LUSTRA LUDOVICI, OR THE Life of the late Victorious King of FRANCE, LEWIS the XIII.  
(And of his CARDINAL de Richelieu.)  
DIVIDED INTO SEVEN LUSTRES.  Consilium Armorum Cardo. 
By JAMES HOWELL, Esq.  
LONDON, Printed for Humphrey Moseley; and are to be sold at his shop at the Prince's Arms in S. Paul's Churchyard.  
1646.   

TO THE GROWING GLORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, The hopes of our Crown, and the crown of our Hope's Prince Charles, At his Court in Caesaria, by vulgar contraction called JERSEY.  
SIR,  
I Present your Highness with the Life of your Royal Oncle of France, A successful and triumphant King both at home and abroad throughout the whole course of his Reign, and that, in so constant a degree, as if Fortune herself had been his Companion, and Victory, his Handmaid: They attended Him o'er the Alps; They ushered Him o'er the Pyreneys; They were his Harbingers o'er the Rhine, and they brought his horses to drink of the Danube; They were his Pilots at Sea, and they filled his sails upon the Ocean, where he was incomparably more powerful than all his Progenitors.  
Nor would I adventure to expose thus to the present world, and transmit to future Ages the Reign of a For▪ rain King, had not I been Spectator of divers of his exploits (and had occasion also to make my address to his Cardinal;) for the rest, I have laboured to gather as faithful instructions and authentic notes as I could, and those not upon loose trust or from light persons; The Relations, which are the ingredients of this Story, were not taken at the Porter's lodge, but above stairs, and most of them from the Counsel Table, and Courts of Parliament.  
This Victorious King began to bear Arms and wear buff, about the same years that your Highness did, for before he was thirteen, He suppressed in person two Insurrections in Poitou, and Brittany▪ He quelled divers more, which at last turned to his advantage, as we find great trees growing towards their full consistence, corroborat and take firmer rooting being shaken with tempests, by the resistance they make: So by debelling so many civil commotions he came to find his own strength the more, and to be feared as well as beloved of his Subjects, and a mixture of these two passions make an excellent government; For though the strongest Citadel of a King be his People's love, and their hearts his best Exchequer, yet it is observed, that Love without Fear commonly turns to Scorn, and Fear without Love turns into Hatred. In the perusal of this Royal Story, if Your Highness please to observe the circumstances and grounds of some intestine broils, You shall find that divers of them have a near analogy with these of England, for many grew from discontents, that the great Convention of the three Estates was discontinued, and that France adhaer'd to Spanish Counsels, with other resemblances besides; Of these and other kind of commotions there happened above ten in this King's Reign: Nor is it any news to hear that France, hath such fits of distemper, or indeed any Country else, that labours with superfluous humours, I mean that swells with excess of people and plenty; for as the Natural body when it is too replete must have some vent, just so, the Political, must have some Evacuations at home or abroad when it is too full, and 'twill thrive the better upon't afterward. If we cast our eyes upon the great world we shall find restless motions, reluctations and combatings between the Elements; yet we cannot call this any incongruity or disorder in the frame of things, but it tends to the conservation of the whole, and may be said to keep Nature herself in action and health; That the Earth trembleth, the Sea tumbleth, that the Air is always in agitation, that 'tis rend with thunder, coruscations, and other Meteorological impressions; that all the Elements are in an incessant feud, it is for the Universal good, and to keep things vigorous, and fresh; So in Man who is the microcosm, the little world, and made up of elements, there be passions and humours which are in perpetual reluctance within him, and so break out into tumults, preliations, and war; And where this war is well grounded, 'tis wholesome, and the victories that are acquired thereby, are Decreta Caeli, the Decrees of Heaven, but in an ill grounded war they are no other than Faelicia Scelera, fortunate villainies: Moreover, to transcend the Elements, if we mark the course of the heavenly bodies themselves, there are cross motions amongst them, they are in perpetual revolutions and circumgyrations, nay, there are branlings and trepidations amongst them, (which yet the wisest of Philosophers held to be no other than an harmonious sound, and sweet regular symphony,) And as the gran Vnivers runs thus always round, and carrieth all bodies after it; So Man, who is part or rather the Epitome thereof, specially in reference to his actions, may be said to dance in a circle; For there is not any thing now acted, but may be paralleled, and exemplified by some Age or other. Therefore among other excellent fruits of Story this is none of the least, to put one off, from wondering at any thing, because he meets with precedents and patterns of all sorts in former times; He that will observe how some of the great Roman Emperors were content to live in Capri (a petty Island) how the Princes of Italy fled to the Lakes of Venice for safety, how some of our Kings to the Isle of Man, how Charles the seventh had no other town to keep his Court in but Bourges in Berry, one of the smallest Provinces in all France, which made him called a good while King of Berry; with a world of such examples, will nothing wonder that your Highness keeps his Court now at jersey. Nor is this present Story a plain downright confused narration of things, for to compile such a work, is as easy as to make faggots, or to truss up a bundle of straw; but (besides other observations and excursions) that which the Author chiefly aims at, is to make the method of providence in dispensing judgements, and to make a research of the causes of them de longue main, for they seldom come immediately one upon another, but many years, and sometimes a whole age intervenes between the judgement and the cause.  
Furthermore, I have been careful in this Story to vindicat England touching the circumstance of some traverses of State and War, 'twixt Her and France, during this King's Reign, which are misreported by the French Chroniclers: there will be other censures found here besides, but this I have done as he that killed the Serpent upon the child's head without touching his body.  
It remains, that I implore your Highne's pardon not for the subject of this work, because 'tis rich and royal, but for the form thereof, if it be not found adaequat to the height of the matter, according to the desires and endeavours of  
Your Highne's most obedient most loyal and most humble servant▪ From the prison of the Fleet this Midsummer day 1646. HOWELL.   

Historiae Sacrum.  

IMmortal Queen, great Arbitress of Time,  
Bright torch, and Herald of all-conquering Truth,  
Which things, years thousands passed kepst in their prime,  
And so bearest up the world in constant youth,  
Making that Morn, Man first was made of clay,  
Appear to us as fresh as yesterday:   

Rich Magazine of Patterns, that may serve  
As spurs to Virtue, or as curbs to Vice,  
Which dost brave men embalm, and them conserve  
Longer than can Arabian gums or spice,  
And of their memory dost Mummy make,  
More firm than that hot Lybia's sands do cake;   

Rare Garden, and rich Orchard, wherein grow  
Fame's golden apples, Honour's choicest flowers,  
Which twistest ghirlands for the learned brow,  
And with thy branches mak'st triumphant bowers,  
Inoculat this bud on thy great Tree,  
That it may burgeon to Eternity.   
I. H.   

OF THE LATE FRENCH King and his CARDINAL. The Proem.  
I Attempt the life of a potent King, with the sway of a prodigious Favourite, for there are prodigies in Fortune as well as in Nature; If the exploits of the one, and the policies of the other were cast into counterbalance, I know not which of the scales would outpoise: Both of them have got high seats in the Temple of Immortality, and registered their names (though in deep sanguine characters I confess) in the great book of Fame.  
Concerning the first, As I disdain to be a Parasite to my own Prince in any sordid way of flattery, much more to a foreigner (though living;) so I shall be very careful not to detract any thing from the honour of this great Prince, who had inhaerencies enough, and realities of his own, without need of any forced encomiums, or flourishes of art to render him glorious: And had the strength of natural parts, and gift of expression been answerable to the success and bravery of his outward actions; had his (theorical) knowledge of virtue been equal to his ignorance of vice, he had been a miracle among Monarches.  
For the second (his plenipotentiary minister) had he been as active for the universal good and incolumity of Christendom, as he was for the interests and safety of his own Country: Or had he been of another coat, and in lieu of being a Priest, Bishop and Cardinal; had he been Knight, Baron and Martial, it had put a far clearer lustre (though with less noise) upon his abilities, which were not common; And he had the opportunity and advantage to show them upon so high and open a theatre, that he made the whole European world his Spectator: Indeed a sword hangs not handsomely by a Churchman's side, and a morrion upon a mitre shows illfavouredly: But me thinks I hear this martial Prelate pass it over, as Pope julius the second did upon like occasion, who having had a long feud with the Emperor Frederick (against whom he had fought twelve battles) and being one day gently admonished by the Archbishop of Ostia who had consecrated him (and whose peculiar jurisdiction it is to consecrate all Popes) how S. Peter his first predecessor was commanded to put up his sword, 'tis true said julius, Our Saviour gave the prime Apostle such a command, but 'twas after he had given the blow, and cut off Malchus ear.  
So this adventurous Cardinal got out his Master's sword to cut off the excrescencies, and to lop the luxuriant boughs of that broad-spreading Austrian Tree, fearing they would extend and shoot out into France; As also to clip the wings of the Imperial Eagle, who was in a fair way to recover some of his old feathers, I mean those Hansiatick and other free Towns in Germany, who had emancipated themselves time out of mind for money, and by other means from the Empire: But having not finished the work, Both of them have left the weapon still unsheathed, and dropping pitifully with Christian blood, and Heaven only knows, when it will be put up again.  
Now to proceed more regularly in my intended story, I will begin with the Monarch, and then fall upon the Minister, it being consentaneous to reason, and congruous to good manners, that the Master should have priority of the Servant, though I am not ignorant how some mercenary Chroniclers would hoist the Cap above the Crown; They seem to attribute the success and glory of things more to the Minister, praising him with greater industry and heat; They would cut his name in marble, and his Masters but in freestone: By a new Astronomy they make such a Constellation of him as should give a greater lustre in the French firmament, than the Sun from whence he had derived all his light: Others go further, and seem to idolatrize him, by calling him the good Genius and tutelar Angel of his Country, and that he was as necessary for the government of France, as God Almighty was for the universe: Nay some soar higher, and by monstrous parasitical reaches of profaneness would make the world believe that the Almighty had imparted unto him some of his own peculiar attributes, as to make him omniscious, cardiognostick, and to work without the concurrence of second causes; which made one futilous pamphleter fall into an egregious bull, while serving up his wit to hoist him aloft, he called Him the 
fourth  person in the Trinity.  
Such Scribblers as these are a more sordid sort of Flatterers, than those we read of, who licked up Dionysius his spittle, and in my judgement are a scandal to the noble French nation; besides, they rather eclipse then illustrate his worth; for his very enemies confess, that his merit had matter enough for modesty herself to work upon without such ridiculous hyperboles, and forced transcendencies; For Virtue (whereof there shined in him many eminent pieces) is of herself so amiable and powerful, that she attracts all eyes upon her, and extorts praise and admiration from foe as well as friend. The truth is, that all those years this great minister sat at the helm, may be termed a time of miracles, by that prodigious course of constant success matters had abroad and at home, as if he had struck a nail in Fortune's wheel, that she should not turn all the while.  
Yet let me tell you, there wanted not those that writ as satirically of him, as others did sycophantically, as will appear in his life; for though his habit was in grain, yet there were many foul spots cast upon it, insomuch that the Spaniard, with other nations, thought it would never be fit to make relics of, because it was so deeply drenched in blood; Nay some of his own Countrymen, specially the poor face-grounded Peasan, do much doubt whether he that was so much deified upon earth, will ever be a Saint in Heaven.  
But now to the main design the life of Lewis the thirteenth, and to take him in all his proportions we will go first to his cradle, and begin with his nativity and Dauphinage; Then we will on to his minority or bassage; and thence to his majority and reign, and so our story shall grow up with him in dimensions and years.   

Of his Nativity and Dauphinage.  
LEwis the thirteenth (second French King of the Bourbon line) had for his father Henry the great, and the great Duke of Toscanies' daughter for his mother; The first we know was sent out of the world by Ravaillac, the second by Richelieu, as some out of excess of passion do suggest: For this great Queen having conceived a deep displeasure, and animosity against him, and not liking his counsels, and course of policy to put quarrels, and kindle a war betwixt her children, in a high discontentment she abandoned France, and so drew a banishment upon herself, which exposed her to divers encumbrances, removes and residences abroad, and this some think accelerated her end: For great spirits have this of fastness and constancy in them, that where their indignation is once fixed, for having their counsels crossed, their authority lessened, and the motions of their souls resisted, they come ofttimes to break, rather than bow: As we see the huge Cedars, who, scorning to comply, with the winds and storms, fall more frequently, than the Willow and poor plying Osier, who yield and crouch to every puff. But to our chief task.  
When the sixteenth Christian century went out, Lewis the their teenth came into the world, and he began the seventeenth, being borne in the year sixteen hundred and one, about the Antumnall Equinoctial, which was held to be a good presage, that he would prove a good justicer: The Queen had a hard delivery, her body having been distempered by eating of fruit too freely, so that when the Midwife brought him forth to the King, and to the Princes of the blood in the next room, who, according to the custom of France, use to be present for preventing of foul play for an Heir apparent of the Crown, his tender body was become black and blue with roughness of handling, and the Midwife thinking to have spouted some wine out of her mouth into his, the King took the bottle himself, and put it to the Dauphin's lips, which revived his spirits. His public Baptism was not celebrated till five years after at Fontainebleau because the plague was in Paris, and the solemnity was greater in preparation and expectance, than it was in performance. The King would have had him named Charles, but the Mother overruled, and gave the law in that point, and would have him called Lewis. Paul the fifth was his godfather notwithstanding that the Spanish faction did predominate in the Conclave at his election, which happened about the time the Dauphin was borne: And the French Ambassador then at Rome meeting with the Spanish, at Saint Angelo, and telling him Ilmio Rè há fatto un maschio, my King hath made a son: The Spanish Ambassador answered, & il mio Rè há fatto un Papa, and my King hath made a Pope.  
It seems that Mercury the father of elocution, and who hath the powerfullest influence o'er the tongue, was oppressed by a disadvantageous conjunction with a more praedominate planet at his Birth, which appeared by that natural slowness he had in his speech, as Lewis the sixth his predecessor (and last Emperor of the six French Kings) had. But a rare thing it was, and not to be paralleled in any age, that two of the greatest Kings of Europe, I mean the Dauphin we now write of, and His Majesty of England now regnant, should come both into the world within less than ten month's compass, the one in November, the other in September next following; I say a most rare thing it was that it should so fall out, that as they were contemporaries in years and reign, the same kind of utterance should be coincident and connatural to them both, though the haesitation be less in Him of November: Besides, it seems he is richly requited with the advantage of an incomparable imperious pen, wherein nature joining hand with Art, hath made him so rich a compensation, that he may well claim the palm of all his progenitors.  
But now again to our Infant Dauphin, which the English with other call Dolphin commonly, but very corruptly; for 'tis not from a fish, but a fair Province that he derives this appellation the very instant he comes into the world; the ground whereof was this. Humbert last Dauphin of Viennois having lost his eldest son in that famous battle of Crecy against the English, and his t'other son having died of a fall from betwixt the Father's arms as he was dallying with him; The said Humbert being oppressed by the Duke of Savoy and others, transmitted and bequeathed as free gift the brave Province of Dauphinè unto Philip of Valois then King of France, with this proviso that his eldest son (and so of all successive Kings) should bear the title of Dauphin to perpetuity during their father's lives, holding it, as he did and his progenitors had done, in fee of the Empire.  
This was the sixteenth Dauphin since the first, who was Charles the wise in the year 1349. whereby I observe that the precedent title of the presomptif Heir of the Crown of France, is not so ancient by half a hundred of years, as the title of Prince of Wales to the Heir apparent of England, which begun in Edward the firsts time, who conferred that honour upon his son Edward of Caernarvon 1301. But this title of Dauphin seems to have a greater analogy with the Dukedom of Cornwall, which title was conferred first upon the black Prince, because this as that of Dauphin needs no creation, for ipsissimo instant, the very moment that any of the King of England's sons come to be Heir apparent of the Crown, he is to have livery and seisin given him of the Duchy of Cornwall, with all the honours and lands annexed for his present support.  
Touching those public passages of State that happened during the Dauphinage of Lewis the thirteenth, while Henry the fourth lived, we will nor meddle with them, because we would not confound the actions of the father with those of the son; He was educated with that special care and circumspection wherewith the Dauphins of France are wont to be bred, as also with that freedom from overmuch awe, and apprehensions of fear, which is observed in the French breeding generally, because the spirits may not be suppressed and cowd while they are ductible and young, and apt to take any impression: He was not much taken with his book, nor any sedentary exercise, but with pastimes abroad, as shooting at flies and small hedge birds, to which end his Father put to him Luynes who had many complacentious devices to fit his humour that way, for which petty volatill sports he soared at last to the highest pitch of honour that a French subject could fly unto, for of a gentleman in decimo sexto, he was made Duke, Peer, and Lord high Constable of all France; But he had the advantage to have the managing of his master's affection while it was green and pllable, and he did it with such dexterity, that those stamps which he made upon it then, continued firm and fresh to the last, as will appear hereafter.  
And now must we pass from his Dauphinage to his minority, his Father being now defunct; And 'tis a sad tale to relate the manner how his Father was forced out of the world, but told it must be, because it is a necessary appendix to our story.  
There was gentle calm through all Christendom, and France had not the least share of it, having continued twenty years together in a constant repose without the least tintamar or motion of arms (a rare thing amongst so spriteful and quicksilverd people to whom peace becomes a surfeit any longer than they have picked up their crumbs for a new war) I say there was a catholic peace throughout Europe, when Henry the fourth of France would needs get a horseback upon a great martial design, which was a mystery for the time, for all men stood at a maze what he meant, the business was carried so closely; whereupon he raiseth a potent Army of horse and foot.  
But behold the greatest example of the lubricity and instablenes of mundane affairs, and of the sandy foundation whereon the highest pomp and purposes of men are grounded, that any age can parallel; For this great King, as I told a little before, having a most potent and irresistible army composed of 40000. combatants, all choice men, led by veteran Commanders, and the most expert Europe could afford, in a perfect equipage; Having also a mount of gold as high as a lance estimated at sixteen millions to maintain this army; Having assured his Confederates abroad, settled all things at home, caused his Queen to be crowned in the highest magnificence that could be, and appointed her Regent in his absence, behold this mighty King amongst these triumphs of his Queens, being to go next day to his army, when his spirits were at the highest elevation, and his heart swelling with assurances rather than hopes of success and glory, going one afternoon to his Arsenal, he was stopped in a small street, by so contemptible a thing as a colliers cart, and there from amongst the arms of his own Nobles, he was thrust out of the world by one of the meanest of his own vassals, who with a prodigious hardiness putting his foot upon the coach wheels, reachd him over the shoulders of one of his greatest Lords, and stabbed him to the very heart, and with a monstrous undauntedness of resolution making good his first stab with a second, dispatched him suddenly from off the earth, as if a mouse had strangled an elephant.  — Sic parvis pereunt ingentia rebus. 
The French stories speak of divers auguries and predictions of his death; But I will insert here a passage or two that are not found in any printed Author, therefore not vulgar, and our intent is to refrain from stuffing this piece with any thing that hath been too much blown upon; The first is a prophecy in an Italian manuscript from a good hand, written above an hundred years since, which runs thus. Vn gran Ré di Francia havendo le spalle all Papa voltate, s'inchinera poi a Roma, & all piu alto della sua ' gloria  

Li taglierá la vita,  
Vn coltel feroce,  
Che n'andará la voce  
Per tutto'l mundo.   
Thus rendered into English.  

A great French King, having his face  
Turned from the Pope, shall then embrace  
The Roman Faith, but after, He  
At highest pitch of Majesty  
Shall by a fatal knife be rend,  
To all the world's astonishment.   
To this may be added the speech of Francisco Corvini a Toscan ginger, who the night before Henry the fourth was slain leaning upon a Balcon in Florence, which is near upon 600. miles from Paris, and prying into the motions of the stars, he suddenly broke out of his speculation into these words; Tomorrow one of the greatest Monarches of Christendom will be slain; And the very next day the mortal stab was given by Ravaillac, who had been seen often a little before at Brussels, and was observed to have frequent access, and much privacy with Marquis Spinola, which many wondered at being so plain a man; A melancholy odd Humorist he was, one who had at times some flashes of illuminations, as his friends gave out: Now, such is the strength of imagination, and force of fancy, that having let in false ideas into the brain, and being fomented by some fatuous zeal, it hurls a man headlong oftentimes upon desperate attempts, and undertake of inevitable danger, making him misprise his own life, so that he may be master of another's, especially when the enterprise is heated with hope of fame, revenge, or merit.  
Thus fell one of the compleatest Kings under which the flower de luces ever flourishd, a sprightful and well tempered Prince, excellently versed in the study of men, always well disposed, pleasant and witty, close in his counsels, and constant in his purposes, parsimonious, yet open handed to Cadets whom he lovd to see about him rather than elder brothers whom nature had already advanced. And lastly (though this be but a quarter character of him) a great discerner and rewarder of worth and virtue, a brave quality and one of the prime requisits in a King; for subjects are industrious, or dissolute, they aspire to virtue and good parts according as their Prince hath judgement to distinguish and value their worth, and so to employ and advance them. The memory of this King is yet as fresh in France, as if he had been ta'en away but yesterday, and his death was resented abroad as well as at home, being universally honoured by all nations, for the worst that his very enemies reported of him was, that he was a great Courtier of Ladies, whereupon this petulant Anagram was made of him.  Henricus Borbonius. Hircus in orbe bonus. 
But take the aspiration away (and with it let the aspersion go) this befits him better.  Cyrus' in orbe bonus. 
Having spoken this little of the Father's death, 'tis time now to return and pursue the life of the Son, and bring him to his minority; yet though a Minor, he is absolute King, He is already regnant, though his mother be Regent: And in regard method is a mighty advantage to memory, and that the Logician gives us a good Rule, Qui benè dividit, benè docet, A good Divider makes a good Disciple: we will make a quinquenniall partition of his reign, we will divide it to so many lustres of years, and in the first his minority shall be included.   

The first lustre (or five years) of Lewis the thirteenths' reign, and of his Minority.  
THough the Sun was thus set in a dark ruddy cloud in the French 
Anno 1610.  firmament, yet no night ensued, for another suddenly riseth up, and shoots his rays through every corner of that part of the hemisphere, King Lewis the thirteenth. The season that he began thus to display his early beams, being the month of May, corresponded with the verdant time of his age, being not yet full nine years old, so he was cradled first in the Fall, and came to the crown in the Spring.  
The report of the monstrous parricide committed on the person of Henry the fourth did penetrate all hearts, and made a strange kind of consternation to seize upon the minds of men, though it was no new thing in France to have their King torn away from them so, for it was fresh in the memory of many thousands how two and twenty years before Henry the third was dispatched in that manner, though the Assassin found his tomb in the very place where he did perpetrate the fact. The Court of Parliament suddenly met that afternoon and declared Dame Mary de Medici Queen Regent, which was the next day confirmed by the young King himself sitting on the bed of justice; This was done without any opposition or scruple at all, for 
Anno 1610.  King Henry had designed her for Regent before, during his absence in the wars, and the reverence that all had to the judgement of so wise and welbeloud a King advantagd the work, with a favourable conjuncture of some other circumstances, for both the Princes of the blood were then absent, the Count of Soissons was far up in the Country where he had retired not without some discontentments; The Prince of Conde was in Italy, to whom an express was suddenly sent, but the Count of Fuentes then Governor of Milan had given him the news before of King Henry's death, and as some say, laboured to infuse into him some aspiring thoughts for the Protectorship, and so to embroil France, which took no effect; There were also two great armies afoot, one under L'esdigueres in Dauphine, the other under the command of the Duke de Nevers in Champany, ready to suppress any insurrection.  
The Queen mother being thus establishd in her Regency, she put three things in present consultation:  

1. The security of the Kingdom.  
2. A satisfaction to justice for the Assassinat.  
3. The obsequies of the dead King.   
For the first, it was thought fitting to re-publish the Edict of Nants in favour of them of the Religion.  
And now the Author craves leave to give this advertisement by the way, that though his intent be to draw (as well as he can) the Acts of this King to the life, yet the Reader must not expect to have them here in their full length, and in all their dimensions; He must not think to find Edicts, Declarations, Articles of Treaties, Letters and such like in their entire bodies here, He leaves that to the French Chroniclers, such public exemplary precedents being more proper and useful to the people who live under that government, yet, care will be had to insert here the substance of all such acts, and not to pretermit any thing that is material, and conducing to the exactness of the story.  
The first act of State, as I said before, was the reviving of the Edict of Nants to content them of the Religion, who after the King are the powerfullest body in France, having so many strong presidiary towns for their security, insomuch that they may be said to be a kind of Republic in a Realm; yet France receives this advantage of them, that they are a means to keep the King more narrowly within his bounds, and make him more cautious in his actions; They may be said to be like goats among sheep whose smell keeps them from the shake and other diseases, so they keep the regal power from excesses. In the Declaration wherein the foresaid Edict was incorporated, there was also some clauses of compliance that reflected upon the City of Paris, which was also to be pleased: Then the Princes of the blood were invited, and expresses sent for them to come to the Court, Governors of provinces were permitted to remain still in their commands, and divers other acts of compliances and policy 
Anno 1610.  passed, for prevention of discontentments, and insurrection.  
Concerning the second which was a satisfaction to justice, and how Ravaillac should be offered up as a victim to her, much pains were taken; At his first examination they would have persuaded him that the King was not dead but like to recover, whereat he smiled saying, that he knew well enough the work was done, for 'twas not he, but the hand of heaven that had done't; Then being asked how he durst imbrue his hands in the blood of Gods anointed, the most Christian King, and his Sovereign natural Prince; at the word most Christian he smiled again in a slighting manner: Being searched there was found about him a pair of beads, and a heart made of cotton with a piece of wood in't, which he was made to believe was a part of that very cross whereon Christ suffered. All means imaginable were essayed to make him discover if he had had any instigators or complices in this infandous plot; but he still answered positively, and constantly he had none at all, saying, he durst never speak of it to his Confessor for fear of discovery, for so he might have been punished for the will, without the deed; yet a jesuit and a Cordelier who were his ghostly fathers were strictly examined, but nothing could be had out of them; Hereupon there rose a nice question amongst the Divines, whether the Priest be bound to reveal the confession of his penitent, but 'twas only propounded and so left problematical and indecided for that time.  
Every one did whet his invention to devise some exquisite lasting torment for Ravaillac; The Butchers of Paris, who are habituated in blood, proposed a way to flay him, and the torture of excoriation should continue three days; Others gave the draught of an instrument in form of an Obelisk where he might be pressed, and the torment should last a long time; Others found out a way to have his body cut quite off, from his hips downward, and his bowels to be clapped presently upon a hot iron plank, which should preserve the other half of the body in pangs of agony a long while: But the court of Justice thought it not fit to invent, or inflict any other punishment upon him but what the laws allowed; therefore he was condemned to be carried in a tombrell naked in his shirt with a flaming torch of two pound weight in his hand to the common place of execution, where holding the knife wherewith he had perpetrated that most abominable parricide, his hand should be first pierced with the said knife, and so to be burned with fire of sulphur upon the stage: That he should have buskins filled with boiling oil applied to him, That he should be pincered in the paps, thighs and braun of the legs, and that boiling lead should be poured into the one, burning rozin into the other, and wax melted with sulphur into the third; That his body should be torn afterwards by horses, all his members burned, reduced to cinders, and thrown into the air; That the House where he was borne in Angoulesme should be razed to the ground, and that none presume to build upon that piece of earth; That within fifteen days after the publication of this sentence, his father and mother should quit the kingdom, 
Anno 1610.  and never return; that his brothers, sisters, uncles and others should never afterwards bear the name of Ravaillac under pain of being hanged and strangled.  
This dismal sentence was executed to the very height of torture, and extended to the utmost length of time, affection of sense, and possibility of nature, for there were ways invented to keep him from syncope and fits of swooning: Before, at the beginning, and in the midst of all his torments there could be no other confession extorted out of him, though he was sifted with all the sagacity that could be, but that the motives which impelled him to such a desperate attempt, were certain revelations, that he said he had had, which he afterwards called tentations, And that he thought he should do a work acceptable to God, to take away a King that was a Favourer of Heretics, who went about by the army he had then afoot to perturb the peace of the Catholic church, and make war against the Pope. The people in general did love the deceased King so passionately, that nothing but imprecations and curses could be heard echoing from them, so that none did pray with him when he was upon the scaffold for the salvation of his soul, and for his body, when it was torn by the horses, happy was he that could get any piece of it, so that he was burnt in more than twenty places up and down the City in several fires; so Nemesis had her glut.  
Ravaillac being thus extinguished, and as it were annihilated, the next care of the Queen was to give rites of burial adequate to so glorious a King. His heart the Jesuits had, for he had promised them to be depositaries and guardiens of it in his life time, notwithstanding that one of their Society had once attempted to murder him; so in extraordinary pomp his heart was carried to la Flecle, and his body to Saint Denis; And Henry the third who had lain all the while at Compeigne, was sent for to bear him company; so that as they had the like destiny in their death, so they came to take their last lodgings the same time in Saint Denis, whither, they say no French King went with his good will.  
The latter of the two, whom we will call hereafter Henry the great (that title being entailed upon him by the universal suffrage of all) was condoled with far more regret than the former, and divers to this hour wear a constant anniversary mourning for him that day he was killed; Amongst others her Majesty of great Britain continueth it, who was then a cradle-infant, and Barberino at that time Nuncio in France (and after created Pope by the name of urban the eighth) coming to congratulate her birth, and finding that the Queen mother had been better pleased if she had borne a male; He told her, Madam, I hope to see this, though your youngest daughter a great Queen before I die, the Queen answered, And I hope to see you Pope; both which prophetic compliments proved true, and within a short time one of another.  
A little after Ravaillac, was burned also the great Spanish Jesuit Mariana, 
Anno 1610.  I mean his Book de Rege & Regis institutione, wherein he holds that a Tyrant or Heretical Prince may be made away by violent means; Moreover by the same arrest of Parliament, the College of Sorbon was commanded to publish their ancient Decree passed by one hundred forty one Doctors of the sacred Faculty of Theology in the year 1413. which was confirmed two years after by the famous Counsel of Constance, viz: That it is not lawful to any, for what cause whatsoever, to attempt any thing upon the sacred persons of Kings, and Sovereign Princes. Which doctrine and solemn Decree was then published to quell and confound that execrable position which was than dogmatized, and broached up and down, viz: That a Tyrant whosoever he be, may and aught to be lawfully, and meritoriously killed by his own vassal or subject whosoever he be, and by that any means whatsoever, principally by secret ambushes, treasons, flatteries, or other such ways, notwithstanding any faith or oath whereby the subject is obliged to such a Tyrant, etc. Which tenet being then pronounced pernicious and heretical, impious and diabolical by the said College and Counsel, was now also by 150 choice Theoloques of the said Family adjudged to be an error against the holy Catholic faith, and the fundamentals of morality, opening a gap to rebellion, and atheism, to a violation of all bonds of humane obedience, and government, and tended to bring confusion, and a Hell upon Earth.  
The jesuits were murmured at, as Fautors of the foresaid opinion of Mariana, whereupon Cotton (than Preacher to the King) published a declaratory letter to vindicat their Society, and show their conformity of Doctrine to the foresaid Decree of the Counsel of Constance, in which letter he protested in the name of the rest, that, that opinion of Mariana was a particular fancy of his own, and so to be restrained to his person only; That it is so disapproved and exploded by their Society, that some of them have compiled, and exposed to the open world sundry Treatises in confutation of it, and condemned it in two Provincial Congregations held in Paris and Lion in the year 1606. where their Reverend General Claudius Aquariva was present, and there the Sovereign puissance, and authority of Kings was acknowledged, and in temporal matters to hold solely of God himself; The substance of Father Cottons declatory Letter tended all to this effect, though it gave not so full a satisfaction to all men. This was that Cotton who was so much favoured by Henry the Great, which gave him occasion to Answer certain Deputies of Rochel upon a petition they once presented unto him, That he could not hear them then, for his ears were stopped with Cotton, whereupon was made this Epigram of Him.  

Quand le Roy fait ses pas,  
Pere Cotton l'accompagne;  
Mais le bon Prince ne scait pas,  
Que le fin Cotton vient d'Espagne.   
Thus Englished,  

When the King abroad doth walk, 
Anno 1610.   
Father Cotton finds him talk,  
But the good Prince doth not attain,  
That the fine Cotton comes from Spain.   
The formidable Army which Henry the great had raised, was now disbanded by command, and only 12000. kept still a foot in Champagny which were reserved to assist the Germane Princes, who were then in motion of arms upon this occasion. William Duke of juillers and Cleves being dead without Heir male, the right of succession was debated by other Princes his allies; but the Emperor alleging that the Duchy of juillers was a fief moving of the Empire, invested Leopold his Cousin german in the possession of it, who by armed hand seized upon the town and castle of juillers. The opposite Princes having besieged him there, sent to France for help: Hereupon Martial de la Chastre marched with those 12000. Auxiliaries, and his conjunction with the other Princes was so fortunate that juillers was rendered up upon composition to the Duke of Newburg, and Marquis of Brandenburg, but with this proviso that the Roman Religion should still have free exercise there.  
This relief of juillers was the first foreign act that happened in the reign of Lewis the thirtteenth, and the expedition was intended before by his father.  
Although in successif hereditary Kingdoms (as France and England, where the law sayeth the King never dieth) the act of Coronation be not so absolutely necessary, as to appertain to the essence of the thing, yet hath it been used as a ceremony not superfluous for the satisfaction of the people. Hereupon there were great preparations made for the crowning, and the anointing of the young King with the holy oil, which is kept always in the town of Rheims in a little vial; and the French faith is, That it is part of the same oil wherewith Clovis (who was the first Christian King of France converted by his wife above 1000 years since) was anointed, and that a Dove brought down in her beak the said vial into the Church, and so vanished, which oil they say continues fresh and sweet, and without diminution to this day; The said vial was once carried away by the English, but it was recovered by the inhabitants of Povilleux, for which they enjoy divers privileges to this day. This ceremony of Coronation in France is a very solemn thing and continues above eight hours long, without intermission. The twelve Peers are the chiefest Actors in it, whereof there are six Spiritual, and six Temporal; the last six have now no being in France but only in name: For they ought to be the Dukes of Burgundy, Normandy, and Aquitain, the Earls of Tholouse, Flanders, and Champagny, all which are represented by Deputies in this act: One of the first circumstances in this ceremony is, that two Bishops come and knock in the morning at the King's Bedchamber door, the Great Chamberlain asks them what they would have, they answer, Lewis the thirteenth son to Henry the Great; The Lord Chamberlain replies, He 
Anno 1610.  sleeps. The Bishops a while after knock gently again, and demand Lewis the thirteenth whom God had given them for their King; So the door opens, and he is carried in solemn procession to the great Church. At the communion he takes the bread and the wine, to show that his dignity is Presbyterial, as well as Regal; The Parisians are bound to provide certain birds, which are let lose that day up and down the Church, whereof one was observed to sit and sing a great while upon the canopy that was carried over the King's head, which was held to be an auspicious augury: Grace before and after dinner, is sung before him, and the sword is held naked all the while; with a multitude of other ceremonies: The King seeming to be tired having been so many hours in the Church, and born the crown on his head, with divers other heavy vests upon his body, was asked what he would take to take the like pains again? he answered, for another Crown I would take double the pains.  
The King and Queen Regent being returned to Paris, the scene where the last act of this pomp should be performed, before the triumph was ended there was a dash of water thrown into their wine, by news that was brought of an insurrection that was in Berry by Florrimond de Pay Lord of Vatan, who undertook to protect certain Salt Merchants by arms, which he had levied, but he was quickly suppressed, and his head chopped off, divers of his complices hanged and strangled: This was the first flash of domestic fire that happened in the reign of Lewis the thirteenth, which was the more dangerous, because the said Lord of Vatan was of the Religion, and 'twas feared the whole body of them would have abetted him.  
There arise a little after two ill-favoured contentions 'twixt Churchmen which kept a great noise for the present; One was of the jesuits, who presented a remonstrance to the Court of Parliament, that by virtue of an Edict of Henry the Great, 1611. they might be permitted to open their College of Clermont for the instruction of youth, and to erect Classes for the public Lecture of the Sciences in a scholary way: The Rector of the University seconded by the Sindic of Sorbon with the whole body of Academiks opposed it mainly; The first thing the Court ordered was, that the Jesuits should subscribe to a submission and conformity to the Doctrine of the Sorbon School in these four points.  

1. That the Pope hath no power over the temporals of Kings, and that he cannot excommunicate them, or deprive them of their Kingdoms.  
2. That the Counsel is above the Pope.  
3. That the Ecclesrastiques are subject to the Secular and Politic Magistrate.  
4. That auricular Confessions ought to be revealed which concern the State, and lives of Kings and Sovereign Princes.   
All which Propositions tended to the maintenance of royal authority, the conservation of the sacred persons of Kings, and the liberties of the Galley Church. The Jesuit shrunk in their shoulders at this motion, 
Anno 1611.  so one in the name of the rest answered, that amongst their Statutes there was one which obliged them to follow the rules and laws of those places where they were; therefore they could not promise their General would subscribe to the foresaid propositions, but their Provincial in France should do it with the whole College of Clermont, which was done accordingly; yet the Parliament could never be induced to pass a Decree whereby they might be authorized to open their College in Paris for the education of youth; though afterwards the King and Queen Regent by sole advice of the Counsel of State, notwithstanding the opposition of Parliament, and University passed an Edict in their favour: And this was done out of pure reason of State, for the world knows what dangerous instruments Jesuits are, if offended.  
The other scuffle amongst Churchmen was of a greater consequence 
Anno 1611.  which was thus. The jacobins (who are the chiefest order of preaching Friars) have a general Chapter every three years in Paris; This convention happened this year, and divers Tenets were propounded there; One amongst the rest was, That in no case the Counsel is above the Pope. There sat in this Assembly many eminent persons as the Cardinal of Perron, the Pope's Nuncio, with divers other great Prelates; There were also some Precedents of Courts there, and Counsellors, and the Provost of Paris: Amongst others Hacquevill Precedent in the great Chamber of Parliament at the debatement of the said thesis, stood up and averred that it was heretical; whereat the Nuncio was offended, and after some heat of argument pro and con, Cardinal Perron took the word, and said, that this controversy being not of Faith, it might be lawful for them t'other side the Alps to hold it affirmative, and for those of this side, negative, but to condemn one another positively thereupon, was to bring a schism into the Church. Great was the confusion and clashings that grew out of this: Till Morelles a Spaniard who sat in the chair stood up, and protested that this position was propounded only as problematical, without dessein to determine any thing thereupon. Another enlarged himself further, saying, that they t'other side the Hills have their reasons for the affirmative part, and others for the negative. The French acknowledge sufficiently the hierarchy of the Church, and in consequence of that they receive the Decrees and Ordinances of the Vicar of Christ in every thing that concerns spiritual matters, points of Faith, and policy Ecclesiastic: They make their addresses to him for dispensations to hold incompatible benefices, to be promoted to Prelacy or other dignities being not of age, for degrees of kindred and affinity in marriages; They hold with all Antiquity that it belongs to the Pope to indict ecumenical and universal Counsels, to approve, ratify, and authorise their Decrees; and in this sense the Pope may be said to be above the Counsel: But if the Pope should under pretext of spiritual jurisdiction attempt to enervat, and lessen the temporal power of Kings, which they hold immediately and folly from the great God, it is then lawful for them to appeal to a general Counsel; And in this 
Anno 1612.  sense the Counsel may be said to be above the Pope.  
Richer the Syndic of Sorbon was hottest of any that assisted in this dispute for the negative part, and writ a book entitled de Ecclesiastica et Politica Potestate, which was condemned by the solemn censure of Cardinal Perron, and sundry other great Prelates who held a Congregation purposely about it, but with this modification, provided, that the rights of the King and Crown of France with the immunities and enfranchisements of the Gallican Church be not prejudiced: But they condemned the Syndiks' Book, because he went about to turn the Hierarchy of the Church, which is a Monarchy, into an Aristocracy.  
Richer was thrust out of his Sindicship for the said book, though directly against the Statutes of the College of Sorbon, whereof one is, that no Syndic be dispossessed of that place but with his own free will: And thinking to plead this, the Counsel of State overruled the case, and a Mandamus came in the King's name to proceed in the Election of a New Syndic. There issued also out a Declaration, wherein the King sharply reprehends the congregating of the said Bishops without his royal Commission, and for passing a general, extravagant and incertain censure of the said Book; wherein they seemed to rebuke, and approve; confirm and condemn the tenets thereof, whereof most were Orthodoxal; which tended to puzzle the brains of men, and form scrupulous imaginations in their intellectuals, whence might ensue dangerous consequences.  
Thus those high contentions were hushed which were like to have ushered a shrewd schism into the Gallic Church, had not Moderation guided the helm; Moderation that sage sober Matron, the inseparable attendant of true Sapience, and Policy, and happy are those Counsels, those Sovereign Courts and Parliaments where she sits in the chair.  
This year 1612. was remarkable for the interchangeable Alliance 
Anno 1612.  that was made 'twixt France and Spain, the French King being affianced to the Infanta Anne of Austria; and the Prince of Spain (now Philip the fourth) to the Eldest daughter of France Madame Elizabeth of Bourbon; The great Duke of Main, great in constitution as in quality, being one of the goodliest personages of Europe, was employed Ambassador to Spain. He made his entrance to Madrid with 245. sumpter Mules, 50. household Officers came after, two by two, and 52. Pages with a querry before them, and their Governor behind. Then followed the Duke himself accompanied with the Prince of Tingry, 7. Earls, 4. Marquises, 17. Lords, and above 200. Gentlemen. He was brought in by 500 Spanish Ginetts; At his lodging he had ten Coaches every day attending besides his own three. The business it seems, was wrought to his hand before his coming, for he met with no difficulties at all: The contract of the marriage was in Spanish and French, but the French was first signed: though the other first read. The dotal portion was but 600000. crowns on either side, which was paid and no purse opened, being a cross marriage, the sum of the dowry was so moderate, because there might peradventure 
Anno 1612.  happen an occasion of restitution. But the wonder was not so much at the smallness of the dowry as of the jointure of both Princesses, which was but 20000. crowns yearly rent. Much precaution was used by the Spaniard, that, to correspond with their Salic law in France, the Infanta should renounce all right of succession to the Crown and dominions of Spain known or unknown. The Duke of Main was much honoured for the time, and once the King took him out of purpose to ride by his side through the town; under pain of indispensable death, none was to draw sword against any Frenchman while he was there; The Duke was presented with a chain and Hatband valued at 15000. crowns with four Ginetts. And hoping it might prove a good omen for the prosperity of the match, the Feast of Saint Lewis was commanded to be celebrated with as much solemnity, and held as holy as any other Saints day in the whole Calendar. The Duke of Pastrana came that summer to Paris in another such splendid Equippage, and concluded the counterpart of the match. Sundry sorts of triumphs passed in Paris upon these reciprocal Contracts; but the two Princes of the blood would take no share in those public solemnities, but retired from Court in disgust; Causing some Confidents of theirs to blaze abroad the grounds of their grievances, which were, That the Queen Regent did not communicate unto them the most important affairs of State; That she had concluded the foresaid marriages without their advice; That they were untimely and praecipitat, considering the age of the Princes: That the Queen steered the great vessel of the State by a foreign compass: That the mass of treasure left by the last King was exhausted, with such like. But a way was found to comply with them for that time, so they both returned to Court, where Soissons died a little after.  
But there was a more dangerous consequence than this like to ensue; for the said match, and so much intimacy with Spain bred ill blood amongst them of the Religion, and filled them with ombrages of fear, it might turn to their prejudice and danger one day, in so much that a disposition of rising was discovered in them generally; which was aggravated by an ill-favoured accident that happened in the Town of Nismes in Languedoc, where one of their prime Preachers Ferrir being turned Roman Catholic, the rabble of the town sacked his house, burnt his books, grubbed up his vineyards, and plundered all he had; The King being offended hereat removed the Presidial Court and Seneshalship thence to Beaucaire.  
One Morgard an ginger published some Predictions of his in Print grounded upon the cross conjunction of some malignant planets, wherein he positively foretold very great commotions that were ready to arise in France; and the fall of some great men. But by Decree of Parliament he was condemned to the galleys, where in lieu of handling his Astrolab, he was put to tug at an oar; This, the poor Stargazer could not foresee, though his other predictions proved all true. Now, touching sidereal observations, and predictions of Astrology 
Anno 1612.  though they be at best, but conjectural, yet are they not altogether to be contemned, albeit that scarce one in a hundred hit; there is a multitude of no mean examples that may be produced, one was pointed at in the Proem of this piece. And divers know how the years of the late Earl of Pembroke were precisely limited by a Genethliacal calcule. We read that Otho the Emperor commanded all Astrologers to quit his dominions by such a day; The Astrologers sent him word, that since he had assigned them a day to go out of the Empire, they would assign him another to go out of the world, for by such a day he should be no more among mortals; which proved true. This was contrary to a passage of Edward the Confessor King of England, who, when an ginger came, and told him, that he had taken great pains to pry into the horoscope of his nativity, and found that his Majesty should die in such a month; The King answered, I can go nearer to work then so, for I can foretell thee the very hour of thy death, which will be to morrow at two a clock in the afternoon precisely, so that thou canst not avoid it: So he commanded him to be tried and executed accordingly. But although it be presumption in man to determine any thing peremptorily out of their observance of the motions of Celestial bodies, yet it must be granted that the said bodies by their perpetual influxes having dominion over every thing that is natural in man, as the body, the mass of blood, the organs and sensual appetit, they may dispose his humours and inclinations to peace or war, to obedience or insurrection, to love or hatred accordingly. For if Comets, as we find by woeful experience, which are of a far base and more gross extraction, being mere meteorological stuff, are thought to have a virtual power to make impressions upon the air, and to leave infectious qualities behind them in the regions thereof, which use to work upon human bodies in contagions, and upon their humours to suscitat the minds of men to tumults, and war, much more may the Stars claym such a power: Nevertheless although Astra regunt homines, although it be allowed that the Stars praedominat over every thing that is corporeal in man, it follows not, that this dominion extends to his intellectuals and to those actions which depend upon the absolute Empire of the will, and other faculties of the soul which are purely spiritual; but though this should be partly granted, yet if we consider the union that is 'twixt the soul and the senses (being inmates of one house) which is such, that she cannot produce any act if they do not contribut, and present the object which is the intelligible species, it may well be inferred that the faculties of the soul operat by the ministry of the senses, and sensual appetit; and the sensual appetit by influxes from heavenly bodies, which may be said to have power to incite though not to force the will and affections of men to commotions and war; and according to their various conjunctions and oppositions, their anglings and culminations to cause good or bad effects, which may prove inauspicious or successful; as some Astrologers observed when his Majesty of great Britain (than Prince of Wales) went to Spain to fetch a wife, there was then a conjunction 'twixt jupiter and Saturn which is always held malevolent, so that journey had no success; but whither am I thus transported by this speculation from my intended road?  
But without consulting the stars▪ it was easy for any one of 
Anno 1612.  a mean foresight to be a prophet of some sudden commotions to arise, considering how matters then stood in France; for the Marshal of Ancre (an Italian) had then the vogue, having engrossed to himself by the favour of the Queen Regent the managing and transaction of all the greatest affairs of State; A man not so despicable as the French Annalists make him, for his grandfather was Secretary of State to Cosmo de Medici, and by birth, breeding and courage was a gentleman; besides his wife had sucked of the same milk as the Queen Regent did, for her mother had been her Nurse. But it seems D'Ancre had screwed up the strings of authority too high, and so they came not only to jar, but to crack at last.  
There were printed this year two Latin Books which kept a great clatter all Christendom over; one was writ by Schoppius, called Ecclesiasticus; The other by Becanus, called Controversia Angliae de potestate Regis et Papae. They both trenched highly upon Regal power. The first had base touches of scandal upon Henry the Great, and his late Majesty of England; In so much that by a solemn sentence of Parliament it was burnt in Paris: so France was revenged on the Book, and England had some revenge on the body of the Author. For he being in Madrid, and Sir john Digby (now Earl of Bristol) being Ambassador there, Master George Digby his kinsman (a generous hardy young Gentleman) encountting the said Schoppius he gave him a fair large cut athwart the face, and so stigmatised him to the view of the world, which visible mark he wore to his grave.  
Touching the other Book of Becanus: The Syndic of Sorbon petitioned the Queen Regent that it might receive the same doom, and that the Sacred Faculty of Theology might be permitted to put forth some public instrument to condemn the Doctrine thereof; The Queen advised them not to determine any thing thereon as yet, nor to make such noise, or take so much notice thereof. But they pressed further, alleging it would be a shrew brand to the Sacred Faculty to pass over so slightly such a scandalous Book, that derogated so much from the authority of Kings, and particularly of the most Christian, with silence. For posterity will interpret this silence to be a consent to the tenets thereof. But they were still put off, and in the interim there came news from Rome that a Decree was published by the Pope wherein the said Book was condemned and adjudged to contain many false, rash, scandalous and seditious things respectively, and therefore to be no more printed or publishd, but to be put in the second Classes of Indices, until it be corrected, and the correction approved according to the rules of the Index. In the said Decree the word respectively some imagined to be inserted of purpose, as an evasion, to show that the Jesuits do not absolutely condemn the doctrine of Becanus, but only as it invades the Prerogatives of the French Crown.  
They of the Religion, as I told you before, suspected some ill consequences of the cross Match with Spain, and feared it would prove cross to them in time; Moreover the Princes of the blood, and others 
Anno 1613.  repined at the power of D' Ancre, whereupon the Duke of Bovillon prime Marshal of France, (and prime Machinator of this tumult) came to visit the Prince of Conde, and made a solemn studied speech unto him as followeth.  
My Lord, it would be impudence in me to represent unto you the deplorable estate of France, whereof you have more knowledge than I: or to touch the arrogance of Conchiny, which you must needs daily resent; or to make his power suspected, which is the next door to tyranny; or to exhort you to oppose his pernicious desseins: The consideration of your own safety with that of France, is enough to rouse up your generous thoughts, and to administer Counsel to you who are the most judicious Prince of Europe: Moreover in such a manifest and urgent affair as this, there's no need of Remonstrance, consultation or exhortation, but to apply some sudden, and actual remedy: Therefore I address myself now to your Excellence, not only to offer you my means, but my person; as also 100000. men, who would esteem themselves happy to serve you, and will hold it a glory to employ their blood to the last drop under your conduct, for the good of the State, and your just defence against this Faquin Florentin, this Florentine porter, who plots the ruin of all those Princes, and Peers of the Kingdom, who would oreshadow his advancement, and hinder to establish his tyranny: The difference of Religion which we profess, ought not to impeach a strong and solid union between us, in the conjuncture of so common a danger; considering that while we endeavour our own safety, we secure the State general, and incolumity of our Country; which are conditions inseparable from the King's service, whose Sacred Person is not safe enough under the irregular ambition of a stranger; which his Majesty himself begins now to perceive, and seeing his liberty engaged, fears the ambition of this tyrant, and will find himself obliged to those that can rid him of him.  
My Lord, you are well assured that the greatest part of the Princes finding themselves involved in the same interest with you, are touched with the same resentments, and disposed to join with your Excellence in a project as glorious, as necessary; For doubtless the Gentry of France in whom consist the sinews of our armies, being naturally averse to the commandments of a stranger, will run unto you from all parts to assist you with their arms; Touching the Towns, you need not doubt, but a good part of them which are under the Government of the Princes will declare themselves for you. And I give you certain assurance, that They of the Religion (which are the strongest, and best provided with soldiers, artillery, ammunition, and victuals of any other) will declare themselves for your party, as soon as you shall publish your laudable intentions by some Manifesto.  
It concerns your Excellence therefore my Lord, to take hold of Time by the foretop, for the restauration, and safety of the State in general, and your own in particular, and of all the Princes, and Gentry of the Kingdom: But if you let Occasion escape you, know that she is bald behind, and you shall never be able to catch her again: Besides the Armies which you might justly raise now, during the King's minority, and by reason the government is usurped by an Alien (who hath not so much as the quality of a Gentleman) would 
Anno 1613.  be hereafter felony and treason under the majority and liberty of our lawful Monarch.  
The Prince was a subject fit to be wrought upon, and ready to receive any print, for he could not brook the exorbitant power of D' Ancre, therefore having assurance that the Dukes of Nevers, Main, Longueville, Luxemburg, and the said Bovillon would follow him, he retires to Mezieres upon the frontier of Champany; he made choice of that place because it was his Patrimony, and that he might have a sure Rendezvous of Sedan if need required: The Duke of Vendosme thinking to retire to Brittany was arrested in the Lowre, but he got loose by a trick; and the Chevalier his brother was sent to Malta.  
The foresaid male-contented Princes recruted daily in Champany, But had the young King got a horseback and pursued them presently though with a petty Army, the Country would have rose with him, and so he had prevented their increase, and driven them in all probability to Sedan, where he might have kept them in exile, with a small Army on the frontiers; And his Counsel was much taxed for not advising him so: But in lieu of arms he sent Ambassadors and Epistles after them to persuade their return, or, if they refused, to amuse them till he might raise forces sufficient to encounter them; to which end he sent to Switzerland for 6000. men; but Bovillon by his artifice hindered that design from taking its full effect.  
Thus a fearful storm was like to fall on France, for the malcontents dispersed themselves to divers strong holds; Longuevill went to Picardy, Main to Soissons, Bovillon to Sedan, and Vendosme was as busy as any other to raise the Country in Britain, Conde continued still at Mezieres, nor could any Letter from King or Queen Regent sent by the Duke. of Ventadour reduce him; He writ to the Queen That the ill government, which he imputed not to Her, but to ill Counsellors, were the cause of his retirement, who because they might have the sole direction of things, hindered the convocation of the States general which were used to assemble always in the King's minority: he complained that the marriages with Spain were precipitated: that the authority of the Parliament was diminished, the Churchmen trampled upon, the Nobles undervalved, the people laden with gabells and tallies, divisions sowed in Sorbon, and the University; with divers other soloecismes in the present Government. In his conclusion he insists much upon the convocation of the States general of the Kingdom sure & free, a suspension of the marriage with Spain, and so concludes with much compliment. These were specious pretences, but they were as so many imaginary lines drawing to one real Centre which was the Marq: of Ancre who indeed was the sole grievance, and not He neither, but his power and privacy with the Queen Regent, which they thought to demolish by Arms.  
The Queen Regent in her answer to Conde reproacheth him, that he had not imparted these things privately to her to whom he had perpetual acces; that notwithstanding he seems to cast the fault upon certain Counsellors, yet all bounds upon her by reflection: she declares that long before the reception of 
Anno 1613.  his Letter, she had resolved, and to that end there were public dispatches abroad to summon the Convocation of the State's General; she takes exception that he should call them Estates seurs & libres, States sure and free, which made her conceive a violent jealousy of some artifice on his side, to sow seeds of difficulties in the said great Assembly: she allegeth that from the beginning she imparted both to him and the Co: of Soissons the marriage with Spain, that they approved of them and subscribed the Articles; That the late King declared his inclination unto it when Don Pedro de Toledo passed through France. And so she concludes with exhortation that he would appear in the Assembly of the three Estates, and bring with him all his Confederates, to contribut the great zeal they profess to the common good of the Kingdom: The Queen's Letter was large, and in it there was a curious mixture of meekness and Majesty. The Duke of Vendosme sent her also two Letters, but he could get no answer to either.  
Thus a fearful black cloud hung over poor France, which the Queen Mother essayed by all means possible to dissipat before it should break out into a tempest of intestine War, therefore, the King and she descended to send again the Duc of Vantadour accompanied with the Precedents of Thou and jeanin with others to draw Conde to a treaty of accord; which at last was agreed upon, and the prime Capitulations were these.  

1. That the State's General should assemble in the Town of Sens within such a time, wherein the Deputies of the three Orders may safely and freely make such Remonstrances and Propositions that they shall hold in their consciences to be profitable for the common good, for the redress of disorders, and conservation of public tranquillity.  
2. His Majesty being willing to gratify the Prince of Conde, hath upon his prayer and instance, and upon assurance of his future affection and fidelity, accorded to put into his hands the Castle of Amboise as a gage till the State's General dissolve, and 100 men for garrison in the said Castle.  
3. That 100 men shall be entertained in Mezieres, 200. in Soissons whereof the Duc of Main is Governor, till the State's General have risen.  
4. That Letters shall be sent from his Majesty verified by the Court of Parliament, wherein his Majesty shall declare unto the world that there was no ill intention against his service, by the said Prince and his Associates; therefore that they should be never prejudiced for the future in their estates or persons.  
5. That in consideration of the expenses the said Prince might be at in this business, his Majesty accords to give him 450000. Franks to dispose of as he shall think fit.  
6. That the eldest son of the Duke of Nevers shall succeed his father in the Government of Champany.   
These with divers other Articles of this kind, the King was induced (I will not say enforced) to condescend unto for preventing of greater evils; and it was called the Treaty of Saint-Menehou; And one would have thought that a gentle calm should have followed, and that the meeting of the State's General would have perpetuated it; But behold two ill-favoured accidents, like two impetuous puffs, put things 
Anno 1613.  again in disorder: The one was that the Duke of Vendosin would not put Blavet into the hands of the Marquis of Caewres according to the King's command, but stood still upon his guard in Brittany. The second was an affront which Conde alleged to have received from the Bishop of Poitiers, who would not suffer him to enter the Town (as he passed to his government of Dauphine and secured the Castle of Amboise) being sought unto by the Governor the Duc of Roanez to establish his authority there. The Bishop armed first, and the town after his example. Conde writes a Letter to the Queen Regent which did not please her well, for he subscribes himself only her thrice-humble servant and neveu, whereas he was used to write your thrice humble, and thrice obedient servant, and subject. The Marquis of Bonnivet a creature of Condes had not yet dismissd all his troops, therefore under his authority he harasseth and plunders all the Country about Poitiers, sacks the Bishop's House and commits many sacrilegious and execrable outrages; The young King hearing this, gets presently a Horseback, and sends the Duke of Main before to stop the ravages of Bonnivet, so he followeth after, and passing by Orleans, Blois, Tours, and Chastel le heraud a cautionary town of them of the Religion (who notwithstanding presented the Keys to his Majesty as he passed) he came to Poitiers; where he reconciled the Prince of Conde and the Bishop; caused Bonnivet to disband his forces composed of Picaroons and vagabonds, Thence he went to Nants, where also he ranged the Duke of Vandosme to obedience, dismantled the Fort at Blavet and so having in a short compass of time composed and quashed all things he returns triumphantly to Paris, where an Ambassador was attending him from Zuric, who desired to enter into an alliance with him, as the rest of the Cantons had.  
This was the first exploit that Lewis the thirteenth did in his own person, which like the rising Sun dispelled those frog vapours that hovered in Poictou and Brittany: and it was held a good augury for the future. The presence of a King is ofttimes very advantageous; for Rebellion durst never stare long in the face of Majesty, which useth to lance out such penetrating refulgent rays, that dazzle the eyes of Traitors, and put them at last quite out of countenance. With this achieument we will conclude his Minority, and his Mother's Regency; And as this first expedition of his proved lucky, so was his whole life attended with a series of good successes, as if Fortune herself had rid with him all the while upon the same horse. And now must we put a period to the first lustre of Lewis the thirteenths' reign, and with it to his minority or bassage; We proceed to his second lustre wherewith his majority begins being arrived to the year fourteen.   

