious Spirit, and be as a golden Spur, to set him forward, and cheer him in this high road of virtue, and Knowledge.   

SECT. III.  
THe first country that is most requisite for the English to know, is France, in regard of neighboured, of conformity in Government in divers things and necessary intelligence of State, and of the use one shall have of that Language wheresoever he pass further: And the younger one goeth to France the better, because of the hardness of the accent and pronunciation, which will be hardly overcome by one who hath passed his minority, and in this point the French Tongue may be said to be like Fortune, who, being a woman, loves youth best. Whereas for other Tongues, one may attain to speak them to very good purpose, and get their good will at any age; the French Tongue by reason of the huge difference twixt their writing and speaking, will put one often into fits of despair and passion, as we read of one of the Fathers, who threw away Persius against the walls, saying, si non vis intelligi debes negligi, but the Learner must not be daunted awhit at that, but after a little intermission he must come on more strongly, and with a pertinacity of resolution set upon her again and again, and woo her as one would do a coy Mistress, with a kind of importunity, until he overmaster her.  
Indeed some of riper plants are observed to overact themselves herein, for while they labour to trencher le mote, to cut the word, as they say, and speak like natural Frenchmen, and to get the true genuine tone (and every tongue hath a tone or tune peculiar to herself, specially the French, which hath a whining kind of querulous tone specially amongst the peasantry, which I believe proceeded from that pitiful slavery they are brought unto) I say while they labour for this, they fall a lisping and mincing, and to distorted and strain their mouths and voice, so that they render themselves fantastic and ridiculous; let it be sufficient for one of riper years, to speak French intelligibly roundly, and congruously without such forced affectation.  
The French tongue like the Nation, is a bold and hardy speech, therefore the learner must not be bashful or meal mouthed in speaking any thing, whatsoever it is, let it come forth confidently whither true or false Sintaxis; for a bold vivacious spirit hath a very great advantage in attaining the French, or indeed any other Language: He must be cautelous not to force any anglicisms upon the French Tongue, that is certain vulgar Phrases, Proverbs, and compliments, which are peculiar to the English, and not vendible or used in French, as I heard of one that could not forbear a great while to salute his landlord by bon matin: Another would be always complaining at play of his mauvaise Fortune: Another when at the racket court he had a ball struck into his hazard, he would ever and anon cry out, estes wous là avec vos Ours, Are you there with your bears? which is ridiculous in any other language but English, for every speech hath certain idioms, and customary Phrases of its own, and the French, of all other, hath a kind of contumacy of phrase, in respect of our manner of speaking, proper to itself.  
He must always have a Diary about him, when he is in motion of journeys, to set down what his Eyes meets, with most remarkable in the day time, out of which he may raise matter of discourse at night, and let him take it for a rule, that he offend less who writes many toys, than he, who omits one serious thing. For the pen maketh the deepest furrows, and doth fertilise, and enrich the memory more than any thing else, Littera scripta manet, sed manant lubrica verba.  
It were very requisite to have a book of the Topographicall description of all places, through which he passeth; and I think Bertius, or the Epitome of Ortelius, which are small and portable, would be the best. At his first coming to any city he should repair to the chief Church (if not Idolatrous) to offer up his sacrifice of thanks, that he is safely arrived thither, and then some have used to get on the top of the highest Steeple, where one may view with advantage, all the country circumjacent, and the site of the City, with the advenues and approaches about it; and so take a landscape of it.  
Being come to France, his best course will be to retire to some university abou● the Loire, unfrequented by the English, for the greatest bane of English Gentlemen abroad, is too much frequency and communication with their own countrymen, and there let him apply himself seriously to gain the practical knowledge of the Language, and for the time hoc agere. This he may do with more advantage, if he repairs sometimes to the Courts of Pleading, and to the public schools; For in France they presently fall from the Latin, to dispute in the vulgar tongue: So that it were not amiss for him to spend some time in the New Academy; erected lastly by the French Cardinal in Richelieu, where all the Sciences are read in the French tongue, which is done of purpose to refine, and enrich the Language.  
Some have used it as a prime help to advance Language, to have some ancient nun for a Divota, with whom he may chat at the grates, when he hath little else to do, for the nuns speak a quaint Dialect, and besides they have most commonly all the news that pass, and they will entertain discourse till one be weary, if he bestow on them now and then some small bagatels, as English Gloves or Knifs, or ribbons; and before he go over, he must furnish himself with such small curiosities; but this I dare not advise him to, in regard the Hazard one way may be greater, than the Advantage the other way.  
In this retirement he must assign some peculiar days to read the History of the country exactly, which is a most useful and delightful study: For in History, that great Treasury of Time, and promptuary of heroic actions, there are words to speak, and works to imitat, with rich and copious matter to raise discourse upon: History, next to Eternity only triumphs over Time, she, only after God Almighty can do miracles, for she can bring back Age past, and give life to the Dead, to whom she serves as a sacred shrine to keep their names immortal.  
Touching Books he must choose them, as he should do his Friends, Few, but choice ones, yet he may have many Acquaintance: And as for moral society, the greatest wisdom of a man is discerned in a judicious election of his friends, which are as Commentaries upon one's self, and are more necessary than fire and water, as the Philosophher said: So for speculative and private conversation with Authors our dead Associates, there must be must judgement used in the choice of them, specially when there is such a confusion of them, as in France, which as afric peoduceth always something New, for I never knew week pass in Paris, but it brought forth some new kinds of Authors; but let him take heed of Tumultuary, and disjointed Authors, as well as of frivolous, and pedantic.  
And touching books, as a a noble speculative Lord of this Land said, some are to be tasted, only, some chewed, and some swallowed: Hereunto I will add that some are to be dissected and anatomised into Epitomes and Notes.  
To this purpose for the general History of France, Serres is one of the best, and for the modern times d' Aubigni, Pierre Mathieu, and du Pleix; for the political and martial government, du Haillan, de la Noüe, Bodin, and the Cabinet; Touching Commines, who was contemporary with Machiavil, 'twas a witty speech of the last Queen mother of France, that he made more heretics in Policy, than Luther ever did in Religion: Therefore he requires a reader of riperyears.  
The most difficult task in gaining a foreign language is to turn English into it, for to translate another Tongue into English, is not half so hard nor profitable. In reading he must couch in a fair Alphabetique paper-book the notablest occurrences, such alliances, and encounters of war (Special in the last Race of the Kings) that have intervened twixt England and France, and set them by themselves in Sections. When he meets with any great business, he must observe therein the preceding Counsels, the action itself the motives of it, and the mould wherein it was cast, the progress & even of it, which if successful, he must note by what kind of Instruments, confederations & course of policy it was carried, if not, where the difficulties and defects lay. The manner & method in reading of Annalists is infinitely advantageous, if one take his rise handsomely from the beginning, and follow the series of the matter, the Epoch of the times, and regular succession and contemporariness of Princes; otherwise if one read skippingly and by snatches, and not take the thread of the story along, it must needs puzzle and distract the memory, wherein his observations will lie confusedly h●ddled up, like a skein of entangle silk.  
For Sundays and holidays, there be many Trea●ises of Devotion in the French tongue, full of pathetical ejaculations and Heavenly raptures, and his Closet must not be without some of these. For he must make account before hand that his Closet must be his Church, and chiefest chapel abroad. Therefore it were necessary when he fixeth in any place, to have always one in his chamber, whether to retire early and late, to his soliloquies and meditations, the golden keys wherewith he must open and shut the day, and let in the night, and death's Cousin-german.  
Peter du Moulin hath many fine pieces to this purpose, du Plessis, Allencour, and others; and let him be conversant with such Books only upon Sundays, and not mingle human Studies with them. His Closet also must be his Rendez-vous, whensoever he is surprised with any fit of pensiveness (as thoughts of Country and kindred will often affect one) For no earthly thing exhilerats the heart more, and raiseth the spirits to a greater height of comfort▪ than conversation with God, than peace with Heaven, than spiritual Meditation, whereby the soul melts into an inconceavable sweetness of delight, and is delivered from all distempers, from all tumultuary, confusion and disturbance of thoughts:  
And there is none, let him have the humours never so well balanced within him, but is subject unto anxiety of mind sometimes, for while we are composed of four d●ffering Elements, wherewith the humours within us symbolise we must have perpetual ebbings and flowings of mirth and melancholy, which have their alternative turns in us, as naturally as it is for the night to succeed the day: For as the physicians hold there is no perfection of corporal health in this life, but a convalessence at best, which is a medium twixt health and sickness, so is it in the state of the mind. This extends from the Lord to the Laquay, from the Peasant to the Prince, whose Crown is oftentimes inlaid with thorns, whose robe is furred with fears, whereof the Ermine is no ill emblem, having as many black spots in it as white; Nor is there. any thing so hereditary to mankind as vexation of spirit, which doubtless was the ground the Pagan Philosopher built his opinion upon, that the rational soul was given to Man, for his self-punishment and martyrdom,— Man often is A tyrant to himself, a Phalaris.  
But as when we go abroad, we cannot hinder the birds of the air to fly and flutter about our heads, yet we may hinder them to roost or nestle within our hair: So while we travail in this life, we cannot prevent but myriads of melancholy cogitations, and thoughtful cares and longings will often seize upon our imaginations, yet we may hinder these thoughts to build their nests within our bosoms, & to descend from the head to the heart and take footing there; if they do, I told you, before what's this best cordial to expel them thence.  
There be some French Poets will afford excellent entertainment, specially Du Bartas, and 'twere not amiss to give a slight salute to Ronzard, Desportes, and the late Theophile: And touching Poets, they must be used like flowers, some must be only smelled unto, but some are good to be thrown into a Lambique to be Distilled; whence the memory may carry away the Elixi● of them, for true Poetry is the quintessence, or rather the Luxury of Learning. Let him run over also the Proverbs of every country, and c●ll out the choicest of them, for many of them carry much weight, wit, and caution, with them.  
And every Nation hath certain Proverbs and Adages peculiar to itself; Neither would it be time ill spent to read Aesop in every tongue, and make it his task to relate some Fable every day to his Governor or some other by heart.  
Thus the life of a Traveller is spent either in Reading, in Meditation, or in discourse: by the first he converseth with the Dead, by the second with himself, by the last with the Living, which of all the three is most advantageous for attaining a Language, the life whereof consists in society and communication; let his Chamber be street ward to take in the common cry and Language, and see how the Town is served, for it will be no unprofitable diversion to him, but for his Closet let it be in the inner part.   

SECT. IV.  
HAving by the retirement aforesaid attained to a conversable Knowledge in the French tongue, he may then adventure upon Paris, and the Court, and visit Ambassadors, and going in the equipage of a young Nobleman, he may entertain a Cook, a Laquay, and some young youth for his Page, to parley and chide withal, (whereof he shall have occasion enough) and to get some fair lodgings to keep house of himself, and sometimes he may frequent Ordinaries, for it will much break and enbolden him: As for expenses, he must make account that every servant he hath (whereof there should be none English but his governor) every one will stand him in 50 pounds a piece per annum; And for his own expenses, he cannot allow himself less than 300 l. I include herein all sorts of exercises, his Riding, Dancing, Fencing, the Racket, Coach-hire, with other casual charges, together with his apparel, which if it be fashionable, it matters not how plain it is, it being a ridiculous vanity to go gaudy amongst Strangers, it is, as if one should light a candle to the Sun.  
The time that he spends in Paris, must be chiefly employed to improve himself in the exercises aforesaid, for there the choicest Masters are of any part of Christendom. He must apply himself also to know the fashion and garb of the Court, observe the Person and Genius of the Prince, inquire of the greatest noblemen, and their Pedigree (which I recommend to his special consideration) of the favourites and Prime Counsellors of State, the most eminent Courtiers, and if there be any famous man, to seek conversation with him, for it was the saying of a great Emperor, that he had rather go fifty miles to hear a wise man, than five to see a fair City.  
For private Gentlemen and Cadets, there be divers Academies in Paris, college-like, where for 150 pistols a year, which come to about 110 l. sterling per annum of our money, one may be very well accommodated, with lodging and diet for himself and a man, and be taught to Ride, to Fence, to manage arms, to Dance, Vault, and ply the mathematics.  
There are in Paris every week commonly some odd, Pamphlets and Pasquils dispersed, and droped upon down; for there is nowhere else that monstrous liberty (yet London hath exceeded her far now of late, the more I am sorry) which with the gazettes and Courants he should do well to read weekly, and raise discourse thereon, for though there be many trivial passages in them, yet are they couched in very good Language, and one shall feel the general pulse of Christendom in them, and know the names of the most famous men that are up and down the World in action.  
Some do use to have a small leger book fairly bound up table-book-will, wherein when they meet with any person of note and eminency, and journey or pension with him any time, they desire him to write his Name, with some short Sentence, which they call The 〈◊〉 of remembrance, the perusal whereof will fill one with no unpleasing thoughts of dangers and accidents passed.  
One thing I must recomend to his special care, that he be very punctual in writing to his Friends once a month at least, which he must do exactly, and not in a careless perfunctory way, For Letters are the Ideas and truest Miror of the Mind; they show the inside of a man, and by them it will be discerned how he improveth himself in his courses abroad: there will be plenty of matter to fill his letters withal once a month at least: And by his Missives let it appear that he doth not only Remember, but meditate on his Friend; not to scribble a few cursory lines, but to write elaborately and methodically, and thereby he will quickly come to the habit of writing well: And of all kind of human Meditations, those of ones absent Friends be the pleasingst, specially when they are endeared and nourished by correspondence of Letters, which by a spiritual kind of power, do enamour, and mingle souls more sweetly than any embraces.   

