portrait   

A la Ecella, y SERENISSIMA MAGESTAD, DE DOñA CATARINA De BRAGANÇA Infanta de Portugàl, y Reyna de la Gran Bretaña, etc. Que Dios guard Con acrecentamientoes de toda Felicidàd Imaginàble, Segun los mas humildes, los mas Entrañables Dessèos, y Devociònes De  
Don Diego Howel. En Londres 1662.   

A NEW ENGLISH Grammar, Prescribing as certain Rules as the Language will bear, for Forreners to learn English: There is also another Grammar of the Spanish or Castilian Tongue, With some special remarks upon the Portuguese Dialect, etc.  
Whereunto is annexed A Discourse or Dialog containing a Perambulation of Spain and Portugal, which may serve for a direction how to travel through both Country's, etc.  
For the service of Her MAJESTY, whom God preserve.  
LONDON, Printed for T. Williams, H. Brome, and H. Marsh. 1662.   

GRAMATICA De la Lengua Inglesa, Prescriviendo Reglas para alcançarla;  
Otra Gramatica de la Lengua Española o Castellana, Con ciertas Observaciones tocante el Dialecto Portuguès Y un Discurso conteniendo La perambulaciòn de España, y de Portugàl. Que podrà servir por Direction a los que quieren caminar por Aquellas Tierras, etc.  
Por el servicio de su MAGESTAD Que Dios guard.  
LONDON, Printed for T. Williams, H. Brome, and H. Marsh, 1662.   

To the Sagacious REDER.  
HE who will pry well into the pedigree of the English Language will find that she is of a high Descent, For she hath the Highdutch (the most ancient Germane Tongue) to her Gran Mother, And the Saxon (the prime dialect of the Highdutch) to her Mother, For the ancient Britain's and Hibernians, I mean the Welsh and Irish have no other name for Her (and her Nation) to this day.  
She may be said also to have the French for her Mother-in-law, her Laws being couched therein, for 'tis 600. complete years within five, since the Norman took footing here, who with his Leopards endeavoured to bring in his Laws and Language.  
But whereas Mothers-in-law or Stepmothers seldom use to be kind, yet the French hath been so to the English, For she hath not only enriched, but civilised and smoothed Her with many thousands of words derived from the Latin, whereby she is grown the more copious, nor indeed is there any Language fuller of Synonymas, in regard she hath for most things both a Saxon and a French word, as Stout valiant; Bold hardy; Godly devout; Wise prudent; Anger choler; a spit a broche; Board table; Town City, etc. But 'tis worth the observing that her Monosyllables are all Saxon or Dutch, which made one say, that the Englishman capapiè from top to toe is Dutch in all the parts of his body, in his drinking and eating He is Dutch, at bed and board he is Dutch; He is all Dutch at Sea, as also when he holds the plough, in his numbers in the days of the week (not the months) He is Dutch; in his clothing he is Dutch, (though French in his fashion) He is Dutch in his Fishing, but in Fight, Fortifying, and Fencing, as also in Hawking, Hunting, and Heraldry, in Dancing, Riding, and Painting, in his Music and Airs he is all French, etc.  
Add herunto that the English grows every day more and more Copious by an adoption she makes of the choicest foreign Words, which insinuating themselves into Her by degrees do in tract of time as it were Naturalise themselves and become free denizens; In so much that the English may be said to be Dutch embordered with many other Languages.  
Now, touching this new English Grammar, let not the Reder mistake, as if it were an English Grammar to learn another Language, as Lily is for Latin, and Littleton for French, etc. No, This is a mere Grammar of the English itself, for the use of Forreners; With a modest reserche into some Solecisms that are in the orthography and speaking.  
It is a hard task to make a Grammar of a Mother Tongue, A harder task to make one of a Dialect, But to make an exact Regular Grammar for all parts of a Subdialect (as the English is) is a task that may be said to be beyond the reach of human understanding, the subject being not capable of it: Mr. Ben. johnson a Weighty man, and one who was as patient as he was painful in all his composures confessed, the further he waded herein the more he was still gravelled.  
Concerning the Spanish, The best Gramarians and Artists have been consulted withal, besides the Authors own observation who breathed air a long time under that Clime; The Castilian is a clear and grave lesurly Speech, it carries a kind of state, and deliberation with it; Therefore it affects long words as what we express in one Syllable, the Spaniard hath five or six Syllables, as Nacimiento birth, Murcielago a bat; Levantamiento an uproar, etc. Now, as English may be said to be nothing else but Dutch inlaid with French, so the Castilian Tongue is nothing else but Latin inlaid with Morisco words; But the difference is, that the English is made the smother by association she hath with the French, But the Castilian Tongue is grown more rugged by the admission and mixture of the Morisco words, who coming from the Arabic have a guttural or throaty pronunciation.   

The several parts whereof this BOOK consists.  
FIrst, a new English Grammar prescribing as certain Rules as the Language will bear for Forreners, (the Spaniard especially, into whose Tongue it is rendered) to attain the knowledge of the English.  
2. Of divers superfluous letters that are used in writing English which may be well omitted, whereby the language will be more easily for Forreners to learn: As also of some Solecisms used in the common practice of speech.  
3. A Grammar of the Spanish or Castilian Tongue.  
4. Some special remarks upon the Portuguese Dialect, and how it differs from the Castilian, with a short Dictionary of such words as are merely portagues.  
5. A Discourse by way of Dialog 'twixt Charles and Philip containing the perambulation of Spain and Portugal, which may serve for a Guide to them who may desire to see those Country's.  
6. A familiar Letter composed of above fourscore Spanish proverbs conducing all to one subject, and rendered into English;  
7. Another familiar Letter consisting of English proverbs, and tending all to one subject rendered into Spanish.   

A New ENGLISH Grammar Rendered into SPANISH GRAMATICA INGLESA Rendida en CASTELLANO.   

The English Grammar.  
GRammar is the Art of Letters, as the Greek word 〈◊〉 (whence it is derived) imports: Of Letters are made Syllables, of Syllables Words, and by the coagmentation of letters, syllables, and words, is framed Sermocination or Speech, which is one of the eminentst Praerogatives of Mankind above all other sublunary Cretures; for though others (as some volatils) by Art, and hardship are brought to utter some broken words, yet they understand not what they speak, because they are destitut of the faculty of Reason, Mar. only being the child of Reason.  

Of the English letters, with their pronunciation, and some special remarks upon them.  
Touching the Abcee (or Alphabet) of the English Tongue, there are four and twenty letters in all which are written in Great and Small characters; the Great are shaped thus,   

ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQ RSTUWXYZ.  
These great Characters serve for proper names of persons, places and ivers, etc. as Charles Carlos, Katherine Catalina, London Londres, Lisbon Lubona bona, Severn Sabrina, Trent Trenta; some of them are of great account, for they are numerical, as I stands for One, V for Five, X for Ten, L for Fifty, C for a Hundred, D for Five hundred, M stands for a Thousand.  
The lesser characters of the Abcee are thus formed, abcdefghiklmnopqrstuwxyz.  
Now, what the four Elements are to all corporeal cretures in point of Generation, the same are the letters to all Languages in point of Locution or speech: And as of the Elements, though so few in number, such infinite kinds of compounded and differing mixed cretures are produced, as from their simple and primitive principles; so from so small a number of Letters such a world of different words are composed, and such an infinity of Volumes penned and printed, which is a remark of wonder that hath fallen but under the capacity of few.  
We will now consider all the Letters severally by themselves, which are the original ingredients that go to the composition of Speech.  
These Letters divide themselves into Vowels and Consonants, so called because they have no sound at all without a Vowel go before or after; as B hath e after it, F hath e before it to make it pronounceable: Of which Consonants four are called Liquids, called so because they melt as it were in the mouth, and have a softer kind of pronunciation than the rest, which four be l m n r.  
The Vowels are 5. in number, viz. a e i o u, There is a word in Spanish which no other Language hath, that comprehends all the five, which is oveja, a Sheep: 'Tis true that the transcendent eternal name of jehova hath them likewise together, but that h only (which is but an aspiration) interposeth.  
Now, the Vowels deserve to have the precedence of all the rest of the Letters, because no Consonant can be pronounced or is soundable without one of them before or after, (as 'twas said before) therefore are they called Consonants or co-sounding.  

A.  
The Vowel a is the first letter in all Languages, and it merits the priority of all other, because it is the first and most natural easy motion and ouverture of the lips; it is also the letter of Absolution and comfort, as Cicero hath it. The French have a Proverb that makes much for the honour of A, viz. Il est marquè a l' A, He is marked with A; that is, he is right honest man: This may haply be the reason why A hath such a large Dominion among the English, for she is a praepositive article (with The) to most Substantifs and Adjectifs, as A man un hombre, A Knight un Cavallero, A sword una espada, A learned man un hombre cientifico, A valiant Knight un Cavallero valiente, A bright sword una espada luziente.  
A in the English Tongue hath two differing sounds, the one open and full, as Abraham, Alabastre alabastro; the other pressing, and as it were half mouthed and mincingly, as Ale cerveza, Awake despierto, etc. Whereas in Spanish (and other Languages) it bears the first open prolation, as Da Dios alas a la hormiga para que se pierda mas ayna God gives wings to the Ant that she may destroy herself the sooner; a Proverb alluding to proud ambitious men.  
A, when it comes before lm sometimes drowneth the l and turneth to an u, as Calm is pronounced Caume, Psalm Psaume, Balm Baume, etc. but the a receives thereby a more open sound, and makes as it were one syllable of two.   

E.  
E the second Vowel is pronounced in English as in Spanish and other Languages; when it concludes a word it is pronounced carelessly and faintily, as Bare nudo, There allà, Fire, Fuego, etc. as the Spaniards also do in combat a Fight, combite a Feast, escabeche Pickle, padre Father, madre Mother, etc. But in the monosyllable article The 'tis pronounced sharp. Where e comes after l having two Consonants before it, it hath a strange transposition, for it leaps before l, and takes the half sound of ay, as Epistle Epistel, epistola; Thistle Thistel, cardo; Little little, poco; Prickle prickel, espina: e passeth also obscurely, where it ends a word with a consonant, as spoken hablado, broken quebrado, Coffer coffer, brews sopa, etc. When e also comes before d, to conclude a word, she loseth often her sound by an Apostrophe, as tired tired, cansado; restrained restrained, restreñido: and so in all Participles of the Preter-tense. When e cometh before a it drowns the a, but makes the pronunciation longer, as beast bestia, disease enfermedad, feast combite, etc.  
E and I have such a friendship in the English language, that they supply one another's place sometimes, and are used indifferently, as Interchange or Interchange, trueque; her or her, ella; endure or endure, sufrir; endeavour or indevor, diligencia, etc. And 'tis so likewise in Spanish, as mesmo or mismo, the same; pedir or pidir to pray: The Italian also doth it often as refiutare or rifiutare, reputare or riputare; but the Florentine more affects i.   

I.  
The Vowel i hath a very peculiar sound in some English words, which differeth from other Nations; for the Spaniards with others pronounce it as ee in English, as mi tio my Uncle, me teeo; pimienta Pepper, peemeeenta; cinco five, ceenco: But the English pronounce in most words i as if it were the Dipthong ei, as Pilot peilot, pilota; a pipe peipe, pipa; a hide heide, cuero; licence leicence, licencia: which pronunciation is a pure Anglicisme.  
ay, may be called an amphibolous letter, for though she be naturally and by her birth a Vowel, yet she degenerats often into a Consonant, (which she never useth to do in the Hebrew and Greek) which Consonant hath an affinity with g, insomuch that she may claim (like v) two characters, as having two such capacities, viz. of Vowel and Consonant, as James is pronounced Giames', Diego; Javelin Giavelin, javelina; joy geoy, alegria; Jeffrey Gieffrey, Godefrido, etc.   

O.  
The Vowel O is pronounced with a round: mouth than any other, therefore she hath properly an orbicular figure, and is a letter in English of much change and incertainty; sometimes she is pronounced sharp, as Coller collar, corn grano, cross cruz, Crocodile Crocodilo, etc. sometimes o is pronounced flat, as Colour colòr, Cousin primo, mother madre, taking thereby the half sound of u.  
Upon the u, o soundeth smart, as Round redondo, sound sonido, bound atado, etc. But in the last syllable before n she loseth her strength, as Devotion devotion, compassion compassion, person persona: Before w also at the end of words she loseth he● strength, and becomes an u, as hollow hueco, hollu; Tallow tallu, cevo, etc.  
When o ends a word she is pronounced strong & clear, as in these Monosyllables, Go and àd, so assi, no no, etc. Before v consonant o hath various pronunciations, open and shut, as Dove paloma, glove guante, grove arboleda, Jove jupiter, etc. Priscian saith, that some Cities in Italy had not o at all but u, and in other places they had no u at all, but o in the place of it, as in old Writers we read volgus for vulgus, poblicum, polchrum, colpam, for publicum, pulchrum, culpam; and let this suffice for this inconstant letter.   

V.  
The Vowel u as well as i hath the privilege to become Consonant very often, which make some call them the mongrel letters: V never endeth any word in English for the nakedness of it, but clothes herself with a Dipthong, and at other times hath to follow her, as New nuevo, knew conocia, blu: azùl, true verdadero, etc. The English pronounce oftentimes u like the French, in a whistling manner which sound is quite differing from the Spaniar● and Italian, who prolate it in a manner like oo, as un one, oono; usanza use, oosanza, etc. But the English and French pronounce u as if it were the Dipthong ewe, as Cocu a Cuckold is pronounced as if 〈◊〉 were written Cokew; Cubit Kewbit, etc. The Germane is subject often to turn b to u, as there is a facetious tale of a Dutchman, who thinking to compliment with his French Hostess said, Ma foy Madame vous avez veaux enfans, Truly Madam you have Calves to your children; whereas instead 〈◊〉 veaux calves, he should have said beaux fair.   

W.  
W is pronounced with a larger roundness of the lips than the letter o, and with far more force if 〈◊〉 hath h next it, as Whale balena, Wheel rued● Whirligig peonça, etc. but where h doth not immediately follow 'tis pronounced soft, as Whirlwind remolino, where the first w is far more emphatic than the second.  
The Saxons or high Dutch themselves, whence th● English derive their origin and language, cannot pronounce this w before h with that vigour, but 〈◊〉 lieu of What they say Wat, Where were, etc. which shows that the English have stronger lungs.  
The Spaniard hath no w, nor the Italian an● French.   

Y.  
Y, although it be pronounced like i, yet she is more constant to herself, scorning as it were to degenerate from her first being, and from a vowel to turn consonant; therefore she may well deserve to be called the letter of Philosophy, or Phythagoras his letter.  
In French she is of that weight that she makes sometimes a whole word of herself, as Voulez vous y aller, Will you go thither? and is an Adverb both of person and place: In Spanish she frequently makes a syllable of herself, as yxar the flank, yzar to lift up, etc.    

Of Dipthongs.  
Thus much of the Vowels, which may be called the ligaments or Arteries that knit the bones or Consonants together, and put life into them, else they were but so many dead trunks. We will now to the Dipthongs, which because they are merely made of Vowels, 'tis fitting they should precede the Con●onants.  
Dipthongs are as it were the associating of some Vowels to make them issue forth a joint sound, so that two sounds may be had in one syllable. The English Dipthongs may be reduced to ten, as ai o● ay, as Maid moça, afraid amedrentado, May May, day dia: the second au or awe, as Austere austero, autentico autentico, law ley, awe obedience: the third ea, as East Levant, Earl Conde, seat seed, yea s●● the fourth ei, as Weight peso, straight derecho: the 5. ewe, as Due rocio, few pocos: the 6. oi or oy, as Toil trabajo, soil terra, boy muchacho, joy alegria: the 7.00, as Food bastimento, good bueno: the 8. o● or owe, as Stout animoso, Tongue lengua, now agora: the 9 vi or vy, as Juice çumo, the last voy, as Buoy.  
There are but three words wherein the Dipthong eo is found, viz. People, Jeopard, Yeoman. The Dipthong ae is not used neither in English or Spanish.   

Of the Consonants.  

B.  
B is the first Consonant and second letter of the Abcee; it is the first that brings our lips together after we are born, therefore 'tis called the prime labial letter: In English 'tis pronounced as in other languages, but not always as it is in Spanish where it is promiscuous with v in sundry words, as bisoño a young Soldier, or visoño; vimbrera an Ozier, o● bimbrera; in Greek also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is turned often to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which made the Dutchman to say as wittily as waggishly, Si beta est veta, tunc bibere est vivere. But the highest commendation of B is, that it is the letter of Innocence, it being the bleating tone of the Sheep, which is the emblem of Innocence.   

C.  
There are some critical Authors who bear no good will to C, calling it the mongrel androg y nous letter, nor male nor female, but rather a spirit or monster; and that by her impostures she trencheth upon the right of s k q, assuming their sounds; that she might be spared in our English Abcee because of the identity or sameness of sound she hath often with them three: But surely they are deceived, for how could we pronounce Cheshire cheese, chisel, Chivalry, without her? In Italian she borrows also the sound of g, as castigo for gastigo: In Spanish (and French) when she sounds like s she is attended with a train, having a semicircle underneath ç, and then she is called C cedilla, as çaratan the Canker, çapato a shoe, çarça a bramble, etc. which are pronounced saratan, sapato, sarsa.   

D.  
D is so dainty a letter in English, that she admits of no other Consonant to be her Gentleman-usher but r, as Dreams sueñoes, drink bevida, drop gota, dragon drago, drum atambor, etc. She is pronounced as in other languages, but in Spanish when she is between two Vowels, or before any Vowel in the midst or end of a word, she useth to melt into th', as we pronounce them in that or the in English, as Dádivas entran sin taladro, Gifts enter without a Wimble; which are pronounced as if they were written, Dathivas entran sin talathro: dd in the British or Welsh agree with the Spanish in this pronunciation, as heb DDuw heb ddiiw, Nothing without God.   

F.  
F hath the honour to make one of the highest notes in Music, and, which is more, to be the first letter of the highest spiritual virtue, Faith; she is pronounced as in other languages.   

G.  
G hath a differing pronunciation in the English, one before a, o and u, as Guard guarda, gold oro, gulf gulf, etc. and another before e and i, as Gentleman, hidalgo, German Tudesco, Gibbet hor●a, Giant gigante, etc. Yet there be some words when she comes before i, that are pronounced as if she came before a, o or u, as giddy vertiginoso, gift dadiva, girdle cinta, etc.   

H.  
H is the letter of breath or aspiration, and therefore may be called the letter of life, for when the breath is gone, farewel life: Therefore I wonder why the Greeks came to give her no place in their Alphabet. Some call her a spirit, but whether letter aspirat or spirit, the Alphabet would be breathless without her. Some call her the Queen of Conscnants.  
In some words she is written but not sounded, as in Humour humòr, honour honra, humble humilde, host huesped, etc. which are pronounced, umor, onor, umble, oft: The Spaniard also leaves her our in most words.  
Th' hath two sounds in English, the one strong▪ like the Greek ● theta, as Thunder trueno, Thursday jueves, thousand mil, thirsty sediento, thief ladron, thought pensamiento, etc. but th' in other words are pronounced gently, like d in Spanish, as in This esto, that aquello, thine tuyo, thither lafoy, thence de la, than entonces, therefore por tanto, thou tu, etc.  
H after w hath a stronger aspiration in the English then in any other language, as What que cosa, wheat trigo, wheel rueda, when quando, where adonde, whore puta, whale balena, etc.  
Ph is pronounced alike in English as in Spanish (and other languages;) but indeed there's no ph in Spanish or Italian, for they turn it into f, as Philosopher Filosofo, Philip Felipe, fantasy fantesia, etc.  
Ch is pronounced in English as in Spanish (and the Italian) as China, chamber cama, cheese queso, cherry ceresa, etc. In which words ch is pronounced as the Spaniard does in chico little, chichon a bile, chirlar to chirp: But the French differs very much herein, for he prolates ch as sh, as chambre chamber, China Shina, Cheshire cheese Sheshire sheese, Chichester Shishester, etc.   

K.  
K is so stately a letter, that she scorns to serve either the Spaniard or Italian, nor the Latin or French either, but in the word Kalendae; therefore they make c to be such a drudge to them in her place, but the English makes equal use of them both; yet k goes in English before no Consonants but n, as Knight cavallero, knowledge ciencia, knave vellaco, knife cuchillo, knee rodilla, etc.   

L.  
L hath the honour to make the highest tone in Music, for she hath a kind of gentle melting pronunciation, therefore she is called by some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because she seems to sweeten the roof of the mouth.  
The English pronounce l as the Spaniards do, but where ll is found in the beginning or middle of any word in Castilian, the last l turns to ay, as lloro lamentation, call a street, callar to hold one's peace, lleno full; the Spaniard pronounce them as lioro, calie, caliar, lieno.  
The Britain's or Welsh have also like the Spanish a particular sound of ll, which no other Nation can pronounce unless one be bred there very young; it is so difficult to the English that they are forced to turn it to fl, as Floyd for Lloyd, etc.   

M.  
M may be well called a labial letter as well as b, nay, 'tis a question which of them makes the lips meet first in an Infant. We read that the Phrygian child upon whom Ptolomey tried his conclusion▪ Which language was the most natural, spoke Be● first, which signifieth Bread in that language: But the ancient Britain's hold that m is the first letter which makes the lips meet, because there's no other word for Mother in Welsh then Mam, which all Infants, be they born under any Climate whatsoever, use to pronounce articulatly as soon as they come into the world.  
M is pronounced clear in the beginning, meanly in the midst, and obscurely in the conclusion of a word in English; but 'tis always prolated with a kind of humming, as Mamalukes Mamaluques, Marjerom Origano, Mamora Mamora, martyrdom martyrio, etc.   

N.  
N in English is pronounced as in Spanish, (and other languages;) but in the Spanish tongue it hath this singularity, as to have a straight stroke on the top, as for example ñ, and then she must be pronounced as if i immediately followed her, as Fue lafoy Negra all baño, y tuvo que Contàr todo el año, The Negre went to the Bath, and she had news enough for the whole Twelvemonth; in this Proverb baño and año must be pronounced as if they were written banio, anio. This letter n ringeth somewhat in the Nose, and hath three degrees of sounds, full in the beginning, weak in the middle, and flat at the end of a word.   

P.  
P may be called the third labial letter after b and m, for she also makes the lips meet: In the Italian she is often metamorphosed to an u, as soprano sourano, coperta coverta.   

Q.  
Qhath much encroched upon the freehold that k had in former times among our Saxon Progenitors, who scarce knew this bum letter q, but before the Norman Conquest they writ kuill for quill, kuire for choir, etc. But the French-Normans bringing in divers Latin words, as question, quantity, quintessence, and others, much trenched upon the Saxon k; yet this q is so beggarly a letter, that unless u follow she hath no being in English.   

R.  
R. There is a most mighty populous Nation next the Sunrising called the Chineses, who read and write perpendicular not collateral, that have not the letter R at all, therefore they call their next neighbour the Tartar, Tata, leaving out both the R's: And it may be the reason is, because R is the Dog's letter, and seems to snarl in the sound, — sonat haec de nare canina litera, This letter sounds of a Dog's nostril. The French women do oftentimes out of wantonness leave it unpronounced at the end of words. In English 'tis pronounced as in other languages.   

S.  
S, though it be called the Serpent's letter because of her hissing sound, as also for her shape, yet she hisseth but gently against the gums; she varieth her powers much in our pronunciation, in the beginning she hath a quick sound, as Sables z ebeliu● Sabbath Sabado, etc. but in the middle and end of words, unless she go doubled, she is pronounced meltingly as z, as Rose rosa, wise sabio, gems ●oyas, rhymes rimas, etc. but if the s be doubled, it is pronounced hard and sharp, as Distress, oppress, less, dress, tress, etc.   

T.  
T hath one constant prolation, except where it precedes i, towards the ends of words, as Generation, action, nation, faction, generation, action, nation, faction, etc. and then 't turns to c, as those words use to be written in Spanish.   

X.  
X hath scarce the account of a letter in the English, because there's never a word in the whole language that begins with it; in the middle it comes often, as Sixty, vex, perplex, sex, etc. And it ends many words, as Pox 'las buvas, flax estopa, Fox raposa, six seys; which sound as if they were written Pocks, flacks, Focks, sicks: For x hath the prerogative to be made up of three Consonants, (which no other letter hath) viz. k, c and s, which being so, the Anagram that was made of Uxor and Orcus was not unwitty,— Uxor & Orcus idem. But x is very frequent in the Spanish, both in the beginning middle, and end of words; which came from the Moors, who for 700. years did almost inhabit the greatest part of Spain, and by so long coalition infected them with a guttural tone.   

Z.  
Z is the last of all the letters, and 'tis properly so, being commonly the last sound that one makes in the mouth at his going out of the world, when he begins to throttle: There are but two or three words in all the English Tongue (besides some Greek proper names) that begin with z, viz. Zeal, zealous, zealot, with some terms of Astronomy, as Zone, Zenith, Zodiac.  
And so much of single letters.    

Of Syllabes or Syllables.  
Having done with the Elements or simples of Speech, we will now proceed to the compounds of letters, and first of syllables.  
A Syllable is part of a word, which may of itself make a full articulate sound; it is sometimes (as 〈◊〉 Spanish also) of one letter, as Amazed espantado, 〈◊〉 quippage aparejo, imagination imagination, ominous desastroso, usurer logrero; where a, e, i, o and u is the beginning make a syllable of themselves.  
A syllable of more letters is made either of Dithongs or Vowels only, as Aider ayudador, auditor audienciero, eating comiendo: Now though a Vo● el hath the privilege to make a syllable of her sel● yet no Consonant can do so, unless it shake han● with a Vowel. Syllables with a Consonant are e●ther of two letters, as No no; or of three, as th● which in the English useth often to be written shoth● thus, the; or of more letters, as That, then, with, aquello, entonces, con; which are written short, that y w th'; of 5. letters, as There, which, alla, que; which are written short, y which.  
There are some syllables that have two Consonants to one Vowel, as Cry grido; some three, as Dr●● ramera; some 4. as Dregs heces; some 5. as Strin● cuerda; some 6. as Strength fuerça; some syllable have 7. Consonants to one Vowel, as Strengths ●●●erça; but that's the utmost number: And 'tis observable what a virtu a little Vowel hath, to give 〈◊〉 to so many Consonants. But the Pole hath 〈◊〉 Consonants attending one Vowel, in so much than when he speaks he hurls his words at one's fa● like stones.  
Touching the position or quantity of syllable there is no language, I know of, hath exact rules, restraints, examples and cautions to that purpo●● but the Greeks and Latins; there is not so much 〈◊〉 and trouble used in the English or Spanish (or 〈◊〉 other Occidental Tongue) because their metric Compositions, Verses and Rhymes are merely drived from an instinct of Nature, such as Arist● speaks of, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, viz. Of a volu●tary and natural free composition, without 〈◊〉 enslaud so much to the quantity of syllables. 〈◊〉 were the Greeks before Homer, nor the Roman b●● fore Livius Andronicus, so curious in observing punctually the length and shortness of syllables.  
It is consentaneous to order and reason, we 〈◊〉 now speak of the Accents of syllables, which 〈◊〉 it were the tuning or the toning of the voice, and the not observing of the Accent may make a word to be in danger of mis-tuning. For there are multitudes of words which are written alike, and have punctually the same letters, yet have they clea● contrary pronunciations, as Désert a wilderness, de●sierto, and Desèrt mericimiento; tórment tormento tormènt atormentàr; óbject objecto, objèct objectàr; incense insenso; cónvert convertido, conjure convertìr: Now 'tis the Accents duty to make 〈◊〉 pronounce aright, and where we find the Accen● we must give a force and Emphasis to that syllable.  
In Adverbs commonly the Accent is in the 〈◊〉 syllable, as Mèrrily alegrament, hèavily tristement. Dissyllable and trissyllable words have also mo●● commonly the Accent in the first syllable, as Wìnter Invierno, Sómmer Estio, Síngular singulàr, péssilence pestilencia, pròvidence providencia. Words also terminating in able, be they of 3. or 4. syllables, have the Accent in the first, as Fàble fabul●, sènsible sensible, sòciable amiable: except Abominable abominable, detèstable detestable, etc. Words terminating in tion or sion, have commonly the Accent in the syllable next before, as Conténtion contienda, confúsion confusion, abominátion abomination: But the Spaniard hath always the Accent is the last syllable of such words.  
All Dissylables ending in is, ry, oer, el, et, Slávish●clavoso ●clavoso, màrry esposar, hòver meneàr, dàmsel donzella, pácket paquete, gámmon pernil, bácon toci● Words ending in nt have the Accent commonly in the last, as Lament lament, contènt contentamiento, extènt extension, etc.  
We come now to the quality of words, to know whether they are Primitives or Derivatives. Most of the primitive words in the English Tongue are Monosyllables; go unto a man's body from top to toe, the parts thereof are all Monosyllables, as Head cabeça, heart coraçon, guts entrañas, knee rodilla, foot pie, etc. which clearly discovers her to be a daughter of the High-Duch. The Spanish clean contrary abound and delight in words of many syllables; and where the English expresseth himself in one syllable, he doth in 5. or 6. as Thoughts pensamientoes, fray levantamiento, etc. which is held a part of wisdom, for while they speak they take time to consider of the matter.  
There are also simple words and compounded words, as Love amòr, lovely amoroso; man varòn, manly varonìl; wise sabio, unwise necio: And herein, I mean in point of composition of words, the English Tongue is as happy, and as hardy as any language, except the Greek, (which goes beyond all other in that kind:) For the English doth often join and coagment two Substantifs together, as 〈◊〉 cortadòr de bolsas, self-love amor de si mesmo, 〈…〉 de molino; and sometimes there's a 〈…〉 Substantifs in one word, as Tap-house-kee●●●▪ bodegonero, a Foot-ball-player jugadora pelota, etc.   

Of the Parts of Speech in the English Tongue.  
There be Eight Parts of Speech in the English Tongue, as in other Languages, viz. Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection; whereunto we add the prepositive articles The and A, which the Latin only lacks; whereof the first is definite and terminats the understanding, as The sword la espada, the book el libro, which denotes some particular book or sword; the other is indefinite, as A sword una espada, a book un libro, which denote the general Idea of swords and books. There is also another difference 'twixt the articles The and A, viz. that the first may be applied to the plural number also, as The swords 'las espadas; but the article▪ A is applied to the singular number only. Proper names are incapable of these articles. Now of the parts severally by themselves.   