The second Lustre of the Life of Lewis the 13th. 
Anno 1614  reign, and of his majority.  
ANd now our Story must mount up to his Majority, and follow him to his full age, wherein he entered at fourteen years, and the broken number of the Lords year was coincident, being sixteen hundred and fourteen; But I have read an old Author who writes, that without any consideration had of years, the French Kings arrive to maturity, and are capable to sway the Sceptre, when they come to be as high as a sword, let their age be what it will.  
In the former Chapter we told you that by virtue of the Treaty of St. Menehou the Queen Regent had promised, and was obliged to the Princes by capitulation to summon the State's General, and suspecting there might be some desseins against her authority, she endeavoured to prevent it divers ways. First, in the Mandates sent to the Governors of Provinces, and Towns for the elections of Deputies, there were special cautions inserted, to choose no factious persons; The second means was to defer the convocation of the State's General, till the King's majority was declared, that so his authority might be the more complete and absolute, whereby he might have a greater power to take into his hands her interests, and oppose such resolutions that might prejudice them.  
Lastly, whereas the said convocation was appointed first to be at Rheims, then at Sens, she sent summons abroad that it should be held at Paris, where the King was strongest by the residence of his servants, the affections of all orders of people, and the assistance of the ordinary Court of Parliament which is still there sitting, though it was used to be ambulatory with the King's Court.  
Now, the difference which is in France between an Assembly of the three Estates, and their Parliaments is, that the former hath an analogy both in point of institution, power, and summons with our Sovereign high Court of Parliament in England, composed of Lords and Commons, wherein the King sits as head, and it is He alone who opens and shuts it with his breath; This being the greatest of all Assemblies, treats of matters touching the universal good of the State, and the making, correcting or repealing of laws, and it is the highest Sphere which gives motion to all the rest.  
The Parliaments of France, whereof there are eight, have not the same latitude of power, yet are they Supreme Courts, or Sessions of Justice, where men's causes and differences are publicly determined in last resort without any further appeal; and any Peer of France by right of inheritance hath a capacity to sit there.  
The day being assigned for publishing the King's Majority, the Queen Regent and He with his now sole brother the Duke of Anjou, (for his brother the Duke of Orleans was lately dead) went in a stately solemn manner to the Court of Parliament, accompagnied with the prime Prelates, and Peers of the Kingdom, and amongst them there were 
Anno 1614  four Cardinals; A contestation happened 'twixt the Cardinals and Peers for precedency; because the twelve Peers of France, before an Ordinance made by Henry the third, preceded any Prince of the blood at the Coronation and Sacring of the King, and the declaration of his Majority was an Act reflecting on that. Yet the King inordred the priority for that time to the Cardinals, because they were Princes of the Church universal, which made the Peers retire from the Court lest it might serve for a precedent to future Ages.  
The Court being sat, and all silenced the Queen Regent rose up, and said, That she praised and thanked God to have afforded her grace to bring up her son to the years of his Majority, and to maintain his Kingdom in peace the best she could: That now he being come to age, she transmitted the Government to him, exhorting the company there present, and all other his subjects to render him that service, obedience and fidelity which is due unto him as to their King. The Chancellor hereupon pronounced the Arrest of the Court, importing a verification of the declaration of his Majesty's Majority; which was done in a solemn studied Oration. This great solemnity did not end so, but it was accompagnied with four wholesome Edicts, as the first fruits or hansels of his reign.  

1. The first aimed at a general concord 'twixt his subjects, by strict injunction of observing the Edict of Nantes concerning them of the Religion.  
2. The second aimed at a general obedience, prohibiting all ligues, confederacy and intelligence with any strange Prince or State under pain of life.  
3. The third against Duels.  
4. The fourth against Blasphemy and Swearing.   
Thus ended the Regency of Maria de Medici in form, though not in effect, for she swayed a good while after as Queen Mother in all Counsels, the King reposing still his chief confidence in her; during her Regency she did many public things which discovered a pious and Princely soul; Amongst others she provided divers Hospitals in the suburbs of Saint German for the relief of the poor, the aged, and sick, and to set young people at work; which will continue there as long as the walls of Paris for monuments of her honour and charity.  
The King having notice that the Deputies of the three States were come, he sent the B p. of Paris to warn them in his name to fit themselves for receiving the grace of God, that so a blessing might fall upon their consultations; to which purpose three days fast was enjoined them, to prepare them the better for the holy Communion, which was also inordred them. So according to ancient custom a general Procession was made, wherein divers ranks of Friars and Hopitalers went before, then followed the Deputies of the third Estate, who took place according to the rank of the 12. Governments of France, and made in number 192. The Nobles followed them; in number 132. They of the Clergy went last, who made 140. so that in all they came to 464. which number I observe is inferior to that of the English 
Anno 1614  Parliament, where the Members of the House of Commons alone which corresponds the Third Estate in France, come to near upon 500 After these the King himself followed on foot, accompagnied with the Queen and the Princes and Peers. The next day after, all met in Bourbon House hall where the young King told them, That having not long since declared his Majority, he thought fitting to convoque the State's General of his Kingdom, to begin his reign by their good advice and Counsel, to receive their complaints, and provide for redress accordingly, as it should be more amply told them by his Chancellor, who took the word thereupon.  
This general overture and Ceremony being ended, the State's General spent some days to visit one another, and to choosing of their three Precedents or Prolocutors which they presented to the King with protestation of all fidelity and obedience. The next day they took the Communion all in one Church, going six at a time (viz. two of every Order) to the holy Table. The Monday following they reassembled intending to fall close to work, but their proceedings were retarded by some differences which intervened touching the rank of the 12. Provinces or Governments, and this clash kept a great noise; till the King interposed therein his Authority, and by the advice of his Privy Counsel, which they submitted unto, made this decision marshalling the 12. Governments thus: 1. the Isle of France, (whereon Paris stands) 2. Burgundy, 3. Normandy, 4. Guienne, 5. Brittany, 6. Champany, 7. Languedoc, 8. Picardy, 9 Dauphine, 10. Provence, 11. Lionnois, 12. Orleans. This being regulated by the King, they fell to the main work, and three Propositions were made; the first by the Clergy wherewith the Nobles joined.  

1. That the Counsel of Trent should be published through France.  
2. That the venality and selling of Offices should be suppressed.  
3. That the King should acknowledge in this Assembly to have no other superior power on earth in his temporals, and that he held the Crown immediately of God alone. This last Proposition was put on by the third Estate, against the intention and without the concurrence of Clergy and Nobles, of purpose to hinder the concession of the other two, because divers of the third Estate were favourers of them of the Religion and Financiers.   
The first Proposition was couched in these terms.  
That the Ecumenical Counsel of Trent be received and published in your Realms, and the Constitutions thereof kept and observed; but without prejudice to your Majesty's rights, the liberties of the Gallic Church, the privileges and exepmtions of Chapters, Monasteries and Cominalties which his Holiness shall be prayed, may be reserved, and to remain in their entire strength, so that the publication of the said Counsel may not prejudice them any way.  
The Third Estate protested against this, alleging these reasons; That in the said Counsel there were divers Decrees, whereby the Spiritual, invaded the Temporal rights. That it would be a thing not only prejudicial but dishonourable for France to approve of a Counsel, wherein the 
Anno 1614  most Christian King had received a palpable injury in the persons of his Ambassadors, who were postposed to them of Spain, which caused them to retire, and quit the said Counsel in sense of that indignity offered to them who personated the first son of the Church in so public a Convention. They excepted also against that clause that the Pope should be prayed, the liberties of the Gallic Church might be preserved, for that was to submit them to a foreign power, to the Papal authority; whereas the said liberties are independent, and originally inhaerent in the Gallican Church, and contemporary with Christianity itself; The difference 'twixt Liberties and Privileges being this, that the latter presuppose the concession and grant of some superior Power, but liberties are original, and immemorial possessions, and equal to inheritances.  
Touching the second Proposition of the Clergy and Nobles against the venality and merchandising of Offices, it was waved, because divers of the Third Estate were either Financiers, or Officers of Justice, which places they had bought, and so had power to sell them again for money.  
Touching the third Proposition that concerned the independency of the French Crown which was presented by the Commons in opposition to the first Proposition made by the Clergy and Nobles for the publication of the Counsel of Trent; the one being made out of a zeal to the State Civil, the other to the State Spiritual, there were hot bandings on both sides; The third Estate or Commons would have it declared for a fundamental law, that the King being supreme and absolute in his own Dominions, there is no power on earth, either Spiritual or Temporal, that hath any right to deprive him of his Crown, or to dispense and absolve his subjects from their allegiance unto him: This was done to extinguish that dangerous Doctrine broached by some, how it was lawful to kill Tyrants, and if the Roman Bishop had power to declare Kings Tyrants, their lives would be exposed to the passion of every Pope, and so to perpetual apprehensions of danger.  
The Clergy and Nobles finding how pertinacious and resolute the Commons were in this point for securing the lives of their Kings, and fearing it might breed a schism 'twixt the Apostolical See, and the Monarchy of France, Cardinal Perron a man of high merit and moderation, was sent to make a Remonstrance unto them, which he reduced to three heads.  

1. That it is not permitted upon any cause whatsoever to kill a King.  
2. That the Kings of France are Soverains in all degrees of Temporal sovereignty within their Realm.  
3. That there is no case, whereby subjects may be absolved from their oath of fidelity to their Prince.   
Concerning the first two he pronounced them as absolute and categorical; but touching the last the Cardinal said, that in regard it might usher in a Schism, he left it as problematical, not positif.  
The Precedent or Speaker of the Commons answered, that the third 
Anno 1615.  Proposition being political, he conceived it concerned not the Doctrine of Faith, and consequently could not introduce any schism; much bussling there was about this point, the Commons being very eager in it, having the Parliament of Paris siding with them, who passed an Arrest in favour of them accordingly: but the King evoked the difference to himself commanding that nothing should be determined thereon; in regard that he being assured of his own right and possession, it appertained not either to the States, or to the Court of Parliament, or any other arbiter whatsoever to take cognisance thereof; and remarkable it was, that the King did not evoke and call that matter to Himself and to his Counsel, according to the ordinary form, but absolutely to himself and his own Person.  
But although the King commanded the said Decree of the Court of Parliament to be suspended, the Attorney General made such diligences, because he was a friend to the business, that divers Copies were sent abroad.  
The great Assembly drawing now towards a closure, they brought their Cayers, or papers of grievances to the King at Bourbon House hall; The Bishop of Luson (after Cardinal of Richelieu) was Prolocutor for the Clergy; the King presently delivered the said Cayers to his Chancellor, promising them an answer with all convenient expedition.  
Thereupon a little after he sent for them to the Lowre his royal Palace, and told them that in regard of sundry affairs of great importance he could not answer their Cayers so soon as he desired, but he would give speedy order to do it, in the interim they might carry along with them to the Country an assurance of the satisfaction they expected touching the chiefest Articles; for he was resolved to suppress the selling of offices, to ease his people of tallies and subsidies, to cause a research to be made into the misdemeanures of his Receivers and Financiers; and lastly, to retrench the multiplicity of Offices and Pensions, which were increased from about two millions of franks, (which was the stint in the former King's reign) to four millions, which make four hundred thousand pounds sterling. Observed it was that the Marshal of Ancre, while this business of retrenching Officers and Pensions was in hottest agitation amongst the States, got three new Treasurer's of Pensions to be created, from whom he drew near upon one hundred thousand pound sterling, as you will find hereafter when it will be thrown into his dish.  
This was the first and last Assembly of the three Estates, or Parliament general, that was held in the reign of Lewis the thirteenth, which it seems found his grave then, for there hath been none ever since, and there is little hopes of its resurrection, while the Clergy and Nobles continue so potent, who finding that the third Estate began to tamper with the Pope's jurisdiction, and Church matters, have wrought means to hinder their meeting any time these 30. years and upwards.  
This year died Queen Margaret the last Branch of the Valois, being 
Anno 1615.  come of the loins of thirteen successif Monarches of that line, a Lady of a rare attracting exterior beauty, she had a high harmonious soul, much addicted to music, and the sweets of love, and oftentimes in a Platonic way; She would have this Motto often in her mouth; Voulez vous cesser d'aymer? possedez la chose aymée. Will you cease to love? possess the thing you love. She had lodged Henry Duke of Guyse who was killed at Blois so far in her heart, that being afterwards married against her will to Henry the fourth, and divorced by mutual consent, she professed she could never affect him; she had strains of humours and transcendencies beyond the vulgar, and delighted to be called Venus Urania. She would have Philosophers and Divines in her House, and took pleasure to hear them dispute, and clash one with the other; she entertained forty Priests, English, Scots, and Irish; she would often visit hospitals, and did divers acts of charity to satisfy for the lubricities of her youth.  
There was an accident happened this year in Paris that made a mighty noise for the time; Two of the King's guards having fought, and the one being killed, the other fled into Sanctuary to the Abbey of St. german; The Duke of Espernon fetched him thence by force: Complaint being made to the King, he put him over to the Court of Parliament to receive his doom for infringing the Privileges of the Church, and commanded him to deliver the Prisoner again to the Sanctuary, or he would fetch him away himself; The old Duke did so, and coming to the Palace to appear before the Parliament, a ruffling company of Soldiers and Cadets followed him who did some acts of insolency against the Lawyers by kicking them with their spurs in the Hall where none should come spurred; this aggravated the business, but the Duke made a long submissive speech to the Parliament, wherein he acknowledged his error, concluding with an apology, that they would excuse him if his discourse did not content their learned ears, for having been all his life time a Captain of foot, he had learned to do better than speak.  
The prime Precedent then rise up, and said; That since the King in imitation of his Progenitors intends to be more inclined to sweetness and clemency, than rigour: The Court by his express command, and in consideration of your long services, believing the good rather than the bad, doth graciously interpret the actions of an ancient Officer of the Crown and Peer of France, and so receives your excuses: hoping that this will occasion you, and your children to render the King and the State such services as you are obliged to do, and for the futur that you will contain yourself within the bounds of that respect and honour which you owe to this Court.  
There was mention made a little before how the Assembly of the State's General was dissolved, and that having delivered their Cayers of complaints to the King, they were dismissed but with large parol promises only; We related also how the Arrest made in the Parliament of Paris in Confirmation of the opinion of the Third Estate touching the independency of the Crown of France, was commanded by the King 
Anno 1615.  to be suspended, and that nothing should be determined therein. This gathered ill blood, which bred ill humours, and so broke out into divers distempers afterwards, as will appear: For as in the natural body, if upon taking of Physic, the superstuities be only stirred, and not purged, it doth more hurt than good, and makes the drug to remain in the stomach undigested; So in civil Corporations, if abuses be only moved, and not remedied, it makes the body Politic worse than it was.  
The Parliament of Paris was sensible how the Arrest wherein they concurred with the Third Estate was slighted, and countermanded, therefore they published an Order, that, under the good pleasure of the King, all Princes, Dukes, Peers, and Officers of the Crown which are capable of sitting and have deliberative votes in that Court, should repair thither by such a time, to consult of matters tending to his Majesty's service, etc. When this Order passed the Prince of Condé was promised to be there, but he was counter-commanded by the King, nor did any of the rest appear: yet the Parliament went on and framed a Remonstrance of abuses in Government which by their Deputies they sent to the King, and being come to the Lowre they danced attendance there a good while, and afterwards they were brought up by a back odd way to the King's presence, where the Queen Mother was also present and divers Princes; The prime Precedent made an oily complimental speech full of protestations of loyalty to his Majesty, and afterwards delivered the Cayer of Remonstrances, which was read aloud by one of the Secretaries of State, wherein the Parliament instanced in divers grievances, and that they resented nothing more, but that in the face of the whole State, the royal power was rendered and left problematical, and doubtful.  
The young King was not well pleased with this Remonstrance, and the Queen Mother much less; Who told them that the King had just cause to be offended with the Parliament, because against his command they had meddled with matters of State, and that she was not so short sighted, but that she could perceive how these things reflected upon her Regency, which they had formerly highly approved of, and the Assembly of State's General had also thanked her for. Then the Chancellor took the word, telling them that they had been misinformed in many things which they took upon trust, and that they were much out of their account, in that they alleged that the expenses were greater, and the receipts less under this King, than his Father, who reserved but eight thousand livres, every year, not two millions, as they pretended. So the prime Precedent, and the rest of the Parliaments delegates were dismissed with little or no countenance at all; The Counsel of State spoke high language, averring that the passing of the foresaid public Order to invite the Princes, and Peers to meet in Parliament upon extraordinary occasions, without his Majesty's leave, was an open, and insupportable attempt upon his authority now that he is declared Major, as also upon the authority of that Counsel; therefore an Arrest issued out, That the Parliaments Remonstrances were false, calumnious, and full of malice and disobedience, and that therefore they 
Anno 1615.  should be drawn off the Register of the said Parliament, and suppressed for ever, with an inhibition that the said Court should not meddle with matters of State but by the King's command. Before this Arrest was published, the Parliament mainly endeavoured to give some contentment to their Majesties; therefore they employed again the prime Precedent with others, To declare the great displeasure the Court had, that their Remonstrance was not agreeable to their Majesty's wills, protesting that it was never the intention of the Court to touch upon their actions, or the Queen's Regency, whom they acknowledged to have obliged all France by her wise conduct and care she had both of the King's Person, and the State, that as they could not, so they would never attempt any thing upon royal authority, what they had done was to testify the zeal which they owe, and will show eternally to their Majesty's Persons; That they most humbly desired them to remember that the very next day after the death of Henry the Great, their Majesties were pleased to honour that Court with their presence, desiring them to contribut their good Counsels for the conduct of the public affairs, which obliged them to present the foresaid Remonstrances, etc. So they concluded with all possible submission, and a desire that the said Arrest of his Counsel of State should not be published.  
This took away something of the inflammation for the time, but it cured not the wound, which began to fester more and more, and so gangrend that the whole body politic was like to perish. For what the Court of Parliament sought by supplication, the Prince of Conde not long after sought by the sword, who having divers of the greatest Princes, and them of the Religion ligued with him, brought their Petition upon the Pikes point; Conde flew to that height, that he proceeded not by way of Remonstrance, but, as if he had been a Prince absolute, by way of Manifesto.  
He was then in Picardy whither the King had sent divers Letters by persons of good quality, to invite him to come to Court, and to accompany him in his voyage to Guienne to fetch the Infanta, but all would not do; for old Bovillon had infused other Counsels into his head, and so he published a Manifesto that the cause of his retirement from the Court, was the insolent deportment of the Marshal of Ancre, the dissipation of Henry the Greats treasure, the introduction of strangers, of jews, Sorcerers and Magicians, by the said Marshal; and so he concluded Kinglike, (parlant en sire) Wherefore we pray and warn all the the Princes, Peers, and Officers of the Crown, and all such as call themselves French to succour and assist us in so good an occasion: And we require and adjure all foreign Princes and strangers, all the Allies and Confederates of this State to give us aid and assistance, etc.  
These were the specious pretences that caused this Manifesto, which divers foreign Princes took in foul scorn, that he should require them, being but a vassal himself; The truth is, there was but one general grievance, and that was the Marshal of Ancre a Confident of the Queen Mothers, whom she had brought with her from Italy, his wife having been her foster sister; He had the greatest vogue at Court, 
Anno 1615.  which being a stranger made him repined at. The King and the Queen Mother were then resolved upon a journey to Bordeaux to receive the Infanta, and to deliver the Daughter of France for the King of Spain: Conde dissuades the King from the voyage by Letters, which were not well taken. So while the one prepares for his journey, the other arms for a war, and gets on his party Longueville, Bulloin and Main, who had concluded the match with Spain, yet refused to attend in the jour neigh; Thus a fearful cloud hung over France, yet nothing could deter the King from going to fetch his wife, and the Queen Mother said, That all the power of earth should not hinder him: Besides he was straitened for money for so long and costly a voyage, nor would the Chamber of Accounts verify in Letters to take any out of the Bastile; whereupon the King went himself in Person accompagnied by the Queen his Mother, his Chancellor, Secretaries of State, and others, in whose presence the Coffers were opened and two millions and a half of livres, which make 250000. pounds sterling were taken out, and delivered to the Treasurer of the Privy Purse.  
The King being to begin his journey, the first thing he did was to secure Paris, so he left monsieur de Liencour Governor thereof, and to authorize him the more, he admitted him to the Court of Parliament by Letters Patents which the said Court did verify, notwithstanding the harsh answer they had had to their late Remonstrance at the Lowre: The Marshal of Ancre was sent to Amiens with a considerable Army: And another Army was left under the command of the Marshal de Bois Daufin consisting of 16000 foot, 1500. horse, and 2000 Carrabins, to make head against the Mutineers. So the King and his Mother accompagnied with the Dukes of Guyse, Elbaeuf, and Espernon, with a good number of Gentlemen, with 1200. light horse, his Guard of Swisses and others, making in all 400. foot, parted from Paris towards Bourdeaux, and being come to Poitiers Madam his sister which was to be sent to Spain fell sick of the small Pox, which detained the Court there five weeks, and so much retarded the journey.  
In the interim the Prince's forces increase and prosper exceedingly, having had the best in three rencounters: Old Bovillon had got 600. Reiters from the Marquis of Brandenburg, who joined with them, they got over the Loire maugre the Royal Army under Bois Dauphin. The Duke of Vandom was then with the King, and he gave him Commission extraordinary to make levies of horse and foot, and having by virtu thereof raised an Army of 10000 Combatants, he declared himself afterward for the Princes, and employed them against the King. He who did thrive best amongst the Royalists was the Marshal of Ancre who in the interim had taken Corbes, and Clermont.  
The King caused a Declaration to be published, wherein Conde and all his Adherents were Proclaimed Traitors, and sent it to Paris to be verified by the Parliament, which was never more puzzled in any 
Anno 1615.  business; those that were averse to the Match with Spain, and favoured the Mutineers endeavoured to elude the Registering of the royal Declaration, alleging that the Princes of the blood being the prime Peers, could not be censured there without their Peers, and that the presence of the King himself was requisite, without which his blood could not be judged. After tough altercations the voices of the Court were reduced to two Opinions, one was of 73. voices, who ordered that the Declaration should be registered, but the Person of the Prince excepted for a month, during which time he should be warned to submit himself to his Majesty and all others should lay down their arms.  
The other Opinion was carried by 78. voices, which was, that the Court ordered, that the reasons for which they could not and ought not to proceed, to verify the said Declaration, should be sent to the King; Condé to make his quarrel more colourable, and being heightened by the said Arrest of the Parliament of Paris, added divers Articles more to his Manifesto, viz. 1. That further research be made for the assassinat of Henry the Great. 2. That a reformation be made of the King's Counsel. 3. That the grievances of the three Estates be answered, with divers other.  
They of the Religion were yet Neutrals, and thinking to fish in these troubled waters proposed these high demands.  

1. That the independence of the French Crown be declared.  
2. That the Counsel of Trent be never published in this Kingdom.  
3. That his Majesty shall be desired to declare that upon his Coronation oath for extirpation of heresies, he understood not or comprehended his subjects of the Religion.  
4. That in all public Acts it shall be inserted no more the pretended reformed Religion, but only, Religion.  
5. That their Ministers shall be paid by the King, etc.   
These with divers other Propositions were first made at Grenoble where the King permitted them to Assemble, but Lesdigueres could not endure them there, therefore they removed to Nismes, and thence to Rochel, notwithstanding that the King commanded the contrary. The Prince of Condé had an Agent in the Assembly, who much pressed them to enter into the ligue with him, which they did at last, and writ a Letter to the King of the cause of their conjunction with Condé.  
And as the King was importuned by them of the Religion one way, so was he solicited by the Roman Catholics of Bearn on the other side, that his Majesty would please to restablish them in the possession of their goods, whereof they were deprived by jane d'Albret his paternal grandmother. Amongst these counter-distractions, there came news unto the King that the 6000. Swisses which he had from the Protestant Cantons, had quitted his pay and party and returned to their own Country by the persuasion and practices of them of the Religion.  
Madame the King's sister being recovered, He went to Bourdeaux 
Anno 1615.  where the Spanish Ambassador came to demand her for the Prince of Castille; The Duke of Guise had a Procuration to marry her the next day, which he did the Cardinal of Sourdis officiating, and the piety of the King much appeared in the ceremony, because he commanded the Cardinal's Chair should be put on a higher ground than his. The same day the Duke of Lerma married the Infanta of Spain in Burgos for the King of France. These nuptial ceremonies being performed, Madam, now Princess of Castille, departed from Bourdeaux conducted by the Duke of Guyse, and in regard a rumour ran that they of the Religion, as also the Count of Grammont with others who were said to have ligued with Condé, had waylaid the young Bride, the King commanded all the Regiment of his guard to attend her; putting himself in the interim in the hands of them of Bourdeaux. The exchange of the two Princesses was made upon a river called Bidasso hard by St. john de Luz which separats those two mighty Kingdoms, there were two stately Barges to waft them, the Spaniards on their side had a huge vast globe representing the world, raised upon a pavilion very high which made an ostentous show; The Duke of Guise took exception at it, and protested he would never bring o'er the Princess till it was taken down, which was done accordingly. The next day the young Queen came to Bayon, where Luynes, than favourite to the King, attended her with a Letter all written by the King himself in these words.  
Madame, since I cannot, according to my desire, find myself near you, at your entrance into my Kingdom, to put you in possession of the power I have, as also of my entire affection to love and serve you; I send towards you Luynes one of my confident'st servants to salute you in my name, and tell you, that you are expected by Me with much impatience to offer unto you myself. I pray therefore receive him favourably, and to believe what he shall tell you, Madam, from your most dear friend and servant  
Lewis.  
Luynes delivered her also from the King two rich Standards of Diamonds which she received and kissed; and from her table at Supper She sent a dish of meat unto him; In the morning She returned this Answer to the King.  
Sir, I much rejoiced at the good news Luynes brought Me of your Majesty's health, I come therewith, being most desirous to arrive where I may serve my Mother, and so I am making haste to that purpose, and to kiss your Majesty's hand, whom God preserve as I desire:  
Anne.  
Being come afterwards to Bourdeaux, they both received the nuptial benediction in magnificence, according to the quality of the act and the persons, and medals were made and thrown up and down with this Motto— aeternae foedera Pacis, pledges of eternal peace: but the Poet that made that piece of verse for a Motto was no good Prophet; 
Anno 1615.  for the eternal peace he spoke of, lasted not many years between the two nations, who notwithstanding that nature hath conjoined them near enough in point of local distance, there being but a small river, whereon the two Princesses were exchanged, that severs them, yet there is no two people on earth are further asunder, and more differing in disposition, affections and interests, being herein right Antipodes one to the other. By this alliance is verified the saying of the Italian, that Kings may wed, but kingdoms never. It appears also hereby, what a hard destiny, and sorry condition attends the daughters of Sovereign Princes, who are commonly made sacrifices of State, and oblations for Political respects, being also to be married to aliens, and ofttimes to husbands of a different Religion, they are wood by Proxy, they must choose by picture, fancy upon trust, and tied in a knot indissoluble to one they never saw but in effigy perchance, and afterwards they must be contented to be unpatriated, disterred, and as it were banished for ever from their own sweet native soil, and the air they first breathed: yet as the Civilian saith, although they are the end of the House whence they come, they are the beginning of that wherein they enter.  
While the King was celebrating his nuptials in his town of Bourdeaux by divers inventions and exercises of pastime and pleasure, as masks, tilting, plays, balls, and dances, Condé with his Confederates, leads another kind of dance up and down France, but while he danced and revealed thus, the poor Country sung lachrymae, being pitifully oppressed, torn and harassed in most parts, there being six or seven armies in motion on both sides: he increased mightily by concourse of partisans, by conjunction of them of the Religion, and by divers successful rencounters; The King on the other side was at a very low ebb, having exhausted that two millions and a half of livres he had taken himself in person out of the Bastile, and being put to hard shifts to get money to defray his ordinary expenses, the town of Bourdeaux to her eternal glory, showed herself careful of his honour and supplied him. Add hereunto that two whole armies fell from him, that of the Suisse consisting of 6000. and that under the Duke of Vendosm being the greater of the two, the one only left him, the other turned against him, and the whole body of them of the Religion declared itself against him, and actually helped the other side: Moreover, his Parliament at Paris would not verify his Edicts. Yet in the midst of all these straits, He marcheth resolutly from Bourdeaux with his new Queen to join his army with Bois Dauphin, with a purpose either to present battle to the adverse party, or to draw them to a treaty; Espernon met him in the way with 4000 foot, and 500 horse. The Duke of Nevers did very much labour and made journeys to and fro for an accommodation, and his endeavours took so good effect, that a Conference was agreed on at Lodun; where Commissioners were appointed, and did meet on both sides: in the interim the Duke of Guyse performed a notable exploit, with 2000 of the King's prime horses, wherewith he set upon three Regiments of Condés at Nantueil, which he 
Anno 1616.  slew, took, and put to flight, carrying all their colours to the King for a present. Hereupon a suspension of arms was accorded through all the Kingdom, except in Anjou, Perch, and the frontiers of Brittany where Vendosm continued all acts of hostility, notwithstanding that he had his Deputy at the Conference.  
The King was then advanced to Chastel le Heraud, where Villeroy delivered him the Articles of the Truce signed by the Princes, and where a Legate came from the Pope to deliver him the Imperial Sword, and to the Queen the Rosetree of flowers, and leaves of gold.  
Thence the King went to Blois where after a long debate, an Edict of Pacification was published upon the Treaty of Lodun, which consisted of 54. Articles, wherein all the Princes, with their adherents, as also They of the Religion found satisfaction, and divers persons of base condition were nominated therein, which the world cried shame upon. By this Edict the King approved of all actions passed, as having been done for his Service, and by consequence tacitly disadvowed what He and his Counsel had ordained to the contrary. The former Arrests of the Court of Parliament of Paris which the King had suspended were reestablished, and they of the Counsel of State annulled, and many high demands were accorded to them of the Religion; The Chancellor Sillery, and divers others who were the King's Favourites before, were outed of their offices.  
Besides the said Edict there were also secret Articles condescended unto, containing rewards and honours to some particular men in lieu of punishment and they were presented in a private close way to the Parliament to be verified with the gran Edict; The Court waved them a while, but afterwards by express commandment of the Kings, and by a Declaration he made that those secret Articles contained no more than what was granted in the secret Articles of the Edict of Nants already verified by the same Court, the business passed, though with much reluctancy, for if those of Nants were verified, what need these being the same, have a second verification? This, as it were enforced Verification, was accompagnied with Letters Patents from the King in special favour to the Prince of Condé; and others Letters in favour of them of the Religion, by which his Majesty declared, not to have understood his subjects of the Reformed pretended Religion in the Oath and Protestation he had made at his Coronation, to employ his sword and power for the extirpation of heresies; which put the world in an astonishment, because it made the meaning of the Taker of that Oath, and of the Prelate who administered it, to differ. This turned afterwards rather to the disadvantage than the benefit of the Demanders, for those hard and high terms which reflected so much upon the conscience of a young King, stuck deep in his breast, nor could he ever digest them, as will appear in the ensuing Story: Nor was his honour thought much to suffer hereby, being newly come out of his nonage, little versed in the art of Government, and having not attained that courage and years which use to strike awe into Subjects. 
Anno 1616.   
This shrewd tempest being passed, the weather broke up and cleared; And the King brought his new Queen to Paris, having surmounted such a world of difficulties, and waded through a sea of troubles; he had been absent thence near upon a twelvemonth, therefore you may well imagine with what joy, and triumph the Parisians received him; Observable it is that in this voyage the King notwithstanding that he had condescended to hard capitulations, yet he attained his main ends, which was to perfect the Alliance with Spain, and to fetch home his wife in safety, which he did maugre the great Martial oppositions that were made by most of the Princes of France who maligned the match.  
In this year there happened some ill-favoured jars in Italy 'twixt the Dukes of Savoy, and Mantova, about Monferrat; The King employed thither the Marquis of Coewres to compose the difference, but he returned without doing any good, notwithstanding that the Ambassador of his Majesty of Great Britain joined with him; He sent afterwards the Marquis of Rambovillet, who carried himself with more address, for he tampered with the affections of the French and Swisses, which made the better part of the Duke of Savoys army, with such dexterity, that the Duke entering into a diffidence of them, harkened to a Treaty. Don Pedro de Toledo then Governor of Milan was armed for the Mantovan, and by this Treaty both Parties were to disband; in the interim if the Spaniard attempted any thing upon Monferrat, France should assist his Highness of Savoy. But the Spaniard though he attempted nothing, yet he reinforced his Troops, which struck an apprehension of fear into the Venetians (who of all Nations are most eagle-eyed to foresee dangers) because there was a small difference 'twixt them, and the Archduke of Grats about the Uscochi, which made them confederate, and co-arme with the Savoyard: there were great Forces on both sides, and Don Pedro took Verselli, & Damian, but his Majesty of France employed thither Mons. de Bethune, who procured a Treaty in Pavia to that end, which took effect; but the Spaniard afterwards delaying to give up Vercelli, Modene Luynes kinsman was sent thither who did the work; The difference also 'twixt the Republic and the Archduke of Grats was accommoded by French intercession, so that in less than a twelve months, four Ambassadors went from France to Italy.  
About this time the Lord Hayes, afterwards Earl of Carlisle, came in a very splendid equippage to Paris, to congratulate, in his Majesty of Great Britain's name, 1. The alliance with Spain: 2. The arrival of the new Queen: 3. The King's return to Paris: 4. The end of the late wars. The French Chroniclers relate that his chiefest errand was to propound a Match between the Prince of Wales, (now King of England) and the Lady Christina, second daughter to Henry the Great; but they are much mistaken; for the said Ambassador might happily have instructions to look upon and view the said Lady, but for any overture of marriage, much less any proposition there was none, the 
Anno 1616.  intents of England aiming then more southward, and there was matter enough for an Ambassador extraordinary besides at that time.  
The King, the two Queens, and the whole Court being now settled at Paris, the discontented Princes repaired also thither, but Conde being newly recovered of a dangerous sickness, (which some took as a judgement upon him) lagged behind, and excused his coming till all the Articles of the late Treaty were performed, whereunto the King may be said to be no less then compelled, being, among other ties forced to revoke part of the solemn Oath he took at his Coronation, that thereby they of the Religion might rest contented: At last Conde came, and was entered into a perfect redintegration of grace and favour at Court with the rest of his Confederates.  
So after such turbid times there was an interval of fair weather, but the Air was suddenly o'er o'er cast again with clouds, and the chief Meteor whence they sprung was the power and privacy of the Marshal of Ancre at Court. The Queen Mother had advice of certain clandestine meetings, and secret consultations held to alter the Government, and to demolish Ancre; hereupon Themines (who received the Truncheon to be Marshal the same day) apprehended the Prince of Conde in the Lowre, and carried him thence to prison; the report hereof startled divers others, and old Bovillon being then at a Sermon in Charenton, durst not come back to look upon the Bastile; so he with the Dukes of Main, Nevers, Guyse and divers other retired and armed under pretence of reforming of abuses in the State, and for the public good. Poor France, how often hath private interest of some aspiring spirits been termed in thee by the specious name of Public good? How often have thy discontented Grandees ground the faces of thy innocent peasants? How often hast thou turned the sword into thine own bowels, and swomm in the blood of thine own children? How often have thy Towns been turned to Hospitals, thy fields to deserts under the gilded pretext of Reformation?  
The arrest of Conde alarmed all France, and a politic rumour was spread in Paris that the Marshal of Ancre had murdered him in the Lowre, though he was then at Amiens 100 miles off. This made the Beast with many heads run furiously to his House in the suburbs of Saint German, which they sacked and plundered most pitifully, they unplanked his rooms, grubbed up his trees, and committed divers barbarismes besides. The King caused a Declaration to be published full of vigorous expressions tending to this purpose.  
Lewis by the grace of God King of France and Navarr, to all who shall see these present Letters, greeting. It is with incredible regret which pierceth Our very heart, that We must so often employ Our Authority to repress the mischievous desseins of them, who seek the raising of their fortunes, in the ruins of Our Estates, and in the prodigious cruelty of civil wars, take an unbridled liberty to do what law and reason forbids: And We are the more sensible hereof, because the remedies We must use, for the safety of our Person, and the welfare of this Kingdom, must diffame our own blood, and render it culpable of impiety both against Us, who are in place of a Father 
Anno 1616.  to our subjects, as also against their own Country which is reverenced as a Mother by all people though never so barbarous.  
So he goes on to relate the Treaty at Lodun, and the last Pacification which had cost him twenty millions of livres; and what grace he had done to Conde and his Complices.  
Yet the excess of Our grace and favour hath not been able to repress the disordinate wills of them, who find no rest but in trouble, and ground their hopes upon Our destruction: for before and after the return of Our Cousin the Prince of Conde to Paris, there have been Nocturnal Assemblies held in Saint Martin and other places with consultations to debauch and abuse the people, and undermine those who have Martial Offices under us, and to excite them to commotion; Curates and Preachers have been tampered withal to vent scandalous Doctrine, and means were consulted on to seize upon Our Royal Person, and our most honoured Mother, and to Cantonize France under the specious veil of reforming the State: All which hath been told us by some of the best of Our subjects who were present at some of their consultations, and close meetings; And We were also advised by foreign Ambassadors to have a care of ourselves, etc.  
This was the substance of the King's Declaration, but all would not do, to contain the Princes within the bounds of obedience, many of them had retired to Picardy, and seized upon divers places which they fortified apace. A little after the Prince of Conde was clapped up, the Duke of Vendosm was seized on, but he scaped by a wile; The Chancellor and Secretaries of State with other Officers were changed; And in this hurly burly the young Bishop of Lucon afterwards Cardinal of Richelieu, having been designed for Ambassador to Spain, was made principal Secretary of State.  
The Marshal of Ancre, notwithstanding that he had understood how he was hated in Paris, and that his House was so plundered in a popular fury, yet was he nothing daunted, but comes boldly to Court, and presently three Armies were raised and appointed to repress the Mutineers; One under the Duke of Guyse who was charmed to come in by the Queen Mother: The second under Marshal Montigny; and the third under the Count of Auvergne, (who was freed from his 11. years close imprisonment in the Bastile for that purpose) and had already besieged the Duke of Main at Soissons, and much straitened him.  
While this huge storm was dropping pitifully upon poor France, there were secret consultations held by some in the Lowre how to hurl Him into the Sea who was the cause of the tempest, which was cried up to be the foresaid Ancre.  
He knew too well how he was maligned in Court and Country, and the young King's affection towards him began now to brandle, and all this was by the suggestions of Luynes, who was one of the greatest Confidentst the King had, having been his servant from his childhood, and was versed in his genius more than any: Ancre had practised to remove him from the King's Person, with some others whom 
Anno 1616.  he suspected to do him ill offices.  
Besides this feud 'twixt the King and Princes, there was another petty war then a foot betwixt the Duke of Espernon, and the Rochellers, the ground whereof was that they would not acknowledge him Governor of the Country of Aunis, and of their Town, which he pretended to derive by Patent from the reign of Henry the third. He had also a grudge unto them that they had debauched the conscience of the Count of Candalle his son by inducing him to abjure his Religion, and to profess theirs; Espernon was commanded to wave that quarrel, and to come to assist against the Princes: divers others were wrought upon to abandon their party; amongst the rest the Duke of Nevers was much sought, and he refusing, he was accused to have said, That he was descended of a better House than the Queen Mother; which he utterly disavowed, and offered to combat the raiser of that report in Duel.  
The obloquy and hatred of Ancre increased daily, and the executing of Colonel Stuard and Hurtevant, with erecting of new gibbets in divers places about Paris, and one upon the new Bridge hard by the Lowre in terrorem,— all which was imputed to the Marshal of Ancre, exasperated the humours of the Parisians against him more and more, in so much that it was an easy thing to be a Prophet what would become of him. Luynes with others at Court infused daily new thoughts of diffidence of him into the young King, who had taken exception at some personal comportment of his, by putting on his Hat when he played with him at Biliards: so in a close Cabinet consultation 'twixt the King, Luynes, and Vitry who was Captain of his Guard, the King gave him command to seize upon the said Marshal of Ancre, and in case of resistance to kill him; The business was carried wonderful close, and two days after the Marshal entering the Lowre, Vitry was prepared with his guard about him, and while the Marshal was reading of a Letter, Vitry comes and grapples him by the shoulder, and told him he was commanded by the King to arrest him; Me? said Ancre, yes you by the death of God, (mort Dieu) replied Vitry: hereupon Ancre laying his hand upon his sword to deliver it, as most thought, Vitry with a loud voice cried out, Kill him, thereupon he received three Pistols shots into his body, and was presently dispatched; Vitry with naked sword in his hand cried out, that none should stir; For he had executed but the King's commands. Hereupon those hundred gentlemen which had attended the Marshal that morning to the Queen's Court where he was used to go the back way slunk away: and not one drawn sword appeared amongst them.  
The King being above in a gallery and hearing a noise below, asked what the matter was? one answered, that the Marshal of Ancre was killed, and being told the manner, he said, I will make good what Vitry hath done, and giving a caper, he said, I am now King of France, I have no competitor. Vitry presently after broke into Leonora's chamber Anchors wife seized upon her person, upon all her Trunks and Cabinets, 
Anno 1616.  where in gold, and jewels there was the value of above an hundred thousand pounds sterling. Her Chamber was next the Queen Mothers, who sending in for Vitry, asked him without any show of dismay whether he had killed the Marshal; Yes Madam, said he: and why? because the King had commanded me.  
Anchors body was buried in a little Church hard by the Lowre, and stones laid and flatted upon the grave, but the next morning, the laquays of the Court, and rabble of the City, came and digged up his coffin, toare his winding sheet, and dragged his body through the gutters, and hanged it upon the new gibbet which he had commanded to be set up upon the new bridge, where they cut off his nose, ears, and genitories, which they sent for a Present to the Duke of Main at Soissons, and nailed his ears to the gates of Paris, the rest of his body was burned, and part of the ashes hurled into the river, and part into the air. His wife was then imprisoned, searched and razed for a Witch, though little or no proofs (God wot) were produced against her, only that she employed some Jews; as also that she had bewitched a Spanish Ginet the Duke of Main had at Soissons which he should have mounted one morning, but monsieur Maurice his son who was Keeper of one of the chiefest Academies of Paris riding him before, and the Horse having pranced and curveted a good while under him, he suddenly fell, gave a groan and so breathed his last, and the Rider was taken up for dead, and continued in a sleepy trance 48. hours together. So she was also executed afterwards, and the difference 'twixt her husband and her was this, that she had the favour to die after Sentence was given, and he before, for his indictment was made after his death, and then his sentence passed when he was in t'other world.  
Thus Conchino Conchini (a Florentin born) Marquis of Ancre, and Marshal of France was demolished, or rather extinguished, in a most disastrous manner, and his wife Leonora Galligay beheaded, who showed a notable Roman resolution at the block; their estate, which was not above four thousand pound sterling per an. was given to Luynes most part of it; They left one only male child who being young was sent to Italy, where he lives to this day in a Noble equippage by the title of Earl of Pena: though pronounced ignoble in France by an arrest of the Court of Parliament: A stout man this Marquis of Ancre was, a good Soldier, and a complete Courtier, he was endowed with divers good parts, only he wanted moderation, and therein he did degenerate from an Italian.  
There were divers censures abroad of this act of the young Kings, and indeed it was the worst thing he did in all his life, being an act fitter for the Seraglio, than his Castle of the Lowre: for the wisest sort of men wondered that he should slain the walls of his Court, with a Christians blood in that manner, without any legal proceeding against the party. He sent Letters to the several Princes that were in arms, to content them, as also to satisfy the world; and all of them of this tenor following.  
My Cousin, I doubt not but in the course of affairs which have passed since 
Anno 1617.  the death of the late King my Lord and Father (whom God absolve) you have observed how the Marshal of Ancre and his wife abusing my minority, and the power which they acquired upon the spirit of the Queen my Mother, have projected to usurp all authority, to dispose absolutely of all matters of State, and to deprive me of the means to take cognisance of mine own affairs; a dessein which they have pushed on so far, that hitherto there hath remained unto me but the sole name of a King, and that it was a kind of capital crime for my Officers and subjects to have acces unto me, and to entertain me with any serious discourse; which it pleasing God to make me perceive, and to point out the danger which my Person and State were like to incur by such an exorbitant ambition, being compelled by some considerations, and inspired by Counsel from above, I resolved to secure the person of the said Marshal, and therefore I commanded the Captain of my Guard to arrest him within my Castle the Lowre; which he attempting to do, the said Marshal being well accompagnied offered to oppose my said command, and certain blows being given the said Marquis fell down dead, etc. So he tells him that he intends for the future to take the reins of Government into his own hands. Wherefore he exhorts him to return near his Person, and take his due rank in Court and Counsel. And concludes that if he renders proofs answerable to the esteem he makes of his affection towards him, he will be ready to acknowledge it.  
Many Letters went abroad from the King of this tenor, and they took such effect that all arms were thrown down every where, and the Princes repaired to Court: Now and not before it may be said that the King began to reign: by this change, France changed her countenance, old Officers were restored to their places; Sillery was made Chancellor again, Du Vair, and Villeroy were restored with divers others; and the Bishop of Lucon left the Secretariship of State, and retired, though he was offered to be still of the Privy Counsel if he would stay. The Queen Mother showed herself a true Queen of her passions herein, for though her favourite, and foster sister were torn away from her thus, yet such was her temper, that she discovered no extraordinary resentment, that which she said, she took ill was, that the King did not impart unto her his intentions, for she would willingly have concurred to do all things to his contentment; The King appointed her the Castle of Blois to reside in, and coming to take his leave of her, he thanked her for the pains she had taken in Government, but he resolved to sit now at the helm himself, and if she would be a good Mother to him, she should find him a good Son.  
The Marchiones of Ancre was not executed till the Queen was gone from Paris, at her arraignment she showed an Amazonian courage, and the subtlety of her spirit put all men in admiration; she denied, with much disdain, all kind of witchcraft and sorcery, (and indeed the proofs were little or none at all against her) She confessed that she had conveyed some moneys out of the Kingdom, but it was either for the King's service, or for her own utility; for the first, it deserved rather a reward, for the second there was no law against any stranger to do the like; she 
Anno 1617.  acknowledged to have received divers favours of the Queen her Mistress in whose service she had employed her whole life, and to receive favours from great Princes was never held a crime till now; she often dehorted her husband from some violent courses he took, which made her make a separation of her estate from his, fearing that some funestous accident might befall him; but it being granted that she had concealed the defauts of her husband, there was never any law that could punish, much less condemn a wife for that; In conclusion, she defended herself with that caution and courage, that many of the Judges were of opinion that banishment was enough for her; but the quality of the times, and state of things transported the Judges to extraordinary rigour.  
Upon the Scaffold she carried herself with such a scorn of death, and with that exemplary piety and patience, that she mollified the hearts of all the spectators, and sent hundreds away with wet eyes, amongst whom were divers of those who had embrued their hands so barbarously in her husband's blood.  
Vitry had the Truncheon to be Marshal of France hereupon, and out of the ruins of Ancre Luynes raised his fortunes, which may be said to be three stories higher, for he suddenly hoist not only himself but his two brethren, Cadenet & Brand, to an incredible height, which made one fix upon the Lowre gate this pasquil Aux trois Rois, at the the three Kings; some cried out that the tyranny was not changed but only the tyrant; That the same Tavern stood still, only it had a new bush.  
Luynes had given him the Marquisat of Ancre, and all the Stable possessions of the Marshal: but Du Vair a good while would not let it pass the Great Seal, in regard that by an Arrest of the Court of Parliament all their Stable goods were confiscated and reunited to the Crown, and he stood stiff in this until the King had given him the Bishopric of Lysieux, and having then fixed the Seal, the French Pasquin began to tell him, Et Homo factus sum; a little after the King married his Favourite Luynes to the Duke of Montbazons daughter, He gave the Duke twenty thousand pound sterling, and made him Governor of the Isle of France, the Duke of Main being translated to Guienne.  
The King desiring to be in good intelligence with all his Subjects, fell upon a new reach of Policy by the advice of his Counsel, which was, that in regard he had found that the Assembly of the State's General brought with it more trouble than utility, in regard of the discrepant humours and interests which such a number of men of various conditions, Professions and Religions carried with them, instead of the State's General, he convokes an Assembly of notables as he termed it, composed of some selected Persons out of every Order, whereunto should be added some Counsellor out of every Court of Parliament. Which being fewer in number would not breed such a confusion; And this Assembly should be equipollent to that of the State's General, and their acts so obligatory. To this end the King's Writs were issued out, the day and place appointed which was the City of Roven; All 
Anno 1617.  solemnly met there in the Archbishop's Hall, where after the King, the Chancellor made a grave Oration, that his Majesty's pious intentions to call them thither, was to regulat and policy the State, and to ease the Subject. The first four days were spent in settling the ranks of the Deputies; and a great clash fell 'twixt the Nobles, and the Deputies of Parliaments, whom the Nobles said they had reason to precede, in regard they took them to be but Members of the third Estate, but they disadvowed that quality, and stood to their Sovereign Jurisdiction which extended over the Nobles as well as other persons; nor could they be called the third Estate, because they never used to meet in the Assembly of the State's General; The Nobles alleged the lustre of their birth, the excellence of the Profession of Arms above the gown, strengthening their cause with divers other arguments: but the difference being left undecided, the King resolved that the Nobles should be placed about the Person of the King; but with this proviso, that it should not prejudice the second rank they have by Fundamental right In the convention of the State's General, which is next the Clergy; and for delivering of Opinions, the King inordred, that in matters concerning the Church the Clergy should vote first, in matters of War the Nobles, in matters of Law the Officers of Justice, in matters of the Revenue of the Crown, the Exchequer men, and Financiers.  
In this Assembly were agitated and concluded many wholesome things; First,  

1. That the Secret affairs of State be communicated to few, and those of known probity, and prudence, for fear of discovery.  
2. That the expense of the King's House, and the salary of Military men be regulated.  
3. That Pensions be retrenched.  
4. That a course be taken to regulat gifts and rewards which are to be made in silver.  
5. That it be illegal to sell any Offices in the King's House, in War, or Government.  
6. That reversion of Offices, and Benefices be restrained, because it gives occasion to attempt upon the lifes of the living Incumbents, and takes away the King's Liberty, to advance persons of merit, taking also from the persons themselves, the encouragement of doing better by hope of advancement.  
7. That the Annuel right be suppressed.  
8. That the venality of Offices be prohibited.  
9 That small wrangling Courts, and the number of Pettifoggers be retrenched, and that all causes be brought to the Sovereign Courts.   
These in gross were the Results of this Assembly which proceeded with a great deal of harmony, the King himself was present most of the time, and in his absence Monsieur presided; There passed also a Law to permit the Jesuits to open their College of Clermont in Paris, and to endoctrinat young youth in the Sciences; But the University of Paris to make this Edict illusory, made two Decrees, by the first, it was ordered that none should be admitted to the course of Theology, 
Anno 1618.  unless he have studied three years under the public Professors of the Faculty of Theology in Sorbon; and that he be put to his oath not to have studied in any other College. The second was, A prohibition to all Principals of Colleges, for admitting any, but those that go to the Lectures of the Professors of the said University, and that none shall enjoy the Privileges of Scholarity if he studieth not under those Professors. An indifferent moderate man said that there was no way to end this quarrel, but that the Jesuits might be united to the body of the University, and so submit themselves entirely to their Laws and Ordinances.  
We will conclude this lustre with a horrible fire that happened in the City of Paris in the chief Palace of justice, it raged most in the great Hall where the Lawyers and Counsellors use to meet, where also the Statues of the Kings of France are set up, and are ranked according to the times of their reign in excellent Sculpture, all which were utterly reduced to cendres, with the Table of Marble about which the Judges were used to sit; The cause of this fire is to this day unknown; but it might be very well interpreted to be a visible judgement from heaven upon that place and Palace for the hard measure of Justice, the Marshal of Ancre and his Lady had received a little before; Which makes me call to mind a Latin verse, I have read upon a Stat-House in Delft in Holland, which had been burnt in like manner and re-edified, not one other house about it receiving any hurt.  

Cive, quid, invito, proh sola, redarguit usta  
Haec Domus, illaesis aliis?—  
Discite justitiam moniti, & non temnere Divos.   
An end of the second Lustre.   