SECTION. V.  
HAving Wintered thus in Paris, that huge (though dirty) theatre of all Nations (and Winter is the fittest season to be there) and plied his exercises to some perfection, the fittest country for him to see next is Spain, and in his journey thither he shall traverse the whole diameter of France one way, and passing through Gascoigne and Languedoc, he shall prepare himself by degrees to endure the heat of the Spanish clime; let him not encumber himself with much loggage: and for his apparel; let him as soon as as he enters Spain go after their fashion, for as a Spaniard looks like a bugbear in France in his own ●ut, so a Frenchman appears ridiculous in Spain: nor would I advise him to carry about him any more money than is absolutely necessary to defray his expenses, for some in this particular have been penny-wise, and Pound-foolish, who in hopes of some small benefit in the rates, have left their principal, exposing their Persons and Purses, to daily hazard, and inviting (as it were) unto them danger for their Companion, and fear for their bedfellow.  
For although Sir Thomas More wisheth one to carry always his Friends about him, abroad, by which he means pieces of gold: Yet too great a number of such Friends, is an encumber and may betray him: It will make his journey all along to be a Motus trepidationis. And he that loads himself with a charge of money, when he may carry it about him with such security, and ease, in a small piece of paper, I mean a Letter of credit, or Bill of exchange▪ is as wise as he, who carried the coach-wheel upon his back, when he might have trilled it before him all along.  
In Spain he must be much more careful of his diet, abstemious from fruit, more reserved and cautelous in his discourse, but entertain none at all touching Religion, unless it be with Silence; a punctual repair of visits, extraordinary humble in his comportment; for the Spaniards, of all other, love to be respected at their own homes, and cannot abide an ●nsolent carriage in a Stranger; On the other side, courtesy and Morigeration, will gain mightily upon them, and courtesy is the chiefest cognisance of a Gentleman, which joined with discretion, can only travail all the World over without a passport, and of all sorts of Friends, he is the cheapest who is got by courtesy, and compliment only: Moreover a respectful and humble carriage, is a mighty advantage to gain Intelligence and Knowledge; It is the Key that opens the breash, and unlocks the heart of any one: He that looked downward, saw the Stars in the water, but he who looked only upward could not see the water in the Stars: therefore there is much more to be got by Humility than otherwise.  
One thing I would dissuade him from, which is from the excessive commendation and magnifing of his own country; for it is too much observed, that the English suffer themselves to be too much transported with this subject, to undervalue and vilify other countries, for which I have heard them often censured. The Earth is the Lords, and all the corners thereof, he ereated the mountains of Wales, as well as the Wiles of Kent, the rugged Alps, as well as the Fertile plains of Campagnia, the boggy fens of Frizeland, as well as the daintiest Valleys in France; and to inveigh against, or deride a country for the barrenness thereof, is tacitly to tax God Almighty of Improvidence or Partiality. And it had been wished, some had been more temperate in this theme at their being in the Spanish Court, in the year 1623. For my part, as the Great Philosopher holds it for a maxim, that Mountaignous people, are the most pious; so are they observed to be the hardiest, as also the barrener a country is, the more Masculine and Warlike the spirits of the Inhabitants are, having as it were more of men in them; witness the Scythian and Goeth, and other rough-hewn hungry Nations, which so often overranne Italy, for all her Policy and Learning; and herein Nature may seem to recompense the hard condition of a country the other way.  
Having passed the Pyreneys he shall palpably discern (as I have observed in another larger discourse) the suddenest and strangest difference twixt the Genius and Garb of two People, though distant but by a very small separation, as betwixt any other upon the surface of the Earth; I know Nature delights and triumphs in dissimilitudes; but here, she seems to have industriously, and of set purpose studied it; for they differ not only Accidentally and Outwardly in their, clothing, and carriage, in their Diet, in their speeches, and customs; but even Essentially in the very faculties of the soul, and operations thereof, and in every thing else, Religion and the form of a rational creature only excepted; which made Doctor Garcia think to ask a Midwife once, whither the Frenchman and Spaniard came forth into the World in the same posture from the womb or no.  
Go first to the Operations of the soul, the one is Active and mercurial, the other is Speculative and Saturnine: the one Quick and airy, the other Slow and Heavy; the one discursive and Sociable, the other Reserved and Thougthfull; The one addicts himself for the most part to the study of the Law and Canons, the other to Positive and school Divinity; the one is Creatura sine Praeterito & Futuro, the other hath too much of both; the one is a Prometheus, the other an Epinetheus; the one apprehends and forgets quickly, the other doth both slowly, with a judgement more abstruse and better fixed, & in se reconditum; the one will dispatch the weightiest affairs as he walk along in the streets, or at meals, the other upon the least occasion of business will retire solemnly to a room, and if a Fly chance to hum about him, it will discompose his thoughts, and puzzle him: It is a kind of sickness for a Frenchman to keep a Secret long, and all the drugs of Egypt cannot get it out of a Spaniard.  
The French capacity, though it apprehend and assent unto the Tenets of Faith, yet he resteth not there, but examines them by his own reason, debates the business pro & contra, and so is often gravelled upon the quick sands of his own brain, the Spaniard clean contrary by an implicit Faith and general Obedience believes the Canons and Determination of the Church, and presently subjects his Understanding thereunto, he sets bounds to all his wisdom and Knowledge, and labours to avoid all Speculation thereon, fearing through the frailty of his Intellectuals, to fall into some Error.  
Go to their Garb and Clothing, the one wears long hair, the other short; the one goes thin and open clad, the other close and warm, so that although the Sun should dart down his rays like lances upon him, yet he could not be brought to open one button of his doublet; the one goes gay without, the other underneath; the one wears his cloak long, the other short; so, that one might give him a Suppositor with his Cl●ake about him, if ●eed were; the one puts on his Doublet first, the other last; the Frenchman buttoneth always downward, the Spaniard upward; the one goes high-heeled, the other low and flat, yet looks as high as the other; the one carrieth a comb and looking-glass in his pocket, the other a piece of bays to wipe off the dust of his shoes: And if the one hath a Fancy to stars his mustachos, the other hath a leather bigothero to lie upon them all night; the first thing the one pawns, being in necessity, is his Shirt, the other his Cloak, and so by degrees his Cassoke goes off, and then his Doublet; the one cares more for the Back, and outward appearance, the other prefers the Belly; the one is constant in his fashion, for the other 'tis impossible to put him in a constant kind of Habit; — You may as soon Cut out a kirtle for the moon.  
Go to their Diet, the one drinks Watered Wine, the other Wine watered; the one begins his repast, where the other ends; the one begins with a salad, and light meat, the other concludeth his repast so; the one begins with his boiled, the other with his roast; the Frenchman will eat and talk, and Sing sometimes, and so his Teeth and his Tongue go often together, the Spaniards Teeth only walk, and falls closely to it with as little noise and as solemnly as if he were at mass.  
Go to their Gate, the Frenchman walks fast, (as if he had a Sergeant always at his heels,) the Spaniard slowly, as if he were newly come out of some quartan Ague; the French go up and down the streets confusedly in clusters, the Spaniards if they be above three, they go two by two, as if they were going a Procession; the French Laquays march behind, the Spaniards before; the one beckons upon you with his hand cast upward, the other downward; the Frenchman will not stick to pull out a pear or some other thing out of his pocket, and eat it as he goes along the street, the Spaniard will starve rather than do so, and would never forgive himself, if he should commit such a rudeness; the Frenchman if he spies a Lady of his acquaintance, he will make boldly towards her, salute her with a kiss, and offer to usher her by the hand or arm, the Spaniard upon such an encounter, useth to recoil backward, with his hands hid under his cloak, and for to touch or kiss her, he holds it a rudeness beyond all barbarism, a kind of sacrilege▪ the Frenchmen is best and most proper on Horseback, the Spaniard a foot; the one is good for the Onset, the other for a retreat; the one like the Wind in the Fable, is full of ruffling fury, the other like the Sun, when they went to try their strength upon the Passengers cloak. The one takes the ball before the bound, A la volee, the other stayeth for the fall; the one shuffleth the Cards better, the other plays his game more cunningly; your Frenchman is much the fairer duelist, for when he goeth to the Field, he commonly puts off his doublet and opens his breast; the Spaniard clean contrary, besides his shirt, hath his doublet quilted, his coat of mail, his cassock, and strives to make himself impenetrable.  
Go to their Tune, the one delights in the Jonique, the other altogether in the Doric.  
Go to their Speech, the one speaks oft, the other seldom; the one Fast, the other slowly; the one mangleth, cuts off, and eats many Letters, the other pronounceth all; the one contracts and enchains his words, and speaks pressingly and short, the other delights in long breathed Accents, which he prolates with such pauses, that before he be at the period of his Sentences, one might reach a Second thought: The one's Mind and Tongue go commonly together, (and the first comes sometimes in the arrear) the others Tongue comes flagging a fourlong after his mind, in such a distance, that they seldom or never meet and justle one another.  
In sine Mercury swayeth o'er the one, and Saturn o'er the other, insomuch that out of the premises, you may infer, that there is an intellectual, political, moral and natural opposition between them both in their Comportement, Fancies, Inclinations, Humours, and the very Understanding, so that one may say, What the one is, the other is not; and in such a visible discrepancy, that if one were fetched from the remotest parts of the Earth, the sun displayeth his beams upon, yea from the very Antipods, he would agree with either better, than they do one with another.   