Of Nouns.  
Nouns are either Substantifs, which can stand and be understood by themselves, as Church Yglesia, sheet call; or they are Adjectifs, which signify no real thing, unless they be applied to some Substantif, as White blanco, fair lindo, etc. The English Tongue hath this singularity above other languages, (but she is nothing the more commendable for it) that he useth to put the Adjectif before the Substantif, as Brown bread baço pan, a wise man sabio hombre; whereas other Nations postpose the Adjectif, and say Pan baço Bread brown, hombre sabio a man wise.  
Noun Substantifs are either Common, as Bridg puente, River rio; or Proper, as Rialto Rialto (a particular bridge in Venice) Severn Sabrina; or Personal, as Charles Carlos, Katherine Catalina.  
There are five Genders that belong to these Nouns, the Masculine, which comprehends all Males under a masculine Idea, as Bulls toros, men hombres, etc. The Feminin, which comprehends whatsoever is of a female kind, as Woman hembra, Does ciervos. The Neuter gender, whose notion conceives neither sex, under which are comprised all inanimat things, as Cities, Rivers and Ships; for though there be names of other Genders, yet they are spoken of as she's; as Eboracum York, Rhenus the Rhine, the Charles Royal. The fourth is the Epicene or promiscuous gender, which understands both kinds, as dogs, horses, deer; under which words both sexes are intimated, as Hounds and Bitch's, Geldings and Mares, Bucks and Does. The fifth is the common or rather doubtful Gender, which hath a near affinity with the former, as friend, gossip, neighbour, cousin, etc. which comprehend either sex: But in Spanish (and other languages) they are distinguished by their masculine and feminin terminations, as Amigo amiga, vezino vezina, prim● prima, etc. which is an advantage the English Tongue hath of others.  
Diminutifs are proper to all Languages; in English the Diminutifs of some Substantifs end in ell, as Cock cockerel, part parcel, etc. some in ing, as Goose gosling, duck duckling, etc. some in ock, as Bull bullock, hill hillock: some in et, as Baron Baronet, etc. There are also Diminutifs of Adjectifs, as Cold coldish, black blackish, green greenish, etc.  
There are likewise divers Diminutifs of proper names in English, both of men and women, as Christopher Kitt, Gregory Grigg, Richard Dick, Magdalen Maudlin, Katherine Kate, Elizabeth Bess, etc. but there are some names which bear no Diminutifs, as Peter, james, Stephen, etc. but the Spaniard herein hath more Diminutifs and Sub-diminutifs than any other language, as Simòn, Simoncico, Simoncillo, Simoncilillo; Miguel, Miguelico, Miguelillo; Catalina, Catalinica, Catalalinilla, etc.  
The English Adjectifs have their degrees of Comparison, as well as those of other languages; nay, to some words they have two Comparatifs and Superlatifs, which other languages have not; they express the one either by the word more, or adding ere to the end of the Positif, as Wise more wise or wiser, stout more stout or stouter, etc. so the Superlatif is expressed either by the word most, or adding est to the end of the Positif, as Wise most wise or wisest, stout most stout or stoutest. But from this general rule few are excepted, as good better best, bade worse worst, little lesser least. Adjectifs which end in ous admit of Comparatifs and Superlatifs only by the Words m●ore or most, as Glorious, more glorious, most glorious; so Specious, famous, victorious, etc.  
The English Adjectifs commonly have no Plural number, but the singular serves for both, which is a great ease to the language, as Stout man stout men, wise man wise men: But the Substantifs have their Plurals, some terminating in s, as King Kings, stag stags, park parks, wood woods, etc. Others terminat in n, as Man men, Woman women, Ox Oxen, hose hoses: As in all other languages so there are some irregular words, (though they be few) that swerve from the former terminations; as the plural of Mouse is mice, of Louce louse, of Tooth teeth, of Foot feet, etc.  
There are some Substantifs that admit of no plural number at all, (and they are weighty ones) as Gold, silver, Brass, Copper, Tinn, and all Minerals; (no more have they in the Spanish, as Oro, plata, bronza, cobre, estaño) with divers other, as rest, bread, etc. these Substantifs have the plural only, as goods, riches, necessaries, etc. where it is observable that necessaries the Substantif, is begot of the Adjective necessary.  
We come now to the Pronouns, so called because they stand sometimes for Nouns; we will take them in their degrees, and begin with the Persons, I, tho●, he, we, ye, they: which are declined thus:  

The first Person.  Plural. Singular. Nom. I Yo We Nosotros Gen. of me of us Dat. to me to us Accus. me us Voc. o me o we Abl. with or from me. with or from us.  

The second Person.  Singular. Plural. Nom. Thou Tutor Ye Vosotros Gen. of thee of you Dat. to thee to you Accus. thee you Voc. thou o you Abl. from or with thee. from or with you.  

The third Person.  Singular. Plural. Nom. He el ò aquel They elloes Gen. of him of them Dat. to him to them Accus. him them Voc. o he o they Abl. with or from him. with or from them.  
There are in English four Pronouns possessives, My or mine, mi ò mio; my comes always before a word beginning with a Consonant, as My cloak mi capa, my hat mi sombrero, etc. Mine comes always before a Substantif beginning with a Vowel or h, as Mine Aunt mi Tia, mine heritage mi her●ncia, etc. but mine stands oftener by itself for a possessif, specially in answer to a question, as Whose sword is this? mine; whose Glove is that? mine, The Plural of my and mine is our ours, which also are possessifs.  
The second Possessif is Thy thine, as Thy house tu casa, thine arm tu braço, thine hand tu mano; and thine as mine come before a word beginning with a Vowel. Thine also stands for a Possessif of itself to a question, as Whose land is that? Thine; cuya a tierra es aquella? la tuya. The Plural of thy thine is you yours, which are also Possessifs.  
The third Possessif is Her hers, with their Plurals their theirs; as Her Distaff sum rueca, her Maiden head so Virginidàd; whose ring is this? hers. But the Spanish (nor the Italian and French) hath not this distinguishing feminin Possessif, but useth so and suyo for both.  
Which, who and that are Relatif Pronouns, depending on the words before, but which and why properly relate to living things, and that to inanimat; as The man which preached yesterday, the Lady who passed this way, the stones that went to build Paul's, &c. What and Whose are Interrogative Pronoun, and so are the foresaid which and wh● sometimes.  
There are some compounded Pronouns, as myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, the self same, etc.   

Of a Verb.  
VErb is one of the most principal and necessary parts of Speech: nay, it may be called the Genius and Soul of Speech, for pack all the words of the world together, no Sentence, whether Interrogative or other, can be made without it; for what Vowels are to Words, the same Verbs are to Speech, they animat both; which makes it have such a latitude in the Latin tongue, that the word Verbum extends to all parts of Speech.  
A Verb in English as in Spanish (and all other languages) hath 3. Tenses or distinctions of times the Present-tence, as I pray or do pray; the time past, as I prayed or did pray; the Future or time to come, as I shall or will pray. The Terminations 〈◊〉 Verbs in English is the same both in the singular and plural number, (except the second and third people in the singular) as I live, we, ye, they live, etc. 〈◊〉 not so in Spanish, as you vivo nos vivimos, etc. 〈◊〉 in other languages, which is a mighty advantage and ease for the learning of the English language.  
There are in English Verbs Aclifs, Passifs and Neuters, as in other Tongues, as I love you quiero, 〈◊〉 Actif: I am loved you soy querido, is Passif by addition of the Auxiliary Verb Am, soy: the Neuter verb is where am cannot be added, as I live vivo, I weep lloro, etc.  
There are in English, as in other languages, four cadences and Conjugations of Verbs: Verbs of the first Conjugation some end in all, as to Call llamar, to fall cayer, to install, to enthral, etc. whose Participles are made by addition of ing and d at the end, as calling called, installing installed, etc. Some end in are, as to dare, to pair, to share, etc. whose Participles also end alike, as pared paring, etc. Some end in ace, as to chase, to face, to grace, to lace, to trace, to embrace, etc. whose Participles also are made like the former.  
Verbs of the second Conjugation some end in ear, as to bear, to shear, to tear, to wear, etc. whose Participles end in ing and orne, as borne, shorn, torn, bearing, shearing, tearing. Some Verbs end in ease, as to ease, to please, to displease, etc. Some end in ead as to lead, to knead, to read, to spread, to tread, etc. Some in ind, as to bind, to find, to wind, to grind, etc. Some in end, as to bend, to send, to lend, etc.  
Verbs of the third Conjugation some end in ite, as to bite, to write, to indite, etc. Some end in ight, as to fight, to fright, to light, to plight, to right, etc. Some end in ell, as to quell, to tell, to sell, etc. Some in ink, as to drink, to sink, to sink, to think, to shrin●, etc.  
Verbs of the last Conjugation some terminat in), as to cry, to die, to fly, to lie, to try, etc. Some in ire, as to hire, to desire, to inquire, etc. Some end in in, as to shine, to dine, to fine, to decline, to uncline, to confine, etc. Among which Verbs it is to be noted, that the Monosyllable Verbs come from the Dutch, the other from the French. Note also that all Participles of the Present-tence end in ing, of the Preter-●ence in d, most commonly in all English Verbs, except some Irregulars, which is left to observation.   

Of the two Auxiliary Verbs, I have you he ò tengo, and I am yo soy.  
These Verbs I have and I am are called the Auxiliaries, and are most subservient to all other Verbs; for without the second there could be no Verb Passif, and without the first there would be no Participles of the Preter-tense: Therefore being so useful 'tis requisite they should be here declined at large; and first of I have, because it is also auxiliary to I am.   

The Conjugation of the Verb I have.  
The Indicative or declaring Mood.  

Present tense.  
I have, thou hast, he hath: we have, ye have, they have.   

Preterimperfect tense.  
I had, thou hadst, he had: we had, ye had, they had.   

Preterperfect tense.  
I have had, thou hast had, he hath had: we have had, ye have had, they have had.   

Future tense.  
I shall or will have, thou shalt or wilt have, he shall or will have: we shall or will have, ye shall or will have, they shall or will have.   

The Imperatif or commanding Mood.  
Have thou, let him have: let us have, have ye, let them have.   

The Optatif or wishing Mood. Present tense.  
Oh that I had, oh that thou hadst, oh that he had: oh that we had, oh that he had, oh that they had.   

Preterperfect tense.  
I should have, thou shouldst have, he should have: we should have, ye should have, they should have.   

The Subjunctif Mood. Present tense.  
If or in case that I have, if or in case thou hast, if or in case he had: if or in case we have, if or in case ye have, if or in case they have.   

Infinitif Mood.  
To have, aver, Having aviendo.   

The Auxiliary Verb I am. The Indicative or declaratory Mood. Present tense.  
I am, thou art, he is: we be or are, ye be or are, they be or are.   

Preterimperfect tense.  
I was, thou wast, he was: we were, ye were, they were.   

Preterperfect tense.  
I have been, thou hast been, he hath been: we have been, ye have been, they have been.   

Future tense.  
I shall be, thou shalt be, he shall be: we shall be, ye shall be, they shall be.   

The Imperative or commanding Mood.  
Be thou, let him be: let us be, be ye, let them be.   

The Optatif or wishing Mood. Present tense.  
God grant I be, God grant thou be, God grant he be: God grant we be, God grant ye be, God grant they be.   

Preterperfect tense.  
Would God I were, would God thou wert, would God he were: would God we were, would God ye were, would God they were.   

The Conjunctive Mood. Present tense.  
Seeing that I am, seeing that thou art, seeing that he is: seeing that we be, seeing that ye be, seeing that they be.   

Preterperfect tense.  
Although I be, although thou be, although he be: although we be, although ye be, although they be.   

The Infinitif Mood.  
To be, to have been, being.  
Note, that Verbs of all Conjugations in English have their Passifs generally ending in d, as I love yo amo, I am loved you soy amado; I fear yo temo, I am feared yo soy temido; I fire yo quemo, I am fired yo soy quemado, etc. Except Verbs ending in ell, who commonly have their Passifs ending in old, as I tell I am told, I sell vendo, I am sold soy vendido, etc. As also Verbs ending in ind, who commonly have their Passifs in ound, as I bind ato, I am bound soy atado; I find hallo, I am found soy hallado; I grind molo, I am ground soy molido, etc. As also divers Verbs whose Actifs end in ear, have their Passifs in orn, I swear juro, I am sworn soy jurado; I tear lacero, I am torn soy lacerado, etc. But in Spanish estoy serves to make a Paffif as often as soy, as shall be noted in the Spanish Grammar. Now the difference 'twixt ser and estàr is, that ser signifies the essence of a thing, as ser bueno to be good; estàr signifieth the local condition of a thing, as estàr ●n Londres, To be in London, etc.    

An Instance for the declining of a Verb both Actif and Passif in English, 〈◊〉 may serve for all other.  
The Indicatif or declaratory Mood.  

The Present t●nse.  
Actif. Passif. I desire I am desired thou desirest thou art desired he desireth: he is desired: we desire we are desired ye desire ye are desired they desire. they are desired.   

The Preterimperfect tense.  
I did desire I was desired thou didst desire thou wast desired he did desire: he was desired: we did desire we were desired ye did desire ye were desired they did desire. they were desired.   

The Aorist or Preterperfect tense.  
I desired I was desired, as before. thou desiredst  he desired:  we desired  ye desired  they desired.    

The Preterpluperfect tense. Here the Verb, I am, turns to the auxiliary Verb, I have.  
I had desired I had been desired thou hadst desired thou hadst been desired he had desired: he had been desired: we had desired we had been desired ye had desired ye had been desired they had desired they had been desired   

The Future tense.  
I shall or will desire I shall or will be desired thou shalt or wilt desire thou shalt or wilt be desired he shall or will desire: he shall or will be desired: we shall or will desire we shall or will be desired ye shall or will desire ye shall or will be desired they shall or will desire. they shall or will be desired.   

The Imperatif or Mood of command.  
Desire thou Be thou desired let him desire: let him be desired: let us desire let us be desired desire ye be ye desired let them desire. let them be desired.   

The Optatif or wishing Mood.  
The Present tense.  
God grant I desire God grant I be desired god grant thou desire god grant thou be desired god grant he desire: god grant he be desired: god grant we desire god grant we be desired god grant ye desire god grant ye be desired god grant they desire. god grant they be desired   

The Preterperfect tense.  
Would I desired Would I were desired would thou desir'st wood thou wert desired wood he desired: would he were desired: would we desired would we were desired would ye desired would ye were desired would they desired. would they were desired.   

The Conjunctif Mood.  
Present tense.  
Seeing that I desire Seeing that I am desired seeing that thou desirest seeing that thou art desired seeing that he desireth: seeing that he is desired: seeing that we desire seeing that we be desired seeing that ye desire seeing that ye be desired seeing that they desire. seeing that they be desired.   

Preterimperfect tense.  
Although I desire Although I be desired although thou desirest although thou be desired although he desires: although he be desired: although we desire although we be desired although ye desire although ye be desired although they desire. although they be desired.   

The Infinitif Mood.  
To desire To be desired to have desired to have been desired desiring. being desired.  
According to this Example other Verbs Actif (unless they be Irregulars) and Passif may be formed.  
There are also in English as in Spanish (and all other languages) Impersonal Verbs which are not distinguished by Persons, as it grives me, it irketh me me pesa, it behoveth me me importa, it concerns me me toca, etc.  
We have hitherto treated of the principal parts of Speech, we will now proceed to the rest, and first of   

Adverbs.  
An Adverb is a word without number that is joined to another, and it comes either before or after a word, as well-bred bien criado, better-bred meior criado, ill-bred mal criado, etc. But most Adverbs come after, with this syllable lie, as courageously animosament, devoutly devotament, etc. And as in English most Adverbs end in y, so in spanish and Italian) they end in ente, as the former examples show.  
Adverbs are either of quantity as much much●, too much demasiado, enough bastant-ement, together juntament, etc. Or they are Adverbs of quality, and first of number as once, twice, thrice, una vez, does vezes, tres veces; The second are of Time, as yesterday air, than entonces, when quando, presently luego, ever siempre, etc. The third are of Place, as here aquì, there allà where adonde, yonder acullà, etc. The fourth are of Affirmation or Negation, I, yea, yes, si; no, not, nay no; The fifth are of Calling, as ho, hola, or exhorting or approving, as so, so, well, well; Or of Wishing o, if: The sixth are of Similitude, as likewise, so, even so, assi, tambien, etc.   

Interjections.  
Interjections are either of mirth, as ha ha ha; or of grief, as Ah, alas, woe is me, hay ay de mignay de mi; or of rejection, as fie, fy-fy, ba; or of scorn, as tu●h, etc. st is an Interjection of silence; rr 〈◊〉 set dogs together by the ears.   

Prepositions.  
Prepositions are separable as before delante, behind atras, according segun, among entre, without sin, afore ants, under or below debaxo, against contra, opuesto, enfrente; over sober, near cerca, etc.  
Inseparable Prepositions are they which express nothing unless they be annexed to a word, as uncapable incapaz, undone deshecho, relief alivio, repress reprimir, resolution resoluciòn, etc.   

Conjunctions.  
Conjunctions are called so because 〈…〉 words together, as and y, my father and mother 〈◊〉 padre y mi madre, and this is called the 〈◊〉 conjunction. Some are severing as but 〈…〉 although, though aunque, some are does junctif as nor, neither, ni, nor I nor you, ni yo ni vos; some are of reasoning, as for porque, because para que; some are of Illation as therefore, wherefore, so that portanto, etc.   

Of the points of Words and Sentences.  
The English language as the Spanish (and others) hath her points or Notes of Sub-distinction, of Middle-distinction, and of a Full-distinction; which are called comma, colon, and period: A Sub-distinction or comma is a Note of a short breathing or pausing and is figured thus, The Middle-distinction hath a longer time of breathing, and is a perfect part of the period which is figured thus: The period is the entire whole sentence, and is Note● with a plain single point thus.  
There is also a Parenthesis which is two hal● Moons, and is figured thus () which though it 〈◊〉 an included sentence, yet albeit it be omitted the speech remains perfect.  
There is also a Note of Interrogation, and is figured thus?  
There is likewise a Circumflect which is used whe● a word is contracted, which goes thus figured▪  
There is besides a Note of Admiration which thus!  
And lastly, there is an Apostrophe when a 〈◊〉 is cut off and is figured thus▪ but the Span●●● Tongue to her greater commendation hath none this.     

Gramatica Inglesa.  
GRamatica es el Arte de Letras, como la palabra Griega 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (de la qual ella se deriva) denòta● de letras se hazen sylabas, de sylabas palabras, y de la coagmentacion de letras sylabas y palabras nace el Hablar ò Sermocination, lo qual es una de las mas eminentes prerogativas que tiene el Genero Humano sober 'las demas Criaturas sublunares; porque aunque algunas dellas por Arte y Dureza vengan a proferir ciertas palabras, toda via no entienden lo que hablan por falta de la Facultàd de la Razon, Siendo Hombre solo el hijo de Razon.  

De las Letras Ingleses, y de su pronunciation, con ciertas observaciones sobre ellas.  
Tocante el Abecedario (ò Alfabeto) de la Lengua Inglesa, tiene veynte quatro Letras en todo, las quales se escriven en grandes▪ y menudos Caractéres, los Grandes se figuran assi,   

ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQ RSTUWXYZ  
Estos grandes Caracteres se usan por los Numbers propios de personas, lugares, rios, etc. como Charles Carlos, Katherine Catalina, London Londres, Lisbon Lisbona, Severn Sabrina, Trent Trenta; Algunas dellas son de gran cuenta, porque son numericas, como I haze uno, V cinco, L cinquenta, C ciento, D quinjentoes, M mill.  
Los menudos caractéres se figuran assi, abcdefghiklmnopqrstuwxyz.  
Ahora, lo que los quatro Elementoes son en rispeto de todas criaturas corporeas en punto de Generation, lo mismo son las Letras a todos Lenguajes, en punto de Pronunciation; y como de los Elementoes, aunque pocos en numero, tan infinitas differentes species de criaturas son produzidas, como de sus primitivos y simples principios; Assi de tan pocas letras tanta infinidad de differentes Vocablos son compuestos, y inombrables Volumes, escritoes y imprimidos, lo qual es una especulation que ha caydo en el entendimiento de pocos.  
Estas Letras se dividen en Vocales y Consonantes, llamadoes assi porque no tienen algun sonido sin aver un vocal ò adelante ò atras, como B tiene e atràs, F tiene e adelante por hazerse pronunciable: Destos consonantes quatro ay que se llaman Liquidas, porque se van diritiendo en la boca, y hazen la pronunciation mas blanda, las quales Liquidas son l m n r.  
Los Vocales son 5. aeiou, La Castellana tiene un Vocable (que ningun otra Lengua tiene) el qual comprehend todas 'las cinco, es a laber oveja; Verdad es que aquella transcendiente eterna palabra Jehova las tiene tambien, mas la letra h (que no es otra cosa sino una aspiration) se entrepone.  
Ahora, las letras Vocales merecen bien la precedencia de todas 'las demàs, porque ningun Consonante puede ser pronunciado sin que tenga una dellas adelante ●atràs (como se dezia ants) y por esto se llaman consonantes.  

A.  
La letra Vocal A es la primera letra de todas las otras en cada lenguage, y tiene esta prioridàd por ser el mas naturàl movimiento y abertura de los labios; Siendo tambien (segun Cicero n) la letra de Absolucion y de consuelo; El Frances tiene un Refran mucho por la honra de A, viz. Està señalado con A, que choir dezir es muy hombre de bien: Esta podrà ser la razon porque A tiene tanto dominio entre los Ingleses, porque ella (con The) sirve por articulo prepositivo a los Substantivos y tambien a los Adjectivos, como a man un hombre, a Knight un Cavallero, a sword una espada, a learned man un hombre cientifico, a valiant Knight un Cavallero valiente, a bright sword una espada luziente.  
A en Inglès tiene dos prolationes differentes, una abjerta y clara como Abraham, alabastro; La otra mas cerrada, y como a media boca: Mas in Español (y otros Lenguajes) tiene siempre la primcera prolation, como Da dios alas a la hormiga, para que se pierda mas ayna; un Refran que sentiende de los sobervios y ambiciosoes.  
A precedien●o lm en Ingles anega la letra l, y se buelue en u, como en calme bonança, que se pronuncia caume, Psalm Salmo Pseaume, Balm Balsam● balm; mas a recibe por esto un sonido mas abjerto, y does sylabas vienen a ser una larga.   

E.  
E la segunda letra Vocal, se pronuncia en Ingel●s, como en otras lenguas: Quando concluye una palabra ella se pronuncia floxament, ò con discuydo, como en There allà, Fire fuego, bare nudo: El Español haze lo mesmo, como Alcayde a Warden▪ combat a fight, combite a feast, escabeche pickle, Azavache Jet, padre father, madre mother: mas en el articulo prepositivo The el ò lafoy, e tiene siempre una pronunciacion aguda. Adonde e viene tras l teriendo dos Consonantes adelante, una estraña transposition acontece porque ella salta antes de l tomando el sonido de i, como epistle se pronuncia epistle, epistola; Thistle thistle, cardo; little little, poco; prickle pri●kel, espina, etc. E passa tambien obscurament quando ella concluye la postrera sylaba de un vocablo con el consonante n atras, como spoken hablado, broken quebrado, coffer coffer, brews sopa, etc. Quando e precede d por concluyr una diction ella pierde a vezes el sonido con un Apostrofo, como tired cansado, se pronun●ia tired, restrained restrained; quande e viene en el medio dio delante de a anegala, pero haze assi la sy●aba mas larga, como beast bestia, disease enfermidàd, feast combite, etc.  
E y I tienen tall amistàd en Inglès que una supple el lugàr de la otra, y se usan indifferent ment a vezes, como Interchange ò Interchange, trueque; her ò her, ella; endure ò endure, sufrir; endeavour ò indevor, diligencia: Lo mesmo acontece en Españòl en ciertas palabras, como mismo ò mesmo, pedir ò pidir: El Italiano lo haze amenudo, como refiutare ò rifiutare, referire ò riferire, reputate ò riputare, màs el Florentino queda mas aficionado a i   

I.  
ay tiene un sonido muy particular en Inglès, que es different de los demàs lenguajes, porque el Españòl (y otr●os) siempre pronuncia i, como el Ingles su●le pronunciar ee, como Mitio me teeo, pimienta pepper, peemeeenta; cinco ceenco, etc. Màs el Ingles pronuncia i como si fuesse el Dipthongo ei, como pilot peilot, pilota; pipe peipe, sampoña; licence leicence, licencia: lafoy qual pronunciation es puro Anglicismo.  
I see puede llamar una letra amfibola, porque annque sea voc. l por su navidàd, toda via ella degenera muy amenudo en consonante, (lo que ella nunca haze en la Hebrea y Grièga) el qual Consonante tiene una affinidad con la letra g, de surety que ella puede pedir does caracteres teniendo ansi dos capacidades, como James jago, se pronuncia Giames'; Javelin javelina, giavelin; joy alegria, gioy; Jeffrey Godefrido, Gieffrey, etc.   

O.  
La letra vocàl o se pronuncia con boca mas redonda que las demas, por esto tiene una figura orbicular; es letra de mucha inconstancia en Inglès; A vezes tiene un sonido abjerto, como en collar collàr, corn grano, cross cruz, Crocodile Crocodilo, etc. A vezes ella se pronuncia mas flacament, como en colour colour, Cousin primo, mother madre, tomando ansi el sonido de u.  
Sober la u, o tiene un sonido rezio, como round rodondo, sound sonido, bound atado, etc. Mas en la postrera sylaba delante de n ella pierde so sonido, como en devotion, compassion, person: Delante de double ● ò W, tambien ella quita su sonido naturàl, tomando ●l de u, como hollow hollu, hueco; Tallow tallu, cevo, etc.  
Quando o fenece un vocablo se pronuncia reziament en Inglès, como en estas Monosylabas, Go andìd, so assi, no no, etc. Aunt's del v consonant o tiede varias pronunciaciones, como Glove guante, Dove paloma, grove arb●leda, Jove jupiter. Prisciano's dize que ciertos lugares en Italia no tenian o mas u en sulugar, y en otros lugares no tenian u, sino o en su ●ugàr, como leemos en los Autores antiguos muy amenudo Volgus, poblicum, polchrum, colpam; y ●asta lo dicho desta letra inconstant.   

V.  
La letra vocàl u common i tiene privilegio deha●erse consonante muy amenudo, por tanto algunos las llaman las letras mestizas: V por sum nudeza nunca fenee algun vocablo en Inglès, màs se fortificà con ●n Diptongo, y otras vezes toma e por seguirla, como en estas instancias, new nuevo, knew conocia, blue azùl, true verdadero, etc. A vezes el Inglès pronuncia u como el Francès en manera de syluàr, el qual sonido es different del Español y el Italiano, los quales la pronuncian como oo, como uno oono, usanza oosanza, etc. Mas en Inglès y Francès u se pronuncia como fuesse un Diptongo de ewe, como Cocu cornudo, Cubit codo, se pronuncian como si fuessen escritas Cokew, Kewbit. El Tudesco està sugeto de tornàr b en v a vezes, como ay un donozo cuento de un Aleman, qui complementando su huespeda Francesa dixo, Mà foy Madame vous avez veaux enfans, A fe señora teneys hijos muy bizerros, en lugar que avia de dezir beaux enfans, hijos bizarros.   

W ò double vu.  
W ò double vu se pronuncia en Inglès con mayòr redondèz de los labios que la letra O, y con mucha mas fuerça especialment si h sigue immediatament, como whale balena, wheel rueda, whirligig peonça; pero adonde h no sigue tient una prolacion mas mansa, como en whirlwind remolino, do la primera w es mucho mas emfatica que la postrera.  
Los Tudescos mismos, donde los Ingleses sacan su Originàl y lenguage, no pueden pronunciar w ante de h por esto dizen wat p●r what, were por where, que es sendl que el Inglès tiene mejores livianos en el pecho.  
El Españòl no tiene esta letra w, ni menos el Italiano y el Francès.   

Y.  
Y se pronuncia como ay, toda via ella queda mas constant a si mesma como teniendo en disden de degever àr de so primero ser, y de vocal haçerse consonant; por tanto ella puede bien merecer el titulo de la 〈◊〉 de Filosofia, ò lafoy letra de Pythagora.  
Y en Francês tiene tall peso que ella haze a vezes un vocablo de por si como voulez vous y aller, Quereys your allà, tambien es Adverbio de lugar y persona: En Español ella frequentement haze una sylaba de por si como en yxar, yzar, etc.    

De los Dipthongos.  
Basta lo que dicho es de las letras Vocales que se pueden llamàr los ligamentoes ò 'las Arterias que atan los huessos ò consonantes; y los vivifican que sin esto sirian common troncos muertos: Agora passaremos a los Dipthongos Ingleses, y por ser compuestos de los Vocales es bien razon que precedan a los cons●nantes.  
Los Dipthongos juntan unos Vocales para que pisendan proferir un sonido mesclado, de surety que does sonidos se juntan en una sylaba: Los Dipthongos Ingleses son diez, el primero ai ò ay, como maid moça, afraid amedrentado, May Mayo, day dia: el segundo au ò awe, co●o austero austero, authentik authentico, law ley, awe obediencia: el tercer● ea, como East Levant, Earl Conde: el quatro ei, como weight peso, straight derecho: el 5. ewe, como dew rocio, few pocos: el 6. oi ò oy, como toil trabajo, soil tierra, boy muchacho, joy gozo: el 7. 00, como food bastimentoes, good bueno: el 8. ou ò owe, como stout animoso, tongue lengua, now agora: el 9 üi ò üy, como juice çumo: el postrero üoy, como buoy.  
No ay mass de tres palabras en Inglès en las quales se hallan eo por Diptongo, viz. people pueblo, jeopatd riesgo, yeoman labrador. El Diptongo ae no se usa en Inglès ò en Español.   

De los Consonantes.  

B.  
B es el primer Consonante y la segunda letra del Abecedario; ella es la primera que junta los labios despues de nacidos, por tanto se ●ama la letra labial: En Inglès B se pronuncia como en otros lenguages, mas no siempre como en Español, donde ella se confunde muy amenudo con u en muchos vocablos, como Bisoño ò Visoño a young Soldier, bimbrera ò vimorera an Ozier. En Griego tambien 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 raese tornae much as vezes en 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, que hizo el Tudesco dezir donosament, Si Beta est Veta, tunc bibere est vivere. Màs lafoy may or alabança de B es, que ella es la letr● de Innocencia, por ser el tono de la oveja, que es emblema de la Innocencia.   

C.  
Algunos' criticos Autores ay qui no quedan aficionado a la letra C, llamandola la letra mestiza, siend● ni varon ni hembra, mas un monstro ò espiritu, que por sus imposturas ella toma los sonidos de sk q, que ella es superflua a causa del mesmo sonido que tiene con ellas; mas sin duda elloes sengañan, porque com● podriamos pronunciar Cheshire cheese, chisel, Chivalry, y otros vocablos sin ella? En la l●ngua Italiana ella emprunta tambien el sonido de g algunas vezes, como castigo por gastigo, En Castellano (y Francès) quaendo se pronuncia como s, ella and a suportada con un semicirculo abaxo ç, y entonees ella se llama C cedilla, como çaratan the canker, çapato a shoe, çarça a bramble, etc. que van pronunciados como si fuessen escritas saratan, sapato, sarsa.   

D.  
D es una tan delicada letra en Ingles, que ella no admite algun otro Consonante de seguilla eceto R, como dreams sueños, drink bevida, drop gota, dragon drago, drum atambor, etc. ella se pronuncia en Inglès, como en otros lenguajes, mas en Español quando se halla entre dos Vocales, ò ants qual quire otro en medio ò en la fin de una palabra, ella se va derritiendo en th', como el Ingles las pronuncia en that ò the, como Dadivas entran sin taladro, las quales palabras van pronunciados como si fuessen escritas, Dathivas entran sin talathro: Lafoy lengua antigua de los Bretones correspond con la Castellana en esto, porque elloes pronuncian dd en la mesma manera, como Heb ddew heb d●im, Nada sin Dios.   

F.  
F tiene la honra de hazer uno de los mas altos tonos en la Musica, y que es mas, de ser la primera letra de la mas alta virt●ud espirituàl es a saber la Fe: Ella se pronuncia en Inglès como en otros lenguajes.   