The third Lustre of the Reign of Lewis the thirteenth.  
WE ended the last Lustre with the end of the old Palace of Justice 
Anno 1619.  in Paris by an unknown furious fire, which made the disaster more horrid. We will begin this with bonfires of joy, for the Marriage of the Lady Christina, second daughter of Henry the Great, to the Prince of Piedmont, who came in Person to Paris to do his own business: he comported himself with that address, that politenes, that bravery of spirit accompagnied with such gentleness, that he gained much upon the French Nation; The business was not long a finishing, for Henry the Great was well pleased with an ouverture that had been made formerly by the said Prince for the Eldest daughter, who was married to Spain: She had for her Dower 1200. thousand French livres, which comes to one hundred and twenty thousand pound sterling; besides the rich jewels she carried with her. 
Anno 1619.   
The Queen Mother was all this while at Blois; and some ombrages of distrust hung 'twixt the King and her; for the Bishop of Lucon being by command removed from her, Mounsieur Roissy was sent expressly by the King to attend her, whom the Queen took to be no other than a kind of Spy, to watch over her actions; nor was she invited to the marriage of her daughter, which was solemnised at Paris; and with this marriage it seems the King did consummate his own by bedding with the Queen his wife, which he had not done since he had married her at Bordeaux almost four years before, where he lay with her only two hours; and though this was done for fear it should hinder his growth, and enervat his strength, yet there were some whispers that it was done with an intent to be divorced from her, and Luynes was blamed for it; Hereupon he finding the King one night inclinable, took him out of his bed in his arms, and casting his nightgown over him he carried him to the Queen's bed; The Nuncio, and Spanish Ambassador were so joyed at this, that they presently dispatched expresses to carry the news, and bonfires were made thereupon both in Rome, and Madrid, for there were some surmises abroad that so long a separation from bed, would turn in time to an aversion, which might draw after it a repudiation, and so a divorce.  
While the King was thus confirming his own, and celebrating his sister's Nuptials in Paris, there were tidings brought that his Mother got out of Blois Castle, and was conveyed away secretly in the night through a window which was towards the moat, where she glided down a good height upon a counter scarp, and so made an escape. The King had sent Father Arnoul the director of his conscience a little before under colour of compliment to visit her, but the design was to draw from her a solemn oath, that she would not come to the King's Court without his preadvertisement, and approbation, which oath she took upon the Evangelists: He sent her also word, that he and the Prince of Piedmont now her son in law would come to visit her; but she knew well enough how matters were carried at Court, and so she gave little credit to those endearments, fearing there was too strong a drug under the pill.  
Her escape was traced by Espernon the little Gascon Duke who had been from the beginning a great servant of Ladies, there had been divers clashings and counterbuffs 'twixt him and the gownsmen of the law; amongst others Duke Vair the then Lord Keeper and he could not agree; Du Vair did him ill offices to Luynes, who began to malign him more and more. So the little Duke had two mighty enemies at once, the one full of cunning, the other of credit with the King, therefore being at the Town of Metz, the King sent him order not to stir thence, because there were like to be wars in Germany; Espernon sent answer that he being in the next place to Germany had received certain advice that there are no commotions like to be there, that his Majesty's service, and his own affairs were all in a disarray in Guienne, and that he knew not in what to serve him there, unless it 
Anno 1619.  were to convey his packets to and fro; Therefore he humbly desired his Majesty's permission to go for Guienne whither some pressing occasions called him, and that La Vallette his son shall render him a good account of that place.  
The Queen Mother and he had much private intelligence, and she sent him an express to complain unto him of her hard condition, and withal she sent the Original of a late Letter unto her from the King, wherein he permits her to go to any Town or place throughout his Dominions (his own Court excepted), so in conclusion she prays and conjures him as he was a Cavalier to help her out, and conduct her to Angoulesme. The old Duke was glad of this advantageous conjuncture of things, therefore without any further attendance of the King's pleasure, he suddenly leaves Metz commanding the Gates to be close shut for two days after his departure, and so went towards the Queen Mother with a resolution to intermingle his interests and dangers with hers; So he employed le Plessis a confident of his, who received the Queen first of all out of the Castle window▪ and conveyed her over the river in the dead of night, where she met the Archbishop of Tholouse after Cardinal de la Valette with 15. horse, and a little further the Duke himself with 60. great horse, for he would have no more, for making too great a noise, so he attended her to Angoulesme.  
The King resented to the quick this presumption and hardiness of the Duke, who being asked how he durst venture upon so dangerous an enterprise, he answered, Because I would have two cables to my Ship in a storm that was like to fall upon me. The King hereupon frames an army to chastise the insolence of Espernon; the Duke of Guyse was commanded to come from Province, and the Duke of Main from Given, to meet him about Angoulesme with forces. Some held it to be a derogatory and unbefitting thing in the King to keep such a stir for to have a revenge upon his own Mother, and upon a Vassal, and an old Officer of the Crown, and so advised his Majesty to go thither with his ordinary Guards: Others counselled him to separat the interests of the Queen Mother from the Dukes, and to send a person of quality to her to dispose of her to a conformity to his pleasure, and to leave the Duke to stand upon his own legs. To which purpose divers were sent unto her from the King, but in vain, for she could never be brought to abandon the interests of Espernon who had exposed himself to such dangers for her. Hereupon the Bishop of Lucon (afterwards Cardinal of Richelieu) who was retired to Avignon, and had been in great esteem with her formerly, was sent for by the King's command to atetnd the Queen, and being a man of eloquence, and of powerful reasons, he moulded the Queen's mind as he pleased, and fitted it for a reconciliation; being thus prepared, the King sent Marossan unto her to assure her of the obedience and love of a Son; and withal to demand of her a dimission of the government of Normandy for other places which she should have in exchange. She asked Marossan whether 
Anno 1619.  he brought any letters from the King about that, he said no, because the King at the first interview would speak with her by word of mouth about it, but he was resolved not to write to her: and why so? replied the Queen. Madame, said he, I have not in charge to tell you the reason, but if you command me I will; You will do me a pleasure, said she; It is, Madam, because the King having written unto you a letter full of affection at Blois wherein he was willing you might go into any other place within his Kingdom, you gave the letter to the Duke of Espernon, thereby to afford him means to colour his conveying you away from Blois and conduct you hither; for fear therefore that you would do the like again, he is resolved to write no more unto you of any matter of moment.  
The Queen enlarged herself upon that subject, saying, That any body would do as she did being in captivity, there being nothing that the brute animals desire more than freedom, and therefore this inclination was not to be wondered at in rational creatures; so she came to the point and conformed herself to the King's desires in every thing.  
Matters being brought to this pass, the King suffered the Prince of Piedmont to go visit her, which he had long desired with much impatience; being come with his brother Prince Thomaso near Angoulesme, Espernon with a hundred great horse went to meet them, in a handsome equippage; The Prince stayed there some days to wait upon his new Mother in law, and at his departure she gave him a Diamond of high price which was the Emperor Ferdinand's her Grandfather, and so he returned to the King.  
A while afterthere was an interview appointed 'twixt the King and his Mother at Cousieres a House of the Duke of Monbazons in Touraine; The Duke of Espernon attended her to the farthest limits of his government, and at parting she gave him a rich Diamond, conjuring him never to part with it, but that it might be preserved from father to son as an eternal gage of her gratitude, and in memory of the gallant and most signal service which he had rendered her to the hazard of his life and fortune: The Duke used to wear the said Diamond afterwards upon his finger in a ring upon festival days which he said cost him two hundred thousand Crowns.  
The Queen being come to the place of meeting, Luynes who was now made Duke and Peer of France, and Governor of Normandy, was sent from the King beforehand; after his first audience the Queen brought him to her Cabinet where she melted into passion, and complained of the hard usage she had received, which she would quite forget; yet she could not refrain from falling still upon the mention of her hard usage, which did her no good afterwards, for Luynes thereby feared that matters passed had taken such lasting impressions in her, that they could never be defaced; and considering the vindicatif spirits of the Nation whence she came, he still mistrusted if she returned to Court, she would project some way of revenge, etc. The King came the next day in Coach with the young Queen, his two Sisters, and the two Princes of Savoy, to the House where the Queen was, and 
Anno 1619.  there was a complete glorious Court, the mutual demonstrations and postures of tenderness which Mother and Son showed at their first interview, melted the hearts of all the Spectators. A few days after all parted, the King and his Queen towards Paris, the Queen Mother to Angers, and the Princes of Piedmont put themselves in their journey to cross the Alps.  
A little after the Prince of Condé was enlarged, and the King sent him this Letter by his Favourite. My Cousin, I will not tell you how much I love you, you see it. I send my Cousin the Duke of Luynes unto you, who knows all the secrets of my heart, and will open them unto you: Come away as soon as you can, for I expect you with impatience, in the interim I will pray God to preserve you in his holy grace.  
Lovis.  
Luynes having taken his oath as Duke and Peer of France in the 
Anno 1620.  Court of Parliament, he moved the King to perfect the number of the Cavaliers of his Order, the Order of the Holy Ghost, who being an hundred by the primitive institution were now diminished to twenty eight, so there were divers more created to the number of fifty nine, whereof Luynes two brothers Cadenet and Brande were two: Luynes plot was to ingratiat himself hereby into the Nobility, but it proved otherwise, for the Competitors that were excluded, grew to be more bitterly his foes, than they who were installed Knights became his friends. Much murmuring also was at his two brothers, this Order being the next degree to bring one to be Duke and Peer of France. As the Ceremonies of these new Knights were a performing, the two Princes of the blood, Condé and Soissons being at Court, as the King was ready to sit down at dinner, the Steward of the Household delivered the towel to Soissons to give the King; Condé perceiving it, would have had it from him, but he would not part with it, so they fell to high words, one saying it was his right as he was prime Prince of the blood, the other as he was gran Master of France; as they were debating the point in hot terms, the King sent for his brother, to whom the Count of Soissons delivered it; so with much ado the King made them both friends upon the place, and the next day many hundreds of Gentlemen appearing on horseback, and offering their service on both sides, there came out a strict Order from the King, there should be no more stirring in the business.  
It fortuned about this time that the young Queen fell sick, and there were extraordinary Offices of devotion performed for her recovery, and a general Procession Ordred, where the whole Court of Parliament assisted in their red robes: The Queen being recovered she employed the fifteen thousand Crowns which the King had given her for a ball to works of Piety and Charity.  
The King's Exchequer was at a very low ebb at this time, whereupon there came out an Edict called the Bursall Edict which tended to raise money, and the King mistrusting the verification of it by the 
Anno 1620.  Court of Parliament, went thither himself in great state, where the Lord Keeper made a speech a bout it: The Prime Precedent answered him boldly, That the Court received violence to verify such Edicts without any precedent deliberation, that being well assured of the goodness and justice of his Majesty the Court imputed this disorder to ill counsel, and therefore desired the names of them who gave him this damnable counsel should be given up and registered in Parliament to be proceeded against accordingly; Servin the King's Advocate was more hardy, saying, That his Majesty did wrong himself to come to Parliament to authorize by his presence, that which could not be done with reason and justice.  
Yet the Edict passed, and that afternoon, the Court of Parliament was commanded to wait at the Lowre, where his Majesty told them, That he was ill edified by their Remonstrances, which he found very insolent; The Lord Keeper told them, That to some ill purpose they thought to separat the King from his Counsel, by blaming the one, and exempting the other, for being inseparable, the offence must bring the blow upon both together, a thing not to be endured by a Sovereign Prince, who is to expect punctual obedience from his subjects; so the prime Precedent making a large apology, at last they were dismissed, with recovery of the King's grace.  
The prodigious and violent promotions of Luynes in dignity, power, wealth and command, made him the object of envy to some, of hatred to others, of amazement to all; nor was he contented to hoist himself so, but he must pulley up his two brothers along with him; so there was a kind of general discontentment fomented in the hearts of the people, which was aggravated by the late shift the King had made to get money, and the clash he had with the Parliament of Paris; so men's minds were susceptible and ready to receive any impressions of mislike against the present Government. The Duke of Main had a particular discontentment, that Cadenet, afterwards Duke of Chaune which was erected into a Pairrie a Peership of France, had married the Heiress of Peguigny, whom he had sought for wife; so he with divers other Princes started out and put themselves in arms; the Count of Soissons, Vendosm, and the Gran Prior of France his brother (both natural sons to the last King) went to the Queen Mother at Angers, who quickly entered into the league; They of the Religion offered her conjunctive forces, which she waved, but the Duke of Main presently accepted of them, which made his army swell to 12000. and upwards.  
Hereupon the King sent the Duke of Montbazon to invite the Queen Mother to Court, and to assist in Counsel, but she excused herself by indisposition of body (though it was only of mind:) He sent again the Archbishop of Sens unto Her with a second invitation to Court and he would meet her in the way as far as Orleans, but she continued still distrustful, and jealous of some plot upon her, thinking that  Fistula dulce canit, volucrem dum decipit Auceps. 
Anno 1620.  
She inveighs bitterly against the present Favourites how they exhausted the King's Treasure, offended most of the Princes, and disposed of all offices and honours, making men of mean extraction lately Knights of the Holy Spirit, and excluding ancient Gentlemen of merit; these complaints she couched and enlarged in two Letters, one to the King himself, the other to the Parliament of Paris, which the Court would not open but sent them to the King.  
The discontented Princes grew daily more and more powerful, so it was high time for the King to get a Horseback, which he did, and marched first to Normandy, where the Duke of Longueville had armed, having been at the Parliament of Roven, to tell them that the ground of his grievance, as of the rest of the Princes, was the indirect and violent means that Luynes used to establish his own authority, and advance his monstrous fortune, etc. Longueville understanding the King was advancing to Roven retired to Diep with three hundred Gentlemen, who thought to make the Town of Roven to side with them, but the King's presence scared them all away; There the King sat himself in Parliament, and suspended Longueville of the Government of that great Province, and put also divers of his Complices out of Office; And so having secured Roven, he went to Caen where the Gran Prior had put a strong garrison in the Castle to stand for the Princes, Crequy had laid a siege to the Castle before the King came, and held it hot play, for the Castle was extremely well fortified both with bones and stones; The King immediately upon his arrival sent Prudent, whom the Gran Prior had placed in the said Castle, a summon to render it, Prudent refused, hereupon there was a Proclamation published, That whosoever would bring Prudent living or dead unto the King, he should have a reward of ten thousand crowns; This made Prudent tremble, and to apprehend some danger within, as well as from without, for the sound of ten thousand crowns made a mighty noise, and might work upon the garrison itself. So he sent to Crequy to know truly of him, whether the King was there in person or no, For if he were, he had rather die twenty deaths then hinder the triumph of his first arms, so he gave up the Castle without capitulation, and the King pardoned all: some gave advise to raze the Castle, but being built at first to stay and repel the Forces of the English, and being fair, large and strong, it was suffered to stand, for it might be serviceable again against that Nation.  
The report of taking Caen Castle added much to the King's honour, and struck a terror in the Mutineers. He marched thence to Man's and thence towards Angers to his Mother, in the way there were six or seven Castles that discharged their garrisons, and ranged themselves to the King's obedience. Being at Man's there came some Gentlemen to tell him from the Queen Mother that she was ready to conform herself to his Majesty's pleasure, and therefore desired a Treaty with this proviso, that all the rest who were now in Arms for her assistance might be included in the Articles; The King sent her word, that as he distinguished her Person from theirs who were now in rebellion against 
Anno 1620.  him, so he would separat her interests from theirs; for he well considered that she was his mother, they but his subjects; qualities so distant, that it was not fitting to confound them, and involve her in the same Treaty. Yet nevertheless he was willing to be gracious to all for what was passed, provided they would incontinently disarm, and implore mercy. Luynes also sent her a Compliment by the same messenger, That there was no desire so ardent in him, as to see her again with the King, as well for her own contentment, as for the repose of the Realm; But notwithstanding this gracious proffer, they stood still in arms in Angers where there were eight thousand foot, and one thousand two hundred horse well appointed, and a great confluence of Nobles. Angers being a huge vast Town, and the royal Army being but sixteen thousand foot, and one thousand five hundred horse, the Counsel of War determed, that it was more advantageous to attaque Pont de Cé not far of, then lie down before Angers; So Crequy was sent with fifteen Bataillons to that purpose, there was a furious fight 'twixt the Sons Forces and the Mothers; at last the Son prevailed, and entirely routed the enemy with slaughter of five hundred men; the next day the Castle of Pont de Cé rendered itself; the garrison was used very favourably, and all the Domestic Officers of the Queen Mother who had born Arms there, were sent unto her for a present.  
There was then a resolution to set upon Angers, but the King would not hearken unto it while his Mother was in the Town; Hereupon She sent the Cardinal of Sourdis, and the Bishop of Lucon to the King to tell him, That She threw herself between his arms, to submit her will and all her inclinations to his Commands, beseeching his Majesty that his grace might extend to all those that had assisted her. The King condescended to every thing, passed an Act of Abolition of all former faults, and the Articles of the Treaty were sent to Paris to be verified by the Court of Parliament; So the Son and the Mother had another interview at Brissac, where their actions, port, gesture, words and tears, wrought much upon the affections of all the beholders.  
The King having in less than 40. days, quelled this dangerous rebellion which like a Hydra consisted of many heads, his thoughts then reflected upon the Ecclesiastic's of Bearn, who pretended, and had consequently petitioned often unto him how much they suffered by them of the Religion; so he sent the Queen to Paris, and he took the road of Bearn a frontier place towards Spain, fastening Navarre to the foot of the Pyrenean Hills; He took Saint john d' Angeli in his way, where the Town complained of a Citadel which the Duke of Rohan would have built to keep them in captivity; He left a new Governor there behind him, and sent to Espernon to have a care of the place; thence he went to Blay (the key of Bourdeaux) where he deposed the Marquis of Aubeterre the Governor, and giving him the Truncheon of Marshal, and 100000. crowns for recompense, he put in his place Brentes third brother to Luynes after Duke of Luxenburg: At Bourdeaux he made an Edict for the reestablishment of the Roman Catholics 
Anno 1620.  of Bearn in their Primitive possessions, and sending it to Pau where the chief Council of Bearn resides to be verified, they refused to do it notwithstanding two jussions of the King to that effect.  
jane d' Albret, Henry the Greats Mother, first planted the Reformed Religion in Bearn, taking the revenues of the Roman Clergy to maintain the Ministers, she reigned divers years, and her son Henry the Fourth succeeded, who after he was King of France reestablished a few Bishops there, who gave some satisfaction for the time: The present King his son, out of a greater zeal to Rome, would put all things in statu quo prius, and would have the Church lands entirely restored, and for the maintenance of the Reformed Ministers he was willing to part with eighty thousand Franks yearly out of his own revenue: Yet the Counsel of Pau would not ratify his Edict, which Counsel was divided to three opinions.  

1. The first opinion was utterly to reject the King's Edict, and to detain still the possessions of the Church.  
2. Others thought it was fit to give the King some contentment, but in appearance only, and to verify the Edict, assuring themselves that it could never be put in execution, it would meet with so many difficulties.  
3. Others thought it best to delay the verification to another time.   
The King understanding that they were thus chopping of Logic, and that the Synod also which was there then sitting, did mainly resist the verification of his Edict; He resolves to go thither himself, though many dissuaded him from the journey by reason of the uncouth ways, the sorry lodgings, the waters in some places poisoned by Sorcerers, and the scarcity of provision, in the Lands of Bourdeaux. But none of these reasons could deter the King, therefore he prepares for his voyage, and in the interim he sent a person of quality to the Rochellers to acquaint them with the Elusory answers which the Bearnois made to his commands, and therefore he advised and required them to have nothing to do in this business; They of Rochel little regarding what the King said, but undertook the protection of the Bearnois.  
The King being advanced in his journey near Pau, the Inhabitants sent to know how he would be received, the King asked if there were ever a Church in the Town, if there were, he would enter as their Sovereign, if not, he would receive no honour in a place where God Almighty had no House to be honoured in, so he entered without any Ceremony; They of the Religion making three parts of the people forbore to send Commodities to Pau Market during the Kings sojourn there, to constrain him to go away the sooner; so that his train made hard shift to subsist all the while.  
He goes thence to Navarrenz seven leagues nearer the hills, a strong tenable place having 45. pieces of Ordnance, and 40. Culverins, the old Governor Bertrand de Sales sent the keys of the Town to the King, where he peaceably entered contrary to all expectation; he put in a new Garrison of French there, and placed another Governor, giving 
Anno 1620.  for recompense to the old 60000. Franks: He also caused Mass to be sung there which had not been done fifty years before; so having settled all things at Navarrenx he returned to Pau, where the great Church which they of the Religion had turned to a Temple was restored to the Priests, and two thousand crowns given for satisfaction; In fine having cast the Church into its old mould, and the Military with the Civil Government into a new, and leaving a competent strength with La Force to preserve both, he took post, and came safely and triumphantly to Paris in a few days.  
The Bearnois made their addresses to the French Churches, and exhibited their complaints unto them, and for their justification they alleged two reasons. One was a possession of fifty years continued without interruption of those revenues the King had ravished them of. The second was, an Ordinance of the State's General of Bearn confirmed by a Declaration of Henry the Great to that effect.  
The Roman catholics answered, That for the possession they speak of, it was violent▪ and accompagnied with rebellion and felony; Touching the Assembly of the State's General which they urged, it was altogether illegal, because the first and most noble part which was the Clergy was excluded by a cruel persecution, and for Henry the Great, he was then himself a persecutor of the Catholics.  
The French Reformed Churches which are near upon eight hundred, did much resent the usage of the Bearnois, thereupon there was a great Assembly held at Loudun without the King's permission, wherein they resolved to assist their brethren of Bearn.  
They drew up Cayers or papers to present unto the King containing sundry demands. 1. The first, that his Majesty would please to revoke his arrest given in favour of the ecclesiastics of Bearn. 2. A continuation of their Cautionary Towns four years longer, the time being now expired. 3. They demanded leave to change two Governors which were turned Catholics.  
When these Papers were presented to the King, he sent their Deputies word by Condé and Luynes that his will was, that first of all they should separat the Assembly, and six months after their separation they should be favourably answered. They prayed this promise might be digested in writing to an Act; they were answered, That it was an indecent and derogatory thing for a Monarch to treat in that manner with his subjects, as if his word were not sufficient: The Deputies received little satisfaction in this, so they returned to Loudun where the Assembly continued still notwithstanding two Declarations published by the King, wherein they were commanded to separat upon pain of being proclaimed Traitors.  
They little valued the King's Declarations, but dissolving their Assembly at Loudun, they sent summons up and down to meet at Rochel, where in a greater eagernes, and zeal to the Cause then before, they solemnly convened, notwithstanding another new Prohibition of the Kings verified by the Court of Parliament in Paris; Hereupon the business was put into deep deliberation at the Counsel of State, whether 
Anno 1620.  the King should declare war against the whole body of the Religion, or particularly against those that had met at Rochel: and the latter opinion took place, for these reasons.  

1. First, it could not stand with justice to force consciences to quit that belief which had been so long tolerated.  
2. Secondly, that declaring a war against the whole body of them of the Religion might bring in foreign aid.  
3. Thirdly, that if a war were pronounced in general, many of the King's best servants would be involved therein, and provoked, as the Duke's of Trimoville, Bovillon, Lesdigueres, Suilly, Chastillon, Brassai, Montgomery, Blamville, with divers other of his best sort of subjects.   
The King in regard his Treasury was much drained was loath to 
Anno 1621.  plunge himself in a serious war again the Rochelers, therefore to comply with them, he accorded a continuation of their cautionary Towns for five years longer, notwithstanding that they demanded but four. He also gave them leave to change the Governor of Lectour Castle, and to choose a new Counsellor in the Parliament of Paris, two things they insisted much upon, but they prevailed little with them unless the late Edict of Bearn were revoked: Hereupon the Gran Assembly at Rochel reinforced itself, and went on more roundly then ever, there were also up and down the Country divers other meetings, as Synods, Colloquies, Circles, and demy-circles which convened, and consulted.  
They of Rochel went higher and higher, they had a new public sealemade, they established a new Court of Admiralty, and stamped new Coins: They made 47. Ordinances, which were printed, and commanded to be strictly observed through all the Reformed Churches: They nominated Governors of Provinces, and imposed taxes at pleasure.  
The King was much incensed at these traverses, yet nothing could move him to declare war against the whole body of them, notwithstanding that he was offered six hundred thousand crowns yearly by the ecclesiastics, viz. two hundred thousand by the Pope; two hundred thousand by the College of Cardinals, and two hundred thousand by the French Clergy.  
La Force whom the King had left Governor of Bearn, did not put the King's commands in execution as he expected, therefore the Duke of Espernon was sent thither with an Army, and settled all things according to the King's pleasure, and made La Force quit the Country, who was proclaimed Traitor, and the Marshal of Themines put in his place; though afterwards Lafoy Force recovered his repute with the King, and received the Truncheon to be Marshal of France, and grew to be a great Confident.  
The King having now taken a resolution of war against the Rechellers, intended to make a Lord High Constable of France, thereupon it was offered the old Duke Le'sdigueres provided he would go to Mass, which he waving, Luynes undertook it; which drew much more envy upon him then formerly.  
The King put out a Declaration that it was not against Religion, but 
Anno 1621.  against Rebellion that he proceeded, therefore he offered to take into his protection all those Reformed Churches that would contain themselves within the bounds of their obedience to him, and not adhaere to the Assembly at Rochel; which Declaration was verified in Parliament with much solemnity: so he marched towards the Loire, and being near Saumur a Town of the greatest consequence that the Reformed Churches had, he sent to Monsieur du Plessis Mournay that he desired to lodge in the Castle that night with his Queen; The old Governor being above eighty years of age was so surprised with this Message that it put him to his wit's end, for he made full account the King would have lodged in the Town, as other Kings had; and as he was consulting what to do with much perplexity, the Guard of Swisses were at the Castle gate; so he peaceably let them in, the King followed presently after, who charming the old man with compliment, made him discharge his Garrison; so the Castle and City was secured for the King. Yet the Governor which he left in the Castle was a Reformist, who was the Count of Sault, Monsieur Crequy's son.  
The reductiono and assurance of Saumur was a mighty advantage to the King for the advance of his present dessein, in regard that Saumur for her situation was one of the importantst Towns that they of the Reformed Religion had, in regard it tied Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, and Main, with Poitou, Tourain and other Country's circumjacent, where they were strongest, besides it lay upon the Loire, and it was the probablest place to stop the King's passage, which they endeavoured to do afterwards at Saint john d' Angely.  
From Saumur the King marched to Tovars' a Town of the Duke of Trimovillies where he was received with all honour and obedience by the Duchess in the Duke's absence; from thence he passed through divers Towns of the Reformed Religion, where in some places he changed the Governors, so he came to Moart where Paraberre the old Governor afterward turning Roman, entertained him with all kind of compliance.  
So he found little or no opposition at all till he came to Saint john d' Angely where Soubize had cast himself in with 1500. men; a formal siege was planted before the Town. The King had 15000. foot, and 2000 horse, the flower of the Cavalry of France, and Espernon came with 4000 foot more of Gascons and Bearnois; A Herald of Arms was sent to summon Soubize, who being let a little in at one of the gates in his rich coat he pronounced aloud these words: To thee Benjamin of Rohan, Lord of Soubize, I come and command thee in the King's name my Sovereign Lord and thine, to open unto him the gates of this Town, to deliver it unto him as his own, and to go out presently with all those that assist thee, otherwise I declare thee a Rebel and a Traitor against Divine and Humane Majesty in the highest degree, thy Houses and Castles to be razed, thy goods confiscated to the King, and I declare thee and all thy posterity Yeomen.  
Soubize answered, That he was a most humble servant and subject of the 
Anno 1621.  Kings, but being there in quality of a Soldier, the execution of the King's commandment depended on the Assembly of Rochel, who had committed unto him the Government of the place; this he spoke with his hat on, thereupon the Herald replied, Know that neither as Captain, or Soldier, thou oughtest to answer me with thy head covered, when I speak to thee in the name of the King thy Sovereign Lord and mine. Then Haute Fontaine took the word, saying, That the Lord Soubize having never seen such summons, was excusable. This Answer and carriage of Soubize that he should prefer an Ordinance of the Assembly, before his royal Declaration, nettled the King extremley, so the siege was poursued very eagerly, a mine or two sprung, and a general Storm appointed, but in the interim there were Deputies sent to Constable Luynes to Treat, he sent them back with this Answer, that the King did not use to Treat with his Subjects: Hereupon they returned with Commission to implore grace, so the King published a short Proclamation to this effect. That his Majesty being contented to admit of a Treaty, at the most humble supplication many times reiterated by them which are in the Town of St. John d'Angely (or Angerry) he was pleased to vouchsafe a general pardon to all, provided they ask it, and swear, never to bear arms again against his service, etc. So they came out and Soubize kneeled unto the King and promised to observe the conditions his Majesty required.  
Thus Saint john d' Angely was yielded upon Saint john Baptists day the Patron of the place after forty day's siege, which was furious and very hot for the time, divers Lords and Gentlemen of quality lost their lives there, the Prince of jenvill was hurt, so was the Duke of Elbeuf, the Marquis de la Valette, de Saint Claumont, Crequy, with divers others; The Cardinal of Guyse fell down at the puff of a Canon bullet which put him in such a burning favour that he died before the Town, as also the Marshal of Brissac: The King commanded a Convent of Capuchins to be built forthwith, the walls to be razed, and commanded it should be called no more a town, but a village; and to be named Lewis-Bourg.  
The rendition of this town, was seconded with good news from the Prince of Condé and the Count of Saint Paul who had taken Gergeau, and Sancerre, which with Saumur, were all they had upon the Loire.  
While the King was before Saint john d' Angely, a remarkable passage happened 'twixt Sir Edward Herbert now Baron of Cherberry (than Ambassador for his Majesty of great Britain in France) and the great Favourite and Constable Luynes: which was thus. Sir Edward Herbert had received private instructions from England to mediate a Peace for them of the Religion, and in case of refusal to use certain menaces; hereupon he coming to the Army, and finding the approaches to the said Town were almost finished, he hastened his addresses to the King for an audience: The King referring him to Luynes, and desiring that what he had to say might be first imparted unto him, he went accordingly to Luynes lodgings, and delivered his Message so, 
Anno 1621.  that he reserved still the latter part, which was menace, until he heard how the business was relished; Luynes had hid behind the hangings a Gentleman of the Religion, who was upon point of turning Roman, that being an earwitnes of what had passed between the English Ambassador and Luynes, he might relate unto them of the Religion what little hopes they were to expect from the intercession of the King of England: The Ambassador and Luynes having mingled some Speeches, the language of Luynes was very haughty, saying, What hath your Master to do with our Actions? Why doth he meddle with our affairs? Sir Edward Herbert replied. It is not to you to whom the King my Master owes an account of his Actions, and for Me it is enough to obey Him. In the mean time, I must maintain that the King my Master hath more reason to do what he pleaseth to do, than you have to ask why he doth it; Nevertheless, if you desire me in a gentle fashion, I shall acquaint you further. Whereupon Luynes bowing a little said, very well; The Ambassador answered. That it was not on this occasion only, that the King of Great Britain had desired the Peace and prosperity of France, but upon all other occasions whensoever any troubles were raised, in that Country. And this he said was his first Reason. The second was, That when a Peace was settled there, His Majesty of France might be better disposed to assist the Palatin in the affairs of Germany. Luynes said, We will none of your advices. The Ambassador replied, That he took that for an Answer, and was sorry only, that the affection and good will of the King his Master was not sufficiently understood, and that since 'twas rejected in that manner, he could do no less than say, that the King his Master knew well enough what he had to do. Luynes said, We are not afraid of you; The Ambassador (smiling a little) replied, If you had said you had not loved Us, I should have believed you, and made you another Answer; In the mean while, all I will tell you more is, That We know very well what we have to do. Luynes hereupon rising a little from his chair with a fashion and a countenance much discomposed, said, By God if you were not Monsieur l' Ambassadeur, I know very well how I would use you; The Ambassador herewithal rising also from his chair said, That as he was his Majesties of Great Britain's Ambassador, so he was also a Gentleman, and that his sword, whereon he laid his hand, should do him reason if he took any offence: After which Luynes replying nothing, the Ambassador went on his way towards the door, to which when Luynes seemed to accompagny him, the Ambassador told him, that after such language, there was no occasion to use ceremony, and so departed, expecting to hear further from him. But no message being brought him from Luynes, he did in poursuance of his instructions demand audience of the King at Cognac, St. jean d' Angely being now rendered, who granting it, where he did in the same terms, and upon the same motives Mediate a Peace for them of the Religion, and received a far more gentle Answer from the King. The Marshal de Saint Geran coming to Sir Edward Herbert told him in a friendly manner, you have offended the Constable, and you are not in a place of surety here, whereunto he answered, That he held himself to be in a place of surety, wheresoever 
Anno 1621.  he had his sword by him.  
Luynes little resenting the affront he received from Sir Ed. Herbert, got Cadenet his brother Duke of Chaune with a ruffling train of Cavaliers, near upon a hundred, (whereof there was not one, as Cadenet told King james, but had killed his man in duel) Ambassador extraordinary to England a little after, who misreporting the clash 'twixt Sir Ed. Herbert and Luynes, prevailed so far, that Sir Ed. Herbert was presently revoked, to answer the charge that should be laid against him. In the mean time the Earl of Carlisle that dexterous Courtier was employed extraordinary Ambassador to France for accommodating le mal entendu which might arise 'twixt the two Crowns; Carlisle was commanded to inform himself of the truth of the business afore mentioned, and he could meet with no relation but what Luynes had made himself: wherein more affronting and haughty expressions were laid to Sir Ed. Herbert's charge than had truly passed, for though the first provocation came from Luynes, yet the Ambassador kept himself within the bounds both of his instructions and honour; but as my Lord of Carlisle was ready to send this misinformation to England, the Gentleman formerly spoken of who stood behind the hangings, came to the Earl of Carlisle and said, that he owed so much unto truth and honour that he could do no less than vindicat Cavalier Herbert from all indiscretion and unworthiness, and thereupon related the true circumstances of the business. The Earl of Carlisle being thus rectified in the knowledge of the truth, gave account to King james accordingly, who cleared Sir Ed. Herbert, and resolved to renvoy him Ambassador to France, whereof he having notice, kneeled to the King before the Duke of Buckingham, and humbly desired that since the business was public in both Kingdoms he might in a public way demand reparation of M. Luynes: for which purpose he beseeched his Majesty that a Trumpeter if not a Herald might be sent on his part to M. de Luynes to tell him That he had made a false relation of the passages before mentioned, and that Sir Ed. Herbert would demand reasons of him with sword in hand on that point; the King answering that he would take it into consideration. Luynes a little after died, and Sir Edward was again sent Ambassador to France.  
But to return to our former road, besides those places formerly mentioned, the Towns Suilly, Merac and Caumont were also taken for the King, but the latter two by the Duke of Main Governor of Guienne: All Poitou being reduced to Royal obedience, and settled, the King resolved to go for Guienne to suppress the Duke of Rohan and la Force who were in arms, and had a considerable Army: He left behind the Duke of Espernon with 4000 foot, and 600. horse to beleaguer Rochel, and stop the advenues in the interim. So he advances to Guienne, and divers places in the way opened their gates unto him, till he came to Clairac, where he found a tough resistance; He lost before the Town the great Lord of Thermes, and sundry persons of quality besides; in so much that he would give no general pardon but reserved five for 
Anno 1621.  death, and there were most pitifully drowned and killed in the Town above 800. whereof there were above 200. Gentlemen.  
The King having reduced Clayrac, though it cost him dear, his thoughts then reflected upon Montauban which after Rochel was the prime propugnacle, and principallest Town of security They of the Religion had in the whole Kingdom. There was a Royal summons sent before, and it was accompanied with a large persuasive Letter from the Duke of Suilly (who was one of the chiefest Grandes they had of the Reformed Religion) to induce them to conformity and obedience; some interpreted the Letter to a good sense, but the populace, by the instigation of the Ministers, would not hearken to it; This was that Duke of Suilly that had been a Favourite to Henry the Fourth, whom he had reduced from a Roman to be a Reformist when he was King of Navarre only, and persuading him to become Roman again, the Duke bluntly answered; Sir, You have given me one turn already, you have good luck if you give me any more: Thereupon the siege began, and the great Duke of Main who had newly come with additional forces to the King began the first battery and spent 500 Cannon bullets upon them, a breach was made, but with loss of divers men of note amongst the Royalists; the Marquis of Themines breathed there his last: And not long after the brave Duke of Main himself peeping out of a gabion within his trenches, was shot by a common soldier from the Town; The Parisians were much incensed for the loss of the Duke of Main, therefore as some of the reformed Religion were coming from Charenton-Sermon they assaulted them in the way, hurt divers, killed some, and going on to Charenton, they burned the Temple there; but a few nights after two great bridges o'er the Seinn were burnt quite down to the water in the City of Paris, and a great store of wealth consumed, and it was interpreted to be a just judgement from Heaven for burning of Charenton Temple.  
The Duke of Angoulesm was sent to counter-car the forces of the Duke of Rohan who was then in motion in Guienne, and Angoulesm was so successful that he gave him a considerable defeat, by taking the strong Fort of Fauch, in defence whereof 400. of the Reformists were slain.  
The contagion raged furiously in the King's Army before Montauban, and divers persons of quality died of it, amongst others the Archbishop of Sens brother to Cardinal Perron, and the Bishops of Valentia, Carcassona, and Marseillis, and Pierre Matthieu the Historiographer added to the number of the dead. This, with the approach of Winter caused the King to raise his siege from before the Town, having lost above five hundred Noblemen and Gentlemen of quality, besides thousands of common soldiers.  
During this pertinacious siege before Montauban there was a remarkable thing passed, which was this. There was a cunning report raised in the King's Army that Rochel, which was then also beleaguered by the Count of Soissons, and the Duke of Guyse, the first by Land, the 
Anno 1621.  other by Sea, was rendered upon composition; this report was made to fly into Montauban, which must needs strike a shrewd apprehension of fear into her; they of Rochel hearing of it, articled with Master Hicks an English Gentleman (now Sir Ellis Hicks) who spoke the Language perfectly well, that if he would undertake to carry a Letter into Montauban, he should receive a noble reward; Master Hicks undertook it, and passing through the Army that was before Rochel came to Tholouse, where my Lord of Carlisle was then Ambassador extraordinary▪ Master Hicks meeting with Master Fairfax a young Gentleman (brother to the now Lord Fairfax) he did associate much with him; They both went to see the siege before Montauban, and being Gentlemen and thought to be of the English Ambassadors train, there was little heed taken of them; They got one day between the King's Trenches and the Town, and Hicks being very well mounted told Fairfax, If you love your life follow me, so he put spurs to his horse & having showers of shots poured after him he came safe to the gates of Montauban, and so he delivered the entrusted Letter, which brought news in what a good posture Rochel was; this so animated the besieged, that the next day they made a sally upon the King's Forces; and did a notable execution upon them, and a little after the Siege was raised; so Master Hicks besides the honour of the act had a guerdon equal to the importance of the service, and danger of the attempt; but Master Fairfax (who was inscious of the dessein) staying behind and being apprehended, was put to the torture, and a Diaper napkin dipped in boiling water was squeezed down his throat, whereof he died: a hard destiny of a most hopeful young Gentleman.  
Within the compass of this year there died Paul the fifth, Philip the Third of Spain, the Archduke Albertus in Flanders, Cosmo de Medicis Gran Duke of Toscany, and Cardinal Bellarmin▪ To whom may be added also the Duke of Luynes Lord high Constable of France, who died in Longuetille, a small Town in Languedoc, of the purple favour; He was one of the greatest Favourits, for so short a time, that ever were in France, since the Maires of the Palace from whom Emperors afterwards issued; His Country was Provence, and he was a Gentleman by descent though of a petty extraction; In the last King's time he was preferred to be one of his Pages, who finding him a good waytor, allowed him three hundred crowns per an. which he husbanded so frugally, that he maintained himself and his two brothers in passable good fashion. The King observing that, doubled his pension, and taking notice that he was a serviceable instrument, and apt to please, he thought him fit to be about his son (the Dauphin) in whose service he had continued above 15. years, & by a singular dexterity he had in Faulconry he gained so far upon the young King's affection, that he soared to that high pitch of Honor. He was a man of a passable understanding, of a mild comportment, humble and debonnair to all suitors, but he was too open in his counsels and desseins; he had about him good solid heads who prescribed unto him rules of policy, 
Anno 1621.  by whose compass he steered his course; He came at last to that transcendent altitude, that he seemed to have surmounted all reaches of envy, and made all hopes of supplanting him frustrate, both by the constant strength of the King's favour, and the powerful alliances he had got for himself, and his two brothers: He married the Duke of Montbazons daughter; his second brother Cadenet the Heiress of Pequigny with whom he had 9000. pound lands a year: His third brother married the Heiress of Luxemburg, of which House there have been five Emperors; so that the three Brothers with their alliances were able to counterbalance any one Faction in France: He left two living Monuments of his greatness behind him, which were his two brothers, one whereof was Martial, but both of them Dukes and Peers of France.  
The repulse before Montauban, and the death of Luynes gave some matter of resentment to the King for the present, but he quickly passed it over: And having settled matters to his best advantage in Guienne, he returned to Bourdeaux, and so came to keep his Christmas at Paris.  
The Spring following he gets a horseback again, and it was high time for him, in regard there was a general insurrection of them of the Religion both in Dauphiné, Languedoc, Guienne and Poitou. In the last Soubize had got a considerable army of 7000. foot, and 600. horse, and 9 Pieces of Ordnance.  
The King parts from Paris upon Palm-Sunday which was cried up to be a good augury that he would return with the Palm the Emblem of victory; so marching to Poitou, he found out Soubize entrenched in certain little Islands called Rye & Perier: upon the King's approach Soubize abandons the place, and with a few Horse got along the sands to Rochel; the whole Army being thus left headless, in a fearful consternation all began to fly, and some thought to save themselves through the Marasse, where many hundreds miserably perished, those that stayed behind the King were pardoned, only 13. were hanged for example, and they were some of those that had taken an oath at Saint john d' Angely never to bear arms against the King; there were killed and drowned in all above two thousand Reformists in this rencontre.  
After this Royan was rendered after a pertinacious siege; and a great slaughter on both sides; The King thence marcheth to Guienne, where the Duke of Elbaeuf had done divers exploits; Insomuch that in a short time all the towns of Guienne were reduced to the King except Montauban; amongst others there were three towns called Tonnenx knotted one in another, which were utterly extinguished, with prohibition for any ever to build there again. Being in Carcassona upon his March to Montpellier, there were two signal things done, Soubize was proclaimed Traitor for flying to England to solicit for foreign aid; And old Lesdeguiers, was made Constable of France; Chastillon also a little after came to be Marshal for giving up Aiguemortes; the first had that high Office, provided he would go to Masso, which he did; but 
Anno 1622.  the last persisted still in his Religion.  
The King appeared now in Person before Montpellier, and a great deal of earth was thrown up by his pioneers before he came, the trenches being almost finished, there were divers furious Sallies from within▪ and Assaults from without happened in this Siege, and many gallant Gentlemen lost, amongst others the young Duke of Fronsack unic son to the Count of Saint Paul, was condoled with much regret. And the King was like to have had the same fortune there, which he had before Montauban, had not the Duke of Vendosme come with a timely supply of five thousand fresh combatants.  
The Duke of Rohan, and Constable Lesdiguieres, old in years and new in Office, had private meetings; the former going into the Town, carried the business with that power, and wrought so far upon the affections of the Inhabitants of Montpellier, that he made them inclinable to let in the King, provided that their fortifications might continue entire, and that they might be exempt from Citadel, Governor or Garrison, upon such terms, they with the whole body of the Religion would conform themselves to a general Peace, which was a little after proclaimed before Montpellier in form of an Edict, to this effect.  
That the Edict of Nants, with the secret Articles thereunto annexed should be inviolably kept, as under the reign of Henry the Great; That the exercise of the Catholic Roman Religion should be reestablished where it hath been interrupted, and the ecclesiastics restored to all their goods; That likewise they of the Reformed Religion should exercise it freely in all those places, where it was practised before these commotions▪ That all new fortifications should be demolished, specially in the Islands of Re & Oleron, and the old walls only stand; That all Assemblies particular and general be prohibited to them of the p: Reformed Religion for the futur, unless it be upon affairs purely Ecclesiastic, under pain of the crime of Treason; That an abolition be granted of every thing passed except of those execrable cases reserved by the Article 86. of the Edict of Nants; That Catholics as well as Reformists be chosen promiscuously in civil Offices, etc.  
This being done, the Deputies of the Reformed Churches coming to attend the King, they were made to stoop at the entrance of the King's lodging, and afterward having first desired pardon, they presented the Keys of the Town unto him; So the next day he entered the Town, and having settled all things thereabouts, the King went to Provence, and so to Avignon the Pope's Town, where the old Duke of Savoy came to visit him; Thence he returns to Lion, where he found the two Queens; The Prince and Princess of Savoy came also thither to attend him. Geneva likewise sent thither her Deputies, who made an Oration to the King upon their knees all the while. From Lion He came triumphantly to Paris to begin the new year, 1623. in Peace, after such a long Martial progress.  
While the King was himself in person up and down Poitou and Guienne to repress them of the Religion; the Duke of Guyse by Sea, 
Anno 1623.  (who had an Auxiliary Fleet of eight of the King of England's Ships joined with him for which the Duke of Buckingham was afterwards questioned in Parliament) and the Count of Soissons by Land did pinch the Rochellers; Soissons raised up a strong tenable bulwark, which he called Lewis-fort, that commanded the Channel Seaward, and gave the law by Land.  
The general Pacification published at Montpellier was but a piece slightly plastered over, it was far from searching the bottom, from cleansing and curing the wound, for many discontents reigned still amongst them of the Religion, they complained that Lewis-fort before Rochel was not demolished being a new fortification, and they spoke of other grievances; the King on the other side complained, they had not reestablished the ecclesiastics in their Primitive possessions, nor chosen Catholics in Civil Offices.  
This being profoundly debated in the Counsel of State, some, as the Churchmen, and Nobles, gave their opinion, that, rather than to be in such continual trances and alarms, his Majesty should with his main entire strength apply himself to extinguish both the Rebellion and the Heresy (as they termed it) totally together, as the effect with the cause; because his Majesty was not in case to do any thing abroad, while they were left so strong at home, for as one of the Counsellors said, He that hath thiefs to his neighbours dares not go far from home.  
Others were of a contrary opinion, that it was very requisite there should be a general peace now 'twixt the French people, because of the business of the Valtolin, where the Spaniard had a purpose to block out France in all places towards Italy, which was very necessary to be prevented, so that it was not fit to enfeeble France at this time by attempting to extinguish them of the Religion, and to plunge the whole Country in an intestine war, for it was as if one would cut off his left hand with the right. This last counsel took more with the King, and so he left no way unessayed to reunite all his subjects: Hereupon to content the Reformists, he caused their Temples to be re-edified, he appointed 60000. Franks for the payment of their Ministers, and permitted them to call a Synod at Charenton, with divers other acts of compliance; provided, that on their part they should entertain no strangers for preachers, nor admit Ministers into politic Assemblies.  
In these difficulties and anxious traverses of things, the King made 
Anno 1624.  the Cardinal of Richelieu his principal Minister of State, chief of his Counsel, and Director general under his authority in the government of the State. He made this election by the advice of the Queen Mother principally, nor was it an improper choice, for the party had a concurrence of high abilities in him, answerable to that transcendent trust: and he proved, as will appear by the sequel of things, a successful Instrument; though many doubt whether his Counsel was as successful to France, as it was fatal to the rest of Christendom, which he hath plunged in an eternal war: touching this we leave the Ingenious 
Anno 1624.  Reader a freedom of censure, according as his judgement shall be guided by an unpartial, and unbiass'd relation of matters, as they lie connected in the ensuing part of this story.  
Thus our third Lustre concludes, with the commencement of Richelieus greatness.   

The fourth Lustre of the Life of Lewis the thirteenth.  
WE began the last lustre with the espousals of the Lady Christina, 
Anno 1625.  second daughter of France, with the Prince of Piedmont, this begins with the marriage of the Lady Henriette Marie de Bourbon, the youngest Royal branch of Henry the Great; and this was the first great act that the Cardinal of Richelieu performed, after he was come to the superintendency of affairs of State.  
France had two causes of perpetual apprehensions of fear, one external, th'other internal; The still growing greatness of Spain without, and They of the Religion within doors, which were made frequent use of by any discontented Princes upon all occasions; and were cried up by the Jesuits to be as Matches to set France on fire at any time; Therefore the first gran dessein that he projected with himself was to clip their wings, and diminish their strength, by dismantling their Cautionary Towns, and making them dismiss their Garrisons: The Cardinal knew the King his Master did not affect them since the Treaty at Lodun, wherein they forced him to put another interpretation upon his Coronation Oath, than his conscience did dictat unto him, or the Prelate, who administered it unto him, meant; which appeared in a churlish answer that he gave them not long after when he was solicited to prolong the term of holding their Cautionary Towns as Henry the Third, and Henry the Great his father had done. Which answer was, That what grace the first did show you, was out of fear, what my father did, was out of love; but I would have you know, that I neither fear you nor love you.  
To compass that great work of taking from them their Garrison Towns, it was thought very expedient to secure foreign Princes from assisting them, specially England, and the united Provinces; Touching the latter, they were charmed with money; for in a fresh Treaty, the King accorded them a million of Franks, and six hundred thousand Franks every one of the two year's next ensuing; which they were to re-inburse the next two years that they should conclude a peace or truce with Spain. The Holland-Ambassadors who were employed in this Treaty did promise the King that there should be liberty of conscience given the Catholics at his Majesty's request; That 
Anno 1625.  the States should associate the French with them in the commerce of the Indies, give them some choice ports for traffic, and repair some depraedations they had made by sea; but the money being once got, there was little care taken to perform these promises; which were no more than parol engagements or rather compliments; whereupon an Ambassador was expressly sent to complain hereof, but he effected little.  
To secure England from succouring Them of the Religion, the first overture that the Earl of Holland made for an alliance was yielded unto; to whom the Earl of Carlisle was sent in joint commission to conclude it; The King told them, that he took it for an honour, that they sought his sister for the sole son of so illustrious a King his neighbour and Ally; only he desired that he might send to Rome to have the Pope's consent for better satisfaction of his conscience, and in the mean time the English Ambassadors might send for a more plenary power to England; so in less than the revolution of nine moons this great business was proposed, poursued and perfected, whereas the Sun ran his career through the Zodiac ten times before that Spain could come to any point of perfection; This may serve to show the difference 'twixt the two Nations, the leaden heeled pace of the one, and the quicksilvered motions of the other; it shows also how the French is more round and frank in his proceedings, not so full of scruples, reservations and jealousies as the Spaniard: And one reason that the Statists of the time alleged why Spain amused the English, and protracted the Treaty of the Match so long, was, that all the daughters of France might be first married to prevent an alliance 'twixt England and her.  
There was a concurrence of many things that favoured the effecting and expediting of this alliance: some previous Offices and Letters of invitation from France, wherein there were strains of extraordinary endearments, wherewith the King of Great Britain corresponded also in an unusual stile, as appears by this Letter following.  
Most high, most excellent, and most puissant Prince, Our most dear, and most beloved good Brother, Cousin and ancient Ally: Although the deceased King of happy memory was justly called Henry the Great, for having re-conquered by arms his Kingdom of France, though it appertained unto him as his proper inheritance; Yet you have made now a greater conquest; for the Kingdom of France though it was regained by the victorious arms of your dead father, it was his de jure, and so he got but his own: But you have lately carried away a greater victory, having by your two last Letters so full of cordial courtesies, overcome your good Brother, and ancient Ally, and all the Kingdoms appertaining unto him; for We acknowledge Ourselves so conquered by your more than brotherly affection, that We cannot return you the like: only we can promise and assure you upon the faith of an honest man, that you shall have always power not only to dispose of Our forces and kingdoms, but of Our heart and person, and also of the person of Our son if you have need, which God prevent: praying you to rest assured that We shall not only be far from cherishing, or giving the least countenance to any of 
Anno 1625.  your subjects, of what profession soever of Religion, who shall forget their natural allegiance unto you, but if We have the least inkling thereof, We shall send you very faithful advertisement: And you may promise yourself that upon such occasion, or upon any other which may tend to the honour of your Crown, you shall always have power to dispose freely of Our assistance, as if the cause were Our own; so upon assurance that Our interests shall be always common, We pray God, most high, most excellent and most puissant Prince, Our most dear, and most beloved Brother, Cousin and Ally, to have you always in his most holy protection. Newmarket 9 of February, 1624. Your most affectionate Brother, Cousin, and ancient Ally,  
james K.  
The Critics of the time did much censure this Letter in regard King james seems to dis-invest himself utterly of all Title to France thereby, because he confesseth Henry the Fourth to have not only reconquered it, but to have a natural right unto it in the said Letter.  
The former Treaty for the Infanta of Spain did facilitat also the hastening of this business, and made it less knotty, in regard that the matrimonial capitulations which in effect were the very same with those of the Infanta's, had been beaten and moulded a long time before upon the Spanish Anvil, and so made smooth and passable: They were in substance these that follow.  