SECT. VI.  
ANd truly I have many times and oft busied my spirits, and beaten my brains hereupon, by taking information from dead and living men, and by my own practical observations, to know the true cause of this strange antipathy betwixt two such potent and so near neighbouring Nations, which bringeth with it such mischief into the World; and keeps Christendom in a perpetual alarm: For although the Ill Spirit be the principal Author thereof, as being the Father and fomenter of all discord and hatred (it being also part of the Turks litany, that wars should continue still between these two potent Nations) to hinder the happy fruit that might grow out of their union: yet nevertheless it must be thought that he cannot shed this poison, and sow these cursed tares, unless he had some grounds to work his design upon.  
And to fly to the ordinary terms of Sympathy and Antipathy, I know it is the common refuge of the ignorant, when being not able to conceive the true reason of natural Actions and Passions in divers things, they fly to indefinite generality, and very often to these inexplicable terms of Sympathy and Antipathy.  
Some as Doctor Garcia, and other philosophical Authors, attribute this opposition to the qualities of the climes and influences of the Stars, which are known to bear sway over all Sublunary bodies, insomuch that the position of the Heavens; and Constellations, which hang over Spain, being of a different virtue and operation to that of France, the temper and humours of the Natives of the one, aught to be accordingly disagreeing with the other.  
An opinion which may gain credit and strength from the authority of the famous Hippocrates, who in his Book of air, Water, and Climes, affirmeth that the diversity of Constellations, cause a diversity of Inclinations, of humours and complexions; and make the bodies whereupon they operate, to receive sundry sorts of impressions. Which reason may have much appearance of truth, if one consider the differing fancies of these two Nations, as it hath reference to the Predominant Constellations, which have the vogue, and qualify the Seasons amongst them.  
For then when the heat beginneth in Spain, the violence thereof lasteth a long time without intention, or remission, or any considerable change, the humour of the Spaniard is just so, for if he resolves once upon a thing, he perseveres, he ponders and dwells constantly upon it, without wavering from his first deliberation; it being one of his prime axioms, that Deliberandum est diu, quod statuendum est semel.  
It is far otherwise in France, for be it summer or Winter, autumn orSpring, neither the cold nor heat, nor serenity of air continueth ne'er so long, without a sensible vicissitude and change; so that it may be truly said there in the morning, Nescis quid serus Vesper trahat. Therefore it being granted that all Elementary bodies depend upon the motion and virtue of the Heavenly; the people of France must of necessity partake of the inconstancy of the Clime, both in their passions and dispositions.  
But this reason though probable enough, resolves not the question to the full; for although we should acknowledge, that the celestial bodies by their influxions, do domineer over Sublunary creatures, and ●osse and tumble the humours and the mass of blood, as they list; it cannot be said, notwithstanding, that this virtue extends to those actions that depend immediately upon the absolute empire of the Will, with the other faculties and powers of the soul, which are merely spiritual, as Love and Hatred, with the like.  
They that dispute thus, have much reason on their side, yet if we consider well the order and method that our Understanding and wills do use in the production of their actions, we shall find, that the influence of the Heavenly bodies must have something to do therein, though indirectly and accidentally: for all terrestrial creatures by a gradual kind of subordination, being governed by the Heavenly, it must needs follow that whatsoever is natural in man, as the organs of the body, and all the senses must feel the power of their influence.  
Now is the soul so united and depends so far upon the senses, that she cannot produce any act, unless they ministerially concur and contribute thereunto, by presenting the matter to her, which is the intelligibles species: Whence it necessarily comes to pass, that in regard of this straight league and bond, which is between them, she partakes somewhat, and yealds to that dominion, which the stars have over the sensual appetite, which together with the Will, are dispossed off, and incited (I will not say forced) by their influxes.  
And as that famous wizard, the oldest of the Trismegisti, did hold, that the Intelligences which are affixed to every sphere, do work through the organs of the body upon the faculties of the mind, (an opinion almost as old as the World itself) so it may be said more truly, that by the sensual appetite, by the frailty and depravation of the will, the Heavenly bodies work very farre●upon the spiritual Powers and passions of the soul; and affect them diversely, though by accident and indirectly, as I said before. The position therefore of the Heavens and asterisms, which govern the Spanish Clime, being different in their virtue and operations to them of France, the Minds and Fancies of both People, must by a necessary consequence be also different.  
Yet notwithstanding that this assertion be true, yet it doth not follow, that the Influxions of the stars and diversity of Climes, are the sole cause of this Antipathy and averseness, for there are many Nations which live under far more distant and differing Climes, which disaffect not one another in that degree, therefore there must be some other concurring Accidents and extraordinary motive of this evil.  
I read it upon record in the Spanish annals, that Lewis the eleventh desiring a personal Conference with the King of Castille, they both met upon the borders, the Spaniards came full of jewels and Gold chains and richly apparelled: Lewis, though otherwise, a wise and gallant Prince, yet had he an humour of his own, to wear in his hat a Medaille of Lead, which he did at this interview, nor were his attendants, but Regis ad Exemplum▪ but meanly accoutred; which made the Spaniards despise them, and make disdainful Libels of them, which broke out afterwards into much contempt and disaffection, which came to be aggravated more and more.  
And if we say that the devil made use of this occasion to engender that violent Hatred, which reigns between these two Nations, it would not be much from the purpose, for the least advantage in the World is sufficient for him to iufuse his venom where he finds hearts never so little disposed to receive it, either by natural or contingent causes.  
Add hereunto the vast extent of greatness the Spaniard is come to within these six score years, by his sundry new acquest, which fills the French full of jealousies, of emulation, and apprehension of fear; and 'tis an old aphorism, Oderunt omnes, quem metuunt.  
Furthermore, another concurring motive may be, that there pass usually over the Pyreneys, from Gascoigne and Bearne great numbers of poor French tatterdimallians, being as it were the scum of the country, which do all the fordid and abject offices to make a purse of money, whereof Spain is fuller than France▪ from Spain also there come to France many poor Spaniards to be cured of the King's evil; the common people of both Nations measuring the whole by the part▪ and thinking all to be such, it must needs breed mutual apprehensions of disdain and aversion between them; so that what was at first accidental seems in tract of time, and by these degrees to diffuse itself like original sin f●om Father to son, and become natural.  
But I have been transported too far by this speculation, considering that I proposed to myself brevity at first in this small discourse.   

SECT. VII.  
ANd now being come from France to Spain, make accoump for matter of fertility of soil, that you are come from God's blessing, to the warm Sun, who is somewhat too liberal of his beams here; which makes the ground more barren, and consequently to be a kind of wilderness in comparison of France, if you respect the number of People, the multitude of towns, Hamlets, and Houses: for about the the third part of continent of Spain is made up of huge craggy hills and mountains, amongst which one shall feel in some places more difference in point of temper of heat and cold in the air, than twixt wixt Winter and summer under other Climes. But where Spain hath water and valleys there she is extraordinarily fruitful such blessings humility carrieth always with her. So that Spain yieldeth to none of her neighbours in perfection of any thing, but only in Plenty; which I believe was the ground of a proverb they have amongst them, No ay cosa mala en Espana, sino lo que habla, there is nothing ill in Spain, but that which speaks: And did Spain excel in Plenty, as she doth in perfection of what she produceth, specially did she abound in corn, whereof she hath not enough for the fortieth mouth, as also had she Men enough whereof, besides the wars, so many Colonies drain her, she would prove formidable to all her Neighbours.  
But let the French glory never so much of their Country as being the richest embroidery of Nature upon Earth, yet the Spaniard drinks better Wine, eats better Fruits, wears finer Cloth, hath a better Sword by his side, and is better Mounted than he.  
Being entered Spain, he must take heed of Posting in that hot country in the Summer time, for it may stir the mass of blood too much. When he comes to Madrid (for I know no other place secure enough for a Protestant Gentleman to live in, by reason of the residence of our Ambassador) he may take new Spanish servants, for I presume he discharged his French when he forsook Paris: There he shall find the King constant all the Seasons of the year in the midst of his Kingdom, as the heart in the body, or the Sun in the Firmament, whence the one giveth vigour to the little world, th' other to the great in equal proportion. And the first thing he must fall to, is Language, which he shall find far more easy than the French, for in point of crabbedness there is as much difference between the French and Spanish, as twixt logic and Philosophy, the like may be said of the Italian, for a reasonable capacity may attain both these Languages, sooner than French itself.  
There was a Spanish Doctor, who had a fancy that Spanish, Italian, and French, were spoken in Paradise, that God Almighty commanded in Spanish, the Tempter persuaded in Italian, and Adam begged pardon in French.  
I presume by the help of his governor he hath made an introduction into the Spanish tongue before he left France, so that in one summer and Winter he may easily come to speak it discoursively, and to good purpose; being in my judgement the easiest of all Languages, by reason of the openness, and fullness of pronunciation, the agreement twixt the Tongue and the Text, and the freedom from Apostrophes, which are the knots of a Language, as also for the proximity it hath with the Latin, for the Spanish is nought else but mere Latin, take a few Morisco words away, which are easily distinguished by their guttural prounciation, and these excepted, it approacheth nearer & resembleth the Latin more than Italian, her eldest Daughter, for I have beaten my brains to make one Sentence good Italian and congruous Latin, but could never do it, but in Spanish it is very feasible, as for Example, in this Stanza, 
Infausta Grecia tu paris Gentes,  
Lubricas, sodomiticas, dolosas,  
Machinando frauds cautelosas,  
Ruinando animas innocentes, &c.  which is Latin good enough, and yet is it vulgar Spanish, intelligible by every Plebeian.  
Mariana and Acosta, are the most authentic Annalists of Spain, and Alvares for the modern story, Lope de Vegas works will give good entertainment for Verse, and Guevara for pure Prose: Nor shall he be distracted with that confusion of Authors, as in France, and else where, for the Spaniard writes seldom but soundly, and in a quite differing strain from other Nations of Christendom, savouring rather of an African fancy, which argues that the Moor did much mingle with him.  
About the fall of the leaf it were not amiss to make a journey to South Spain, to see Sevill, and the Contratation House of the West Indies, and (if he can) to get a copy of the Constitutions thereof, which is accounted the greatest Mystery in the Spanish Government, but he must show himself neither too busy, nor too bold in this search; And if he be there at the arrival of the Plate-Fleet, which usually cometh about that time, he shall see such a Grandeza, that the Roman Monarchy in her highest flourish never had the like, nor the Gran Signior at this day.  
There he may converse with merchants, and their conversation is much to be valued, for many of them are very gentile and knowing men in the affairs of the State, by reason of their long sojourn and actual negotiations, and processes in the country: and in a short time, one may suck out of them, what they have been many years a gathering: And very material it is to know here, as everywhere else, what commodities the country affordeth most useful for us, either for necessity or pleasure: And what English commodities are there in greatest request, and what proportions the Market usually beareth, for in the commutative part of Government and Mercantile affairs, lieth the most useful part of policy twixt country and country; but this he shall observe better in Italy, where the Prince holdeth it no disparagement to coadventure, and put in his stake with the merchant: So that the old Clodian Law is now of no force at all amongst them.  
From South Spain he may return by Granada, Murcia and Valencia, and so to Barcelona, and then take the galleys for Italy, for there are divers Fleets pass in the year from thence with treasure, and cross the Mediterranean to Genoa. And it is not amiss to see something by Sea, and to embark in a Fleet of galleys will much add to ones experience, and knowledge in Sea affairs, and in the Art of Navigation which is more useful and important for Englishmen, and indeed for all Islanders, than others, because their security depends upon the Sea, and upon wooden Horses. Naviget hinc alia jam mihi linter aqua.   