G.  
G en Ingles tiene does differentes pronunciationes, una delante de a, o, thou, como guard guarda, gold oro, gulf gulf, etc. Otra delante de e y i, como Gentleman hidalgo, German Tudesco, Gibbet horca, Gian● gigante, etc. toda via muchos vocablos ay que quando ella precede i, se pronuncia como delante de a, o, thou, como giddy vertiginoso, gift dàdeva, girdle cinta, etc.   

H.  
H es la letra del aliento ò aspiration, por tanto se puede llamàr la letra de la vida, porque sin aliento no ay vida; por tanto me ofpanto porque los Griegos no vinieron a dalla lugàr en su Alfabeto. Algunos' lafoy llaman un espiritu, màs sea espiritu, letra ò aspiration, el Abecedario scria sin aliento sin ella, otros la ilaman la Reyna de los consonantes.  
En algunas palabras h se escrive mas no tiene sonido, como en humour humòr, honour honra, humble humilde, host huesped, etc. 'las quales se pronuncian umor, onor, umble, oft.  
Th tiene dos sonidos en Inglès el uno fuerte comola Griega θ theta, como thunder trueno, Thursday jueves, thousand mil, thirsty sediento, thief ladron, thought pensamiento, etc. màs th' en otras palabras se pronuncian mansament, como d en Castellano, como this esto, that aquello, thine tuyo, thither là, thence de là, than entonces, thou tu, etc.  
Htras' w tiene unamas rezia aspiration en Inglès que en algun otro lenguage, como what que cosa, wheat trigo, wheel rueda, when quando, where adonde, whore puta, whale balena, etc.  
Ph se pronuncia en Inglès como en Español (y otras lenguas;) màs see observa que en Español y Italiano no se halla ph, porque elloes lafoy tornan en f, como Philosopher Filosofo, Philip Felipe, fantasy fantasia, etc.  
Ch se pronuncia en Inglès como en Español (y Italiano tambien) como China, chamber cama, chee●e queso, cherry cereza, etc. En los qualos vocablos ch se pronuncia como el Español pronuncia ch en Chico, chicon, chirlar, Màs el Francès pronuncia ch muy differentement como sh, como China Shina, Chalupa Shalupa, etc.   

K.  
K es traviessa que desdeña servir el Español ò el Italiano, ni el Latin ò el Francès, si no en esta palabra Kalendas, por tanto elloes see sirven de c en su lugàr; màs el Inglès las usa indifferentement; toda via k en Inglès no precede algun otro Consonante si no n, como Knight cavallero, knowledge ciencia, knave vellaco, knife cuchillo, knee rodilla, etc.   

L.  
L tiene la honra de haçer el mas alto tono en la Musica, porque ella tiene una prolation gentily mansa, por esso algunos la llaman 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, porque ella ablanda el techo de la boca.  
Los Ingleses pronuncian l como los Españoles, mas adonde se hallan ll en Castellano, sea en el principio ò en el medio de una palabra, la postrera l torna en i, como en lloro, call, callar, lleno, que se pronuncian como si fuessen escrias lioro, calie, caliar, lieno.  
Los antiguos Bretones en Ingalatierra tienen tambien un muy particular sonido de ll, el qual ningun otrà nation puede pronunciàr, si la persona no se cria entre ●llos muy moço; lafoy pronunciation es tan difficil all Inglès, que queda forçoso de tornalla en fl, como Floyd por Lloyd, etc.   

M.  
M bien se puede llamàr letra labial con b, y duda ay la qual dellas haçen juntar los labios primera en un 〈◊〉. Leemos que el Frigio Infante, deal qual el Rey Tolomeo se servia por sober qual lengua era la mas natural all genero umano, produzia primero Bec, que significa Pan en aquel lenguaje: Mas los antiguos Bretones en Ingalatierra tienen que m es la primera letra que haze juntar los labios, porque 〈◊〉 ay otr● vocablo por Madre en Inglès que Mam, que todos infant's nascanse debaxo de qualquier Clima que sea pronuncian articulatament luego que entran en el mundo.  
M se pronuncia clara en el principio, màs cerredament en el medio, y obscurament en la fin de un vocablo Inglès, como martyrdom martyrio, Marjerom Origano, Mammalucks Mamaluques, etc.   

N.  
N en Inglès se pronuncia como en Español, (y otros lenguajes;) màs en Castellano tiene esta singularidàd, de aver unariga direcha encima, exempli gratia fi, y entonces se deve pronunciàr como si i siguiesse immediatament, como en este Proverbio, Fue lafoy Negra all baño, y two que contar todo el año; en estas palabras baño y año han de pronunciarse como si fueran escritas banio anio. Esta letra ñ suena algo en las norizes, y tiene tres grados de sonidos en Inglès fuerte en el principio, flaco en en medio, y escurament en el fin.   

P.  
P see puede llamàr la tercera letra labial tras de b y m, car ella tambien hazen los labios toparse; en Italiano ella se transforma algunas vezes en u, como soprano sourano, coperta coverta.   

Q.  
Q se hà apoderado del lugar que k tenia en los siglos atras entre los antiguos Saxones nuestros tartar abvelos, los quales a penas conocieron esta letra culatica que màs ants de la Conquista Normana solian escrevir kuill por quill, penna; kuire por choir, coro, etc. màs los Franceses-Normanos trayendo consigo muchas palàbras Latinas, como question, quantity, quintessence, y otras, quitaron el uso de k; toda via q es tan pobre letra en Inglès, que no tiene lugar sin que u la siga immediatament.   

R.  
Ay una Nation muy populenta y grande hazia el Levant, llamada los Chineses, (los quales escriven y leer perpendicularment) qui no tienen lafoy letra R en sum Alfabeto, por esto llaman los Tartaros sus vezmos màs cercanos Tataos, y la razon puede ser porque la letra r se llama la letra canina ò perruna segun el Poeta, — sonat haec de nare canina litera, Esta letra suena de una nariz perruna: Por esto las mugeres de Francia la dexan sin pronunciar en fin de palabras muchas vezes'. En Inglès R se pronuncia como en Español y otras lenguas.   

S.  
S aunque sea llamada la letra serpentina a causa de su chifladura, y tambien por su figura; toda via ella chifla mansament contra las enzias: ella tiene diversas pronunciaciones en Inglès, en el principio tiene un sonido agudo, como en Sabbath Sabado, sable zebelina, etc. mas en el medio y fin de vocablos (si no va doblada) tiene un sonido manso como Z, como Rose, wise, gems, rhymes; mas donde ella va doblada se pronuncia agudament.   

T.  
La letra T tiene una prolation constant en Inglès, eceto que quando ella precede i hazia el fin de palabras, como en generation, action, faction, do 't torna en c, como se eseriven en Español, generation, action, faction.   

X.  
La letra X a penas tiene la estima de letra en Inglès, porque no ay ningun vocable qui comiença con ella; mas en el medio, y en la fin se halla amenudo, como en sixty sesenta, vex congojar, sex sexo, etc. tambien X concluye algunas palabras, como flax estopa, fox raposa, six seys, que se suenan como si fuessen escritas flacks, focks, sicks: Porque X tiene esta prerogativade ser compuesta de tres Consonantés (que ningun otra letra tiene) es a saber de c K s, loqual siendo assi el Anagramma de Orcus que se hizo de Uxor, era algo ingenioso,— Uxor & Orcus idem. En Espain ol la letra X se usa mucho en el principio, medio y fin de vocablos, que vino de los Moros, los quales tuvieron la mayor parte de España 700. añoes, como Xarcias', Xapin, Xarava, etc.   

Z.  
La letra Z es la postrera del Abecedario, y muy propiament, porque es el postrer sonido que se haze en la boca all salir del mundo; no ay en Inglès mas de los ò tres palabras en todo que comiençan con Z, viz. Zealous, zeal, zealot, con algunos terminos de Astronomia, como Zona, Zenith, Zodiaco, y ciertos numbers Griegos, como Xenefon, Xerxes, etc.  
Y basta lo que dicho es de las letras senzillas.    

De las Sylabas.  
Aviendo tradado de los Elementoes de Hablat, ●or a procederemos a las composiciones de letras y pri●ero de las sylabas.  
Sylaba es parte de palabra la qual rend un sonido ●●●iculado; see haze a vezes (como assi en Español) 〈◊〉 una sola letra, como amazed assombrado, equippage arejo, imagination imagination, ominous deastro●● usurer logrero; en los quales vocablos a, e, i, o, u en principio hazen una sylaba enter a de por si.  
Sylaba de mas letras està compuesta ò de Dipthon●● ò Vocales solos, como aider ayudadòr, auditor au●nciero, eating comiendo; not arse hà que aunque un 〈◊〉 puede hazer una sylaba, toda via ningun Conso●●te puede hazer lo sin un Vocàl añadido: Sylabas 〈◊〉 Consonante se hazende dos letras, como no; ò de 〈◊〉, como the el, que se suele escrevir corto en Inglès●esta ●esta manera the; ò see hazen sylabas de mas letras, como that, then, with, aquello, entonces, con, que se escriven cortas a vezes, como that y w th'; sylabas ●y de 5. letras, como there allà, which que, se escriven cortas assi y w th'.  
Sylabas ay qui tienen does Consonantes por un Vocàl, como cry grido; otras tienen tres, como drab puta; o●ras tienen 4. como dregs heces; otras 5. como string cuerda; otras 6. como strength fuerca; algunas sylabas ay qui tienen 7. Consonantes por un Vocàl, como strengths fuerça; lo que muestra quanta virtùd tiene 〈◊〉 Vocàl de poder dàr vida a tantos Consonantes. El Polacco tiene a vezes diez Consonantes s●rviendo un Vocal solo, de suerte que se dize que el Polacco quando habla arroja sus palabras common piedras en lal ●ara.  
Tocante la position ò cantidàd de sylabas, no ay otra lengua, que yo sepa, ecceto la Griega y la Latina, qui tiene algunas reglas ciertas para esto; no ay tanta ●arte y trabajoen Inglès ò Español, ò algun otro lenguaje Occidentàl porque sus composiciones metricas, ●versos y rimas se derivan del solo instinto de la Natura, y como dize Aristoteles, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, es a saber de una libre, y natural composition sin ●●ser cautivado a las cantidades de sylabas. Los Griegos tampoco antes de Omero, y los Romanos ants Livio Andronico, ●o eran tan curiosos en la observacion de la cantidàd de sylabas.  
Agora es consentaneo a la razon, que hablemos de los Accentos de sylabas, que son como los tonos de la voz, y no observando el accento puede ser que una palabra venga a ser muy mal pronunciada, como dèsert eremo, y desèrt mericimiento; tórment tormento, tormènt atormentado; óbject, object, objèct objectàr; íncense incenso; cònvert convertido, conuèrt convertàr: Agora toca all accento de hazernos pronunciàr rectament, y adonde se halla el accento es menester proferir aquella sylaba emfaticament y con mayor fuerça.  
Enlos Adverbios el Accento es ordinariament en la primera sylaba, como mèrrily alegrament, hèavily●ristemente ●ristemente. Las Dissylabas y Trissylabas tienen tambien por lo commun el accento en la sylaba primera, como Wìnter Invierno, Sómmer Estio, Síngular singular, pròvidence providencia. Vocablos tambien terminantes en able scene de 3. ò 4. sylabas tienen el accento en la primera, como Fable, sènsible, sòciable, àmiable; ecceto abóminable, detéstable. Palabras terminando en tion ò sion, tienen el accento ordinariament en la sylaba que precede, como conténtion contienda, confúsion confusion, abominátion abominacition: Màs en Espa●nol tiene el accento en tales vocables en la sylaba postrera.  
Cada Dissylaba feneciendo en is, ry, oer, el, et, ò on, tienen el accento en la primera sylaba, como slávish esclavoso, màrry esposàr, hòver meneàr, dàmsel donzella, pàcket paquete, gámmon pernil, bácon tocino. canon. Palabras fenecientes en nt tienen el accento communement en la postrera sylaba, como lamènt, extènt, contènt, etc.  
Agora venimos a la calidàd de palabras, por sabèr si son Primitivas ò Derivativas. La mayor parte de vocablos primitivos en Inglès son Monosylabos; los miembros del cuerpo lo son capapie, como head cabeça, heart coraçon, guts tripas, knee rodilla, foot pie: lo que discubre la Inglesa de ser Hija de la Tudesca. El Español todo al contrario se deleyta en Polysylabas; y adonde el Inglès sexprime en una sylaba, el se sirve de 5. ò 6. como thoughts pens amientoes, fray levantatamiento, etc. lo que se estima un punto de subiduria en el Español, porque mientras que habla tiempo toma para pensàr en la materia.  
Tambien ay en la lengua Inglesa vocablos simples y compuestos, como love amor, lovely amoroso; man varòn, manly vironìl; wise sabio, unwise necio: Y en est a composition de palabras, la lengua Inglesa es assi tan feliz, y atrevida que qualqueir otra, sacando fuera la Griega, que sobrepuja a todas en este particulàr; porque el Inglès suele juntar does Substantivos, como Cutpurse cortadòr de bolsas, self-love amòr de si mesmo, a Mill-horse cavalio de molino, etc. y algunas vezes una junta ay de tres Substantivos en un vocablo, como Tap-house-keeper bod●gonero, a Foot-ball-play jugador a pelota, etc.   

De las partes de Oracion en la Lengua Inglesa.  
Ocho parts ay de la Oracion en Inglès comoen otras lenguas, viz. Nome, Pronome, Verbo, Participio, Adverbio, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection; a las quales añadimos los Articulos The el ò lafoy, y A un una, que los Latino's no tienen, de los quales el primer Articulo es definito, y termina el entendimiento, como The sword la espada, the book el libro, que denota una particular espada ò libro; el otro Articulo es indefinito, como A sword una espada, a book un libro, que denotan la Idea general de espadas y libros. Ay otra differencia entre The y A, porque The se puede aplicar all numoro plural tambien, como the swords las espadas; mas el Articulo A se aplica solo all singulàr. Los Nombres propios son incapazes destos articulos. Agora de las parts cada una de por si.   

De Nombre.  
Ay Nombre Substantivo y Adjectivo, el primero se puede entender de si mismo, como Yglesia a Church, call a street, etc. El Adjectivo no tiene realidad alguna sin que se aplique a un Substantivo, como Blanco white, lindo fair, etc. El Inglès tiene esta singularidàd sober otras lenguas, (mas no merece mucho loor por ello) que el Adjectivo precede el Substantivo, como brown bread baço pan, a wise man sabio hombre; màs otras Naciones postponen el Adjectivo, diziendo pan baço, hombre sabio.  
Los Nombres Substantivos ò son Comunes, como bridge puente, river rio, etc. ò son Propios, como Rialto (particulàr puente en Venecia) Severn Sabrina; ò Personales, como Charles Carlos, Katherine Catal●na.  
Cinco Generos ay que pertenesen a los Numbers, el Masculino, que comprehende las cosas debaxo de una Idea masculina, como Bulls toros, men hombres, etc. El Feminino i comprehend qualquier cosa feminina, como woman hembra, Does ciervos. El Genero Neutro cuya notion concibe ni el otro sexo, debaxo deal qual las cosas inanimatas se comprehenden, como Ciudades, Rios, Navios'; porque aunque se llaman por numbers masculinos, toda via hablamos delloes en el genero feminino en hiscurso; como Eboracum la cividad de York, Rhenus' el rio Rheno, el Carlos Real un galleon. El quarto Genero es el Epiceno ò genero promiscuo, quo comprehende ambos sexos, como dogs, horses, dear, cavalgadura, venado, etc. los quales vocab●os significan ambos sexos. El quinto es el comùn ò duvoso Genero, como friend, gossip, neighbour, cousin, etc. los quales tambien intiman entrambos sexos: Màs en Español (y otros lenguajes) se van differenciando por la masculina y feminina termination, como Amigo amiga, vezino vezina, primo prima, etc. que es una ventaja que la Inglesa lleva sober 'las demas Lenguas.  
Ay ciertos Diminutivos propios a todas lenguajes; los Diminutivos de algunos Substantivos en Inglès fenecen en ell, como cock cockerel, part parcel, etc. otros en ing, co●o Goose gosling, duck duckling, etc. otros en ock, como Bull bullock, hill hillock: otros en et, como Baron Baronet. Los Adjectivos tambien tienen sus Diminutivos, como cold coldish, black blackish, green greenish, etc.  
Ay tambien Diminutivos de Numbers propios de hombres y hembras en Inglès, como Christopher Kitt, Gregory Grigg, Richard Dick, Magdalen Maudlin, Katherine Kate, Elizabeth Bess, etc. Màs algunos numbers ay que no tienen Diminutivos, como Peter, James, Stephen, etc. Màs el Espanol en esto tiene Diminutivos, y Sub-diminutivos mas que otros, como Simòn, Simoncico, Simoncillo, Simoncicico, Simoncicillo; Miguel, Miguelico, Miguelillo; Catalina, Catalinica, Catalinilla; Francisca, Francisquita, Francisquilla, etc.  
Los Adjectivos Ingleses tienen tambien sus grados comparativos, y algunos tienen dos comparativos, y does superlativos, que otros lenguajes no tienen; exprimen el uno ò por la palabra more mas, ò añadiendo er a la fin del Positivo, como wise more wise, or wiser, stout more stout, or stouter, etc. Ansi el superlativo sexprime ò por la palabra most, ò añadiendo est ala findel Positivo, como wise most wise wisest, stout most stout stoutest, etc. Mas ay ciertos Adjectivos ecetuados desta regla generàl, como good better best, bade worse worst, little lesser least. Adjectivos terminnado e● ous admiten sus comparativos y superlativos solament por estas palabras more y most, como glorious, more glorious, most glorious; ansi Specicus, famous, victorious, etc.  
Los Adjectivos Ingleses ordinariament no tienen el nombre plural, mas el singular sirve por entrambos, que es una not able ventaja; mas los Substantivos tienen sus plurales unos terminando en s, como King Kings, stag stags, etc. Otros' terminan en en, como man men, woman women, ox oxen, etc. Como en otros lenguajes ay ciertos Irregulares vocablos (aunque scene pucos) que declinan las dichas terminacione, como Mouse mice, louse louse, tooth teeth, foot feet, etc.  
Algunos' Substantivos ay que no admiten el nombre plural (y son de peso) como Gold oro, silver plata, brass bronzo, copper cobre, tinn estaño, (y otros minerales tampoco tienen plural en Español) rest, bread, beer, ale, etc. Otros Substantivos tienen el plural solo, como goods bienes, riches, necessaries, do se hà de obseruàr que necessaries el Substantivo nace del Adjectivo necessary.  
Llegamos ahora alos Pronombres, llamadoes assi porque suplen algunas' v●zes el lugàr de Numbers, y los tomaremos cada uno en so grado començando con las personas, ay, thou, he, we, ye, they, You, tu, el, nosotros, vosotros, aquelloes: que se declinan ansi:  

The first Person.  Singular. Plural. Nom. ay, You We, Nos ò nosotros Gen. of me, de mi of us, de nos ò nosotros Dat. to me, a mi to us, a nos ò nosotros Accus. me, me us, nos ò nosotros Voc. o me, o me o we, o nosotros Ablat. with me, comigo. with us, con nosotros.  

The Second Person.  Singular. Plural. Nom. Thou, Tutor Ye, Vos vosotros Gen. of thee, de ti of you, de vos de vosotros Dat. to thee, a ti to you, a vos ò vosotros Accus. thee, te you, vos vosotros Voc. o thou, o tu o you, o vos o vosotros Abl. from or with thee, de ti ò contigo. from or with you, de ò con vos ò vosotros.  

The third Person.  Singular. Plural. Nom. He, El They, Ellos Gen. of him, de el ò del of them, de elloes ò delloes Dat. to him, a el ò all to them, a elloes Accus. him, el them, elloes ò a elloss Voc. o he, o el o they, o elloes Abl. from or with him, del ò con el. from them, de elloes o delloes.  
Ay en Inglès quatro Pronombres Possessivos, my ò mine, mi ò mio; my adelanta siempre una palabra empeçando con Consonante, como my cloak mi capa, my hat mi sombrero, etc. Mine adelanta un vocablo comencando con Vocal ò h, como mine Aunt mi tia, mine heritage mi herencia, etc. màs mine se halla mas amenudo de por si por un possessivo, particularment en respuesta a una pregunta, como whose sword is this? mine; cuya espada es esta? lamia. Los Plurales de my y mine son our ours, los quales son tambien possessivos.  
Los segundos Possessivos son Thy, thine, como thy house tu casa, thine arm tu braço, thine hand tu mano; y thine como mine adelantan vocablos comentando con un Vocàl. Thine tambien es possessivo de si mesmo a una pregunta, como whose land is that? thine. Los Plurales de thy thine son your yours, que son Possessivos de si mesmos.  
Los terceros Possessivos son Her hers, con sus Plurales their theirs; como her distaff sum rueca, her maidenhead su virginidad; whose ring is this? hers. Mas el Español (ni el Italiano ò el Francès) no tiene ●ste feminino Possessivo de distinction, sirviendose de 〈◊〉 y suyo.  
Which, who, that son Pronombres Relativos refe●iendo a las palabras delante; mass which y who refie●en propiament a eos as vivas, y that a cos as inanima●●s, como the man which preached yesterday, el hom●●e que predicava air; the Lady who passed this way, la dama que passava por aqui; the stones that went to build Paul's, las piedras que yvan a fabricar San Pablo. What, whose son Pronombres Interrogativos, tambien lo son which y who sobredichoes a vezes.  
Ay ciertos Pronombres compuestos, como myself, thyself, himself, herself, etc.   

Del Verbo.  
EL verbo, es una de las mas principales y necessarias partes de una lengua: se puede llamar el alma de la Habla, porque aunque todas las palabras del mundo se junten, toda via ninguna sentencia, sea Interrogativa ò qualquier otra se puede hazer sin el: Y como los Vocales animan Palabras, assi los Verbos animan sentencias; que puede ser la razon porque tiene tanta latitùd en la lengua Latina, porque la palabra verbum se extend a todas las partes de la Oration.  
Verbo en Inglès como en Español (y otras lenguas) tiene 3. distinctiones de tiempos, el Present, como I pray or do pray, yo ruego; el tiempo passado, como I prayed or did pray, yo rogava; el Futuro ò el tiempo venidero, como I shall or will pray, yo rogarè. Las terminaciones de Verbos en Inglès es la misma en ambos numbers (eceto la segunda y tercera persona en el singular) como I live, we, ye, they live, etc. no es assi en Español, como yo vivo nos vivimos, etc. ni en otros ●eng●ajes, lo qual es gran ventaja a los que aprenden ●●nglès.  
Ay en la lengua Inglesa Verbos Activos, Passivos y eutros, como en Español, como I love you quiero, es ●ctivo: I am loved you soy querido, es Passivo añadiend endo el Verbo Auxiliario Am soy: El Neutro es donde el Verbo am soy, no puede ser juntado, como I live vivo, I weep lloro, etc.  
El Inglès como los otros lenguajes tiene sus Conjugaciones y cadencias de Verbos: Los Verbos de la primera a Conjugation algunos fenecen en all, como to call, to fall, to install, to enthral, etc. cuyos Participios se haçen añadiendo ing y d, como calling called, installing installed, etc. Otros' terminan en are, como to dare, to pair, to share, etc. Otros' en ace, com● to chase, to face, to grace, to lace, to trace, to embrace, etc.  
Verbos de la segunda Conjugacion algunos fenecen en ear, como to bear, to shear, to tear, to wear, etc. Cuyos Participios' terminan en ing y orne, como bearing, shearing, tearing, borne, shorn, torn. Otros' fenecen en ease, como to ease, to please, to displease, etc. Otros' en ead como to lead, to knead, to read, to spread, to tread, etc.  
Verbos de la tercera Conjugation unos terminan en ite, como to bite, to write, to indite, etc. Otros' en ight, como to fight, to fright, to light, to right, etc. Otros' en ell, como to quell, to sell, to tell, etc. Otros' en ink, como to drink, to link, to sink, to think, to shrink, etc.  
Los Verbos de la quarta Conjugacion unos terminan en y, como to die, to lie, to cry, to fly, to try, etc. Otros' en ire, como to hire, to desire, to inquire, etc. Otros' en in, como to shine, to dine, to fine, to decline, to confine, to incline, etc. Notarse hàque los Verbos Monosylabos vienen de la Tudesca, los otros de la lengua Francesa. Tambien se ha de notar que los Participios del Tiempo present terminan ending, y del Tiempo preterito end, por lo mas, en todos verbos Ingleses, ec●to ciertos Irregulares.   

La Conjugation del Verbo, I have yo hè.  
El Modo Indicativo ò declarativo.  

El tiempo present.  
You he, tu has, aquel ha: nosotros avemos, vos aveis, aquelloes han.   

El tiempo preterito imperfecto.  
Yo avia, tu avias, el avia: nos aviamos, vos aviades, elloes avian.   

El tiempo preterperfecto.  
Yo uve, tu uviste, aquel uvo: nos uvimos, vos uvistes, aquelloes uvieron.   

El tiempo futuro.  
Yo aurè, tu auràs, el aurà: nos auremos, vos aureis, elloes auràn.   

El Modo Imperativo ò de mandàr.  
Ave, aya el: ayamos, ayed ò ayays, ayan elloes.   

El Modo Optativo, ò de dessear. El tiempo presence. Oxala.  
Si yo oviesse, si tu oviesses, si el oviesse: si no oviessemos, si vos oviesses, si elloes oviessen.   

El tiempo imperfect.  
Yo auria, tu aurias, el auria: nos auriamos, vos auriades, elloes aurian.   

El Modo Subjunctivo. El tiempo present.  
Como yo aya, como tu ayas, como el aya: como nos ayamos, como vos ayays, como elloes ayan.    

El Modo ayudadoro Yo soy.  
El Modo Indicativo ò declaratorio.  

El tiempo present.  
Yo soy, tu eres, el es: nos somos, vos soys, elloes son.   

El tiempo preterimperfecto.  
Yo era, tu eras, el era: nosotros eramos, vosotros erades, elloes eran.   

El tiempo preterperfecto.  
You he sido, tu has sido, el ha sido: nos avemos sido, vos aveys sido, ellos han sido.   

El tiempo futuro.  
Yo serè, tu seras, el serà: nos seremos, vos sereys, elloes seran.   

El Modo Imperativo ò para mandar.  
Se tu, sea el ò aquel: seamos, sed vosotros, scene elloes ò aquelloes.   

El Modo Optativo ò de dessear. El tiempo present.  
Que yo sen, que tu seas, que el sea: que nosotros seamos, que vosotros seays, que elloes scene.   

El tiempo preterperfecto.  
Si yo fuesse, si tu fuesses, si el fuesse: si nos fuessemos, si vos fuessedes, si elloes fuessen.   

El Modo Conjuctivo. El tiempo present.  
Como yo fuere, como tu fueres, como el fuere: como nos fueremos, como vos fueredes, como elloes fuèrens.   

El tiempo preterperfecto.  
Aunque yo sea, aunque tu seas, aunque el sea: aunque nos seamos, aunque vos seays, aunque elloes scene.   

El Modo Infinitivo.  
Ser, haver sido, siendo.  
Se hà de obseruàr que los verbos en Inglès tienen sus passivos generalmente terminando en d, como I love yo amo, I am loved you soy amado; I fear yo temo, I am feared yo soy temido; I fire I am fired, yo yo quemo yo soy quemado: Eceto Verbos en ell, qui tienen sus passivos en old, como I tell I am told, I sell I am sold, etc. Y Verbos en ind, cuyos passivos terminan en ound, como I bind I am bound, yoato yo soy atado; I find I am found, yo hallo yo soy hallado; I grind I am ground, yo molo yo soy molido; con muchos otros tambien que fenecen en orn, como I swear I am sworn, yo juro yo soy jurado; I tear I am torn, yo lacero yo soy lacerado, etc. Mas en Español estoy sirve por hazer un verbo passivo tan amenudo que soy, como se ver à en la Gramatica. Agora la differencia que ay entre ser y estar es, que el primero significa la essencia de una cosa, como ser bueno; estar significa la condition local, como yo estoy en Londres, I am in London, etc.    

Una Instancia para declinar un Verbo Activo 〈◊〉 assivo en Ingles, que pueda servir por los demas.  
El Modo Indicativo ò declaratorio.  

El ●iempo present.  
Activo. Passivo. To desseo yo soy desseado tu desseas tu eres desseado el dessea: el es desseado: nos desseamos nos somos desseados vos desseays vos soys desseados elloes dessean. elloes son desseadoes.   

El tiempo Preterimperfecto.  
Yo desseava Yo era desseado tu desseavas tu eras desseado el desseava: el era desseado: nos desseavamos nos eramos desseadoes vos desseavades vos erades desseados elloes desseavan. elloes eran desseadoes.   

El Aoristo ò tiempo preterperfecto.  
Yo desseè Yo fui desseado tu desseaste tu fuiste desseado el desseò: el few desseado: nos desseamos nos fuimos desseados vos desseastes vos fuistes desseados elloes desseàron. elloes fueron desseados.   

El tiempo Preterpluperfecto. Donde ser torna en el Verbo Ayudodòr aver.  
Yo auìa desseado Yo avia sido desseado tu avias desseado tu avias sido desseado el avia desseado: el avia sido desseado: nos aviamos desseado nos aviamos sido desseadoes vos aviades desseado vos aviades sido desseados elloes avian desseado. elloes avian sido desseados   

El tiempo futuro.  
Yo dessearè Ye serè desseado tu dessearàs tu seràs desseado el dessearà el serà desseado: nos dessearemos nos seremos desseados vos desseareys vos sereys' desseadoes elloes dessearàn. elloes seran desseadoes.   

El Modo Imperativo ò de comandar.  
Dessee tu Se tu desseado dessee el: sea el desseado: desseamos nosotros seamos nos desseadoes desseed vosotros sed vosotros desseados desseen elloes scene elloes desseadoes.   

El Modo Optativo ò de dessear. El tiempo present. Oxala ò plega a Dios.  
Que yo dessees Que yo sea desseado que tu dessees que tu seas desseado que el dessee: que el sea desseado: que nos desseemos que nos seamos desseadoes que vos desseeys que vos seays desseados que elloes desseen que elloes scene desseadoes.   

El tiempo preterperfecto.  
Si yo desseasse Si yo fuesse desseado si tu desseasses si tu fuesses desseado si el desseasse: si el fuesse desseado: si nos desseassemos si nos fuessemos desseados si vos desseassedes si vos fuessedes desseados si elloes desseassen. si elloes fuessen desseadoes.   