1. That the French King should make it his business to procure a dispensation from Rome within three months.  
2. That for the celebration of the act of affiancing, the King of Great Britain should depute whom he pleased, and that it be done according to the Roman rites.  
3. That the marriage be solemnised in the same form as that of Queen Margaret, and the Duchess of Bar was.  
4. That she be attended to the Sea side upon the charge of France.  
5. That the contract of marriage be publicly ratified in England without intervention of any Ecclesiastic ceremony.  
6. That free exercise of Religion be granted unto Madam herself and all her train, and to the children that her servants shall have. And to that end they shall have a Chapel in every one of the King's Royal Houses, or any where else where she shall keep her Court.  
7. That preaching, and the administration of the Sacraments of the Mass, with all other Divine Offices be permitted Her, as also the gaining of all Indulgences and Jubils from Rome; and that a Churchyard be appointed walled about to bury catholics according to the Rites of the Roman Church, all which shall be done modestly.  
8. That she shall have a Bishop for her Almoner who may have power to proceed against any Ecclesiastic under his charge according to the Canonical constitutions: And in case the Secular Court shall seize upon any Churchmen under his jurisdiction, for any crime which concerned not the State, he shall be sent back to the said Bishop, 
Anno 1625.  who taking cognisance of the delict, shall degrade him, and so return him to the Secular power; and other faults, all Churchmen under him, shall be sent to him to be proceeded against accordingly, or in his absence to his Vicar general.  
9 She shall have 28. Priests of her House, and if any be a Regular he shall be allowed to wear his habit.  
10 The King of Great Britain and his son shall oblige themselves by Oath not to attempt any thing upon the conscience of Madam to induce her to renounce her Religion.  
11. All her domestics shall be Catholics and French which she shall bring with her, and in their rooms when they die, she shall be allowed to choose other French Catholics but with the consent of the King of Great Britain.  
12. Her dowry shall be eight hundred thousand crowns, whereof the one moiety shall be paid the yeeve after Contract, the other a year after, and in case she survive her Husband the said dowry shall be entirely returned her whether she desire to live in England or France.  
13. But if there remain any children of this marriage, than she is to have back but two thirds of the said dowry.  
14. And in case Madam die before the Prince without children, the moiety of the said dowry shall be only returned, and in case she leave children all shall go amongst them.  
15. Madam shall be endowed with a jointure of eighteen thousand pound sterling per an. which comes to sixty thousand crowns: and his Majesty of Great Britain shall give her besides the value of fifty thousand crowns in Jewels, whereof she shall have the property, as of those she hath already, and of what shall be given her hereafter: He shall be also obliged to maintain her and her House, and in case she come to be a widow, she shall enjoy her dower, and jointure which shall be assigned her in Lands, Castles and Houses, whereof one shall be furnished and fit for habitation, and that the said jointure be paid her wheresoever she shall desire to reside: she shall have also the free disposing of the Benefices and Offices belonging to the said Lands, whereof one shall have the title of Duchy or County.  
16. That she shall be permitted whether she have children or not, to return to France, and bring with her her movables, rings and jewels, as also her dowry, and the King shall be bound to have her conducted to Calais upon his charge.  
17. The contract of the marriage shall be registered in the Court of Parliament of Paris, and ratified in that of England.  
18. All her servants shall take this following Oath, I swear and promise fidelity to the most gracious King of Great Britain, to the most gracious Prince Charles, and to Madam Henriette Marie daughter of France, which I shall most faithfully and inviolably keep; And if I know of any attempt against the said King, Prince, and Lady, or their estates, or against the public good of the Kingdoms of the said King, I shall forthwith denounce the same to the said King, Prince, and Lady, or others who shall have it in 
Anno 1625.  charge. This was the substance of all the Matrimonial capitulations which were digested to 28. Articles, with a penalty of four hundred thousand crowns upon either of the two Kings which should infringe any of them. Besides these, there were some private Articles accorded in favour of the Roman catholics in England and Ireland, but far from the latitude of a public Toleration.   
Upon the ending of this great Treaty with France james the First of England, and six of Scotland ended his life in his Palace at Theobalds'; A little before, he broke out into a very passionate Speech to his Lords of the Counsel of the King of France; saying, My Lords, the King of France hath writ unto me that he is so far my friend, that if ever I have need of him, he will render me Offices in Person whensoever I shall desire him; Truly, he hath gained upon me more than any of his Predecessors, and he may believe me, that in any thing that shall concern him I will employ not only my people's lives, but mine own; and whosoever of his subjects shall rise against him either Catholics or others, shall find me a party for him: 'Tis true, if he be provoked to infringe his Edicts, I shall impart as much as in me lies, by counsel and advice to prevent the inconveniences.  
Then falling upon the perfections of Madam Henriette Marie, he said pleasantly, When she is come over I will denounce war against her, because she would not read my Letter, nor my sons, as I understand, before she had first received command from the Queen her Mother; yet I have cause to thank her, because that after she had perused them, she put mine in her cushionet, and the other in her bosom, intimating thereby that she would rely upon me (for counsel) and lodge my son in her heart.  
King Iame's death retarded a while the proceedings of the Match, for things were at a stand till his Exequys were passed, which were performed with a Magnificence suitable to so great a King.  
This Ceremony being ended a procuration was sent the Duke of Cheureuse from his Majesty of Great Britain to be contracted unto the Lady Henriette and then to marry her in his name, which was done with extraordinary celebrity, the one in the Lowre, the last in the great Church of Paris by the ministry of the Cardinal Rochefaucaud; a little before there was a clash 'twixt him and the Bishop of Paris, who urged, it was his right to officiat in his own Church, but the Cardinal being a Prince of the Church Universal, being also gran Almoner which makes him chief Clerk of the Court, and Cardinal Richelieu, who had now the greatest stroke in the State, favouring his own habit and the Hat more than the Mitre, the Cardinal carried the day: This solemnity was performed to the very height of greatness and splendour; and such was the bravery of the English Ambassadors the Earls of Carlisle and Holland, that they seemed to outshine the French that day in their own Sphere; One half of the dowry had been delivered before upon the Contract, which was in all, as was said before, eight hundred thousand crowns, and it was more than the eldest Sister had by two hundred thousand crowns, and double as much as the second 
Anno 1625.  had, the one having but six hundred thousand, the other but four hundred thousand crowns to their portions.  
The Contract and Marriage being thus finished, the Duke of Buckingham came a fortnight after with admired gallantry, to demand the Queen of Great Britain for the King his Master, and to attend, and conduct her over to England. The Queen Mother accompagnied her as far as Amiens, Monsieur her Brother to Bullen, whence a Fleet of twenty galleons Royal transported her to Dover.  
This was the eighth Nuptial conjunction of the Rose and Flowerdeluce that hath happened 'twixt England and France.  
The first was in the year 900. 'twixt Charles the First of France, and the Lady Ogine daughter to Edward the old King of England, 120. years before the Norman conquest.  
The second 'twixt Henry the Third of England, and Margaret daughter to Lewis the Seventh of France.  
The third was between Edward the First of England, and the Lady Margaret daughter to Philip the Hardy of France.  
The fourth 'twixt Edward the Second of England, and Isabel daughter to Philip the Fair.  
The fifth was 'twixt Richard the Second of England, and Elizabeth daughter to Charles the Sixth.  
The sixth 'twixt Henry the Fifth of England, and Catherine daughter also to Charles the Sixth of France.  
The seventh was 'twixt Lewis the twelfth of France, and Mary daughter to Henry the Seventh of England.  
The eighth was this 'twixt Charles Stuard Prince of Wales, and Henriette Marie of Bourbon youngest daughter to Henry the Great: so in these eight Matches England hath had six daughters of France, and France two of England's.  
As soon as this great Nuptial pomp was passed, there came tidings that Soubize upon a new discontent of them of the Religion, had a great Fleet of ships at Sea, and surprised the Port of Blavet in Brittany, which is a fair and large Haven deposited to the Spaniard in time of the Ligue, and restored to Henry the Great at the peace at Veruins; Soubize entered the Haven with eleven Sail of men of War, and took and carried away six great ships whereof some belonged to the Duke of Nevers. This rendered them of the Religion powerful at Sea, and because their Ships might have choice of harbours, they seized upon the Islands of Re, and Oleron where they began to fortify. Soubize sails up the Garond towards Bourdeaux with a Fleet of seventy sails of all sort which made him Master of the Sea, and landing a considerable number of land forces at the land of Medoc, they of Bourdeaux joining with Toiras sent him a shipboard again with loss, and so he returned to Rochel.  
A little after he sets out to Sea again, and takes divers prizes, extremely interrupting all traffic on those Coasts; Hereupon the King sent to the Hollander to hire twenty Sail of men of War, according 
Anno 1625.  to the late Treaty; which were accordingly sent him under Admiral Hauthain; These joining with another Fleet of the Duke of Monmorency made a considerable naval power; Monmorency was very eagar to set upon Soubize and the Rochel Fleet, but he found the Hollanders bacward and cold, being charmed by Letters and a Remonstrance annexed unto it sent to Hauthain by two French Ministers, and two Dutch Merchants from Rochel, wherein they made piteous complaint that the King had performed little or nothing at all of the Treaty before Montpellier, and that the utter ruin of the whole body of the Religion (which was the same with that of Holland) was intended, therefore they did efflagitat, and conjure the said Admiral Hauthain to lay his hand on his heart and conscience, and not to contribute to so damnable a dessein.  
This Remonstrance wrought much upon Hauthain and Dorp his Vice-Admiral, in so much that he publicly declared unto the Duke of Monmorency that he had Commission in express terms from his Masters the States, to reduce Monsieur Soubize to his duty, either by reason or force; that he understood how he was ready to conform himself to the first, and to that effect he and his Brother the Duke of Rohan with other Towns of their party, had Deputies employed to the King to desire Peace which was in a good forwardness; therefore it was needless to force them to their duty, which were willing to do it of their own motion.  
So the Hollanders refused to fight, yet the Rochel fleet not fully knowing their intention fell unwares upon them and burned their Vice-admiral, but attempting to board some French, they were repulsed with the loss of three hundred men, and four Barks full of hurt men: this nettled Hans, & afterwards seriously he joined with the French Royal Fleet, which had received an addition of seven English Ships under the command of Chevalier de Ris, and twenty two more under the Marquis of Royan; so that the whole number coming to sixty six sails, they divided themselves to three Squadrons: In the first was Monmorency and Hauthain; Dorp commanded the second, and the third was under Manty Monmorency's Vice-Admiral: Soubize had got into the Isle of Ré where he had entrenched himself, but a considerable Army of the Kings landing there, there were divers furious and bloody skirmishes, wherein there fell on Soubizes side above eight hundred; and so many more drowned in flight: The Royalists also lost there a great number, but they made themselves Masters of the Island; Soubize got away in a Shallop, and (as the enemy gave out) left his hat and sword behind him, so he went to England.  
There was also a great Sea fight near la fosse de loy'e where the Royalists took nine ships, burned one, and attempting to board their Admiral, called the Virgin, and being grappled with her, all that were upon the upper deck being killed, they who had got under hatches desperately put fire in the Gunpowder, and blew her up with three hundred souls in her, whose members floated afterwards up and 
Anno 1625.  down the waves, a piteous and horrid spectacle to see: three of the King's ships being grappled with her were also burnt. The Duke of Monmorency, the Isle of Ré being already reduced, went then to Oleron which he took and secured for the King.  
While these fearful traverses of war happened before Rochel, the Duke of Rohan was very busy in Languedoc; and entertained a Treaty with the Spaniard, but Camredon his Agent was surprised, and had his head chopped off at toulouse. Constable Lesdigueres was upon point of passing the Alps with an Army at this time to Italy; but the commotions of Languedoc were such that he was diverted, and commanded to march thither against the Duke of Rohan; The King endeavouring to win Rohan by acts of grace offered him a prime command in the Army that was to go for Italy against the Spaniard, and his brother Soubize the command of ten galleons, but the motion was not harkened unto. Espernon and Themines did divers exploits up and down Languedoc this year, specially before Montauban, where they of the Town lost eight hundred men in two sallies they had made.  
They of the Religion being now much quailed by divers ill successes they had received by Sea and Land, had recourse to the King with a submissive querulous Remonstrance of their miseries. He that brought it seemed to reproach the Rebellion in general, but he excused the Rochellers, declaring o'er tenus to the King, How they were bereft of their Privileges, how their Walls were battered, their Vines plucked up, how their Tillage ceased, and their Traffic was ruined; And while others of his Majesty's subjects have slept in their beds under the public faith of peace, they have watched upon his walls to repel the injuries of a particular war; In fine this usage being capable to make wild the gentlest spirits hath made them apprehend the blow of their utter ruin. It is true, that they had been forced to put the law of necessity in practice, which they do not allege to justify themselves, they have rather words of execration against those subjects which dare raise arms in Prejudice of their Princes under what pretext whatsoever; but only to make his Majesty see that they have held it necessary to do well, in doing ill, and that they are more worthy of pity then pain: Thus they accused themselves, and were come hither to crave pardon of his Majesty: whom they adjured and beseeched by his Royal natural goodness, and by the glory their ramparts have gained to have conserved his Majesty in the reigns of Henry the Great, to restore them to liberty, and to forget their faults, etc.  
Upon this Petition the King intended to show them some Grace, but with this Proviso, to separate the Rochellers from the conditions he vouchsafed to the whole body of the Religion that they might be the more humbled, and so to take from them the presumption they used to attribute to themselves to have a kind of authority over the rest, and from the other Churches the confidence and repute they had of them; so by reiteration of divers supplications they obtained at last these conditions. 1. That the Counsel and Government of Rochel be put in the hands of the body of the Town as it was 1610. 
Anno 1625.  2. That they receive an Overseer of Justice, to hinder dissensions and factions. 3. That all new Bastions and Fortifications be demolished, and that she be reduced to her ancient circuit, 1560. 4. That his Majesty shall be received into the Town with all due respect and reverence whensoever he please. 5. That they of the Town shall not keep any Vessels of War in their Haven, and those that go abroad in course and to traffic shall ask leave of the Lord Admiral. 6. That the goods appertaining to Ecclesiastics, be restored, etc.  
These being sent to Rochel, Montauban, Castres' and other places were accepted, and a public Act passed; That the foresaid conditions were taken as a most special testimony of his Majesty's clemence.  
There followed a great calm in France after this, and all forces were withdrawn from before Rochel, except the Garrison in Lewis Fort. So the King had now opportunity to look abroad, and the first place he cast his eye upon was the Valtolin, and the Grisons, which border upon Milan: The King of Spain and the Archduke Leopold his Cousin german, were called in there to preserve the Catholics from the oppression of the Protestants who were powerful, so coming to the said assistance they took divers old forts and erected new which they secured with Garrison: The Spaniard hereby had an extraordinary advantage to convey any forces from Italy to Germany upon all occasions.  
The Protestant Grisons had recourse to the King of France, and he undertook their protection (according to an old league in Lewis the twelfth his time) not as much out of any great good will he bore them, but to deprive the Spaniard of that advantage, therefore he sent the Marquis of Caewres' Ambassador to the Cantons of Suisse that were Allies to France to exhort them to defend the Valtolins. Caewres from Ambassador was made General of an Army a while after, and the Venetians with the Duke of Savoy ligued with him; He performed divers exploits there, so that the Truncheon of Martial was sent him; The Pope interposed also in this business, and had Forces there, and there were sundry skirmishes fought; The Spaniard told the Pope loudly, That he came thither to conquer Heretics, and the places which he had taken from them were by consequence justly acquired, and so might be justly kept, howsoever it was reason he should hold them until his charges were reimboursed: Hereupon Cardinal Barberin was sent to France to accommode things, but little could be done for that time.  
This War of the Valtolins begot another 'twixt the Duke of Savoy and Genoa, the principal motive whereof was to divert the Spaniard from the Conquest of the Valtoline. Yet the Savoyard alleged that the Genois usurped divers places from him, that they had offered him some indignities, in defacing and vilifying his picture; whereby they imitated the Leopard who by the natural hatred he bears to man useth to tear his image with his ongles and teeth, when he cannot exercise his fury upon his body. The old Constable Lesdiguieres notwithstanding that he had one foot in the grave, yet it seems he had 
Anno 1625.  an ambition to die in the field, therefore he made earnest instances to the King, that he would be pleased to employ him against the Genois; Hereupon he clammered over the Alps to Piedmont, where he with the Duke of Savoy made an Army of twenty five thousand foot, and four thousand horse, which they poured into the territories of Genoa; The Constable with Crequy his son in law had the Vanguard; The Duke with the Prince of Piedmont seconded, and they marched several roads; The French took Capriata which was taken by Storm; and all were put to the sword and plunder: the inhumanity which the Soldiers exercised upon the women, and maids raised an ill odor of the French in Italy; He took divers other places; And the Duke of Savoy on the other side rendered himself Master of sundry strong holds; In the interim there were three Spanish vessels which sailing from Barcelona to Genoa, were by distress of weather forced upon the Coasts of Marseilles, and being out of any Port of commerce they were seized upon by the Duke of Guyse, hereupon the Genois made a loud complaint in Madrid, and the King of Spain resented it so much, that a Proclamation issued out to Arrest all French vessels that were in any haven of Spain, and also to seize upon all the Merchant's goods; and it was thought there were near upon two hundred thousand French then dwelling or trading in Spain, and eighteen thousand in Madrid itself of all sorts of Merchants and Pedlars. In correspondence to this; The French King published a Declaration wherein he interdicted all commerce to Spain.  
The violent progress of the French and Savoy Army against Genoa awaked all the Princes of Italy; thereupon the King of Spain arms mainly, in Milan and Naples. The Emperor also sent a considerable number of horse and foot, and all conjoined under the Duke of Feria, who was made General by Land, and the Marquis of Santacruz came with twenty two galleys, and five galleons by Sea with four thousand combatants from Sicily to secure the sea of Genoa, who had eighteen galleys besides in course, and ten thousand men by Land; upon the appearance of this great Army, most of those places which had rendered themselves to France and Savoy, opened their gates to the Spanish army at first approach; They ravaged the country of Monferrat up and down, and came thence before Ast a considerable frontier town of Piedmont. Yet though there were five or six armies in motion that Summer in Italy, there was no battle fought, but only sieges, and leaguers, sallies and skirmishes; The approach of Winter brought a suspension of arms; afterwards a Treaty was appointed at Monson, and twenty Articles interchangeably accorded unto: so the War ended, and a Peace was renewed 'twixt all Parties.  
The Duke of Savoy was neither himself, nor by his Ambassador or 
Anno 1626.  Deputy present at this Treaty, which made him complain highly of the King of France, taxing him with infraction of Faith, and of the late Confederation between them: thereupon the King sent Monsieur Bullion to him in quality of Ambassador to make an Apology, 
Anno 1626.  that his Highness should not impute this to ill faith, or any disrespect of him, or to any particular advantage his Majesty hoped to receive thereby for himself; therefore his Highness should not except at the light omission of compliments which had more of exterior appearance, than sincerity. Bullion having notice that the Duke would give him a solemn open audience in the presence of most of his Lords and Counsel, prepared himself accordingly; and being come into the room, the little Duke began to speak very high language, thereupon Bullion told him in his ear, That he perceived his Highness to be moved, therefore he prayed him (not as an Ambassador, but as a private man and his servant) to speak of so puissant and illustrious a Monarch with that moderation, respect and reservedness, that his Majesty might not be offended, and if his Highness thought to satisfy himself by words of advantage, nothing would remain unto him but repentance so to suffer himself to be transported by a disordered passion: For the main business, the King having obtained by the Treaty at Monson all that he and his Allies could hope for if they had gained a battle, as also the liberty of the Grisons and the Valtolines, his Confederates ought not to take offence if he as the Eldest, had treated himself alone for his Cadets, a title which they had reason to esteem for honourable: Yet if notwithstanding these considerations his Highness desired to have satisfaction in a stricter way he would undertake his Majesty should make him amends. In the interim he wished his Highness to think upon any thing wherein his most Christian Majesty might be advantageous unto him.  
The Duke being calmed by these words, answered, that he thought upon Royalty, and if his Majesty would approve of his design (being already well assured of the Pope's good will) he cared not much for other Potentats, and he would be contented to be treated by the King, in the same manner as the Kings of France were used to treat the Kings of Scotland and Navarr: By Royalty he meant the Kingdom of Cypress, which title the Ambassador told him could not be had without distasting the Republic of Venice, (whose adoptif son he was) and whereas he pretended some places in Toscany, that could not be done without displeasing the Queen Mother.  
The King having disposed already of his 3. Sisters, began to think on a Match for Monsieur his Brother; now it is the style of France to call the King's sole Brother Monsieur without any further addition, to distinguish him from others; Marry of Bourbon daughter to the Duke of Monpensier was thought to be a fit wife for him; hereupon the King moved it unto him, but he desired time to consider of it, because it was a business of the greatest consequence that possibly could import him, for a wife is the best or worst fortune that can befall a man in the whole course of his life: There were some that whispered him in the ear to dissuade him from the said Match, amongst others the Marshal of Ornano his Governor, who told him, That if he married in France, all his Means, Credit and Fortune would be bounded there, whereas if he married some foreign Princess, he might have some support, and a place to retire unto abroad upon hard usage at home, which would 
Anno 1626.  make him better esteemed.  
This being brought to the King's ear, Ornano with divers other were taken out of their beds in the dead of night, and clapped in the Bastile; hereupon Monsieur went to the Chancellor d' Haligre, and reproached him to have counselled the King to have his Governor plucked away from him so; the Chancellor excused himself, and denied that he had given such counsel; The King having notice of this poor answer of his Chancellor, sent the next day for the Seals, willing him to retire to his Country house; The Duke of Vendosm and his brother the gran Prior were thought also to do ill Offices in this business which made them fall into some dislike, and so they were committed prisoners to the Castle of Ambois; amongst other things wherewith Vendosm was charged, one was, that he should say he would never see the King again but in picture; so he was put out of the government of Brittany, which was conferred upon Martial Themines. Cardinal Richelieu having drawn a great deal of hatred upon himself about this match, he had a guard allowed him, which was afterwards recented according as the measure of envy and danger accrued. The King being at Nants in Brittany to settle that Government, told his brother that he much desired he were married to Mademoiselle Monpensier for the good of his state, assuring him that he should find his own advantages in it: Monsieur answered, That if his Majesty judged that it would be for the good of his state he entirely conformed himself to his pleasure; thereupon he sent a long compliment to Madamoiselle Monpensier, concluding that he would prove a better Husband to her, than he was a servant: So the Articles of Marriage were drawn, and Monsieur was to have for his appannage the Duchy of Orleans with other places to the sum of one hundred thousand franks annual rent, all charges defrayed, so much more in pension, and by special warrant five hundred and sixty thousand franks yearly upon the receipts of Orleans; which comes in all to about seventy thousand pounds sterlin per annum: so the Cardinal of Richelieu betrothed and married them the next day at Nants with as much solemnity as the place could afford.  
At this time there were whispers up and down France of divers plots that were to be put in execution; some gave out the King intended to repudiat the Queen; Others, that there was a design to clap up the King in a monastery, and that Monsieur should reign; of this plot there was a whisper the mother was, because she always seemed to love the younger better than the elder. But I believe this was a groundless surmise.  
There were divers in prison that would have persuaded Monsieur to a foreign match, and endeavoured to cross this; Amongst others the Count of Chalais was one, who was beheaded at Nants, and there being no headsman in the town, a prisoner that was in for a capital crime, undertook the office provided he might have his pardon, but he managed the instrument so ill that he gave the Count thirty four strokes before he could separat the head from the body. 
Anno 1626.   
Sanctarellus the Jesuit obtruded to the world dangerous tenets about this time, viz. That the Pope hath power to depose the Emperor, to admonish, and punish with temporal pains other Princes, and absolve their subjects from their Oath of fidelity in case of heresy. The book was burnt in Paris; Father Cotton Provincial of the French Jesuits, brought a public instrument from the chief of the College of Clermont wherein their Society did disadvow, and detest the said opinion of Sanctarellus, which instrument was commanded to be put upon Record.  
It was an ancient custom in France before the erection of Sedentary Parliaments whereof there are eight, to assemble once or twice every year the State's General, which Assembly was first called Parliament, wherein they treated of the highest Affairs of State, of making levies of money for the King's extraordinary occasions; for punishing corrupt Magistrates, and questioning any Officers whatsoever upon the relations which were made by the Deputies or Members of the said Assembly, which were called in old times Missi Dominici, viz. Those who were sent by the Lord or King; This, as I said before in the second Lustre, is equivalent to the High Court of Parliament in England, though in number it be inferior to it, in regard that this General Assembly of France consists but of four hundred and odd members, that in England of near upon seven hundred. Since the settling of the said Sedentary Parlements, this Great Parliament hath been seldom convoked in France unless during the minority of the King: for which the Country hath suffered much; in regard this universal convention was used to keep good correspondence 'twixt the Prince and his people, and the pecuniary levies which passed by their Suffrages were given with more cheerfulness, and besides there was no need of so many Collectors and Receivors as are employed in the King's ordinary Revenu, which are so numerous that the fourth part is drunk up among Officers in fees and wages; so that there hardly comes into the King's Coffers clear a Quardecu in every Crown. This Assembly of the three Estates in France grew to be very rare, and in a manner obsolete, since the Kings had power given them to impose public assessments, the ground whereof was this; When the English had taken such firm footing in France that they had advanced as far as the Loire, and besieged Orleans, the Assembly of the three States in these pressures being not able to meet after the ordinary manner by reason of the interposition of the enemy up and down, that power which was formerly inhaerent in the three States of making Laws and assessing the subject with subsidiary taxes, was transmitted to the King himself during the war, which continuing long, that entrusted power grew in tract of time so habitual, that it could never be reassumed or the Kings divested of it: And that which made the business more feasable for the Kings was, that the burden fell most upon the Commonalty, the Nobility and Clergy not feeling the weight near so much: And it happened in so favourable conjuncture of time that the Clergy and Nobles were contented to have the Peasans pulled down a little, 
Anno 1626.  because not many years before in that notable rebellion called lafoy jaquerie de Beauvoisin which was suppressed by Charles the Wise, they boldly put themselves in arms against the Nobility and Gentry to lessen their greatness: Add hereunto as an advantage to the work, that this power being first transferred to Charles the Seventh, there succeeded him, a notable cunning King, Lewis the Eleventh, who knew well how to play his game; for amongst all the rest he was said to be the first who put the French Kings horse de Page, out of their minority or from being Pages any more, though thereby he brought the Peasans to be worse than Laquais.  
Out of some distaste the King took at the last Convention of the three Estates which was upon his entrance to his Majority, he resolved to summon them no more, yet because he might be in good intelligence with his people, a way was projected to call an Assembly of Notables which should be equivalent to the State's General though fewer far in number, and some out of every one of the Provincial Sedentary Courts of Parliament were chosen to join with them: such an Assembly as this was held in Roven (as we mentioned before) which did little good, therefore the King was advised to convoque such another at Paris this year which was done accordingly. They met in the great Hall of the Twilleries where the King spoke to them thus:  
We protest before the living God, that We have no other aim or intention but his honour, and the good and ease of Our subjects: therefore in his Name We conjure and pray you whom we have here convoqued, and, by that lawful power which is given Us over you, We command and expressly enjoin you that without any other respect, or consideration whatsoever, without regard of pleasing or displeasing any person, you would afford Us with all freedom and sincerity those counsels which you shall judge in your consciences to be most wholesome and convenient to the advancement of the public good. The Cardinal de Richelieu also made a long rhetorical Oration (which you shall find in the legend of his life hereunto annexed) but there was no great advantage accrued to the public by this Assembly of Notables though it lasted from the second of December, to the twenty fourth of February following.  
This year a passage happened in the Court of England whence ensued illfavord consequences, and no less than a war afterward 'twixt the two Nations; which was this, The train of French servants which the Queen of Great Britain had brought with her at her first arrival was suddenly dismissed to the number of one hundred and twenty; In regard of no good offices they did 'twixt the King and Queen, and for some petulant bold misdemeanurs of theirs, by imposing also certain odd superstitious penances upon the Queen in prejudice of her health: Besides, his Majesty of Great Britain having settled a Royal jointure upon her of near upon one hundred thousand crowns a year out of the choicest Demeans, Royalties and Houses he had in England, the Bishop of Mende sought to be Surintendent, and steward 
Anno 1626.  of her lands, and others of her French servants expected to have Offices in that kind, which the King would not hearken unto in regard the said French were unfit for those extern employments having not the Language, or knowledge of the Laws and Customs of the Country, therefore he desired them to rest contented with the domestic Offices they had about the Person of the Queen; they made a show to be satisfied herewith, though palpable discontentments appeared in their countenances and carriage afterward more and more. So they were suddenly discharged, and summoned to quit the Kingdom, and there should be order taken for all conveniences for their journey by Land and Sea, and the arrears of their wages and pensions were punctually paid them.  
The Queen for the present took much to heart the renvoy of her servants, and the King her brother resented it also when notice was sent him, though it was nothing to be wondered at, for he himself had discharged the Spanish servants his Queen had brought with her not long after she came, in the same manner.  
The King of England dispatched a Messenger of honour to the Court of France to give a true information of matters, which afforded but little satisfaction; Thereupon Marshal Bassompierre was sent Ambassador extraordinary to England expressly about this business, but matters were thrust so far off the hinges that they could not be set right again so soon. The French began the first act of hostility, and that before any public Declaration was published, by seizing a great number of English and Scottish ships at Blay, as they were returning from the vintage with cargazons of wines from Bourdeaux, but the Scots were released, the English still stayed. A little after an Edict issued out in the King's name to interdict all commerce and traffic with England, that no kind of grain, wines, or pulse should be transported thither, nor from thence to France any cloth, serges, wools, lead, tinn, stuffs, silk stockings, with an enumeration of divers other commodities: by this one may observe, the advantage that England hath of France, in variety and substance of Marchandizes.  
The French Chroniclers obtrude to the world divers wrong informations of this travers 'twixt England and France. 1. They relate that the French were cashiered of the Queen's service with little or nothing at all of their wages, which is false, for they were paid to a penny, and many of them parted with gifts and much wealth. 2. They report that the Queen out of her necessities had borrowed much money of them, which was also a calumny, for there was never Princess lived in greater plenty. 3. They make the world believe that the first depraedations at Sea, and acts of Piracy were committed by the English, which is another falsehood, for besides the seizure of the Merchants at Blay, where they came to reimbarque their Ordnance, divers other praedatory acts were done by the French. 4. They publish also another imposture, that while the Earls of Carlisle and Holland were in the heat of the Treaty of a Match with England, the same time they did machinat the ruin of France; 
Anno 1627.  the first time that England was ever taxed of double dealing. 5. That his Majesty of Great Britain had no hand in the Pacifications which were made 'twixt the King, and them of the Religion, whereas his Ambassadors and Agents did always follow the King's Army to their excessive expenses, and did perpetually negotiate in their behalf; and became caution to them for performances on the King's side.  
Thus a black cloud hung between England and France; which broke out into a shrewd, though short, tempest of war. The King of Great Britain riggs up his galleons, and in a very short time puts to Sea a huge royal fleet in perfect equippage of 150. Sails, with an Army of 10000 combatants: which by the advice and directions of Monsieur Subize, and Blancart, who had fled to England some months before, were to sail towards Rochel, and seize upon the Islands of Ré & Oleron. In Oleron the English, when they were in possession of Guienne, made those famous Maritime laws, which are observed by all the Western world to this day: The Duke of Buckingham was chosen Admiral by Sea, and General by Land of this great expedition; who published this following Manifesto to the world.  
What part the Kings of Great Britain have always taken in the affairs of the Reformed Churches of this Kingdom, and with what care and zeal they have laboured for the good of them, is manifest to all, and the examples thereof are as ordinary, as the occasions have been: The now King, my most honoured Lord and Master comes nothing short of his Predecessors therein, if his good and laudable designs for their good had not been perverted to their ruin, by those who had most interest for their due accomplishment: What advantages hath he refused? what Parties hath he not sought unto? that by his alliance with France he might restore more profitably and powerfully the restitution of those Churches to their ancient liberty and splendour? And what could be less hoped for by so strict an alliance, and from so many reiterated promises by the mouth of a great Prince but effects truly royal, and sorting with his greatness? But failings have been such, that his Majesty, by so many promises, and so strait an obligation of friendship, hath not only been disappointed of means to obtain Liberty and Surety for the said Churches, and to restore Peace to France by the reconciliation of those, whose breath utters nothing else but all manner of obedience to their King under the liberty of their Edicts: that chose they have prevailed, by the interest which he had in those of the Religion to deceive them, and by this means not only to untie him from them, but also to make him, if not odious unto them, at least suspected in perverting the means, which he had ordained for their good, to a quite contrary end: Witness the English Ships not designed for the extirpation of them of the Religion, but to the contrary, express promise was made that they should not be used against them in the last Sea-fight. What then may be expected from so puissant a Prince as the King my Master so openly eluded, but a through feeling equal and proportioned to the injuries received? but his patience hath gone beyond patience, and as long as he had hopes that he could benefit the Churches by any other means, he had no recours by way of Arms: so far that having been made an instrument 
Anno 1627.  and worker of the last Peace upon conditions disadvantageous enough, and which would not have been accepted without his Majesty's intervention, who interposed his credit and interest to the Churches to receive them, even with threatenings to the end to shelter the honour of the most Christian King, under assurances of his Part, not only for the accomplishment, but also, for the bettering of the said Conditions, for which he stands caution to the Churches.  
But what hath been the issue of all this but only an abuse of his goodness? and that which his Majesty thought a sovereign remedy for all their sores, hath it not brought almost the last blow to the ruin of the Churches? It wanted but a little by continuing the Fort before Rochel, the demolishment whereof was promised, by the violences of the soldiers and Garrisons of the said Fort and Isles, as well upon the Inhabitants of the said Town as upon strangers, in lieu whereas they should have retired, they have been daily augmented, and other forts built; as also by the stay of the Commissioners in the said Town beyond the time agreed on, to the end to make broils, and by means of the division which they made to slide among the Inhabitants to open the gates to the neighbouring Troops, and by other withstandings and infractions of peace, I say it little failed, that the said Town and in it all the Churches had not drawn their last breath: And in the mean time while his Majesty hath yet continued, and not opposed so many injuries, so many faith-breaking, but by complaint and Treaty, until he had received certain advice confirmed by intercepted Letters of the great preparation the most Christian King made to pour upon Rochel. And then what could his Majesty of Great Britain do, but to vindicat his honour by a quick arming against those who had made him a complice of their deceits: And to give testimony of his integrity and zeal which he hath always had for the reestablishing of the Churches, an establishment which shall be dear and precious to him above any other thing?  
This is the sole end of his arming at this time, and not any particular interest: Yet whosoever would doubt hereof, let him consider the circumstance of times, and disposition of affairs as they stand now with the King my Master. For who will believe that he can have any dessein upon France, or to have projected conquests here in a time so disadvantageous, having now for his enemy one of the puissantst King of the world; and if he had such a design, surely he would have sent greater forces than I have now under command, whereof if the number were known they would be judged but Auxiliaries only, and that their aim is no other but for the good of the Churches, which for so many important reasons and considerations he finds himself obliged before God and men to protect and succour. But if it be alleged that the King my Master hath been moved to take up arms for other respects, as the detention and seizure of all the ships and goods of his subjects at Bourdeaux, and other places of this Kingdom, to the breach and manifest contravention of the peace 'twixt the two Crowns, which in this point tend expressly to the irreparable prejudice, yea to the total ruin of commerce, in the rupture whereof the poor people of this Realm being not able to vent their Merchandises, groans not only under the burden of so many taxes and 
Anno 1627.  impositions, but for the very necessities of life itself. That the apprehensions the King my Master hath of the powerful increase of the most Christian King by Sea hath moved him to arm for preventing the growth thereof; and lastly that being hopeless of any accommodation of things, he hath been constrained to put himself in arms. The answer to all this is, that whosoever will search the Arrests, prizes and seasures which have been made on both sides, he shall find the King my Master and his subjects have hitherto profited by this breach, and that it hath turned to their advantage.  
In the second place, he is so far off from being jealous of the pretended power by Sea, and that he should have reason to hinder it, that there needs no more than for him to grant, when he thinks it fit, Letters of Mart to his subjects, and so these vain and feeble forces at Sea might be dissipated without the employment of any Fleet Royal. Finally, that there hath been a necessity to arm thus, because there is no hope of accommodation otherwise, the contrary will be most manifest to him who will consider the researches which have been made at several times as well by their own Ministers, as by the Ministers of other Princes to the King my Master, to treat of accommodating things at their instigation. It appears by all this that the King my Master hath not been forced to arm for any particular interest, but only for the defence of the Churches, for the security and freedom whereof he stood responsible: Yet there are some who dare amuse the world that his Majesty hath a particular dessein in it, and that he useth Religion for a pretext to gain a party, by means whereof, and by which conjunction he hopes to push on his purposes to the end at which they aim. No, no, our Religion teacheth us otherwise, and the King my Master's piety (wherein he gives place to no man living) will never permit him. His desscin is the establishment of the Churches, his interest is their good, and his aim their contentment; That being done, these Drums beating, these Ensigns displayed shall be folded up again. And all this noise of War shall be buried in night and silence, which would never have been but for their cause. Given aboard of our Admiral this Wednesday the 21. of july, 1627.  
Buckingham.  
A good while before this Fleet was under sail, the French Cardinal by some pensionary Spies he had in the English Court, had advertisement of the dessein, therefore there was a Remonstrance sent from the King to his Town of Rochel to this effect. That they were French, and that the English were proud and insupportable, that having vain pretensions upon this Kingdom, if they took any place it was to reduce it to slavery: That their Ancestors being acquainted with the nature of the English chose rather to lose half their goods, then to be under their domination upon the accord made for the delivery of King John when he was prisoner in England: That his Majesty had given proofs of the effects of his clemency so often, and with so much favour, that his grace seemed to be above their crimes; for their Religion, if they thought to cast it upon the account, he left them the free exercise of it; touching Lewis Fort, which seemed to give some ombrage to their Town, he assured them, that continuing within 
Anno 1627.  the bounds of their obedience, there should be a course taken for their contentment, but if it should come into the hands of the English, doubtless they would turn it to a Citadel, to settle therein their tyranny; That the present occasion was of that high importance, that it might entirely and eternally gain them the affections of their King by their fidelity, or that they might thereby offend him so sensibly, that they might render themselves incapable of grace ever after, if they departed from their loyalty whereunto they were obliged as subjects towards their natural Prince, and as Frenchmen against a strange Nation, and an ancient enemy of France.  
By the Duke of Buckingham's Manifesto it appears the King of Great Britain had divers grounds of War against France; first, that his Merchants were so abused, their ships seized on, and their goods taken away; secondly, that the French King grew so strong in ships, which in former times was used to be a sufficient motif for War of itself; and lastly, that Articles were not performed of the peace which was made with them of the Religion wherein England was engaged; His Majesty of Great Britain waves the first two, and lays hold of the last, whereby the French Reformists had just cause to abet him in the quarrel it being more theirs then his; Though there were reports blazed abroad, of other odd motifs; Howsoever the Policy of England was taxed (though her courage admired) abroad to engolf herself into a War with France, when she had another great neighbour King already on her back in actual hostility.  
This Fleet gave a mighty alarm to France, which made the King to send the Duke of Angoulesme before Rochel with three thousand foot, and five hundred horse; The King following a few days after fell sick upon the way, and Monsieur was in mourning for his wife who died in Childbed of a daughter. The Duke of Angoulesms Quarter-masters when they came to take lodgings for the billeting of the Army in the small villages about Rochel, took so much room as would have served an Army thrice as great; and this was done of purpose, for the report thereof being blown to Rochel and so to the English Fleet, the Duke, upon Soubize's advice, cast anchor at the Isle of Ré, whereas his first intention was for Lewis fort upon the Continent which dessein was diverted upon the (false) report of the greatness of Angoulesms Army; There were hardly 1200. English landed upon the Island of Ré, but 1000 French foot, and 200. choice horse who had lain invisible in a bottom all the while, appeared, and charged them furiously, the French horse did wonderful bravely, and the English foot no less, who having scarce stepped ashore were set upon and divers driven into the Sea and drowned; but by the brave example of their Commanders they resumed courage, and killed above one hundred and fifty of the enemy's Cavalry, put their foot to flight and remained Masters of the field; there was good pillage found among the French horsemen that fell, divers of them being persons of quality, and young spirits, which being stripped, many had their Mistresses favours tied about their genitories. At this first act of invasion 
Anno 1627.  the English lossed some hundreds of men, amongst others Blaneart Monsieur Soubize companion who had been one of the chief tracers of this voyage in the English Court, was slain upon the sands, and Sir john Heyden was killed too, who had afterwards honourable burial. The next day the English horse landed, and so they began to entrench: The chiefest Fort in the Island was Saint Martin where Monsieur Toiras a choice man, had been many days before; he sent the next day in a bravado a Page and a Trumpet to tell the Duke he meant to give him a breakfast, the Page had twenty pieces, and the Trumpet five given him: If the Duke had gone presently in pursuance of his victory for that breakfast toward Saint Martin he might in all probability have taken the Fort, but he stayed divers days near the Sea side, and in the interim Toiras had time to fortify: and the cause he stayed his march further, was that Soubize, & Sir Will: Beecher had gone to Rochel for more aid which the Duke expected; but the Rocheller gave them little countenance letting them in at the Postern gate: Toiras after the first, sent a second Trumpet to the Duke for burying the dead, offering a thousand pounds for his brother's body and others who were killed, but he had them gratis. Soubize afterwards came with five hundred from Rochel, and so the English Army marched towards Saint Martin, in the way there was the little Fort called Lapree, wherein as there was advice had afterwards, there was but one old woman; Soubize counselled the Duke to march another way through the Vineyards, and to leave the Fort; this proved fatal, and indeed the greatest cause of the ruin of the English, for had they ta'en that little Fort it might have served for a handsome retreat: Being come before Saint Martin's Fort Sir Io: Burrowes viewed it, and said positively it was impregnable but by starving, and so advised the Duke to take what booty could be had in that Isle, and go to Oleron; but this counsel took not. While the English Army lay before Saint Martin there was an Engineer came out of the Castle, who desired conference with the Duke, but being suspected by his looks, he was searched and a poisoned dagger was found about him, wherewith, being put to the torment, he confessed to have been sent to kill the Duke, so he had no quarter; All the time the Duke was there, though it was concluded by the Counsel of War, 'twas impossible to take the Fort but by famine, yet no intrenchments were made all the while to block them up, but a way was taken to raise batteries before the Army had made its approaches, which proved chargeable and fruitless, for with the infinite company of shot made against the Hill, there was nothing done by way of breach, but more powder and shot spent then the spoils of the Isle was worth, and still the passage was open for the Town round about to carry in any thing; At last the English began to entrench, yet they could not hinder provision to come by Sea from the main; at last a sickness happened in the Army whereby many dropped away; Sir john Burrowes was killed, and divers other ill-favoured accidents fell 
Anno 1627.  out, and discontents began to be fomented, for there came divers messages from the Citadel to the Duke which he made shy to impart to the Counsel of war, whereat there was some distaste taken.  
The King of France was now recovered, and he & his Cardinal were come before Rochel; there were all means under heaven used to preserve Toiras, & the Citadel of Ré, whereupon the King writ his Letter encouragement unto him. Monsieur Toiras, understanding the rare vertis and courage wherewith you and the rest that are in that Citadel do defend your selves against the English, I was willing to express unto you by this Letter the singular satisfaction that I receive thereby; Therefore you ought to believe that I will acknowledge such signal service to every one who shall have a share therein, in such a manner that they shall bear all the days of their lifes some mark of honour according to their merits: Therefore I desire you would send Me the names of all those that are shut in with you in that Citadel, that neither Gentleman, Officer or Soldier remain without his reward.  
This Letter being safely arrived to Toiras it raised every one's spirit to a great height of resolution; as also the King's Person being come so near them. There were divers compliments passed 'twixt the Duke and Toiras during the siege, and Master Io. Ashburnham being sent to the Citadel upon a Message, (and afterwards to the King of France himself) Toiras was complaining of want of Melons, the Duke sent him a basketfull the next day; He returned the Duke some bottles of Orange flower water, for which the Duke gave the Messenger twenty jacobuses, whereas Troiras gave but five for the Melons.  
When the English had planted a serious siege before the Town, Buckingham sent Toiras this Letter.  
Monsieur; The desire I have to witness upon all occasions how much I esteem and prise persons of quality and merit, shall make me always proceed towards them with all courtesy; I think I have comported myself towards you in that manner hitherto, as far as the law of arms would permit me. In poursuance whereof before the quality of my affairs obligeme to take other counsels, and to alter my procedure, I thought good to exhort you to the consideration of your necessities, which you have already endured with much patience, and your courage haply might transport you to continue under vain hopes of succour, to the prejudice of your safety: For these reasons, and for the regret I should have to see greater displeasure befall you, we judge it convenient to invite you to render yourself into our hands, with those that are of your company, and under your command, and withal the place possessed by you, upon such terms of honour that you may not expect hereafter, if you oblige me to poursue the means I have in hand to accomplish my dessein, and that you let matters go on to extremity: So expecting your answer accordingly I rest, Sir, your most humble and most obedient servant  
Buckingham.  
Toiras' returned this Answer.  
Monsieur; Your courtesies are known to all the world, and being done with that judgement they use to carry with them, they ought to be chiefly expected by them who do good actions: Now, I do not find there can be a better than for one to employ his life for the service of his King; I am here to that 
Anno 1627.  purpose, with a number of brave men, amongst whom he that is the least resolute would not believe to have satisfied himself, if he did not surmount all difficulties to help to conserve this place; In so much that neither despair of succour, nor fear of being ill used in point of extremity are able to make me quit so generous a dessein: Besides I should judge myself unworthy of any of your favours, if I should omit the least point of my duty in this action, the issue whereof must needs be honourable; And the more you shall contribut to this glory, the more I shall be obliged to be, Monsieur, Your most humble, and most obedient servant  
Toiras.  
The English assayed all means imaginable to render themselves Masters of the Citadel by their Ships and inventions at Sea, and by assaults and storming a shore, nor did they fail in any thing that human strength and courage could contribut; They took divers bottoms as they were transporting provisions from the Continent, but at last the Marshal of Schomberg had the hap upon a high flood, and in a dark night, to bring safely into the Citadel a mighty supply of all things that might conduce not only to relieve, but to raise the spirits of the soldier; so the approach of Winter, & sickness with other inconveniences forced the English to be gone; which the Duke, though often advised and importuned by the Counsel of War was loath to do, having provision for two months longer, and that he must be forced to leave a number of sick men behind, to the mercy of the enemy: But after a conference with Soubize he marched away at last; There was a great debate in the Citadel, whether the English should be poursued in the Retreat, or whether a bridge of silver should be made them to pass quietly away; The first opinion prevailed: so they had not marched a Musket shot from the Town, but two hundred horse, & two thousand foot were at their heels; The English made a stand, to see whether the French would fight but they would not, so they continued their march till they came to la Nova a little village where they made another stand, thinking the French would charge; which they forboare still. Thence they marched to Lewisbridg where they were to embark, but before two Regiments were passed over the Bridge which was very narrow, the French fell upon the English horse in the rear, and routed them so that the foot could not charge, than they began to fly, and the enemy had the execution of five Regiments which he put most to the sword except twenty Officers, and one hundred common soldiers, divers also were drowned in the salt-pits, and dikes; so there perished in all near upon two thousand besides the sick which were left before the Citadel, all whose throats were cut, and sent in a Bark thrust from the shore to the English Ships. My Lord Monjoy, now Earl of Newport, was there taken prisoner, old Colonel Grace was fallen into a salt-pit, and being upon point of being drowned he cried out cent mill escus pour marancon, a hundred thousand crowns for my ransom, so the noise of the money saved his life: There were 
Anno 1627.  divers prisoners besides taken, but they were sent as a present to the Queen of England to whom the King writ this following Letter by le Chevalier de la Ramé, called du Meau.  
Madam my sister, It having pleased God to bless my arms in such sort that my Lord Monjoy, Colonel Grace, divers Captains, Officers and Gentlemen remained my prisoners in the journey which passed at Ré the eighth of this month; I was willing to testify unto all Christendom, the special esteem which I make of your Person, by sending unto you the said prisoners which I have let go upon their words for your sake. Nothing having invited me thereunto but the friendship which I bear you, and the knowledge I also have that I cannot do an act more acceptable to the Queen my Mother, then to do for your sake what I would not do for any other. Du Meau will assure you of my health, I pray you have a care of your own which is most dear unto me, and I assure you that the world hath not a brother which makes more account of a sister than I do of you; so I rest, my Lady and Sister, your most affectionate Brother Lewis. From the Camp before Rochel the last of November. 1627.  
There were also forty four Colours taken which the King sent to the two Queens at Paris, and they hang to this day in the great Church there.  
This was the dismallest day that the English ever had in France, who in times passed performed such stupendous exploits in that Country; yet the Invasion was made with much gallantry, for they might be said to have swom through water and blood to take footing on the Island, which discovered much of the ancient courage of the Nation; Besides, they did before the Citadel as much as men could do, & upon their marching away they made two stands to draw Schomberg to fight notwithstanding that they had not in number a quarter of the horse that he had newly transported from the Continent. They took likewise divers prisoners of note who were released also without ransom by his Majesty of Great Britain. Divers omissions there were that proved fatal to this expedition: 1. The not speedy marching of the English Army in poursuance of their first victory to the Citadel where Toiras had time in the interim to fortify. 2. The not taking of the little Fort lafoy Pray in the way, which might have served for a retreat. 3. That the Duke did not follow the advice of Burrowes to go to Oleron a greater Island, and afterwards of the knowingst Colonels so often pressed upon him, to march away before Schomberg came over, for so he might have made an honourable retreat than which there is nothing more difficult in the fait of arms, not is it any disgrace to go away in the night for preventing of being beaten in the day.  
Monsieur Soubizes counsel was the cause of these omissions, who was the main contriver of this infortunate voyage (with Blancart who fell at first landing) And it seems a hard destiny haunted the 
Anno 1627.  said Soubize (though a worthy man of himself) in all attempts from the beginning; He was taken prisoner at Saint john d'Angely, he was forced to fly at Royan, and twice (with this time) at Ré; He had but ill success at Medoc, and divers ill-favoured encounters at Sea, though he lost less honour there then a shore.  
Some outlandish Chroniclers would have it that there were three Furies which impelled the English to this Expedition. 1. The ambition of Buckingham. 2. The felony of Soubize. 3. The rebellion of the Rochellers: but these men write more out of passion than knowledge, for as I instanced in the beginning of this relation, there were divers causes to move England to arms as matters stood then.  
The King having had such rare success against the English, he resolves 
Anno 1628.  upon the planting of a serious siege before Rochel, thereupon order was given for an exact circumvallation by Land, and Pompco Targon an Italian Engineer was employed for Sea works: the said Targon, being assisted with the Cardinal's headpiece, fell on a plot to raise a huge dike in the channel which the Rochellers jeered at first, but they found it the bane of their Town at last.  
The Rochellers had recourse to the King of Great Britain for protection, who resenting their sad condition employed two Royal Fleets for their succour which made but sorry returns; The Duke of Buckingham was to be General of the last, but he was tragically slain the day before he was to embark; Thereupon the Earl of Linzey went in his place, but before he appeared before the Town, Targon had finished the gran Dike, whereof the Cardinal was daily overseer, the King being then in Paris; there were certain kind of palissadoes and other strange fabriques' raised in the channel to the wonderment of the world, for Marquis Spinola, at his revokment from Flanders to Spain, and passing by the King's Army, said, he had never seen the like, being as trenches and barricadoes erected in the Sea; and they were done with that advantage that no naval power could do any good upon them; In so much that the English Fleet being arrived, the Cardinal sent to the General, that he should have safe passport to come a shore with six of his knowingst Commanders, with permission to view the works, and if they thought in their judgements that the Town was succourable, he would raise the siege without fight a stroke: The General of this Fleet was the Lord Rob: Willoughby Earl of Linzey, whom the French Chroniclers call Willaby Inghay, and the General of the former Fleet they call Count d'Emby, in lieu of Denbigh, so they call Burrowes Burrache, Ashpernham Hasburnim. And as in this relation, so every where else they seldom or never truly render the surname of any English or Germane, which (under favour) is a great error, and a kind of stupidity and carelessness in an Historian.  
The King being returned with the flower of all the Nobility of France to the siege before Rochel which had now lasted a long time, the Town was reduced to an extreme exigent and want of provision (having for greediness of money sold upon high prizes to the English 
Anno 1628.  being at Ré much corn and other things) therefore they came at last to a submission, their Deputies making this speech to the King.  
Sir, they who have been a long time shut up in obscure prisons, when they come abroad cannot behold the Sun without dazzling their eyes; so we whom a long captivity hath kept reclused within our walls, coming now to appear before your Majesty's face, we are not able to endure the brightness of it without dazzlement, and some horror of our faults passed which adds to our confusion: yet the goodness of your Majesty, whereof we have tasted the effects so often, and do now find, gives us the boldness to prostrate ourselves at your feet to implore pardon, which our frequent relapses into our crimes do not permit us to hope for, etc. So they go on with a protest and deep asseveration of their loyalty for the future, wherein they will endeavour to surpass all the rest of his subjects.  
The King answered. God grant that you have spoken to me from the bottom of your hearts, and that necessity rather than an acknowledgement of your faults hath put these words in your mouths, you have made use of all means and inventions to withdraw your selves from the duty of good and faithful subjects, yet I cannot forbear to let you feel the effects of my goodness and mercy; Be wiser hereafter, and assure your selves I will not break my promise.  
At the beginning of the siege there were in the Town about eighteen thousand souls, but at the reddition there were not five thousand; and scarce one hundred who had strength to bear a Musket; an ounce of bread was worth half a crown, a pound of biscuit seven crowns, an egg six shillings, a pound of horseflesh ten shillings, a cabbage leaf three pence; many dragged themselves to the Churchyards and made their own graves: A little before their reddition they married all the young maids in the Town that were espousable who had any portions. The King caused all kind of fortifications new and old except those towards the haven to be razed, all bastions and the walls to be demolished, and the moats filled up; so of a City she became to be an open village, without More, Sheriffs, or any other Magistrate, the Inhabitants to be contributory to all kind of taxes; those ramparts that were built out of the ruins of Churches and Monasteries were employed for reedification of the former Churches; a great Cross was erected in the Marketplace, and a Decree passed that there should be a solemn Procession every year upon All Saint's day about that Cross in remembrance that the Town was taken that day; all their Parishes were reduced to three; In so much that as the quality of the place, so the whole government thereof was entirely altered, as if they had been put to begin the world again.  
In the mean time while the King had triumphed thus over Rochel, the Duke of Rohan was very active in Languedoc, having considerable forces, which made the Parliament of Tholouze thunder out a furious Arrest against him, That for his so many Conspiracies, Rebellions, Disloyalties, and for bringing the English into France, and other most odious Treasons he was deprived of the title of Duke, made incapable of the benefit of 
Anno 1628.  the general Act of oblivion, that he should be drawn by wild horses, his body dismembered and burnt, his ashes thrown into the wind, his posterity declared Peasants, his Duchy reunited to the Crown, and whosoever could apprehend his person and bring him living or dead, he should have one hundred and fifty thousand Franks for a guerdon.  
The Duke so little valued this sentence that he caved Masvyer the chief Precedent of Tholouze to be hanged the next day in Effigy in the Town where he was.  
There was at this time in Italy a former difference revived 'twixt the Duke of Savoy, and the Duke of Mantova about Monferrat, which had been some years before accommoded by the intervention of France; The Emperor and Spaniard were for the Savoyard: hereupon Don Gonzalez de Cordova besieged Casal: The King of France thought it concerned his honour and safety to assist the Mantovan who had been once his vassal when only Duke of Nevers; therefore having settled all things at Rochel, he marcheth with his Army toward the Alps, but demanding passage of the Duke of Savoy, the Duke a great while did compliment with him; Hereupon he forceth his passage through snow and ice in the month of February and got over to Susa in person, which was rendered unto him; so the Duke and He were upon good terms, and free passage accorded for his Army to pass to Piedmont to raise the siege of Casal, but Gonzales by the advice of the Duke of Savoy, quitted the siege himself in the interim, and so retired to Milan, and the King returned to France.  
While he was t'other side the Alps at Susa, by the interposition of the republic of Venice, there was an overture made of a reconciliation 'twixt England and France, which quickly took effect.  
The King in his return o'er the Alps with his Cardinal, caused a Pillar to be erected in the common road upon one of the highest Mountains with this ostentous Inscription; To the eternal memory of Lewis the thirteenth, King of France and Navarr, most gracious, most victorious, most happy, most just; A Conqueror, who having overcome all Nations of Europe, he hath triumphed also over the elements of heaven and earth, having twice passed o'er these Hills in the month of March with his victorious Army, to restore the Princes of Italy to their estates, and to protect and defend his Allies.  
Being returned to France, he heard the Duke of Rohan roved still up 
Anno 1629.  and down with forces in Languedoc, and that he was upon point of entering into a confederation with the Spaniard, to which purpose He employed one Clausel to Madrid, who proposed That if his Catholic Majesty would be pleased to furnish him with 600000. crowns annually, the Duke of Rohan would undertake to raise and maintain an Army of twelve thousand foot, and twelve hundred horse to make what diversion his Majesty would appoint, and to continue a war in France. There were divers other Propositions tending to the kind usage of the Catholics, and withal a request That the Duke's pension from fourteen thousand crowns, might be augmented to eighteen thousand, and that his Catholic Majesty would please 
Anno 1629.  to add to his brother Soubize's pension of eight thousand crowns a year, two thousand more. For performance of these propositions the said Clausel could give no other caution but the word of an Honourable and most Religious Prince, meaning the Duke.  
These offers were accepted by the Spaniard, but the sum was reduced to three hundred thousand crowns payable in two payments every year.  
The Articles being sent by Clausel to France by a Zealand Gentleman, he was suspected and taken in a Pond up to the neck, so he was hanged at Tholouse.  
The King at his return to Provence took Privas from them of the Religion after many bloody sallies and assaults on both sides; a place of mighty consequence; In the Camp before Privas the Peace was proclaimed 'twixt France and England to dishearten them in the Town the more, for they thought that the King of Great Britain was still involved in their Cause. This Peace was negotiated by Georgi and Contarini Ambassadors to the Maiden Republic, who yet may be called the Mother of Policy and able to read Lectures on that Thesis to the rest of Europe; nor did there small glory redound to her by her successful intervention herein, and by making her Saint Mark Mediator 'twixt two such mighty Monarches.  
The words of the Proclamation before Privas pronounced aloud by a king of Arms were these. Let the world know there is peace, amity, and good intelligence between his Majesty and his good Brother, and Brother in law the King of Great Britain, acessation of all acts of hostility betwixt them and their subjects, with an entire confirmation of the ancient Alliances, and of the Articles and Contract of Marriage with the Queen of Great Britain, and an overture of a free and safe commerce between the subjects of the two Crowns: Therefore all persons are prohibited to attempt any think in prejudice of the said Peace under pain of being punished as Disturbers of the public repose, etc.  
The general Articles also were signed there interchangeably in the ordinary form, where of there were some extraordinary, as that In regard it would be difficult to make restitution on either side of divers prizes which have been taken in this war, the two Crowns are accorded, that there shall be no reprisal made by sea or in any other manner for that which is passed 'twixt the two Kings and their subjects during the said war.  
And because there are divers vessels at Sea, with Letters of Mart, which give Commission to combat the enemies which cannot presently have notice of this Peace, or receive Order to abstain from acts of hostility, It is accorded that whatsoever shall pass the space of the two next months after this accord, shall not derogate from, or impeach this Peace, or the good will of the two Crowns.  
The King having dismantled Privas, and secured other petty places, he marched to Alets a very considerable Garrison Town of them of the Religion, which being also surrendered, he marched to Languedoc, took Castres' and Nismes once the darling of Rome when she had her Legions in those parts, though now no Town throughout France be 
Anno 1629.  a greater enemy unto her: These monstrous successes of the Kings made the Duke of Rohan hearken unto a Treaty, therefore being at Anduza he convokes a kind of Assembly of the chiefest of them of the Religion to whom he made this notable speech.  
Sirs: You know well enough that the King doing me the honour as to acknowledge me his kinsman, hath had particular consideration of me in all general Treaties made with your party, and that he hath made me to be perpetually solicited to separat myself from you, with assurances that he would raise my condition to such a point, that might draw upon it the envy of the Princes, and the greatest of his Kingdom: Neither are you ignorant that the general interests of the party being dearer unto me than mine own, I have been so far from lending an ear unto those charming propositions, that to the contrary I have broke with his Majesty whensoever he hath refused or delayed the execution of the Edicts passed in favour of us, and exposing myself to his indignation I have run the hazard of my fortune, my honour, and life: Gentlemen I pray do not think, that since our Cause is conjoined with that of God, but that I continue as strong a zeal and inclination as ever towards it: But in regard our affairs are in another condition perchance than you do imagine, I have called you hither to instruct you, and then to take such order that your wisdoms shall afford me to put in punctual execution with as much fidelity as courage.  
You must then consider that any time these eight years that the King hath warred with us, heaven hath been so favourable unto him, that it seems he rather went to the routing of our troops then to combat, and by assaulting our strongest Towns he prepared rather for triumphant entries, than sieges: so that now the number of our combatants, and the strength of our strongest places doth not serve as much to maintain our party, as to augment his glory: so many Towns in Poitou, Saintonge, Guienne, and Languedoc which have not been able toresist him as many days as we count months, are most sensible proofs hereof: Rochel, alas! (with that he fetched a profound sigh accompagnied with tears) Rochel which we thought inexpugnable, that proud Town one of the miracles of Europe being now reduced to an open village on all sides, doth carry, and shall eternally bear the marks of the valour and good fortune of this glorious Monarch.  
Having demolished this strong rampart of the Gospel, by which the whole party subsisted, he hath penetrated the Kingdom from one Diameter to the other, and traversed in five or six days the Alps in the most rigorous season of the year, which Julius Caesar accounted amongst his heroiquest actions, and Hannibal could not do it in fifteen days without inestimable loss; He hath forced the pass of Susa marching o'er the belly of an Army entrenched and fortified in a strait. He hath delivered the Duke of Mantova from the oppression of the King of Spain, and the Savoyard, and obliged the latter who was Author of the War to receive such conditions of peace that he pleased to prescribe him: Repassing the Alps with like celerity, he hath deprived us of Privas, and taken multitudes of places more by the terror only of his victorious Arms.  
He is continually assisted by the Cardinal of Richelieu, who for the fertility 
Anno 1629.  of his Invention, for the solidity of his Counsels, for the secrecy of his desseins, for his hardiness in execution, and for his address in all affairs of consequence, I would acknowledge him the greatest man of Europe were he not born for the ruin of our party, and the abolition of the Reformed Religion.  
This young, generous, warlike King, though too much zealoused to Popery, following in every thing the counsels of this Priest as Oracles, can we doubt but our defence, though lawful, as being for Religion, and liberty of conscience, be not an occasion to him to advance our destruction, under pretext of rebellion and felony?  
After all that Gentlemen, you must consider that the taking of Rochel hath extinguished all Factions throughout the Kingdom which commonly served to the increase of our party; In so much that of three hundred places good and bad, which we had formerly in our hands, we have not 30. remaining, without rents, without soldiers, or means to put into them all together as many men as would serve to preserve one alone: For although our Parsons cry out daily in their Chairs that we ought not to despair of heavenly succour, yet receiving every day proofs of the wrath of the Eternal, there is more appearance to expect punishment for our sins, than miracles for the re-establishment of our affairs.  
Peradventure you will promise your selves some great assistance from strangers, and specially from Protestants, whom the conformity of Religion which ties them to our interests, may oblige to assist us in so urgent necessity. But I pray consider that the Germans have enough to defend themselves from the oppression of the Emperor, consider the elusions of the Hollander, the impuissance of the Savoyard who hath bled at the nose; the lightness of the English who have concluded a peace with France without comprehending us who were the sole object of the war: And if you stay for the offers of Spain which loves not our Nation, and our Religion less, know that he studies how to engage us so far against the King, that we may become incapable of his grace, and that the succours wherewith he will supply us which is but a little money, will not serve but to prolong our ruin, by enfeebling France by our Civil Wars, and intestine broils.  
For myself, I am now as much solicited as ever to abandon you, and to take advantageous conditions of his Majesty, but I shall never hearken to any thing but wherein you may find your satisfaction in a general Treaty for the whole Cause, as also particularly for your Towns; If your wisdoms find it to purpose that it be more expedient to seek our conservation with the exercise of our Religion, and liberty of our consciences within the obedience which we owe to our lawful Prince, then in resistance, which, though just of itself, is held by the Enemies of our Faith no other than a Rebellion and high Treason, whereby under a more specious pretext, to exterminat and destroy us; Or if contrary to all appearance of human reason, you take a resolution to stiffen your selves against so victorious and invincible a power, I resolve also to incur all hazards with you, though I am sorry that neither the advancement of the Faith can be found in my resolution, nor your security in my danger, nor your safety in my loss.  
This studied speech, with the sense of the late ill success, and of 
Anno 1629.  the King's power, wrought so far upon the Assembly, that it extorted a willingness to submit unto a Treaty which was propounded accordingly: so a little after there was a general peace concluded with the Reformists, and the King being in Languedoc where the Plague after this scourge of War, was very rife, he went therefore himself to Paris, and left the Cardinal behind to consummate all things; who amongst other places, entered Montauban where Espernon met him and re-entered into a perfect friendship with him: Montauban following the example of all the rest of the Towns dismantled herself of all new fortifications, and restored the Church lands, etc.  
The Cardinal being returned to Paris the Peace with his Majesty of Great Britain was solemnly renewed and sworn unto; but they of the Religion took it ill that there was no mention at all made of them in the Treaty, they having been declared to be the object of England's last war with France. All the Princes were commanded to be at this Ceremony, and because a difference did arise for precedency 'twixt foreign Princes of souverain Houses, and the natural sons of Kings, a provisional Order was made by the Privy Counsel, That every one should take place according to his seniority of age.  
Thus our fourth Lustre of the life of Lewis the thirteenth, ends with an Olive branch of a double Peace, one with a foreign Prince, the King of Great Britain, which was solemnly sworn unto by both Kings, Sir Thomas Edmund's being Ambassador for the one, and the Marquis of Newcastle (de Chasteau neuf) for the other.  
The second Peace was concluded with his own subjects the whole Body of the Religion, whom he had now reduced to an exact rule of obedience, having seized upon, dismantled and secured all their praesidiary Towns which were near upon fifty, whereof Montauban was the last that left her Mantle. So that they must hereafter depend no more upon Garrisons but Royal Grace. A mighty work, than which nothing could conduce more to make him so absolute a Monarch.  
Thus ends the fourth Lustre.   