SECT. VIII.  
HAving put foot ashore in Genoa, I will not wish him to stay long there, in regard the very worst Italian dialect is spoken there, and besides, as it is proverbially said, there are in Genoa, mountains without wood, Sea without fish, Women without shame, and Men without conscience, which makes them to be termed the white moors: And when a Jew (and the Jews are held the most mercurial people in the World, by reason of their so often transmigrations, persecutions, and Necessity, which is the Mother of Wit) meeteth with a Genua, and is to negotiate with him, he puts his fingers in his eyes, fearing to be overreached by him, and outmatched in cunning.  
From thence let him hasten to Toscany, to Sienna, where the prime Italian dialect is spoken, and not stir thence till he be master of the Language in some measure.  
And being now in Italy that great limbique of working brains, he must be very circumspect in his carriage, for she is able to turn a Saint into a devil, and deprave the best natures, if one will abandon himself, and become a prey to dissolute courses and wantonness.  
The Italian, being the greatest embracer of pleasures, the greatest Courtier of Ladies of any other. Here he shall find virtue and Vice, Love and Hatred, atheism and Religion in their extremes; being a witty contemplative people; and Corruptio optimi est pessima. Of the best wines you make your tartest vinegar.  
Italy hath been always accounted the Nurse of Policy, Learning, music, Architecture, and Limning, with other perfections, which she disperseth to the rest of Europe, nor was the Spaniard but a dunce, till he had taken footing in her, and so grew subtilised by coalition with her people. She is the prime climate of compliment, which oftentimes puts such a large distance twixt the tongue and the heart, that they are seldom relatives, but they often give the lie one to another; some will offer to kiss the hands, which they wish were cut off, and would be content to light a candle to the devil, so they may compass their own ends: He is not accounted essentially wise, who openeth all the boxes of his breast to any.  
The Italians are for the most part of a speculative complexion (as I have discovered more amply in another discourse) and he is accounted little less than a fool, who is not melancholy once a day; they are only bountiful to their betters, from whom they may expect a greater benefit; To others the purse is closest shut, when the mouth openeth widest, nor are you like to get a cup of wine there, unless your grapes be known to be in the winepress.  
From Sienna he may pass to Milan, and so through the republics territories to Venice, where he shall behold a thing of wonder, an Impossibility in an impossibility, a rich magnificent City seated in the very jaws of Neptune, where being built and bred a Christian from her very infancy, (a Prerogative she justly glorieth of above all other States,) she hath continued a Virgin ever since, ne'er upon twelve long ages, under the same form and face of Government, without any visible change or symptom of decay, or the least wrinkle of old age, though, her too near neighbour, the Turk hath often set upon her skirts and sought to deflower her, wherein he went so far that he took from her Venus' jointure, which she had long possessed, and was the sole Crown she ever wore. But if one in Story observes the course of her actions, he shall find that she hath subsisted thus long as much by Policy as arms, as much by reach of Wit, and advantage of treaty, as by open strength, it having been her practice ever and anon to sow a piece of Fox tail to the skin of S. Mark's lion.  
Here one shall find the most zealous Patriots of any, yet some would maintain (though I do not) that the Venetians, are but indifferently wise single, though they be very politic when they are together in the Senat.  
Having observed in the republic of Venice what is, most remarkable (and there are many things in that Government worth the carrying away, specially the sight of Nova Palma, a Castle built after the newest rules of Fortification) he may visit the other ancient towns of Italy, and so to Naples, where he may improve his knowledge in horsemanship, and then repass through other free States, whereof Italy is full: And truly a wonder it is to see how in so small an extent of ground, which take all dimensions together, is not so big as England, there should be so many absolute and potent Princes by Sea and Land, which I believe is the cause of so many Dialects in the Italian tongue which are above ten in number: As he traverseth the country he must note the trace, form and site of any famous Structure, the Platforms of Gardens, Aqueducts, Grots, Sculptures, and such particularities belonging to accommodation or beauty of dwelling, but specially of Castles, and Fortresses, wherewith Italy abounds, the whole country being frontier almost all over.   

SECTION. Ix..  
And with the natural situation of countries, a Travellershould observe also the Politicalposition thereof, how some are seated like Mercury amongst the Planets, who for the most part is either in combustion or obscurity, being under brighter beams than his own; Such is Savoyand Lorraine, and other Princes of Italy, who are between more potent neighbours than themselves, and are like s●reens tossed up and down and never at quiet: And they that are so situated may say, as the Mouse once answered the Cat, who asking how she did, made answer, I should be far better, if you were further off.  
How the state of the popedom running from the Tirrhene to the Adriatic Sea, is sited in Italy, as France is in Europe, in the midst, and so fittest to embroil or preserve in peace, to disunite or conjoin the forces of their neighbours, and so most proper to be Umpires of all quarrels.  
How the Dominions of Spain are like the Planets in the Heaven lying in vast uneven distances one from the other: But clean contrary those of France, are so knit and clustered together, that they may be compared all to one fixed constellation.  
How Germany cut out into so many Principal ties, into so many Hansiatiqued and imperial towns, is like a great River sluced into sundry Channels, which makes the main stream far the weaker▪ the like may be said of Italy.  
How the Signory of Venice is the greatest rampart of Christendom against the Turk by Sea, and the hereditary territories of the house of Austria, by Land, which may be a good reason of State, why the college of Electors hath continued the Empire in that Line these 200 years.  
He must observe the quality of the power of Princes, how the Cavalry of France, the infantry of Spain, and the English Ships, leagued together, are fittest to conquer the World, to pull out the Ottoman Tyrant out of his Seraglio, from between the very arms of his fifteen hundred Concubines.  
How the power of the North-East part of the European World is balanced between the Dane, the Swede, and the Pole, &c. And the rest between great Britain, France, and Spain; as for Germany and Italy, their power being divided twixt so many, they serve only to balance themselves, who if they had one absolute Monarch a piece, would prove terrible to all the rest.  
Spain in point of treasure hath the advantage of them all, She hath a Veteran Army always afoot; but She is thin peopled, She hath many Colonies to supply, which lie squandered up and down in disadvantageous unsociable distances, Her people are disaffected by most nations, and incompatible with some; She wants bread, She hath bold accessible coasts, and Her West India Fleet, besides the length of the passage, and incertainty of arrival, is subject to casualties of Sea, and danger of interception by Enemies: And if England should break out with Her in good earnest into acts of hostility, those Islands, which the English have peopled, colonized, and fortified lately (being warned by Saint Christopher) in the carrere to Her mines, would be found to be no small disadvantage to Her.  
France swarms with men, and now (more than ever) with Soldiers, She is a body well compacted (though often subject to Convulsions, and high fits of fevers, the blood gathering up by an unequal diffusion into the upper parts) and it is no small advantage to Her, that Her form is circular, so that one part may quickly run, to succour the other: She abounds with corn, and being the thorough fare of Christendom, She can never want money; She hath those three things which the Spaniard said would make Her eternal, viz. Rome, the Sea, and counsel; for She hath the the Pope for Her friend (having had his breeding in Her twenty years together) she hath Holland for Her arsenal, and Richelieu for counsel; who since he sat at the helm, hath succeeded in every attempt, with that monstrous course of Felicity: They of the Religion, are now town-less, and armless, and so are Her greatest peers most of them out of Office and provincial command. So that if one would go to the intrinsic value of things, France will not want much in weight of the vast unwieldy bulk, and disjointed body of the Spanish monarchy.  
Great Britain being encircled by the Sea, and there being an easy going out for the Natives, and a dangerous landing for Strangers, and having so many invincible Castles in motion (I mean Her Ships) and abounding inwardly with all necessaries, and breeding such men, that I may well say, no King whatsoever hath more choice of able bodies to make Soldiers of, having also most of Her trade intrinsic, with many other Insulary advantages, She need not fear any one Earthly power, if She be true to herself; yet would She be puzzled to cope with any of the other two single, unless it be upon the defensive part, but joining with Holland She can give them both the Law at Sea, and leaguing with any of the other two, She is able to put the third shrewdly to it.  
Now it cannot be denied, but that which giveth the greatest check to the Spanish Monarchy is France: And there is no less truth than caution in that saying, that the yeave of the Conquering of France, is the morning of the Conquest of England (and vice versa.) It hath not been then without good reason of State, that England since that monstruous height of power that Spain is come to of late, hath endeavoured rather to strengthen France (to bear up against Her) than to enfeeble Her, having contributed both her power and purse to ransom one of her Kings, at that time when Spain began to shoot out Her branches so wide: Besides, during the last league, which raged so long through all the bowels of France with that fury, when there was a design to Cantonize the whole kingdom; Queen Elizabeth though offered a part, would not accept of it, for fear of weakening the whole: Therefore this chain of reciprocal conservation, linking them together so strongly; England may well be taken for a sure Confederate of France, while France contains herself within her present bounds, but if she should reduce the Spaniard to that desperate pass in the Netherlands▪ as to make him throw the helve after the hatcher, and to relinquish those Provinces altogether, it would much alter the case: for nothing could make France more suspectful to England than the addition of those countries, for thereby they would come to be one continued piece, and so England her overthwart neighbour, should be in a worse case than if the Spaniard had them entirely to himself. For it would cause Her to put herself more strongly upon Her Guard, and so increase Her charge and care.  
To conclude this point, there cannot be a surer maxim and fuller of precaution for the security of England, and Her Allies, and indeed for all other Princes of this part of the World, than Barnevelt gave of late years, a little before he came to the fatal block. Decrescat Hispanus, nec crescat Francus.  
But I have been transported too far by this ticklish digression, which requires an ampler and more serious discourse.  
In fine, with these particulars, a Traveller should observe the likeness and sympathy of distant Nations, as the Spaniard with the Irish, the French with the Pole, the German (specially Holsteinmen) with the English, and in Italy there have been many besides myself, that have noted the countenance and condition of some people of Italy, specially those that inhabit Lombardy, to draw near unto the ancient Britons of this Island, which argues, that the Romans, who had their Legions here so many hundred years together, did much mingle and clope with them. Amongst other particulars, the old Italian tunes and rhythms both in conceit and cadency, have much affinity with the Welsh, (and the genius of a people is much discovered by their prosody) for example, Vlisse ô lass●, o dolce Amor● muoro, &c.  
This agrees pat with the fancy of the Welsh Bards, whose greatest acuteness consists in Agnominations and in making one word to tread as it were upon the others heel, and push it forward in like letters, as in the precedent example, whereof many Italian Authors are full, appeareth.   

SECT. X.  
HE must also observe the number of Languages, and difference of Dialects, as near as he can, in every country as he passeth along.  
The French have three dialects, the Wallon (vulgarly called among themselves Romand,) the Provensall, (whereof the Gascon is a subdialect) and the speech of Languedoc: They of Bearne and Navarre speak a Language that hath affinity with the Bascuence or the Cantabrian tongue in biscay, and amongst the Pyrenean mountains: The Armorican tongue, which they of low Britain speak (for there is your Bas-Breton, and the Breton-Brittonant or Breton Gallois, who speaks French) is a dialect of the old British as the word Armorica imports, which is a mere Welsh word, for if one observe the radical words in that Language they are the same that are now spoken in Wales, though they differ much in the composition of their sentences, as doth the Cornish: Now some of the approvedst▪ Antiquaries positively hold the original Language of the Celtaes, the true ancient Gauls, to be Welsh: And amongst other Authors they produce no meaner than Caesar and Tacitus, to confirm this opinion: For Caesar saith that the Druydes of Gaul understood the British druids, who it seems were of more account for their Philosophy, because as he saith, the Gauls came usually over to be taught by them, which must be by conference, for there were few books then: Besides Tacitus in the life of Julius Agricola reporteth, that the Language of the Britons and the Gauls little differed, I restrain myself to the middle part of France called Gallia Celtica, for they of Aquitaine spoke a language that corresponded with the old Spanish, they of Burgundy and Champagny with the German, and most part of Provence spoke Greek, there having been a famous Colony of Grecians planted in Marseilles: Other small differences there are up and down in other Provinces of France, as the low Norman useth to contract many words, as he will often say, I' ay un pet à fair, for I' ay un petit affaire, and the Poictevin will mince the word, and say, ma Mese, mon pese, for ma Mere, mon Pere; but these differences are not considerable.  
The Spanish or Castilian tongue, which is usually called Romance, and of late years Lengua Christiana, (but it is called so only amongst themselves) for a Spaniard will commonly ask a stranger whether he can speak Christian, that is, castilian? The Spanish (I say) hath but one considerable dialect, which is the Portuguese, which the Jews of Europe speak more than any other language, and they hold that the Messiah shall come out that Tribe, that speak the Portingal language; other small differences there are in the pronunciation of the guttural letters in the castilian, but they are of small moment. They of the kingdom of Valencia and Catalunia (Goth-land) speak rather a language mixed of French, and Italian: In the mountains of Granada (the Alpuxarras) they speak Morisco, that last part of Spain that was inhabited by the moors, who had possessed it above 700 years.  
But the most ancient speech of Spain seems to have been the Bascuence or the Cantabrian tongue spoken in Guipuscoa, the Asturias and in some places amongst the Pyrenes; but principally in the Province of biscay, which was never conquered by Roman, Cartaginian, Goeth, Vandal or Moor, which Nations overrun all the rest of Spain, (though some more, some less) therefore whensoever the King of Spain cometh to any of the territories of biscay, he must pull off his shoes upon the frontiers, when he treads the first step, being as it were Virgin holy ground. And as it is probable that the Bascuence is the primitive language of Spain, so doubtless the people of that country are a remnant of the very Aborigenes, of her first Inhabitants. For it is an infallible Rule, that if you desire to find out (the Indige●nae) the ancientest people or language of a country, you must go amongst the mountains and places of fastness, as the Epirotiques in Greece, the Heylanders in Scotland, the Britons in Wales, with whom (I mean the last) the Biscayner doth much symbolize in many things, as in the position and quality of ground, in his candour and humanity towards Strangers more than any other people of Spain, his cried up Antiquity; for the Spaniards confess the ancientest race of Gentry to have been preserved there: So that a Biscayner is capable to be a Cavalier of any of the three habits without any scrutiny to be made by the Office, whether he be, limpio de la sangre de los Moros, that is, clear of the blood of the moors or no, 'tis enough that he be a Montanero, that he be borne amongst the mountains of biscay. And many may be the reasons why Hilly people keep their standings so well, for being enured to labour, and subject to the inclemency of the Heavens, distemperatures of air, to short Commons, and other incommodities, they prove the hardy and abler men, and happily with the elevation of the ground their spirits are heightened, and so prove more courageous and forward to repel an invading enemy.  
Add hereunto, that the cragginess and steepiness of places up and down is a great advantage to the dwellers, and makes them inaccessible, for they serve as Fortresses erected by Nature herself, to protect them from all incursions: as Caesar complains of some places in Scythia, that Difficilius erat hostem invenire, quam vincere.  
And now for further proof that the Cantabrian language is the ancientest of Spain, I think it will not be much from the purpose, if I insert here a strange discovery that was made not much above half a hundred years ago, about the very middle of Spain, of the Pattuecoes, a people that were never known upon the face of the Earth before, though Spain hath been a renowned famous country visited and known by many warlike Nations: They were discovered by the flight of a falcon, for the Duke of Alva hawking on a time near certain hills, not far from Salamanca, one of his hawks which he much valued, flew over those mountains, and his men not being able to find her at first, they were sent back by the Duke after her; these falconers clammering up and down, from hill to hill and luring all along, they lighted at last upon a large pleasant Valley, where they spied a company of naked Savage people, locked in between an assembly of huge crags and hills indented and hemmed in (as it were) one in another: As simple and Savage they were, as the rudest people of any of the two Indies, whereof some thought a man on horseback to be one creature with the horse: These Savages gazing awhile upon them, flew away at last into their caves, for they were troglodytes, and had no dwelling but in the hollows of the rocks: The falconers observing well the tract of the passage, returned the next day, and told the Duke, that in lieu of a hawk, they had found out a New World, a New People never known on the continent of Spain, since Tubal Cain came first thither: A while after, the Duke of Alva went himself with a Company of musketeers, and Conquered them, for they had no offensive weapon but slings; they were Pythagoreans, and did eat nothing that had life in it, but excellent fruits, roots and springs there were amongst them; they worshipped the Sun, & new moon, their language was not intelligible by any, yet many of their simple words were pure Bascuence, and their guttural pronunciation the very same, and a guttural pronunciation is an infallible badge of an ancient language; And so they were reduced to Christianity, but are to this day discernible from other Spaniards by their more tawny complexions, which proceeds from the reverberation of the sunbeams glancing upon those stony mountains wherewith they are encircled, and on some sides trebly fenced, which beams reflects upon them with a greater strength and so tannes them.  
But I did not think to have stayed so long in Spain now nor indeed the last time I was there, but he that hath to deal with that Nation, must have good store of phlegm and patience, and both for his stay, and success of business, may often reckon without his host.   