El Modo Conjunctivo. El tiempo present.  
Como you desseàre Como yo fuere desseado como tu desseàres como tu fueres desseado como el desseàra: como el fuere desseado: como nos dessearemos como nos fueremos desseados como vos desseareys como vos fueredes desseadoes como elloes desseàrens. como elloes fueren desseadoes   

El tiempo preterimperfecto.  
Aunque yo dessee Aunque yo sea desseado aunque tu dessees aunque tu seas desseado aunque el dessee: aunque el sea desseado: aunque nos desseemos aunque nos seamos desseadoes aunque vos desseeys aunque vos seays desseados aunque elloes desseen. aunque elloes scene desseadoes   

El Modo Infinitivo.  
Dessear Ser desseado aver desseado aver sido desseado desseando siendo desseado.  
Segun este exemplo otros Verbos Activos (eceto ciertos Irregulares) y Passivos se pueden formàr.  
El Inglès tiene tambien sus Verbos Impersonales, como el Español (y otros) los quales no van distinguidos por personas, como it grieves me, it irketh me, me pesa, it behoveth me me importa, it concerns me me toca, etc.  
Hasta agora avemos tratado de las parts mas principales de la Oration, procederemos a 'las demàs, ● primerament de   

Los Adverbios.  
Adverbio es palabra sin nombre que se junta con ●●ra, y viene adelante ò tras de una palabra, como well 〈◊〉 bien criado, better bred mejor criado, ill bred 〈◊〉 criado, etc. Mas los Adverbios por la mayor 〈◊〉 vienen atràs, como courageously animosament, devoutly devotament, etc. y como en Inglès todos ●dverbios casi fene●en en y, assi en Español (y Italia●o) fenecen en ente.  
Los Adverbios ò son de cantidàd, como much 〈◊〉, too much demasiado, enough bastantement, together juntament, etc. ò son de calid●d, y los prime●● de numero, como once, twice, thrice, una vez, ●os 〈◊〉, tres vezes: los segundos son de tiempo, como yesterday air, than en●onces, when quando, 〈◊〉 luego, ever siempre, etc. los terceros son de 〈◊〉, como here aqui, there alla, where adonde, 〈◊〉 aculla, etc. los quatros son de afirmation ò negation, I, yea, yes, si; no, not, nay, no: los quintos son parallamar, como hola ola: otros son para amonestar ò aprovar, come so, so-so, well, assi, bien està: otros desséan, como o if: los seys son de similitùd, como, as, so, likewise, even so, assi, tambien, etc.   

Interjeciones.  
Interjeciones son ò de alegria, como ha, ha, ha: ò de congoja, como ah, alas, woe is me, hay, ay de mi, guay de mi: ò de aborecimiento, como fie, fy-fy, foh, ba: ò de desden, como tush, etc. st es Interjetion de silencio: rr para incitar los perros.   

Preposiciones.  
Preposiciones ò son separables, como before delante, behind atras, according segun, among entre, without●in ●in, afore ants, under or below debaxo, against conchra, opuesto, enfrente, over sober, near cerca, etc.  
Las Preposiciones inseparables no exprimen nad a sin ●●r juntadas con otro vocablo, como incapable incapaz, ●ndone deshecho, relief alivio, repress reprimir, re●lution resolution, etc.   

Conjunciones.  
Conjunciones se llaman assi porque atay las pala●●●, como and y, my father and my mother, mi pa●●● y mi madre: y esta se llama la conjuncion copula●va: otros apartan, como but mass, albeit although a●nque: Otras son Disjunctivas, como nor, neither ni; ni yo ni vos, nor I nor you: otras proceden de razanando, como for, because porque: otras son de ilation, como therefore, wherefore, so that, por tanto, etc.   

De los puntos de palabras y sentencias.  
La lengua Inglesa●omo ●omo la Castellana (y otras) tiene sus puntos y not a● de Subdistintion, de media distintion, y de complida distintion, que se llaman Comma, colon y periodo. Una subdistintion ò Comma es nota do corto aliento, y se figura assi, La media distintion tiene aliento mas largo, y se puedo dezir cumplida parte del Periodo, y se sigura assi: Periodo es la sentencia entera, y va figurada de un punto senzillo assi.  
Ay tambien l● Parenthesis, que se figura como dos medias Luna's assi () y aunque sea incluyda en la sentencia, toda via en ometiondola, la sentencia no dexa de ser perfecta.  
Ay tambien nota de Interrogation, que se figura assi?  
Mas desto ay nota de Circumflexion, quando el vocablo va abreviado, y se figura assi▪  
Ay tambien not a de Admiration, que se figura assi!  
En conclusion ay not a del Apostrofo, quando una le●rase corta, y se figura assi' Mas la Castellana por sum mayor alaban●●a no usa tales Apostrofos,  
TOuching the Syntaxis, which is an orderly series and connection of Nouns, Verbs, Adverbs, and other parts of Speech according to the propriety of a Language in a due cohaerence, the English tongue may be said to have the same that other vulgar Languages and dialects have; But the English being a sub-dialect to other tongues, as was touched in the Epistle to the Reader, and having such varieties of incertitudes, changes and Idioms, it cannot be in the compass of human brain to compile an exact regular Syntaxis thereof, Mr. Ben. johnson a great Wit, who was as patient as he was elaborat in his reserches and compositions, as he was framing an English Syntaxis, confessed the further he proceeded, the more he was puzzled; Therefore herein we must have recours to that great Mistress of all knowledge Observation, it being a true maxim, Quod deficit in praecepto, suppleat Observatio.  
Concerning the English prosody, the same may be said thereof as was spoken before of the Syntaxis; But touching Poesy and Metrical compositions, the English is as punctual in observing the number of feet, syllables, and cadences, as any other vulgar language; And there are couched in Her as strong concepts, and as sinewy expressions, with such high Ideas and Raptures of Wit and Invention as in any language whatsoever; nor is any so copious of Allegoires, and so constant in the poursuit of them; Her ordinary rithmical composures consist of ten feet, whereof I thought good to produce these (yet bleeding) examples.  

Upon His late Majesty's Decollation.  
SO fell the Royal Oak by a wild crew  
Of Mongrel shrubbs▪ which underneath Him grew;  
So fell the Lion by a pack of Curs;  
So the Rose withered 'twixt a knot of Burrs;  
So fell the Eagle by a swarm of Gnats;  
So the Whale perished by a shoal of Sprats.  
Indignabundus sic cecinit, J. H.   

Upon CHARLES the First, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
If to subdu ones Self, if to obtain  
A Conquest o'er the Passions, be to Reign,  
Here lies the Gretest King (who can say more?)  
Of all can come behind, or went before.  
I. H.     

Of divers superfluous Letters in the English Orthography; And some Solaecisms discovered in the common practice of the Language.  
HE may be siad to do his Mother Tongue a good office, who makes her the more docible and easy to be learned by Forreners: Now, there is not any thing which tends more to the easy attaining of a Language, and to allure a stranger to the study thereof, as when the writing and pronunciation of words do both agree. I have known divers Forreners much affect the English Tongue, but when they went about to study her, and found such a difference betwixt the printed words and the pronouncing of them, (which proceeds from the superfluous letters) they threw away their books in a kind of passion and dislike. The French finding lately this inconvenience, have garbled their Tongue of such letters; and under favour (as we imitat the French in all things else) it may well become the English to follow him in this; to which purpose these few rules may serve.  
1. If those words which have the Latin for their Original, we write them as the Latin doth, not as the French, (and 'tis the more credit so to do) as Afric, Logic, Physic, etc. labour, honour, favour, etc. whereby the words are as fully pronounced, as if (after the French) they were written Africa, Logic; Physic, labour, honour, favour: and there are two letters saved in the three first words, and one in the second, which makes the words to be pronounced as they are written.  
2. That in such words as end in inn and unne, the last n and the e should be left out, as sin, gin, pin, shin, tin, win, etc. gun, nun, run, shun, sun, etc. which should be written sin, gi'en, pin, shin, tin, win, etc. gun, nun, run, eat, sun, etc. whereby two letters are saved, yet they have altogether as full a pronunciation; but hereby strangers will not be subject to make two syllables of them, as sinne, pin, etc. gun, nun, etc.  
3. That all Adverbs which end in lie, as bodile, merrily, sadly, etc. should be written with y, as bodily, merrily, sadly, etc. whereby a letter is saved, and strangers will not be subject to read them bodily, merrily, etc.  
4. That such words as end in tle, kle, slay, etc. should be written with the e before the l, as for Epistle epistle, twinkle twinkel, whistle whissel; whereby the word retains still its true pronunciation, and strangers will not be subject to read those words, epist-le, twink-le, whistle, etc.  
5. That in such words as end in ear the e should be omitted, as Bear bear, fear fear, dear dea●, forbear forbear, etc. whereby Forreners will not be subject to read them Bear, fear, forbear, etc. As also words  
6. That these Monosyllables me, she, be, he, ye, etc. should be written me, she, be, ye, he; and so be read as they are pronounced. And that in those words which end in we, the e also should be left out, as true, blue, crew, due, etc. they should be written true, blu, cru, du, etc.  
7. That in words ending in gh the g should be left out, as Chough chouh, cough couh, trough trouh, etc. whereby the Foreigner will pronounce it more easily. As likewise in words ending in ght the g should be left out, as bright briht, fight fiht, height heiht, might miht, etc. which will render them more easy to the Foreigner, and save a letter.  
8. That the superfluous p should be left out in many words, as Consumption consumtion, presumption presumption, assumption assumption, etc. and the b also in doubt, and the i in Parliament may well be omitted.  
9 C might well be spared when it comes before k, as fickle fikle, pickle pikle, tickle tikle, etc. f●r the word retains still its full sound.  
10. That in these words some, done, sum, come, etc. e were left out, for forreners read them as if they made two syllables, some, do-ne, come, etc. As also words ending in are, as war, bar, jar, etc. which may be very well writ, war, bar, jar, etc.  
11. In those words which end in tt, the late●t may be well omitted, as Wit wit, hit hit, bit bit, commit commit, etc. As also most words ending ●n ll, the later l may be spared, as Bell bell, fell fell, tell tell, mongrel mongrel, etc. and the sound of the wo●● remains as full. Herunto may be added all Infinitif Moods terminating in err, as confer, refer, defer, where the last re is superfluous, and may be writ as well confer, defer, refer, etc.  
12. That words in ear and in ease should leave the a, as for Fear fere, for tear tere, etc. for pleasure pleasure, leisure lesure: and then Forreners will not be subject to read them fear, tear, pleasure, leisure, etc.  
There is a Maxim in Logic, that Frustra fit per plura, qucd fieri potest per pauciora, More is too much when fewer will serve: and as this Rule holds in all things else, so it may well do in Orthography.  
They say abroad, that none write better Latin then the English, and none pronounce it worse; This proceeds principally from the odd prolation of i, which all other Nations pronounce like ee, as Nisi neesee, tibi teebee; which the English doth not in many words, and he should not do amiss to frame his mouth in pronouncing Latin after that sound.  
There is a Solaecism used in English, in putting the word most before a Superlatif, (as if any thing could be higher than the Superlatif) as most highest, most brightest, etc.  
You is also used where ye should be, as you Gentlemen of the jury, whereas ye Gentlemen, etc. is the true English; for you in the Nominatif case should relate but to one person, and ye to many; though you in all the other cases serves for both.  
The English also is censured abroad for putting the Adjectif before the Substantif, as white bread, etc. as also for proposing Questions negatively, which he should do affirmatively, as Were you never in France? you have not been in France, Sir? etc. whereas we should say, Were you ever in France? have you been in France, Sir? An affirmatif being held more noble than the negatif.  
I hope I shall not incur a Praemunire (among the discreeter sort) for my temerity in pointing at these particulars, which, if we could obtain leave of (that great Tyrant) Custom, to reform both in Orthography and speaking, it would (humbly under favour) be ne'er the worse for our Language.  
The English hath some things (that other Tongues have not) which tends much to the advantage and ease of the Foreign Lerner, for all Verbs terminat alike in the singular and plural, through all the Moods, except in the second and third person singular.  
There be divers words that are both masculine and feminin, without change of any letter, as friend, neighbour, cousin, gossip, etc.  
The English also hath two Comparatifs, and two Superlatifs for most Adjectifs, (which other Languages have not) as Devout, devouter or more devout, devoutest or most devout; strong, stronger or more strong, strongest or most strong. She hath also a shorter way of expression in divers words, as once, twice, thrice; which the Spanish, French and Italian cannot do but by two words, viz. one time, two times, three times, una vez, une fois, una volta, etc.  
Lastly, the English Adjectifs have but one number, which is the singular, that serves for both, as a black pudding, black puddings; a fair maid, fair maids; handsome whore, handsome whores, etc.  

Touching the Premises let the Reder observe this Exampel.  
The War which began in Bohemia, foretold by that fatal Comet in the year, 1618. (and by the intemperance of the Calviniste and the Jesuit) was directly or collaterallie the cause of all the confusions which happened in Christendom ever since; it brought the Swede into Germany, (like a cold Snake into ones bosom) who did so harasse the whole Country, and so pitifully grind the faces of the poor People, that they have not recovered their right Countenances to this very day in many places.   

The same written as 'tis commonly pronounced.  
The War which began in Bohemia, foretold by that fatal Comet in the year, 1618. (and by the intemperance of the Calvinist and the jesuit) was directly or colateraly the cause of all the confusions which happened in Cristendom ever since: it brought the Swed into Germany, (like a cold Snake into ones bosom) who did so harasse the whole Country, and so pitifully grind the faces of the poor Peepel, that they have not recovered their right Countenances to this very day in many places.  
In this short Exampel there are above 27. letters saved, and the words made fit to be pronounced by any Foreigner being written as they are uttered: Now, as there was a hint given before, He doth his native Tongue a good office, who finds a way to spread her abroad, and make her better known to the world.  
And so much (yet) of the English Grammar.     

Gramatica DE LA LENGUA EspañolA ò CASTELLANA.  
Con un Discurso conteniendo la Perambulaciòn de España y Portugàl.  
A Grammar of the Spanish or Castilian Tongue.  
With a Discourse containing the Perambulation of Spain and Portugal; which may serve for Directions how to travel throuh both countries.   

El Abolengo de la Lengua Española ò Castellana.  
LA Lengua Española hà la Latina por sum madre, y la Arabiga ò lafoy Lengua Morisca por sum madrasta: En uno de sui Apellidos toma el nombre de la primera, porque ella se llama Romance, como habla 'em Romance, quieredezir Español? y parece gloriar se desta decendencia, porque ella haze sus diligencias cada dia de estrechar la afinidad que tiene con la Latina: Mientras que la Italiana y la Francesa esfuerçanse de allexarse della, teniendo cierta ambition de hazerse Lenguas de por si, y no Dialectos: esta es la razon porque sentencias enteras se pueden former, que sirian buen Latino, y buen Español; lo que no se puede haçer en Italiano ò Francès, aunque ellas tambien sean hijas de la Latina.  
La Español se puede dezir de aver la lengua Morisca por sum madrasta, porque los Moros, por la infame trayciòn del Conde Don Julian, qui los introduxo para vengarse de Don Rodrigo, qui era entonces Rey de España, por aver desvirgado sum Hija Doña Cava: digo que los Moros teniendo firm possessiòn de la mayor parte de España cerca de 700. añoes; Aviendo tan larga coaliciòn pegaron muchos de sus vocablos en la lengua Española; los quales se pueden facilment distinguìr de los qui se derivan de la Latina, porque ordinariament comiençan con all, x, y z; ò fenecen con x, como Alcalde, Alcayde, Alguazil, Almoxarife, Xaràl, Xarcias', Xopaypas, Zorro, Zurrana, Zurrador, Guadix, etc.  
Agora la Morisca bien se puede llamàr madrasta a la lengua Española por aver la corrumpido d● una pronunciacion mas aspera y gutural, como consta en g, i, x precediendo, ò atrassando tales Vocales; como se hallarà en la Gramatica siguiente.  
Màs por dezir la verdàd, la primera y maternal lengua de España es la Bascuença, ò lafoy lengua de Cantabria, el qual vocablo denominava toda la España en los siglos atras: Yes cosa observable, que ni los Romanos, ni los Godos, ni los Moros pudieron conquistar la Biscaya; por tanto parecen de tener gran correspondencia en muchas cosas con los antiguos Bretones de Ingalatierra, (los de la tierra de Gale●) porque como elloes (con sum lenguaje) son sin duda l●s primeros habitantes de esta Isla, y connaturales con ella; Assi son los Cantabros ò Biscaynos de España: De suerte quando algunos delloes aya de ser Cavallero del abito, no se haze alguna buscadura ò diligencia si esta limpio de la sangre de Moros, ni de su hidalguia.  
No ay sober la redondez de la Tierra alguna lengua ●as llana y facile a aprender, qui la Castellana, porque pronuncia siempre la palabra entera, sin admitir algunos Apostrofos: Pero la causa que algunas sylabas son escabrosas y gargantiles few lafoy mescla, y la conversacion que tuvieron los Españoles con los Moriscos tantos siglos como few dicho, y esto hà rendido la pronunciation mas difficultosa all Forestiero: De suerte que estiman a el de aver alcançado la lengua qui sabra bien pronunciàr este Refran gargantil:  

Abeja y Oveja, y Piedra que rabeja,  
Y pendola tras Oveja, y lugàr en la Ygreja,  
Dessea a Hijo la vieja.   

A Bee in the hive, and a sheep in the fold,  
A stone that doth whirl, and an ear-ring of gold,  
A place in the Church, is all the boon  
The good old wife doth wish her son.    

The Pedigree of the Spanish or Castilian Tongue.  
THe Spanish or Castilian Tongue hath the Latin for her mother, and the Arabic or Morisco Tongue for her stepmother: She bears the name of the first in one of her Appellations, for sometimes she calls herself Romance, as habla 'em Romance, do you speak Spanish? and it seems she glories to be so well decended, for she endeavours daily to have the nearest affinity she can with the Latin; while the Italian and French do labour to eloniat themselves, and keep at a further distance from the Latin, having a kind of ambition to be Tongues of themselves, and not Dialects: this is the reason that whole sentences may be made which will be good Latin & good congruous Spanish, (as I have showed else where) which cannot be done in Italian or French, though they also descend from the Latin.  
The Spanish may be said to have for a kind of stepmother the Morisco Language, because the Moors (by the infamous treachery of the Conde Don julian, who brought them over to revenge himself of the then King of Spain Don Rodrigo, for deflowering his daughter Cava,) I say, the Barbarians or Moors having kept firm footing in Spain about 700. years, by so long a coalition they insinuated, or as it were indented and pegged divers of their words into the Spanish Tongue; which may be easily distinguished from those that are derived from the Latin, for they commonly begin with all, x, or z; or end in x, as Alcalde a Judge, Alcayde a Gaoler, Alguazìl a Sergeant or Baylif, Almoxarife a Receiver of customs, Xaral a Thicker, Xarcias' the tackle of a Ship, Xopaypas Fritters, Xabon Soap, Zorro a wolf, Zurrana a Pigeon, Zurrador a Tanner, Guadix a Town, etc.  
Now the Morisco may be well called a stepmother to the Spanish Tongue, because she hath corrupted her with a more rugged and guttural pronunciation, as appears in g, i, x preceding, and followlowing some Vowels, as will appear in the ensuing Grammar.  
But the truth is, that the first and maternal Tongue of Spain is the Bascuence, or the language of Cantabria, which word in Ages past denominated the whole Country: And observable it is, how neither Roman, Goth or Moor could conquer Biscay; in so much that there is a great analogy 'twixt the ancient Britons in England called Welshmen, and the Biscayners; for as They (and their language) without controversy are the first inhabitants of this Island, and as it were connatural with Her: So the Cantabrians or Biscayners are of Spain; in so much that when any of that Country is to be made Knight of any of the three habits, there is no scrutiny made of his Gentility, or whether he be clear of Morisco blood, as is used before others are dubbed.  
There is not any language among men so plain and easy to be learned as the Castilian; for she pronounceth always the whole word without admitting any Apostrop hes: Now the reason why some syllables are cragged and throaty, is the mixture and conversation the Spaniards had so many ages with the Moors, as was said before, which hath rendered the pronunciation more difficult to strangers; so that he is thought to have attained the language to some perfection, who can well pronounce this old throaty Adage in Spanish, viz.  

Abeja y Oveja, y Piedra que rabeja,  
Y pendola tras Oveja, y lugàr en la Ygreja,  
Dessea a Hijo la vieja.   

A Bee in the hive, and a sheep in the fold,  
A stone that doth whirl, and an ear-ring of gold,  
A place in the Church, is all the boon  
The good old wife doth wish her son.    

A Grammar of the Spanish or the Castilian Tongue.  

Of the Spanish Alphabet.  
THe Spanish Alphabet consists of the same, and the same number of Letters as the English doth, k only excepted, which is supplied by c, and sometimes by q, as Calendar Calendario, kintal Quintal.  
Now the difficulty and difference, which if found in the Spanish Tongue, is the pronunciation of these nine letters, b, ç, d, g, j, ll, ñ, x, z; which have a differing prolation in many words.  
The first is b which often degenerats into v, as Barba remojada medio rapada, A Beard wetted is half shaved: where the second b is pronounced like v, as if it were written barva; bandera or vandera a banner, bobo or bovo a fool, etc. but when b cometh before any of the Liquid Consonants, l, m, n, r, it retains constantly the sound of b, as lumbre light, hablar to speak, etc.  
The second is ç called C cedilla, which comes not but before a, o, u, and then 'tis pronounced like s, as çampoña a Shepherd's pipe, quiça it may be, 〈◊〉 lame, çurrador a tanner, etc. and this C cedilla is seldom or never under a great C.  
The thi●d is g, which oftentimes degenerats to Ishota, as lenguage lenguaje, a language; page paje, a page; which are pronounced both alike superficially from the Throat, or like the aspiration h, as if they were written lenguahe, pahe; but they have this guttural pronunciation only before e and i, before a, o, u, they are pronounced as in English. And sometimes g turns to x, as tigeras tixeras, a pair of Sheers, etc.  
The fourth is j called Ishota, as jamas never, jerigonça gibberish, joya a jewel, hijo a son, Iuev●s Thursday, etc. which are pronounced in the throat as the former g. But i in general must be pronounced in Spanish, as eè in wèe, thee; as Ni olla sin ●ocino, ni Sermon sin Agustino, Nor an ollia without Bacon, nor a Sermon without Saint Austin.  
The fifth is ll, which is pronounced as in French like ll in fille, the second l turning into i, as En casae llena presto se guisa la cena, In a full house Supper is soon dressed; where llena is pronounced as if it were liena: so in llorar to weep, liorar; llevar to carry, lievar; lluvia rain, liuvia. But great care must be taken that the l and i with the next Vowel be pronounced as one syllable, making a kind of Dipthong, as Quien no hà visto Sevilla no hà visto maravilla, Who hath not seen Sevill he hath not seen wonders; where the last l being turned into an i, as Sevilia, maravilia, the lias must be pronounced as one syllable l●a: and so in Mundo Mundillo nacido en Bilbao muerto en Bustillo, Such is the world, born in Lancaster dead in London.  
The sixth is ñ, called N tiled or contilde, which is pronounced as if i also immediately followed, as Viña, niña, peral, y havar malas cosas de guardar, A Vine, a Child, a Pear-tree, and a Bean-field are hard to be kept: where viña and niña must be pronounced as if they were written vinia, ninia.  
The seventh is u, which often degenerats into a Consonant in Spanish, (as in all other Languages) and then she hath a different closed character, as v: being still a Vowel u is pronounced as oo, as Pan reziente, y uvas, a 'las moças ponen mudas, y a las viejas quitan las arrugas, New bread and grapes paints young women's faces, and takes away wrinkles from the old; where uvas and mudas are pronounced as if they were written oovas, moodas.  
The next is x, which is pronounced also in the throat, as Xaramago y tocino manjar de hombre mesquino, Wild Radish and Bacon is the food of a miserable man: Xabonar cabeça de asno es perdimiento de xabòn, To wash an Ass' head is throwing away of Soap: where x is pronounced in the throat like g and Ishota, as was formerly said. And indeed he that will pronounce well these three letters in Spanish, must pronounce them as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, which the old Britain's in England do pronounce more naturally than any other European Nation: And I have observed, that a guttural pronunciation is the mar● of the antiquity of a Language, for the Hebre● with her Dialects, the Chaldaic, Syriac and Arabic with all the Oriental and Southern Languages, besides the Greek, do so.  
Z is pronounced sometimes as the English pronounce it, as azul blu, azemila a great mule; but sometimes she turns to c, and then she is pronounced more rudely, as hazer hacer, etc.  
G coming before n is not pronounced in Spanish, as digno worthy, significar to signify, are pronounced dino, sinificar; signar to sign, sinar, etc.  
Gue and gui, que and qui found in words, are pronounced in Spanish as large as the letters will bear, as Aguelo a Granfather, garguero the throat, etc. quento, cinquenta fifty, etc. which the Italian and French do not, but contract them, ghe ghi, che chi: but some are excepted, as quinientoes five hundred, quasi almost, which are pronounced kinjentoes, casi, etc. but especially que and qui, which are pronounced ke and ki, etc.  
The letter d hath a differing pronunciation in Spanish from other Tongues, for most commonly 'tis pronounced meltingly, as th' in that or the, as Hombre narigudo pocas vezes' cornudo, A long-nosed man is seldom a Cuckold: which must be pronounced, Hombre narigutho poca● vezes cornutho.  
HAving done with the Alphabet, we come now to Syllables, and dictions or words, and first of the Spanish Articles, which are subservient to the declining of all words that are capable of declension, for there is no other means to know the variation of ●●ses otherwise: now there are in Spanish three Articles, the Masculine, the Feminin, and the Neuter, which are declined thus:  

The Masculine Article is declined thus:  
Singular. Plural. Nom. El, the Los, the Gen. del, of the de los, from the Dat. all, to the a los, to the Accus. el ò a el, the los ò a los, the Abl. del, from the de los, from the.   

The Feminin Article is declined thus.  
Singular. Plural. Nom. Lafoy, the 'Las, the Gen. de la, of the de las, of the Dat. a la, to the a las, to the Accus. la ò a lafoy, the 'las ò a 'las, the Abl. de la, from the de las, from the.   

The Neuter thus:  
Singular. Nom. lo, the Gen. de lo, of the Dat. a lo, to the Accus. lo, the Abl. de lo, from the It is to be observed that this Neuter Article hath no Plural, nor can it be applied to any Noun either masculine or feminin, but it seems to be rather a Demonstratif Pronoun, for there are no Neuter Nouns in the Spanish.  
The Article El is always put before Nouns of the masculine gender, beginning with a Vowel or Consonant, as el libro the book, el pecho the breast, el air the air, etc. And sometimes it comes before Feminins, specially before such as begin with a, to avoid too much gaping, as el alma the soul, el agua the water; not lafoy alma, nor la agua; as also to avoid Apostrophes, which the Spanish hates.  
This Article el becomes sometimes le at the end of a word, and so is ranversed: but it becomes so only at the end of Imperati● Moods, as matadle kill him, abraçadle embrace him; which are pronounced matalde, abraçalde, by postposing the d to the l.  
The Spaniards have a peculiar mode of speaking to one in the second person, using this Article el and le instead of vos you; for they hold vos you, to be a mean manner of speaking, and use it towards their Inferiors, and is little better esteemed then tu thou; as Si el hardesto, if you will do this: choir cenar comigo? will you sup with me? whereas the words import, if he will do this, will he sup with me: Insomuch that the Spaniard herein is higher in compliment then the French or Italian, who commonly use you; in lieu whereof the Spaniard useth frequently the third person he and him, she and her. But el is often omitted, being included in the Verb, which is of the third person, as hà comido, have you dined? whereas it is meant hà el comido. In other cases except the Nominatif le is used, as Yo le digo, I tell you, whereas the true sense is, I tell him.  
The Spaniard hath another mode of compliment by these two words, vuestra merced your favour, which they generally use instead of you, and it is above el the third person formerly spoken; some pronounce it at length, vuestra merced, some vuesa mercè, some vosastè, some vueste; but in writing two letters only stand for it, viz. VM. as Hago brindis a VM. I drink to you: Embio a VM. con el portadòr desta, I send you by the bearer hereof. Yet the Italian surpasseth the Spaniard herein in point of compliment, for in lieu of vuestra merced your favour, he useth vostra signoria your Lordship at every word, applying it to every ordinary Gentleman, as Foyes brindesi a vostra signoria, I drink to you; which two words in writing he expresseth only by US. as Poco fa chio scrissi a US. I writ to you lately.  
The Feminin Article lafoy comes always before feminin Nouns, as la cabeça the head, la yglesia the Church; but el takes place before words before words beginning with a, as 'twas said before, as el ama the nurse.  
Lo, though it cannot properly be called an Article, because there are no Neuter Substantifs in the Spanish, yet it comes before Adjectifs, and then it hath the power to turn them to Substantifs, as Lo bueno que yo recebia, the good which I received; lo malo que me hizo dios se le pardon, the ill which you did me God forgive you. It comes also very often before and after Verbs, and then sometimes it is a Relatif, sometimes Demonstratif, as lo digo a VM. de veras, I tell it you in good earnest; or digo lo a VM. de veras: Tengo de hazer lo de buena gana, I will do it willingly.   

Of Nouns, and their Genders, and Terminations.  
There are in Spanish, Nouns masculins, and Nouns feminins: Some end in Vowels, viz. e or o, as lumbre light, renombre renown, Cielo heaven, Infierno hell: and 'tis observed that there are but two Nouns feminins which end in o, through all the Spanish Tongue, which are mano the hand, nao a ship.  
But most Noun Substantifs in Spanish end in one of these Consonants d, l, n, r, s, x, y, z: those that end in d have the accent in the last syllable, and their Plurals in es, as Abàd an Abbot, abàdes; merced a courtesy or favour, mercedes; virtùd virtùdes vertu.  
Some terminat in l, and they also have the accent in the last syllable, and the Plural in es, as animal animales, a living creature; b●t●l a boat, bateles; badil a Frying-pan, badiles; caracol a young inail, caracoles; azùl blu, azules, etc.  
Some Substantifs end in n, and their Plurals end also in es, as pan bread, almazen a storehouse, celemin a peck, sazon season, A●un the Tunny fish: whose Plurals are panes, almazenes', celemines, sazones, atunes. And for the most part Sub●tantifs in n have the accent also over the last 〈◊〉, specially if they end in on, as devociòn, compassiòn, generaciòn, etc.  
Some Substantifs end in r, and they also have the accent in the last, and also their Plurals in es, as hauàr a Bean-field, havares; mugèr a woman, mugeres; martìr a martyr, martyrs; açor a hawk açores.  
Some Substantifs terminat in s, and they also most commonly have the accent in the last syllable, and their Plurals in es, as Diòs God, Dioses; feligrès a parish, feligrese; mès a month, meses; montanès a mountaneer, mountañes.  
Other Substantifs end in x, and they commonly are Morisco words, but they often change the x in the Singular to ges in the Plural, carcax a quiver, carcages; relox a clock, reloges, etc.  
Some Substantifs end in y, and they also have their Plurals in es, as lay the law, leys; rey a King, reyes; buey an ox, bueyes.  
Lastly, some Substantifs end in z, and they also have the accent at the end, and their Plurals in es, as paz peace, pazes; juèz a judge, juezes; perdìz a partridge, perdizes; toz a cough, tozes; cruz a cross cruzes, etc.  
Herby it appeers that the Plural of all Spanish Substantifs end in s, and some Singulars end so, but they are very few.   

Of the Declensions of Nouns substantifs proper and common.  
IT is to be observed that Nouns proper differ from common in two things; first, they have no Prepositif article, than they have no plural numbers.   

Examples of proper Nouns.  
Singular. Singular. Nom. Carlos Charles Catarina Katherine Gen. de Carlos of Charles de Catarina of Katherine Dat. a Carlos to Charles a Catarina to Katherine Accus. Carlos Charles Catarina Katherine Voc. o Carlos to Charles o Catarina oh Katherine Abl. de Carlos from Charles. de Catarina from Katherine.   

Instances in common Nouns.  
Singular. Plural. Nom. el Cielo Heaven Los Cielos the Heavens Gen. del cielo of heaven de los cielos of the heavens Dat. all cielo to heaven a los cielos to the heavens Accus. el ò all Cielo heaven los cielos the heavens Voc. o cielo o heaven o cielos o heaven Abl. dal cielo from heaven. de los cielos from the heavens.  
Singular. Plural. Animal a beast Los Animales ganapan a porter los ganapanes pastor a shepherd los pastors relox a watch los reloxes muger a woman. las mugeres.  
All which must be declined according to the example of cielo.   