The fifth Lustre of the Life of Lewis the thirteenth.  
THe King having with such a strong hand put a period to the Civil Wars in his own Kingdoms, by debelling his subjects of the Religion, and utterly disabling them from banding against him for the future, in dismantling all the tenable Towns they had for their security, and disguarding other places they held to the number of three hundred, of all Military strength, whereby he brought them to 
Anno 1629.  depend totally upon his favour for their liberty, and the performance of the Edicts granted in their behalf, he now thinks upon another march o'er the Alps for the support of the Duke of Mantova once his vassal (and still partly so) being a Frenchman by birth though not by extraction. And this he might now do with less fear then formerly, having quieted and secured all things in France; according to the saying, Frustrà foris agit bellum, qui domi timet incendium: He vainly combats abroad, who fears combustions at home.  
The Duke of Nevers being now settled in Mantova the French grew powerful in Italy, which the Spaniard could not well digest; Thereupon a Ligue was struck 'twixt the Emperor and him, whereinto the Duke of Savoy entered afterward. The Emperor questions the Duke of Nevers about Mantova, though not for the Title, yet for the investiture, which he was to receive from him. Hereupon he sends an Army to Italy under the command of Colalto a great Captain, and Marquis Spinola, a greater, was General for the King of Spain, nor was the little Duke Emanuel of Savoy inferior to either, who after Henry the Great's death, assumed to himself the title of the prime soldier of Europe.  
Now Spinola being tired with the lingering Low Country Wars, and having recovered the honour he had lost before Berghen op some, by that notable exploit of taking Breda, he procured his revokement from that service; Being come to Spain there was some clashing 'twixt him and Olivares about accounts; yet was he sent to be Governor of Milan, and so was made General of this War; He struck like thunder into Monferrat, and took Nizza de la paglia, and six places more notwithstanding the opposition of Toiras (who had such success against the English in the Isle of Ré) and was now Governor for the King t'other side the Hills, and had shut himself in Casal.  
Colalto with the Imperial Army enters the same time the Territories of Montava, and takes Viadana, Caneto, Gazole, Governo, and presents himself before Mantova herself: where the Venetians had sent 1000 men for the security of the Town.  
As the King of France was preparing for Italy, there were two illfavord accidents happened, one was that Monsieur being mightily taken in love with the Princess Mary the Duke of Mantova's daughter for a second wife, neither the King nor his Mother would give their consent unto it; which in discontentment made him leave France, and fly to Lorain; this sudden sally was like to breed ill blood, for he published a Manifesto wherein he cast many aspersions upon the present Government, and the boundless Authority of Richelieu; but the business was taken up by the ministry of good heads, and Monsieur was charmed to France again by an addition of the Duchy of Valois, which was valued at one hundred thousand Franks, yearly to his former apannage.  
The other was an insurrection in Dijon the chief Parliament Town of 
Anno 1630.  Burgundy, where the King had erected a new Court for the improvement of his revenues; The Officers of this new Court grew odious, as all Innovations are, which made the Populace to mutiny, specially the Vineyard-men, who in confused troops came into Dijon, and did many insolences. The tumult came to that height, and was of that consequence that the King himself went thither in Person to appease it; which he did, by the assistance and sage conduct of the Duke de Bellegarde; he passed ' an Act of abolition, provided that a tax should be laid upon the Commonalty for repairing the losses of some of his Officers who had their houses burned, and were otherwise damnified in this popular fury.  
In the interim the Cardinal with an Army of twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse (effectif men) were ready to traverse the Alps towards Italy, for it was not thought fit the King should venture his own Person in the second Expedition, because his Physicians had discovered some symptoms of an approaching sickness in him; The Cardinal was accompagnied with three Marshals, Crequy, La Force, and Schomberg, who were all Generals of divers Squadrons; but the Cardinal was chiefest Director of the War; Nor did he wave the title of Generalissimo. Nor do there want precedents in France how Cardinals have been Generals of Armies which shall be produced in the life of Richelieu hereunto annexed.  
The Duke of Savoy was somewhat shy to let this Army pass through the body of his Country, or that there should be staples of corn erected in some Towns for the supply of it; which made the Cardinal speak high language, demanding passage by virtue of the Articles of the late Peace at Susa: So the Duke was willing the Army should pass by the river Dovaire Susine, but not by Avigliana and through the Plain of Piedmont.  
By this appears in what a disadvantageous posture Nature hath placed some Princes, whose Territories are situate 'twixt greater Potentates than themselves, which ofttimes puts them to wear double faces, and play with a staff with two ends. Such is the condition of the Duke of Savoy, who besides the abruptnes, and stupendous craggednes of most part of his Country, is placed between two mighty Monarches, the Kings of France and Spain, and is oftentimes put to his wits end how to comply with both, how to put off his hat to the one, and how to make a leg to the other.  
The Prince of Piedmont came twice to confer with the Cardinal, though much ado happened for the place of meeting: The Prince offered in his father's name to enter into an eternal Ligue with his most Christian Majesty against the Spaniard, upon condition they should never disarm till they had made an entire conquest of Milan and Genoa; the Cardinal held this proposition extravagant, and illusory, and made of purpose to render the King odious to Italy by apprehensions of an endless war; thereupon having received a positif Commission from the King to make his passage by the sword, in case of further delay, he marched before Pignerol, besieged it, and took it; whereby there 
Anno 1630.  was a double advantage gained, a free passage for provision from Dauphiné; as also that the said Pignerol enchaining, as it were, France to Italy, commanded all the valley of Piedmont.  
The taking of Pignerol extremely troubled the Duke of Savoy, therefore he had recourse to the Pope's Nuncio to stir in the business for an accommodation of things, Signieur Mazarini a moderate and well weighed Gentleman was joined with him, and the Cardinal being returned to Lions where the King and two Queens were, to give an account how matters stood; after much consultation and canvasing of the business to and fro, they propounded certain capitulations which they thought reasonable to both parties. The Imperial and Spanish party though they did not disapprove, yet they delayed to give up their resolution upon the said Articles to gain time, and see what success Colalto should get before Mantova, and Spinola before Casal the chief Town of Monferrat; Colalto a little after made himself Master of Mantova; The French were moved at this, and that Casal was in so dangerous condition, as also that the Duke of Savoy was now arming apace; thereupon the King with his Cardinal repass the Alps with an Army of 23000. foot, whereof there were 6000. Suisse, and 4000 Liegeois, and 2000 horse, besides volonteers; So he marched to Chamberry who presently yielded, where Conqueror like he dismissed the Duke's Senate, and established a Counsel of his own; he marched thence to Constans; In the interim Crequy impatronized himself of divers other places in Savoy; In the heat of these actions the King had a desire to visit the Queen at Lion, whither he came, but falling sick, and disabled to return himself, he sent the Duke of Monmorency, and the Marquis d'ye Fiat, who had been Ambassador in England, with a French Army to join with Marshal de la Force t'other side the Hills: The Duke of Savoy to prevent this conjunction, advanced as far as Avigliana with 20000. foot, and 4000 horse made up of Spaniards and Germans; The Armies met, and there were some thousands killed on both sides; Prince Doria was taken prisoner by the French, and divers other persons of quality, with seventeen Colours which were sent to be hanged up as Trophies in the great Church of Paris: The French afterward took Saluces, and so seized upon all Savoy by degrees: The loss of his Town Saluces sunk so deep into the Duke's breast, that he sickened thereupon, and died four days after; whereby was verified the predication of Octavio Lassani in an Ephemerideses he had published a few years before, that Duke Emanuel should die suddenly after the taking of Saluces, which Prophecy he much spoke of in his sickness. A little after there was a furious fight near Carignan, wherein a great number of Commanders and common soldiers were slain on both sides. Signieur Mazarini the Pope's Agent stretched all the sinews of his body, and strength of mind, to bring about a suspension of Arms, and so to pave a way for Peace; which he did with much dexterity: so there were Articles drawn, and command sent to Spinola from Spain, to condescend unto 
Anno 1630.  them; the apprehension hereof wrought so powerfully upon the Marquis that he should yield to a cessation before he had perfected his business before Casal, which he gave out to have as sure as a bird in a cage, that he sickened thereupon, and died speedily after; and being visited by Monsieur Toiras, who had been Governor of Casal during the siege, he told him that They had taken away his honour: whereupon among other Panagyriks that were written of him, this Epitaph was made, which because it is somewhat extraordinary both for matter and wit, and being on so gallant a man I will here insert.  

Spinola gist icy, Passant, ce'st assez dit,  
Car son nom dor' navant doit servir a l' histoire,  
L'Europe en mil endroits est tesmoin de sa glory,  
Sa valeur l'esleva, la vertu se trahit.   

Pour avoir trop servi, l' Espagnol le rendit,  
Le Teatre, & l' object de sa malice noire,  
L' Honneur qu'on luy ravit illustre la memoire  
Il le dit en mourant, & le ciel l'entendit.   

Ne t'en estonne pas, les plus dignes services  
Souvent en leur chemin trouvent des precipices,  
Et de trop Meriter on devient odieux.   

Si verra l'en pourtant au succes de la guerre,  
Que s'il eut pris plustost place dedans les cieux  
L'Espagnol auroit pris moins de places en terre.   
Thus rendered into English.  

Heer Spinola lies hid, enough is said,  
His name hereafter will fill up a story,  
Europe in thousand places tell's his glory,  
His valeur raised, his virtue him betrayed.   

For having served too well, the Dons of Spain  
Made him the object of their lured hate,  
His ravished honour, give a longer date  
This fame, whereof he dying did complain:   

But marvel not, the highest services  
Meet ofttimes with ill-favoured precipices;  
Excess of merit makes men odious:   

Yet 'twill appear by the success of War,  
Had Spinola took place in Heaven sooner  
Spain had on earth t' ane fewer places far.   
The King this year had a very hazardous fit of sickness, in so much 
Anno 1631.  that he was not only prayed for generally throughout all the Churches of France, but the extreme Onction was once ready to be applied unto him.  
About the same time the Q. Mother began to be averse to the Cardinal, which averseness came by degrees, to a strong animosity and violent indignation against him, in so much that notwithstanding the interposition of the Pope's Nuncio, and divers others, it was found incapable of reconcilement. The ground of it, as some thought, was, that he had not only advised but incited the King to war with her two sons in law the Duke of Savoy, and the King of Spain: but more of this in the Cardinal's life apart.  
The three Armies which the King had in Italy were mouldered away above the third part, by the sword, and sicknesses which reigned amongst them; Besides the King was so drained for money, that he had scarce one thousand pounds remaining; and the soldiers being ready to disband beyond the Hills for want of pay, the Cardinal sent of his own moneys two hundred thousand Franks, this kept the French together in Italy till the Peace was concluded; which was done at last by the strenuous negotiation and new endeavours of Signieur Mazarini the Pope's Agent extraordinary, and Pancirolle the Nuncio by a Treaty which was appointed to be held at Querasque: Hereupon there were Commissioners interchangeably sent from the Emperor and the King of France who managed the whole business, because the Spaniard would not be seen in it, for he came in only as an Auxiliary: the two main Articles of this Treaty were in the behalf of the Dukes of Savoy and Mantova; viz. That the first, should have fifteen thousand crowns yearly revenu for all rights and pretensions to Montferrat: That the other should be put in present possession of the Duchyes of Mantova and Montferrat, and have to that purpose a complete Investiture from the Emperor. Hereupon there were cautionary Hostages put in the Pope's hands till performance of Articles on both sides; but by a secret capitulation, Susa and Avigliana which were part of the Hostage, at the violent instance of the French Commissioners were to be put into the hands of some of the Swiss-Cantons which were allied to France, in whom, (though Protestants) it seems, the French King confided more in then in his Holiness; this making of the Grisons Depositaries gave some discontentment to the Spaniard which was accommoded afterwards.  
These so often traverses o'er the Alps, proved costly expeditions to France, both for men and money; for there was an account made of thirty Millions of Franks which were expended in these wars, and above one hundred thousand French perished by the sword, sickness, and famine: there were multitudes also fell on the other side, and all this hurly-burly was chiefly for a mere Ceremony, viz. an Investiture: and poor Europe hath often parted with abundance of her most precious blood for such Ceremonies, such any shadows, and formalities.  
The capitulations of the Treaty at Querasque were put in execution 
Anno 1631.  by all parties, and the places that were depositated for Hostages in the Popes and Grisons hands were delivered accordingly on both sides at the time appointed: But the French after the expense of so much blood and bullion were loath to part with Italy so, therefore a private Treaty was set a foot 'twixt the King and the Duke of Savoy about Pignerol; It was propounded, That in regard his Highness had all his Country entirely restored unto him, though o'errun by the French Arms, and that he had acquired part of Monferrat by the last wars which conduced more to his advantage then to any others. And that whereas his most Christian Majesty understood that the Spaniard remained still armed in Milan, and had some desseins a foot which did menace no small danger both to the Duke of Mantova, and the confederate Cantons of France; and that he had intelligence from good hands how there was a Civil War fomenting in France, by some mistrusts and divisions which were put between his Majesty, his Mother, and Monsieur: therefore, lest his Highness might be tampered withal to favour the projects of the Spaniard, to rid him of all scruples in this point, he desired that Susa & Avigliana, or Pignerol & Perousa might be put into his hands, to put French Garrisons in them, till these dangers were passed. Servient the French Ambassador joined with Toiras managed this business so dextrously that the Duke accorded what was demanded for six months. Hereupon the Town and Castle of Pignerol with Perousa was put into the hands of the Suiss which the French had put formerly in Susa: And by the same Treaty his Majesty obliged himself to defend the person and states of his Highness, if need required with an Army of twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse; provided his Highness should proportionably have in readiness ten thousand foot, and fifteen hundred horse.  
The Duke of Feria fell into a fury when he heard of this accord, and called heaven and earth to witness that it was an evident infraction of the Treaty at Querasque, by which the French were not to hold any place or passage into Italy within the states of the Duke of Savoy: So the Duke being loudly reproached thereof by the Spaniard, the answer he gave was, That he might dispose of his own as he pleased, etc.  
The six months being expired of holding Pignerol, a motion was 
Anno 1632.  made to the Duke, that, for his own safety, the security of Mantova, and the French-Confederat Grisons, as also for freeing his Majesty of all surmises, and the better enabling him to occur all desseins and dangers, his Highness would make an absolute sale and transport unto him of the Town and Castle of Pignerol and Perousa, for a valuable pecuniary consideration▪ Toiras and Servient carried themselves with such dextrous addresses that they induced the Duke to hearken to this Proposition, and afterwards they drew from him an absolute consent; so a Legal Instrument was made, whereby an irrevocable transport and vent was made of the propriety, possession, and sovereignty of the Town and Castle of Pignerol, Riva, Bodenasco, the higher Biacasco, Castagrande, and that which was within the confines of the said Pignerol, the Village and Abbey of Valdelemia, as also the Village and 
Anno 1632.  Fort of Perousa, Pinnacle, Villars, Les porte, the great and small Diblon and their confines, and other lands which are within the valley of Perousa, (excepting those which depend on the same valley on the left hand going from Pignerol to Pragelas, beyond the River Chuson) all other places shall be perpetually united to the Crown of France upon the payment of four hundred ninety four thousand crowns in good money.  
This pourchase of Pignerol brought with it another strong engagement 'twixt the King and the Duke, viz. a Ligue defensive and offensive, by virtue whereof the one was to furnish twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse as formerly; but the Duke was screwed up to a greater number than before, being to furnish twelve thousand foot, and two thousand horse, upon necessity of conjunction.  
Our story hath sojourned a good while in Italy, we must now cross again the Hills to France, where we find the Queen Mother and the Cardinal irreconcilable notwithstanding that the King himself laboured much in the business; her passion went so high that she resolved never to sit in Counsel while the Cardinal was there. This averseness to the Cardinal was also infused into Monsieur, who abetted his Mother, and espoused her quarrel; So without the King's congee, he retires to Orleans, and thence to Lorain, the Duke of Bellegarde then Governor of Champany attended him all the way through that Province, notwithstanding that he had an intimation to the contrary from the King himself who followed Monsieur as far as Dijon, but he was too swift for him, and so could not be overtaken. Hereupon a Declaration issued out wherein the Count of Moret Monsieurs base brother, the Dukes of Elbeuf, of Bellegarde, and of Roanez, puylauren's, Precedent Coigneux, and Monsigot, and father Chanteloube were proclaimed Traitors, for infusing ill counsels into Monsieur, and for accompagnying him out of the Kingdom without his Majesty's consent; this Declaration was sent to be verified by the Court of Parliament at Paris, the Court paused upon't and excepting against the style and form of it delayed the verification putting the business in deliberation, yet they all blamed and unanimously condemned the ill counsels, and proceedings of Monsieur; The King taking an indignation at this delay, sent for the whole body of the Parliament to attend him at the Lowre, where, by the mouth of the Lord Keeper, they received a severe rebuke, and the Clerk of the Court bringing with him the Register of the Act of deliberation upon the former Declaration, was commanded to draw it off the file, and in the place thereof to put the Arrest of the Privy Counsel, whereby the said Act was annulled▪ with express inhibition to the said Court of Parliament, to put in deliberation for the future any Declarations of that nature concerning affairs of State, but to proceed instantly to the verification, and registering of them.  
The Queen Mother was now retired to Campeigne, where the Marshal of Estree had a Garrison which she interpreted to be no other 
Anno 1631.  than a guard upon her, thereupon the King dismissed the said Garrison: So she privately got away thence in Madam Frenoys Coach, accompagnied only with the said Lady, and one of her Chamber-women to Avenes, which lies within the Territories of the King of Spain in the 17. Provinces: and thence to Brussels, the Archduchesse having come to meet her on the way as far as Mons in Henault.  
Monsieur from Lorain, and the Queen Mother from Brussels writ to the King, and complained bitterly against the Cardinal how he would have removed her to Moulins and Angers where the contagion reigned, and so have thrust her into the jaws of death; she conjured him to think on the relation of Mother and Son, and that she was the person most interessed in his preservation, yet the Cardinal had pernicious intentions to make her die between four walls; this was the cause she left France, and to journey thirty leagues without eating or drinking; she goes on in declaring how conformable she was to his will in all things, and how she respected his Authority in the hands of her enemies; and so concludes that not being suffered to live in France in the calm of her own innocency, the most sensible misery that could befall her was to be bereft of his presence, etc. Besides this Letter she sent another to the Parliament at Paris, with a Remonstrance against the present Government.  
The King returns her a harsh Answer, and clears his Cardinal in all things; and published a Declaration wherein he disadvowes that she was ever prisoner, but that she had liberty to choose any place throughout the whole Kingdom to live in, except Champany, and for more respect she should have the Government of the place and Province; he declares further that her departure with his Brothers, was plotted by those that are not only envious but enemies of the felicity of France; therefore he prohibits and utterly forbids all his subjects of what quality or condition soever, to have intelligence or correspondence with his said Mother and Brother, or with any of their domestic servants, or with those that are partakers of their Counsels under what pretence whatsoever.  
Gustavus King of Sweden having by the intercession of the Ambassadors of his Majesty of Great Britain and France, made his peace with the Pole, strikes into Germany, and like an impetuous torrent carries all before him for a time. He enters into an Alliance with France, and in few days the Treaty was concluded, whereof the Articles were these that follow.  

1. The present Alliance which is made betwixt their Majesties is principally for the defence of all their oppressed friends, and for the safety of commerce by Sea; to re-establish all the Princes and Estates of the Empire in the same condition they were before the beginning of the Germane war, and to cause all Forts and intrenchments upon the Baltic Sea to be demolished.  
2. To this effect his Majesty of Sweden doth promise to entertain, and conduct upon his own charge an Army of thirty thousand foot, and ten thousand horse into Germany; and the King of France promiseth to contribut every year for the maintenance of the said Army 
Anno 1631.  one million of Franks (two shillings sterling a piece) one moiety in May, the other in November next following in Paris or Amsterdam, and that this Alliance shall last to the first of March in the year 1636.  
3. That if it please God to favour the arms of the King of Sweden he shall not alter or change the Catholic Apostolic Roman Religion in those places that he shall conquer, but he shall permit the Inhabitants to have free exercise of their Religion, according to the Treaty at Passaw, and the constitutions of the Empire.  
4. That he shall keep himself in good friendship and neighbourhood with the Elector (so he called him) of Bavaria, and with the Catholic ligue, or at least in a neutrality, provided they do the like.  
5. That no Peace or Treaty be accorded by one without the consent of the other.  
6. That in regard this Treaty was begun the last year, and in the interim his Majesty of Sweden hath been at great expense, in consideration hereof his Majesty of France shall deliver the sum of three hundred thousand Franks in good Letters of exchange, which ought not to be deducted out of those sums that were specified before for five years to come.   
These Articles being agreed upon, the King of France sent them to the Bavarian to approve of, and subscribe them, but the old Duke suspended his resolution many months, and then the Swed having gained the great Battle of Leipsic against the Imperialists and the Catholic Ligue, the affairs of Germany changed face: Charnassé the French Ambassador came from the Swedish Army not without some complaints to Paris; yet he was sent back with the Marquis of Brezé Ambassador extraordinary to the King of Sweden to solicit still for a neutrality 'twixt his Army, and that of the Catholic Ligue; which was agreed upon, provided that the chief of the said Ligue would separat their Forces, and retire into their own Territories; This declaration of neutrality being brought to the Bavarian he was willing to sign it, provided that the Swed would restore what he had taken from the said Catholic Ligue since the Battle of Leipsic; for after that Battle he had made a monstrous progress and penetrated the heart of Germany, having now crossed the Rhine (which he had promised not to do without the French Kings consent) and seized upon the City of Metz where he now kept a Court Emperour-like; The French Ambassadors proposing unto him a restitution of what he had taken from the Catholic Ligue, he refused it, whereupon there were high words passed 'twixt him, and the Ambassadors, so the neutrality ceased, and turned to hostility afterwards, and the Swed commanded all Roman Catholics to void the Town of Mentz for fear they had intelligence with some Spanish Troops that were at Spire; but that order was revoked by the mediation of the French Ambassadors; so the alliance lasted still 'twixt the two Kings.  
The King of France a little after this being marched as far as Metz with an Army for the defence of his Allies, was visited there by 
Anno 1632.  some Germane Princes, and the Duke of Lorain came thither in Person, of purpose to see him, and to scatter some clouds of diffidence and jealousies that were 'twixt the King and him: so a new Treaty was agreed on wherein there were some Articles very disadvantageous to the Lorrener: As first, That the said Duke should depart from that time forward from all Intelligences, Ligues, Associations or Practices, which he had or might have with any Prince or State whatsoever to the prejudice of his Majesty, his Estates, and Countries under his obedience and protection; as also in prejudice of the Alliance and Confederation 'twixt him and the King of Sweden, and 'twixt him and the Duke of Bavaria for the conservation of the liberty of Germany, and the Catholic Ligue, and defence of the Princes that are allied and friends to France. Secondly, That the said Duke shall not treat, or make any Alliance with any Prince or State whatsoever, without the knowledge and consent of the said King. Thirdly, That he cause to retire out of his Country all such that are enemies to the King, and that he shall give neither pass nor safe conduct to any of his subjects that have gone out of France against his pleasure. Fourthly, That no Military levies be made in his Country against his Majesty's service, nor that any of his subjects serve or assist his enemies. Fifthly, That he shall give liberty and power to them who shall be sent from the King to seize upon and arrest any rebellious subjects being accused and convinced of Treason; These with other Articles were agreed upon in this Treaty which the King would not commence unless he had first delivered up Marsal a strong tenable place.  
In such a posture, as we told you before that Nature had placed the Duke of Savoy, in the self same posture (the quality of the soils excepted) may the Duke of Lorain be said to be, being situated 'twixt mightier Potentats than himself, who, as once the Lion did increpat the innocent Lamb for troubling the waters, may make him the subject of their displeasure and advantage at any time to devour him: But the Lorrener of the two, is in a worse condition than the Savoyard, being homageable to the Emperor and the King of France, holding Lorain in fee of the one, and the Duchy of Bar of the other.  
While the Treaty at Vic 'twixt the King and the Duke of Lorain was in agitation, the Marshal de la Force and Schomberg took Moyenvic, whence they marchd before the Town of Tryers, the protection of whose Archbishop the King had undertaken, he being amongst the seven Electors Lord High Chancellor of France, as he of Collen is of Italy, and he of Mentz of Germany; Tryers in a short time fell to parley, and so rendered herself upon honourable terms.  
In this year there came an Ambassador from the Emperor of Morocco to the Court of France, who afterwards went to his Majesty of Great Britain, taking France first in his way, as she stood; he brought a Letter in Arabic to this effect.  
God is Our confidence.  
These Letters of the most mighty Emperor who being assisted by Divine grace and favour is always happy, swelling with victory; whose most illustrious 
Anno 1632.  Court is full of grandeurs and prosperity, are sent to the most Noble, the most High, and most excellent, Dignity whose Realm within the bounds of Christendom hath the most illustrious name and rank: To the Dignity, I say, of the most eminent, the most noble, the most happy, and the most renowned Emperor the King of France and Navarre, the Emperor Lewis, son to mighty, magnificent, famous and magnanimous Emperors: Having wished glory to God the sovereign Master of all Glory and Majesty, whose Empire hath no need of any Counsellor, or the assistance of any Prince, whose praises cannot be expressed by any tongue though never so eloquent; Having rendered the honours which are due to our Lord Mahomet, most eminent in dignity, most rich in treasure, preserver of men in the tempestuous day of judgement; we desire of God that the people made famous by this Prophet be acceptable unto him, that he please to maintain them ever in his particular protection, and that all they who love him persist to the end in the exercise of good and laudable actions: And we make particular prayers for the prosperity of his most high, imperial, prophetic and most eminent throne, assisted always by God, and wherein by the means of his invincible force the elect people, and all his subjects are exalted, his memory and steps remaining to eternity.  
This Letter of our high Majesty hath been written from the throne of our Empire of Maroc, which God by his grace and goodness, and by the benediction of his Apostle conserve, who doth not subsist but by the continual assistance of God, whose providence never ceasing to assist him serves incomparably more to his defence then any other of all the Armies of the world, for which we render infinite thanks to his Divine Majesty, to whom is the sole power, strength and might, etc.  
The Superscription was  
To the most renowned and magnificent dwelling, within all the bounds of Christendom, the most eminent Palace.  
The Palace of the most Honourable, the most Noble, the most Mighty Emperor, the King of France and Navarre, the Emperor Lewis.  
This Mahometan Ambassador came from Muley King of Morocco in Barbary for the redemption of certain slaves that were in Marseilles Galleys, which he obtained; and in exchange all the French that were Captifs in Saly and other places belonging to Morocco were released; besides it was agreed that the King of France might nominat Consuls in those Towns of commerce which were under his Dominion who should have power to determine any controversy that might intervene between the subjects of France there traffiquing.  
Such a bombardicall Letter he brought also (accompagnied with presents) to the King of Great Britain, who sent an English Fleet in his favour against the Pirates, and Rebel- Saint of Saly, who did him much service for reducing the Town to his obedience.  
Don Gonzales de Cordova passing through France to Flanders, came 
Anno 1632.  to kiss the King's hands; who sent him a rich sword valued at four thousand crowns inlaid with Diamonds, which he refused; and Monsieur Guron conducted him to Cambray, he refused also the present that Gonzales would have given him, saying, That he disdained any present from him who refused the bounty of his King.  
The Duke of Lorain receives Monsieur again into his Country, notwithstanding the former Treaty, and levies forces for him to enter France; the King being extremely incensed thereat, marcheth suddenly towards Lorain, and employs the forces that was designed for Germany that way, with whom he joined in person and took divers places in Lorain; The Duke finding himself unable to resist, and being in despair of any forces from Flanders, the Spaniard being then busy at Mastric, he had recourse to a Treaty, which the King yielded unto; The Treaty was to be held at Liverdun, where the Cardinal met the Deputies of the Duke; Most of the Articles of the Treaty at Vic were confirmed; and the Duke was obliged besides to deliver unto him jamets' and Stenay for hostage, and to make an absolute sale unto him of the County of Clermont for a pecuniary sum: thus the business was quickly concluded, and the Cardinal of Lorain was to remain for pledge till the Capitulations were performed.  
The Duke of Lorain being thus surprised, was made unable to assist Monsieur as he expected; nor could he have any supplies from Flanders because of the siege at Maestrict, yet he enters France with eighteen hundred horse, most of them strangers, as Liegeois and Crabats; He published a Manifesto to justify his taking of Arms, Charging Richelieu with the usurpation, and dissipation of France, and that he had no other intent but to let his Majesty know how much he was deceived, and so exhorted all good Frenchmen to assist him in his laudable desseins.  
The King caused a counter-Manifesto to be proclaimed, declaring them Traitors in the highest degree that should adhere to Monsieur, yet if he would lay down his Arms, and submit himself within the compass of forty days after the publication of the said Manifesto, he would forget all faults passed, and Monsieur should find such welcome that he should have cause to extol the King's goodness, and detest the pernicious counsels that had been given him: The King doubting that words would little prevail without the sword, dispatched Martial de la Force with ten thousand foot, and twelve hundred horse to Languedoc, because he understood that Monsieur would draw in Monmorency to join him, which he did, with four Bishops more: the Duke of Monmorency then Governor of Languedoc summons the States together, wherein he declared himself for Monsieur, and never to separat from his interests till the Government was reformed.  
The King hearing of Monmorencies revolt was extremely incensed, and the more because he had sent him extraordinary Commission, and money besides to raise Troops for his service, wherewith he was now ready to bandy against him, thereupon he commanded his House in Paris to be seized on, and all his goods inventorized, amongst 
Anno 1632.  which there were 550000. Franks found in money: He caused a Declaration also to be published wherein he and all his Adherents were proclaimed Rebels.  
Monsieur and Monmorency were grown so strong that the King in Person with an Army of twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse went to suppress them: Some of the King's Army was about castle nau-d'Arry, under the command of Schomberg, where Monmorency in a martial heat, but more in a desperate then valiant resolution, accompagnied with the Earls of Rieux, and Fevillade, and only eight horse more faced and set upon the Royalists, broke the ranks of some of them, killed divers, and hurt many; but after he was hurt himself in the face, and in sundry places about his body so that he fell off his horse, and cried out for a Confessor; so one of his men taking him upon his back, he was taken prisoner and carried upon a ladder to castle nau d' Arry: In the said conflict was killed one of Henry the Great's base sons the Count of Moret, with the forementioned Earls of Rieux and Fevillade, and the whole Army was routed.  
Notwithstanding all these provocations the King sent a gracious Message to Monsieur inviting him to come unto him, and the same day Monsieur had sent to the King Chaudebonne with these Propositions: 1. That the Duke of Monmorency should be released, and reestablished in his estate and government, together with the Dukes of Elbaeuf and Bellegarde: 2. That his Majesty would render to the Duke of Lorain all the places he detained from him: 3. That an Act of abolition should pass: 4. That a million of Franks which he had borrowed should be paid. Whereunto the King made this Answer.  
My Brother, the Propositions which Chaudebonne hath made me in your behalf, are so little sortable to my dignity, to the public and your own proper good, that I cannot return any other answer than what I sent you formerly by Monsieur Aiguebonne to testify my affection unto you; I pray dispose of yourself to receive the effects of them, assuring you that in so doing I shall forget what's passed, and shall make it appear unto you more and more that I am your most affectionate Brother  
Lewis.  
This Letter was seconded a little after with Articles to this effect. 1. That Monsieur should acknowledge his fault by writing, and desire the King to forget and pardon. 2. That he give the best assurance he can not to fall into a relapse. 3. To have no intelligence with Spain, Lorain or any other strange Prince, nor with the Queen his Mother as long as she continues in the case she stands, and to sojourn in what place the King shall appoint him. 4. That he mingle not his interests with those that were his Complices and ill counsellors which must be proceeded against according to law, yet, amongst them his domestics shall be exempted. 5. That Puy Laurens who suggested these ill Counsels into him sincerely confess what further practices were intended against the State, and that he acknowledge himself 
Anno 1633.  culpable, before he receive grace.  
To all these Monsieur subscribed in this form. We Gaston son of France, unic Brother to the King, Duc of Orleans, Chartres and Valois, Earl of Blois do consent to what is propounded by his Majesty, and upon the word and faith of a Prince we promise a religious performance of all the Articles: We promise besides to conspire with all our power to all the good desseins of the King for the grandeur and safety of his Kingdoms, and to love them that love his Majesty, and specially our Cousin the Cardinal of Richelieu, whom we hold to be necessary to the Person and States of the King for his fidelity.  
After this a Declaration was published for all strangers that came in with Monsieur to quit the Kingdom within 8. days; some of the chiefest instruments of this sollevation were cut off by the sword of Justice, and amongst other the four Bishops spoken of before, were legally proceeded against, by a special Brief from Rome wherein there were four Archbishops nominated as Deligats to judge them, whereof the Archbishop and Prince of Arles was chief; though the ancient form of proceeding against Prelates for crimes was used to be by a Synod of the Gallic Bishops: Not one of the foresaid Delinquent Bishops was condemned to die, only the Bishop of Albi was deprived of his Bishopric, and confined to a Monastery to eat the bread of sorrow.  
There fell this year upon the King's return from Narbon through Languedoc in a sudden shower of rain such huge cataracts of water from the Airy Region, that two hundred persons were drowned upon the highways, four Coaches of the Queens, and fifty Carts were swallowed up in the deluge.  
The Duke of Monmorency being taken prisoner was carried to Tholouse where he was to receive his trial not by his Peers but by the ordinary way of Justice, he was legally convicted and condemned; there were all means possible used for his pardon, but the King was inflexible, so with exemplary patience and piety he paid Nature her last tribute; he put off his doublet himself, and cut off his hair and mustachoes before he came to the Block.  
Thus fell Henry of Monmorency Duke, Peer, and Marshal, and of the ancientest extractions of France, in so much that Henry the Great was used to say, that he was a better Gentleman than himself; the Motto in his Scutcheon was Dieu aid le premier Chevalier Chrestien, God preserve the first Christian Cavalier; he left no son nor male Heir behind, so this Illustrious Family went out like a snuff, such an ill-savored sent Rebellion leaves behind it.  
Monsieur for not obtaining Monmorencys pardon, though he had prevailed for the Dukes of Elbaeuf, and Bellegarde, grew again discontented, and forsakes France; The Cardinal of Richelieu had at this time a dangerous fit of sickness, so that a great while the infirmities of his body would not give him leave to exercise the functions of his soul; A little after his convalescence, there was a chapter of the 
Anno 1633.  Knights of the Royal Order, the Holy Spirit, kept, wherein there were forty nine more created, and the honour was conferred chiefly upon them that had served against them of the Religion.  
The Duke of Lorain appearing more for the House of Austria then the Swedes in the Germane war, the King to quarrel with him, demanded homage for the Duchy of Bar, the Duke waved the performance of this ceremony, alleging that those homages which were pretended to be done by his Progenitors were but visits and compliments, not any real duties, there being no act upon record for them.  
There happened another occasion of displeasure against the Duke in that the Princess Margaret was married to Monsieur not only without the King's consent, but expressly against his command; It being observed that Matches with that Family have been fatal, and that Lorain milk have engendered but ill blood in France. So he arms mainly against the Duke, and being advanced as far as Nancy the Duke and the Cardinal had conference, but in the interim his sister the Princess went in Page's apparel out of the Town, and got to Brussels to Monsieur her husband where the marriage, which was before but clandestine, was publicly consummated; The Duke did much compliment with the King, sending him word, That if the gates of Nancy were not wide enough to let him in, he would pull down the walls, to make him entrance: The Duke had a safe conduct to come to the King's Army to treat with the Cardinal, who proved too hard for him, in so much that he was forced to yield that the King should enter Nancy, or remain prisoner; This made him afterward tax both King and Cardinal with a contravention of their promises and faith. So Nancy was rendered for a time, and a French Garrison was placed there, in lieu of the old which consisted of 2300. foot, and 230. horse. After this the King re-established the Archbishop of Tryers in his estates, and so returned triumphantly to Paris.  
This year the Duke of Crequy was sent Ambassador to Rome in a most splendid equipage to prostrate at the Pope's feet all the trophies got of them of the Religion; That Saintlike Lady the Archduchesse Clara Eugenia Isabellad ' Austria, Governess of Flanders died about this time; and Monsieur understanding that the Infant Cardinal, the King of Spain's youngest brother, was to come thither to govern, he 
Anno 1634.  began to think of his return to France; besides the Spaniards began to have some sinister surmises of him, in regard he did not command a Bonfire to be made before his house in joy of the Battle at Norlingben; so making semblance one morning to go a hawking he posted privately to France (leaving his wife and mother behind) without bidding any farewell, or giving thanks for his entertainment all the while, which was so costly to Spain; so the King and he were pieced again now the fourth time.  
The King having put the Duke of Lorain as it were in his shirt, by stripping him of all his Country, after a tough siege he took also lafoy Motte; His forces in Germany had also taken Haguenaw▪ Manheim likewise, 
Anno 1634.  and Philipsburg were put into his hands: And because it was expenceful unto him to keep so many Garrisons in Lorain, he demolished divers Castles up and down the Country, whereby the Logic rule was made subservient to Policy, Frustra fit per plura quod fieri potest per pauciora.  
France was in an extreme high and triumphant condition at this time; And being in a perfect tranquillity within doors, she fell upon the establishment of wholesome laws, therefore divers Edicts were published; one for the reformation of Abbeys, another for suppressing the lux and superfluities in apparel, with an inhibition to wear gold and silver lace, and other gaudy trim: a third for regulating of Military Discipline, and the biliting of Soldiers: a fourth, that they of the Religion should entertain no strange Ministers. There was also a Royal Botomicall Garden made in Paris, for the culture of medicinal Plants, and other curiosities; Moreover there was a company of Merchants erected for new France in the Indies for the advancement of traffic. And Paris had her skirts enlarged, the Twilleries, and part of Saint German being brought within her enclosure.  
We will finish this fifth Lustre with a remarkable passage that happened in Italy. Gasper Galilei Galileo a man exactly versed in the Mathematics, of profound speculations and high reaches, having more than ordinary inspections into the motions of heavenly Bodies, (witness that rare Prospectif of his) published a Book entitled, A Dialogue of the two Systems of the World, of Ptolomey and Copernicus; Wherein (with the latter) he upholds that the Sun is the Centre of the world standing always still, and that the Earth as the rest of her fellow Elements together with the Planets and fixed Stars, are in perpetual motion: In the Convent of Minerva, Galileo recanted this opinion of the Sun's repose, and the Earth's motion, because it was opposed to holy Scripture, & so by consequence a heresy; yet because he had taught it his Disciples, his punishment was to be in prison during pleasure, his penance was, that for three years he should repeat the seven penitential Psalms once every week: a milder sentence far then Vigilius the Bishop had about the times of the Primitive Church for maintaining there were Antipodes, for which he was condemned to die, that opinion being held then to be a monstrous Paradox, though our modern Navigators have long since evinced the truth of it: It hath been always the method of providence to impart knowledge to mankind by certain degrees, as we find it true commonly in our Mundan negotiations, that posterior dies, est prioris Magister; I could enlarge myself further upon this Theme were it pertinent to my main historical subject, but being not, I put a period to it, and to this fifth Lustre.   

The sixth Lustre of the Life of Lewis 
Anno 1635.  the thirteenth.  
THis Lustre begins with sound of Drum and Trumpet more loudly than any of the former, it begins with an open rupture of the peace 'twixt the two mighty Monarques of France and Spain: 'Tis true, there had been formerly, ever since the beginning of the Germane wars, and those of Italy and the Grisons some clashings and counterbuffs between them, but it was in an Auxiliary collateral way, each of them (according to his several interest) reaching his hand to his friend, and assisting his Confederate, and those which put themselves under their protection; but this year you shall find there will be public professed enmity by cry of Herald proclaimed between the two Kings though brothers, each of them having one another's sister in their beds for twenty years together.  
The House of Austria had had an extraordinary good year of the last, for after the Battle of Norlinghen, which was the greatest victory he obtained (except that of Prague against the Prince Palatine) since the beginning of the Germane wars, he pushed on his good fortune and invaded the Territories of the Duke of Wittenberg and Marquis of Baden or Durlas; besides he sets upon the City of Triers and seizeth upon Her, with her Archbishop the Elector, whom he carried away prisoner notwithstanding that he had put himself under the shadow of the Flower-de-luce: Add hereunto that by the advantage of ice he took the strong Tower of Philipsburg, where the French were put to the sword, and the Germans spared; The reduction of this place was of such consequence, that it helped to secure Heidelberg, Manheim, Worms, Spire, Frankfort, Mentz, Crusnack, Frankindal and Treves, all which places were mastered by the Imperialists.  
Though all these were properly the Emperor's acts, yet France and Holland fathered them upon the Spaniard who contributed, that which is the greatest sinew of War, viz. Money to assist his Uncle. And being sensible of these mighty progresses and growth of the House of Austria, they thought it high time to look about them, so there came Commissioners extraordinary from Holland to Paris, and a Ligue defensive and offensive was struck between them to make a social conjunctive war in the Netherlands against the King of Spain▪ the most material Articles of which Ligue, for we are loath to stuff this History with formalities, were these.  

1. The King of France shall have an Army of 25000▪ foot, and 5000. horse upon the frontiers of France towards the Netherlands in the convenientest place; And the States of the united Provinces shall have 20000. foot, and 8000. horse.  
2. Of these two Armies one shall send the other 10000 foot, and 2000 horse as Auxiliaries in case the enemy shall succour any place which either of them shall besiege, and if occasion require both Armies 
Anno 1635.  shall join in one body.  
3. It is accorded that a Declaration be sent to all the Towns under the King of Spain in the Netherlands, to assure them that there shall be no Innovation introducd which may prejudice their privileges, and that the exercise of Religion be left free.  
4. That all other Princes and States who shall desire the protection of France and the united Provinces may enter into this Ligue, provided they take up arms against the Spaniard.  
5. That if any Towns yield themselves of their own accord, it shall be lawful for them to mould themselves into the body of a particular State.  
6. That there may be no difference in parting what shall be taken, it is agreed that France shall have all Flanders from the frontiers of France as far as Blanquemberg near the Sluice: And the States shall have all the Maritime places beyond toward France as far as the River of Swyn: That Artois and Henault as far as Navarre inclusively shall be the Kings of France: And the States shall have Hulst, Malines, and Brabant, as far as brussels.  
7. That no places which shall be taken be troubled for matter of Religion, but that it be continued in the same state 'tis found.  
8. That no Treaty for Truce or Peace be set a foot with the Spaniard, without the reciprocal consent of both parties.  
9 That for a more regular way in proceeding, this Order shall be followed, to attempt first, two places allotted for the share of France, and then two of the shares of the States, which order shall be successively observed.  
10. That if the King invade Flanders, the States with a diverting Army shall enter Brabant; and if the States are engaged in Brabant the King shall have a diverting Army in Artois or Hanault.  
11. That the King of Great Britain may enter into this Confederacy, to which effect there shall be Ambassadors employed unto him from both parties to know of him whether he will continue upon terms of Neutrality.  
12. It is accorded further that both parties shall have fifteen men of War at Sea a piece of so many Tonns; and if any English ships desire to join with the said Fleet they shall have the precedence of them of the States.  
13. If any Treaty be agreed unto for Peace or Treaty it shall be kept in the Hague, and no where else.  
14. In regard of this Treaty the obligation shall cease to furnish the States yearly with two millions of Franks which was used to be sent them from France, etc.   
These Articles being interchangeably signed and ratified in Paris; there issued a large public Declaration from the King to denounce war with Spain to this effect.  
Lewis by the grace of God King of France and Navarre, to all who shall see these present Letters, health. The great and sensible offences this Monarchy 
Anno 1635.  hath received divers times from that of Spain are so well known to all the world, that it is needles to renew their memory: We have a long time dissembled the hatred and natural jealousy the Spaniards have against France, whereby they have always stopped the course of Our prosperity by secret practices, oppressed the Princes allied to this Crown, and sought to dismember the Kingdom; Therefore with those forces which God hath given Us We have resolved to prevent their further desseins upon Us, and rather to carry Our Arms within their Country, then expect theirs in Ours, etc. Then He goes on to enumerat the obligations that Spain had to France for making the last truce with the Hollander, which Spain had so much need of at that time; the good Offices he had done the Emperor upon the beginning of the troubles in Germany; so he taxes him that the first recompense which France received was the occupation of the Valtolin from the Grisons the ancient Allies of France; he complains further that the Treaty at Mouson was not executed as it was intended; He speaks of sundry enterprises upon the Duke of Savoy while he was Confederate of France, of the violent oppression which the Duke of Mantova suffered; How the Duke of Lorain armed five times against France by the suscitation of the King of Spain; How the said King Treated with the chief of them of the Religion to form a perpetual body of Rebellion in the bowels of France at that time when he promised assistance against them; How his Ambassadors continually practised to sow division between them of the Royal Family; How he assisted with men and money those that made rents and factions in France; How to bring about his far fetched designs for the Western Monarchy, he made Flanders his Arcenal for Arms, not only to subdue them whom he had acknowledged free and sovereign, but to keep France in perpetual jealousy of surprisals by a veteran Army; therefore he thought it more honourable to attain unto a sound secure Peace by the generous strength of an open war then let his subjects drop away by small numbers, and languish under a doubtful and incertain Peace which must be conserved with 150000. men. Then he comes to speak of the outrage that was done to the Archbishop of Triers, and the jeering illusory answer which was returned about his liberty; Then he speaks of his most dear great friends, Allies, and Confederates the States of the united Provinces with whom he had made a Ligue defensive and offensive, but with this Proviso, that what Towns or places whatsoever were taken, the Catholic Religion should not be damnified, but conserved still in the same condition; Then he makes his address to the Flemins that if within two months they cause the Spaniards to retire from their Towns and Provinces, they shall be joined and united into a body of one free and independent State, with all rights of sovereignty: So he concludes with an Injunction to all his subjects to make war by sea and land, night and day against the King of Spain a declared Enemy to his Person and state; protesting before God and men that as he was reduced to the utmost extremity to take up arms for his own defence, and for his Allies and 
Anno 1635.  friends, so his main end, and only aim was to procure an universal and well grounded peace throughout Christendom.  
Before this Declaration was divulged a Herald of Arms was sent to brussels where he publicly pronounced war against the King of Spain in the Market place, and so in every Town at his return to France, and he passed to and fro without any outrage at all.  
The King had five Royal Armies in motion this Summer; the first in Lorain under the Duke of Angoulesme, & de la Force; the second under the Cardinal de la Valette in Germany, wherewith Bernard Weymer joined: The third was under the Duke of Crequy in Italy, wherewith the Savoyard and Parmesan joined: The fourth was under the Duke of Rohan, wherewith the Venetians and Grisons joined to conserve the Valtolin: The fifth was under the Marshal Chastillon in Picardy.  
The first did some exploits, against the Duke of Lorain, where John deWert, Coloredo, and the Baron of Clinchant took Saint Mihel and other places.  
The second under de la Valette who had Colonel Hebron and divers Scots of his Army, and having taken Binghen▪ and other places, he had a shrewd conflict with Galas near Boulac, where a great many of French Nobles and Gentlemen were slain, so that this Army made not so good returns as the first.  
The third under Rohan thrive well, he fortified many places in the Valtolin, and had a shrewd fight near Bormio, defeated Sarbellon, and 3000. were slain upon the place.  
The fourth under Crequy performed much in Italy, divers places were taken in the Country of Alexandrin, but laying a siege before Valentia he was forced to raise it.  
The fifth under Chastillon had the best fortune of any, for being to join with the Prince of Orange at Maestricht, he met in the way with Prince Tomaso at Avein near Namur, where after a tough serious fight above 3000. of the enemies fell, 1500. men taken prisoners, 95. Colours, and 16. pieces of Ordnance. After this exploit the French Army marchd towards Maestricht through the Country of Liege where Chastillon met with the Prince of Orange and Bovillon, there were high acclamations of joy at the conjunction of both Armies who came to the number specified in the Treaty, all effectif men: Add hereunto that there was a third Army of the Duke of Bovillons; In so much that there was never since the beginning of the Belgic war a greater and more numerous body of Military strength at one time, an Army able to gain an Empire, for it was composed of near upon 70000. combatants whereof there were above 10000 horse; but their achievements and success was not answerable to their power, for they took but two mean Towns Tillemont and Diest and the Castle of Dormaet; the first was pitifully pillaged, nor could the French soldiers be kept within any limits of awe but they did violate and plunder both Churches and Convents, and committed many other strange 
Anno 1635.  outrages; The Armies than marched as far as brussels, and took prisoners out of the very suburbs, but it was held neither safe to sit down before the place, nor a thing feasible to take it, the Cardinal Infante being entrenched not far off in a very advantageous post; therefore the Armies came before Louvain, where they presently began their batteries, the Marquis of Varennes with divers French fell there and divers more; They of the Town made a furious sally upon the English quarters, wherein Sir Charles Morgan was hurt, and eighty more slain, but in a short space they were repelled to the Town with a considerable loss; They made two brave sallies more upon chastillon's quarter's a little after; but the tenth day the siege was raised, and the Town quite cleared of so vast an Army; the reasons of the raising of this siege were, first, a great necessity of provision; the second the strength of the enemy, for Piccolomini was come to Namur with a fresh Army; lastly, the ignorance they had of the quality of the place in point of strength, and her neernes to the greatest Towns in Brabant, as Antwerp, brussels, Malines, with other.  
These huge Armies being retreated from before Louvain, the nimble Crabats did notably plague their reeres; and carried away good booties; Diest was also reprised, and the French Army being before Venlo news came that the famous Sconce of Schenk was taken by the Spanish Garrison of Gueldres; as also that the Duke of Saxe the potentest Prince of Germany, and the Dictator of the Protestants had made his peace with the Emperor; besides that jean de Wert had invaded, and extremely ravaged Lorain up and down, which made Chastillon truss up his baggage, and leave Venlo and think upon homewards: Thus this formidable French Army melted away to a small number, nor could they who were left, know which way to return to France; so most of them were sent by Sea from Flushing and other places; nevertheless had their retreat been answerable to their first entrance into the Netherlands when Chastillon gained such a notable victory of Prince Tomaso, they had made a gallant Expedition of it; but it was observed that after their sacrileges at Tillemont the Wind blew always in their faces, and nothing prospered with them.  
Besides sundry good successes by Land, the Spaniard this year had some prosperous gales at Sea; for the Duke Fernandin, and the Marquis de sancte Cruz took from the French, with 22. Galleys and 5. galleons, two Islands in the Mediterranean, called Sancta Margarita, and Saint Honorat; which much prejudiced the Trade of Provence, and all maritime commerce to Italy.  
Young Oxenstern the Chancellor of sweden son came in a gay equippage Ambassador to France this year; he was treated with no common esteem, and at his departure the King took off his finger a rich Ring which he wore that day of purpose to give him; The said Oxenstern passing over to England upon the like employment, though his reception was altogether as good, and his present as valuable, yet he refused the latter.  
The maritime might, and naval power of France never appeared 
Anno 1636.  more than this year; for the King being very sensible of the loss of his Islands near Provence assembleth all the great ships which could be found in the Ports of Normandy, Britainy, Poitou, and Guienne to the number of 59 vessels, wherein there were embarked near upon 6000. men, and they carry 400. pieces of Ordnance; the first rendezvous was at Rochel, the Count of Harcour was appointed General, and Sourdis the Archbishop of Bourdeaux Admiral, they lanced out into the main, and coasting Spain without any rencontre they entered the Mediterranean; the Fleet of Province was then also in a readiness which consisted of 12. Galleys, of which squadron the Bishop of Nants was Director in chief, who, with him of Bourdeaux, left his spiritual See, to try his fortunes on the salt Sea; he was embarked in the gran Galeon of the Duke of Guyses', of 1200. Tonns; there was another squadron also of the galleys of France, whereof the Count Pont Courlay was General, there was a short fight 'twixt them, and the Spanish Fleet near the foresaid Islands, but no great hurt done, nor any thing performed to any purpose.  
During these traverses at Sea, there was notable doings by Land, for Piccolomini and john de Wert, entered and overwhelmed Picardy like two impetuous torrents, and carried all before them, they ravaged and plundered most lamentably the poor Pesans and Villages all along, they took la Capelle, nor could the strength the Count of Soissons had in that Province withstand them; the Prince of Condé was then beating the walls of Dole, but having long lain before the Town, and having spent much powder, and a considerable number of men before her, he was forced to raise the siege, to make head against those fearful incursions the Imperialists made up and down Picardy; their Army consisted of divers squadrons of Germans, Polanders, and Crabats; Soissons met with the Pole, and caused him to retire to Luxemburg; where he took breath, and afterwards came on more furiously than before, he took Moniauban, and three places more which he fired, and carried away men, women and children: Prince Tomaso was chief of these flying Armies which in all consisted of above 15000. horse, and so many foot; They took afterwards Catelet, and pushed on their march as far as the River of some where they seized on Bray, and crossed the River, took Royé with divers other places: being thus got into the very bowels of Picardy the Crabats had a brave time of it who subsist chiefly by pillage, they rob Churches, cloisters, Convents, Monasteries, and the Altars themselves, nor can the opinion of holiness exempt any thing from rapine; a little after Corby rendered herself, and then a general summons was published in the King of Spain's name for all the Towns of Picardy to render themselves, and they should have good quarter.  
This sudden inundation of so many foreign people, and such monstrous incursions, struck an earthquake into the hearts of all men, and Paris herself trembled more than any place; many thousands of people had fled thither from Champany, Brie, Picardy, high Normandy, 
Anno 1637.  as also from the Isle of France itself for refuge, Nuns, Friars, and Priests left their Monasteries, Cells and Cloisters, panting with apprehensions of fears, and imminent dangers; Nay, the Parisians themselves thinking their Town not secure enough fled away in multitudes towards the Loire.  
This gave a general alarm to the whole Kingdom, and Paris quaked more than any place, in so much that she began to fortify apace, the Burgesses by the Provosts command, and the Scholars by the Rectors, put themselves in arms: there were extraordinary contributions made, and 15000. men suddenly raised to go towards Picardy: Monsieur was appointed General, who in his march increased daily more and more in great numbers, to make head against this formidable Invasion, or rather Irruption.  
The common people being thus startled and scared, one might hear up and down both in Town and Country whole volleys of curses discharged upon Richelieu, who was cried up to be the source of all these evils, because they conceived 'twas by his counsel the King had denounced open war against the Spaniard the year before; but the strong reflex of Royal favour, and the former good successes he had, took away much of the gall against him.  
The Royal Army under Monsieur, who was accompagnied with the flower of all the Nobility of France, and was now near upon forty thousand Combatants, being advanced far into Picardy, the first exploit he performed was the reprisal of Royé by siege, than he took Bretevil; but a little before john de Wert had given a smart blow to the Count of Esfeld who had a Brigade of Germans, & a good number of French horse commanded by Gassion for the King's service. The Royal Army came before Corbie at last, where a Leaguer was planted seven Leagues compass, and the Town held them good play for divers months, whence the Spaniards made sundry notable sallies.  
The Imperial Army under Galas was now got into Burgundy, where he took Mirebeau, and sundry other places which he pillaged and burnt; in the interim the Duke of Lorain who commanded one of the flying Armies had laid siege before Saint john de Lone, and Galas recruted him with men, and ammunition, but the place being relieved, and it being now near the dead of Winter, Galas gave out he had order to return to Germany which he did, and so the Duke of Lorain raised his siege, and sent divers complaints to the Emperor against Galas his General, but they came to nothing.  
Thus that huge deluge ceased in France, which did such a world of mischief that the Goths, Vandals, or Saracens never did the like for the time, nor was this the sole disaster that befell France this year, for the Viceroy of Pampelona took Saint john de Luz t'other side the Kingdom; besides Mentz, Coblens, and Hanaw were rendered to the Imperialists, in all which much of the Garrisons were French: I will conclude this year with the public baptism of Mademoiselle, Monsieurs daughter, being nine years and three months old, which ceremony 
Anno 1637.  was solemnised in the Lowre, the Queen of France, and her Cardinal were her godmother and godfather, and she was named Anne Marie.  
This year a more propitious Planet cast an influence upon France, then fell upon her in the former, as will appear by the success of things; We will begin with the reprisal of the Isles of Lerins, called Saint Margaret and Saint Honorat: some of the Provensall Gentlemen showed much Passion for the honour of their Country to which those Islands belonged, by divers proofs of valeur, and their names were enrouled in a public instrument which stands upon record to posterity in the Court of Parliament; there were mighty preparatives made for the said Expedition, and sundry persons of quality parted with their blood, and some with their lifes in the quarrel; but whether the benefit did countervail the vast charge of recovering two or three small rocks it was much questioned, yet the work was done, and it left behind it an astonishment of the naval power of France.  
The King had three Land Armies this Spring towards the Frontiers of the Netherlands; the first towards Cambray commanded by the Duke de la Valette; the second towards Artois whereof Milleray was chief; the third under Chastillon upon the Frontiers of Champany and Luxemburg: The first took two or three Castles by surprise, and then sat before Landrecy, which after a stubborn siege was yielded at last to De la Valette, the exploit was reputed the greater, because in times passed Charles the Emperor had lain before Landrecy with thirty thousand foot, and fifteen thousand horse six months together, and then was forced to steal away in the night from before the place; After this the Duke of Candale took Beaumond; lafoy Capelle was also rendered after the brunt of a short siege. But a hotter siege and soil calls me now to the Pyreney Hills, where the Spaniards had entrenched themselves strongly before Leucate a Frontier town 'twixt Languedoc and Cataloma with a resolution to carry it: The Duke of Halluin was employed upon this service, assisted by the Archbishop of Bourdeaux; Of the Spaniards the Count of Serbellon an Italian and a great Captain was Commander in chief; there happened many bloody, and exceeding hot skirmishes betwixt the two Nations, but at last the Spaniard was forced to quit his trenches and leave thirty two great Guns of all sorts behind him, with the loss of three thousand men; Amongst the dead bodies some women were found habited like men, which being showed the Spaniards that were taken prisoners, and asked what women they were, they answered, Those poltrons that fled away were women, not these; with this agrees a Rodomontado a Captain left upon a wall, O Frenchmen, if you had comported your selves in this encounter as you have used to do; and if we had showed ourselves such men as the world cries us up to be, your actions had been ours, and ours yours. The Spaniards which were taken prisoners would salute the French Gentlemen by the title of Senonres Lutheranos, thinking that to be a compliment would please them: Serbellon made three 
Anno 1637.  assaults upon the Town, the two first with iron Bullets, the last with gold Pistols, viz. the proffer of fifty thousand crowns to the Governor for a rendition, but it took not.  
The King was so well pleased with this service that he conferred honours upon divers of the Commanders, and especially upon the General, to whom he writ this following Letter to be Marshal of France.  
To my Cousin the Duke of Halluin, Martial of Schomberg.  
My Cousin, you have known how to serve me so well with your sword, that I send you a Truncheon; as well for a mark of the contentment which I have received, as also that hereafter you may make choice of your arms, if my enemies present themselves in any place where you may make them again know your valour; I never bestowed grace with a better heart, than I do this, to perpetuat in your person the name of Marshal of Schomberg, which having been acceptable to me in the person of the father, will be no less in that of the son: So I pray God, my Cousin, that he hold you in his blessed guard.  
Lewis.  
Questionless this was a piece of service of high merit, and of mighty consequence to France, for had the Spaniard nestled in Leucato a strong tenable place, they had had a key to enter presently into Languedoc at pleasure: the said young Duke of Halluin stirred himself notably, and going in the front of his Troops always with his naked sword had received divers hurts; nor did the Spaniards who had above twelve thousand foot, and two thousand horse, show themselves cowards, for notwithstanding the Town pelted them on the one side, and the Royal Army on the other which was greater in number than they, yet they sallied out of their Trenches, and encountered them five several times.  
This siege of Leucato was contemporary with that of Breda by the Hollanders this year, before which the Prince of Orange lay so close and secure, that as the Cardinal Infante could not hinder his first entrenchment, so he could not afterwards oblige him to fight; but having twenty thousand foot, and six thousand horse, he struck into Gueldres and took Venlo and Ruremond: So Breda was given for lost, and after three month's siege she yielded upon the same terms that Spinola had given twelve years before; though he lay five times longer before the Town: The Prince of Orange made his entrance the ninth of September at the same gate which Marquis Spinola had erected with this memorable Inscription in huge golden Characters.  