SECTION. XI.  
But these varieties of Dialects in France and Spain, are far less in number to those of Italy; Nor do I believe were there ever so many amongst the Greeks, though their country was indented and cut out into so many Islands, which as they differed in position of place, so there was some reason they should differ something in propriety of Speech: There is in Italy the Toscan, the Roman, the Venetian, the Neapol●tan, the Calabrese, the Genovese, the Luquesse, the Milanese, the Parmesan, the Piemontese, and others in and about Abouzzo, and the Apennine hills; and all these have several Dialects and idioms of Speech, and the reason I conceive to be, is the multiplicity of Governments, there being in Italy, one kingdom, three republics, and five or six absolute Principalities, besides the popedom, and their laws, being different, their Language also groweth to be so, but the prime Italian dialect, take Accent and Elegance together, is Lingua Toscana in boca Romana. The Toscan tongue in a Roman mouth.  
There is also a mongrel Dialect composed of Italian and French, and some Spanish words are also in it, which they call Franco, that is used in many of the Islands of the Aegean Sea, and reacheth as far as Constantinople, and Natolie, and some places in Africa; and it is the ordinary speech of commerce twixt Christians, Jews, Turks, and Greeks in the Levant.  
Now for the original Language in Italy, as the Mesapian and Hetruscan tongue, there is not a syllable left anywhere, nor do I know any country where the old primitive Languages, are so utterly and totally extinguished without the least trace left behind, as in Italy.  
Touching the Latin Tongue, which is one of the ancientest Languages of Italy, but not so ancient as those I spoke of before, the received opinion is, that the inundation of the Goths, Vandals and Longbards, were her first Corrupters but it is not so, as the Learned Bembo, and our no less Learned Brerewood are of opinion; for as the Latin Tongue grew to perfection by certain degrees, and in Caesar and Cicero's times (whereof the one for purity, the other for copiousness, were the best that ever writ) she came to the highest flourish together with the Empire, so had she insensible degrees of corruption amongst the vulgar, and intrinsic changes in herself before any foreign cause concurred; for the Salian Verses, towards the end of the republic, were scarce intelligible, no more were the capitulations of Peace twixt Rome and Carthage in Polybius his time: And every one knows what kind of Latin stands upon record on the Columna Rostrata in the Capitol, in memory of the famous naval victory of Duillius the consul, which happened but 150 years before Cicero. As also what Latin had the vogue in Pla●utus his time: And here it will not be much ou● of the bias, to insert (in this Ogdoastique) a few verses of the Latin which was spoken in that age, which were given me by a worthy polite Gentleman, 
Sic est, nam nenum lacient uls manaca, praes est  
Andreas; Ipsus Hortitor ergo cluo  
Dividiam estricem ut genii averruncet, & ultra  
Calpar, si pote, Lurae insipet omnimodis,  
Calpar, quod Nymphis nenum ebrium, at Argeliorum  
Zitho, quod nostra haec vincia dapsiliter  
Degulet, ha frux obgraecari (haut numina poscent)  
Prodinit, topper morta modo orta necat.  So that as before, so after Cicero's time, the Latin Tongue wrought certain changes in herself, before any mixture with Strangers, or the intervention of any foreign cause: For as kingdoms and States with all other Sublunary things are subject to a tossing and tumbling, to periods and changes, as also all natural bodies corrupt inwardly and insensibly of themselves, so Languages are not exempt from this Fate, from those accidents, and revolutions that attend Time: For Horace complained in his days, that words changed as coins did: Yet besides this home bred change, it cannot be denied but the Latin Tongue, had some foreign extrinsic cause to degenerate so far into Italian, as the admission of such multiplicities of Strangers to be Roman Citizens, with the great number of slaves that were brought into the City; add herunto at last those swarms of barbarous Nations, which in less than one hundred years thrice overran Italy, and took such footing in her: And as in Italy, so likewise in Spain and France, they corrupted the Latin tongue, though I believe she never took any perfect impression amongst the vulgar in those countries, albeit the Romans laboured to plant her there, making it their practice (though not at first: for we read of some People that petitioned unto them, that they might be permitted to use the Latin tongue) with the Law to bring in their Language as a mar●e of Conquest.  
But one may justly as●●e why the Latin tongue could receive no growth at all amongst the Britons, who were so many hundred years under the Roman gover●ment, and some of the Emperors living and dying amongst them? To this ●t may be answered, that i● Britain we read of no more than four colonies that ever were planted; but in Spain there were 29, and in France 26. But as I cannot cease to wonder that the Romans notwithstanding those Colonies and Legions that had so long cohabitation, and coalition with them, could take no impression at all upon the Britons in so long a tract of time in point of Speech, (notwithstanding that in some other things there be some resemblances observed twixt the people, as I said before) I wonder as much how such a multitude of Greek words could creep into the Welsh language, some whereof for example sake, I have couched in this Distique. {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}. Which words Englished are, Salt, water, birth, fire, the belly, an old woman, to teach, the earth, honey, to hear, the Sun, destiny, drunkard.  
Besides divers others, which are both Greek and Wels●, both in pronunciation and sense.  
Now for the Greek tongue, there is no question, but it was of larger extent than ever the Roman was, for these three respects, for the mighty commerce that Nation did exercise, for their humour in planting of Colonies, for their Learning and Philosophy, for Greek is the scientificalst tongue that ever was, in all which they went beyond the Romones: And it is not long ago since in some places of Italy herself, as Calabria and Apulia, the Liturgy was in the Greek tongue. Nor is some vulgar Greek so far adulterated, and eloignated from the true Greek, as Italian is from the Latin, for there is yet in some places of the Morea true Greek spoken vulgarly (you cannot say so of the Latin anywhere) only they confound these three letters, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, (Eta, Jota, Upsilon) and these two dipthongs {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, and {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, all which they pronounce as joata. As for {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, they pronounce {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, for {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, they say {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} There is also true Greek spoken in some parts of the lesser Asia, where there is no place upon the surface of the earth, for the proportion, where so many differing Languages are spoken, yet most of them are but Dialects and subdialects; so that of those two and twenty tongues, which Mithridates is recorded to have understood, above two parts of three, I believe, were but dialects.  
I dare go no further Eastward, for it is beyond the bounds of so smalla Volume as this, to speak of the Levantine tongues, that go from the Liver to the Heart, from the Right hand to the Left, as the most Spacious Arabic, which is spoken (or learned) throughoutal the vast dominions of the Mahometan Empire, and is the most fixed language now upon Earth, it being death to alter it, or Translate the Alcoran into any other language, to add the least title to the first text, or comment upon it; a rare policy to prevent schisms, and restrain the extravagant, and various restless fancies of human brain.  
This page is also too narrow to comprehend any thing of the most large Slavonique tongue, which above other Languages hath this prerogative to have two Characters, one resembling the Latin, the other the Greek, and in many places the Liturgy is in both, one for Sundays and holidays, the other for working days. There are above forty several Nations, both in Europe and Asia, which have the Slavonic for their vulgar speech, it reacheth from Moscow, the Court of the great Knez, to the Turks Seraglio in Constantinople, and so over the Propontey to divers places in Asia, i● being the common language of the janissaries.   

SECT. XII.  
THe German or Teutonique tongue also is of mighty extent, for not only the large Continent of Germany high and low, but the kingdoms of England, Scotland, Denmarque, S●ethland, Norway, Island, and some parts of Hungary and Poland speak it vulgarly. And questionless the German is one of the first mother tongues of Europe, whereof Scaliger would have but eleven, though there be four or five more, but I find that they who are cried up for great clerks may err, as he did in this, as also when he made Prester John an African and placed him in Ethiopia, in the Habassins country, whereas it is certain that he was an Asian, and King of Tenduc in Tartary above two thousand miles distant, besides he was a Nestorian by his religion, and it is well known the Habassines are Jacobites and Christians from the girdle upward, and Jews downward, admitting both of Baptism and Circumcision.  
And so ancient is the German tongue, that Goropius Becanus flattered himself with a fancy, that it was the language which was spoken in Paradise, which Ortelius also showed a desire to believe; they grounded this conceit upon these words, Adam, Eve, Abel, Seth, &c. which they would stretch to be German words; also that their language came first from Asia, because Godt, Fader, mother, brother, Star, are found to signify the same things both in the German, and Persian tongue.  
There is no language so full of Monosyllables and knotted so with Consonants as the German, howsoever she is a full mouthed masculine speech: the speeches of the Kingdoms before mentioned, are but Dialects derived from her; And the English is but a Subdialect or branch of the Saxon Dialect, which hath no other name in Welsh and Irish to this day; for take an Englishman cap-à-pie, from head to foot, every member he hath is Dutch.  
Yet since the last Conquest much French hath got in, and greatly embellished and smoothed the English, so that there is very much affinity between them, as for Example, 
La Fortune me tourment,  
La virtue mecontente.  Or, 
Men desir est infiny,  
D' entrer en Paradis.  Which sayings are both French and English.  
Of late years the English tongue hath much enriched herself, by borrowing of some choice, well sounding and significant words from other Languages also; so that she may be compared to a posy made up of many fragrant choice Flowers: And truly, without interest and passion, let it be spoken, there is in English as true strains of Eloquence, as strong and sinewy Expressions, as elaborate and solid pieces of Fancy, as far fetched reaches of Invention, and as full of salt, metaphors as faithfully poursued similes as aptly applied, and as well clothed and girded about; as in any Language whatsoever, both in poesy and Prose; It must be granted that some other Languages, for their soft and smooth melting fluency, as having no abruptness of Consonants, have some advantage of the English; yet many of their fancies, which amongst themselves they hold to be strong lines and quintessential stuff, being turned to another tongue become flat, and prove oftentimes but mere jingles, but what is witty in English, is so, with advantage, in any Language else, unless the conceit be topical, or personal, and peculiar only to this Island.  
But whither have I been thus transported? The copiousness and pleasure of the Argument hath carried me a little further than I made account, for to be a {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, to have the knowledge, specially the practical knowledge (for the Theory is not ne'er so grateful nor useful) of many languages is one of the richest and pleasingst kind of Notions that is; And we find upon the best record, that the first blessing which fell down from Heaven upon those holy Heralds of Christianity, the Apostles, was the knowledge of many tongues, inspired into them immediately by God Almighty himself.  
For what is Imagination, Invention and Sense, without the faculty of Speech without expression? Speech is the instrument by which a fool is distinguished from a Philosopher: Speech is the Index, the Interpreter, the Ambassador of the mind, and the Tongue the Vehiculum, the Chariot, which conveyeth and carrieth the notions of the Mind to reason's Palace, and the impregnable Tower of Truth: And although there be but one way thither, yet there be many sorts of Chariots, some more sumptuous and better harnessed than others; for amongst tongues there be some far more rich, more copious, and of stronger expressions than others: And amongst Tongues there is also a kind of, good fellowship, for they sometimes supply one another's wants, and mutually borrow and lend.   