Of Noun Adjectifs, and of their Declensions.  
The Spanish Adjectifs have two terminations, one masculine in o, which changeth into a feminin, as virtuoso virtuosa: The other termination is in e, as valiente, and it signifieth both masculine and feminin, as hombre valiente a valiant man, hembra valiente a valiant woman, cosa grande a great thing: but heed must be taken to this word grande, for coming before a Substantif that begins with a Consonant, it loseth the, as grancosa, gran Bretaña, etc. but grand becomes a Substantif itself sometimes, as un Grandee de España, a high Peer or Grandee of Spain, who are permitted to cover themselves before the King, but when he speaks to them, or they to him.  
The same holds in bueno and malo, good bad, in the Masculine gender, and when it comes before Substantifs of the masculine only, as tiempo bueno, buen tiempo a good time; hombre malo, mal hombre an ill man.  
This abridgement holds also in tanto and quanto, before Adjectifs and Adverbs, and sometimes before Substantifs, as tan rico so rich, tan glorioso so glorious, tan tarde so late, tan temprano so early; quan admirable how admirable, quan bien habla 'em, how well do you speak? but when tanto and quanto come before these Adverbs mas, menos, more, less, they are pronounced whole, as also before mayor greater, menor lesser, as Quanto mas you'll respeto, tanto menos me choir, The more I respect him, the lesser he loves me.  
Before the Nouns Comparatifs they also keep their whole length, as Quanto mejor es el vino, tanto mas se beve, The better the wine, the more 'tis drunk: quanto mayor es el hombre, tanto menor es s● seguridad, The greater the man is, the lesser is his security.  
The Spaniards have a peculiar Idiom, to use que tanto for quanto in Inter●ogations, as que tanto es del mes? what day of the months is it? que tanto ay de Londres a Lancastra? how far is it from London to Lancaster?  
The article lo is joined to Neuter Adjectifs, and then it becomes a kind of Substantif, as seas contento con lo tuyo, y no busques lo ageno, Be contented with thine own, and seek not what is another's.  
Possessif Neuters are made of the Pronouns, lo mio, lo tuyo, lo suyo, lo nu●stro, mine, thine, his or hers, ours, yours; as Necio es qui pierde lo suyo, He is a fool who loseth his own: Dios me haga contento con lo mio, God make me contented with mine own.   

Of the words mucho, poco, harto; much, little, enough.  
Mucho and poco, though they be Adverbs of quantity, yet they become sometimes Nouns Neuters, as Lo mucho que Dios me hà dado, The much that God hath given me: Lo poco que le pago, The little which I pay him. They are sometimes Adjectifs before inanimated Substantifs, but only in the singular, as Mucho vino emborracha, much wine makes one drunk: mucho azeyte y poeo vinegar hazen buena ensalada, much Oil and little Vinegar make a good Salad. But in the Plural number they are used indifferently before any Substantifs, as Muchos componedores cohonden lafoy novia, Many attirers confound the Bride: Portugueses pocos y locos, The Portugueses are few and foolish, etc.  
Harto enough, is sometimes an Adverb, as Ay harto, si no ay demasiado, There is enough, if there be not too much. Sometimes 'tis an Adjectif, as De●pues de harta ca●●a Marta, Martha is merry when she hath enough: Hartos ducadoes tiene qui se contenta, He hath Crowns enough who is contented.   

Of the Spanish Diminutifs.  
THe Spanish is more copious for Diminutifs then other Languages: Some end in illo illa, ico ica, ito ita; as capitanillo a little Captain, mugercilla or mugercita a little woman, loquillo loquilla, or loquito loquita a little fool, etc. Some end in elo ela, as borrachuelo a little drunkard, moço moçuelo a little boy, a little maid. But in proper names they have Diminutifs, sub-diminutifs, sub-sub-diminutifs, and sub-sub-sub-diminutifs, as Simòn, Simoncico, Simoncicico, Simoncilillo: Francisca, Francisquita, Francisquicita, Francisquililla, etc.   

Of Numerical Nouns, and of their Terminations.  

Vno One  
dos two  
tres three  
quatro four  
cinco five  
seys six  
siete seven  
ocho eight  
nueve nine  
diez ten  
unze or onze eleven  
dose twelve  
treze thirteen  
catorze fourteen  
quinze fifteen  
dezieys sixteen  
diez y siete seventeen  
diez y ocho eighteen  
diez y nueve nineteen  
veynte twenty  
veynte y uno one and twenty  
veynte y does two and twenty, and so taking the single numbers aforesaid all along.  
Treynta Thirty  
Treynta y uno one and thirty, and so taking the single numbers aforesaid.  
quarenta forty  
quarenta y uno one and forty, and so taking the single numbers aforesaid.  
cinquenta fifty  
sesenta sixty  
setenta seventy  
ochenta eighty  
noventa ninety  
noventa y uno ninety one, and so taking the single numbers aforesaid.  
Ciento a hundred  
dozientoes 2 hundred  
trezientoes 3 hundred  
quatrocientoes 4 hundred  
quinientoes 5 hundred  
seys cientoes 6 hundred  
setecientoes 7 hundred  
ocho cientoes 8 hundred  
novecientoes 9 hundred  
Mil a thousand  
does mil 2 thousand  
tres mil 3 thousand, etc.  
Cien mil 100 thousand  
dozientoes mil 200 thousand  
quinientoes mil 500 thousand  
un millon or un cuento a million  
does millones two millions, etc.  
miller a million of millions.   
Observe that this word ciento a hundred, being to be put before a word it loseth the last syllable to, as cien millones a hundred millions, cien soldadoes a hundred Soldiers, not ciento soldadoes: and sometimes it becomes a kind of Substantif, as un ciento de hombres a hundred of men, but then un goes before.  
Numbers are of two kinds, cardinal, as those which went before, and ordinal numbers, which are Adjectifs, as follows:  

Primero the first  
segundo the second  
tercero the third  
quarto the fourth  
quinto the fifth  
sexto the sixth  
septimo or set ●●no the seventh.  
octavo the eight  
nono or no veno the ninth  
decimo or dezeno the tenth.   
Some stop here the ordinal number, and take the cardinal number to go higher, as soldado onze the eleventh soldier; yet these five are admitted, onzeno the eleventh, dozeno the eight, trezeno the thirtinth, catorzeno the fourtinth, quinzeno the fiftinth; but after, the cardinal number, one, two, three, etc. then you must proceed to vieynteno or vigesimo the twentieth, treynteno or trigesimo the thirtieth, quarenteno or quadragesimo the fortieth, cinquenteno or quinquagesimo and cinquentesimo the fiftieth, sesenteno or sexagesimo and sesentesimo the sixtith, setenteno or setentesimo the seventith, ochenteno or octuagesimo and ochentesimo the eightith, noventeno or noventesimo and nonagesimo the ninetith, centeno or centesimo the hundreth. But it is to be observed that primo and tercio, not primero and tercero come after vigesimo and the rest.   

Of Pronouns.  
PRonouns are certain words which supply the room of Nouns, and they serve only to demonstrat the person or thing without naming of it. There are divers sorts of Pronouns, as Primitif, Possessif, demonstratif, derivatif, relatif, and reciprocal Pronouns: the Primitif have three persons, which are you, tu, de si that hath no Nominatif; you is thus declined:  
Singular. Plural. Nom. You ay No ò nosotros we Gen. de mi of me de vos ò vosotros of us Dat. a mi to me a nos ò nosotros to us Accus. me me nos ò nosotros us Abl. de mi from me. de nos ò nosotros from us.  
Singular. Plural. Nom. Tutor Thou Vos ò vosotros Ye Gen. de ti of thee de vos ò vosotros of you Dat. a ti to thee a vos ò vosotros to you Accus. te thee vos ò vosotros you Voc. o tu o thou o vos ò vosotros o you Abl. de ti from thee de vos ò vosotros from y.  
The Singular is the same both for masculine and feminin, but os is turned to as in the feminin Plurals of nosotros and vosotros, as nosotras as vosotras, but nos and vos by themselves serve for both genders.  
Mi and tu coming before the Substantifs turn to Possessifs Pronouns, as mi espada my sword, tu sombrero thy hat.  
Nos implying greatness or dignity, comes before proper names of the singular number, as No Don Carlos por la gracia de Dios Rey dela gran Bretaña, etc.  
Vos used in Spanish in speaking to a person is held as mean as thou: with a preposition vos is used, as no digo mal de vos, I speak no hurt of you; morirè por vos, I will die for you, etc. but after any other Noun it turns to os, as you os digo, I tell you: as also coming to the end of a word, as quiero hablaros la verdad, I will tell you the truth.  
The Pronoun de si himself, hath no Nominatif nor Plural, and is delcined thus:  

Gen. De si of himself  
Dat. a si to himself  
Accus. see himself  
Abl. de si from himself.   
There is an observable phrase in Spanish, Que serà de mi? que serà de ti? What will become of me? what will become of thee?  
Mismo or mesmo myself, is used after all the three persons through all the cases, adding s to the Plural.   

Singular. Plural. Nom. You mismo or mesmo I myself. Nosotros mismos we ourselfs Gen. de mi mesmo of myself de nosotros mismos of ourselves Dat. a mi mesmo to myself. a nosotros mismos to ourselves Accus. mi mesmo myself nosotros mismos we ourselves Abl. de mi mesmo from myself de nosotros mismos from ourselves  
Singular. Plural. Nom. Tu mismo thou thyself Vosotros mismos ye your selfs Gen. de si mismo of thyself, and so through all cases. de vosotros mismos of your selves, and so through all cases.  
Singular. Plural. Nom. El mesmo he himself Ellos mesmos they themselves Gen. de si mesmo of himself, and so through all cases. de si mismos of themselves, and so through all cases.  
The Spaniards use proprio or propio instead of mismo, as you proprio I myself, tu proprio thou thyself, ella propria she herself, de si propio of himself, etc.   

The Pronoun El is declined thus:  
Singular. Plural. Nom. El he Elloes they Gen. deal of him delloes of them Dat. all to him a elloes to them Accus. el him elloes them Abl. deal from him. delloes from them.  
Ella she, and ellas they, are declined after the same manner.   

Of Pronouns Possessifs.  
Mio Mine, tuyo thine, suyo his, nuestro ours, vuestro yours, with their feminins in a, are called Pronouns Possessifs; but before a Substantif they turn to mi, tu, so, as mi capa my cloak, tu guante thy glove, sum libro his book.  
Lo, being put before mio, tuyo or suyo, make them a kind of Substantifs, as mi cuydado es de guardar lo mio, my care is to keep mine own: tu cuydado serà de asseguarar lo tuyo, thy care must be to secure ●●ine own: so amo bien guarda lo suyo, his master looks well to his own. So is sometimes used in Spanish for la, and 'tis only used in Spanish, as vi que notenia su firma del Author, I saw it bore not the signature of the Author.  
Cuyo and cuya whose, are Pronouns possessifs, but the Italian and French have none such, and commonly they are put before Interrogatifs, as cuya ropilla es esta, whose coat is this? cuyo cavallo es aquel, whose horse is that?  
Cuyo and cuya are also used as Relatifs in the middle of sentences, as guay aquel hijo cuyo padre va all Parayso, Woe be to that son whose father goes to heaven: saluda la muger a cien passos lexos, cuyos cabelloes son roxos, salute a hundred paces off that woman who hath red hair.  
There are Demonstratif Pronouns, as este or esta this, esse or essa that same, aquel or aquella he, she or that: there is also aqueste and aquesse, which sigfies the same as este esse, but not so much used.   

Este declined.  
Singular. Plural. Nom. este or estae this Estos or estas these Goe de este or deste of this de estos or destos of these Dat. a este to this a estos to these Accus. este or a este this estos these Abl. deste or desta from this. de esto or destos from these.   

Esse or essa, aqueste or aquesse this very same are declined alike.  
No. aquel or aquella that aquelloes those Gen. de aquel of that de aquellas of those Dat. a aquel of that a aquelloes to those Accus. aquel that aquelloes those Abl. de aquel from that the aquelloes from those.  
Observe that esto this, esso this very thing, aquello ello that, are Neuters, and so have no Plurals.  
The Pronouns este and esse are joined often to otro, and then the e is lost, yet they never use the note of Apostrophe, as estotro hombre this other man, estotra muger this other woman: and so essotro is used.  
There are two Pronouns which have no singular number, viz. ambos ambas, entrambos entrambas, whereunto one may add ambos and does, all which signify Both or both together: as Querria que entrambos veniessen aca, y yo os emoregare entrambos sus obligaciones, pero si no veneys ambos no tengo de darse las, por tanto digo que ambos ambos juntos, que serà por la ventaja de entrambos: I could wish that you both came hither, and I will deliver you both your bonds, but if you come not together, I will not deliver them, therefore I say that you come both of you, and it will be for the advantage of both.   

Of Pronouns Relatifs.  
There are three other Pronouns Relatifs, viz. quien, que, qual, as quien canta, who sings? que is what or that, que es esto, what is this? el cavallero que yo digo, the Gentleman which I speak of: qual in sense is the same as que, as qual hombre puede digerir esto, what man can digest this?  
Que hath no Plural, as quien and qual have, as quien es aquel hidalgo, who is that Gentleman? quien es son aquelloes mercaderes, who are those merchants? but quien in the singular is counted more elegant, as quien son elloes mercaderes?  
Qual hath los or las before it in the Plural, as Las donzellas las quales yo saludava, the maids which I saluted: los soldados los quales yo nombrava, the soldiers which I numbered.  
In lieu of qual what, and como how, these two words que tall are used, which is a pure Spanicism, as que tal est à mi hermano, how doth my brother? que tall se halla mi madre, how doth my mother? as que tanto is used for quanto, which is also a pure Spanicism, as que tantas leguas ay entre Londres y Glocestra, how many miles are there 'twixt London and Gloucester? que tanto ha que VM. hà buelto del palacio, how long is it that you have returned from Court? whereof we gave instances before.  
To these Relatif Pronouns quien and qual there is often adjoined quire and quiera, which of themselves are Verbs, as quienquiera, qualquier whosoever, as Hablarè Castellano con qualquier hombre que sea, I will speak Spanish with any man whatsoever. Sometimes que quiera is used for Whatsoever, as que quier a que digan las gentes a ti mismo para mientes, whatsoever they say of thee take heed to thyself Roma es la patria de qualquiera, Rome is any man's country.   

Of me, te, se, the Reciprocal Pronouns.  
Me and te serve Verbs oftentimes in the Datif case, as Di me con quien andas, y dezirte h● quien eres, Tell me with whom thou dost keep company, and I will tell thee who thou art: sometimes they serve in the Accusatif, as no me trates en esta surety, do not use me thus. See comes also before or after Verbs, as el se va, he goes away: vase VM. a Londres, do you go to London? no me voy, I go not.  
Sometimes for a fuller signification me and te follows se very often, as que se me da a mi, which form of speaking is a pure Spanicism, and cannot be englished verbatim but thus, What have I to do with it, what care I for it? que se le da a el, what doth he care for it? se me da mucho, it concerns me much: Deve algo para pascua, y hazerte se ha la quaresma corta, Borrow money to be paid at Easter, and Lent will seem short unto thee.  
See, is very often used in the Datif case before the article lo, as Pressed me su espada, y yo se la bolvere incontinente, Lend me your sword, and I will return it speedily: you see lo dire, I will tell it you: yo se lo dare, I will give it you: yo se lo embiare, I will send it you.  
There is also another mixture 'twixt se, me and te, and le and lo doth associate often with them, as quien eres que tu te me vendes por tan discreto, who art thou that makest thyself so wise? or according to the words, That sellest thyself unto me for such a wise man? which kind of phrase is a Spanicism: no see le da nada, he cares not for it: madre mia a donde os me llevan, O my mother, whither do they carry you from me?  
The Particles mi, ti, si, do join oftentimes with the preposition con, and with go, as comigo with me, contigo with thee, consigo with himself, as Cada Frances lleva un frenetico consigo, Every Frenchman carries a madman about him. Andad comigo oy, & yo yrè contigo mañana, Go with me to day, and I will go with thee to morrow.   

Of Verbs.  
WE are come now to the Verbs, which may be called the ligaments or great arteries which tie words and sentences together: There are in Spanish three Conjugations of Verbs, the first in are, the second ending in er, and the third in it: There are also Verbs Actif, Passif, Neuters and Impersonals, and they are declined by five Moods as in other languages; The Indicatif or demonstratif, the Imperatif or Mood of command, the Optatif or wishing Mood, the Conjunctif and Infinitif Mood. There are two subservient or auxiliary Verbs, without which no other can be thoroughly formed, and they are Aver to have, sir to be, therefore we must first conjugat these two Verbs, before we treat of the other, but because You he I have, and yo tengo I hold, are often confounded, and of the same sense before other Verbs, we will conjugat them together.   

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.  
You he Yo tengo I have tu has tu tienes thou hast aquel ha el tiene he hath nosotros hemos ò havemos tenemo we have vosotros heys ò aveys teneys ye have aquelloes han. tienaen. they have.   

Preterperfact tense.  
Yo havia ò avia Tenia I had tu avias tenias thou hadst el avia tenia he had nos haviàmos teniamos we had vos aviades teniades ye had elloes avian. tenian. they had.   

Perfect tense.  
Yo huve ò uve Tuve I had tu uviste ò oviste tuviste thou hadst el huvo ò ovo tuvo he had nos uvimos tuvimos we had vos uvistes tuvistes ye had. elloes uvieron. tuvieron. they had.   

Perfect indefinite.  
You he avido Tenido I had had tu has avido tenido thou hadst had el ha avido tenido he had had nos hemos ò avemos avido tenido we had had vos aveys avido tenido ye had had elloes han avido. tenido. they had had.   

Future tense.  
Yo aurè Tendrè ò ternè I shall have tu auràs tendràs ò ternàs thou shalt have el averà tendra ò terna he shall have nos averemos nos tendremos ò ternemos we shall have vos aureys vos tendreys ò terneys ye shall have elloes auràn. elloes tendràn ò ternàn. they shall have   

The Imperatif Mood.  
Have tu Ten tu Have thou aya el tenga el let him have ayamos tengamos nosotr. let us have haved tengays vosotros let you have ayan. tengan elloes. let them have.   

The Optatif Mood.  
Oxala, plega a Dios que, aunque, dado que, como quiera que, puesto que: O that, would to God that, although, howsoever that, put case that.  
You aya Tenga I had tu ayas tengas thou hadst el aya tenga he had nos ay●nos tengamos we had vos ayays tengays ye had elloes ayan. tengan. they had.   

The Conjunctif Mood. Si, o si: If, o if.  
You uviesse Tuviesse I had tu uviesses' tuviesses thou hadst el uviesse tuviesse he had nos uviessemo● tuviessemos we had vos uviessedes tuviessdes ye had elloes uviessen. tuviessen. they had.  
Quando is often used in Spanish before the Optatif and Conjunctif Moods, and then it signifies as much as although, or bien que, which is also used, as   

Present tense.  
Quando, bien que: Though or although.  
You uviesse Tuviesse I had tu uviesses' tuviesses thou hadst el uviesse tuviesse he had nos uviessemos tuviessemos we had vos uviessedes tuviessedes ye had elloes uviessen. tuviessen. they had.   

Perfect tense.  
Oxala, plega a Dios, aunque, puesto que: O that, I would to God, although, put case that.  
You ay avido Tenido I may have tu ayas avido tenido thou mayst have el aya avido tenido he may have nos ayamos avido tenido we may have vos ayais avido tenido ye may have elloes ayan avido. tenido they may have.   

Pluperfect tense.  
Oxala, o si, aunque, etc. Oh that, although, o if, etc.  
Yo uviera Tuviera I had had tu uvieras tuviera thou hadst had el uviera tuviera he had had nos uvieramos tuvier amos we had had vos uvierades tuvieradoes ye had had elloes uvieran. tuvieran. they had had.   

Future tense.  
Quando, when.  
Yo uviere Tuviere I shall have tu uvieres tuviere thou shalt have el uviere tuviere he shall have nos uvieremos tuvieremos we shall have vos uvieredes tuvieredes ye shall have elloes uvieren. tuvieren. they shall have   

The Infinitif Mood.  
Hauèr ò auèr Tenèr To have aver avido aver tenido to have had estàr por aver. estàr por tener. to be to have.  
Thus we see that tengo I hold, is used oftentimes for the auxiliary Verb Hè, but tengo alludes to the possession of a thing, as tengo cobrado mi dinero, I have recovered my money: It comes more often after digo than any other Verb, as tengo dicho ants, I have said before, etc. dixo me que yo ternia mi dinero mañana, He told me I should have my money to morrow: quando yo le diesse todo quanto tengo, aun no se contentaria, Although I should give him all that I had, yet I should not content him.  
The Conjugation of the Verb, Yo soy I am, and of You estoy I am or stand, which although they differ in Variations, yet they are alike oftentimes in Signification, as shall be showed further.   

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.  
Yo soy Yo estoy I am tu eres tu estas thou art el es el està he is nos somos estamos we are vos soys estays ye are elloes son. estan. they are.   

Imperfect tense▪  
You era Estava I was tu eras estavas thou wast el era estava he was nos eramos estavamos we were vos erades estavades ye were elloes eran. estavan. they were.   

Perfect tense.  
Yo fui Yo estuve I was tu fuiste tu estuviste thou wast el few estuvo he was nos fuimos estuvimos we were vos fuistes estuvistes ye were elloes fueran. estuvieron. they were.   

Perfect indefinite.  
You he sido Estado I have been tu has sido estado thou hast been el ha sido estado he hath been nos hemos ò havemos sido estado we have been vos aveys sido estado ye have been elloes han sido. estado. they have been.   

Preterpluperfect tense.  
Yo avia sido Estado I had been tu avias sido estado thou hadst been el avia sido estado he had been nos aviamos sido estado we had been vos aviades sido estado ye had been elloes avian sido. estado. they had been.   

Future tense.  
Yo serè You estarè I shall be tu seràs tu estaràs thou shalt be el serà el estarà he shall be nos seremos nos estarèmos we shall be vos sereys vos estareys ye shall be elloes seran. elloes estaran. they shall be.  
There is a second Future tense that belongs to these two Verbs, (and indeed to most of the rest) with hè or tengo before the Infinitif Mood.   

The second Future tense of ser and estar.  
You he ò tengo de ser De estar I shall or must be tu has ò tienes de ser de estar thou shalt or must be el ha ò tiene de ser de estar he shall or must be nos hemos ò tenemos de ser de estar we shall or must be vos aveys ò teneys de ser de estar ye shall or must be elloes han ò tienen de servant de estar. they shall or must be.   

The Imperatif Mood.  
Se tu Està tu Bee thou sea el estè el let him be seamos nos estemos nos let us be sed vos estad vos be ye scene elloes. esten elloes. lot them be.   

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.  
Oxala, plega a Dios que, aunque, puesto, dado que, etc. O that, would to God that though, put case that, etc.  
You sea Estè I be tu seas estes thou be'st el sea estè he be nos seamos estemos we be vos seays esteys ye be elloes scene. esten. they be.   

Imperfect tense.  
Oxala, etc. O that, &c▪  
You fuesse Estuviesse I were tu fuesses' estuviesses thou wert elfuesse estuviesse he were nos fuessemos estuviessemos we were vos fuessedes estuviessedes ye were elloes fuessen. estuviessen. they were.  
When si if, or o si o if, and quando, when it is taken for Although, comes before these Tenses, they are declined alike.   

Future tense.  
Yo fuere Estuviere I shall be tu fueres estuvieres thou shalt be el fuere estuviere he shall be nos fueremos estuvieremos we shall be vos fueredes estuvieredes ye shall be elloes fueren. estuvieren. they shall be.   

The Infinitif Mood.  
Sir Estar To be aver sido estado to have been siendo. estando. being.  
The difference which is 'twixt ser and estar consists chiefly in this, that ser signifies the humour or essence of a thing, as yo soy colerico, I am coleric; tu eres valiente, thou art valiant; el es piadoso, he is charitable: and so denotes the quality of the Substantif.  
But you estoy relates most properly to some local posture, or the being in some place, as you estoy a pie, I am afoot; yo estava entonces en Lisbona, I was then in Lisbon. Estar is much used in salutation, and in reference to health, as como esta mi padre, how doth my father? then answer is made, esta bueno loado sea Dios, he is well praised be God: como esta V M. how do you do Sir? estoy achacoso, estoy malo, I am sickish, I am ill; where it is observable that bueno and malo are used in these phrases for Adverbs, viz. for well and ill.  
The difference 'twixt these two auxiliary Verbs, Yo hè or yo tengo, and yo soy, is this, that the first serve the Participles in the Preter tense of Verbs Actifs, as you he amado, I have loved; yo tengo almorzado, I have broke my fast already. Besides, yo he is an auxiliary to itself, as you he avido, I have had; yo avia avido, I had had, etc. But soy I am, makes Passif Verbs only, as yo soy ensalçado, I am exalted; yo soy querido, I am loved.  
Observe that tengo serving for auxiliary, makes the Participle and the thing to agree in number, as Los donayres que yo tengo contadoes son graciosoes, The jests that I have related are pleasant: but you he doth not so, las hazañas que yo he recitado, the exploits that I have recited: But in the Toscan Italian it doth, as Io ho letta la lettera, I have read the letter; Io ho pagati i danari, I have paid the moneys, etc.  
Spanish Verbs have their tern inations in are, er or it: They in are are of the first Conjugation, they in er of the second, and they in it of the third; whereof there shall be examples of each, and according to them all other Verbs must be formed, except Irregulars which shall be spoken of apart.   

The Variation of Buscar to seek, being of the first Conjugation.  
The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.  
You Busco I seek tu buscas thou seek'st el busca he seeks nos buscamos we seek vos buscays ye seek elloes buscan. they seek.   

Imperfect tense.  
Yo buscava I did seek tu buscavas thou didst seek el buscava he did seek nos buscavamos we did seek vos buscavades ye did seek elloes buscavan. they did seek.   

Perfect definite.  
Yo busque I sought tu buscaste thou soughtst el busco he sought nos buscamos we sought vo 〈…〉 ye sought 〈…〉 they sought.   

Perfect indefinite.  
You he buscado I have sought tu has buscado thou hast sought el ha buscado he hath sought nos hemos buscado we have sought vos aveys buscado ye have sought elloes han buscado. they have sought.   

Plusquam perfect.  
Yo avia buscado I had sought tu avias buscado thou hadst sought el avia buscado he had sought nos aviamos buscado we had sought vos aviades buscado ye had sought elloes avian buscado. they had sought.   

Future tense.  
You buscare I shall or will seek tu buscaras thou shalt or wilt seek el buscara he shall or will seek nos buscaremos we shall or will seek vos buscareys ye shall or will seek elloes buscaran. they shall or will seek.   

The second Future.  
You he ò tengo de buscar I must seek tu has ò tienes de buscar thou must seek el ha ò tiene de buscar he must seek nos hemos ò tenemos de but. we must seek vos aveys ò teneys de bus. ye must seek elloes han de buscar. they must seek.   

The Imperatif Mood.  
Busca tu Seek thou busque el let him seek busquemos nosotros let us seek busqueys vosotros seek ye busquen elloes. let them seek.   

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.  
Oxala, aunque, etc. O that, although, etc.  
Yo busque I may seek tu busques thou mayst seek el busque he may seek nos busquemos we may seek vos busqueys ye may seek elloes busquen. they may seek.   

Imperfect tense.  
Oxala, aunque, o si, si, etc. O that, although, o if, if, etc.  
You bucasse I should seek tu bucasses thou shouldst seek el bucasse he should seek nos bucassemos we should seek vos bucassedes ye should seek elloes bucassen. they should seek.   

Pluperfect tense.  
Oxala, aunque, quando, plega a Dios, etc. O that, although, o if, etc.  
You buscàra I had sought tu buscàras thou hadst sought el buscàra he had sought nos buscàramos we had sought vos buscarades ye had sought elloes buscaran. they had sought.   

The Incertain tense.  
Aunque, quando, etc. O if, although, etc.  
Yo buscaria I should seek tu buscarias thou shouldst seek el buscaria he should seek nos buscariamos we should seek vos buscariades ye should seek elloes buscarian. they should seek.   

Future tense.  
Quando, si, etc. When, if, etc.  
Yo buscàre I shall seek tu buscares thou shalt seek el buscare he shall seek nos buscarèmos we shall seek vos buscareys ye shall seek elloes buscaren. they shall seek.   

The Infinitif Mood.  
Bu●car To seek aver buscado to have sought aver de buscar being to seek estar por buscar being for to seek buscando. seeking.  
The declining or sorming of the Verb Holgar to rejoice or to be glad, which hath most commonly one of these Pronouns me, te, se, me, thou, him, before or after it, as yo me huelgo, or huelgome I am glad.   

The Indicatif Mood.  
Present tense.  
You me huelgo, ò huelgome I am glad tu te huelgas thou art glad el se huelga he is glad nos nos huelgamos we are glad vos or holgays ye are glad elloes see huelgan. they are glad.   

Imperfect tense.  
Yo holgàva, ò holgavame I was glad tu te holgavas, etc. thou wast glad, etc.   

Perfect tense.  
You me holguè, ò holgueme I was glad or did rejoice tu te holgaste thou rejoyc'dst el se holgò he rejoiced nos nos holgamos we rejoiced vos os holgastes ye rejoiced elloes see holgàron, ò holgàronse. they rejoiced.   

Indefinite perfect.  
Yo uve ò avia holgado I had rejoiced tu uviste ò avias holgado thou hadst rejoiced el uvo ò avia, etc. he had rejoiced, etc.   

Future tense.  
You me holgarè ò holgarème I will or shall rejoice tu te holgaràs thou shalt or wilt rejoice el se holgarà, etc. he shall or will rejoice, etc.   

The second Future tense, whereof every Verb is capable.  
You he ò tengo de holgarme tu has ò tienes de holgarte, etc. I shall or must rejoice thou shalt or must rejoice, etc.   

The Imperatif Mood.  
Huelgate tu Rejoice thou huelgase el let him rejoice holguemos nosotros ò holguemonos let us rejoice holgad vosotros rejoice ye huelguense elloes. let them rejoice.   

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.  
Oxala, aunque, etc. O that, although, etc.  
You me huelgue I rejoice or be glad tu te huelgues, etc. thou rejoice, etc.   

Imperfect tense.  
Oxala, plaguisse a Dios que, o si, etc. I would to God, though, o if, etc.  
You me holgasse I should rejoice tu te holgasses, etc. thou shouldst rejoice, &c   

Pluperfect tense.  
Oxala, aunque, quando, etc. O that, although, etc.  
You me holgàra I had rejoiced tu te holgàras, etc. thou hadst rejoiced, etc.   

Incertain tense.  
You me halgaría ò holgariame I would be glad tu te halgarías, etc. thou wouldst be glad, etc.   

Future tense.  
Quando, si, etc. When, if, etc.  
Si yo me holgàre If I shall be glad si tu te holgares, etc. if thou shalt be glad, etc.   

The Infinitif Mood.  
Holgar ò holgarse To rejoice or to be glad aver ò averse holgado to have been glad aver the holgar for to be glad estar por holgar. being for to be glad.  
Verbs of the second Conjugation ending in er, whose Participles like the third Conjugation end in ido or ydo.   