Philippo quarto Regnante, 
Anno 1637.   
Clara Isabel Eugenia gubernante,  
Ambrosio Spinola obsidente,  
Quatuor Regibus contra-conantibus,  
Breda capta fuit, Id.   
This year Fortune began to frown first upon the Spaniard, and where she once fixeth her frowns she doth not suddenly remove them, but wrinkles her forehead more and more, as will appear in the subsequent passages.  
We will conclude this year with the conversion of Francis Cupif a Doctor of Sorbon to the Reformed Religion; whereupon the Faculty of Theologie pronounced this rigid Decree against him.  
It is very properly, and with great reason that the Apostle ranks Heresies amongst crimes, and carnal sins, because we often perceive, that by a secret judgement of God, those use to fall, and tumble into them, who swelling with the vanity and confidence of their own sense, or walking according to the flesh, suffer not themselves to be led by the Spirit of God, nor believe that they are tied to any rule, but they taste nothing but what pleaseth man as he is a sensitive Animal: Whereof Francis Cupif of Angers whom the Sacred Faculty had nourished before in her bosom, and at last unhappily received into the number of her Doctors, to the great scandal of all good men, and the applause of the enemies of the Cross of Christ, hath lately given a horrid, and most deplorable example. For according to the honour that was conferred upon him in our School, not minding the law he had received from so good a mother, which might have drawn down upon his head all graces from God and men, and having quite forgot the oath which he had made so oft, and whereunto according to ancient institution all new graduates, and all such who are promoted to the degree of Doctorships are solemnly obliged; He is miserably fallen from the holy Catholic Church, whereby he hath drawn upon himself the loss of his soul before God, shame and infamy before men, and malediction from all parts; This imprudent son is become the grief and sadness of his Mother, then, when by a perfidious prevarication abjuring the true Doctrine, he hath most impudently turned Heretic, giving up his name to impiety and falsehood. But whence can it proceed, that he should so easily fall into so fearful a precipice, but from the natural presumption of his own judgement, and from the ardour of unbridled pleasure, wherewith they that nearly knew him perceived that he incessantly burnt? Whence it comes to pass that being blinded, and walking continually according to his own covetousness, having shaken off the sweet and light yoke of jesus Christ, he is become a voluntary slave to Heresy, which is the height of all sins. It being therefore true, that, as the Christian Emperors said, Whatsoever is attempted against Divine Religion becomes injurious to all, with greater reason the Sacred Faculty of Theologie hath believed that the wrong which is done jesus Christ, and to the Catholic faith by this degenerate child, did concern her so far as to pronounce a grave censure according to the atrocity of the crime, against such a notorious infamy, and to separat him totally from 
Anno 1637.  Her, and her nursery, though it be nothing at all to be feared that such Bastard Plants will take any deep roots. Cursed be thou degenerate Child, which goest on after thine own counsel, not according to mine, which warpest a web, but not by my direction, which dost add sin to sin, which goest down to Egypt, and to the Synagogue of Satan, and consultest not with me, nor remember'st my precepts; Thou hast rejected my discipline, hoping for succour in the help of Calvin and his followers, and hast confidence in the shadow of Egypt, that is to say, in the conventicle of Heretics; but this imaginary strength shall become thy confusion, and the confidence of this shadow, which thou followest in despising the body of the Orthodoxal Church, shall turn to thy shame. So an Anathema was pronounced, and publicly fixed up against him.  
Duke Bernard Weymar descended of the eldest House of Saxony 
Anno 1638.  whose Ancester was outed of that great Duchy, for deserting Rome by Charles the Emperor, had besides his Germans a considerable Army of French upon the King's pay, who did notable feats up and down; he was now laid down before Rhinfield one of the Forest Towns (having taken two of them before) belonging to the House of Austria, he had after two stormings made a breach in the walls, when john de Wert, the Duke of Savelli, and other choice men appeared inexpectedly with nine Regiments of horse, and four thousand foot to raise the siege; General Sperheucher was also there, and two companies of Crabats: There happened two furious fights betwixt them, in the first de Wert had the better by taking four Canons, and three Cornets of horse, the Duke of Rohan was in the field as a Volontier being newly come from his employment in the Valtolin, his horse was killed under him, and he himself wounded in two or three places; the siege of Rhinfield was raised for the time, but Bernard Weymar sought out the Wert the next day, and having rallied all his forces and put himself in battalia, there was a gallant though bloody fight, and victory fluttered a great while with doubtful wings, but at last john de Wert himself, Duke Savelli, Sperheucher, Major General Enkenfort, with all the chief Commanders were taken prisoners; amongst whom john de Wert, and Enkenfort were carried prisoners to France, and committed to Bois de Vincennes. So Duke Bernard Weymar took Rhinfield by a second siege presently after.  
The Duke of Rohan being carried with his wounds about him to Switzerland, died of them within a little time, and his body was carried in great pomp to Geneva where he was buried: a Duke of high descent being prime Prince of the blood of the Kingdom of Navarre, whereupon it was said of him, Rohan ie suis, Roy ie ne puis, Prince, ie dedagne. Rhoan I am, King I cannot be, Prince, I disdain it. He was excellently versed both in the Theory, and Prastic part of War, and other political knowledge, as appears by his works, and by his exploits in the Valtolin and else where; Some there are who brand him to have been a Pensioner to Spain receiving fourteen thousand crowns and his Brother Soubize eight thousand from that King for divers 
Anno 1637.  years, to puzzle France with intestine broils: He died without male issue, and so that bloud-royal Duchy of Navarre extinguished.  
There were hot doings now in Italy, one of the grounds of the quarrel was 'twixt the King of Spain, and the Duke of Parma; The Spaniard alleged that by capitulations with the former Dukes, he was upon occasion of war to have the Town of Placentia for his use to put men and ammunition in during the war; The Duke disadvowed any such obligation, and was abetted by France and Savoy in the quarrel: Victor Amadée Duke of Savoy who had married the second daughter of France being dead the year before, and the Count of Veriie his General, the Duke of Crequy came to be Commander in chief, and going to relieve Breme which the Marquis of Leganez Governor of Milan had closely begirt, Crequy as he was surveying the enemy's trench, and vaunting that he would convey succour to the Town over the Spaniards mustachoes, he was cut in the middle by a Cannon bullet, and so shatterred to pieces, and the cross he wore upon his breast was shot into his flesh, so Breme rendered herself. This Marshal Crequy was a brave man both for command and personal valour, having fairly killed in duel one of the bastard sons of Savoy in sight of two Armies some years before; there was a Latin Epitaph written upon him, which in respect of the pertinent apposite words, and the gallantry of the style I think worthy to have room in this story, for I have not met with a better.  

D. Caroli de Crequy Elogium funebre.  
AD sonum ruinae, cujus fragor adhuc  
Europam occupat,  
Tormento bellico Crequius occubuit,  
Minori telo non poterat;  
Eminus Mors peremit, saepe frustrà  
E propinquo tentaverat;  
Priori displosione pulveris nubem excitavit,  
Ut secundas insidias tegeret;  
Alterum globum impegit in terram  
Vel attingere verita,  
Vel antequam attingeret venerata;  
Abrumptum est corpus in membra, jacere  
Eodem in loco tanta ruina non poterat;  
Quod colligi potuit, hic jacet, magnitudo  
Cladis ubique est:  
Nec incautum mors oppressit, ea die  
AEternitati studuerat,  
Ante hor am animum sacramentis praeparârat,  
Ut praestaret aeternum, dum facit divinum;  
Horam reliquam non substraxit aeternitati, 
Anno 1638.   
Dum impendit Regi:  
Appensam è collo crucem fatalis globus  
Impressit cordi,  
Ut moreretur in vulneribus propriis,  
Et cum vulneribus Christi.  
Sensit cor admotum Deum, amavit & vixit:  
Emendavit amores humanos hic amor ultimus:  
Continuatus est aeternitati, ne eum tempus corrumperet,  
Reperiri ultrà in terris cor coelo dignum non potuit,  
Duae res sursum extulerant, Crux quam attigit, Amor quo arsit.  
Postquam attigerat Deum tegi humo non debuit,  
Neque hospes aeternitatem ingressus est, ad  
quam tot eleemosynas praemiserat,  
Ut festiuè beneficus esset, praemittere se aiebat  
ad coelum divitias, ne illic pauper esset;  
Nullibi securius latere Opes, quam ubi Deus,  
Et faelicitas latet.  
Abi Viator, nec ruinam defle quâ Crequius  
in aeternitatem cecidit;  
Eâ hora extinctus est, quae illi ad  
immortalitatem optanda fuit.  
Redi Viator, & disce qualem vitam AEternitas  
inchoavit, diem clausit,  
Vix unquam tot lauros fulmen messuerat, si  
laurus fulmen timeret,  
Centum Heroum nepos elogia omnium sua fecit,  
Magnanimus, Audax, sapiens, dignus  
gentilitiis meritis et suis,  
Servabat ei virtus haec cognomina, nisi  
Majores praeripuissent,  
praelusit tamen Nepoti, dum ea Avis imponeret;  
jis titulis Ducem, Parem et Marescallum addidit,  
additurus Conestabilem,  
Nisi haec aetas tot Conestabiles haberet,  
quot Marescallos habet.  
Conestabili de Lediguieres in Generum datus est,  
Ut Heroum filius, Gallici Martis alumnus esset;  
Sub eo Magistromaturè vincere coepit, ut diu vinceret,  
Ea aetate militiae Magister, qua vix alii sunt Tyrones:  
Nulla est Galliae Provincia ubi non vicerit hostes Regios,  
Nulla occasio in qua non vicerit suos,  
Renovavit gentilitii vexilli praerogativam,  
dum renovavit victoriam  
Iterum hoc clamore Gallico dignus  
A Crequy, Crequy le gran Baron nul ne s▪ y frotte.  
Tot ultra Alpes victorias retulit, ut Galliam 
Anno 1637.   
Cisalpinam restaurare potuerit,  
Nisi Gallia Italiam sociam habere mallet,  
quam subditam;  
Subaudiam, & Subalpinos sic expugnavit hostis,  
ut Verruca una non steterit,  
Si defendit Amicus, ut Verruca una non perierit,  
Nec dubium quin servasset Bremam qui Verrucam servaverat,  
Nisi hostis absentem peremisset, ne praesentem fugeret:  
Nec tenacior fuit Regiae fidei, quam Divinae,  
Utramque obsignavit suo sanguine, ut testatam  
faceret, dum facit purpuream,  
Inflictam ab Haeresi plagam medio in vultu  
ostentabat ut gemmam,  
Nec insignior Gallicae fidei clientaris Legatus  
ire Romam potuit,  
quam qui insignia Fidei in oculis gerebat,  
Tacente lingua loqui haec plaga potuit,  
Qualis esset fides Gallica,  
Cujus Rex Apostolus, Marescalli Martyrs essent.  
Nec siluit lingua Crequii, cujus urbanitas  
Urbano sic placuit,  
Ut in eo amaverit Palladem, et agnoverit Martem,  
Romanum patrocinium sic optavit Galliae,  
ut Gallicum obtulerit Romae:  
Nec silebit unquam haec lingua cui Fama pro voce erit,  
Continuabit laudes lituo, quas Mors intonare coepit tubo bellico,  
Erravit Mors in Crequio, laudavit dum peremit,  
Inchoavit Elogium quod Fama absolvet, et AEternitas canet.  
Nec unquam exarescet Arbor Crequia, cujus  
tot rami in poster is virent,  
Videbit finem Galliae, quae initium vidit,  
Immortalis futura si tales semper nascantur surculi▪  
Abi viator, & ut mortem fallas,  
Incipe immortalis esse, dum moreris.   
General Crequy being thus cracked by a Cannon, the Spaniard took Breme, besieges Verselli, which notwithstanding it was once succoured by the French was rendered him upon the same terms that Don Pedro de Toledo had given the very same month when she was taken in the year 1625.  
France had better fortune this year by repelling the invading forces of Spain, then by entering her confines another way for revenge: We made mention a little before how bravely Leucato was preserved, and to cry quittance with the Spaniard, the Prince of Condé had a vast high Commission to be the King's Lieutenant General in the Provinces of Guienne, Languedoc, Navarre, Bern, and Foix, with plenary power to command all the Gentry, and make whom he would to 
Anno 1638.  mount a horseback for the war, as also the Cominalty, to form the body of an Army to invade the territories of Spain; so he pitched upon Fontarabia; he took Iroon, and Ouyarson, Berha, with other small places of advenues in the way, and so he sat before the Town where the Pioneer put presently spade in earth for a circumvallation.  
The Archbishop of Bourdeaux came with a mighty Fleet by Sea to second this enterprise, and the siege having lasted above threescore days, he offered with his rondaches, and by an assault Seaward to carry the Town; Hereupon a Counsel of War was called where the Duke de la Valette, who was Lieutenant General to the Prince of Condé, spoke very gallantly that he and the Marshal de la Force had been the chiefest Actors in that achieument thitherto, that he had made a breach in the walls, after the springing of two mines, and done other things towards the straightening of the place, and it was not consonant to reason, or agreeable to the law of War and honour, that another, now that the work was almost brought to perfection, should have the glory of their dangers, sufferings, and labours; This clash 'twixt the Archbishop, and the Duke de la Valette, to whom Condé adhaer'd proved to be the ruin of this great Expedition; for while they were debating the business after the breach was made for a general assault, the Spaniards came tumbling down the Hills and appeared to be more numerous far than they really were, so after a great slaughter on both sides, but more of the French whereof divers were thrust into the Sea, the siege was raised; and one may say, The Town was lost, for not offering to take it; if they had presently poursued the breach. Amongst divers errors which were committed in this action, besides the weakness of their entrenchments, two were the quitting of Passage, without which the enemies would not have been able to draw provision for their subsistence from Saint Sebastian; then the not erecting of a work upon the mountain of Gadaloupe which was near the Town, and whence the Spaniard descended first; The French Army retiring to the frontiers stayed some days at Iroon, expecting the enemy should poursue them, which he did not; whereby they inferred that he was not so strong as they took him to be, and so he was willing to make them a bridge of sylver; thus this Invasion came to nothing, which made the Spaniard gear them afterwards, saying, They had in this attempt discovered the true nature of the French, viz. to enter like thunder, and vanish like smoke. De la Valette being come to Bourdeaux to the old Duke his Father, after he had received relation how matters had gone, and what traverses there passed 'twixt him, and Condé and the Archbishop, advised him to get away as soon as he could to England, which he did; and 'twas time for him, for afterwards his Process was framed in Paris, and he was executed in Effigy; so by this act of Justice the public dishonour which seemed to reflect upon France in general, was restrained to his person; Nor is it a new thing to sacrifice Commanders to such uses: Besides the Duke of Espernon being now an hundred years of age and odd months, and 
Anno 1637.  having continued above forty year's Governor of Gascony was outed of his Office, and commanded to retire to Plassac; where he died some months after, but before his death he had these several disasters befell him within the revolution of one year; his eldest son the Duke of Candale fell in Italy, the Cardinal his brother died in Savoy, his third son was in banishment in England, and he himself dismissed of all command, and deprived of this life.  
The judgements of men were very discrepant touching the carriage of the business of Fontarabia, the major part imputed the fault to the Prince of Condé and the Archbishop who was a creature of the Cardinals; For the first, he was content his son the Duke of Anguien should marry the Cardinal's Niece a little after, which was done, as some gave out, of purpose for preventing of being questioned, and so clapped in the Bastile; For the second, there was always ill blood 'twixt him and the Duke of Espernon; A Gentleman related unto me one facetious passage that happened 'twixt them: The Archbishop was to go upon an Expedition to Sea, and the Duke giving him a visit at Bourdeaux, the Archbishop sent two Gentlemen to attend him, and to desire him to entertain himself a little, for he was dispatching some Commanders and Officers that were to go instantly to Sea; The Duke (for a little pot is soon heated) took this in disdain (as he had reason being Governor in chief of the Country) and went suddenly away to his House Cadillac five leagues above Bourdeaux; The next morning the Archbishop went to pay him his visit, and the Duke being told he was there, he sent two of his Gentlemen to desire his Reverence to have patience a while, in regard he was newly entered into a Chapter of Saint Augustine's De Civitate Dei, and he would wait upon him as soon as he had done.  
The King besides this under Condé, had divers other Armies abroad about this time. One in Picardy under Chastillon, who passed the Some and entering Arthois, took all the Advenues towards Saint Omer, (old Hesdin having been pillaged and burnt before) and at last sat before the place; two thousand soldiers, and nine hundred peasans were perpetually at work for a circumvallation; Marshal de la Force came with a considerable Army to join with Chastillon; but a little before Prince Tomaso had defeated two French Regiments, and Piccolomini came afterwards to second him; so there were very hot services performed on both sides, at last the Spaniards having relieved the Town by taking the Fort of Bac, by which advantage they might cast in what strength they would, the French forsook their works, and so raised a costly siege; and marched towards Renti which they took not without sweat and blood, and after that Carelet, the one was quite demolished, the other better fortified.  
The Duke of Longueville was now for the King in the Franche Conté, where there happened divers encounters 'twixt the Duke of Lorain and him, and many places taken and succoured by both parties.  
To these land Exploits we will add a sea combat which was fought 
Anno 1638.  before Gattary this year 'twixt the Spanish galleons, and the French Fleet commanded by the Archbishop of Bourdeaux, where divers of the Spanish galleons were taken, as also another fight 'twixt the Galleys of Marseilles, and those of Spain near Genoa, in both which Neptun threw his trident in favour of France.  
Prince Casimir the King of Poland's brother passing to Spain to be Viceroy of Portugal, was stopped about Marseilles, and made prisoner; because he went disguised, as also because he had raised troops of Crabats for the service of the king of Spain. There came also to Paris, Zaga Christos the youngest son of jacob Emperor of Aethiopia or the Hahissins', whose hard fate after a long civil War was to be killed in the Plains of Guera, by one Susneos a Rebel, who rendered himself afterwards Emperor. Jacob's three sons were forced to fly, and this being the youngest after many hazardous wander, and accidents arrived at last in Italy, and thence he came to Paris where he was entertained in the quality of a Prince.  
France was at a high cumble of felicity at this time, and to augment it the more, the Queen was brought to bed of a Prince who made the seventeenth Dauphin of France since the first, she had a speedy delivery at Saint german de lay the fifth of September, the same month his father was born, whither divers relics had been brought her, amongst others our Lady's girdle of Puy, which she wore during her throngs. The King was at dinner when news was brought him, and so he went suddenly to the Queen's chamber where amongst the Ladies he found Monsieur his brother, and he had good reason to be there to see what was brought into the world.  
This was one of the rarest passages, of this kind, that ever happened in France, or any other part of the world, it being little less than a miracle, that a young King and Queen should bed so long together and not have any issue till the twenty third year of their cohabitation and concumbence, for so long was this Dauphin a getting.  
One may easily imagine what triumphings and public acclamations of joy were up and down France for this so long expected Royal Offspring; nor was this gladness bounded there but it dispersed itself up and down all places of Christendom (that were friends to France) and struck a kind of wonderment into the world. In Rome there were divers inventions, and curiosities found out to express a congratulation.— Before the French Ambassadors Palace (who was then the Marshal De Estrée) there was a triumphant Obelisck with the arms of France and this ostentous Inscription underneath.  

Ludovici XIII.  
Christianissimi Galliarum et Navarrae Regi, Qui  
Pullulantem per avita regna Haereticam Hydram,  
Petulantem in Orb Christiano novum Geryonem  
Herculea Clava compressit: 
Anno 1638.   
Aras per impietatem eversas,  
Principes per tyrannidem oppressos,  
Armata pietate restituit  
Aequissimi Herois Justitiae debito.   

Delphino.  
Inter aurea Lilia nascenti,  
Inter paternos lauros vagienti,  
Futuro futurorum monstrorum Alcidi,  
In afflictorum subsidium,  
In Tyrannorum excidium,  
In Liliorum aeternum germane,  
In Ecclesiae invictum columen,  
Ecaelo in terris stupenda ratione demisso,  
Plausus, Acclamationes, Trophaea  
Futurae Gloriae argumenta, praesentis laetitiae Monumenta  
Attollit, adjungit, erigit,  
Franciscus Hannibal Estraeus etc.   
For public arguments of joy Prisoners, and Gallislaves were released, two were ennobled in every Generalty throughout the Kingdom, besides, four Masters were created in every Trade throughout France, with divers other privileges afforded them of Paris.  
This year 1638. was fruitful for Royal Princess elsewhere, for, besides the French Dauphin, the King of Spain had a daughter, and the Emperor had a son borne within the compass of it: The siege before Brisac, whereof we spoke before, grew more and more stubborn, in so much that the Town began now to think of making her last Will and Testament, and so bequeathed herself into the hands of Bernard Weymar, who besides Dutch, English, Swedes, and Scotch had an Army of 10000 French under his command; The said Weymar pretended a propriety to the place, otherwise after so obstinate an opposition, and slaughter of his men he had given no quarter; There were 135. Pieces taken in the Town and Castle, with very much Treasure; After she was taken there happened an ill-favoured travers 'twixt the Duke and the King, who would have put a French Governor into the Town; it went so far that the French Army made towards the Duke and his Germans with others who discharged upon them, and divers were killed on both sides; but the French fury was appeased, and matters were suddenly atoned; so a mixed Garrison was put into the Town, and Duke Bernard placed the Governor; This was one of the straightest sieges that happened since the Germane war, for people were reduced to that extremity that they began to feed upon nefandous meats; Duke Bernard Weymar made it his best retreat, and chiefest Rendezvous afterwards, but he enjoyed it not long, for a few months after he fell sick of the Purples (some say the Plague) and so left the society of mortals; so that now the French have the 
Anno 1639.  chief sway, a mighty advantage, for the situation of this Town is such that France may say she hath now a key to enter Germany that way at pleasure, as she hath Pignerol for Italy. Duke Weymar being dead the Imperialists made this Epitaph upon him.  Here lies He who preferred French before Germans, War before Peace, a King before an Emperor, and Strangers before his own Countrymen. 
This year France had also divers irons in the fire which she did so beat that the sparkles flew a great way abroad and did much mischief: Hesdin was closely besieged, so that when the Infante Cardinal came to relieve her she was passed cure; The King himself advanced as far as Abbeville in Person, and thence to his Army before Hesdin, which struck a greater terror into the Town, and made her come sooner to a Composition, which she obtained upon Honourable terms; the King himself entered, and having secured all things he returned to Paris in triumph. Yet he had some water thrown into his wine before Theonville in Luxemburg, from before which, his Army was beaten by Piccolomini and Bec, with a great slaughter.  
The glass of the Ligue with the Swed being now almost run out, it was thought fit to turn it and make it last four years longer 'twixt France and Him with other Germane Confederates, which was negotiated at Colmar, where the French Ambassador thrust in a new Epithet into the Treaty to aggrandise his Master, viz. Praepotens. Whereupon Bernard Weymer being dead the Duke of Longueville was made General of all the French forces in Germany.  
There was a loud tumult happened in Low Normandy this year amongst the Populace, for new impositions that were daily thrust upon them; the Insurrection crept up to High Normandy, and to Roven herself, nor did the Parliament which is there always sedentary much labour to suppress it; but divers Gentlemen and persons of the best rank did seem to countenance it; In so much that Colonel Gassion was forced to come from Picardy with a considerable Army of horse and foot for the suppression thereof; so he entered the Province, where his soldiers did much mischief upon the people, and coming to Roven the gates flew open to him without resistance; so the King sent thither his Chancellor, who caused all the Citizens to be disarmed, the chiefest instruments of the Mutiny to be imprisoned, their Process formed, whereby many of them were executed, amongst others, the ringleader of the populas who was a man of mean condition who alleged himself to be mad, but that subterfuge would not serve his turn; besides, he annulled the Parliament and amerced the Town in one hundred thousand Franks, which was paid accordingly; and the Gentry that had a hand in this popular Insurrection paid fifty thousand Franks more: but a little after, the Court of Parliament was re-established upon the extraordinary humble submissions of the Town, 
Anno 1639.  the like punishment was inflicted upon Caen, so this dangerous follevation was quashed by a high hand of Royal power, which this City had felt some 3. years before; for the King having thought to borrow 400000. crowns of her, she excused herself, thereupon the King sent a band of soldiers which for eight days together, kept there upon the Towns charge, and so the money was made up. And so I put a period to the sixth Lustre.   

The seventh and last Lustre of the Life of Lewis the thirteenth.  
WE must make an Apology for this Lustre, for it hath not the 
Anno 1640.  full quinquennial number, and so cannot extend to the true length of a Lustre which is five years; nay, it hath scarce fifty Moons, which some held (though erroneously) to be enough, whereof to compose a Lustre: the reason is, that that great Monarch whose reign we thus divide, was cut off from amongst mortals, which will enforce us accordingly to cut off the thread of our story.  
In Brisac and other parts of Alsatia there were some incongruities, and clouds of diffidence hung between the Germans and the French; The young Prince Palatine was going thither through France disguised, hoping to have better fortune that way, than he had in Westphalia not long before where Prince Robert his brother was taken prisoner and carried to Vienna, with the Lord Craven; He was furnished from England with credit for considerable sums of money at Basile, but being advanced a good way beyond Paris in his journey, he was discovered, restrained a while at Moulins, and then sent for to Paris, whence he was committed to Bois de Viniennes. The French feared that he might puzzle their proceedings in Brisac, and that being a Germane Prince and supported by his Majesty of Great Britain the Town would choose him for Governor: upon these apprehensions he was a while kept prisoner; but afterwards, by the intercession of the Queen of England chiefly (as his brother was released by good offices the Empress did who to this day doth much respect the English Nation) he was freed and received very Princely entertainment afterwards; At his departure the King gave him a very obliging farewell, by telling him, That whereas it pleased God and Nature to place him to be Umpire of this part of the World, he would not suffer him to be oppressed by any, but he would endeavour, to reinvest him at last in his own Territories, assuring him that no peace should be concluded 'twixt him and the House of Austria, unless he were included.  
Fortune had frowned now a good while upon Spain, but this year, she bended her brows, and wrinkled her forehead more ruggedly than 
Anno 1640.  ever; A fearful combustion happened 'twixt the Pyreney Hills in the Kingdom of Catalonia (of old but a County), this combustion was a kind of a bonfire to France, who presently ran to warm her hands and sport about it, and she hath ministered fuel to keep it in ever since; It grew so furious that the Viceroy with his wife, and some of his family were murdered, and his house burnt to the ground by the violence of a popular fury. The ground of this fearful Insurrection was the billeting of the castilian soldiers, and their insolences, as they marched through the Country; besides some extraordinary contributions which were demanded of that Province for the support of the King now in his extreme necessities having so many professed mighty enemies both by sea and land: this Tumult by degrees turned to an absolute revolt and defection from their Sovereign natural King; In so much that they flew to France and cried out for the Duke of Anjou; the French quickly hearkens unto them, so there was a Treaty at Narbona, whither they sent twelve persons of quality for hostages, and an Order issued out that he should be branded with a hot iron who spoke of any accommodation with Castille; It was agreed upon, that upon putting themselves under the Royal protection of the most Christian King, he should furnish them with an Army of six thousand foot, and two thousand horse, to be maintained by the Catalans: Whereupon three Commissioners were sent to Paris, one for the Clergy, another for the Nobility, and a third for the Gentry and Cominalty. They who were most busy herein, and indeed the chiefest bellows that blew this terrible fire were the Preaching Friars and Monks, who in lieu of obedience and conformity to Government, and compliance with the necessities of the King having so many irons in the fire, did teach and obtrude to the people nothing more than common privilege, and resumption of liberty, whereby the affection of the vassal was imbittered, and at last quite poisoned against his Prince; whence this Aphorism may be collected, That the best Instruments misapplied do greatest mischief, and prove most dangerous to any State; And as of the sweetest wines is made the sharpest Vinegar, so Churchmen, who by their holy function and white robes of innocence should be the sweetest of all professions, who should breathe nothing, but peace, unity, allegiance and love, if they misapply their talon, and abandon themselves to the spirit of faction, they become the bitterest enemies, the most corroding cankers, and worst vipers in any Commonwealth, and most pernicious to the Prince; In regard that they having the sway o'er the conscience which is the Rudder that steers the actions, words and thoughts of the rational creature, they transport and snatch it away whither they will; making the Beast with many heads conceive according to the colour of those rods they use to cast before them.  
The French having thus undertaken the protection of the revolted Catalan, and cut the Spaniard work enough that way, he did miracles against him about this time in the Netherlands, for he made the Rat to eat the Cat, and a Cow to spin out a bundle of Flax, by rendering himself Master of Arras, the chiefest Town of the Province of Artois after a strong stubborn siege; which place the Flemins held to be impregnable and as impossible to take, as it was for the Rat and the Cow to do what was above said.  
His General also in Italy the Count of Harcour, did do strange exploits, who having entered Piedmont was besieged by the Spaniard in Chieri, but he got through, routs the enemy, and succours Casal: This he did with 1500. horse, and a few foot, who were nothing equal in number to the Spaniards who were thrice as many: This venturous achievement, which some interpreted rashness rather than true valour, got him a mighty reputation; Then he marcheth to Turin, and besiegeth it, but the gates were opened to him within a short time, so he made a glorious entrance into the Town, and returns triumphantly o'er the Hills to France, having settled the King his Master in the protection of the Infant Duke of Savoy his Nephew, which protection or tutele, the Emperor, seconded by the Spaniard, alleged did belong to him by Imperial right during his minority.  
There came a Messenger of State to Paris who brought notice of the Great Turk's death, in the flower of his youth though of a robust huge constitution; He died by excess of drinking some sorts of wine, wherewith he was used to be oft distempered, notwithstanding the strict law of Mahomet, who used to preach this Doctrine, That there was a Devil in every berry of the grape, and therefore absolutely interdicted the use of wine in his Koran: But such is the power of sensual appetit in man, that the spirit oftentimes is too weak to resist the motion of sense, though the conscience should dictat, that Hell itself stands gaping for him in the very fruition of the pleasure.  
The genius of this great Potentat is very remarkable for when he came first to sit upon the throne of that mighty Empire, he was of a mild, gentle, and peaceful nature, but the Janissaries (who may in time prove the bane of that Tyrannical Monarchy) having violently cut off many of his great Officers, and committed other acts of high insolences whereat he had connived, and looked on as a sufferer a great while; at last patience so often abused, and stretched as it were upon the Tenter, turned to fury in him, and that in so high a degree that it came to alter and quite change his disposition, and the very instinct of nature in him, for of a soft, easy and candid humour, he became afterwards, having been so often provoked by such bloody spectacles, as cruel and sanguinary, as any that ever swayed the Ottoman Empire: And he ordered matters so, that he found an opportunity to be revenged of all those that had affronted him before, and bereft him of his Favourits and Officers; He commonly carried with him (a Ghelad) an Executioner, who at his sudden beck, and in his sight took off many heads to offer up as victim for the lifes of his slain servants; He grew to be so fleshed in blood, that he was scarce capable of any compassion, or appre hension of fear, notwithstanding that his predecessor had been hacked to pieces not long before by one of his 
Anno 1641.  meanest soldiers, for attempting to remove his Court from Constantinople t'other side the Hellespont to Damascus, to be revenged of his cowardly Janissaries, who would not fight the year before against the Pole; as also of the Constantinopolitans for refusing to furnish him with moneys for that war; Hence may be drawn this Caution; That Prince's natures are ticklish things to be tampered withal, that it is dangerous to trench too far upon the softness of their dispositions, as appears in this Monarch, who by often irritations fell from one extreme to another.  
The horrid flames (we spoke of before) which were kindled amongst those fiery Mountains (the Pyreneys) in Catalonia, (the chiefest part of Hispania Tarraconensis, according to the old division) did rage with such fury, that the sparkles of them by a strong East-wind were carried into Portugal, of old (Hispania Lusitanica:) And as one torch lights another, or any other thing whose matter is combustible and apt to take, so this other Revolt was kindled by the first; and Portugal was very well prepared to receive it, as well for the averseness, and strong disaffection her Inhabitants have to the Castillan; (for I have heard them complain often that the greatest misery which could befall them, was, to lose their King Don Sebastian, and to fall under the yoke of the Castillan) as also for divers other causes; First, she complained that the King neglected to protect her against the Hollander in Brasil where he had taken Fernanbuck her chief staple of Sugars; she urged also enhancement of toll, new exactions, and other pressures; lastly, she complained of strangers to be her Viceroys, as Casimir the King of Poland's brother was intended for her, had he not been intercepted in France; In so much that it was easy for Spain to have been a Prophetess of this defection; therefore her wont policy and foresight was much questioned, that she did not put out of the way, and engage in some foreign employment the Duke of Bragansa who was used to be perpetually almost at Madrid. When the King of Spain told Olivares of this revolt, and that there was a new King proclaimed, the Favourite slighted it, saying, Es Rey de havas, Sir, he is but a bean or twelfth-night King; but we find now he was far out of his account. Never was there a general Revolt perfected in so short a compass of time, for within less than a month Don john of Bragansa was so settled in the Kingdoms of Portugal, and the Algarves, without any opposition at all or mark of strangeness, as if he had been King thereof twenty years together before.  
The King of Spain writ a Letter to Bragansa (now King) to this effect.  
Duke my Cousin; some odd news are brought me which I esteem folly, considering the proof I have had of the fidelity of your House; Give me advertisement accordingly, because I ought to expect it from you; Do not draw a trouble upon yourself, and hazard not the esteem I make of your life to the fury of a mutinous rabble: but let your wisdom comport you so, that your person may escape the danger; My counsel will advise you further: So God 
Anno 1640.  keep you.  
Your Cousin and King.  
To which Letter this answer was returned.  
My Cousin, my Kingdom desiring its natural King, and my subjects being oppressed with gabells, and new impositions, have executed without contradiction that which they had oft times attempted, by giving me the possession of a Kingdom which appertains unto me: Wherefore if any will go about to take it from me, I will seek justice in my arms, defence being permitted. God preserve your Majesty.  
Don john the Fourth, King of Portugal.  
This put the King of Spain at such a stand, having on both sides of him two sorts of subjects not only risen up, but quite cut off from him, that, as the Proverb runs in that Country, he could not tell what wood to make his shafts of, nor could Olivares (which was held such a Santon) know what Bead to pray upon, or what Saint to address himself unto. And certainly these were two mighty shocks to the Spanish Monarchy, nor could they happen in a time more disadvantageous, she having so many engagements abroad, and having met with such ill-favoured rencounters by Land and Sea of late years. It is also considerable that this check at home befell her after well-neer an Age of a profound unshaken peace, and desuetude of arms in Spain herself where civil war hath been so great a stranger, notwithstanding that she still bred soldiers abroad, and found means to embroil the world always in some place or other: Which makes some interpret this intestine war to be a visible judgement fallen upon her from heaven for disturbing the peace of her neighbours. But I have observed it to be the genius of a true Spaniard (and I honour him for it) not to bow and hang down his head like a bulrush at every puff of adverse Fortune, nor to yield to the fury of the tempest, but to rouse up his spirits more stiffly to resist— Et contra audentior ire.  
In this double trance the King was advised to apply his strength first to suppress the Catalan (the sturdy Montaneer) and till that work were finished, to stand only upon the defensive part against Portugal who is not esteemed so much a man.  
Besides these disasters that befell the K. of Spain thus at his own doors, he had another happened unto him in the Netherlands, for his Brother Don Fernando the Cardinal Infante died in the beginning of his manhood at brussels, being of about the same age as his second Brother Don Carlos was of, (about 30.) who died some years before: the world did take occasion to wonder that these two Princes in the flower, and prime vigour of their age should thus fall. Don Carlos the year before he died, desired of his brother to be Viceroy of Portugal, which was denied him; Moreover it was observed he drew more affection from the Spaniards in general by the colour of his complexion, because 
Anno 1641.  he was black; for one shall hear the people of Castillia sigh up and down and pray, that God would please to send them a King once again of their own colour: Moreover, besides this popular affection he was extremely well beloved of the soldiers, for whom he was always ready to do good offices, and they addressed themselves more to him then to any. These circumstances made odd impressions in the minds of many which gave occasion of censuring and scattering of libels up and down touching his death, whereof I thought it not impertinent to insert one here, but not to impose a belief upon the Reader thereby; It was dropped down in the Court at Brussels.  

Fernando, Carlos murió,  
Y dizen few so Homicida,  
Quien a vos os desterró;  
Lo que os aconsejo yo  
Es, que a Bethlem no bolvais  
Hasta que muera Herodes,  
Que la muerte os espera  
En la sombra que pisais.   
Thus unspaniolized and rendered into English.  

Charles died, Fernando, and they say,  
He, who thou banished, did him slay;  
If to my Counsel thou give ear,  
Again to Bethlem go not near  
Till Herod's gone; for death doth watch  
In thine own shadow Thee to catch.   
This Revolt of Portugal was no great news to the French Cardinal, who had his spirits walking there, as well as in Barcelona, and every where else; He had this Spring wrought the Duke of Lorain to come to Paris, where he arrived in indifferent good equippage considering how many bitter showers had fallen, and weatherbeaten him before; for he had armed five times upon several desseins, and Fortune always frowned upon him; Which some hold to be a visible judgement fallen upon him, as also that he is a kind of exile from his own ancient Princely inheritance, for abandoning his first wife, (by whose right he came to the full and unquestionable possession of Lorain) and cohabiting with another: The King entertains him with a magnificence suitable to his quality, and the Cardinal is as busy as a Bee to give him all outward content; The one sends him fifty thousand Pistols, the other twenty thousand in a great basin. When he came before the King he complemented for matters passed, and kneeling twice the King takes him up telling him, That he had forgotten all matters passed, and for the future he would espouse his quarrels and interests and make them his own: And so it seems he hath done, for he hath so 
Anno 1642.  wedded himself to the best Towns of Lorain, and Barri, that 'tis thought he will hardly be ever divorced from any of them, unless he be forced.  
The City of Paris was now full of Catalans, and Portugals, who strowted up and down the streets, their new King having sent two Ambassadors thither in joint Commission; In the interim the Spanish Ambassadors at Rome negotiate strongly that the Duke of Bragansa be excommunicated for an Usurper; if this had taken effect, it had made the King of France incapable to assist him being an excommunicated person: but France had such a powerful faction in the Consistory, and the Pope himself was such a friend to her that the Catholic King could do little good in this point.  
There had some former counterbuffs passed betwixt the Cardinal and the Count of Soissons, who had slighted one of his Nieces for marriage; but now there was a new clash happened between them in the Armies, in Picardy, where the Cardinal would have advanced his colours before the Count of Soissons; The King abetted his Cardinal, hereupon the Count retires in discontentment to Sedan, and got the Duke of Bovillon to ligue with him; They raised a considerable Army, and encountered the King's forces which they routed, but the Count being too eager, and poursuing a broken Troop of horse which was flying, it was his hard fate to be killed by one of the Cardinal's servants who then bore Arms; The fall of this Prince of the Blood in the prime vigour of his virility, caused much lamentation in France mixed with some murmurings against the Cardinal; And it was a good turn for him, in regard now that Soissons was taken away there was no Prince throughout all France able to uphold a faction against him.  
France was blessed with another masculine Royal offspring the Duke of Anjou, which did not raise so much wonder as the Dauphin, for he, as I told you before, was two and twenty years a getting, this but a twelvemonth and a few days.  
Marie de Medici Queen Mother and Dowager of France expired this year, who may be said to be one of the greatest Queens that ever were, being grandchild, and gran niece to two glorious Emperors, Ferdinand, and Charles' the Fifth, wife of Henry the Great, Mother to the three mighty Kings of France, Great Britain, and Spain, and to the ancientest Prince of Christendom, the Duke of Savoy; She had been Regent of France many years, during which time she discovered extraordinary abilities transcending her sex; shewas afterwards twice in Arms against her son, and she came at last to conceive such a junonian indignation against the Cardinal de Richelieu who had been chief of her Counsels, and her creature afterwards in point of greatness, for she first preferred him to the King, that the breach could never be made up between them; that one might say,  Nec quenquam jam ferre potest Regina priorem, 
Anno 1642.  Richeliúsve parem. 
She was used to say, That the worst thing she ever did was the advancement of Richelieu; In the sense of this high indignation she forsook France, and drew a voluntary exile upon herself, whereby she was so tossed up and down to several Countries that she became a Tenisball to the blind inconstant Goddess; she first retired to Flanders where she found good respect and contentment, during the life of the Archduchesse; but then being distasted with the Spanish Ministers, she removed to Holland, thence to England, where she found most Royal allowance and Hospitality, and her last retirement was to Colen where she lived reclused, exercising herself in strict exercises of devotion (in her way,) and so breathed her last. Such was her fate, I will not say her fault, that Bellona followed her wheresoever she went, (as also her three daughters) yet in her own nature she detested war, specially that with Spain, and that with Savoy: And this was thought to be the ground of her animosity against the Cardinal.  
The King of France having thoroughly undertaken the protection of the Catalans, sent a royal army, composed most of Gascons, and of them of the Religion, which rushed into the County of Roussillon the Key of Spain towards that part of the Pyreneys; This County was once an appendix of France, but being hypothequed and mortgaged to the King of Arragon for a sum of money it was never redeemed since. France had better fortune in this second Invasion of Spain, than she in the first at Fontarabia; Perpignan the strongest Fort of Christendom, for the bigness, was besieged, and the King himself made his approach thither in person, so after a tough stubborn siege, by famine rather than force, the Town and Castle yielded, wherein there were above 120. great Canons.  
The Spaniard had some requital though nothing adaequat to the loss of Perpignan in the Netherlands about this time, for he regained the Town of Air from the French: and the French took Bipalma towards Cambray from the Spaniard.  
The Cardinal of Richelieu was sick that time the Queen Mother died at Colen, yet he strained himself to creep to the Altar, and officiated many Church duties for her soul; From that time he was never perfectly recovered, so about the latter end of this year he died himself in his Cardinal Palace at Paris. He was so attenuated and dried up with excess of care, and encumbrances of the brain, that his body might be said to be but a sackful of bones, and a mere Skeleton.  
This gran Minister being thus gone, Cardinal Mazarin, a Gentleman of an ancient Roman extraction, was put to sit at the helm; A man of the same habit, and hability; as if the soul of Richelieu had transmigrated into him; He was a bosom friend, and a great intrinsic Confident of Richelieu before, who had imparted his desseins, and infused all his maxims into him, and opened unto him all the Arcana 
Anno 1643.  Imperii: He had been an active political instrument employed by the Pope before, in sundry Treaties, and difficult traverses of State, wherein he had good success, and in all his negotiations he was discovered to be a person of excellent address, and rare endowments.  
The King did not long survive his Cardinal of Richelieu, for he fell mortally ill five months after, at which time this great Monarch paid nature her last debt; and what earthly Potentate is there, though never so independent and absolute, that is exempt from this tribute?  
He expired the 14th. of May in the afternoon, the same month, the same day of the month, and about the same hour of the day that his father died 33. years before, but with this mark of difference, that the one went, and the other was sent out of the world about the same time. His bowels were presently carried to be interred at Saint Denis, the last rendezvous of all the French Kings, whither his Body followed after in the height of all Solemnity and Magnificence that his Queen could possibly devise, whom he left Regent; a Lady of rare temper and prudence, who to the wonder of all the world, had the comfort of two sons after two and twenty year's expectation; And to that benediction hath another now added, to have not only the sole government of them, but the supreme sway of that huge Monarchy, which She is like to continue about nine years longer: A just recompense from heaven for her so long patience, as also for her wise comportment and moderation in refraining utterly to intermeddle with any the least matters of State, while She remained under covert Baron.  
Touching other circumstances of this King's death, with his constitution of body and disposition of mind, you shall find it in the ensuing Corollary or Character.  
Thus ends the Life and Reign of Lewis the thirteenth.   

A COROLLARY ADDED TO THE LIFE of LEWIS the Thirteenth.  
ANd thus have we attended this Great King from the Womb to the Tomb, from the Fund to his Funeral, from Fountainbleau to Saint Denis; Our story hath waited on him in his childhood, in his nonage, and so ascended from his majority to his Meridian, not leaving him, tills he had closed his eyes at Saint Germans, which was a good while too soon, considering the ordinary longitude of time that is allowed man to live amongst the Elements; for he reached not unto forty three years complete which in some constitutions is accounted but the noontyde of virility; In so much that when I consider the frame of his body and the actions of his life, I find that he had more obligations to Fortune then to Nature; yet was he of a comely middlesized proportion, of a spare but clear making, and though not strenuous or robust, yet active enough, and patient of toil; for he would be most commonly in the head of some of his Armies himself, and take very much pains to drill and discipline his Troops in his own Person, and sit twelve hours together on horseback; He was of a soft complexion though black haired, which turned grey before he came to thirty years, which put him to his die, and the reason that Nature did thus outrun Time in him, was, that she had not given him a competence of radical moisture, for seldom came any humidities from him from mouth or nostril, nor was he subject to sweat, though he would agitat his body often in tough exercises, as hunting the wild Boar, and other sports wherein he would be earnest. Divers eminent virtues did cohabit in him, as piety, (in his way) chastity, temperance, and constancy; Touching the first two they shined in him with such a strength and lustre, that his example might have had power enough to give law to all mankind, & cast the world into a new mould, had it been capable of reformation; He was pious in an intense degree, for though he was not known to be subject to any Vice, yet would he be on his knees to his ghostly father every week, rather to refresh (as one said) then to cleanse his conscience by confession; nor in his prayers had he as much cause to ask for pardon as for perseverance; defects he had, but scarce any faults; those rays which enlightened his brain from above, descended to his breast and became fire, so fervent he used to be in his way of devotion; when but a youth he went to the Country of Bearn, at his entrance to Pau, the Inhabitants bringing a Canopy to carry over his head, he asked whether there was ever a Church in Town, and being answered no, he said, He would receive no honour in that place where God Almighty had no House to be honoured in. And into all other Towns where he entered as Conqueror, he would give express command that none should cry out Vive le Roy during the time of Procession.  
When the Queen (now Regent) found herself quick he caused a solemn Declaration to be published, wherein he made the blessed Virgin Protectress under the Holy Trinity of all his estates, all which he consecrated to Her, and for an immortal mark of this consecration, he commanded the great Altar in the Cathedral Church of Paris to be built anew, with the Image of the Virgin which should hold in her arms that of our Saviour, and the King to lie prostrate before the Son and Mother offering them his Crown and Sceptre. The Archbishop of Paris was enjoined to commemorat this Declaration once every year, upon Assumption day at the high Altar in the Morning, and that in the Evening a general Procession should be made wherein the Provost of Paris, and all the sovereign companies should be assistant with the Court of Parliament; this command extended to all other Archbishops and Bishops throughout France, that they should in every Cathedral Church erect one special Altar for the Virgin Mary for this end, and in commemoration of this act to perpetuity.  
Many other instances could be produced what a great Zealot he was in the Religion and Ceremonies of Rome, but the adding of one more shall suffice, which was, that when the old Martial de la Force was admitted to see him a little before he expired, he told him from his deathbed, That he thought God Almighty suffered him (meaning the Marshal) to live so long upon earth expecting his conversion, as he had done that of Lesdiguieres.  
He put out sundry Proclamations against Swearers, against Pride in apparel, for he himself went usually very plain; as also against Duels, and the last was so strict that both the appellant and defendant whosoever did survive, should suffer death without mercy, and be deprived of Christian burial, but both rot upon the gallows with their heels upwards.  
As he was thus pious (in a general way) so was he towards his parents in particular; For when he had passed nonage, he said, I am now a major to all the world except my mother, to whom I shall be still a minor. When he had given Vitry order to feiz upon the Marshal of Ancre, yet he gave him a private instruction not to touch him in his mother's lodgings. She was twice in actual arms against him, yet, though he routed and broke her partisans, and might have crushed them all to pieces, he pardoned them all at her request; his brother started out often against him, yet such was his indulgence, that he always forgave him, and received him again into his bosom; But when the Cardinal came to sit at the stern, he had such strong influxes upon him, that he postposed both fraternal love, and maternal duty, to his affection towards him, or rather towards his kingdom as he termed it; Insomuch that amongst other short memorandums he sent her word, that it concerned him more to conserve France, then to content Her (viz. his mother.)  
Touching his continence and chastity he was a great example, for he was not subject no not as much as in thought, much less in action to the contraries of these, according to the relation of some of his nearest servants; nor did this proceed from impotence, as some would make the world believe, but out of virtue and conscience, for he was said to hate the very names of such vices more than others do the vices themselves. Whereupon it was said, while his Southern brother in law sported in the pavilions of Venus, he was busy▪ in the tents of Mars, and took Cities faster, than the other did Maidenheads.  
He was also temperate in a high degree, nor would he ever wrong nature with the least excess, or debauchments. Moreover he was wonderfully constant in his affection, where it was once settled; which is rare in Sovereign Princes, (especially in them of that Clime) who have such a variety of choice, and who have no other ground of fastness for their affection, but their own fancy: Not all the world could alienat his favour from Luynes, though the greatest Princes of France did actually attempt to pluck him away from him by Arms; nor after him from the Cardinal, towards whom his love was in grain, and would never lose colour. Nor was he constant only in his affection, but to his own ends when once settled, and resolved upon; to attain which he was so actif and hot, that when he went about it, he not only applied, but gave up himself entirely to the thing. Furthermore he was marvellously modest in an opinion of himself, and so conscious of his own judgement, that he resigned his very faculty of reason, and transmitted all his intellectuals to others; a high point of prudence, for that Prince who steers his course by the Compass of Counsel, though he be himself but of indifferent abilities, is a far wiser man, than he who, albeit never so politic and able of himself, doth guide his affairs by his own fancy, sole opinion being the worst kind of rule in Government. And he was as fortunate as judicious in the choice of his Counsellors, and chiefest ministers both of State and War; He would not send an Ajax, where he should employ an Ulysseses; nor a Saintre, where Bouciqualt was fitter for the turn; The two last were the most famous men that France ever bred, one for the Gown, the other for the Sword, according to the verse I have read in an old Manuscript.  

Beaucoup plus vaut pour un assault,  
Saintrê, que ne fait Bouciqualt;  
Beaucoup mieux vaut en un Traicté  
Bouciqualt, que ne fait Saintrê.   
Thus unfrenched, and made English.  