SECT. XIII.  
But whether have I wantred? I had almost forgot where I left my Traveller, but now I remember well it was in Italy. And having surveyed Italy, that minion of Nature, he may cross the alps, and see some of the Cantons, those rugged Repub●iques, and Regiments, and then pass through many of the Stately proud Cities of Germany, till he comes to Brussels, and there he shall behold the face of a constant Military Court, and provincial Government, with a miscellany of all Nations, and if there be any leaguers a foot, or Armies in motion, it should be time well spent to see them. For the Netherlands have been for many years, as one may say, the very Cockpit of Christendom, the school of arms, and Rendezvous of all adventurous Spirits, and Cadets, which makes most Nations of Europe beholden to them for Soldiers. Therefore the History of the Belgic wars are very worth the reading, for I know none fuller of stratagems of reaches of policy, of variety of successes in so short a time: nor in which more Princes have been engaged (though some more, some less) for reasons of state, nor a war which hath produced such deplorable effects directly or collaterally, all Christendom over, both by Sea and Land.  
Jean Petit in French, is an approved Author, Guicciardin, Don carls Coloma in Spanish, and Sir Roger Williams in English, with others, there you shall read of one town taken by a Boat of Turfs, and reprized many years after by a Boat of faggots, another taken by the flight of a Ha●k, another by a load of Hey, another by a Cart full of Apples, and many by disguises, either of boors, friars, or Marchands.  
Having spent some small time in Brabant and Flanders, he may by safe conduct, as is usual, pass to Holland, where he shall find a People planted as it were under the Sea, out of whose jaws they force an habitation, with infinite expense and toil, checking the impetuous course of the angry Ocean, and showing the World how far Industry and Art, can curb and control Nature: And very expedient it is, he should take an exact Survey of the States of the United Provinces, because they are accounted the surest Confederates of England, and her fastest Friends, for interest of Religion, for community of danger, and consequently of reciprocal preservation.  
And it will be a wonderful thing to see what a mighty subsistence of wealth and a huge Navigable power that State in come too, by a rare unparalelled industry: For I dare avouch that the Roman commonwealth, (though she had her head as well knit in her infancy as any that ever was) did not come near her, in so short a progress of time, to such a growth of strength.  
But it seems all things conspired to raise Holland to this pass: First, the humour of the people, being patient▪ and iudustrious, and of a genius more in clinable to a democratical Government than to a Monarchy: add hereunto the quality of the country, being everywhere half cut, and as it were inlaid with water, and thereby much fortified, and made in many places inaccessible; so that, if need were, Holland could turn herself into a huge pond when she list.  
Hereunto concurred a further advantage of situation, having behind her the Baltique Sea, which affords her all kind of Materials for shipping, and for all kind of Nutriment and Military forces England and France, both swarming with superfluous people, suspectful of the Spanish greatness, and so not unwilling to contribute auxiliary strength for mutual security and conservation.  
Navigation and Mercantile Negotiation, are the two Poles whereon that State doth move, and to both these, it seems, Nature herself hath expressly designed both country and People; Them be an extraordinary kind of Propensity, the country by apt position, for having no Land to manure, they plow the very bowels of the Deep, the wrinkled forehead of Neptune being the furrows that yealds them increase.  
Moreover, there being many great Rivers that slice and cut the country up and down to disgorge themselves into the Ocean, those Rivers may be said to pay them tribute, as well as to the Sea, which Rivers branching themselves into large and bearing streams, do so fitly serve one another, and all the whole, that it may be said, Nature in the frame of human bodies, did not discover more Art, in distributing the veins and arteries, for the easy conveyance of the mass of blood into each part, as she hath showed here in dispersing those waters so orderly for traffic.  
These Rivers bring her what the large continent of Germany, and other Eastern countries afford, and she lying between them and the Sea; furnisheth them with all far fetched Indian, African, and Spanish commodities.  
Here you shall see the most industrious people upon earth, making a rare virtue of necessity, for the same thing which makes a Parrot speak, makes them to labour. For having nothing of their own, yet they abound with all things, and may be said, to live by the idleness of some of their neighbours, I am loath to name here who they are.  
Here you shall find a people grow Rich also by that which useth to impoverish others, even by war, for pri●es and booties abroad, go to make a good part of their wealth.  
Yet in conversation they are but heavy, of a homely outside, and slow in action, which slowness carrieth with it a notable per severance, and this may be imputed to the quality of that mould of earth, whereon they dwell, which may be said to be a kind of ●●●●ding pool of air: And which is known to have such a force of assimilation, that when people of a more vivacious temper, come to mingle with them, at the second generation, they seem to participate of the soil and air, and degenerate into mere Hollanders; the like is found daily in Horses and Dogs, and all other animals. Occulta est Batavae quaedam vis insita terrae.  
One remarkable piece of Policy I forgot, that he should observe in the united Provinces; viz. Why in so small an extent of ground they have so many rich, well-built and populous towns amongst them; one of the principal reasons is, because they appropriate some staple material commodity to every one of the great towns, as Amsterdam hath the trade of the East and West Indies, Rotterdam the English Cloth, Dort the Rhenish Wines, Middelborough the French Wines, Treveres the Scots trade, the Hage the residence of the Prince, and the States, Haerlam subsist by knitting and dying, and so forth which is a very laudable course▪ not to suffer one place to swallow the wealth an● traffic of the whole, like the spleen in the natural body, whose swelling makes all the rest of the members languish.   

SECT. XIV.  
HAving thus passed the diameter of France, run over Spain, crossed the Mediterranean to Italy, and observed the multiplicity of Governments therein; having thus climbed the alps, and traversed the best part of Germany, having also taken the length of the Belgic Lion, (of all which France for a kingdom, Venice for a republic, Milan for a Duchy, Flanders for a County bear the bell) having I say, traveled through all these places, all which may be done completely in three years and four months, which four Months I allow for itinerary removals and journeys, and the years for residence in places; it wi●l be high time now to hoist sail, and steer homewards, where being returned, he must abhor all affectation▪ all forced postures and compliments: For foreign travel oftentimes makes many to wander from themselves, as well as from their country, and to come back mere Mimiques, and so in going far, to fare worse, and bring back less wit, than they carrieth forth, they go out Figures (according to the Italian Proverb) and return ciphers, they retain the Vice of a country, and will discourse learnedly thereon, but pass by, and forget the good, their Memories being herein like hair seeves, that keep up the bran, and let go the fine flowr●▪ They strive to degenerate as much as they can from Englishmen, and all their talk is still foreign, or at least, will bring it to be so, though it be by head and shoulders, magnifying other▪ Nations, and derogating from their own: Nor can one hardly exchange three words with them, at an Ordinary▪ (or elsewhere) but presently they are th●other side of the Sea, commending either the Wines of France, the 〈◊〉 of Italy, or the oil and salads of Spain.  
Some also there are who by their Countenance more than by their carriage, by their Diseases, more than by their Discourses, discover themselves to have been Abroad under hot climates.  
Others have a custom to be always relating strange things and wonders, (of the humour of Sir John Mandevile) and they usually present them to the Hearers, through multiplying glasses, and thereby cause the thing to appear far greater than it is in itself, they make mountains of molehills, like Charenton-Bridge-Eccho, which doubles the sound nine times. Such a Traveller was he, that reported the Indian Fly, to be as big as a Fox; China birds, to be as big as some Horses, and their Mice to be as big as Monkeys; but they have the wit to fetch this far enough off, because the Hearer may rather believe it, than make a voyage so far to disprove it.  
Every one knows the Tale of him, who reported he had seen a Cabbage under whose leaves a Regiment of soldiers were sheltered from a shower of rain: Another who was no Traveller (yet the wiser man) said, he had passed by a place where there were 400 braziers making of a Cauldron, 200 within, and 200 without, beating the nails in; the Traveller asking for what use that huge Cauldron was? he told him, Sir it was to boil your Cabbage.  
Such another was the Spanish Traveller, who was so habituated to hyperbolise, and relate wonders, that he became ridiculous in all companies, so that he was forced at last to give order to his man, when he fell into any excess this way, and report any thing improbable, he should pull him by the sleeve: The Master falling into his wonted hyperboles, spoke of a Church in China, that was ten thousand and yards● long; his man standing behind and pulling him by the sleeve, made him stop suddenly: the company asking, I pray Sir, how broad might that Church be? he replied, but a yard broad, and you may thank my man for pulling me by the sleeve, else I had made it foursquare for you.  
Others have another kind of hyperbolising vain, as they will say, there's not a woman in Italy, but wears an Iron girdle next her skin in the absence of her husband, that for a pistol one may be master of any man's life there; That there is not a Gentleman in France but hath his box of play 〈◊〉 about him; That in Germany every one hath a rouse in his pate, once a day; That there are few Dons in Spain that eat flesh once a week, or that hath not a Mistress besides his wife; That Paris hath more courtesans than London honest Women (which may admit a double sense;) That Sevill is like a chess-board table, having as many Moriscos as Spaniards; That Venice hath more Maquerelles, than Marchands; Portugal more Jews than Christians: whereas i●▪ is far otherwise, for the devil is not so black as he 〈◊〉 painted, no more are these Noble Nations and towns as they are tainted: Therefore one should▪ Parcere paucorum diffunder● crimen in omnes. And it is a generous kind of civility to report always the best.  
Furthermore, there is amongst many others (which were too long to recite here) an odd kind of anglicism▪ wherein some do frequently express themselves, as to say Your boors of Holland, Sir; Your Jesuites of Spain, Sir; Your courtesans of Venice, Sir: whereunto one answered (not impertinently) My courtesans Sir? Pox on them all for me, they are none of my courtesans.  
Lastly, some kind of Travellers there are, whom their gate and strutting, their bending in the hams, and shoulders, and looking upon their legs, with frisking and singing do speak them Travellers.  
Others by a fantastic kind of ribanding themselves, by their modes of habit, and clothing (and touching variety of clothing, there be certain odd ill-favoured old Prophecies of this Island, which were improper to recite here) do make themselves known to have breathed foreign air, like Sir Thomas Moore's) Traveller, whom I will bring here upon the stage. 
Amicus & Sodalis est La●us mihi,  
Britanniaque natus, altusque Insulâ:  
At cùm Brittannos Galliae cultoribus  
Oceanus ingens, lingua, mores dirimant,  
Spernit tamen Lalus Britannica omnia;  
Miratur expetitque cuncta Gallica  
Togâ superbit ambulans in Gallica,  
Amatque multùm Gallicas lacernulas,  
Zonâ, locello, atque ense gaudet Gallico,  
Et calceis & subligare Gallico,  
Totoque denique apparatu Gallico,  
Nam & unum habet Ministrum, eumque Gallicum,  
Sed quem, licet velit, nec ipsa Gallia,  
Tractare quiret plus (opinor) Gallicè,  
Stipendii nihil dat, atque id Gallicè,  
Vestitque tritis pannulis, & Gallicè hoc,  
Alit cibo parvo & malo, idque Gallicè,  
Labour multo exercet, atque hoc Gallicè,  
Pugnisque crebrò pulsat, idque Gallicè,  
In coetu, in via, & in foro, & frequentiâ  
Rixatur objurgatque semper Gallicè.  
Quid? Gallicè illud? imò semi-Gallicè,  
Sermonem enim, ni●fallor, ille Gallicum  
Tam callet omnem, quàm Latinum Psittacus.  
Crescit tamen; sibique nimirum placet,  
Verbis tribus si quid loquatur Gallicis,  
Aut Gallicis si quid nequit vocabulis,  
Conatur id verbis, licèt non Gallicis,  
Sono● saltem personare Gallico,  
Palato hiante, acutulo quodam▪ tono,  
Et foemine instar garrientis molliter,  
Sed ore pleno, tanquam id impleant fabae,  
Balbutiens videlicet suaviter,  
Pressis quibusdam literis, Galli quibus  
Ineptientes abstinent, nihi●l secus  
Quam vulpe gallus, rupibusque Navita;  
Sic ergo linguam ille & Latinam Gallicè,  
Et Gallicè linguam sonat Br●tannicam,  
Et Gallicè linguam refert Hispan●cam,  
Et Gallicè linguam refert Lombardicam,  
Et Gallicè l●●guam refert G●●manicam,  
Et Gallicè omnem praeter unam Gallicam,  
Nam Gallicam solùm sonat Britannicè  
At quisquis Insulâ satu Britannica  
Sic patriam insolens fastidie● suam,  
Ut more simiae laboret fingere,  
Et aemulari Gallicas ineptias,  
Ex amne Gallo ego hunc opinor ●brium.  
Ergo ut ex Britanno Gallus esse nititur,  
Sic Dii jubete, fiat fiat ex Gallo capus.    