The Indicatif Mood of Entendèr, to understand, Present tense.  
Yo entiendo I understand tu entiendes thou dost understand, etc. el entiende  nos entendemos  vos entendeys  elloes entienden.    

Imperfect tense.  
Yo entendia I did understand tu entendias thou didst understand, etc.  el entendia  nos entendiamos  vos entendiàdes  elloes entendian.    

Perfect tense.  
You entendì I understood tu entendisti thou understoodst, etc. el entendio  nos entendimos  vos entendistes  elloes entendieron.    

Perfect indefinite.  
You he entendido I have understood, tu has entendido, etc. thou hast understood, etc.   

Plusquam perfect tense.  
Yo avia ò uve entendido I had understood tu avias ò uviste entendido, etc. thou hadst understood, etc.   

Future tense.  
Yo entendirè I shall or will understand tu entenderas, etc. thou shalt or wilt understand, etc.   

The second Future tense.  
You he ò tengo de entendèr I shall or must understa. tu has de entendèr, etc. thou shalt or must understand, etc.   

The Imperatif Mood.  
Entiende tu Understand thou entienda el let him understand entendamos nosotros ò entendamonos let us understand entendèd vosotros understand ye entiendan elloes. let them understand.   

The Optatif and Subjunctif Moods. Present tense.  
Plega a Dios, aunque, etc. God grant, although, etc.  
Yo entienda I understand tu entiendas thou understandest, etc. el entienda  nos entendamos  vos entendays  elloes entiendan.    

Imperfect tense.  
Oxala, si, etc. I would, if, etc.  
You entendiesse I would understand tu entendiesses, etc. thou wouldst understand▪ etc.   

Plusquam perfect.  
Aunque, quando, si, etc. Although, if, etc.  
Yo entendiera I had understood tu entendieras, etc. thou hadst understood.   

Future tense.  
Quando yo entendiere When I shall understand quando tu entendieres, etc. when thou shalt understand, etc.   

The Infinitif Mood.  
Entender To understand aver entendido to have understood aver de entender to be understood ser para entender to be to be understood entendiendo. understanding.  
The Verb entiendo is properly to understand, as Dios me de contienda con quien me entienda, God send me to have to do with him who understands me: a buen entendedor media palabra, half a word to the wise. But sometimes 'tis taken for to hear, as Entendì que mi padre estava malo, I heard my father was sick.  
According to Entender all other regular Verbs of the second Conjugation may be formed.  
Verbs of the third Conjugation ending in it, have their Participles like the second in ido, exemplified by the Verb Servir to serve.   

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.  
Yo sirvo I serve tu sirves thou servest, etc. el sirve  nos servimos  vos servis  elloes sirven.    

Imperfect tense.  
Yo servia I did serve tu servias, etc. thou didst serve, etc.   

Perfect tense.  
Yo servi I served tu serviste thou servest, etc. el servio  nos servimos  vos servistes  elloes sirvieron.    

Pluperfect tense.  
Yo uve ò avia servido I had served tu uviste ò avias servido, etc. thou hadst served, etc.   

Future tense.  
Yo servirè I shall or will serve tu serviràs thou shalt or wilt serve, el servira etc. nos servirèmos  vos servireys  elloes serviran.    

The second Future tense.  
You h● ò tengo de servir I shall or must serve tu hàs de servir, etc. thou shalt or must serve,  &c.   

The Imperatif Mood.  
Sirve tu Serve thou sirva el let him serve sirvamos nosotros let us serve servid vosotros serve ye sirvan elloes. let them serve.   

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods.  
Present tense. Oxala, aunque, etc. O that, although, etc.  
Yo sirva I serve tu sirvas thou servest, etc. el sirva  nos sirvamos  vos sirvays  elloes sirvan.    

Imperfect tense.  
Oxala, aunque, o si, si, etc. O that, although, o if, if, etc.  
You serviesse I should serve tu sirviesses, etc. thou shouldst serve, etc.   

Pluperfect tense.  
Oxala, aunque, si, o si, etc. O that, though, if, etc.  
Yo serviria I had served tu servirias, etc. thou hadst served, etc.   

Future tense.  
Quando, si, etc. When, if, etc.  
Yo sirvirè I shall serve tu sirvieres, etc. thou shalt serve, etc.   

The Infinitif Mood.  
Servir To serve aver servido having served aver de servir to have to serve estar por servir to be to serve sirviendo. serving.  
This Verb Servir to serve, doth properly signify to serve or obey, as Servir a la mesa, to serve at the table. Sometimes to avail, as de que sirve todo esso, what purpose serves all this? Sometimes it signifies to be pleased, as sea servido de entrar, be pleased to come in: si Dios fuere servido, Dios ha sido servido, if God be pleased, it hath pleased God.  
The Spanish Tongue is full of Irregular Verbs, whereof I shall instance here in the most principal, by giving the chiefest and radical Tenses of them: For their inflections at length, I refer the Lerner to larger Grammars, the design of this being Brevity.   

Irregular Verbs of the first Conjugation in are, and their Gerund in ado.  
Yo cuelgo, I hang Yo huelgo, I rejoice colgava, I did hang holgava, I did rejoice colguè, I hung holgue, I rejoiced colgarè, I shall or will hang holgare, I shall rejoice colgar, to hang holgàr, to rejoice colgando, hanging. holgando, rejoicing.  
You regueldo, I belch  regoldava, I did belch  regoldè, I belched  regoldarè, I shall or will belch  regoldar, to belch  regoldando, belching.    

Irregular Verbs of the second Conjugation ending in er, and their Gerund in ido.  
You quiero, I love queria, I did love quise, I loved querrè, I will love querèr, to love queriendo, loving. This word querer to love, in Spanish, comes from the word quaerere in Latin, to seek; for whom we love we are seeking for them ever and anon: The compounded Pronouns qualquier and qualquiera, any, any whatsoever, comes from this Verb. Querer also signifies to will, as you quiero your a la Missa, I will go to Mass, no quiero your a la Missa, I will not go to Mass, etc.  
You puedo, I can Yo hago, I do podia, I was able hazia, I did pude, I could hize, I did podre, I shall be able hare, I shall do poder, to be able hazer, to do pud●endo, being able. haziendo, doing.  
You 〈◊〉, I know You traygo, I carry 〈◊〉 I did know traya, I did carry 〈◊〉 new truxe, I carried sabre, I shall know traere, I shall carry saber, to know traer, to carry sabiendo, knowing. trayendo, carrying. Yo buelvo, I return Yo pongo, I put bolvia, thou didst return ponias, thou didst put boluì, I returned puse, I put bolvere, I shall return pondre, I shall put bolver, to return poner, to put bolviendo, returning. poniendo, putting.  
Yo huelo, I smell Quepo, I contain or am contained olia, I did smell cabia, I did contain or was contained oily, I smelled cupe, I contained, etc. olere, I shall smell cabre, I shall contain, etc. oler, to smell caber, to contain or be contained oliendo, smelling. cabiendo, containing, etc.  
This word caber in Spanish hath various significations, as esto mi cabe por mi part, this falls unto me for my share: honra y provecho no cabin en un saco, honour and profit do not hold in one sack: esto me cupo en surety, this happened to be my lot, etc.   

Irregular Verbs of the third or last Conjugation ending in it or your, and their Gerunds also in ido.  
Yo oygo, I hear You digo, I say oya, thou didst hear dezia, I did say oy, I heard dixe, I said oyre, I shall hear dire, I will say oyr, to hear dezir, to say oyendo, hearing. diziendo, saying. Yo duermo, I sleep Yo muero, I die dormia, I did sleep moria, I did die dormi, I slept mori, I died dormire, I shall sleep morire, I shall die dormir, to sleep morir, to die durmiendo, sleeping. muriendo, dying.  
The Conjugating of the two Verbs your and andar to go; they are Synonima's in sense, but with this difference, that your doth simply denote the action of going or marching from one particular place to another, as yo voy a la Yglesia, I go to the Church: But andar signifies an uncertain wand'ring motion of going, as you anday por toda Italia, I went through all Italy: And 'tis used sometimes for reproaches, as andad para vellaco, go for a rogue; andad para Luterano, go for a Lutheran. Your is taken in divers senses, as como le va, how goes it with you? que va a mi en esto, what doth it concern me? mucho va de Iuan y Lilburne, there is a great difference 'twixt John and Lilburn, a late brainsick fellow that was never scarce of one mind: como few a VM. en aquel negocio, how went it with you in that business?   

They are declined thus:  
You voy, I go Yo ando, I go yva, thou didst go andava few, he went anduve ire, I will go andare (not much in use) your, to go andar yendo, going. andando. Yo vengo, I come Yo obedesco, I obey venia, I did come obedecia, I did obey vine, I came obedeci, I obeyed verne or vendre I shall come tengo de obedecer, I will obey venir, to come obedecer, to obey veniendo ò viniendo coming. obedeciendo, obeying.  
It is to be observed that when the Participles of your and andar come before or after the Verb soy I am, they are of the same number, as ydo soy a mi casa, I am gone to my house; ydos somos a la Comedia, we are gone to the Play; andado es el tiempo de alegria the time of mirth is past; andadoes son los dias de mocedad, the days of youth are past.  
There is a way of speaking in Spanish, and 'tis held eloquent, as to the Future's with he and tengo to join me, te, se, le, la, lo, les, las, los, and put the auxiliary Verb last, as bezar me has, you shall or must kiss me; reñir te he, I shall or must chide thee; hazerse ha, it shall or must be done; comerlo has, you shall or must eat it, etc. And oftentimes the Article comes between the Pronoun and the Verb, as Embiarte lafoy he, (making as it were but one word) I shall or must send her unto thee; in lieu of te la embiare.  
The second person Plural of the Imperatif Mood having after it any of the Particles le, la, lo, or their Plurals les, las, los, there is always a preferring of the l before the d, as llevadle bring him, is pronounced llevalde; besadla kiss her, besalda; comedlo eat, comeldo; llamadloes call them, llamaldoes, etc.  
When le, la, lo, les, las, los, come before or after an Infinitif Mood, the r (by the figure Antistoichon) is turned to l, too smoothen the pronunciation, as soy por dezirle, I am to tell him, soy por dezille, I am to tell him; quiero besarla las manos, I will kiss her hands, quiero besalla las manos, etc.   

Of Verbs Impersonals.  
IMpersonals are those that have no persons, and yet are made of the third person of the Indicatif Present tense, and have it before them in English, which the Spanish hath not; A nos pertenece, it appertains to us; a mi conviene, it is convenient for me: But oftentimes for a greater Emphasis me and te are added, and os, as Ami me conviene, it is convenient for me; a ti importa, a ti te importa, it concerns thee; a nos os conviene for a nos conviene, it is convenient for us: me pesa I am sorry, a mi me pesa: acontece muchas vezes', it happens often; acaece pocas vezes', it happens seldom.  
The Spaniards have but one Gerund terminating always in do. In the first Conjugation it is form of the Infinitif Moo●, by putting are into ando, as hablar to speak, hablando; holgar to rejoice, holgando rejoicing. They of the second Conjugation are made by turning ere into iendo, as bolver to return, bolviendo returning. They of the third Conjugation are made by turning r alone into iendo, as venir to come, veniendo coming: but in very many words the e that comes immediately before the r in the Infinitif is turned to i, as dezir to speak, diziendo speaking, not deziendo; sentir to smell, sintiendo smelling. Some other Verbs change i before the Infinitif r into n, as morir to dye, muriendo dying; dormir to sleep, durmiendo sleeping. The Preposition en coming before the Gerund hath relation to time, as en hablando esto tengo de yrme, as soon as I speak this I will go; you ire en acabando de comer, I will go as soon as I have dined.  
The Spanish Participles have their Genders, significations and times, but the Participles of the Present tense have no genders, as Moço or moça creciente ha' el lobo en el vientre, A growing youth or maid hath a wolf in the belly. The Participles of the Preter tense end in do, and are form of the Infinitif Mood as the Gerund, n left out, as hablar to speak, hablado spoken; buscar to seek, buscado sought, etc. But there are many Irregulars which are excepted, as morir to dye, muerto dead; dezir to speak, dicho spoken; bolver to return, buelto returned, etc. which is left to the studious observer.   

Of the Indeclinable parts of Speech.  
WE have hitherto treated of the parts of Speech which are declinable, we will proceed now to those that are not capable of declination, and first▪   

Of Adverbs.  
The first are Adverbs of Time, as Oy to day, air yesterday, anteyer or ante air before yesterday, mañana to morrow, por la mañana in the morning, ala mañanica betimes in the morning, temprano early, media dio noon, tarde the evening.  
Note, that the Spaniard hath this singularity in his salutations relating to time, to speak in the plural number, as Buenos dias good days to you, buenas tardes good evenings to you, buenas noches good nights to you, huenos años good years to you, buenas Pascuas good Easters to you: but they never use Good morrow.  
Agora, all present now; poco ha, poco tiempo ha a little while since; despues since, alguna vez, a vezes sometimes; amenudo often, mucho ha' a good while since, muchas vezes' oftentimes, pocas vezes' seldom, quando when, entonces then, entre tanto, en este comedio in the interim; hasta que until, mientras while, por adelante, de aqui adelante, en ò por lo venidero hereafter; entonces thence forward, desde agora hence forward, nunca, jamas never; aun yet or as yet, contino de contino continually, ya already, luego, subito, encontinente presently; presto quickly, siempre always, siempre jamas for ever, dende agora from henceforth, hasta quando until when, hasta tanto until that, desde que since that, de ay adelante thence forward, despues aca since now, a deshora unwaringly, de aqui a un rato within a little while, cada dia every day, cada rato ever and anon, cada momento every moment, quando quiera when you will, ante, ants, denantes before.  
Note, that cada, mucho and poco are sometimes Adjectifs, as cada soldado, every soldier; cada qual con su yguàl, every one with his mate; mucho dinero, much money; poca fatiga es gran salùd, a little toil is great health.   

Local Adverbs, or of place.  
Aqui here, ay, alli there; de aqui hence, de ay, de alli thence; por aqui this way, por ay, por alli that way; acà these parts, por acà in these parts, allà, a●ulla those parts, lexos far, dentro within, fuera without, do, ado, donde, adonde, where, whence, whither; the do, de donde, por donde, from whence; de com●ania hermanablement, brotherly and in company.   

Separatif Adverbs.  
A part apart, aun cabo at one end, a un lado at one side, de tras behind, a escondidas secretly, closely; a hurto, a hurtadas, a hurtadillas stealingly; solo, solament alone; fuera, excepto, sacando fuero except; no embargante, non obstante notwithstanding; a escuras in the dark, apartadament by itself, a bueltas besides or above, as a bueltas de ducadoes me dio un a cadena de oro, Besides or above other things he gave me a Gold chain.   

Adverbs of intention.  
En todo y por todo altogether, del todo wholly, enterament, de todo en todo totally.   

Adverbs Personals and Appelatifs.  
Comigo with me, contigo with thee, consigo with him, ha señor, hà hermano, ce ce, o là, ò como se llama.   

Adverbs of election.  
Mas ayna sooner, primero que rather than, mejor better, ants, mass ances rather; as Ants puto que Gallego, Rather an Ingle than a Galician.   

Adverbs of haste.  
Luego, subito presently, suddenly; en un momento in a moment, en un cerràr de ojo in the twinkling of an eye, presto quickly.   

Adverbs of similitudes.  
Como, ansi como as, so as; ansi, assi so; de la manera que insomuch.   

Irregular Adverbs.  
De passado, de camino as we passed; all traves athwart, all reuès clean kam, a reculas recoiling back, the bruces grovelling, a gatas creeping, a tuerto crookedly, embalde in vain, debalde gratis for nothing, barato good cheap, a trueque, en lugar in exchange or in lieu.   

Of the Prepositions.  
There are some Prepositions in Spanish that serve for Accusatif and Ablatif cases, which will be distinguished by the Article, and first of those Prepositions that serve the Ablatif with de.  
Cerca ne'er, de of, ants before, acerca touching, ●●erredòr, alderredòr about; entorno round about, fuera without, dentro within, debaxo under, encima upon, ayuso, de yuso, abaxo below; de sus● arriba on high, empos del after him, en frente, de frente against or opposite; a lafoy orilla at the bank or brink, a rayz all along.   

Prepositions which serve the Accusatif.  
Sober, acuestas upon or about; ante, contra against; por, para for, which way, abaxo, de yuso below, debaxo underneath, arriba, de suso above; atras behind, do quiera, a do quiera, donde quiera whersoever; aquende this side, allende that side.   

Adverbs of number.  
una vez once, does vezes twice, and so to cien vezes an hundred times; thence to mil vezes a thousand times, etc. by putting the cardinal numbers which were put down before.   

Adverbs of quantity.  
Mucho much, poco a little, poquito very little, harto, assaz enough; demasiado, en demasia too much; de mas de esto moreover; all pie de ciento near a hundred, all pie de mil about or near a thousand, abundantement, en abundancia, a montones plentifully; tanto quanto, tan quan as much as.  
Observe that tanto quanto come always before Verbs or Substantifs, tan quan before Adjectifs or Adverbs; as no tengo tanto seso como vos, I have not so much brain as you: quanto es deal mes, what day of the month is it? tengo tan buenos parientes como vos, I have as good kindred as you: o quan dulcement canta, how sweetly do you sing?  
These three Adverbs mass, muy, mucho serve to make Comparatifs of Positif Adjectifs, as rico rich, masrico more rich, muy rico very rich: mucho is seldom used in this kind, unless mass come immediately after, as mucho mas hermosa much more beautiful: The Superlatifs never have these before them, for they say not mass, muy or mucho riquissimo, hermosissimo, for they of themselves are sufficient to augment the quality.   

Adverbs of quality.  
Bien, buenament well; mal, malament ill; osadament boldly, atrevidament audaciously, adrede expressly or purposely, a sabiendas wittingly. When two Adverbs of quality meet, the foremost loseth the two last syllables, as locament y temer ariament foolishly and rashly, ment in the first is lost, and it must be written and pronounced loca y temerariament.   

Adverbs of negation.  
No no not, ni neither, aun no no not yet, tampoco ●i menos as less, nada, nonada nothing; nunca, janas never; en ninguna manera, surety, modo, by no means; ants, mas ants rather, but rather; no solament not only. Two Negatifs affirm not in the Spanish as they do in some languages, as we see in no nada, menos and tampoco less, are often simple negations: and commonly to Interrogations, as tienes' dinero? no, hast thou any money? no: tienes vestidos? menos, hast thou clothes? less: tienes de comer? tampoco, hast thou meat? as little.   

Of affirmatif Adverbs.  
Si ay, yea, yes; si señor I Sir: si is also an affirmatif, but in Italian it commonly comes after signior; as signior si, tambien also, si cierto, si por cierto yes sure; si de verdad yes in truth, verdaderament truly, assies 'tis so, Amen; ansi es 'tis so, sin duda doubtless, de veras in good sooth.   

Adverbs Optatif, or of wishing.  
Oxala (a Morisco word) o that, I would, I could wish; quiera a Dios God grant, plega a Dios God grant, o si o if.   

Adverbs of admonition.  
Ea, vaya well then, there then; ea pues, ora pues, or a sus, sus, arasus, well well, let it pass, let us on: ea alegrament.   

Demonstratif Adverbs.  
Hè aqui, Veys aqui look here; ve alli, cataldo aqui, cataldo ay, look here, see here, see there.   

Adverbs of order.  
Primerament in the first place, principalment chiefly, Imprimis; de nuevo again, all fin, finalment, all cabo last; item item, de tras behind, a la postre late or lag behind, adelante, delante before; entre tanto in the mean while, mientras while.   

Remissif Adverbs.  
Poco a poco by little and little, dispacio lesurely, passo, passito gently; quedo, quedito softly; a penas scarce, a malas penas very hardly, casi almost, a plazer at pleasure, calla callando secretly and silently, callandico softly without noise.   

Adverbs of doubt.  
Puede ser, quiça it may be; a caso perchance, por ventura peradventure.   

Interrogatif Adverbs.  
Para que why, to what end? porque, porque razon for what reason, why? a que proposito to what purpose? por que causa for what cause.   

Adverbs Congregatif.  
juntoes, iuntament together; en uno, a la par, a las parejas equally, in one; entrambos, ambos, ambos ad●s both together.   

Separatif or Adverbs of exception.  
Salvo, excepto, sacando fuera except; segun according, junto near, hasta until, cabe near, tras behind, en in, entre between, hazia towards, aquende allende this side or that side.  
Por and para do both signify For, but the first relates commonly to the efficient and final cause, and para relates to the profit or damage of a person, as por amor de Dios, for God's love; yo muero por ti, I die for thee; para quien es esta casa, for whom is this house? es para Don Carlos, it is for Sir Charles: Araada sober el Duero para mi la quiero, Aranda upon the Duero I'll have her for myself: a Proverb of Philip the second, when there was a suit 'twixt him and one of his Grandes for right to that Town in old Castille: Therefore there is a Spanicism that para comigo signifies in my behalf, para consigo in his behalf: than it serves often before con, but it makes it more emphatical, and to change its sense, and both of them signify Towards, as seamos piadosoes para con los pobres, let us be pitiful towards the poor: para con todos es affable y franco, he is affable and free towards all.  
The Preposition hàzia towards, hath always an accent over the first syllable, to distinguish it from hazia the Verb, who hath the accent over the middle syllable.  
The Preposition cabe near, comes always before the Accusatif case, as sientese VM. cabe mi hermana, sit next my sister.   

Of Conjunctions.  
COnjunctions some are Copulatifs, as y and, tambien also, aun yet: Touching y and, for avoiding the ill sound turns sometimes to e, when the next word begins with another y, as Margerita e Ysabela, Francisco e yo andàvamos juntoes, Francis and I went together; la mano derecha e ysquierda, the right and the left hand, etc.  
The Disjunctif Prepositions are ni, o not, as ni el uno ni el otro, nor the one nor the other; O San Pablo oh San Pedro, either Paul or Peter.  
There are some causal or conditional Prepositions, as si if, aunque although, dado que, puesto que it being granted, pues que since that, para que to the end that, porque because, mas but, pero but, empèro notwithstanding, toda via yet for all that, a lo menos at least, con tall if, upon condition; tengo de beaver todo esto con tall que VM. me hagarazòn, I will drink all this upon condition you will pledge me: yrè allà con tall que VM. vaya comigo, I will go thither upon condition you will go with me.  
There are also Rational Prepositions, as assi que so that, es a saber, conviene a saber, viz. to wit; luego, pues then; por esso, por tanto therefore.   

Of Interjections.  
INterjections are certain words which express the motions or alterations of the mind, according to the accidents that happen, signifying either joy or grief, fear, anger or wonder, as o bueno, hala, gala, o good, o brave; ay, hay de mi alas; guay, guay de mi woe is me; amargo de mi, desdichado de mi, wretched, unfortunat that I am: jesus, vala me Dios, Jesus, God deliver me: valgame la madre de Dios que es esto, the mother of God deliver me what's this? and these are spoken in admiration.  
There are three sorts of Ay, the first is the Impersonal Verb Ay, as ay barto lodo en las calls, there is dirt enough in the streets: The second is the Interjection of grief, as ay de mi woe is me: The third is the local Adverb [Ay] and that hath an accent over the [y] and is pronounced as two syllables, as quien esta ay, who is there? Ay esta mi padre, my father is ther. Therefore there must a great heed be taken to observe the accents, though in most Spanish Authors the Printers are not so careful herein as they should be. The Impersonal ay is very frequent in the Spanish Tongue in one rinse or other, for it hath all the five in the Indicatif Mood, as Ay there is, avia ther was, uvo ther was, (Perfect tense) ha avido there hath been, aura ther will be.    

A Collection of some difficult Words and Phrases which are mere Spanicisms or Idioms of the Castilian Tongue.  

Of the words fulano, hulano, çutano.  
THese three words are much used in Spanish, as john an Okes and john a Styles in our Law, or Mevius and Titius were used in the Latin: they signify [such a one] or [how do you call him?] as Fulano es gran soldado, such a one is a great soldier: Hulano es muy hombre de bien, such a one is very honest. They have also their Feminins fulana, hulana, but not çutano, which never begins a saying, as hablè a çutano, I spoke to such a one.  
The word Hidalgo a Gentleman, hath two Etymoligies, according to some it is derived of hijo de algo the son of somebody, viz. of a known person; or hija de algo a Gentlewoman, but that is pronounced and written at large, not hidalga. Others derive it from hijo del Godo the son of a Goth, for the Goths and Vandals, whence Andaluzia is derived, having first planted Christianity in Spain, it was held an honour to be called hijo del Godo, the son of a Goth, contracted to hidalgo.  
Hideputa on the contrary is a word of disgrace, being derived of hijo de puta the son of a whore, but 'tis used for an Interjection of exclamation or wonder, and most commonly in an ill sense, o Hideputa, y que Roldan para hazer fieros, O Hideputa, what a Rowland is this to make bravadoes? hydeputa ruyn ò hidervin, base son of a whore.  
There are some words, which though they be Substantifs, yet having en before them turn to a kind of Adverbs, as en cuerpo without a cloak, en piernas without stockings, en carnes, en puras carnes all naked; as pusole en puras carnes, he stripped him stark naked. En cuero hath the like sense: cuero a skin, is used also to another sense, as hazerse cuero, to make himself a skin, that is, to make himself drunk, because in Spain they carry wine in skins.  
The Verb alcançar hath many significations, as to obtain, acquire and overtake, but it hath one extraordinary sense, Alcançar en la cuenta, to defalk or abate of the account; alcançado de cuenta, that which remains of the account.  
The Verb armar to arm, hath other significations, as armar una celada, to provide an ambush; armar un lazo to provide a trap; armar una cama, to furnish a bed, etc.  
Abaxo below, and aynso under, have remarkable significations, sometimes as Del Rey abaxo n● temo algun alma viviente, I fear none breathing after or except the King: de Dios en ayuso yo le conservava, after God I preserved him.  
This word cabo an end, is used diversely, as Estoy all cabo del negocio. I understand the business; rico por el cabo, extremely rich; all cabo estoy, no me diga mas, I know your meaning speak no more.  
The Verb caer to fall, hath remarkable significations, as no caygo en VM. I cannot remember who you are: no puedo caer en ello, I cannot understand it.  
This Verb dar to give, is used diversely, as dar el para bien to congratulat: el demonio me da penar por ●lla, the devil makes me torment myself for her: darse maña, to use cunning, etc.  
The Verb echar to cast, power or put, is used variously, as see echa de ver, it seems: echar mano a la espada, to draw his sword, etc.  
The Verb estar to be or stand, is variously used, as Estoy en ello, I understood the business: estoy mal con Fulano, I am not friends with such a man: quien està mal con Dios nopuede hazer cosa buena, who is not in peace with God cannot do any thing good.  
The Verb hazer to do, is used diversely, as haze frio 'tis cold, haze calor 'tis hot, haze solemnising 'tis clear.  
Hà he hath, the third person of aver, hath various significations, as tres dias hà, three days since: cien años hà, it is a hundred years: quanto hà que vine a Londres, how long is it since you came to London? dias hà, 'tis a pretty while since: que tanto hà que estays aqui, how long have you been here? aurà cosa de media hora, about half an hour, etc.  
The Verbs llevar and traer to bring, lead or carry, are indifferently used in some parts of Spain, but not in Castille; but properly llevar is to bring, and traer is to carry, as llevaronme und●cado por la hechura, they brought me a Crown for the making: lleveme el cavallo, bring me the horse: trae una carga muy pesado, he carries a very hevy burden.  
There is also another sense of llevar, as buen camino lleva el negocio, the business goes well: la eosa no lleva remedio, there's no remedy for it.  
Nàdie and ningùno none, differ in that nàdie relates to Persons, and never joins with a Substantif, which ninguno doth, as no hago mal a nadie, I hurt nobody: quien està ay, who is there? nadie nobody. Ninguno joins with Adjectifs, as obra de una es obra de ninguno, the work of one is the work of none: ninguno loseth o when it comes before a Substantif, as ningun hombre; but ninguna the feminin keeps a always.  
Pararmientes is an extraordinary word in Spanish, it is to beware, as tu que mientes lo que dizes para mientes, thou which dost use to lie take heed what thou sayest.  
Pedir and preguntar to ask, differ in this, that pedir relates to a thing we desire to have, and preguntar to a thing we desire to know.  
Recado or recaudo is as general a word as any that's used in the whole Spanish tongue, sometimes it signifies a Message, yo voy con un recaudo, I go with a message: sometimes it signifieth wherewith to do any thing, as no tengo recaudo para escrevir, I have not wherewith to write: da me recauda para almorzar, give me wherewith to break my fast, etc.    

These Expressions also touching the disposition of the Weather are remarkable in the Spanish.  
Llueve a cantaros, it reins by whole buckets: escampia, y har à buen tiempo, it leaves raining, and we shall have fair wether: yela tanto que ay caràmbanos, it freezeth so that there are Icicles: desyela, y haze lodaçares, it thaws and is very dirty: nieva a copos, it reins fleeces of wool: el tiempo se escurece, que parect boca de lobo, the wether darkens as it were the mouth of a wolf: haze sol con uñas, y llovisna, the Sun is troubled, and it misles: haze lindo y estrellado, it is fair and starlike: haze suzio, y lleno de çarpas, it is foul and dirty: ay lodos hasta la cinta, there's dirt up to the girdle: frio que haze tiritar, cold that makes the teeth to quaver: ha', muy resbaladero y dislizadero, haze bonança, 'tis calm.  

Of the Spanish Accents.  
There is nothing that conduceth more to the right and round speaking of Spanish, as to observe how the words are accented, and to give a force thereunto accordingly: To which end take these precepts.  
All words ending in r have the accent in the last syllable as, mugèr a woman, plazèr pleasure, muladàr a dunghill, albeytàr a Farrier; All Infinitif Moods, as hablàr to speak, descansàr to rest, descalabràr to break one's head, boluèr to return, apprendèr to learn, acontecèr to happen, hinchir to fill, escupìr to spit, apercebìr to prepare, labradòr a yeoman, pecadòr a sinner, oradòr an orator, etc. with Proper names, as Gaspàr, Balthasàr, etc. But alcàçar a castle, açùcar sugar, màrtir a martyr, are excepted.  
Words also ending in d have the accent in the last, as salùd health, lealtàd loyalty, humanidàd humanity, etc. Proper names of places, as Madrìd, Vallodolìd, etc. whereunto may be added the second person plural of the Imperatif Mood, as and àd go, embiàd send, embergàd sequester, despavilàd snuff, etc.  
Words also ending in l have an accent or Emphasis in the last, as Españòl a Spaniard, caracòl a snail, señàl a sign, azùl blu, etc. But some are accepted, as cònsul, hàbil able, fertile fruitful, dèbil weak, àrbol a tree, fràgil frail, mòbil movable, etc.  
Words also ending in n have the accent in the last syllable, as capitàn a captain, almazèn a store-house, mastìn a mastiff, compassiòn, devociòn, abominaciòn, etc. but some few are excepted, as òrden order, imàgen image, Orìgen, etc.  
Words in x also have the accent in the last syllable, as carcàx a quiver, almofrèx a male or great hamper, relòx a clock, Amoradàx Mariorame.  
Words also ending in z have the accent in the last syllable, as sagàz wise, Axedrèz a Chessboard table, vejèz old age, etc. There are some proper names excepted, as Nuñez, Dìaz, Aluàrez, Pèrez, Suàrez, Rodrìguez, Sànchez, Gòmez, etc.  
Words terminating in jam have the accent over th● i, as porfìa, alcanzìa a box, policìa, philosofìa, alegrìa mirth, Astronomìa, and other words derived from the Latin. But these are excepted ausencia absence, blasfemia, clemència, dolència grief, escòria dross, eficàcia, glòria, indùstria, infàmia, injùria, etc.  
The Future tenses of Verbs in the Indicatif Moods, have the accent over the last, as buscarè, buscaràs, buscara, ay, thou, he shall seek: And observable it is, that where the accent is over the last in the singular number, 'tis over the last saving one in the Plural, buscarè buscarèmos, virtùd virtùdes, capitàn capitànes, mugèr mugères, caracòl caracòles, relòx relòges.  
Note that where the accent is found there must be a gentle vigour, acuteness and force given to the syllable.  
Magnìfico the Adjectif hath the accent over the second syllable, but magnifìco the Verb over the penultime or last syllable saving one.    