Were I to choose for an assault  
I'd have Saintrê, not Bouciqualt,  
Were I to treat, than should for me  
Stand Bouciqualt, and not Saintrê.   
So many high signal virtues which were naturally inhaerent in him were unquestionably the cause that he prospered so much; So that 'tis a question whom Fortune loved better, the Father or the Son; 'Tis true his Father fought four great Battles wherein he proved victorious, and so may be said to have come to the Crown of France by Conquest, as much as by Succession, yet all these and other exploits of Henry the Great's were within the bounds of France, and nought else but domestic achievements; But France was too narrow a compass, to comprehend and confine the exploits of the Thirteenth Lewis, for besides thirteen several Civil Wars▪ in France herself and Navarre which he suppressed, and most of them in Person; so many Battles were fought in Spain, Italy, Savoy, amongst the Grisons, in Lorain, and in high and low Germany; He had at one time in the years sixteen hundred thirty five, and thirty six, no less than 130000. foot by Land and Sea, and 8000. effectif horse, in six several Armies; whereas Henry the Great never had above 40000. horse and foot at once in all; never any made France know her own strength so much, and to find the length of her weapon, as this King did; He went a horseback betimes, for at thirteen years of age he suppressed in Person two Rebellions, one in Poitou, and another in Brittany▪ so that he began to triumph in those years that others begin to handle their arms, and learn how to sit a horse in an Academy.  
Afterwards he was forced to get his Queen by the sword, and to bring her into his arms by Arms, there being three several Armies to stop her passage.  
He than repels the English who had so boldly invaded France, whereby he gained a greater addition of credit and fame, than he did by worsting Spaniard, Italian, or Germane, in regard of the admirable Victories that the English carried home from France in times passed, by taking one of their warlik'st Kings prisoner, and oftentimes by discomfiting whole Troops with a handful of men.  
After this he beleaguers, takes and batters the chiefest rampart of the Religion, the impregnable Town of Rochel after a stupendous siege by Land and Sea, where a prodigious Dike was cast up which served as a bit in Neptune's jaws, and whereby he may be said to have curbed all the Elements.  
No sooner had he shaken off the dust of Rochel, but behold him covered with snow on the horrid Alpian Hills almost in the dead of Winter, where he broke open his way with the point of the sword to relieve the Duke of Mantova, he got Forts accessibly only by birds amongst those clowd-topping Hills, and so returns triumphant having done the work, and overcome the rocks in this expedition, as he did the Sea at Rochel.  
He than goes on to perfect that mighty work of reducing his subjects of the Religion to an exact condition of obedience, by dismantling their Towns, whereof they had near upon three hundred in France and Navarre, by cashiering their Garrisons, and bringing them to rely for the future upon royal favour; a work which his five immediate Predecessors attempted to do, but could not effect in seventy years, whereas he did it in far less than so many months.  
Then behold him Lord of all Lorain, and of the greatest part of Alsatia, by being Master of Brisach, Rhinfeld and other places: Then trace him to the Netherlands, and you shall find him in the ancient Town of Arras, and divers other places his predecessor Francis the First had given for his ransom.  
Lastly look after him towards the Pyrenean Mountains, & you shall see him boldly invade Spain, entering the County of Roussillon like lightning, and battering the walls of Perpignan, which after a tough siege, notwithstanding she had above 120. great Cannons, and ten strong Bulwarks, he reduced to his will, whereby he hath redeemed with lead (I mean good bullets) that Country which one of his predecessors mortgaged for gold in times passed: Thus hath he got three such keys that none of his progenitors (not Emperors) ever had: Perpignan, Pignerol, and Brisach, one to enter Spain, the other Italy, and the third to rush into Germany at pleasure.  
Look upon him in his City, Town, University, and Court at Paris, and you shall find him enlarging her skirts and lacing them about with new walls, according to the custom of Rome (once the great Mistress of the world) who upon the increase of her Empire extended also her walls upon any new acquest.  
Nor must you behold him only on Land, but cast your eyes upon him at Sea, and you shall find him incomparably more potent than all his progenitors, the French formerly waded like sheep, but now they may be said to swim like Elephants; Before, France could hardly without borrowing, put twenty Sails of men of War to Sea, but now she can rig a hundred well appointed fight great Vessels in Galleons and Galleys in both her Seas at a short warning.  
But having done with the pro, let us see what may be said to the contra, touching this Great King; It must be granted that Fortune did not always sit at the helm of his proceedings.  
At the Treaty of Lodun he was il-favor'dly baffled by his own subjects, who gave him law, and set the dice upon him: but than you'll say he was young, and let it suffice for an excuse: Before Montaban he lost five hundred Gentlemen, and five times as many soldiers, and then was forced to truss up his baggage and be gone, and to suffer this Motto upon the gate, Roysansfoy, ville sans peur. In Italy he lost first and last an hundred thousand subjects. Before and about Saint Omer ten thousand. At Fontarabia he had a foul repulse: At Theonville he lost seven thousand French; before Hesain, there fell little less; and the succouring of Scales proved a tart piece of service; The first Army he sent to join with the States which came to thirty thousand horse and foot got little credit at Tillemont, and less before Louvain, and divers thousands of them died without an enemy, and came home by weeping cross.  
Touching his Appellation or Epithet of Just, there are divers Critics, and some of his own subjects give out, that it doth not so well quadrat with him; They instance in the manner of Martial D'Ancres death in the dawnings of his reign: Moreover when he passed by Saumur, he sent for the keys of the Town and Castle to Du Plessis promising upon the word of a King he would deliver them him again, which was not done; only a Gentleman of the Religion was left Governor of the Castle for the time: The Rochellers complained that he often promised to raze Lewis Fort; The Duke of Savoy spoke high language, and charged him with breach of Article that he was not sent for, and admitted to the Treaty at Monson; The Duke of Lorain, more than any, chargeth him (nor hath he reason to be angry with him therefore, for losers must have leave to speak) that his safe conducts before Nancy, and at other times turned to enforcements, his Treaties to traps; The Emperor knows not how he fell out with him; And the Spaniard swears by his mustachoes, that he first infringed the Sacred bonds and Capitulations of Peace so solemnly sworn betwixt them, and corroborated by a double Nuptial knot: Nor saith he, will the proceedings against the Archbishop of Mentz serve to justify him, for he was a Rebel to the Emperor, before France had undertaken his protection.  
The Duke of Lorain chargeth him further that he would have dissolved and nullified the marriage 'twixt Monsieur and his Sister, she being a better woman than his first wife, who was daughter to a vassal of the Crown of France; & being also of as good extraction as himself, having lineally descended from Charlemagne, and in one respect of a better condition than his Brother was, when he married her, she being a Virgin and he a Widower. Nay he taxeth him of impiety that he should offer to make the Eternal Law of God touching marriage to be balked by a humane and temporary politic Constitution of France alterable at men's pleasures, which is, that the Heir Apparent of the Crown should not marry without Royal consent; and being married according to the Rites of the Church, to make this latter law to be of more force than the former.  
Poor Germany complains that he hath plunged her in an eternal war by bringing in the Swed, and by fomenting him ever since within her bowels: The jesuits have also a saying to him, that his prime Confidents and Confederates were opposite to the Roman Catholic Church, as the Hollander, the Hessian, the Grison, the Swed, which cannot choose but be derogatory to the most Christian King; The Spaniard saith further that he upheld not only old but new Rebels against him, as the Catalan and the Portugal, and that he need not glory much of his doings against his Monarchy, for France of herself had been able to have done him little hurt, had she not ligued with, and employed his own revolted Vassals, as the Hollander, and the other two mentioned a little before, against him; And therefore what mischief and exploits France hath performed against him, was by conjunction with these his subjects, otherwise she had never been able to have trodden as much as upon his toe.  
Lastly, the poor Pesans of France pitifully cry out that they are transformed to mere Asses, that his wars were not only maintained with their persons, but nourished with their blood, with their very vital spirits and livelihoods; that for many years he made them to soften and steep their bread in tears, which flowed in such plenty, that there were enough to quench all the Bonfires of triumph that have been made since the beginning of his Reign; the smokes whereof were so thick that they hindered him to see their pitiful, meager looks, and grinded faces; and the clashing of his arms so great, that he could not hear their cries. They complain that they are now so habituated to new impositions and inventions tending to slavery, that like Milo's beast, their burden is grown up from a calf to an ox since these wars; Yea they cry out that they are grown worse than Asses, they are become mere Dromedaries who not only receive the burden, but kneel down to take it up.  
To all these accusations something may be said in answer; For his failings with his subjects of the Religion, there are some that would clear him by recrimination of them, for he never promised any thing categorically, but upon condition that they should also perform divers things, and the obligation of the one depended upon the performance of the other, so there were failings on both sides.  
Touching D'Ancre he had so involved and mingled his own particular interests with those of the State, that an ordinary way could not separat them; He had likewise so distasted all the Princes, that he was like to be pernicious and destructive to his Kingdom, yet it was not his mind to have him suddenly assassinated in that manner; though on the other side, Wallestein was made away so by Imperial warrant, and the act justified.  
Concerning the Duke of Lorain he alleged neglect of homage, (which was unquestionably due unto him) and conjunction with his enemies, as also breach of promise that Monsieur should not marry his sister, and the giving of shelter to all Fugitives.  
For the Duke of Savoy touching the Treaty of Monson, though the Duke was not there in Person, yet his business was dispatched with as much advantage to him, as if he had been there present, by the French Ambassadors; nor had he as much cause of grievance, as he had of many high obligations of gratitude, to have his Country and Towns restored unto him which had been so often overrun by the French arms.  
Concerning his colleguing with Protestants, Spain may be upbraided as well; for Charles the Fifth employed Lutherans, whom he called his black bands, against France and Rome herself, and that by the advice of his Theologues: This present King Philip had private intelligence with the Duke of Rohan, who paid him (and his brother) a yearly Pension, to keep France in action by Civil Wars, and had entered into a Treaty with him accordingly consisting of divers capitulations; Moreover the Catholic Kings have had, and have to this day friendship and confederacy with divers Pagan Princes, and amongst others with the King of Calcutta (who adores the Devil) for a little Pepper or such like Commodities: Nor are there wanting examples how in the time of the moors, the King of Arragon made use of Moriscos against another Christian King. Another makes an odd Apology for this King why he confederated with Protestants, and employed them so much in his wars, which is, that he made use of them against the greatness of the House of Austria only, whom they suspect and perfectly hate: And touching his subjects of the Religion in France, it was never out of any affection unto them, or out of any conceit of fidelity he had of them, that from time to time he gave them Honour and offices in his Armies, but out of a politic end to diminish, and destroy them by degrees, for a greater number of them, then of Papists perished in his wars.  
For breaking with his Brother in law the King of Spain and the House of Austria; he did it merely out of political interests, and pure reason of State, which is now grown to the highest point of subtlety, and sways the world more than ever; It is well known that France (as all Europe besides) hath been for many years emulous of Spain, and suspectful of her greatness, for she hath been still growing and gathering more strength any time these hundred years; In so much that considering her huge large limbs she was become a Giant in comparison of all her neighbours; France was fearful of this unproportionable hugeness of hers more than any, and therefore being somewhat distrustful of his own strength to cope with her single, he enters into confederation with others, as the Hollander, and Swed; So that this war of France with Spain is merely preventive; Nor is preventive war a new thing, but we have warrant for it from Antiquity; I am sure it is as old as that of Peleponnesus, the ground whereof, was to keep the power of Athens within its wont channel, which went daily swelling o'er the old banks; this gave the first alarm to the Lacedaemonian to stand upon his Guard, and to put himself in Arms; whence afterwards issued that long lived war which History renders so famous to posterity. Alphonso K. of Castille made war against the Moors, and the rest of the Spanish Kings (for there were divers then in Spain) finding him increase in power collegued against him; and the reason the Historian gives is, Nunquam satis fida principum potentia finitimis est, occasionem proferendi Imperii avidè arripiente natura mortalium. The Decree of the College of Sorbon is, That the exorbitant greatness of a neighbouring Prince may be a just ground for a war. 'Tis well known how watchful those three Geryons of their times, Charles the Fifth, Henry the Eight of England, and Francis the First of France, were to keep their power in aequilibrio; they had always an eye upon the Scale to see which way it panched and out-poised: And it hath been used to be the old policy & power of England (though now cross winds have long blown upon her) to question any of her neighbours touching their increase of strength in shipping. There be examples without number how it hath been always the practice of the sagest Princes, as being a rule that's warrantable in the school of prudence and honour, to prevent that their adjoining neighbours oregrow them not by access of new power, either by weakening their Allies, by Monopolising of Trade, increase of Territory, by mastering of passages, or by too near approaches. The last makes me think that it is high time for the Hollander to look about him considering the late acquests of the French in the Netherlands, and to be warned by the old Proverb, Ay le François pour ton Amy, non pas pour ton voisin. Have the French for thy friend, not for thy neighbour.  
The Austrian Eagle had displayed his wings wider then formerly, by addition of the Palatinat, Triers, and other places in Germany: France took Arms to make him mew these new feathers, and she had those three things, which one said were requisite to make her eternal, favourable unto her, viz. Rome, the Sea, and Counsel: Pope Vrban the Eight had his breeding there twenty years together and so was a friend to her; she had a competent number of Ships, and for Counsel she had Richelieu for her Pilot: He was not like your Country Wasters that Demosthenes writes of, who were used to grow skilful in defending those parts of the body where they had been hurt, but he could foresee and fence away the blow before it was given: And for others, he carried matters so that some of them found their hands sezied upon when they were ready to strike. This caused him to make his King the first aggressor of the war against Spain; wherein he had wonderful success, and done such feats (as hath appeared already in the body of the story) that as they have struck an amazement in the present age, so they will breed an incredulity in the future.  
Touching the last complaint against him that he peeled and polled the Peasan, 'tis true he did so; but he who is versed in the humour of that people, what boiling brains, and perpetual inclinations they have to novelty, and to break out into motion, if they be pampered with peace and riches, will conclude, that there is a necessity to keep them short in point of wealth, whose ordinary effects are pride and insurrections: Yet I believe there may be other more laudable ways of policy used for prevention of this then poverty; It being a true maxim in the Academy of Honour, that it is more glorious for a Prince, to be King of an opulent free people, then of a slavish and beggarly: And the greatest reproach that Forreners cast upon the French Government, is, that the wealth of the Country should be so unequally dispensed, the King, Clergy, Nobles, and Officers swallowing up all, while the common people have scarce that competency which beasts use to have to satisfy the necessities of Nature: for there is not upon earth a more plentiful Country, and a poorer people generally, than the Pesantry of France. There was another reach of State why the common people were kept so poor and indigent, which was, that he might be supplied with soldiers to furnish his Infantry for the wars, whereunto necessity will drive any one; At the sound of his Drum they came always in multitudes to serve him because he had always store of treasure to pay them; He had at one time above 120000. of them in several Armies, nor were there ever such services performed by French foot, who formerly had but small repute in the world; with these and his cavalry he performed such exploits that as I said before, posterity must have a strong faith to believe them; such exploits that Mars himself (the ascendent of France) might have been invited to partake of his triumphs;  — vel et ipse vocari Iupiter ad praedam posset. 
With these he drew the overwhelmings of Spain into a narrower channel, and put her to cast her policy into a new mould, for whereas before she was for many years upon the conquering and offensive part, she is now content to stand upon her guard, and put herself upon the conserving and defensive part.  
By these performances of France against the Monarchy of Spain it visibly appears, what advantage a little body that hath his joints well knit and compacted, and hath also his radical moisture and radical heat (the two gran columns of life) dispersed in equal proportion throughout all parts to actuate the whole and make it vigorous, (for such is France) may have over a huge unwieldy bulk whose members by vast uneven distances are so loosely kept together as the Spanish Monarchy is known to be; which, were she as closely knit as France, or the Ottoman Empire either which extends two and thirty hundred miles and but the (Hellespont between) in one continued piece from Buda in Hungary to Bagdad or Babylon in Asia, I say, if the modern Monarchy of Spain were so closely united, she might compare with the greatest that hath been yet upon Earth.  
And now will we put an absolute period to the history of the life of Lewis the Thirteenth. Which we have illustrated in the best manner we could, as also to this Corollary and short transcurrence of his reign, which lasted thirty three years, and his whole life hardly reached to forty three, a time which as was said before, in a well disposed body is accounted but the Meridian of manhood; whether nature posted away, and hastened thus her course in him and made him old before his time by her own weakness, or by accident, (as some mutter) we will not determine, but rather give faith to the first cause, and to divers dangerous sicknesses whereof he had passed the brunt formerly, as also to excess of care and intentivenes of mind, and personal pains in the war: He had a long time to study the art of dying, his disease being a Consumption, which afforded him space enough to set his House in order; He spoke oft times of the troubles of Great Britain in his sickness, and once he was overheard to say that it was a just judgement, because his Brother of England would have assisted his subjects once against him.  
So this great King died in the highest glory of his actions, for his sails swelled with prosperous winds till he came to his last port. He had settled all things so exactly, that when he came to die, he had nothing else to do, but to die, which he did so gently, that it was rather a soft dissolution than death; By his high exemplary virtues, and strangeness to vice he was a Saint amongst Kings on earth, and now may be a King among Saints in heaven, whither he went on Ascension day: For his acts of prowess he deserves to have the Alps for his tomb, & the Pyrenean Mountains for his monument, for he made them both to stoop unto him: He left his Queen (a year and some months younger than himself) Regent, as it was her due by Saint Lewis law, which she might have claimed by merit, as well as by right, for she had been marvailously complying, careful and indulgent of him; A Lady of admirable sweetness, moderation, and prudence, for she never tampered with the Government in his time, nor would she meddle with the Election of any Officer or Minister of State, nor interpose in any thing, but in matters of mercy and pardon, and then she would be sure to have an inkling how the King was inclined (which made her receive few denials) so that being much importuned for Monmorency's pardon (whose first crime, was the last action of his life) she would by no means attempt it. The young King was four years and eight months old when his father died, so that the Queen is to rule in chief till he be fourteen, whereby France, in statu quo nunc, may be said to have fallen under the government of Strangers, the Queen Regent being a Spaniard, and Mazarini the Prime Minister of State an Italian.   

THE LIFE OF ARMAND JOHN DE PLESSIS Cardinal of RICHELIEU.  
HAving done with the Master, we will now descend to his Minister, the Cardinal of Richelieu, a man so cried up, that every corner of Christendom rang of his report for twenty years together, nay the walls of the Seraglio echoed with his fame, and fear of the mighty doings of France, which made the Turks to think oftener upon that famous Prophecy they have amongst them, that the Ottomans should at last get Kenzal almai the Red Apple, which they interpret to be Rome, but not long after, their Empire should be destroyed by a Flower, by which they think are meant the Freinks. He was a Gentleman of very ancient descent, for in the Tree of his genealogy I find, that by the House of Dreux his Ancestors were allied to Lewis the gros, one of the Kings of France; and by a direct uninterrupted line he came for thirteen degrees from Father to Son, from William of Plessis who was a Gentleman of high account in Philip Augustus' time, 1179. When his father Francis De Plessis died he was but five years old, and so remained under the tutele of his Mother Susanna de Porta, who gave him all the advantageous breeding that could be in Paris (where he was born) both in an Academy for riding, and handling of arms, and in the University for learning; he made choice of the College of Sorbon to finish the course of his studies, where he took the profession of a Theologue, and so became a Sorbonist Doctor. He had two brothers, Francis, the eldest, was killed by the Marquis of Themines in duel; Alphonso, the second, being elected Bishop of Lusson forsook the pomp of the world, and betook himself to the austere life of a Carthusian (whose rule is never to eat flesh) and so resigned the Bishopric to his youngest brother Armand, whose life we write: But afterwards, by his means, the Carthusian Friar was brought to accept of the Archbishopric of Aix in Provence, then of Lions, and so ascended to be Cardinal. He had also two sisters, Frances, married to the Baron of Pont de Curlay, who had of her the Duchess of Esguillon: And Nicola, his second sister was married to the Marquis of Brezé Martial of France, and first French-Viceroy of Catalonia in Spain, upon the late revolt; who hath a son and a daughter by her, john Armand the son was General of the French Army in the West, and employed Ambassador extraordinary to congratulat the new King of Portugal; Clara Clement the daughter was married lately to the Duke of Anguiern eldest son to the Prince of Condé.  
When his brother Alphonso had transmitted unto him the Bishopric of Lusson, he went to Rome for a Consecration, and Paul the Fifth dispensed with his incapacity of age, for he was but 21 years old; Some report that the Pope observing the height▪ and activity of his spirit, was overheard to say, That that young Prelate would overturn the world; being returned to France from Rome, and brought to kiss Henry the Fourths hands, he was somewhat taken with him, telling him that he was come from that place, whence one day should descend upon him the greatest honour that Rome could afford a Frenchman▪ and afterwards he was used to call him his Bishop. For divers years he applied himself altogether to the function of his Ministry, and used to preach often in the King's Chapel: In the Assembly of the three States he was chosen Orator for the ecclesiastics, where his pregnancy of wit first appeared publicly in matters of State: Where upon he got footing afterward at Court, and was made great Almoner: Then his abilities discovering themselves more and more, he was nominated Ambassador extraordinary for Spain to accommode the differences than a foot 'twixt the Dukes of Savoy and Mantova; when the Princes started out in discontent, and put themselves in arms to demolish the Marshal of Ancre, some Privy Counsellors were outed of their Offices at Court, amongst others Monsieur Villeray had his Writ of ease for being any more Secretary of State, and the Bishop of Lusson was thought the fittest man to succeed him, and to receive the Seals, which he did, and this diverted him from his foreign employment to Spain.  
When the Marquis of Ancre was Pistoled, and his wife beheaded, there was a new face of things at Court, another generation of Officers grew out of the corruption of the old, among others, Villeroy steps in to be Secretary of State again in the room of the Bishop of Lusson, yet was the King willing he should sit still at the Counsel Table; and Monsieur de Vignobles brought him an intimation of the King's pleasure to that purpose: But the Queen Mother retiring from Paris to Blois, he chose rather to go with his old Mistress, then stay with a young Master as the pulse of the Court did beat then; By some ill offices that were done 'twixt the King and his Mother, by factious spirits, many jealousies were daily fomented between them; Hereupon the Bishop of Lusson, had order to withdraw himself from her Court; so he retired to his Priory of Caussay, but that distance being thought not sufficient, he betook himself to his Bishopric at Lusson, and that place also being suspected to be too near, he was sent to Avignon the Pope's Town, which might be called a banishment, for it was out of the Dominion of France. Discontents growing higher 'twixt the King and his Mother, till at last they broke out into a War, and there being Armies on both sides in motion, Luynes writ a Letter to the Bishop to repair to Angoulesme, to which Letter there was a Postscript annexed all of the Kings own hand to the same effect. The Queen Mother was fled thither from the Castle of Blois, and by means of the Duke of Espernon with others had considerable forces a foot: Here was a brave opportunity offered for the Bishop to show his head-piece in atoning matters 'twixt the Mother and the Son, for which end he was inordred to repair thither: He negotiated the business so successfully by his dextrous addresses, and flexaminous strains of eloquence that he took away the inflammation of the wound, and so made it easily curable: A Treaty was agreed upon, and the Capitulations being drawn he brought them to the King, who received him with much show of grace; and so all matters were accommoded: But this accommodation did not heal quite and consolidat the wound, for it had not searched it to the bottom, therefore it began to fester, and more putrified matter broke out of it then formerly: The Mother and the Son take up arms again, and the Bishop of Lusson was one of the prime Instruments to re-compose the business, which was done at last very effectually. The merit of these high services got him a Red Hat, and the dignity of Cardinal, though some difficulties, and many delays intervened before the final dispatch came from Rome: Then was he chosen Provisor of the ancient College of Sorbon; where he procured of the King that a new Chair of Controversy should be erected. He also repaired and much beautified that College; Then, upon the instance, and by the advice of the Queen Mother, he was elected Prime Minister of State, and Director in chief under the King of all matters concerning the public Government of the Kingdom, so he came to be called the Argos of France.  
The first great action that was performed by his guidance, when he was climbed to this Plenipotentiary power was the Marriage with England; the Marquis of Vieu ville had been employed in this great business, but the Cardinal got some of the Capitulations bettered and more to the advantage of France, alleging that it was not fit his Master being the Eldest Son of the Church should have conditions inferior to those of Spain.  
With this Match with England, there was an alliance also made about the same time with Holland for a sum of Money. These were the two first Coups d' estate, strokes of State that he made, and it was done with this forecast, that France might be the better enabled to suppress them of the Religion, which the Cardinal found to be the greatest weakness of that Kingdom: Some of them being Pensioners to other Princes to embroil France upon all occasions.  
He found then that the House of Austria had got some advantage, and increase of power, by certain holds it had seized upon in the Valtolin; He adviseth his King to ligue with the Venetian and the Savoyard, which he did and so spoiled the design of the Spaniard that way.  
The King being told that upon the beheading of the Count of Chalais, and the imprisonment of the Marquis of Ornano about Monsieurs Marriage, his Cardinal had thereby got divers enemies, he appointed him a band of Soldiers for his guard; After this he was made Superintendent General of the Marine, a new Office, and such, that there was never any of the like latitud of power erected in France, for thereby he had authority to supervise not only all the Sea Ports and shipping of in both the Seas, but to do any thing that might conduce to the regulating and advance of Trade: so he fell presently to work, and fortified Haure de grace, Brovage, the Isle of Ré, Oleron, Verdun, with divers other. Afterwards happened the Siege of Rochel where in the King's absence he was made General a while, and that famous Sea Dike was ascribed to his invention in chief, after fifteen month's siege the town was reduced, having been driven to the utmost extremities of want, as to eat nefandous meats, the leather of Coaches which served before for Instuments of pride, did now preserve them from starving; at last they petitioned the Cardinal to be their Intercessor to his Majesty for them, who got them more favourable conditions than was expected.  
The King went thence to Italy with the same Army for the most part, and having crossed the Alps, he took the pass of Susa, and raised the siege of Casal only with the fame of his Person and Arms, and so relieved the Duke of Mantova, having had besides some dispute with the Duke of Savoy about his passage, he left the Cardinal behind to see all things settled: Who returning afterwards to France found the King in Languedock having debelled almost the whole body of them of the Religion, but the Plague being hot in that Province, he went to Paris, and left his Cardinal to perfect the work, which he did at Mountauban, which was the last Town that was surrendered, and so may be said to have been the key of the whole work.  
Being returned to Paris there came news that the Duke of Savoy abetted by Imperial and Catholic arms poursued still his interests against the Duke of Mantova; In prejudice as was pretended, of the late Articles 'twixt him and France; The Cardinal was appointed Generalissimo of two Armies, wherewith he traversed the Alps again, took the Town and Castle of Pignerol; and returning to Lion, to give account of his service he found the King sick, and powerful enemies at Court, but especially he found the Queen Mother averse to him; He perceived the faction so strong against him, that he fell on his knees before the King desiring that he would please to dispense with his attendance any more at Court, and that he might be permitted to retire to his devotions and the functions of his Ministry; the King being now indifferently well recovered, went to visit him the next day, and absolutely denied him leave to depart the Court, saying, There was no reason he should forsake them who loved him, to humour the capriccios of those that did not love him.  
The King's Army which he had left in Italy under Schomberg was at this time at an extreme low ebb, and upon point of mutining if not disbanding for want of pay, and there was scarce one thousand pound then in the King's Coffers; yet, notwithstanding the branling hazardous stand he was at, by reason of the King's sickness, and the potent combination which was a foot, and banded so eagerly against him, he, of his own store, sent two hundred thousand Franks to keep life in the Army, and this was before the King's recovery, or assurance of the continuation of his favour.  
He was afterwards made General of the Order of the Abbots of Premonstré, and he had also the attribute of Eminence given him, which was solemnly confirmed by Rome, to distinguish and peculiarize him from other Cardinals, and Princes of the Church: nor would he receive any Letters, or speak with any Ambassadors unless they would give him that Title: The Queen Mother utterly misliking his aims of policy, which tended to put the Princes, her children, together by the ears, forsook France, and Monsieur followed her. He returned with a considerable strength of horse, and Monmorency, the popular'st man of France, joined with him, to reform the State, and to ruin the Cardinal, who was used to call the said Monmorency his son, but they missed of their aim; Afterwards the Count of Soissons, joined with the Duke of Bovillon attempted the like, and had Soissons lived it was probable they might have done something, for they had utterly routed the King's Army, but Soissons being killed, it quailed the whole plot. The last attempt to destroy him was by Monsieur le Grand, who had intelligence with the Spaniard, but it was detected, and so crushed in the shell, and he with Monsieur de Thou beheaded. There were also divers private attempts upon him, Alfeston would have pistolled him, Chavagnac and Barnard would have poisoned him, Gargan and Bouchard, who were reputed Magicians, would have bewitched him, but they had all ropes for their rewards: so nature ran out her course in him without violence, for he died in his bed, and at his house in Paris about the dead of Winter in the beginning of December, a little after the King had visited him, and bade him his last adieu, having not reached 58. years; His right arm began to mortify many months before, and his whole body was grown so lank and thin as it looked like an Anatomy.  
He principally recommended to the King Cardinal julio Mazarini, to whom he had opened all the boxes of his breast, together with Monsieur Chauvigny & Noyer, advising his Majesty to steer his course by their Counsel, and he should still prosper and triumph: He bequeathed his body to the College of Sorbon; And touching his estate, which was valued at near upon sixty millions of Franks, he divided it to sundry Legacies▪ he gave the Marquis of Pont de Courlay the Duchy of Richelieu together with the government of Brovage: To the Marquis of Brezé the Duchy of Fronsac estimated at an hundred thousand Franks yearly rent, together with the government of Haure de grace: He bequeathed to the Duchess of Eguillon his House at Ruel with fifty thousand Franks rend. He gave Monsieur du Plessis Chinee twenty thousand crowns a year. His Cardinal Palace in Paris where he expired he bequeathed to the King, with all the Plate and householdstuff thereunto belonging, and a Jewel valued at two hundred thousand crowns: To the young Dauphin he gave his Library rated at fifty thousand crowns: To every one of his Praetorian soldiers he bequeathed two hundred crowns apiece, and preferred them all for a guard to the Dauphin; By this vast estate it appears that though he was so active in his Master's business, yet he did not neglect his own, so that the King's service was not the sole Centre of his endeavours as he was used to say often.  
Such was the emigration out of this world of Armand john du Plessis Cardinal of Richelieu, Duke, and Peer of France, Knight of the holy Spirit, and Superintendent General of the navigation and commerce of France, Principal Minister, and Director in chief of all affairs both of State and War, etc. having been thrice General, and once Generalissimo of three Royal Armies.  
Questionless he was a man had a rare talon, and rich intellectuals, of a notable vivacity of spirit, and constancy of resolution, of a prompt, yet profound imagination, of a subtle discourse, yet solid judgement, (things which seldom meet in one subject under that Clime) of pressing and powerful reason, and a tenacious memory, in so much that all the faculties of his soul being summoned to consult seriously upon any business, they were enough to make a complete Senate of themselves. Add hereunto that he had an admirable gift of elocution attended with state and gravity, and very swaying as it went along: Many examples could be produced hereof, but we will instance in three only; In a Compliment, in a Letter, and in an Oration of his, which may serve to make a judgement of the rest: For the first, when he had received the Cardinal's Hat from Rome, he attended the Queen Mother and told her, as if he had been surprised with a kind of amazement,  
Madam, I want words to express the thankfulness of my heart to your Majesty, all that I can say, is, that I will spend my best blood, and all my spirits in your service, and this Scarlet, which I wear by your goodness, shall make me always remember this vow.  
For the second, when the Queen mother was retired to the Netherlands out of a high displeasure against him, he writ to her this ensuing Letter.  
Madame, I know my enemies, or rather the enemies of this State, not contented to have discredited me unto your Majesty, do endeavour also to make my attendance near the King, to be suspected; as if my neernes to his Person tended to remove him from you, and to separat what God and nature hath so closely conjoined: I hope by the goodness of God that their malice will be discovered, that my carriage will be shortly justified, and that my innocence shall triumph over calumny.  
Nevertheless Madam, I shall account myself still infortunate, in that I am made to cease from pleasing your Majesty, and life itself is irksome unto me in the state I am in, finding myself deprived of the honour of your favour, and of that esteem which I valued more than all the greatness of the earth, and as those which I possess proceed from your liberal hand, so I cast and prostrate them all at your Royal feet. Excuse Madam your own work and creature, whatsoever shall proceed from your Majesty's pleasure, shall be received by me without murmuring, and accepted with a thousand thanks. But Madam, out of that piety which is inhaerent in you, be pleased to spare the purple of the Church wherewith you have adorned me, which will lose its esteem and lustre, if your Majesty cast upon it such black spots: How can it, be that the most obliged of men, should prove the most ingrateful? And that my conscience, my first inclination, and interest binding me to your service, I should now separat myself from it, and thereby draw upon myself the name of Traitor to the best and greatest Queen upon Earth?  
This, Madam, well considered should absolve me from all crime, and free me from all suspicion before your Majesty's tribunal, where I am almost condemned without being heard: I appeal not from it, in regard of the perfect obedience I bear to your will, I only blame my misfortune, but will not dispute with my Sovereign Mistress, nor ask reason of her for what is passed, nor do I intend to make use of the King's favour, or any ministers of his, or of the remembrance of my former services, against the bent of your indignation: the very thoughts hereof would be a crime, and opposite to my hopes, which are to find glory in fidelity, and safety in innocence: I desire less to drag my fortune in France, or to carry it to Rome, to see more lamentable ruins then mine own: Wheresoever your Majesty shall be, if I be not permitted access, it will be death unto me; and wheresoever I go, it shall be to go out of the world; yet I desire for my reputes sake, and for the rank I hold in the House of God, that it might be after the vindication of my innocence, and, if it be not too great a boldness, after the recovery of your Majesty's favour: If fortune afford me this, I shall little resent my going out of the Court, nor out of the world, because I die a thousand times a day, since your Majesty gives out, that I am not the same, I was, which is  
Madam, Your Majesty's most humble, most faithful, and most obedient servant Armand. Card. of Richelieu.  
Concerning the third which discovers more than any thing the abilities of a Minister, this Oration shall serve which he pronounced in the great Convention of Notables, a new Court generated of the discontinuance of the old Assembly of the three Estates, the King himself sitting there in Majesty.  
Sir; 'Tis needles in my judgemetnt to represent unto this Illustrious Assembly, the great Actions your Majesty hath performed within this year, as well in regard the Lord Keeper hath acquitted himself very worthily of that task, as also because they speak clearly enough of themselves; And there is no man but sees that God hath been pleased to make use of that piety, prudence and courage which he hath infused into your Majesty, to work those advantages to France in so small a time, which some held impossible to be done in an age: Nor is there any need to let them know the vast expense these high actions have carried with them, because every one knows, that in matters of State, great achievements cannot be done with little charge, and the numerous troops of Combatants which your Majesty hath been enforced to entertain at one time in sundry places, as well within, as without your Kingdom, afford understanding men occasion to magnify your power, as well as to admire your vast expense.  
There is not any amongst you my Lords, who knows not with what pureness this treasure hath been issued, and what necessity there was of it; the probity of those who managed the finances justifieth the first point: and the oppression of the Allies of this Crown, and the rebellion of them, who are Traitors to God in this Kingdom do sufficiently assert the truth of the second: the desseins of some having been no sooner projected, then formed, to interrupt his Majesty in reducing France to her first splendour: In so much that this State considering the utility she receives thereby together with her Allies, have more cause to approve, then complain of these charges.  
Matters, thanks be to God, are now at a good point, but one cannot promise, that they will continue so always, and it were to want judgement to think that they must not be pushed on further; Of necessity this Kingdom must be left exposed to the attempts of those who daily meditat the abasing, if not the ruin thereof, or there must be means found to secure it. The King's intentions are to rule it so, that his government may equal, if not surpass any time passed, and serve for an example for the future. The marvelous assistance which it hath pleased God to afford him hitherto, when his affairs were in the most deplored case, gives us hope that he will still persevere: Being seconded with the sage counsels of the Queen his Mother, with the concurrence of Monsieur his Brother, who I may truly say is so fastened to his Majesty's will, and the interest of the State, that nothing can separat him: I see no reason at all to doubt of it, since none but God Almighty can produce things of nothing, therefore to come to so good ends, of pure necessity, either the ordinary expenses of the Court must be diminished, or the public receipts augmented, or perchance both must be done.  
It is not fitting you'll say, to meddle with the necessary expenses, for the conservation of the State, the very thought thereof were a crime: yet his Majesty preferring the public before the private, is willing out of his own motion to retrench his House in things that touch his own Person, leaving you to judge how the rest will be employed.  
One might think that such retrenchments were not seasonable at this time, because they use to alienat sometimes the affections of hearts: But as the business will be carried, great and small shall find their account and therein their satisfaction; the most austere rules seem sweet unto the most tumultuous spirits, when they have, not in appearance only but in real effect, the public good and incolumity of the State for their sole aim.  
Sir, the Queen your Mother, prays that you would think it good to let her do that, which your piety towards her would not permit you as much as to think of yourself, which is that she be reduced to a lower revenue than she had in the late King's time; it being true that she had not bettered her condition then, when during your Majesty's minority she raised the fortunes of others for the advantage of your Majesty's service. Different times require different and sometimes contrary courses, that which is proper at one time may be impertinent at another.  
In great tempests one must share his goods with the Sea, to lighten the Vessel, and avoid shipwreck; prudence requires it, that the whole perish not, for casting away part: the interest of particulars obligeth no less than that of the public; there being nothing more true than what an ancient Prelate of this Kingdom said, That 'tis impossible the riches of private persons can subsist when the State itself is poor and necessitous: By such husbandry the ordinary expenses may be lessened by three millions.  
It rests then to augment the receipts, not by such impositions that the people are not able to bear, but by innocent means which gives place to the King to continue what he hath practised this year in easing his subjects by diminution of tallies. To this effect we must come to the redemption of lands, to Notaries, and Registers, and other mortgaged rights which amount to twenty millions, a thing not only profitable but just and necessary.  
If this dessein take effect, the people who contribut more of their blood, then of their sweat to the expenses of the State, shall be eased.  
If there be need to resist a foreign Invasion, or some intestine Insurrection, (if God for our sins permit any more) or to execute a dessein that's profitable and glorious for the State, want of money will be no loss of time; there will be no need to have recours to extraordinary ways, to Court partisans, and put hands in their purses who have them oft times full of the King's moneys: One shall not see the Sovereign Courts busied to verify new Edicts: Kings shall appear no more upon their beds of justice, unless it be to undo what they had done some other time: In fine, all things shall be at such a pass, that hath been long since desired by all good men, and may continue so whole Ages.  
One will say, and perchance I may think so myself, that 'tis easy to propose good desseins, and as pleasing a thing to speak of them, but the execution is difficult: Yet nevertheless, I dare speak it in the presence of the King, having well thought of it, there may be expedients found whereby within the compass of six year's one may see the end and perfection of this work: The King, my Lords and Gentlemen, hath Assembled you expressly, to search and find them out, to examine things, and concur with him in resolution, his Majesty assuring you, that he will readily and religiously execute what shall be determined for the restauration of this State.  
The sick sometimes die, by too many remedies, as well, as none at all; I am bound to tell you this by the by, that to restablish this State in its first splendour, there's no need of many Ordinances, but real executions; by this means this Assembly may close more speedily, though she may be perpetual for the fruit she shall produce: few words and many deeds will testify both the good intentions, and judgements of them whereof she is composed.  
The King doubts not but you will do what concerns your duty in this occurrence: You shall know by the event that his Majesty will surpass himself to procure the good of his Kingdom, the glory of reviving it, is reserved to the virtue of so great a Prince: you are much bound to his goodness, that he hath vonchsafed to make you partakers thereof, and for my particular I should be much bound to God, if he presently took me out of the world upon the accomplishment of so high, so glorious, and holy a work.  
As thus in things premeditated, so in ordinary extemporal discourse, he had a pressing way of eloquence, and exaggeration of speech, which came from him in such a grave serious accent that it moved all along, In so much that by his garb he seemed to be rather an Italian then French; seldom or never would reason thrust be out of her throne by any impetuous irregular motions; seldom would his passions make any furious sallies; the greatest fit of distemper that ever was discovered in him was, at the news of Wallesteyns' death, with whom he had held intelligence for betraying the Imperial Army, & so to pave a way for France to ascend the Empire: He would easily break out into tears, and tenderness of spirit. The prime perfection in him was his forecast, he was quicksighted and Eagle-eyed in every corner of christendom; He had Echoes in every Court which sounded unto him all the affairs of State, in so much that he knew as well what was done in the Junta's of Spain, in the Consistory at Rome, in the Cabinet Counsels of England and Germany, as if he had been Precedent of all their Counsels; He had his beagles abroad every where, which were excellent to find the sent of things, and amongst others one de Lope a Jew was his chiefest Spy: A little before the revolt of Catalonia and Portugal, he was overheard to say, That shortly he would give the Spaniard such a bone to gnaw, that should shake all the teeth in his head: And touching the troubles of Scotland and England he was used to say, 'twas easy for one with half an eye to have foreseen them.  
He had an excellent invention to devise ways to get money, in so much that when the Cow slacked, he had a way to press her nipples, so that all the time of his sway the King never wanted Treasure: he used France like Prospero Colunnas' Goose, pluck the old feathers and the new ones will grow the faster.  
He gave her likewise all sorts of Physic, sometimes he would give her a purge, sometimes a vomit, than would he often Phlebotomize her, and by sweeting and fluxing do away the peccant humours: He held that Principle a vain thing, which calls the people's hearts, the King's best Exchequer: He verified the saying, that  

La France est un beau pré,  
qu'on ton-doit trois fois l'année:   

France is a meadow, which if you do mow  
thrice every year, the grass will better grow.   
Or,  

France's like your beard, which the more oft you shave,  
still the more thick and plusher hair you'll have.   
He thought often upon that Maxim that populus aut humiliter servit, aut superbè dominatur The common people serve slavishly, or rule proudly; they are like fire and water, Good servants, but ill Masters; therefore he kept them under, by impositions and poverty: It was long, before the King took him into his bosom, though he had always a great conceit of his abilities: A good while when he saw him come to Court, he was used to say sometimes, Voycy venir le Fourbe, Here comes the cunning Companion; but afterwards he so fastened upon his affections, that whereas to others, King's favours are but as Tenacies at will, the King's favour to him might be called a stable possession, 'twas not as brittle glass, but as firm as Diamond: Thus for twenty years together he sailed securely upon the Ocean of Royal favour, which useth to be full of rocks, shelves, and Quicksands, but he knew the use of the Compass so well, that he avoided them all.  
He was marvailously constant to his ends, assiduous and sagacious, whereby he took off from the Frenchman that reproachful saying, which defines him to be an animal sine praeterito et futuro. He fitted his projects so aptly to the means, and the means to the ends, that he seldom failed of his expectation: He stirred all the Caecodaemons of hell against the House of Austria, and a little before he died he threatened to pull the King of Spain out of his Escurial; such was his foreign Intelligence, that he did the Enemy more mischief by discovering of his Counsels, then by discomfiting his Arms. He had such a nimble apprehension, that he oft times would find out truth at first search, the prime motions of his thoughts being so conclusive, that what discourse he formed upon them afterward, was but an approbation of the first Idea, which needed no addition.  
He was no great zealot in his own Religion, but as he made her subservient to his political ends; nor would he ever employ Jesuit: he had a moderate opinion of the Reformists, which made him to be called the Huguenot Cardinal. And he would have often in his mouth this saying, Maneat moralis benevolentia, inter discordes sententia. Yet he writ a book against them, which is extant. He did them more mischief by complementing with them, then by combating; He was overheard to say that he had taken Rochel in despite of three Kings, meaning his own for one, for it was a great while before the King could be induced to that expedition: Saint Martin was beholding to him for his cloak, else the English had taken it away from him at the Isle of Ré: with which cloak 'twas said, Saint Martin covered him afterwards in many Battles.  
He was a great cherisher and promoter of virtuous men, and would find them out wheresoever they were, in so much that he gave every year in pensions little less than an hundred thousand Franks. He erected two Universities, one in Paris called L'Academie de beaux Esprits, where the prime wits of the Kingdom met every Monday; and another at Richelieu where the Mathematics and other Sciences were read in the French Language: the difficulty of the Latin deterring many from the study of them in other places. He did so oblige all the wits of the Kingdom, that they strove who should magnify him most; and there were never such hyperbolical expressions of any man and not without some mixture of profaneness, which shows that there is no Inquisition in France. Some said, That God Almighty might put the government of the world into his hands: That France in God, and the Cardinal's hands were too strong: that, What the soul was to the body, the same he was to France.  Si foret hic nullus, Gallia nulla foret. 
Some appropriate, the reduction of the Rochellers solely to him, therefore to soothe him, one French Chronicler writes that in the taking of that Town Neither the King nor God Almighty himself had a share in the action, but the Cardinal himself. Thereupon another made this Distich.  

Richelii adventu portae patuere Rupellae,  
Christo infernales ut patuere fores.   

The gates of Rochel opened to Richelieu,  
As those of Hell to Christ asunder flew.   
Then another.  

Cedite Richelio mortales, cedite Divi,  
Ille homines vincit, vincit et ille Deos.   

Veil mortals, veil ye gods to Richelieu,  
He mortals can, He can the gods subdue.   
Another thus.  

O Princeps delicte Deo, cui militat aequor,  
Et tempestates omnia laeta ferunt,  
Magne pater patriae, quae saecla ingrata recusent  
Indigites inter te numerare Deos?   
And in the French Language there are a world of such Hyperboles, we will instance only in two.  

Et si nous faisons des ghirlandes,  
C'est pour en couronner un Dieu,  
Qui soubs le nom de Richelieu  
Recoit nos Vaeux & nos offrandes.   
Another.  

Heros a qui la France erige des Autels,  
Qui prevois, & qui fais le bonheur des Mortels,  
Qui scais mieux l'advenir, que les choses passeés,  
Penetre dans mon Am, etc.   
Another.  

Si quelq'un dans ces vers parle de Richelieu  
Qui sous l'habit d'un homme il nous descrive un Dieu;  
Vous n'estes point suiet a l'humaine impuissance, etc.   
He that's cried up for the Cicero of France, speaking of his book against them of Charenton, saith, that, that book might be the death of all other books, except the Bible.  
Another, though a Royal Chronologer, attributs more to him then to his Master, the King himself. He calls him the gran Director, and most puissant Genius of France, the perfectest of men, which doth penetrate things to come, and is ignorant of nothing, great and incomparable Cardinal, the most eminent among mortals; to whom the crabbedst and most mysterious affairs of State are but pastimes: Visible God, and tutelar Angel of the Univers, a spirit that moves the Heavens, and the stars, the bliss of the world, the supreme intelligence, the Phoenix of the earth, who never had, nor ever shall have his parallel.  
These strange evaporations and high strains of profaneness show plainly, as I said before, that the Office of the Inquisition, hath no stroke in France, as in Italy, Spain, and elsewhere it hath, to curb the extravagancies of men's brains.  
As there were a number of such Sycophants amongst the Wits of France, that Idolised him in that manner, so there wanted not others that threw dirt in his face; by Pasquil's and Libels; one dropped this Satire in Rome, which flew thence to the streets of Paris.  

Papa noster in- Urbanus,  
Réxque parum Christianus,  
Cardinalis Infernalis,  
Capucinus coaequalis,  
Replent mundum tot is malis.   

Urban our Pope not much urbane,  
The King not too much Christian,  
With the Infernal Cardinal,  
And Capuchin his coaequal,  
The world do fill,  
With thousand ills.   
Another comes little short of this, by calling the Capuchin, the Cardinal, and the Devil, the three degrees of comparison.  
In the year 1640. there were extraordinary Revellings and Triumphs in Paris, and there were divers Masques and Balls in the Carninals' Palace: And one morning there was found nailed upon the gate this libel.  

Tandis qu'en dance au Palais Cardinal,  
La mere de trois Rois uá a l' hospital.   