SEC. XV.  
But such Travellers as these may be termed Land-lopers, as the Dutchman saith, rather than Travellers; Such may be said to go out upon such an errand, as we read sauls-son went once out upon; or like the prodigal son, to feed upon the husks of strange countries; or as we read, Aesop traveled to Istria, thence to Afric●, and sundry other Regions, only to find out the best Crabs; or like him who came from the furthest parts of Hungary to England, to eat Oysters: These Travellers in lieu of the Ore of Ophir wherewith they should come home richly freighted, may be said to make their return in Apes and owls, in a cargazon of compliments and Cringes, or some huge monstrous Periwigs, which is the Golden Fleece they bring over with them.  
Such, I say, are a shame to their country abroad, and their kindred at home, and to their parents, Benonies, the sons of sorrow: and as Jonas in the whale's belly, traveled much, but saw little, why, because he was shut up in the body of that great (aquatique) beast, so these may be said to have been carried up and down through many countries, and after a long pererration to and fro, to return as wise as they went, because their souls were so ill lodged, and shut up in such stupid bodies: No, an ingenious and discerning Traveller will disdain this, and strive to distinguish twixt good and evil, twixt that which is graceful, and what's fantastic, twixt what is to be followed, and what's to be shunned, and bring home the best: he will strive to be rather Substance without show, than show without substance: From the Italian he will borrow his reservedness, not his jealousy and humour of revenge; From the French his Horsemanship and gallantness that way, with his Confidence, and nothing else: From the Spaniard his Sobriety, not his lust: From the German (Clean contrary) his Continency, no: his excess, the other way: From the netherlands his Industry, and that's all: His heart must still remain English, though I allow him some choice and change of Habit, Coelum, non animum mutet— And as the commendablest quality of oil is to smell of nothing, yet it giveth an excellent relish to many sorts of meats: So he is the discreetest Traveller, who Savoureth of no affectation; or strangeness, of no exotic modes at all, after his return, either in his carriage or discourse, unless the subject require it, and the occasion and Company aptly serve for him, to discover himself, and then an application of his Knowledge abroad, will excellently season his matter and serve as golden d●shes to serve it in.  
If any foreigner be to be imitated in his manner of discourse and Comportement, it is the Italian, who may be said to be a medium twixt the Gravity of the Spaniard, the heaviness of the Dutch, and Levity of our next Neighbours, for he seems to allay the one, and quicken the other two; to serve as a buoy to the one, and a ballast to th'other.  
France useth to work one good effect upon the English, she useth to take away the mother's milk (as they say,) that blush, and bashful tincture, which useth to rise up in the face upon sudden salutes, and interchange of compliment, and to enharden one with confidence; For the Gentry of France have a kind of loose becoming boldness, and forward vivacity in their carriage, whereby they seem to draw respect from their superiors and Equals, and make their inferiors keep a fitting distance.  
In Italy amongst other moral cautions, one may learn not to be over prodigal of speech when there is no need, for with a nod, with a shake of the head, and shrug of the shoulder, they will answer to many questions.  
One shall learn besides there not to interrupt one in the relation of his tale, or to feed it with odd interlocutions: One shall learn also not to laugh at his own jest, as too many use to do, like a Hen, which cannot lay an egg but she must ca●kle.  
Moreover, one shall learn not to ride so furiously as they do ordinarily in England, when there is no necessity at all for it; for the Italians have a Proverb, that a galloping horse is an open sepulchre. And the English generally are observed by all other Nations, to ride commonly with that speed, as if they rid for a Midwife, or a physician, or to get a pardon to save one's life as he goeth to execution, when there is no such thing, or any other occasion at all, which makes them call England, the Hell of Horses.  
In these hot countries also, one shall learn to give over the habit of an odd custom, peculiar to the English alone, and whereby they are distinguished from other Nations, which is, To make still towards the Chimney, though it be in the dog-days.   

SECT. XVI.  
LAnguage is the greatest outward testimony of travel: Yet is it a vain and verbal Knowledge that rests only in the Tongue; Nor are the observations of the Eye any thing profitable, unless the Mind draw something from the extern object to enrich the soul withal, to inform to build up and unbeguile the Inward man, that by the sight of so various objects of Art and Nature, that by the perlustration of such famous Cities, Castles, amphitheatres, and Palaces; some glorious and new, some mouldered away, and eaten by the Iron-teeth of Time, he come to discern; the best of all earthly things to be but frail and transitory. That this World at the best is but a huge inn, and we but wayfaring men, but pilgrims, and a company of rambling Passengers. That we enter first into this World by travail, and so pass along, with Cries, by weeping cross: So that it was no improper Character the Wisest of Kings gave of this life to be nought else but a continual travel: as the Author crossing once over the Pyrenes, writ to a Noble friend of his in this distique, 
Vita Peregrinans Iter est, sacrapagina monstrat,  
Nunc verè vitam, nam peregrinor, ago.   
Yet amongst these passengers, some find warm lodgings in this inn, with fift beds, the table plentifully f●rnished, And such is the poorness of some Spirits, and the narrowness of their souls, and they are so nailed to the Earth, that when they are ●lmost at their journeys end, when they lyewind-bound at the Cape of good Hope, and have one foot in the 〈◊〉 ready to go off, with the next Gale to another country, to their last home: Yet, as the Orator saith, Quò minùs viae restat eò plus viatici quaerunt, the less way remains, the more provision they make still for their journey.  
Other Passengers there are, which find but short commons, they are forced to trudge up and down for a room to lay their heads upon, and would be well content with a trucklebed, or a mattress in the garret, for want whereof, they are often constrained to lie in state against their wills in the star Chamber, having the Heaven for their Canopy, and the breasts of their Common Mother for their pillow.  
And it is the high pleasure of Providence this disparity should be'twixt the Citizens of this World, and that the earth should be divided into such unequal portions, to leave place for Industry, Labour, and Wit, the Children of Necessity, and Parents of virtue, for otherwise, few or none would purchase any ground upon Parnassus Hill.  
To see the Escurial in Spain, or the Plate-Fleet at her first arrival; To see Saint Denis, the late Cardinal-Palace in Richelieu, and other things in France; To see the citadel of Antwerp; The New town of Amsterdam, and the forest of Masts, which lie perpetually before her; To see the imperial, and stately Hanse Towns of Germany; To see the treasury of Saint Mark, and arsenal of Venice; The Mount of Piety in Naples; The Dome and Castle of Milan; The proud Palaces in and about Genova, whereof there are two hundred within two miles of the town, and not one of the same form of building; To see Saint Peter's Church, the Vatican, and other magnificent structures in Rome, who in the case she stands in, may be said to be but her own tomb, in comparison of what she hath been, being fallen from the hills to the plains.  
To be able to spoke many Languages, as the Voluble French, the Courtly Italian, the Lofty Spanish, the Lusty Dutch, the powerful Latin, the Scientifique and happily compounding Greek, the most Spacious Slavonique, the mystical Hebrew with all her Dialects: All this is but vanity and superficial Knowledge, unless the inward man be bettered hereby; unless by seeing and perusing the volume of the Great World, one l●arne to know the Little, which is himself, unless o●e learn to govern and check the passions, our domestic Enemies, than which nothing can conduce more to gentleness of mind, to Elegancy of Manners, and Solid wisdom. But principally, unless by surveying and admiring his works abroad, one improve himself in the knowledge of his Creator, prae quo quisquiliae caetera; in comparison whereof the best of sublunary blessings are but babbles, and this indeed, this unum necessarium, should be the centre to which travel should tend.  
Moreover, one should evertuate himself to bring something home, that may accrue to the public benefit and add vantage of his country, and not to draw water to his own Mill only; For of those three that the Orator saith, challenge a share in our Nativity, our country is the first, and ourselves last. Therefore he should pry into the Policy and municipal laws of other States and Cities, and be able to render an account of their government, and by collation thereof with that of his own, Examine well whether any wholesome constitution or custom may be appliable to the frame of his own country.  
It is recorded in an ancicient Greek Author, that the famous Ptolomey, he who conversed and traveled so much amongst Heavenly bodies, culled out a select number of his pregnantest young Nobles, and Gentlemen to go to Greece, Italy, Carthage and other Region●, and the prime Instruction they had in charge, was, to observe 〈◊〉 Government, as they traveled along, & bring back 〈◊〉 of the wholesomest laws out of every country. Being returned, they related that in the Roman republic, a most singular veneration was had of the Temples, a punctual obed●ence to Governors, and unavoidable punishments inflicted upon malefactors.  
In Carthage, the senate commanded, the Nobles executed, and the People obeyed.  
In Athens the Rich were not suffered to be Extortioners, the poor idle, nor the Magistrates ignorant.  
In Rhodes Old men were Venerable, Young men modest, and Women solitary and silent.  
In Thebes the Nobles did fight, the Plebeians labour, and Philosophers teach.  
In Sicily justice was entirely administered, Commerce was honestly exercised, and all enjoyed equal privileges and interest in the State.  
Among the Sicionians there were admitted neither physicians to hinder the operations of Nature; nor Strangers, to introduce innovations; nor Lawyers, to multiply Contentions.  
These men it seems di● not go out to see feathers fly in the air, or Reeds shaken with the wind, they did not go to get compliments or Cringes, or carriage of bodies, or new Modes of clothing, or to tip the tongue with a little Language only, but they searched into the solidest and usefullest part of human wisdom, which is policy; And doubtless, that rare wise King made excellent use of their observations, and rewarded them accordingly: And one of the happiest advantages to a Monarchy is, to have a discerning and bountiful King when occasion requires, for Subjects are accordingly active or idle, as they find their Prince able to judge of their merit and endeavours, and so emp●oy them; for in the commonwealth of Letters, and speculative orb of virtue, the benign aspect and iufluence of the Prince, is as Apollo was to the Muses, it gives a kind of comfortable heat, and illumination, whereby they are cherished and made vigorous.  
The most material use therefore of foreign Travel is to find out something that may be appliable to the public utility of one's own country, as a Noble Personage of late years did, who observing the uniform and ●regular way of stone structure up and down Italy, hath introduced that form of building to London and Westminster, and else where, which though d●stastfull at first, as all innovations are, For they seem like bugbears, or Gorgon's heads, to the vulgar; yet they find now the commodity, firmness, and beauty thereof, the three main principles of Architecture.  
Another seeing their Dikes, and drainings in the Netherlands, hath been a cause that much hath been added, to lengthen the skirts of this Island.  
Another in imitation of their aqueducts and sluices, and conveyance of waters abroad, brought Ware-water through London streets: And it had been wished so great and renowned a City had not forgot Him so soon, considering what infinite advantages redounds to her thereby; for in other countries I have seen Statues erected to persons in the most eminentest places (to eternize their memories by way of gratitude) for Inventions of far lesser consequence to the encouragement of others, for it is an old Rule of State, and will be in date to the world's end, that honour nourisheth Arts, and is the golden sp●rre of virtue and industry.   