Carta compuesta de ciertos Frasis y Idiòmas, peculiares y propios a la Lengua Castellana.  
A los 8. de Mayo.  
Mass de cineo mezes hà que yo no recebi tiled de VM. por tanto estoy con mil desseòs, y no men cuydadoes de entender que tall se halla mi primo en punto salùd, y como leva a VM. tambien; Todos quantos por aca dizen que mi Tartarabuelo ha traspassado, por cierto me pesa, porque de mi padre abaxo no quise mass a algun alma viviente; era devoto por el cabo, haga, que yo sepa que tanto aura que murio; se echa dever, que VM. ò està malo, ò muy ocupado, ò que se le da nada de sus parientes por aca; Topè poco hà con Beltran, que parecia en cuerpo, y en piernas, y casi en puras carnes tan belitre era; toda via se avia hecho cuero, y hazia fieroes como si fuera Roldan, pensava de dalle palos, si no uvier a hecho divorcio con larazòn.  
Supplico a VM. que se sirva de dar recaudo a la que va con esta, y si Fulano, etc. Esta por aculla, digale que Hulana esta achocosa; despues de muchoes dares y tomares recaudo all fin so dote, que vino a buen recaudo: No soy por mas, si no que con mis besamanos a çutano Don, etc. y a los chiquitos sus quitapesares, quedo muy de veras, y de todas mis entrañas, su criado mayòr.  
Fulano.  
This Letter were it translated verbatim according to the literal sense, would prove nothing but absurdities, therefore it must be rendered otherwise, as thus:  
A familiar Letter made up of certain Phrasis or Idioms peculiar and proper only to the Castilian Tongue.  
The 8. of May.  
'tIs more than six months that I received any thing from you, therefore I am very desirous and careful to understand how my Cousin doth in point of health, and how you also do: All the world here report that my Great-granfather is dead, truly I am sorry, for after my father I loved him more than any; he was devout in an intense degree: I pray let me know how long it is since he died.  
It seems that you are either ill or very busy, or that you care not for your Kinsmen hereabout. I met lately with Beltran, who appeared without a cloak or stockings, and almost stark naked, he was such a Rogue; yet he had got drunk, and did so rant it as if he had been another Roldan: I thought to bang him, had he not made a divorce with reason for that time.  
I pray be pleased to deliver the enclosed, and if such a one B. be that way, tell him that such a one M. is sickly, and after many Godmorrows she recovered her dowry, which came in a good time. No more, but that with my service to D, and to his take away cares, I mean his little ones, I remain in earnest, and with all my bowels,  
The gretest of your Servants, P. S.    

LA PERAMBULACIÒN DE España, y de Portugàl; En un Discurso entre CARLOS y FELIPE.  
THE PERAMBULATION OF Spain and Portugal; In a Discourse 'twixt CHARLES and PHILIP: Which may serve for a DIRECTORY How to Travel through those Country's.   

LA PERAMBULACION DE España y de Portugàl; En un Discurso entre CARLOS y FELIPE.  Carlos. 
DIOS le dè muy buenos dias Señor Don Felipe, años hà que no le he visto; digame si fuere, servido, donde hà estado tanto tiempo? y de donde viene agora?  Felipe. 
Sea vuessa merced muy bien hallado Señor Don Carlos, me huelgo en el alma de velle con falùd, y pues que me manda dirè donde vengo, soy rezien-venido de España.  Carlos. 
De España? valgame Dios, y qual few lafoy causa (eon licencia) que le hizo emprender aquel viaje? pues dizen es tierra muy trabajosa para los Passageros.  Felipe. 
Señor, la Curiosidad few lafoy causa; pèro entremos en casa que yo le contrarè por extenso lo que deffeàre saber, princ●palmente el modo que hà de tene rel que tuviere gana de your a ver aquel Reyno.  Carlos. 
Primero hemos de comer, y si 'em. mandà●e, comeremos juntos en aquel bodegòn, que es casa muy limpia y bien proveyda; y despues me contarà mas de espacio en levantando la mesa.  Felipe. 
Sea en hora buena, que yo accepto lafoy merced que me haze de conduzirme a tan buena posada que mucho ha que no la hallado tall.  Carlos. 
Pues que me dize? es possible que no las aya en so voyage, siendo España tan buena tierra, y abundante de todo?  Felipe. 
Buena por cierto pudiera ser, si la gente no fuera tan perezosa, porque no labran la tercera parte de la tierra, la qual de otra manera es de su calidad harto buena, màs despues de la expulsion de los Moriscos no es tan labrada.  Carlos. 
De manera Señor, que la pereza de los Moradores es causa de la esterilidàd.  Felipe. 
No ay que dudar en esto, porque la Tierra no produze de suyo sin ser labrada, y no lo siendo, falta lo necessario de la provision; Assi que no se halla en las posadas mas que el casco de la casa con un poco de ropa blanca, y a vezes, no ay camas para los Caminantes principalmente esi las Ventas.  Carlos. 
Haga me merced de informarme que choir dezir Venta?  Felipe. 
Ventas son las posadas que se hallan en la campaña, y por les caminos Reales, adonde si se encueutran les Caminantes a hazer jornada han de llevar 'las alforjas, bien proveydas de todo lo necessario; Que de otra manera bien podrian acostarse sin cenàr, porque no se halla otra cosa en ellas si no cevada, y paja para las Cavalgaduras, y si ay algo serà un poco de pan, de vino, algunos huevos, tocino, o longanizas.  Charlos. 
Pues por vida suya cuente me el discurso de su Viaje por donde entrò en España, y lo que passò principalment en los lugares mas Señalados, para que yo sepa Governarme si a caso me viniere gana de yr allà algun dia.  Felipe. 
Señor, all salir de Francia yo passè el Rio Dordona, que la divide de España, que es cerca de Iròn no muy lexos de Fuentarabia, tuve el medio dia en el dicho lugàr de Iròn, y la noche ganè San Sebastiàn primera tierra fuerte de Biscaya, y puerto de Mar.  Carlos. 
En aquelloes lugares fronteroes no se hallan Guardas' que miran a los Passageros?  Felipe. 
Si ay, es verdad que all entrar en España no me dieron algun impedimento; pero una cosa se hà de hazer en llegando a Iròn, y es, que se hà de manifestàr todo lo que la persona lleva, Ropa y joyas si tiene algunas, y aun el propio dinero que tiene por los gastos del camino, y todo se hàde de Registàr, y pagar lo que es tassado por los Aduaneros, y despues le dan una cedulilla que llaman Albaràn o Alvalà que es tanto como passaporte para que despues, 'las Guardas' no le quiten lo que lleva a falta de averle Registrado.  Carlos. 
Y se haze esto a todo genero de personas Estrangeros y Naturales?  Felipe. 
No perdonan a nadie, y lo que peôr es, las Guardas que estan alerta all salir por la otra puerta si se les antoja os haran appear para mirar y buscar, por todo si llevays alguna cosa que no estè en el Albar●n; pero el mejor remedio que ay para escusar esta importunidad es echarles un Real de a quatro o un de a ocho segun la calidad del passagero.  Carlos. 
De manera Señor que saben quanto dinero lleva un hombre acuestas, y essi corre peligro de ser seguido por los caminos y robado, y quiça aun peòr.  Felipe. 
Esto no se hà de temer, porque en España no se habla de ladrones de camino, o salt eadores, si no es en Catalunia por ser la Provincia mas frequentada de passageros, que otra ninguna; Porque passan por ella todos les que van● y vienen de Italia, o de aquellas partes de Francia para la Corte, demas que es la tierra mas poblada de toda España.  Carlos. 
Pues all partir de san Sebastian adonde se encaminava?  Felipe. 
Tomè el camino per Navarra, adonde vi a Pamplona Villa principal de aquel Reyno, y en ella el Castillo muy famoso el quai parece mucho a aquel de Anveres.  Carlos. 
Y no es el Reyno de Navarra del Rey de Francia?  Felipe. 
Aquel Reyno se divide en dos parts, la que està deste lado de les Montes Pyreneos pertenece a la Froncia, y la que està del otro lado es del Rey de España, que es famosa tierra, la gente muy luzida, y no mal aficionada a nuestra naciòn Francesa.  Carlos. 
Y de al●à por donde few 'em. pues a mi parecer avia dexado el camino ordinario de los que van a Madrid.  Felipe. 
Assi es verdad, que dexè el camino de Victoria, y el puerto de saint Adrian, y entrè por Logroño (harto buena tierra) puesta sober el Rio de Ebro cerca de una Montaña adonde antiguament estava la Ciudad de Cantabria, lafoy qual do el nombre a la Provincia que agora contiene la Biscaya, Navarra, Guipuzcoa, y otras particulares de cuyos numbers no me acuerdo ahora.  Carlos. 
Pues no dexe 'em. atràs otros lugares deal Reyno de Navarra, que yo hallo en la mappamundo.  Felipe. 
Bien haze en hazer me acordar desso, pues see me avia olvidado does Lugares muy señalados; El uno Fstella de Navarra que la universidàd de aquel Reyno, y està situada la Villa en ●n lugar muy ameno; El otro es La puente de la Reyna, y demas de aquelloes does ay otro llamado Viana nombre corrompido de Diana, porque antiguament avia alli un Templo consecrado a aquella Diosa.  Carlos. 
Pass 'em. adelante y no repair en estos Lugarcitos de poca consideration, porque yo creo que 'em, tiene una larga jornada que hazer.  Felipe. 
Pues 'em. gusta dello yo harè un salto desde Legroño hasta santo Domingo de la calçada que es lugar en la Rioja, cerca de los montes de Oca, en el qual lugar se veen cerca de la y glesia un Gallo, y una gallina vivos de la casta de aquelloes, que ya estando aslàdos tornàron a vivit por milagro.  Carlos. 
Por ventura seran de los del milagro de aquel moço peregrino Francès que few ahorcado en aquel lugar por ladron, cuyos padres bolviendo de cumplir su viaje de Santjago, y passando cerca de la horca adonde estava colgando le hallaron vivo.  Felipe. 
D●zen que de aquelloes mesmos son, y la costumbre es, que los peregrinos que passan en Romeria por ailà traigan en sus sombreros unos bordoncillos con plumas de aquellas aves, y si no fuera tan larga la H●storia yo se la contaria, pero quedese para otro tiempo.  Carlos. 
Toda via supplicò a 'em, de proseguir lo començado, que sea en hora buena.  Felipe. 
Pues 'em. lo manda, y que gusta tanto dello lo harè de Santo Domingo passay a Burgos Ciudad principal de Costilla la Vieja, entre la qual y Toledo hà avido grandes porfias por la precedencia.  Carlos. 
Assi tengo leydo, pero en unas Cortes que juntaron en Toledo, el Rey Felipe el segundo aparigiuò la contienda muy cuerdamen te por entonces, que aconteciò assi; Los Representantes de ambas Ciudades estando en las Cortes porfiavan quien avia de hablar primero, la porfia vino a ser algo caliente, quando el Rey se levantava subito, y dixo, Able Burgos, que por Toledo hablarè you.  Felipe. 
Era un passaje muy señalado, y si no suera por otra cosa Felipe el segundo merecia el atributo de prudente (que le dan) por esto solo; mas prosigamos, en Burgos ay un Monasterio fuera de la Ciudad adonde està aquel milagroso Crucifixo, cuyas uñas y cabelloes van crecierdo cada un mes: La yglesia mayor de Burgos, es un edificio muy pomposo; Tambien ay un Castillo pero de poca confideraciòn.  Carlos. 
Y con su licencia, de Burgos para donde se encamino sù merced?  Felipe. 
A Valladolid, linda villa, y bien poblada, adonde està una de las Cancillerias de España.  Carlos. 
Pues llama 'em, Valladolid Villa siendo un Lugàr tan grande, y adonde la Corte Catolica residio tanto tempo?  Felipe. 
Si señòr, Villa es, pues no està cercada de muros, y tambien dizen allà communment, Villa por Villa, Vallado●id en Castilia; como Ciudad por Ciudad Lisboa en Portugal.  Carlos. 
Bien, no nos detengamos mass en est lugàr, vamos adelante si 'em. fuere servido.  Felipe. 
De alli me fuy a Medina del campo harto buena Tierra, donde ay famosas Librerias; Passè alli ala tardecica, y a la mañana siguiente tomè el camino de Salamanca; Tierra muy grande, y la mas illustre Universidad de toda España, yo vi alli los Colegios que son en gran numero, y muy bien fabricadoes; Tambien la puente hecho por los Romanos, y el Toro que està a la entrada del qual habla Lazarillo de Tormes.  Carlos. 
Ʋio 'em. alli por ventura la casa de Celestina?  Felipe. 
Señor, bien me apuntaron el lugar adonde estava, mas no tuve tanta curiosidad que suera a vella, y tambien me parece que es cosa fingida.  Carlos. 
He oydo dezir, que una vez se hallaron en Salamanca quinze mill estudiantes y licenciadoes que me parece cosa estraña, siendo España tan poco poblada, y teniendo 16 Vniversidades mas.  Felipe. 
Bien puede ser, porque Salamanca està puesta casi en el centro de España donde acuden mas facilment de todas partes los Estudiantes mas la major part son Opidanos qui tienen posadas fuera de los Colegios.  Carlos. 
Tengo leydo un refran, en Salamanca mas vale un maravedi que una blanca; mas pass 'em. adelante.  Felipe. 
De Salamanca tomè el camino de Segovia famoso lugà● por muchas cosas; que alli se veen, Lo primero el Monasterio de Parral que està fuera de la Ciudad; Despues, La Casa de la Moneda; Tras esto el famoso Aleàzar, y lo que llaman la puente de Segovia que no lo es sino un Aqueducto hecho de piedras de maravillosa grandeza, y lo que es de notàr los paños finos de lana que alli si texen.  
De Segovia passè el puerto de Guadarrama aviendo visto de camino un grand edificio que se llama la casa del Campo harto buena metida entre los bosques, y passado el dicho lugàr de Guadarrama fuy all Escurial el octavo milagro del mundo; Mas porque seria menestè● un volume entero para hazer la description tanto de la yglesia, de la Libreria, de los patios, de los quartos, y los alojamentoes del Rey, y de los frails, como de las aguas, jardines, y fuentes famosoes que ay alla, yo lo remito a la diligencia, y curiosidad de los que lo quisieren saber mas por extenso.  Carlos. 
Pues yo tengo esperança de vello todo algun dia si Dios me diere lafoy gracia; mas grand●osa● casa es, que una casa sola tenga un Monastero, un Palacio Real, y una Vniversidàd.  Felipe. 
Partido deal Escurial fuy a Madrid, passando ants por la casa del prado adonde el Rey reside muy amenudo.  Carlos. 
Pues que avemos llegado a Madrid que me dirà 'em. de la Corte del Rey Catolico.  Felipe. 
No le dirè otra cosa a 'em. sino que es una Corte muy corta.  Carlos. 
Como es esto, que siendo el Rey de España tan gran Monarca, no tiene una Corte correspondiente a sum grandeza?  Felipe. 
Vm. hà de saber que ay mucha gravedàd y estado en la Corte Catolica, mas poca gente y ruydo; siendo ants Monasterio que Corte Real.  Carlos. 
Desta manera poco gasto haze el Rey de España.  Felipe. 
Tan poco que yo osarè apostàr que el Rey de Francia gasta mas en Pages, y Lacayos que el de España gasta en todos sus Officiales.  Carlos. 
Es possible esso? Aunque si bien lo miro, pareceme que el acierta mas, Porque excusa mucho trabajo, y la confusion que ay en la Corte de Francia; y allende desto es mas el desperdicio que se haze en aquella, que lo que buenament se gasta.  Felipe. 
Vm. està bien en ello, y en eseto no se hazen alli tantas y insolencias como en otras Cortes mucho menores; Master quien quisiere ver la grandeza del Rey de España, que vaya a Naples, Sicilia, Mexico, o Perù, adonde los Virreyes viven con mayor pomp y luzimiento que no haze el Rey a Catolico en sn Palacio (porque assi llaman la Corte) en Madrid.  Carlos. 
Pues dexemos de hablar mas destas Cortes, porque no bastaria un dia entero para dezir lo que se pudiera de la una y de la otra; y prosiga si 'em. mandare, su voyage.  Felipe. 
All salir de Madrid tomè el camino de Alcala de Henares famosa Universidad, ye de alli passando por Aranjuez que es otra casa Real mas muy caluroso, por sum situation siendo, como dizen' la tierra circumvezina de un temple Africano; Alli ay algunas colas muy curiosas; y de Aranjuez me encaminè para Toledo Ciudad principal de Castilia la nueva, y Arcobispado, el qual es el mas rico de entradas despues del Papadgo, de todos los de la Christianidad: Alli ay una yglesia rara, y un riquissimo tesoro en ella.  Carlos. 
Ʋio Vm. alli la Torre Encantada, y el artificio con que se sube el agua del Rio hasta lo alto de la Cindad que es tan curioso y renombrado?  Felipe. 
Quanto a la Torre yo me informè benissimo della, pero no me la supieron ensenanr, y assi lo tengo por fabla; mas el artificio del agua, aunque sea bueno, no tiene que ver con los que se hallan en otras Tierras, como you he visto en Italia, y Alemaña; El pueblo de Toledo es muy grave, y subtle, que few causa del refràn Del Toledano guarte tarde y temprano; El mas puro Dialecto del Costellano se habla alli, de suerte que ay una ley en España, si huviere alguna diferencia y ambiguidad en la significacion de alguna Palabra Costellana, un Toledano hà de ser el Juèz. Toledo tambien es renombrada por los Consilios generales y Ecumenicos que se tuvieron alli.  Carlos. 
Abrevie 'em. si mandàre, y pass adelante en su discurso.  Felipe. 
De Toledo pass por muchedumbre de Lugares, pero no me detuve sino muy poco; Los mas señalados son Talavera, Truxilla, Merida, y Badaioz postrera Tierra de Castilla adonde se hà de registràr la Ropa, y el dinero; y a tres leguas de alli en Portugal se registraron otra vez pagando cierta alcavala a la salida de Castilia, y a la entrada de Portugàl.  Carlos. 
Que importunidad es aquella de Registrar tantas vezes, y aun pagar algo del poco dinero que se lleva a cuestas para metre pan en boca.  Felipe. 
Señòr, no ay que apelar sino a la bolsa, y esto puede ser la causa porque se hallan tan pocos caminantes por aquellas Tierras; y puede Vm. creerme pienso de aver encontrado mas passajeros entre Paris y Orleans que casien todo mi voyage en España.  Carlos. 
Bien se lo creo sin que 'em. lo jure, porque parece casi una procession la gente que passa por aquella parte de Francia.  Felipe. 
Claro està, y en efeto pienso que ay mas pueblos en Francia entre los does Rios de sena y la Loira, tomandolos desde sum origèn hasta que se entran en la mar, que en toda España.  Carlos. 
Pass 'em. adelante en el discurso de su via je si fuere servido de favore cerme.  Felipe. 
Aviendo entrado en Portugal passème a Yelvas bonito lugàr, y assi a Villa vieiosa, despues a Evora Ciudad de cuenta, a Estremoso, a Monte major, y assi passo passico a Lisbona, grandissima Ciudad la qual se puede paragonar a las mejores, y mayores Ciudades de Europa teniendo siete millas enderedòr.  Carlos. 
Li Lisbona siendo una Ciudad tan renombrada porque ay un Refran, Quien no ha visto Lisboa no hà visto cosa-boa, supplico a Vm. que me cuente algo della.  Felipe. 
For çoso es que Lisbona sea antigua, porque suvieio apellido es Olisippo de Vlisse qui pasto por allà; ella està situada sober el Taio, y tiene trafego y Tierras en ambas las India's. El primer Descubridòr de Tierras agenas few el Infante Don Henrique hijo menòr de los cinco que ganò Don juan el primero (Rey de Portugal) de Doña Felipa hija de juan de Gaunt Duque de Lancastrià en Imglatier●a; Este Principe Henrique siendo gran Matematico descubrio primero los Açores, y la Madera, y otras Islas en el mar Atlantico; despues lafoy Guinea, y el passaje a las India's Orientales por el Capo de buena Esperança, desde que tiempo Lisbona hà florecido maravillosament; El hermano mayor del dicho Principe Don Henrique se llama va Don Edovardo (qui vino ser Rey de Portugal) el Rey Edovardo tercero, de Inglatierra siendo su padrino, que era la primera vez que el nombre de Edoardo ò Duarte fu conocido en Portugal.  
Lisbona està circuyda de buenos muros y sober elloes 76 torres, hazia la mar tiene veynte puertas; Hazia la Tierra firma esta situada sober cinco montecilloes, y es lugar de infinito comercio, etc.  Carlos. 
Beso a Vm. las manos una infirnidàd de vezes por esta relation tan puntuàl, prosiga, si mandáre, a hablar de otras parts de Portugàl.  Felipe. 
Les segunda Cindad en Portugal es Santeren situada tambien sober el Tajo; y la Tercera, es Sinira, situada sober el Mar Atlantico; lafoy 4a Conimbra sober el rio Mondego; lafoy 5a Braga un gran Arcobispado; 6a Porto, situada a la boca del Duero; 7a Miranda 8a Bragança, cuyos Duques eran tan grandes Principes que la tercera parte del pueblo vivian sober sus Tierras; 9a Eubora, Arçobispado; 10a Portalegre; 11a Olivença sober la Guadiana; 12a Beja: Todos estos lugares estan situadoes sober Rio's considerables.  Carlos. 
Parece que el Reyno de Portugal està bien aguado, teniendo tantos Rios.  Felipe. 
Tendrà como dizen mas de cien y cinquenta Rios grandes y Pequeños; los principales son el Tajo, el Duero, Guadiana, Minio, etc.  Carlos. 
El Reyno de los Algarves no pertenece a la corona de Portugàl?  Felipe. 
Si señòr, y tiene buenos lugares, como Faro, Niebla, Villa Maona, Tavila, Lagos, Sylvia, etc. De suerte que el Reyno de Portugal con los Algarves tendra cosa de 400 millas de largo, y 100 de ancho.  Carlos. 
Que son los otros dominios que tiene la Corona de Portugal?  Felipe. 
En Asia, o en las India's Orientales tienen tantos que es cosa difficultosa de nombrarlos; ●ienen Diu en el Reyno de Cambaia; Tienen Goa en el Reyno de Decan, Damau, Macao en China, y muchos otros lugares y castilloes; En Africa, los Portugueses tienen señoriòs muy largos en los Reynos de Conga y Angola; Las Islas del Capo Verde que son nueve en numero pertenecen a los Portugueses; y Tanger en Berberia situado cerca de la boca del Estrecho de Gibraliàr.  
En las India's Occidentales tienen Brasil, y una grandissima extendida de t erra, con muy considerables puertos como Todos los santos, Fernambuc, san Salvadòr y diversos otros.  Carlos. 
Muy largos son los Dominios a mi parecer que los Portugueses tienen en todas las quatro parts deal mundo, es a saber en Europa, Asia, Africa, y America; mas de gracia pass Vm. mas adelante.  Felipe. 
Aunt's que de partirme de Portugàl tengo de confutar un proverbio que tienen los Castellanos, viz. Los Portugueses son pocos y locos; mas estos años passadoes se hallan muchos y Mañosos; Agòra assi lo manda Vm. harè pues un salto desde Lisbona a Sevilla en Andalusia, Ciudad tan estremadament rica teniendo la casa de contratacion de las India's y magnifica, que ay does Refrains della, el uno, quien no ha visto S●villa no ha' visto Maravilla; el otro, A quien Dios choir bien en Sevilla le da a comer.  Carlos. 
Ayotro dicho qui yo entendi, que las calles de Sevilla son como lostrebejos del axedres tantos prietos quantos blancos, referiendo a los esclavos Moriscos que ay alli en gran numero; y de Sevilla adonde se encaminava 'em?  Felipe. 
De Sevilla pass por Carmona, yezij●, que son does indifferences Tierras, y de la a Cordoua adonde vi la famosa mesquita que los moros llamavan Ceca, fabrica muy admirable, y el mas entero de quantas he visto en mi vida de los Antiguos aunque he peregrinado en muchas parts; En Cordoua ay la mas escogida casta de Ginetes, que son tan sueltos y ligeros que dizen que estan engendrados del viento.  Carlos. 
De Cordova donde few vuestra merced!  Felipe. 
A Granada cabeja de un Reyno el ultimo que perdieron ls Moros, adonde vi el Alhambra cosa grandiosa; De Granada boluimea Malaga el principal ectanco de vinow, adonde vila la puerta que trae el nombre de Cava hij a de Don julian que el Rey Don Rodrigo avi● desflorecido, y el conde Don julian su●p●dre por veng●rse del agravio introduxo los M●ros los qu●les senoreavan en España mas de 700 años, y assii devino Traydor a sum patria.  Carlos. 
Assi lo few, y muy infame traydor, porque la ofensa siendo particular no era y gual a la venganz● que era tan general.  Felipe. 
Despues you pass por G●adix, Baca, Lorca, y Cartagena llave del Reyno de Marcia antigua poblation, adonde ay un muy famoso y convenable puerto de mar, el mejor de quantos ay en España, porque los navios aportando alli qu edam ●nceroados coma en una caxa, y abrigados de ●as borrascas.  Carlos. 
He leydo, que Felipe el segundo preguntando a Andrea D●na (gran navegador) qual ere a el mejor puerto de España, respondio donosament, junio, julio, y Car●agena, porque en aquelloes meses todos puertes son buenos por la mansedumbre de la sazon; y de Cartagena adoude?  Felipe. 
A Murcia, que few cabe ça de un Reyno en tiempo de Moros, el principal estanco de seda; De al●i pass por Origuela, y Elche a Alicante llave del Reyno de Valencia lugar de buen comercio; De Alicante pass por Xativa, y otros lugares a Valencia ci●dad bizzarra en estremo, Tierra muy viciosa, y delicada; Los animales brutos alli hazen ●us estradoes de flores, como de romarino y otros vegetables odoriferos; De Valencia passè a Morviedre que era Sagunto donde ay muchos rastros de antiguedad; de alli a Castillon de la plana, y assi a Saragoça Metropple de Aragòn, Ciudad muy sobervia, y la Tierra enderedor fecundissima donde se come el mejor pan de toda España.  Carlos. 
De Sarogoça por doude adereçava 'em sus passos?  Felipe. 
Por Cataluña; yo pense ver Tortosa, y Tarragona, màs no avia comodidad, y ansi passando por Lerida lugar muy bien poblado, y Universidàd, garè Barcel●na la cabe ça del Reyno de Cataluña, Ciudàd muy rica, y soberbia por sus edificios; pass tambien por Nuestra Senonra de Monserrate, adonde sos Pelegrinos' acuden de todas parts; Desques pass por Gyrona, y assi all condado de Ruys●llon, adonde està Perpiñan muy buena tierra con un fuerte Castillo, que agora pertenece all Rey de Francia, y all fin ganando Salsas salj de España con harto trabajo aviendo atravessado dos vezes los montes pyrenèos, y allà tambien las Guardas' me quitaron algo del poco dinero que me quedava.  Carlos. 
Aquellas Guardas' son muy enfadosas a los passageros; Hè oydo hablar de un pintor Francès, que a viendo medrado una suma confiderable de dinero trocava todo en pistoletes de oro los quales tragava; y las Gu●rdas aviendo tenido noticia a●tes, que traya una cantidad de dinero acuestas, y aviendo escudriñado por todas pares sin ecetar la boca, y el salvonòr echaronle entre quatro muros, y le dieron pildoras, y ona melezina de suerte que las Guardas' hallaron todo el dinero: Mas como tratarona 'em en las ventas por donde passava?  Felipe. 
Aquellos Venteros son medio ladrones, porque en algunas parts p●den does vezes mass que la cosa vale; Por tanto yo concluyrè con un donoso cuento de lo que acontecio cerca de Girona; Vn passagero llegò a vn lugar do avia dos ventas cercanas una all otra con un Crucifixo en el medio, el passagero mirando lo, dixo, a l'oydo de so huesped, nuestro señor està aqui como estava puesto en la cruz entre does ladrones, (entendiendo los does Venteros. Como senòr, ●à venido vm aqui por afrentarme dixo sum huesped, el passa jero replicava, no os enojeys mi huesped, porque yo os tengo por el buen lad●òn.  Carlos. 
Semejante a este cuento, es un otro de un Tudesco qui passando cerca de Alcala de Henares donde ay dolces y riquissimos vinós, y llegado que avia a una venta, bevio 4 a çumbres de vino, y assi few todo emborrachado a la cama; El dia siguiente preguntando a su huespeda que avia a pagar, dixo cinco açumbres; Esto no puede serreplico el Tudesco, porque no cabran en mis tripas mas de 4 açumbres aviendolas medido muchas vezes'; lafoy hues peda respondio, señor, como este vino era muy bueno y fuerte, un açumbre subia a la cabeza, y los demas quedaron en las tripas, que hasen cinco açumbres en todo.   