While people dance i'th' Palace Cardinal,  
The mother of three Kings goes to the Hospital.   
Amongst other pieces of Invention which were published of him, there was one called the Chimerical Ambassador, which in regard 'tis a new way of fancy composed by a Person of quality, and very facetious, I will insert here; The Author makes him to employ Ambassadors extraordinary not only to Christian Princes, but other Pagan Potentates to enter into a Confederacy with them as followeth.  
Master john Sirmond shall take the quality of the Duke of Sabin, and of the Marquis of Cleonville; he shall clap a sword at his side, and take for his train five or six of the Gazetic Academy, which we have made hardy liars: Above all things they shall be instructed in the praises of my Lord the Cardinal Duke, and to that effect they shall cun by heart all the Poems, Epigrams, Acrostiques, Anagrams, Sonnets, and other pieces made by the Latin and French Poets of the Times, which they shall disperse up and down gratis as they pass, but for fear that this Merchandise be not forestalled, and this false money cried down, we command the said Ambassador to depart as soon as possibly he can, because our affairs do press us, & we may chance take our measures short in regard Duke Charles, terming himself Duke of Lorain, is nimble because of the nurture he hath had in France; and the Germans, being now tired with the troubles we have brought in amongst them may end the war; the Spaniard also resents our injuries more than ever, and those Devils the Crabats advance towards our Frontiers.  
The Ambassador shall speak neither good nor ill of the King, because his Majesty knowing nothing of this Embassy may chance disadvow it: He shall accommode himself to the belief of all Princes, Republics, and people, and shall make semblance to be of the Religion or Sect of them with whom he is to treat; He shall extol the praises of the most eminent among mortals, he shall call him a visible God, the tutelar Angel of the Univers, the Spirit that moves the heavens and stars, the happiness of the world, the supreme intelligence, the Phoenix of the earth who never had, nor is like to have his equal, etc. If he find that it be taken ill that we have injured all the Princes of Christendom, he shall study some reasons to make them digest all: If he find perhaps that any books have been printed in Flanders against my Lord the Cardinal, he shall avouch that they are abominable, and to be burnt by the hangman, if he speak with any that detest Magic, he shall assure them that these books are full of such stuff; If he find that Champagnie trembles, and that there is a dessein to shake off the yoke in Lorain and Alsatia, he shall swear and all his followers besides, that my Lord the Cardinal hath raised 150000. foot, 20000. horse, 10000 pioneers, and so many carriage horses, 300. Canons, with a proportionable number of bullets, 100 millions in gold to give the law to all Europe: That besides landforces he hath 500 galleons of war at Sea laden with 50000. men more, and that there is biscuit, beverage & fresh water which cannot corrupt to nourish them for ten years: That there are engines which will reduce instantly to ashes any Town that resists; that there be Vessels that can sail between two waters, and that can go under other ships to blow them up into the Air, or sink them: That he hath found out Archimedes his griping irons, whose virtue is to grapple a ship a thousand paces off: In fine, my Lord, the Ambassador shall omit nothing that may give security to Champagnie, and strike a terror into Lorain, and he shall carry the business so, that the same arguments may serve to raise fear and hopes.  
He shall pass as speedily as he can by Strasburg, Frankfort, Nuremberg and other Imperial Towns, which have not so much knowledge of the artifice of my Lord the Cardinal Duke, and if he thinks fitting he shall conceal his quality, and disadvow his Country, he may say he is an Englishman, to which effect he shall make use of his Latin, and counterfeit as well as he can the English accent.  
If he is bound to enter into the states of the Duke of Saxe, and of the Marquis of Brandenburg, he shall pass as speedily as possibly he can, because those wretches have half spoilt our mystery, in making their own peace, then, when we thought to have made them perish with us; and since they would not do so, they have rendered themselves unworthy of the good grace of the most eminent amongst mortals, and let them be assured that the Spirit which moves the stars will cast ill influences upon them.  
Then shall he pass to Poland to find the King, whom he shall salute in the name of the most eminent among mortals, he shall assure him of his friendship, and swear unto him that he will hold good correspondence with him, provided that he enter in person with his forces into Hungary and Germany to make war against his Uncle: It is here that my Lord Ambassador shall display all his eloquence to show that to gain further security and further increase of power there's no kindred, and that amongst Soverains the Sovereign law ought to be that which force of arms gives the weaker. The expedients required to ruin the House of Austria, shall be proposed in this manner: That the most eminent among mortals doth promise ten millions of gold to the King of Poland, assuring him of the Imperial Crown: If he saith that we have no Electors on our side since the Archbishop of Triers was so unluckily taken away: my Lord Ambassador shall assure him, that we are so strong the t'other side of the Rhine, that we shall constrain the three Ecclesiastic Electors, and the Duke of Bavaria to do whatsoever we please. There is no question for that, but to afford us means by a notable diversion to settle our Kingdom of Austrasia, according to the Cart that Bertius made to the most eminent among mortals, and which is always at the rule of his bed. It is an Empire that's designed for his Eminence, who scorns to be called Cardinal Duke, and would be King at any rate. This Kingdom of Austrasia contains all the Country 'twixt the Mose and the Rhin, to begin at the French County, and to end at the source of both the Rivers. We have already Lorain, Alsatia, Monbeliard, some part of the lower Palatinat, Mentz, and something of Triers; we have when we will the French Conté, Luxemberg, Liege, Colen, juliers, Cleves, and Gueldres; we shall agree well enough with the Hollander for what they hold, and so we shall make a Kingdom for the most eminent among mortals of 160. Leagues long, rich and well peopled, which shall be given in marriage to the most accomplished Lady on earth the Niece of that spirit which moves the heavens, who calls herself Madam de Combalet. My Lord Ambassador may show her picture to the King of Poland, and if he likes her, he may promise him for a dowry the Kingdom of Austrasia, the Duchy of Richelieu, thirty places more in France, and ten millions of good gold without the false money of the same allay which we gave the Swed.  
If the King of Poland say, that the most eminent among mortals cozened the last King his father, and that in the year 1630. Charnassé came in the behalf of his Eminence to treat of a Truce 'twixt the Kings of Poland and Swethland, to give thereby opportunity to the latter to enter into Pomerland, and thence to Germany, as it appears by the Letter and Instructions of his Eminence in the month of july of the same year: If it be alleged that the same time that Charnassé treated of these things in Poland and Swethland, Cormolin was in Moscovie for his Eminence, to invite the Ruff against the Pole which he effected; If these people, which are so simple as to give credit to any thing, do accuse us of perfidiousness, he must then disclaim the actions of Cormolin, and swear that he had his head chopped off for making the Muscovit arm against Poland.  
If my Lord Ambassador advance nothing in Poland, where it's likely we are too well known, he shall go to Russia, and let him take heed that the Barbarians treat him not ill among those woods: He shall go straight habited like an Englishman or a Hollander to Moscow to find out the Emperor, to tell him the reasons which hindered him to send in the year 1633. the supply of men and money which his Eminence had promised him, and that the Turk was not made to enter into Poland as the Bassa of Buda made his Eminence believe: He shall propound that if he please to break the treaty of Peace with Poland, that Prince shall be engaged far in Germany: Besides my Lord Ambassador notwithstanding any denial shall swear that the party is made and tied already, and so the Moscovit shall have a brave time of it in Poland. If these savages cry out, that the most eminent among mortals is the cunningest among mortals, and that he caused the Moscovit to lose his repute before Smolensko where they were beaten like so many dogs which made them part with two Provinces, and make a dishonourable Peace; If they add that the Turk will attempt nothing on Poland because of the knowledge the Gran Signior hath of the generosity of that invincible King, than my Lord Ambassador shall withdraw, for fear he receive some affront.  
We do not judge it necessary that my Lord Ambassador go back to Buda to treat with the Bassa, to make him surprise some places in Hungary, his Predecessor having had his head chopped off for having enterprised some things against the intentions of the great Turk, and for receiving the moneys we sent him; It may be feared that he who commands at present may command two of his Janissaries to put my Lord Ambassador on his back and to give him an hundred strokes with a Bull's pizzle upon his belly, as Monsieur de Saney was used in Constantinople for a piece of roguery he did. Besides we hope the great Turk will break the peace with Poland, and the truce with the Emperor, to which purpose we have employed Monsieur de Thou to Constantinople, whither he hath carried provision to make that great Army the Turk hath at Sea to descend into Sicily and Naples, or to Malta; he hath also in charge to interpose for a peace 'twixt the Turk and the Persian, and to unite them if he can that they may destroy Christendom.  
We leave it to the discretion of my Lord Ambassador whether he see the Vayvod of Transylvania, but if he resolve to go thither, he shall represent unto him that the whole earth wonders that he attempts nothing against the Emperor, he shall exhort him to imitat his predecessor the valiant Bethlem Gabor, and tell him that all the good Houses of France have his portrait in their Galleries, with that of the King of Swed, and that his Highness should do well to send also his in doing some act of courage; If he say that he hath an alliance with the Emperor, and friendship with Hungary, and that for a Picture he will not hazard the Original, in this case the Lord Ambassador is to withdraw himself handsomely.  
Then shall he enter Tartary where 'tis probable we shall manage our business better, because that people know us not so well, withal they are fitter for our turn, in regard they place all right, in Arms as we have hitherto done: That they stay not long in one place, like the most Eminent of mortals, my Lord Ambassador shall go visit Chamocublay the great Cham, wheresoever he be. He shall not wonder at that fair Palace of Marble, Porphiry, and Jasper which hath half a league in every corner; He shall esteem it, but not in such a manner but that his Eminence hath Houses which approach in some kind those of Cambalu: Above all things the Duke of Sabin shall take heed that he pull off his hat very low before the great Cham; he must remember that Dracula caused three Turbans to be nailed to the Turks Ambassadors heads, which drive their Embassy out of their brains. He shall tell the gran Cham that the most eminent among mortals is desirous to keep good quarter and correspondence with him, and so shall present unto him his credential Letters; and that 'tis fitting his great Tartarian greatness should do some gallant thing, the Field being now open for him in regard of the Cowardice of the Transylvanian, and the affairs of Poland with the Swed, and of the troubles 'twixt the Emperor and some of his Vassals, in so much that 'tis easy to invade the estates of these three Princes, as also to restrain the Turk whom we have a long time engaged in arms against the Christians. If the gran Cham, who is a Christian though of the Greek Church, doth imagine that by this last article we are enemies to jesus Christ, the Duke of Sabin must endeavour to persuade him, that Religion is but the Republics servant, and 'twill be expedient to translate for him a book entitled the Catholic of State composed by Monsieur Ferrier, if he believe it not, than the Ambassador shall labour to gain by promise of vast sums the Governors of the twelve Provinces who are the principal Counsellors, and represent unto them that they are within a Country too subject to thunder, snows, and sudden changes, in so much that oft times one shall feel the four seasons of the year in one only day, whereas in Hungary and Austria there is for the most part a pleasant temperature, and that excellent Wines grow there.  
In regard that the most eminent among mortals hath a curious spirit, and that he desires all the rarities of the world to embellish his House, Gardens and courts, the Ambassador shall procure from some Garden in Tartary the Plant Boraneth, which is like a sheep, and eats round about him all the herbs and grass, so that there may be no need of a Gardener to make clean the circle of his Courts; And that would serve for an excellent Emblem, to show what his Eminence hath done to all his neighbours in Richelieu, Paris and other places: He is also desirous to find out all the strange Birds and animals that can be had, being resolved to make a fair lower court in the Horse Market, which he hath closed within Paris, together with the Suburbs of Saint Honoré, which hath cost the public at least a million of gold: The Ambassador shall also cause a good number of those Tartarian Hens to be bought, which in lieu of feathers are covered with black skins, and lay certain eggs which are purgatif, whereof his Eminence hath much need to mitigate his heat, and cleanse the ordures of his blood.  
When the Lord Ambassador shall have taken order for all these rarities, he shall embark himself for Cambalu, to go for China, he shall stay a while to observe the stupendous wall that is 'twixt Her and Tartary; he shall take all the dimensions of the wall very exactly, and send a survey thereof to his Eminence; that, if need be, he may raise such another in his Kingdom of Austrasia; and that, having already in his hands all the Ports and Havens of France, he may also erect such a wall from Calais to Bayon, and because he may want no workmen, he hath a purpose to employ all those that shall be found to speak ill of him to finish the work.  
Then the Lord Ambassador shall embark himself upon the great Channel that goes to Peguin, the chief City of China, and so shall send notice of his arrival to the Emperor: In his audience he shall entitle him, Son to Apollo, a Lion crowned in the throne of the world, and King of thirty two Realms: He shall say that of that people whom they call Caffres', or Spaniards, attempting to ravish him of these fair Titles, and having the Lion in his Scutcheon, the most eminent among mortals not enduring that this wrong should be done his Majesty, sends to offer him his power, and to propose him a way how to be revenged upon the Caffres' in the East and West Indies, specially to take from them their Mines of gold and sylver.  
Having visited all the Kings of the East, my Lord Ambassador shall return by the road which Alexander the Great took to enter into the Indies: And in regard the most eminent among mortals is very curious in moveables and other exquisite things for the adornment of his Houses, my Lord Ambassador shall procure what may be possibly had for that service; He must try whether in the ancient Town of Tazila, there be left any old pieces of Porus made by Zeuxis, Apelles, Polignot, or Euphranor: He shall endeavour also to bring some of those savage Asses that are near the River Hyphasis, which have a horn in the forehead, that his Eminence may make his entry upon one of them into his Kingdom of Austrasia, and then put her to breed in his stables at Mirebalais; He shall also endeavour to enchant by Scarlet colour, and letters of gold certain Dragons, which are in that Country, and to that effect he shall carry that robe of red Satin embroidered with gold, which the Cardinal of Lion wore, then, when he believed himself to be God the Father. If we had a dozen of those Dragons we might draw a great advantage for the security of his Eminencies Person, because they say that in their heads there be certain stones found like that which made Gyges' invisible. The Lord Ambassador shall inform himself also at Paruca, if the Inhabitants do yet understand the Language of Beasts, which would be advantageous to his Eminence because he daily hears multitudes whom he hath transformed to simple animals.  
My Lord Ambassador shall be careful to inform himself of the Indian brahmin's, and know whether they are such great Magicians as they are reported to be; If they are so, he shall confer with them, and learn of them, which way to turn those strong places his Eminence holds into enchanted Castles, if he be constrained to retire to any of them; To this purpose he shall learn what were the enchantments of those Philosophers who overcame the Egipeans when they assaulted them, and made them leave behind them up and down the Rocks the portrait of their ill-favoured faces, ugly beards, and double nails.  
If the Lord Ambassador finds that he cannot do our business with these kind of Philosophers because they are too austere & peaceful, he shall find out another Sect called the Oxidraques, who are Philosophers which use to discompose the humours of men, and make them rush out every where into war, such are most fit for our purpose; If my Lord Ambassador cannot dive into their mysteries, he must deboush one of them, and promise to make him compagnon of the Reverend Father joseph, who is already versed in some of the Maxims of this goodly Society, and useth to sow war every month, that he may gather something all the year long.  
He must also make an exact research for the curious books of Metagenes, wherein he teacheth how to compound a beuverage whereby to make a judiciary ginger, and take the Circle of the seven Planets, which knowledge would be very useful for the most eminent among mortals to foresee what will become of him, and to be able the better to prevent his enemies; for the European Astrologers have cozened him in divers predictions, specially in that of the ruin of the House of Austria, and in the translation of the Empire; They had also assured him that in such a year he should be Pope, and in such a year King of Austrasia.  
The Lord Ambassador shall try to get the Beast Marticora which is of a red colour, and hath the head of a man lancing out sharp prickles from behind: The spirit which moves the stars shall take this for his Crest.  
The Lord Ambassador shall not fail to inquire if it be possible to recover the portrait of the Great Talamoque, or that huge Galeasse, which the egyptian sent two thousand years since to the Indian Seas, because the most eminent among mortals would build the like, having already cut down a good part of the Forests of Brittany, to make such an Engine that may be able to crush the English Ships, by being higher decked than the tops of their Masts; It shall be called the Great Armand, which shall be able to swallow all the Bottoms on the Ocean: whereon the Picture of the most eminent among mortals shall be put, who cannot live but amongst waves, amongst troubles and toss and tumblings, besides he fears nothing more than the earth.  
Then shall the Lord Ambassador pass by the Persian Gulf, and then to the red Sea, and so through the Deserts of Lybia, he shall enter into Egypt, and so advance to Ethiopia to see Prester john; He shall endeavour to persuade him that he being of the Race of the Q. of Sheba, he ought to have a curiosity to come to hear the wisdom of the most eminent among mortals, who knows more than Solomon.  
If my Lord Ambassador pass by Fez and Morocco, he shall endeavour to incite them also against the Spaniard.  
When his Excellence the Duke of Sabin, Ambassador extraordinary for the most eminent among mortals to all the Great Monarques of the World, shall be returned to Christendom, he shall advertise all Princes as he passeth along, that his Eminence is resolved there shall be no Peace in Europe, specially 'twixt France and the House of Austria (howsoever that there may be a way given for Treaties to amuse the world) until both parties become equal in power, therefore as he shall pass through Italy, the foresaid Lord Ambassador shall procure one of those Scales wherein Cosmo de Medici balanced all the Princes of the Western World, for the most eminent among mortals intends to do the like most exactly, and weigh every State to the least grain, etc.  
This was the substance of the rambling Instructions that were given the Chymericall Ambassador, which kept more noise in Christendom then any thing that ever was written of him; Another compares him to Hercules, and the Q. Mother to juno, whose animosity put Hercules to quell Monsters, and perform his twelve labours, which were held impossibilities in others; At Sea Hercules himself did not so many feats as he, for being High Admiral, his Galeon the great Armand broke often through his pillars; He raised every day new tempests, wherein Dolphin-like he loved to tumble and sport, and by this restless humour of motion, he drive his Master into a vast Ocean of trouble and danger, his sails having no other wind to fill them but ambition, and airy hopes of honour; And while he laboured thus to have his great Master's name and his own, to fill future story, some doubt, whether they were not expunged out of the Book of life; in regard they passed to their last Port through a Red Sea, the one a young man upon the matter (being but 42.) the other not old, (being but 57) and the reason may be drawn out of the Sacred Text, That the bloodthirsty man shall not see half his days.  
This Sanguinary humour in him, was suitable to the colour of his habit; which more incited, and precipitated the French and others his Confederates to Arms; as we read it to be the custom of the Indians, to present Scarlet colours, and other bloody red objects before their Elephants, to make them more furious when they are employed in the wars: This made him turn the very dust to soldiers as he passed, and make swarms follow him, as well for the colour of his coat, as also for that holiness which some held to be inhaerent in it. I will conclude all kind of Satyrs of him with these Latin ones, which may be instar omnium, for they give a shrewd Character both of his nature, his actions, and of his whole life; and 'tis in form of an Epitaph, and penned by one of the prime wits under that Clime.  
Primùm quod a te postulo, Viator, est, ut Deum oped: max: laudes, quod haec in Gallia securus leges: Deinde miraberis tantillo spacio claudi mortuum, quem Terra non capiebat vivum: Illam ubi commovit, coelum movere voluit is, qui hoc symbolum sibi arrogavit Mens sydera volvit: Ut intelligas qualis haec Intelligentia fuerit, industria fuit sagaci, sed inquieta, pacis publicae, & propriae tranquillitatis hostis: In magno, quod plurimi suspexerint, Ingenio, magnam pauci familiares deprehenderunt mixturam dementiae: Animum ejus laedebant omnia, sanabat nihil: Potentissimi Regis, non tam benevolentia, quam authoritate diu stetit, Rerum exitu, non consiliorum prudentia foelix: Dei solius infelix indignatione, cum turpibus morbis perpetuo conflictatus, locum ignoravit felicitatis, quam sua & aliorum infelicitate quaerebat: nunquam sibi visus beatus, ut nec iis probus qui beatum nuncupabant: Utrique bili, vitae carnificibus, obnoxius, flavos ignes, at atras fuligines continuò passus est, sic venenum quod in aliorum perniciem effudit, non sine sua continuit: Supra omnes Mortales ambitione laboravit, supra plurimos avaritia; Regiae pecuniae prodigus, alienae parcus: Crudelis offensus, ubi offenderat crudelior extitit. Regiae Matris beneficiis ditatus, curis promotus, & potestate potentior factus, illam gratiâ regis, libertate, bonis, Galliâ, ac demum extorrem Coloniae vitâ privavit: ne mortuae parceret, supremas ejus voluntates rescindi, et insepultum cadaver per quinque menses, post quos et Ipse extinctus est, in cubiculo relinqui voluit: Fratris Regis dignitatem violavit, & personam opprimere studuit: Non solùm a Matre filium, a fratre fratrem, sed ab uxore virum aliquando avertit; Marillacum cum summa injuria, Montmorentium summo jure, Saint Marcum jure cum injuria, Thuanum vel jure vel injuria capite plecti voluit: Magnates aliquot carcere perpetuo, plures exilio damnavit, multos ab Aula removit, innumeros proscripsit ne ipsius consiliis obessent; nec unquàm mitis Gallia tam frequentia supplicia vidit: Magni Regis, quem magno studio decepit, nixus potentia, & foecundi Regni opibus adjutus, infinitas sagittas perdidit, ut scopum praecipnum, a quo aberravit, attingeret: Aliquos exitus secundos insanis conatibus pepererunt mentis actio vel agitatio continua, projecta est omnia tentans mentis audacia, & rigida severitas; Brevi evertendus si inter hostes externos aliquos cautiores, & inter aversos Gallos ferè omnes, vel adversarium unum invenisset: Multùm illi favit, quod eum vix quis noverit, vel iis, qui noverant, crediderit: Adeo fortunatus, ut qui illi infensi erant nobiles, & milites, pro illius gloria suum & alienum funderent sanguinem, dum ille regio jungeret suum: In quo consilio Sejanus periit, & ipse perierat, nisi Soissonensem Regium principem sustulisset: Tam noxiae potestatis vestigia, integro saeculo, Germania, Hispania, Italia, Belgium, sed maximè Gallia vix delebunt: Et Civium et vicinorum miseriis voluptatem captans; ut istis capillos velleret, illorum viscera laniaret: Nec Regis sui sacrae valetudini aliquid indulsit, illam agitavit, dum suam exhausit curis & vario animi pathemate: Illi primò divinae nemesis brachium corrupit, quod contra coelum tetenderat, mox abstulit usum Dextrae, quae bellis ultro illatis subscripserat; illud octo ante obitum mensibus computruit, unde haec exaruit: Quod dolendum, qui Deum ita Vindicem sensit, non agnovit: Id ex eo conjice, quod furorem in hosts privatos ardentiùs exercuit: Quod imminente morte, politica magis prudentia, quam Christiana pietate, plus suos Regi, quam se Deo Comendavit: Quod paucis diebus ante vitae tragicae catastrophen, excogitatam a se fabulam, quam Europam triumphantem vocabat, exhiberi regia magnificentia voluit, non tamen spectare potuit: Quod Ecclesiam afflixit Cardinalis, sanguinem effudit Sacerdos, nullas injurias condonavit Christianus, nec Homo meminerit se esse mortalem, etiam cum ebullientes e multis ulceribus vermes admonerent, quam fragili, & faetidae corruptioni obnoxious esset: Ubi omnibus viis etiam impiis per 18. annos, ad privatum, dispendio publici, cucurrit finem, ad comnunem hominum, placida in speciem morte, sed multis quos praemisit, tardiore, tandem pervenit: Fato functus est Lutetiae ante 57 cum tribus mensibus: Galliam & Domum deserens, utramque incendere velle visus est, illam extorta in Regis fratrem declaratione, istam ad placitum foeminae condito testamento: Caeterum nec unquum dives Gallia tantum homini contulit, nec alium Natura satis impatiens tam diu pertulit, nec pacis amans, mortuum ullum tam hilariter extulit; Haec palam assero, quae tu clam suspicatus es sapiens Viator: si quem adhuc dubitantem invenis, roga, ne deceptis vel corruptis adulatoribus credat, sed mihi, vera ex intimis sincerisque promenti. Omnes verò Mortales, ut sibi persuadeant, velim, plus apud Deum valere justitiam vel minimam, quam potestatem maximam, nec aestimandam tam latè diffusam, famam, sed bonam: Multa turbare non esse multum agere, turbata componere plus esse, ne turbentur impedire plurimum esse: Vulgus felicia scelera pro virtutibus ducit, tu contra, nihil infelicius felici scelere cogita: Fraudum egregius Artifex Richelius, plurimos ad momentum decepit, forte seipsum in perpetuum: Heu, Universa, quae miscuit, non rediget in ordinem, qui pacem quae cum illius ingenio turbulento non conveniebat, etiam fortunae suae non convenire credebat. Ind tot mala quae Christianum Orbem a 15. annis afflixerunt: Ora ne sit Deus vindex aeternus in authorem, qui magna misericordiâ multisque miserationibus in magnis, multisque criminibus indigebat: Tu Hospes Christiane seriò perpende quam nihil sit quicquid momento praeterit; Nemo ex istis quos purpuratos vides ex hoc ipso felix est, non magis quam ex illis quibus sceptrum & chlamydem in scena fabulae assignant, cum praesenti populo elati incesserunt, et cothurnati simul exierunt, excalceantur, & ad staturam suam redeant: Add parvus cinis modo est, qui magnus Ignis fuit, teter fumus nunc est, qui nuper coruscans splendor omnium oculos perstringebat: Utinam non et fax illi in alio sit orbe, qui in hoc Europae fuit; Haec jam pacem, extincto bellorum fomite, sperat; Hortarer te Viator, ut tanto pacis etiam suae dum viveret, hosti pacem precareris, nisi vererer, ne illi molestus esses rem quam oderat illi apprecando; precare tamen quia juberis inimicos deligere: si ad illum non pervenerit pax, ad te revertetur: sic imperat Christus, in quo vive pacificus, ut in Illo placide conquiescas. Interim vale.  
This Epitaphicall Invective being a kind of Character of the whole man and a Legend of his life, I thought worthy of rendering into English, for the concisenes and weight of the style.  
First, O Passenger, I desire thee to praise Almighty God that thou mayst read this securely in France: Then admire, that he is cooped up in so narrow a compass, now dead, whom living, the whole Earth could scarce contain: when he moved Her, he also shook the Heavens, arrogating to himself this Motto, Mens sydera volvit: That thou mayst know what an Intelligence this was; He was in point of industry sagacious, but turbulent; being an Enemy both to the public peace and his own: In that great wit, which nevertheless some suspected, some of his Familiars observed a great mixture of madness: All things puzzled his mind, nothing settled it: He stood so long, not so much by the love of his great Master, but by authority, being more fortunate for the success of things, than solidity of counsel: unhappy only in the wrath of God, being perpetually attended with foul diseases; He was subject to both Cholers the torments of man's life, black and yellow; so the poison which he disgorged for others ruin, was felt by himself: He was ambitious above all men, covetous above most, prodigal of the King's money, and sparing of his own: when crossed, he was cruel, and more, when he intended to cross: Being enriched by the Queen Mother's benefits, promoted by her care, and made potent by her power, he deprived Her both of the King's grace, of her liberty, goods, and of France itself, and at last of life at Colen where she died an exile: He spared her not after death, but rescinded her last will, and kept her body five months after above ground in her chamber: He violated the King's brother's honour, and sought to oppress his Person; He separated not only Mother from Son, brother from brother, but wife from husband: He caused Marillac to be chopped off by extreme wrong, Monmorency by extreme right, Saint Marc by right and wrong, and the Thou by right or wrong: Some Nobles he condemned to perpetual imprisonment, he banished more, he drive most of them from Court, he proscribed numbers lest they might cross his Counsels, mild France never saw so frequent punishments: the restless activity or agitation of his mind, his projecting and all-daring boldness, and his severe rigidity produced some prosperous successes by such furious endeavours: How easily had he fallen, if amongst his foreign foes he had met with some more cunning, or but with one amongst his own Country men: It much advantaged him, that any scarce knew him, or that he gave credit to any that did know him; He was so fortunate, that those Nobles, and Commanders who misliked him, spent their own and others blood, while he joined his with the Kings: In the same Counsel Sejanus fell, had he also fallen, had he not ta'en away the Royal Prince Soissons: The prints of so destructive a power, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, but France principally will scarce deface in a whole Age: He took pleasure in his own Country mens and his Neighbours miseries, that he might pluck the hairs of the one, and tear the entrails of the other: Neither was he tender of the Sacred health of his King, which he shook while he exhausted his own by cares, and various anxieties of mind: The Divine vengeance first corrupted his arm which he had lifted up against heaven, than he lost the use of his right hand, which had subscribed so many bloody warrants, the one putrified in eight months, the other dried away: And, which is a fearful thing, he who thus felt the revengeful hand of God, did scarce acknowledge him, which may be inferred out of this, because he exercised his fury more eagerly upon his private enemies: And that upon the point of death by Political prudence rather then Christian piety he recommended his own to the King, more than himself to God: besides a few days before the catastrophe of his tragic life, he would have a Play acted of his, called Europa Triumphans in Royal magnificence though he himself could not be at it: Moreover he afflicted the Church being a Cardinal, he shed blood being a Priest, he never forgot injuries being a Christian, he scarce thought himself mortal being a man, although those foul worms which issued out of his ulcers might have warned him to what a frail and fetid corruption he was subject unto: Having by all, even impious means run to his own private ends for eighteen years, at last he came to the common end of mankind by a gentle death in show, and slower far than was wished: He expired at Paris, where he was born, being 57 years and odd months old: Now leaving France, and his own House, he seemed to have a will to set both on fire, the one by extorting a Declaration against the King's brother, the other, by making his last Will at the will of a woman: Never did plentiful France bestow upon any one so much, nor, being somewhat impatient by nature, did she endure any one longer; neither, being a lover of peace, did she ever carry any one to his grave more joyfully: Discreet Passenger this I openly avouch, which thou haply dost privately suspect. If thou meetest with any yet doubting, entreat him, that he give no credit to flatterers either corrupted or deceived, but to me deriving truth from its true source: But I would have all mortals believe, that with God the least dram of Justice prevails more than an Ocean of Greatness, nor is true Fame esteemed by the extent but by the goodness. That to embroil many things, is not to do much; 'tis more, to compose troubles, and more than that, to prevent they may not happen: The Vulgar give the names of virtues, to lucky villainies, but be thou of another mind, and think nothing more unhappy, then fortunate mischiefs: Richelieu the egregious Artist of fraud, deceived many for a time, but himself haply for ever: Alas, what he hath shattered, can never be put again in order, who thought that Peace which was contrary to his nature, was not convenient for his fortunes, hence issued all those mischiefs which have afflicted the Christian world so many years: pray, that God avenge not himself on the author, who wanted mercy in so many great crimes: O Christian stranger do thou seriously consider, what a nothing 'tis, what passeth away in a moment; none of those whom thou beholdest purpled all over, are happy in that, no more than those that a stage assigns a Sceptre or stately Robes unto, with the spectators they likewise go out, are unbuskined, and return to their old stature: Seneca. Behold what a few ashes he makes, who was so huge a fire, he is become now a black smoke, who lately like a coruscant lamp dazzled all eyes: God grant he be not a firebrand to himself in the other world, who was such a one to poor Europe, which hath hopes of Peace, now, that the tinder is spent: I could with thee, O passenger, wish peace to so great an enemy of peace, even to his own, while he lived, if I feared not that thou wouldst do him an ill office, to wish him that which he most detested: yet pray, because thou art commanded to love thine enemies, if peace go not to him, it will return to thee: So Christ commands, in whom live peacefully, that thou may'st rest in him eternally: In the interim farewell.  
There is another which draws nearer to the nature of an Epitaph of as pressing and ponderous a style as this, but not falling so heavily upon him.  

Adsta Viator, quò proper as?  
Quod nusquam videbis aut audies heic legitur,  
Armandus johannes de Plessis Cardinalis de Richelieu,  
Clarus origine, magnus ingenio, fortuna Eminentissimus,  
Quodque mirere,  
Sacerdos in Castris, Theologus in Aula, Episcopus sine plebe,  
Cardinalis sine titulo, Rex sine nomine, ●lnus tamen omnia:  
Naturam habuit in numerato, fortin●m in Consilio,  
AErarium in peculio, securitatem in bello, victoriam sub signis,  
Socios in praecinctu, Cives in servitute,  
Amicos in obsequio, inimicos in carcere,  
Hoc tamen uno miser, quod omnes miseros fecit,  
Tam saeculi sui tormentum, quam ornamentum,  
Galliam subegit, Italtam terruit, Germaniam quassavit,  
Afflixit Hispanian, coronavit Bragantian, cepit Lotharingiam,  
Accepit Catalontam, fovit Suecram, truncavit Flandriam,  
Turbavit Angliam, lusit Europam.  
Poeta purpuratus,  
Cui scena Mundus, gloria stiparium, Regia gaza Choragium fuit,  
Tragicus maxime quam fabulam male solvit.  
Post Regnum Testamento suis distribatum, paupertatem populo imperatam,  
Dissipatos Principes, Nobilitatem suppliciis exhaustam,  
Senatum authoritate spoliatum, exter as gentes bello & incendiis vastatos,  
Pacem terrâ marique profligatam,  
cum fatiscente corpore, animum gravioribus consiliis aegrè vegetaret  
Et nullius non interesset ipsum aut vivere aut mori,  
jamque bona sui parte mortuus, aliorum tantum morte viveret,  
Derepente spirare desiit et timeri.  
O fluxa Mortalitatis!  
quam tenue momentum est inter Omnia et nihil?  
Mortui corpus rheda extulit,  
Sccuti Equites, peditesque magno numero.  
Faces praetulerunt Ephebi, crucem nemo, quia currus publicam ferebat:  
Denique hunc tumulum implet non totum,  
Quem tota Europa non implebat.  
Inter Theologos situs ingens disputandi argumentum,  
Quo migravit sacramemtum est.  
Haec te, Lector, volui, heic te metire, Et abi.   

Stay Passenger, where hastne'st thou?  
Here may'st Thou read what thou shalt see, nor hear any where else:  
Armand john du Plessis Cardinal of Richelieu,  
Noble by descent, great in wit, most eminent in fortune,  
And, what thou may'st admire,  
A Priest in the field, a Divine at Court,  
A Bishop without Cure, a Cardinal without Title, a King without name,  
Yet, One, who was all these:  
He had Nature in all her numbers, Fortune in his Counsels,  
The Royal treasure in possession, Security in war, Victory under his banner;  
He kept his Confoederats in compass, his Country men in servitude,  
His Friends at a distance, his Enemies in prison,  
In this only wretched, that he made all men so,  
Being as well the torment, as the ornament of his times.  
He subdued France, he scared Italy, he shook the Empire,  
He afflicted Spain, he crowned Bragantia, he took Lorain,  
He accepted of Catalonia, he fomented Swethland, he maimed Flanders,  
He troubled England, he cozened all Europe:  
A purpled Poet,  
Whose stage was the world, glory his curtain, the Exchequer his tiring-house:  
His subject for the most part tragical, to which he put an i'll Catastrophe:  
Having turned the Kingdom to Legacies, bequeathed poverty to the people,  
Dissipated the Princes, exhausted the Nobility with punishments,  
Bereft the Parliament of power, destroyed other Nations with fire and sword,  
driven away Peace by Sea, and Land;  
His body now fainting, his mind not recreable for restless thoughts,  
when it concerned every one that he should live or die,  
Being already mortified a good part, and living only in others death,  
He suddenly ceased to breath, and to be feared:  
O the frail things of mortality!  
What a small moment is there, 'twixt something and nothing?  
The corpse was carried in a Chariot, horse and foot followed in great numbers,  
Pages carried Torches, none the Cross, for the Chariot carried the public Cross:  
In fine he hardly filled up his grave,  
Whom all Europe could not fill:  
He lies among the Sorbonists,  
Of dispute a mighty argument;  
And where he is gone, 'tis a Sacrament:  
Reader, this is all, I would have with thee,  
Hereby measure thyself, and be gone.   
Thus was this great man the subject of every man's censure, a thing incident and inevitable to all Favourites, and Minions of Princes, who like wooden popagayes fastened upon high poles, are marks for every one to shoot at; they are exposed to unsavoury, as well as to sweet breaths, to rough blasts, as to gentle brizes: But our Cardinal had taken such deep rooting in his Master's heart, that for many years no cross winds, though never so impetuous and violent, were able to shake him: Add hereunto that he strongly fortified himself by alliances, and had in his hands the tenablest places of France, by Sea and Land; So that he seemed to be like a tree planted upon the Mount Olympus, transcending all meteorological impressions, and those frog-vapors, and malignant airs which use to hover in the lower Regions, and if there hung any, his Master's countenance, like the Orient Sun, would presently dispel them.  
Considering, as the world knows, a directing minister of State was requisite in France, certainly the King could not light upon a more idoneous instrument, for he was cut out for a Statesman, his brain was always at work, and his thoughts still grinding something; his counsels were oracles, and his desseins mysteries, till put in execution, and then they turned to exploits most commonly: He was not only wise but politic; Now, wisdom and policy (as it is taken in these times) though they both agree in their ends, yet they differ in the means conducing to attain their ends; the first goes the plain direct high road, the other useth now and then some odd by-paths: Never any brought the principles of policy, which are general and confused, to a greater certainty; they are easily prescribed, but practised with more difficulty than those of any other Art; The Navigator directed by his Compass is sure to come at such a height, and arrive to such a Port: the Mathematician can exemplify, and really demonstrate the truth of any of his principles; The Architect by his Model and instruments can exactly (having materials accordingly) raise such an edifice; The Musician serving up his strings to such a height, is sure to hit upon such a tune; The Physician knowing the virtue and operation of his drugs, is sure they will restringe or purge, open or obstruct; It is not so with the Politician, who though he adapt and apply his principles never so dextrously, yet he cannot assure himself of the effects: which must be imputed to the world of contingencies, obstacles, and inexpected accidents which use to attend the negotiations of men, specially matters of State, and War: yet this great Minister brought them to as much certitude as could be; In so much, that before the breach with Spain, he was used to say, that the Almighty and irresistible hand of heaven was only able to ranverse his desseins, not any humane power; And it proved true, for the Austrian tree (which was the aim of all his policies) was never so shaken: nor France never so secured; so that take the Theoric, and Practic part of policy together, Olivares & Oxenstern his contemporaries, yea Machiavil himself (taking him in the best sense) had he been living, might have been his apprentices. And it was the more easy for him to bring such things to pass, in regard that he had the power of disposing all things entire and so concentred in himself, that he met with no opposition, with no cross counsels or contestation; for the King had resigned not only his power, but his judgement, and all the faculties of his soul unto him alone, nor would he listen to any advised him otherwise; which was no small advantage to the carriage of things, for, though in the multitude of Counsellors there be safety, yet, in the conduct of State affairs (specially Martial) wherein secrecy and speed are so essentially requisite, that they may be said to be the two poles whereon they move, I say, in the tracing and managery of such actions, where ofttimes the ball must be ta'en before the bound, too great a number (of Counsellors) is an encumber, and makes the dessein subject to discovery, or delay, to be retarded or revealed, and so to miscarry, and miss of the end: yet this soleness and singleness of counsel may be thus qualified; Quod fieri debeat, cum multis tracta; quod facturus es, cum paucissimis. But whereas many cast in his dish, that being a Cardinal, and a Bishop Cardinal too, he was unfit to be a Captain general, it may be answered that 'tis no new thing in the Roman Church, no not in France itself, where divers examples may be produced: Arnaud de Pelegrue, Clement the fifts kinsman, being Cardinal, was General of an Army in the year 1330. Andoin de la Roche Abbot of Clunie and Cardinal was the like 1360. The Cardinal of Alby, otherwise called the Cardinal of Arras commanded in Chief the Army of Lewis the xj. Nor can Spain reproach him of this for Cardinal Albornost, Kimenes, and Carvaial, all three, were Generals for the Kings of Spain, and Charles the fifth employed Cardinal Pompeo Colonna often in that nature. And t'other day Cardinal Ferdinando this King of Spain's brother, was his Generalissimo in the Netherlands, having fought Norlinghen battle in his way. Nay, not only Cardinals, but we read of Popes themselves that personally commanded their armies in chief, among others john the tenth, Leo the ninth, Paschall the second, Urban the second, Victor the third, Lucius the second, Innocent the second, and julius the second.  
But of all Cardinals I have read of, our present Cardinal may be most properly compared in disposition to Ximenes of Spain, and Wolsey of England; to the first, for his inclination to war, for Cardinal Ximenes was used to say, that Gunpowder gave as sweet an odor in the field, as incense at the altar. To the second, for his magnitude of mind: Wolsey had for his Motto  — non haec sine numine Diuûm Eveniunt. Richelieu had— mens sydera volvit. 
But in magnificence Wolsey surpassed him, 'tis true this late Cardinal had a band of soldiers perpetually attending him, but nothing comparable to the other for domestic attendance; when Wolsey was mounting his Mule at Whitehall gate to go sit at the Chancery, the first of his train all along would be by that time at Westminster Hall: He went to France with 1000 horse Ambassador, and was Arbiter of most of the Debates 'twixt the Emperor and Francis the first. Richelicu gave his King, his Cardinal-Palace for a gift; Wolsey, Hampton Court all furnished worth four of the tother, a gift as one said, too great for a Subject to give, and a King to receive. Richelieu repaired the College of Sorbon, erected a few Schools for reading the Sciences in the vulgar language: built the Cardinal-Palace in Paris, and the Palace of Richelieu in the Country: Wolsey built Whitehall, Hampton Court, the huge College at Ipswich, and Christ-church in Oxford, the greatest Monuments of that kind in the world; besides a tomb he had intended and three quartered finished for Henry the eight his Master at Windsor, which, had it been perfected Europe, had not had the like, nor would his son or any of his two daughters be at the charge of finishing it. And as in magnitude of mind, so in a constancy and fastness to himself he sympathised with English Wolsey, (who amongst other properties was specially observed for that;) For when his affections fixed upon any thing, he would employ the whole man to compass it; his mind was like a stone hurled into the water which never rests till it comes to the bottom: So when he desired any thing he would leave no stone unstirred, (as they say) no ways untried, but he would attain it: A Gentleman of quality told me a passage of him, that a Merchant of Paris brought him a jewel of high price to show and sell, he was so taken with it, that he offered 50000. crowns for it, the Merchant demanded 15000. more and would not go a penny less: A few days after the Merchant carrying the jewel to a great Lady to see, was suddenly in some place of advantage surprised, muffled and so unjewelled: A little after the Merchant going to the Cardinal's Secretary upon some other business, the Cardinal hearing of his being there, sent for him, and making grievous moan for his jewel, the Cardinal fetched out of his Cabinet a box, and drew thence a jewel, and asked whether that was his; the Merchant in a kind of amazement answered, I dare not say 'tis mine, because 'tis in your Eminencies hands, but were in it any other hand I would swear it were mine: Go, saith he, and keep a better conscience in your dealings hereafter, for I know what this jewel is worth as well as you, and out of that I have offered you already, you may draw very fair gains; so he gave order his 50000. crowns should be paid him, and the business was hushed up. We draw now to an end, and to bring our Cardinal with a sweet odour to his grave, and take away something of the ill favour of those Epitaphs that went before, we will add this upon him in Sorbon.  

Monumentum Eminentissimi Cardinalis Ducis Richelii.  
StaViator;  
Mortale quod habuit Armandus johannes  
Plessaeus Cardinalis Dux Richelius  
Heic deposuit:  
Sta, si Gallus es,  
Ad Armandi cineres, cujus consiliis stetit Gallia:  
Sta, si Confoederatus es,  
Ad Cardinalis Monumentum, cujus cardine  
Innixa stetit Europa:  
Sta, si Hostis es,  
Ad Ducis Richelii trophaeum, cujus ad nutum  
Stetit Oceanus.  
Lege.  
Primum illi beneficium nasci, proximum agnosci,  
Majoribus ornatus, Majorum ornamentum,  
Episcopatum dignitate major omninò implevit:  
Edoctum in coelo, ad coelum opera demonstrârunt,  
Ad Statûs Secretariatum erectus est, qui Statum recturus erat,  
Regenti Matri adstitit, Regni Pater futurus,  
Volente Rege, cogentibus meritis sic Roma purpuram concessit,  
Ut dubitare liceat,  
An plus Eminentiae contulerit purpurae, quam ab ea retulerit;  
Eminentissimum fecerat prior virtus, quam Roma:  
Ad fulgorem purpurae fremuit Aquila, rugiit Leo,  
Rosa palluit:  
Nec potuit purpuram fugere,  
Qui, si martyrum insignia non tulisset,  
Hostium sanguine tincta ferre potuit, qui tot abstulit:  
A Regina matre recessit cum Regina voluit esse,  
Non Mater:  
Publicae quietis amator, non fortunae;  
Odio fuit, quia satis non potuit amari:  
Nec in Aula, nec in Oceani fluctibus fluctuavit:  
Immotus mansit, cujus ad obsequium commotae sunt Rupes, 
Rochel.   
Et sub eo, conspiratione Rebellium cedente,  
Respiravit undique Religio,  
Quae sine eo passim expiratura videbatur.  
Privatos hostes, cum voluit, vicit, Regios semper:  
Sic sibi vacans, ut aliis non videretur intentus,  
Sic aliis, ut non sibi:  
Mirabilia fecit totius Orbis Miraculum,  
Felix quod Justo Regi placuerit;  
Felicior, quòd ita Regi Regnóque servierit,  
Ut utrumque servaret:  
Tandem, profligato Germano, caeso Hispano,  
Pacato Regno,  
Séque ipso, omnibus majore, victo,  
Spretis umbratilibus terrae triumphis  
Immarcescibilem a Deo Coronam recepturus excessit,  
Incertum relinquens,  
An vixerit et rexerit feliciùs, an obierit sanctiùs:  
Ab Invidia planctum extorsit,  
Et, quo praesentem exercuerat, absentem luxit;  
Nec poterat ultra progredi, summum attigerat.  
Exuvias mortis Sorbonae dedit, quo vivo  
Sorbona fuerat animata.  
In Sorbona quam dilexit, tumulum elegit,  
Et in sinu ejus jacere voluit,  
Quam jacentem invenit et erexit,  
Etiam Sorbonae Genium, si jacuisset, solus erecturus:  
Debilitatis undique Hostibus,  
Soli Morti cessit Mortis Victor, suique superstes,  
Dum in omnium ore, animoque vivit:  
Ora et Vale.  
Obiit iv. Decem. 1642. aetat. 57 & 3. mens:   

The Monument of the most eminent Cardinal Duke of Richelieu.  
Stay Passenger, Armand john du Plessis Cardinal Duke of Richelieu hath deposited here, whatsoever he had of mortality: Stay, if thou art French, at his ashes, by whose Counsels France stood; Stay, if thou art a Confederate, at the Cardinal's tomb, on whom as upon a hinge all Europe moved: Stay, if thou art an Enemy, at the trophy of the Duke of Richelieu, at whose beck the Ocean stood: Read on, His first good was to have a being, his next to have a well-being; As he was adorned with Ancestors, so he was an ornament unto them; for his knowledge and actions, the one came from heaven, the other tended towards heaven: He was promoted to be Secretary of State, who was afterwards to rule the State; He was assistant to the Queen Mother, who was to be the Kingdom's Father: The King being willing, and his worth enforcing, Rome so granted him the purple, that it might be doubted, whether he gave or received more Eminence unto it: His virtue made him most eminent, before Rome; At the brightness of his purple the Eagle quaked, the Lion roared, the Rose grew pale; nor could He avoid the purple, which had he not worn as ensigns of Martyrs, yet, he might carry them died in the blood of enemies: He withdrew himself from the Queen mother, when she would be more Queen than Mother; A lover of public Peace, not of fortune. Hated he was, because he could not be loved enough: He fluctuated neither at Court, nor in the Ocean floods: He stood immovable, at whose nod the Rocks stirred, and under him the conspiration of Rebels being quashed, Religion began to respire every where, which without him was ready to expire: he overcame his own foes when he listed, the Kings always: He was so vacant to himself, as if he intended nothing else; so intent to others, as he seemed to neglect himself: being the wonder of his age he did miracles; happy he was that he pleased a just King, and happier, that he so served the King and Kingdom that he preserved both: At last, the Germane routed, the Spaniard slain, the Kingdom quieted, and having o'ercome himself the greatest of all, contemning the shadowy triumphs of the earth, being to receive an immarcescible crown of God, he expired; leaving it incertain whether he lived and ruled more happily, or died more piously: He wrung tears from Envy herself, who poursuing him living, condoled him dead; He could go no further, he had attained the highest: The spoils of death he gave to Sorbon, who living animated Sorbon: In Sorbon whom he loved, he desired to lie, and to rest in her bosom whom finding tottering, he took up, nay he only could have revived the Genius of Sorbon, had it been like to faint: The foe enfeebled every where, he only yielded to death, being death's Conqueror, and Survivor of himself, while he lives in the mouths, and minds of all men. Pray, and farewell.  
He died 4th. of December 1642. the 57 year, and 3th. month of his Age.   
This Epitaph gives a full compensation for the tartness of the two former, which were inserted expressly thereby to enfranchise the judgement of the Reader, to discover the impartiality of the story, and make truth more perspicuous, for it is a good rule in Logic, that Contraria juxta se posita magis elucescunt, the confrontation of contraries makes things appear more clearly; I know there is a saying in French, that vent coulis, a cranny wind is more hurtful than an open; such are reproaches 'twixt praises; But let not the Author of this story be mistaken that he intended to derogat (but only for the ends above mentioned) from the merit of so brave a man whom his very enemies admired for his fagacity, and eloquence, for his admirable forecast and penetrating judgement, for the vivacity of his spirit, and quickness of apprehension, for his affiduity and indefatigable vigilance, for his excellent address, and sinewy expressions, and dextrous way of dispatch, for his rare policy and prudential parts, and lastly for the stupendous success of his counsels; These atributes, as it is no flattery to give him, so it were injury to deny him; By these he made France formidable to the world, he made his Master Arbiter of his own interests, an Avenger of all affronts, and supporter of his Confederates; by these he got him three keys of invaluable advantage, Brisack, Pignerol, and Perpignan, the first to enter Germany, the second Italy, the third Spain at pleasure; By these he made him the most absolute and independent Monarch that ever reigned in that Kingdom, and freed him from all fears to receive the law from his subjects ever hereafter.  
But by ascribing so much to the Minister, let us not derogat from the Master, who was as active in his way, and concurred to achieve all these things; We have an axiom in Philosophy, that Sol et Homo generant Hominem; The Sun and man beget man; the one by his Universal influx, being the fountain of heat, the other by Natural organs; So we may say the King and Cardinal produced all these actions, the one by the influence of his high power and Regal authority, the other by his instrumental activity.  
The Cardinal de Richelieu's Arms were three Chevrons in a field argent, 2 plain and simple coat, therefore the more ancient; which Arms, with his Purple Hat (which supported that great Crown, and made the Lilies flourish and swell so many years) we will lay upon his Tomb, with this Distic for a final farewell.  

Aurea purpureo turgebant sceptra galero,  
Crescebant triplici Lilia fulta Trabe.   
And now 'tis high time for us to put a period to the whole work, both to the History of this mighty Monarch, as also to that of his great Minister; And though their memory be not like the Rose, and other fading flowers, which smell sweeter after they are plucked; yet the report of them shall ring in France, as long as the rays of the Sun shall reverberat upon that fair Continent, and albeit Ghirlands of Olive be improper for them, yet they deserve to have Laurels upon their heads, and Palms of victory in their hands to all posterity.  

Crescet occulto velut Arbor aevo  
Nomen Armandi; Ludovicus, ingens  
Stella, fulgebit velut inter Ignes  
Luna minores.   
FINIS.   

An Alphabetical Table of such matters that are the principal Ingredients of this Story.  

A  
Arm of Austria affianced to Lewis the Thirteenth of France. 13 

Her dowry. 13  
Her jointure. 14  
Her Letter to the King of France. 31  
Made Regent of France. 135    
Anagrams on Henry the Great. 5  
Analogy 'twixt the Dauphin of France and the Duke of Cornwall. 2  
Advantage of a little well compacted body over a great. 151  
M. of Ancre's entrance into favour. 16 

He is slain by Vitry. 37  
Sentenced after death. 38  
His body untombed, dragged up and down, hanged, hacked to pieces and burnt. 38  
A censure of him. 38    
Antipathy 'twixt the Spaniard and French. 32 

Five French Ambassadors in Italy in one year. 34    
Assembly of the three Estates meet at the King's majority. 23  
Assembly of Notables first convoked. 40  
All the Alliances that have passed 'twixt England and France. 67  
The D. of Angoulesme before Rochel, and his stratagem to deceive the English. 8  
Marq: Ambrosio Spinola's exploits in Italy; a clash 'twixt him and Olivares. 92 

Governor of Milan, and besiegeth Casal. 93  
His Epitaph. 95    
Archduchesse Isabel dieth at Brussels. 106  
Articles upon the marriage 'twixt England and France. 64  
Articles 'twixt the Swed and the French. 99  
Articles twixt the French and the Hollander upon the breach with Spain. 109 

Clandestine articles 'twixt the Duke of Rohan and the Spaniard. 87    
Articles 'twixt the French King and Charles Duke of Lorain. 101  
Articles 'twixt the King of France and Monsieur his brother. 104  
Articles 'twixt the French and Catalans. 128  
The Authors caution to the Reader. 6  
Arms how ill they become Churchmen. in the Proem.   

B  
Bassompierre Ambassador in England. 76  
Battle of Norlinghen. 108  
Bernard Weymar takes Rhinfeild. 118 

Brisac. 125  
His Epitaph. 126    
Becanus book De potestate Regis et Papae condemned at Rome. 16  
Birth and baptism of Lewis the Thirteenth. 1  
Birth of the now Duke of Anjou. 133  
Blasphemous praises of the Cardinal of Richelieu. in the Proem.  
Duke of Bovillon invites the Pr: of Condé to arm by a notable speech. 17  
M. de Bois Dauphin General for the King. 29  
Breda reprised by the Hollander. 116  
Breme taken by the Spaniard. 119  
Duke of Buckingham sent to France to demand, and conduct her (now) Majesty to England. 67  
The Duke of Buckingham's Manifesto after he had invaded France. 77 

The causes of the breach. 80  
The manner of his landing. 82  
His Letter to Toiras, and the answer he received. 83  
His infortunate retreat, prisoners taken and released for her Majesty's sake. 84    
The Duke of Buckingham's omissions in the Isle of Ré, the causer of them. 84   

C  
Cardinals made Generals. 183  
Catalonia falls from the Spaniard, and the causes why. 128  
Pr: Casimir taken prisoner in France. 128  
Character of Henry the Great. 5  
The Chamber of Accounts refuse to verify the King's Letter. 29  
Cadenet Ambassador in England. 56  
The Chymericall Ambassadors. 169  
Christina the second daughter of Henry the Great married to the Prince of Piedmont; her portion. 42  
The D. of Cheureux marrieth the Lady Henrietta Maria to the King of England. 66  
Clergy men most dangerous if misapplied. 128  
A Clash 'twixt the Duke and the Parliament of Paris. 27  
A Clash 'twixt the Counsel of State and the Parliament, with the Parlements submission. 28  
Condé and his Adherents proclaimed Traitors. 29 

His clandestine consults in Paris; apprehended in the Lowre. 35  
Prince of Condé distastes the match with Spain. 14  
Puts himself in Arms to hinder the Queen's entrance. 28    
A great Contention 'twixt the Church men in Paris. 11  
Contentions in the General Assembly of the three Estates. 23  
The Close and funeral of it. 26  
Cotton the jesuit vindicats his Society. 9  
Count of Auvergne eleven year's prisoner in the Bastile. 37  
Count of Chalais beheaded. 74  
D. of Crequys splendid Ambassage to Rome. 106 

Killed before Breme. 119  
His Epitaph. 120     

D  
Dauphin whence derived. 2  
The Dauphin (now king) born. 124  
Decree of the College of Sorbon against Francis Cupif. 117  
A Declaration sent to Rochel wherein the English are branded. 79  
Difference 'twixt the Germans and French at Brisac. 127  
Difference 'twixt Conde and Soissons about the Napkin. 46  
Difference 'twixt foreign Princes and the King's base sons. 91  
Disadvantageous to live 'twixt two potent neighbours exemplified in the Dukes of Savoy and Lorain, 93. 101  
Dismission of the French from the Queen of England's service 75 

The reasons why. 76    
Divers odd desseins feared in France. 73  
Distinction 'twixt liberty and privilege. 24  
Dionysius his flatterers. in the Proem.  
A Discourse upon judiciary Astrology. 15  
Prince Doria taken prisoner by the French. 94  
Duke of Mains stately Embassy to Spain about an alliance. 13  
Duke of Pastrana in France. 14   

E  
How Edward the Confessor used an ginger. 15  
Ecclesiasticus, a scandalous book writ by Schioppius. 16  
Divers Errors of the French Chroniclers reflecting upon England. 76  
Duke of Espernon questions the Rochellers. 38 

He clasheth with the Court of Parliament. 26  
A pleasant passage 'twixt him and the Archbishop of Bourdeaux. 123  
He traceth the Queen Mother's escape out of Blois. 43  
He is outed of his Government and dieth a little after. 123    
Emanuel Duke of Savoy his exploits in Italy. 71  
He highly complains of the King of France, whence arise some traverses 'twixt him and Monsieur Bullion the French Ambassador. 72 

His death prophesied. 94    
Epitaph upon Marshal Crequy. 120  
Epitaph upon Marq. Spinola. 95  
Epitaph upon Saxen Weymar. 126  
Epitaphs upon Cardinal de Richelieu. 178  
An Ethiopian Prince (Zaga Christos) arrived in Paris. 120  
Edicts against duels & blasphemy. 22   

F  
Master Fairfax put to the torture before Montauban. 58  
The Falsehood of some French Annalists in divers things and their stupidity in relating names. 76  
The Duke of Fereaincensed against the Duke of Savoy. 97  
A fearful unknown Fire in the Palace of Paris. 42 

Another when the two bridges were burnt. 57    
Ferrier a reformed Minister turned Roman Catholic. 14  
Five French armies in motion in one summer. 111  
Florimond de Puy a Reformed Gentleman beheaded for treason. 11  
Fontarabia besieged by the French. 122  
Don Fernando the King of Spain's youngest brother dieth at brussels. 131 

A strange libel touching him and his brother Don Carlos. 132.    
The French soon weary of peace. 3  
French beaten before Theonville. 126   

G  
Master George Digby cuts Scioppius on the face for defaming King James. 16  
Don Gonsalez de Cordova refuseth the King of France his present. 103  
Gasper Galilei Galileo racants his opinion in Rome for holding the Sun to rest, and the earth to move. 107 

His punishment. ibid.    
Galigay the Marchiones of Ancre's death and Roman stoutness. 20  
Grievances discovered, and not redressed do the body politic harm. 27  
D. of Guyse marrieth the daughter of France for the King of Spain. 31   

H  
Lord Hayes (after Earl of Carlisle) Ambassador in Paris. 34  
The Duke of Halluin beats Serbellon and the Spaniards before Leucato. 115  
The Pr: of Harcour relieves Casal, appears before Turin & takes it. 129  
The Hard fortune of King's daughters. 32  
Henry the Great slain. 3  
His treasure, his army, his burial. 4  
Henry the third buried 22. years after his death. 8  
M. Hicks (now Sir Ellis Hicks) the good service he did at Montauban. 58  
Hesdin taken by the French. 126  
Twenty Holland men of War come according to article to serve the French King. 68  
The Lady Henrietta Maria married to the King of Great Britain. 66  
Humbert Duke of Viennois upon what terms he bequeathed Dauphiné to Philip of Valois.   

I  
King Jame's Letter to the French King. 63 

His passionate speech to his Counsel, his compliment to her Majesty now Queen. 66    
The Jacobins hold that in no case the Counsel is above the Pope, the question solemnly debated in Paris. 12  
Inventions to torment Ravaillac. 7  
The jesuits have the heart of Henry the Great. 8  
Jesuits not permitted to open their College in Paris. 11  
The Imperialists and Spaniards overrun Picardy and Burgundy. 113  
Insurrection in Diion suppressed. 93  
Insurrection in Normandy. 126  
John Duke of Bragansa made King of Portugal. 130 

His Letter to the K. of Spain. 131 Saint John de Luz taken by the Spaniard. 114    
The Isles of Saint Margarita, and Saint Honorat taken by the Spaniard. 112 

Reprised by the French. 115  
Italian predictions of Henry the Greats death. 4     

K  
Kings presence ofttimes advantageous. 20  
Kings of France majors when as high as a sword. 21  
New Knights of the Holy Spirit. 46   

L  
Landrecy taken by the Duke de la Valette. 115  
Letter of the King of Spain to the Duke of Bragansa. 130  
Letter of King James to the French King. 63  
Letter from Richelieu to the Q. Mother. 160  
Letters interchangeable 'twixt Buckingham and Toiras. 83  
Letter from Condé to the Queen Mother. 18  
Letter from the Queen Mother to Condé. 19  
Letter from the Queen at her first arrival in France to the King. 31  
Letters from the King to Monsieur. 104  
Letters from the King to the Duke of Halluin. 116  
Letters from the King to Condé. 47  
Letters to Toiras against the English. 82  
The Duke of Lerma marrieth the Infanta for the King of France. 31  
Lewis the Thirteenth his inclination and sports when young. 3 

His minority. 5  
His solemn coronation. 10  
His majority declared by Parliament. 21  
His gracious declaration to the Princes. 35  
His speech to his Mother after d' Anchors death. 39  
He beds with the Queen. 43  
A clash 'twixt him and the Parliament at Paris. 47  
His exploits in Bearn. 50  
His Protest to the Assembly of Notables. 75  
His answer to the Rochelers when they yielded. 86  
He crosseth the Alps in Winter. 87  
Hath a shrewd fit of sickness. 96  
His harsh answer to them of the Religion. 62  
His harsh Declaration against his Mother. 99  
His Declaration against Spain. 100  
His speech to the Palsgrave. 127  
His speech to the D. of Lorain. 132  
reduced to a great strait. 32  
He protects the Catalan▪ 134  
His death with the circumstances thereof. 135  
Examples of his piety. 139  
Divers speeches of his. 139  
His chastity and constancy. 140  
His exploits run over. 142  
Did greater things than Henry the Great. 143  
Divers things objected against him. 141    
Duke of Longuevill in arms. 18  
L'esdiguiers made Constable. 59  
Luynes put first to the King. 3 

Incenses the K. against d'Ancre. 38  
Hath Anchors estate given him, and made Constable. 52 

A clash 'twixt him and Sir Ed. Herbert then Lo: Ambassador, now Baron of Cherbery. 55  
A Dialogue between them. 55  
How worthily the English Ambassador composed himself. 56  
Luynes dieth of the Plague in the Army. 58  
His Legend. 59    
Duke of Lorain meets the King at Metz. 101  
Duke of Lorain waves the performance of homage for the Duchy of Bar. 106 

His compliment to the King. 106  
He comes to Paris. 132  
Monsieur de Lien Cour Governor of Paris. 29       

M  
Marie de Medici declared Queen Regent by Parliament. 5 

Her speech upon the resignation of the Government. 22  
Her discourse with Marossan about her escape. 45  
The first war with her son. 44  
The second war with her son. 48  
The beginning of her averseness to the Cardinal. 96  
The causes of it. 98  
Her complaint against him. 99  
She returns to Flanders in discontent. 99  
Thence to Holland, and so to England, then to Colen where she died. 133  
Her high qualities. 134    
Mariana's opinion touching Kings, protested against in Paris. 9  
Q. Margaret de Valois dieth, her Character. 26  
Moderation the true rule of wisdom. 13  
Mazarini makes a peace in Italy. 96  
Monsieur married to the Duke of Monpensiers' daughter. 72 

His compliment to her. 73  
He falls in love with the Duke of Montava's daughter, and being crossed flies to Lorain. 92  
Flies again to Lorain. 103  
He entereth France with an Army of strangers. 103  
His high propositions to his brother. 104  
Flies the third time to Lorain. 105  
Marrieth the Lady Margaret the Duke of Lorains sister, goes then to Flanders, whence at the Infante Cardinals approach he steals away to France. 106    
Duke of Monmorency joyn's with Monsieur, is defeated by Schomberg. 104 

Is beheaded at Tholouze. 105    
Morocco Ambassador in Paris, his credential Letter. 102  
Montauban the last Town of them of the Religion which submitted. 91  
Monpellier capitulats by the Duke of Rohans' advice. 60  
Morgard the ginger made Gallislave. 14   

N  
Nancy given up to the French. 106  
The Nature of the Spaniard in adversity. 131  
The Nonage of Lewis the Thirteenth. 5  
The Nonage of Lewis the Fourteenth now King. 135   

O  
The Oath the Queen of England's French servants were to take. 65  
Open hostility 'twixt France and Spain pronounced by Herald. 111  
Saint Omer besieged by the French who were forced to retire. 123  
Octavio Lassani an ginger, his prediction of the Duke of Savoy's death. 94  
Obelisks, and triumphant Arches in Rome in joy of the Dauphin's Nativity. 125  
Oxenstern Ambassador in France. 112  
The Outrages the French committed at Tillemont. 112   

P  
Paris in great fear. 114  
Parliament of England superior to the Assembly of the three Estates of France in numbers and state. 23  
Perrons prudent carriage in the great Assembly. 24  
Pensions of the Crown of France. 27  
Pasquil's upon the Gates of the Lowr. 40  
Pasquil upon the Cardinal's gates. 168  
Pasquil in Rome of the King and the Cardinal. 168  
The old Parliament of France turned now to an Assembly of Notables. 74  
Peace renewed by the intervention of the Venetian, and proclaimed at Privas 'twixt England and France. 88  
Pignerol taken by the Cardinal. 94  
Pignerol sold to the French King. 97  
The Parliament of Paris suspends the verification of the King's Declaration against Monsieur, and is sharply rebuked. 98  
The Palsgrave prisoner in France, released and the King's speech unto him. 127  
Philipsburg taken by the Spaniard. 108  
Power of virtue. in the Proem.  
The Pope refuseth to excommunicate the new King of Portugal. 133  
Perpignan taken by the French. 134  
Pope Julius the second's answer to justify Churchman's taking up arms. in the Proem.  
Profane hyperboles written of the Cardinal. in the Proem.  
Prophetic compliment 'twixt Barberino the Pope's Nuncio, and the Queen Mother. 8  
Presents given to the D. of Main in Spain being Ambassador. 14  
Predictions of Henry the Great's death. 4  
Predictions of the Duke of Savoys death. 94  
Princes daughters subject to a hard fate ofttimes. 32  
The presence of Kings advantageous 20  
Popes Generals. 8  
Propositions in the General Assembly. 41   

Q  
Queen Mother of France dieth at Colen. 133  
A new Queen Regent of France. 135  
Queen of England receives English prisoners as presents from France. 84   

R  
Ravaillaks odd humours. 4 

Examined. 7  
His confession, death, and admired patience. 8    
Reason's why France broke with Spain. in the Proem.  
Reason of the Queen Mother's discontentment. ibid.  
Reason of slowness of speech in jews the thirteenth. 2  
Of the Reformists of France. 6  
Richer the Syndic of Sorbon opposeth the Pope's power. 12  
The Reformists get advantageous conditions at the Treaty of Lodun. 33  
A reparty 'twixt the Spanish and French Ambassadors at Rome upon the Dauphin's birth. 1  
The Reformists outraged, and some killed coming from Charenton. 57  
The Reformists generally rise up. 59  
The Reformists generally submit. 91  
The Rochelers high comportment. 52  
Rochel pitifully complains to the King. 69  
Rochel besieged by the King in Person. 85  
Rochel submits, her extremities. 86  
The Duke of Rohan hath private intelligence with Spain; his Agent taken and executed. 69 

He himself executed in Effigy in Tholouze. 86  
He was pensioner to the King of Spain, and treats with him upon articles. 87  
His notable speech to them of the Religion for peace. 89  
He is wounded before Rhinfeld whereof he dies, and is buried at Geneva. 118    
Certain Rodomontadoes of the Spaniards. 115  
Stupendous Rain in Languedoc. 105   

S  
Santarellus Book burnt in Paris for hoising the Pope above the King. 74  
Count of Soissons killed near Sedan. 133 

Difference 'twixt him and the Cardinal. ibid.  
M. Soubize summoned at Saint John d'Angely, taken prisoner, and released. 53  
Puts himself in arms again, and flies from Royan. 59  
He takes Blaret, Ré and Oleron, and hath 70. Sails of Ships. 67  
Is beaten at Medoc. 67  
Flies to England and incites that King to war against France. 68    
Soubize pensioner to the King of Spain. 88  
The Spaniards bold speech to the Pope about the Valtoline. 70  
The Duke of Suillie's blunt answer to Hen. the Fourth about Religion. 57  
Stuard and Hurtevant executed. 38   

T  
Title of the Prince of Wales more ancient than Dauphin. 2  
The Treaty of Saint Menehou. 19  
Treaty of Querasque. 97  
Treaty of Lodun dishonourable to the King. 33  
Treaty of Monson. 71  
Trade interdicted 'twixt England and France. 76  
Tillemont and Diest taken by the French and Hollanders. 111  
A Trophy erected upon the Alps in honour of King Lewis. 87  
Pr: Tomaso defeated at Avein by Chastillon. 111  
Prince Tomaso relieves Saint Omer. 123  
M. de Thermes with divers persons of quality killed before Clayrac. 56  
Trent Counsel refused to be published in France, and the reasons why. 24   

V  
The D. of Vendom apprehended in the Lowre got away by a wile. 18 

His Letters refused to be answered by the Queen Regent. 19  
He refuseth to deliver up Blavet. 20  
Levies men for the King, and then turns them against him. 29    
D. de la Valette's brave speech before Fontarabia, he flies to England, & is executed in Effigy in Paris. 122   

W  
Wars of juillers. 10  
War against the Reformists. 51  
War in the Valtolin. 70  
The last War against the Reformists. 88  
Wallesteins' death much lamented by Richelieu.   

A  
Armand Cardinal of Richelieu his breeding. 155 

His genealogy. 166  
His degree of rising. 167  
He crosseth the Alps in quality of Generalissimo. 168  
Divers attempts to kill him. 169  
His death. 169  
His testament. 160  
His titles. ibid.  
His Character. ibid.  
Censures upon him. 166  
Epitaphs good and bad upon him. 178     
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

Junii 3. 1646.  
Imprimatur.  
nam. BRENT.