SECT. XVII.  
AMongst many other fruits of foreign travel, besides the delightful ideas, and a thousand various thoughts and self contentments and self contentments and inward solaces, it raiseth in the memory of things past, this is one: That when one hath seen the Tally and taillage of France, the millstone of Spain, the assize of Holland, the gabelles of Italy, where one cannot bring an egg, or root to the market, but the Prince his part lies therinna: When he hath felt the excess of heat, the dangerous Serains, the Poverty of soil in many places, the homeliness and incommodity of lodging, the course clothing of the best sort of Peasants, their wooden shoes, and straw hats, their Canvas breeches, and Buckram petticoats, their meager fare, feeding commonly upon grass, herbs, and Roots, and drinking Water, near the condition of brute animals, who find the cloth always ready laid, & the buttery open: When he hath observed what a hard shift some make to hew out a dwelling in the holes of the Rocks; others to dig one under the Sea; when he feels, how in some Climes the Heaven is as brass, in others as a dropping Sponge; in others as a great bellows, most part of the year; how the Earth, in many places is ever and anon sick of a fit of the palsy; When he sees the same Sun which only cherisheth and gently warms his country men, half parboil and tan other people, and those rays which scorch the adusted soils of Calabria and Spain, only varnish and guild the green hony-suckled plains and hillocks of England; When he hath observed what hard shifts some make to rub out in this world in divers countries, What speed Nature makes to finish her course in them; How their best sort of women after forty, are presently superannuated, and look like another Charingcross, or Carackes' that have passed the Line in three voyages to the Indies: When he hath observed all this, At his return home, he will bless God, and love England better ever after, both for the Equality of the Temper in the Clime, where there is nowhere the like, take all the Seasons of the year together, (though some would wish She might be pushed a little nearer the Sun:) For the free condition of the subject, and equal participation of the Wealth of the Land, for the unparalleled accommodation of lodging, and security of travel, for the admirable hospitality, for the variety and plenty of all sorts of firm food, for attendance and cleanliness, for the rare fertility of shore and Sea, of air, Earth, and Water, for the longevity, well favouredness and innated honesty of the people: And above all; for the moderation and decency in celebrating the true service of God, being far from Superstition one way, and from profaneness the other way, (though (with a quaking heart, I speak it) there have been strange insolences committed of late) I say, when he hath well observed all this, he will sing, as once I did to a Noble friend of mine from Denmarque, in this Sapphique: 
Dulcior fumus Patriae, forensi  
Flammula, vino, praeit unda, terrae  
Herba Britamnae, mage transmarino Flore süavis.    

SECT. XVIII.  
HAving thus tasted of so many waters, and been Salted in the World abroad, and being safely restored to the bosom of his own country, his next course should be, to settle himself awhile in one of the inns of Court, (which he may do and yet be a Courtier besides) to understand something of the Common laws of England, which are the inheritance of every subject, as also of the constitutions and Orders of the House of parliament, the most indifferent, most wholesome, and Noblest way of Government in the World, both in respect of King and People: It being the greatest glory of a King, to be King of a free and well-crested people, and the greatest glory of a People to be under a Crown so embellished with Flowers, and sparkling with such ancient and sacred gems of royal Prerogatives: Yet to be under no Law but of their own making, to be the Setters of the great dial of the commonwealth themselves. To be subject to no Ordinance, to no Contribution or tax, but what is granted in that great epidemical counsel, wherein every one from the peer to the Plebeian hath an inclusive Vote. And if every degree high and low, both in town and country is there represented by their Subsistutes; it were a hard measure (under correction, I humbly speak it) if the Levites, the best of all professions, who besides the holiness of their function (as having charge of the Nobler half of man, of that which should guide and regulate the Understanding in making of all laws, I mean the Conscience) do make a considerable part of the People of the kingdom, should be thence excluded; for though it be inconsistent with their calling to have hands to execute, yet they may well have heads to consult in that great national senate: It were a hard case, I say, if those great Lights, which were used to shine with that brightness to the Envy (not the reproach or scandal of any that I know of) of all other Reformed Churches, should be now put in wooden Candlesticks: That those Promotions, Endowments, and honours, which our well disposed Progenitors provided, to nourish the Arts, and serve as spurs to Learning and zeal, should now be cut off, as if they served only for stirrups to Pride. There being no professions, but have certain steps of rising up, and degrees of Promotion for their encouragement to make men aemulari meliora. And he who hath spent the vigour of his years and Intellectuals in the Lord's Vineyard, it may well become him (having served, as it were, his year of jubilee) to have his grey hairs dignified with some honour and Authority, with reward and rest in his old age, and by his long experience and pains to see that other painful Labourers be put into the Vine-yard, yet to have his hand often on the Plough himself. If there be a thief in the Candle, (as we use to say commonly) there is a way to pull it out; and not to put out the Candle, by clapping an Extinguisher presently upon it; If these Lights grow dim, there is a triennial Snuffer for them: If these Trees bear not good fruit, or shoot forth any Luxuriant boughs, they are sure to feel the Pruning iron once every three years.  
In the name of God, let these Lights be brought to move within the circumference of their own orbs, and be kept from irregular and eccentrique motions, And I am confident it will render them less obnoxious to Envy and scandal, and draw upon them a greater opinion of Reverence.  
There is a Castle in the grand Cairo in Egypt, called the Nilescope, where there stands a Pillar with certain marks to observe the height of the River of Nile, at her annual inundation (which falls out precisely about the Summer Solstice) if the stream come to be higher or lower than such marks, it portends dearth, but if at highest flood it rest about the middle, it is an infallible presage of a plentiful year: So we may say of these great streams that are appointed to water the Lord's Field, they must not swell too high, nor must they run in too low a channel: And as humility is the fairest gem that can shine in a prelates mitre, so the greatest badge of a well devoted soul, is to reverence the Dispensers of the sacred Oracles of God, the Ghostly Fathers, and Governors of the Church, (which in analogy to the Triumphant in Heaven, hath also her degrees of Hierarchy.) For besides Revenue there is a Veneration, due to this holy function, and it were no hard matter to produce a Gran jury of examples both human and Divine, that where this Reverence failed, it hath been a symptom, and an infallible presage of a declining State, or some approaching judgement.  
But I hope I shall never live to see the day that the Noble English Nation, who have been so renowned all the world over, and cried up for their exemplary Piety, as well as prowess, will undervalue themselves so far, and grow distrustful or conscious of their own judgements, their own wonted Worth, and Ability so far, as to think those Nations (who have not means to make the Church shine with that lustre) to be Wiser than they, or to out go them in zeal, as to receive laws for the Conscience, and form of serving God from those, who have been far behind them, both in the first Reception of Christianity and the Reformation thereof— Proh pudor— I will not say, by what I heard muttered abroad, it will be accounted a national diminution, but if it should foe fall out, it is no hard matter to be a Prophet, yea, by what hath passed already, to take a plain prospect of those anarchical confusions, and fearful calamities, which will inevitably ensue both in Church and State; unless with the pious care which is already taken to hinder the great Beast to break into the Vineyard; there be also a speedy course taken to fence Her from other vermin, and lesser Animals (the belluam multorum capitum) which begin to browse her leaves, to throw down her hedges, and so lay her open to wast, spoil and scorn: unless there be a course taken, I say, to suppress those petty Sectaries, which swarm so in every corner, with that connivance (to the amazement of all the world, and disparagement of so well a policed kingdom) who by their capricious and various kind of gingling fancies in serving God, do their best to bring in the opinion of the Pagan Philosopher (Themistius) delivered once to Valens the Emperor, That as God Almighty had infused into his handmaid Nature, a diversity of operations, and that the beauty of the Universe consisted in a proportion of so many differing things, so he was delighted to see himself served by various and sundry kinds of worship and invocations.  
In all humbleness, (and with submission of censure) I desire to be dispensed withal for this excursion out of my first intended subject, but I hope the digression will prove no transgression, in regard the quality of the matter is such, that every one hath a share and interest in it, and should be sensible, when that Liturgy and Church is vilified, wherein he hath received his Birth and Baptism, and by whose compass he steers his course to Heaven: When the Windows come down (and the chief Pillars threatened) the House must needs be in danger of falling, and he is worthy to be called a Niding, one, the pulse of whose soul beats but faintly towards Heaven, as having taken but weak impressions of the image of his Maker, who will not run and reach his hand to bear up his Temple.   

SEC. XIX.  
IN the Inns of Court, where I left my returned Traveller, he will be acquainted with Westminster-Hall, with the courses of pleading in the Courts of judicature, by which Knowledge, he may learn how to preserve his own, for, for want of some experience herein, many have mightily suffered in their estates, and made themselves a prey to their solicitors and Agents: Nor indeed is he capable to bear any Rule or Office in Town or country, who is utterly unacquainted with John an Okes, and John a styles, and with their terms.  
Having been thus settled awhile at home, if business and the quality of his life will permit, he may make one flying journey over again, and in one Summer review all those countries, which he had been forty Months a seeing before: And as the second thoughts are held the wisest, so a second survey is more exact, and of a more retentive virtue, and amongst other benefits, it will infinitely improve one in his language. Noah's Dove brought the branch of Olive in her Bill, at her Second journey; from the latter end of Mars, to the beginning of October, one may leisurely traverse France, cross the Pyreneys, the Mediterranean, and the alps, and so return either through Germany or through France again, and thence come home through the Netherlands: But being (bis Redux) returned the second time, let him think no more of foreign journeys, unless it be by command, and upon public service.  
Now to find entertainment for his hours of leisure at home, he may amongst other studies, if his inclination leads him that way, apply himself to the most material and useful parts of the mathematics, as the Art of Navigation and Fortification. The study of the mathematics is abstruse, and therefore they require a ripe and well-seasoned judgement, they have this property, to make a dull capacity acute, and an acute capacity dull, if he falls unto them too soon: which makes us to be censured abroad in the method of our studies in England, to make green wits not yet half coddled as it were, to fall too early to such profound notions in our Universities, as putting children to stand too soon upon their legs.  
For Conclusion, in this variety of studies & divertisments, I will give him this Caution, that he fall not into the hands of the alchemist, for though there be a world of rare conclusions, and delightful experiments (most useful and proper for physicians) to be found in chemistry which makes many to be so enchanted therewith (that being got once in, they have not power to get out again) Yet I never knew any yet, who made the benefit countervail the charge; but I have known many melt themselves to nothing (like Icarus wings melted, when he attempted the Art of flying) And while they labour so with the sweat of their brows to blow the coal, and bring gold over the helm, they commonly make● shipwreck of their own fortunes. Et bona dilapidant omnia pro lapide.  
And the reason well may be, that 'tis doubted, whether such undertakings, be pleasing to God Almighty or no, for though Art be Nature's Ape, and is found to perfect her in some things: Yet, it may well be termed a kind of Presumption in man (by fetching down the Planets and damning them as criminals to certain metals) to attempt the transmutation of one species into another, as it were against the first ordinance of the Creator, and the primitive intent of Nature, whose handmaid she is, in the Production of all Elementary bodies: Therefore to be led into a kind of fools Paradis, and a conceit of the Philosophers-Stone, and to spend much money in chemistry, he shall never have the advice of▪  
James HOWELL.  
FINIS.