THE PERAMBULATION OF Spain and Portugal; In a Discourse 'twixt CHARLES and PHILIP.  Charles. 
GOD give you very good day's Sir Philip, It is a great while since I saw you; tell me, if you be pleased, Where have you been so long? and whence come you now?  Philip. 
You are very well met Sir Charles, I rejoice in my soul to see you with health; and, since you command it, I will tell you whence I come, I am newly come from Spain.  Charles. 
From Spain? God bless me, and what was the cause (under favour) that made you to undergo such a journey? for they say, that it is a tedious Country to Passengers.  Philip. 
Sir, Curiosity was the cause; but let us go into the House, and I will give you account at large of what you will desire to know, but chiefly the course that he is to take, who hath a mind to go unto that Country.  Charles. 
But let us dine first, and if you please, we will dine together in that Tavern which is a very neat house, and well provided; and than you may please to relate unto me more at lesure when the Table is taken away.  Philip. 
Be it in a very good hour, for I accept of the favour you do me to conduct me to so good a House, for it is a good while since I found any.  Charles. 
What do you tell me? Is it possible that you did not find such in your travels, Spain being so good a Country, and abounding in all things?  Philip. 
She might be good, were it not for the slothfulness of the people, who do not cultivat the ground not ne●r the third part; otherwise of its own nature 'tis good enough, but since the expulsion of the Moors it is not so much tilld.  Charles. 
Then Sir, you infer that the slothfulness of the Inhabitants is the cause of ill accommodation.  Philip. 
there's no doubt of that, because the earth cannot produce unless it be tilld, therefore there is a want of necessary provision, so that in some places there is but the cask of a House, with a little nappery, but sometimes there are no beds at all for Passengers in the Inns, or Ventas.  Charles. 
I pray, do me the favour as tell me what Venta is?  Philip. 
Ventas are Lodgings which are found in the Country, and on the King's highway, where if Passengers meet, they must carry their Knapsacks well provided of what is necessary; otherwise they may go to bed supperless, for there is nothing to be had, but Barley and Straw for your Mules; and if haply there be any thing it is a little bread and wine, and it may be some few eggs, and puddings.  Charles. 
I pray do me the favour as relate unto me the success of your journey when you entered Spain, and that which principally passed in places most remarkable, that I may know how to govern myself, if perchance I have a disposition one day to go to that Country.  Philip. 
Sir, as I took farewell of France, I passed by that River the Dordonna, that divides her from Spain, which is near Iron not far from Fuentarabia, I had noon at the said place of Iron, and at night I gained San Sebastian the first fortified place of Biscay, and a sea Port.  Charles. 
In those frontier places, are there not Guards to look what Travellers pass?  Philip. 
Yes that there are; 'tis true that at your entrance into Spain they give no obstacle; but one thing must be done when one comes to Iron, which is, that the party must manifest all which he carries about him, whether Goods or jewels, as likewise the very Money he carries for his ordinary expenses, all which he must register, and pay what is taxed by the Customers; then they give him a little Cedule, which they call Albaràn, and it is a kind of Passport, because the Guards may not seize upon what he carries for want of registering.  Charles. 
And are all kind of persons used th●●, whether Foreign, or Natives?  Philip. 
They except none, and that which is worse, the Guards who lie at the Catch at the other Gate, if they please, they will make you alight, for to search whether one carries any thing that is not mentioned in the Albaràn; But the best course is for preventing this importunity, to throw them a piece of Money according to the quality of the person.  Charles. 
By this means, Sir, they know what Money one carries about him, and so he runs a hazard to be followed and robbed, or it may be to be killed.  Philip. 
This needs not to be feared; for there's little ta'lk in Spain of Highway men and Thiefs, unless it be in Catalonia, which is more frequented by Passengers then any other; for all those who come from Italy, or from those parts of France do pass that way to the Spanish Court; moreover it is the most populous Province of Spain.  Charles. 
Well, when you parted from San Sebastian, whither did you direct your course?  Philip. 
I took the road of Navarr, where I saw Pampelona the principal City of that Kingdom; and therein the famous Castle, which is somewhat like that of Antwerp.  Charles. 
And doth not the Kingdom of Navarr appertain to the King of France?  Philip. 
That Kingdom divides itself into two parts, that on this side the Pyrenean hills, which belongs to the King of France; the other beyond the Hills, which is the Kings of Spain, a goodly Country, and gallant people not ill affected to the French.  Charles. 
From thence whither did you bend your course? for in my judgement you left the ordinary Road that leads to Madrid.  Philip. 
'Tis a great truth, for I left the Road of Victoria, and the Port of Saint Adrian, and struck in at Logronio, a Country good enough, situate upon the River of Ebro, near a Mountain, where in ancient time the City of Cantabria was; which gave the name to that Province, which at this day contains, Biscay, Navarre, Guipuzcoa, and other particular places, which were too long to relate now.  Charles. 
Surely you have pretermitted divers other places which I find in the Map that are of the Kingdom of Navarre.  Philip. 
You dovery well to put me in remembrance, and there are two signal places which I pretermitted; And those are Estella de Navarra (the Star of Navarre) which is the University of that Kingdom, and the Town is sited in a place full of amenity; The other place is La puente de la Reyna (the Queens-Bridge;) And besides those two, there is another called Viana, a corrupted name of Diana; for in ancient times there was a Temple dedicated there to that Goddess.  Charles. 
I pray pass on, and do not make a halt in places of small consideration, for I believe you have a great journey to make.  Philip. 
Since you will have it so, I will make a leap from Logronio, to Santo Domingo de la Calçada, which is a Town in Rioja near the mountains de Oca (of the Goose) where is to be seen near the Church, a living Cock, and Hen, which were of the bro●d of those, that being roasted, turned to life again.  Charles. 
Peradventure they may be those of that Miracle which happened to a young French Pilgrim, who was hanged in that place for a Thief, whose Parents returning from performance of their Pilgrimage to Santjago, and passing by the Gallows they found him alive again.  Philip. 
They say, they are of the same; And the custom is, that the Passengers who go in Pilgrimage that way, do take some of their Feathers and wear them in their Hats; and, were not the story too long; I would give you a more particular account, but I will put it off to another time.  Charles. 
However, I pray do me the favour Sir, as to pursue what you have begun, and may it be in a good hour.  Philip. 
Since it is your pleasure, and that you delight so much therein, I will proceed; From San Domingo I passed to Burgos the Cape City of old Castille, 'twixt whom and Toledo there have been often contests for priority.  Charles. 
I have read so; but in a Parliament which was held once at Toledo, King Philip the Second, appeased this Contestation very wisely for that time, which happened thus: The Burgesses of both Cities sitting in Parliament, they contested who should speak first, and the contest grew very hot, when the King did suddenly rise, and said, Let Burgos speak, touching Toledo I will speak for Her myself; and to this day the King is counted Burgess of Toledo.  Philip. 
It was a very signal passage, and were it for nothing else, Philip the Second deserved the attribute of Prudent (which is given him) for this speech alone; but let us go ●n: In Burgos there is a Monastery without the City, where that miraculous Crucifix is, whose nails and hair are clipped once a month. The great Church of Burgos is a very stately Fabric; There is also a Castle but not very considerable.  Charles. 
And with your favour, Whither did you direct your way from the City of Burgos?  Philip. 
To Valladolid a goodly fair Village, and well peepled, where one of the Chanceries of Spain resides.  Charles. 
But do you call Valladolid a Village, being so great a place, and where the Catholic Court kept so long?  Philip. 
Yes Sir, 'tis but a Village, because 'tis not encompassed with walls, and they have two Proverbs, Village for Village, and Valladolid in Castille; City for City, and Lisbon in Portugal.  Charles. 
Well, let us detain ourselves no longer in this place, let us proceed further, if you please.  Philip. 
From thence I went to Medina del Campo, an indifferent good Country, where there are famous Libraries; I went thither in the Evening, nnd the next morning following I took the Ro●d of Salamanca, a great place, and the most illustrious University of Spain, I viewed there the Colleges, which are in great number, and well built; As also the ●ridge reared up by the Romans, and the Bull which is at the entrance, whereof Lazarillo de Tormes speaks.  Charles. 
Did it fortune you to see the House of Celestina?  Philip. 
Sir, they pointed at the place where it was, but I had not so much curiosity to go and see it, besides, me thinks it is a feigned thing.  Charles. 
I have heard say, that there were at one time fifteen thousand Scholars in Salamanca, which me thinks is strange, Spain being so thin peepled, and there being 16 Universities more.  Philip. 
It may well be so, because Salamanca is situated almost in the centre of Spain, whither they have easy recourse from all parts; But the major part of the Scholars are Oppidanes, who lodge out of the Colleges.  Charles. 
I have read a Proverb, A Farthing in Salamanca is better than a fair Face; but you may please to proceed.  Philip. 
From Salamanca I took the Road of Segovia, a famous place for many things which are there remarkable; The first is the Monastery of Parral, which is without the City; Then the M●nt-house; Then the renowned Alc●sar, and Segovia Bridge, which indeed is but an Aqueduct made of marvellous big stones; but above all, the fine Woollen clothes that are made there.  
From Segovia I passed the Port of Guadarrama, having in the way seen a great Edifice called La casa del Campo, built among Woods; and having passed Guadarrama, I came to the Escurial, the eighth wonder of the World; But because there would need a whole Volume to describe as well the Church, the Library, the Quadrangles, the King's Quarter, as also the delicate Waters, Orchards, and Fountains, which are found there; therefore I refer it to the diltgence, and curiosity of such who desire to know things exactly, and at large.  Charles. 
Well, I hope to see it one day, if God give me the grace; but what a glorious thing it is, that one House should be a Monastery, a Royal Palace, and an University?  Philip. 
Being departed from the Escurial I went to Madrid, passing in the way by La casa del prado, where the King useth to reside often.  Charles. 
Since we are now come to Madrid, I pray what do you think of the Catholic Court.  Philip. 
I will tell you no more, but that it may be called a thin Court in comparison of others.  Charles. 
How can that be, the Spanish King being so great a Monarch; and hath he not a Court correspondent to his greatness?  Philip. 
You must know, that there is a great deal of gravity and state in the Catholic Court, but little noise, and few people, so that it may be called a Monastery, rather than a Royal Court.  Charles. 
By this means the King of Spain spends not much.  Philip. 
So little, that I dare wager the French King spends more in Pages and Laquays, than he of Spain among all his Court-Attendants.  Charles. 
Is it possible? Yet when I think well of it, I find that he is more in the right, in regard that much trouble, and confusion is avoided, which the French Court is subject unto; Moreover, the waist which is made in that Court, is more than what is necessarily expended.  Philip. 
You have reason on your side, besides, there are not so many insolences committed in that Court which are done in far lesser; but he who will behold the greatness of the King of Spain, let him go to Naples or Sicilia, to Mexico or Peru, etc. where the Spanish Viceroys live in greater lustre and magnificence than the King himself doth in his Palace, for so they call the Court in Madrid.  Charles. 
Well, let us give over speaking further of these Courts, for a whole day would not suffice to discourse of this subject and pursue, if you please, your journey.  Philip. 
From Madrid I took the Road of Alcala de Henares, a famous University; and passing thence to Aranjuez, which is another of the King's Houses, but excessive hot by its situation, being, as they say, with the circumjacent Country of an African temper: There are many curiosities to be seen there, but I stayed as little as I could, and went the way of Toledo, the chief City of Old Castille, and an Archbishopric, the richest for Revenues, except the Popedom, of any in Christendom; There is there a sumptuous Cathedral with a rich treasury belonging thereunto.  Charles. 
Did you see the Enchanted Tower; As also the great Artifice whereby the Water ascends from the River to the upper part of the City, which is so curious, and so much spoken of?  Philip. 
Concerning the Tower I informed myself as much as I could, but I could find nothing to any purpose, so that I take it for a Fable; But touching the Artifices of making the Riverwater to mount up, I have seen better in Italy and Germany. The people of Toledo is grave and subtle, which was the cause of the Proverb, From a Toledan take heed night and day; The purest Castilian Dialect is spoken there, so that there is a law in Spain, if there be any ambiguity, or that there happen any difference about the sense of a word, a Toledan is to be judge. Toledo also is renowned for some Ecumenical, and General Counsels which have been held there.  Charles. 
I humbly thank you for these remarkable observations, and may you please to go on in your journey.  Philip. 
From Toledo I passed by many places, but I did not stay any time in them▪ The most remarkable places were, Talavera, Truxilla, Merida, and Bada●●z the Confines of Castille, where Goods and Money are to be registered; And three Leagues thence I was forced to register them again, paying a certain Toll going out of Castille, and entering into Portugal.  Charles. 
What an odd importunity 〈◊〉 that, to register so often, and withal to pay something out of that small parcel of Money which one carries about him to put bread in his mouth.  Philip. 
There is no appeal but to the Purse, and this may be the cause why so few Passengers are found in those Country's; and truly you may believe me, I think I 〈◊〉 more Passengers 'twixt Paris and Orleans, than I found well near in all this journey through Spain.  Charles. 
I am easily induced to believe that, because the people that pass that way, are so thick, that it may be called a Procession.  Philip. 
'Tis very true, insomuch that I think there's more people in France, 'twixt the Seine and the Loire, taking them from their source till they disgorge into the Sea, th●n there is in all Spain.  Charles. 
I pray proceed still in the account of your journey, if you please to favour me so much.  Philip. 
Having entered Portugal, I passed to Yelvas a pretty place, and so to Villa viciosa, then to Evora a City of account; thence to Estremoso, so to Monte Mayor, and so by degrees to Lisbon, a great City which may be compared to the best, and biggest Cities of Europe, having seven miles' compass.  Charles. 
Lisbon being so renowned a City, because there is a Proverb, Who hath not seen Lisbon, hath not seen a good thing, I pray Sir make some relation of it.  Philip. 
The City of Lisbon must needs be very ancient, for her old name is Olisippo, of Ulysses, who passed that way; she is situated upon the River Tagus, and she hath traffic and possessions in both the Indies.  
The first Discoverer of Foreign Countries was Don Henrique, youngest son of five which John the first (King of Portugal) gained of the Lady Philippe Daughter to John of Gant Duke of Lancaster; The said Prince Henrique being versed in the Mathematics, discovered first the Azores, and the Maderas with other Islands in the Atlantic Ocean; Then Guiney, and after the Passage to the East Indies, was found out by the Cape of good Hope, since which time Lisbon hath marvailously flourished; The eldest Brother of the said Henrique (who came to be King of Portugal) was called Edward; Edward the third, King of England, having been his Godfather; which was the first time that the name Edward, whom they call Duarte was known in Portugal.  
Lisbon is encircled with good Walls, upon which there are 76 Turrets; towards the Sea, she hath twenty Gates; she is situated upon five Hills, and is a place of infinite Traffic.  Charles. 
I thank you a thousand times over for your Relation, which is so punctual; you may proceed, if it stands with your pleasure, to speak of other parts of Portugal.  Philip. 
The second Town in Portugal is Santeren, situated also upon the River of Tagus; The third is Sintra, upon the Atlantic Sea; The fourth Conimbra, upon the River Mondego; The fifth Braga great Archbishopric; The sixth Porto at the mouth of the River Duero; The seventh Miranda; The eighth Braganza, whose Dukes were such great Princes, that the third part of the people of the Kingdom lived upon their Lands; The ninth Eubora, an Archbishopric; The tenth Portolegre; The Eleventh Olivenz● upon Guadiana; The twelfth Beja: All these Towns are situated upon considerable Rivers.  Charles. 
It seems that the Kingdom of Portugal is well watered, having so many Rivers.  Philip. 
They say it hath in all above 150 great and small Rivers, whereof the chief are Tagus, Duero, Guadiana, Minio, etc.  Charles. 
The Kingdom of the Algarves, doth it not appertain to the Crown of Portugal?  Philip. 
Yes Sir, and it hath many good Towns, as Faro, Niebla, Villa Maona, Tavila, Lagos, Sylvia, and others; so that the Kingdom of Portugal with Algarve, is about 400 miles in length, and 100 broad.  Charles. 
What other Dominions are there, over which the Crown of Portugal doth Lord it?  Philip. 
In Asia, or the East Indies, they have so many that there is some difficulty to number them; They have Diu in the Kingdom of Cambaia; They have Goa in the Kingdom of Decan, and Dama●; They have Macao in China, with sundry other Towns, Castles, and places of Fastness. In Afric they have large Possessions, in the Kingdom of Congo and Angòla; The Isles of Cape Verd, nine in number, are theirs, as also Tanger in Barbary, near the straits of Gibraltar.  
In the West Indies they have Brasil, with a vast extent of ground, and divers considerable Ports, as Todos los santos, Fernambuc, san Salvadòr, with others.  Charles 
Truly me thinks those Dominions are very large, which the Crown of Portugal hath in all the four parts of the World, viz. Europe, Asia, Africa, and America; but I pray proceed further.  Philip. 
Before I budge from Portugal, I will confute a Proverb which the Castilians have, viz. Los Portugueses son locos y pocos, The Portugueses are Fools and few; but of late years the Castilian hath found them Many, and no Fools; But now since it is your pleasure, I will make a hop from Lisbon to Sevil in Andaluzia, a City extremely rich, having the Contratation-house of the West-Indies; so that there are two Proverbs of Her. The first, Who hath not seen Sevill, hath seen no Wonders: The other, Whom God loves, he gives him his bread in Sevill.  Charles. 
I have heard another saying that the Streets of Sevill are like a chessboard who hath as many black as white men, alluding to the multitude of Morisco slaves which are there.  Philip. 
From Sevill I passed by Carmona, and Ezija which are pretty indifferent places, and thence to Cordova where I saw that famous Mesqu●ta (or Church) which the Moors called Ceca an admired fabric, and the most entire of any ancient piece that ever I saw in my life, though I have traversed a great part of the world; In Cordova there is the choicest race of Ginetts, which are so fleet and light that they say they are engendered of the wind.  Charles. 
From Cordova whither did you direct your course●  Philip. 
To Granada the Metropolis of a Kingdom the last which the Moors lost; There I saw the Alhambra a glorious piece; From Granada I turned to Malaga the chief staple of Wine, where I saw the Gate which bears the name of Cava (daughter to Don Julian) which being deflowered by the then King Don Rodrigo the said Don Julian her Father to revenge himself of the affront, brought in the Moors who lorded in Spain 700 years, and so he became a Traitor to his own Country.  Charles. 
So he was, an infamous Traitor; for the offence being but particular, was nothing equal to the Revenge which was so general.  Philip. 
After that, I passed by Guadix, Baca, Lorca, and so I came to Carthagena, the Key of the Kingdom of Murica, An ancient Colony, where three is a famous and convenient Haven, the best of any in Spain, for Ships when they arrive there are as it were shut up in a box, and fenced from all storms.  Charles. 
I have read that Philip the second ask Andrea Doria a great Seaman Which was the best Port in all Spain? he answered pleasantly June, July, and Cartagena; for in those two months any port is good because of the mildness of the Season, and from Cartagena whither.  Philip. 
To Murcia, which was the head of a Kingdom in the time of the Moors, it is the chief staple of Silk; Thence I passed by Origuela, and Elche to Alicant the Key of the Kingdom of Valencia, a place of good traffic, though it have no Port but a Road; Thence I passed by Xativa, and other places to Valencia, an extreme beautiful City, and a wanton delicate soil about, so that the brute animals there make themselves beds of flowers, as Rosemary and other odoriferous Vegetables; From Valencia I passed to Morviedre, which was old Sagunto, where there are many pieces of antiquity; Thence by Castillon de la plana, and divers j●lly towns, I came to Saragossa the Metropolis of Arragon, a proud stately Citly, and the circumjacent soil extreme fertile, for the best bread in Spain is eaten there.  Charles. 
From Saragossa whither did you direct your journey?  Philip. 
For Catalunia; I thought to have seen Tortosa and Taragona, but I had no conveniency; so passing by Lerida a wel-peepeld place, and an University, I gained Barcelona the Metropolis of the Kingdom of Catalunia, a proud City both for her riches and buildings; I saw also our Lady of Mon●errat, where Pilgrims of all Nations resort; Afterwards I passed by Girona, and so to the County of Russllion, a good Country with a well Fortified Castle which appertains now to the King of France; And at last gaining Salsas, I made a sally out of Spain having twice traversed the Pyren●àn hills, and there also they took from me some of that money which I had remaining.  Charles. 
Those Guards are very troublesome to passengers; I have heard of a French Painter who having got a considerable some of money changed all into small pistolets of gold, which he swallowed down, The Guards having notice before hand that he carried a quantity of money about him, and searching narrowly every place, his mouth and his tail not excepted they threw him 'twixt fowe● walls, and administered unto him some pills, and a glister, so that the Guards found all the money by this means: But how were you used in your Inns or Ventas as you passed along.  Philip. 
Those Innkeeper's are half thiefs in some places, because they demand twice as much as the thing is worth; Now, will I conclude with a merry tale of what happened near Girona; A passenger arrived at a place where there were two Inns, and in the middle betwixt them there stood a Crucifix, The passenger looking upon the Picture of it, said in the hearing of his host, Our Saviour is here, as he was upon the Cross between two Thiefs meaning the two Innkeeper's, How Sir, said his Host are you come high there to affront us? The Passenger replied, Hold yourself contented mine Host, for I take you for the good Thief.  Charles. 
Not much unlike to this, is another Tale which I heard spoken of a high Dutchman, who passing by Alcala where there are sweet, and rich wines, and being come to a Venta, He drank four quarts of wine, and so went drunk to bed; The next day, ask his Hostess what was to pay, she said 5 quarts of wine; That cannot be, for my guts will not hold above four for I have mesurd them often this way, The Hostess replied, O Sir this wine being so good, and strong, one quart went up to the brain, and the other four remained in your belly, which makes in all five quarts.   

Carta COMPVESTA de Ochenta y does REFRAINS, Concurrientes Todos, PARA LA CONSERVATIÒN DE LA Salùd Umana.  
Mi Senor Don L:  
LA Salved es la cosa que mas importa all cuerpo umano, Es la ioya mas preciosa de quantas la Natura tiene en todo so retreat por tanto yo le encomiendo tres Dotores para mantenerla, es a saber, El Dotor Dieta, el Dotor Reposo, y el Dotor Gozo.  
Tocante el postrero, bien se sabe por Experiencia Que es aquel gran espejo de sabiduria, Que una onça de alegria vale mas que cien quintales de melancolia, pesadumbre no paga deudas; y el Cuydado en demasia roe hasta el tuetano; Coraçòn contento es gran talento; que puede dezir Alegrament, el diablo es muerto, y el Italiano dize que poo cibo & men affanno, sanita del corpo fanno; Tambien dize, Grave dura non ti punga, & sarà la tua vita lunga.  
To cante el seg●ndo Dotò, que mira all govierno del Cuerpo, es mucha verdàd que poca fatiga es gran salved; Bueno es passear hasta que se vea la sangre en la mexilla, no el sudor en la frente; Porlo que toca all sueño que es el Rey de Reposo, Duerme el dia quando quisieres, y la noche quanto pudieres; Sea la noche noche, y el dia dia, y Viviras con alerina; pero, Q●ien quiere bien dormir que compre la cama de un deudòr; Allende desto, Come poco, y cena mas duerme en alto y viviràs; però sober lafoy sombra del nogal no te pong s a acostar; M●s desto, Bueno es madrugàr, porque Quien el diablo l à de engañar, de mañana se hà de levantar; Tambien tenga cuenta de yrse a la mañana a la p●scaria, y la tarde a la carneceria, porque piece y huesped presto hieden.  
Tocante la cobertura del cuerpo, si quieres vivir sano hazte viejo temprano; no dexes los pelliscos hasta que vengan los Galileo's; Buena regla es, Que yo and caliente, y riase la gente, Otra ay mas particulàr, Euxuto el pie, caliente la cabeçc, por el resto vive como bestia; escuche tambien lo que dize el Ro mano, Vesti caldo, mangia poco, bevi assai & vir viai.  
Quanto a las parts deal cuerpo, adviertase. Que los o jos siendo malos se han de curar con el codo; Los dientes no piden in mucho cuydado, ni demasiado descuydo; Quando te dolieren las tripas hazlo saber all culo; Me claro y caga bien, y higa para el Medico; Añadese a esto, si meare; de colour de florin, echa el Medico para ruyn; Toda via, Quien mea y no pee, uà a la Co●te y all Rey no ye; sepasi tambien, Que a la gota el Medico no ye gota.  
Tocante el Casamiento el dicho del Marquès de mirabè● se ha de observar, el qual siendo preguntado common avia vivido tantos años (porque tenia mas de ochenta) respondio, Casème tarde y embiudème temprano; si quieres hembra escoje la Negra, Porque Muger Negra trementina en ella; Tambien dize Frances, Filly brunette gay & net; Escoj● lafoy tambien el sabado, y no el Domingo; Pero Muger roxa y barbuda de cien p●ssos la saluda, M●s de esto, muger, anade y cabra mala cosa siendo Magra, Para mientes tambien a este cumplimiento, Junio, Julio y Agosto, señora mia no os conosco.  
Tocante el Doctor D●eta que pr●dominà mucho sober la salùd, es Regla general, Quien mucho come, poco come, el Italiano dize Bisogna far tre pasti di star sano, un buono, un cattivo, & ●n mezzano; Quien come bien y bien beve, haze lo que deve, Pero a buen comer o a mal comer tres vezes has de beaver. Por lo que toca a la bevanda, Beved agua como un buey, y vino como vn rey; El agua tiene tres excellentes virtudes, Ni enferma, ni adeuda, ni embiuda, Toda via dizen que Agua fria y pan caliente nunca hizieron buen vientre: Siempre a higo Agua, ya la pera Vino: Tambien a bocado haròn espolado de Vino: Pero vino transnochado no vale vn cornado: Dixo lafoy leche all vino bien vengais, amigo.  
Tocante los manjares, es Regla muy saludable, Quien quisiere vivir sano, coma poco, y cene temprano: Cabrito de un mes, rezental de tres: Vn huevo escaseza, does gentileza, tres valentia, quatro vellaqueria: Dizese, Que si el Villano supiesse el sabor de la gallina en el Henero, no dexaria ninguna en el pollero: Escojase siempre leche de cabra, manteca de vaca, y queso de oveja: Pero, se hà de observar, Que el queso que vien de corta mano es el mas sano: Alos moços està permitido de comer mas amenudo que a los otros, porque dizen, que el moço creciente ha●el lobo en el Avientre, mas, to cante los Viejos se dize que Q●ien hurta la cena all Viejo, no le haze agravio: por tanto es buen precepto para los de dad Quien no cena no hà menester Avicena, Otros' dizen Que mas matò la cena que no sanò Avicena: De suerte que si tuvieres gana de morir cena con carne assada y echate a dormir: Añadese a esto, que si quieres comida mala, come la liebre assada. Quien en Mayo come sardina en Agosto caga la Espina: Et Quien come Caracoles en Abril apareje cera y pavil; Toda via Quando llueve y haze sol coge el caracol; No ay Caldo como el çumo guijarra; Pero Ni Olla sin tocino, ni Sermon sin Agustino.  
Tocante las frutas y legumbres, observese que Pan reziente y uvas, a 'las moças ponen mudas, y alas viejas quitan las arrugas; Azeytuna oro es una, does plata, tercera mara, Niespolo despedr ado es buen bocado; Pera que dize Rodrigo no vale un higo; Otros dizen, La Muger y la pera la que calla es buena; El Francès tiene una notable caution tocante esta fruta, es a saber, Apres la poire ou le vin ou le prestre; Mis, sober melòn, vino follon; Con todo sea sal, porque dize el Francès, Cest un banquet pour le diable ou il n y a point du sell; Tocante el Hinojo, y la ruda, ay dos refrains muy señalados, viz: Quien hinojo ye y no lo coge, diablo es que no hombre: El otro, si supiesse la muger la virtud de la Ruda la buscaria de noche a la luna, etc.  
En Observando estas Reglas se podria vivir tanto quantos un Elefante que es de mas larga vid● de quantos animales ay, segun aquel Refiàn gradual, Vn sero dura tres años; Vn perro tres setoes: Tres perros un Cavallo: Tres Cavallos un Hombre: Tres Hombres un Ciervo; Tres Ciervos duran un Elefante.  
No soy Por mas, si no, qu●e desseandole en conclusion, Salved y G●zo, y Casa con un cor●●t y pozo le quedo de todas mis entrañ●s su Criado mayor, porque.  
Quisiere aunque soy Chico,  
Ser, en serville Gigante,  
I. H.  
The same rendered into English.   

Fourscore SPANISH PROVERBS couched in one Familiar LETTER, Concurring All to one congruous Sense, AND Conducing to the Preservation OF Human Health.  
SIR,  
HEalth is a thing that most imports a Human Body; It is the most precious jewel that Nature hath in all her Cabinet. Therefore I recommend unto you three Doctors for the maintenance thereof▪ to wit, Doctor Diet, Doctor Quiet, and Doctor Merriman.  
Touching the last, 'tis well known by Experience which is the great Looking-glass of Wisdom, That an ounce of Mirth is more worth than a hundred stone of melancholy; Sorrow quits no scores; And too much care corrodes, and eats to the very marrow; A heart content is a great Talon; A heart which may say Alegrament, the Devil is dead; And the Italian will tell you. That a little meat and less grief make a healthful body.  
Touching the second Doctor, which concerns the Government of the Body, 'Tis a great truth, That a little toil is great health: 'Tis good to walk till the blood appears in the cheek, but not the sweat on on the brow: Touching sleep who is the King of repose, Sleep in the day what thou wilt, and in the night as much as thou canst; but make night of night, and day of day, than thou mayst sing welladay; But he who doth desire to sleep sound, let him buy the bolster of a Bankrupt: Moreover, Dine with little, sup with less, sleep high and thou wilt live; But take heed of sleeping on the shadow of a Walnut-tree; Besides, 'tis good to rise early; for, He who will cozen the Devil, must rise betimes: Go also early to the Fishmarket, and late to the Shambles; for Fish and Guests quickly stink.  
Concerning thy clothes, or cover of thy body, If thou wilt be healthful make thyself old betimes; Leave not thy Furs till the Galileans come (viz. till Ascenfion-day, when that Scripture is read) It was a good saying, Let me go warm, and let the world laugh at me as long as it wi●: there's another rule, Keep thy head dry, and thy head hot, and for the rest live like a Beast (viz. eat and drink no more than will suffice Nature.)  
Concerning the parts of the Body, Take notice that when the eyes are sore, cure them with thy Elbow, (viz. thou must not finger them): The Teeth require not much care, nor too much neglect: When thy ●uts ache make it known to thy tail; Piss clear, and go well to stool, and a fig for the Physician: Whereunto may be added, If thy Urine be bright yellow, piss upon the Doctor's head; Our Grandsire's said, That he who pisseth without a report backward, goes to C●urt and sees not the King: Touching the Gout, the Physician is but a l●ut.  
Concerning Marriage, the saying of the old Marquis of M● is observable, who being asked how he came to live so long in such health, he answered, I married late, and I became a widower betimes. If thou desirest a wife, choose her upon a Saturday, rather than upon Sunday (in her fine clothes): And if thou canst, choose a black one, for they say, in a black woman there is Turpentine; whereunto the Frenchman alludes something, A brown Lass is gay and cleanly: but for a redhaired, or bearded woman, salute them a hundred paces off.  
Touching Doctor Diet, who predominats much over Human health, 'tis a general rule, That he who eats much, eats but little; the Italian saith, That to preserve health, one must make three meals a day, one good, one bad, and another indifferent meal: 'tis observed, that he who eats well, and drinks well, doth his business; but, whether you di●e well, or ill, be sure to drink thrice.  
Touching drinks, Drink Water like an Ox, and Wine like a King: Water hath three excellent virtues, for it neither makes one sick, nor puts one in debt, nor makes one a widower; yet cold Water and hot Bread never made good belly. After the Fig, Water; after the Pear, Wine: A jadish bit requires a spur of Wine; but Wine that stood all night is not worth a mite: The Milk told the Wine, Welcome friend, Wine upon Milk is mine; Milk upon Wine is thine.  
Touching meats: It is a wholesome precept, Who will live healthful, let him dine sparingly, and sup betimes: Touching flesh, a Kid of a month, and a Lamb of three, are best: For Eggs, one is scarceness, two is gentleness, three stoutness, and four are roguishnes. They say, that if the Countryman knew the goodness of a Hen in January, he would not leave one in his roost house: Goats Milk, Cow Butter, and Sheep's Cheese are best; but for Cheese, that's best which comes from a miser's hand: Young men are allowed to eat oftener than men in years; for, they say, a growing Youth hath a Wolf in his belly; Therefore who steals an old man's supper, doth him no wrong; moreover he who doth not use to sup, hath no need of the Physician; therefore if thou hast a mind to die, sup upon roasted Multen, and go to bed. Hereunto may be added, If thou desirest ill food, eat a roasted Hare: he who eats Pilchers in May, may shit out the b●nes in August; and he who eats Mushrooms in April, let him provide Week and Wax; viz. let him provide for his burial; yet in other months, when it reins in a Sunshine gather thy Musrumps: There is no Broth like that of the juice of flint (viz. of water flowing thence); but Pottage must not be without Bacon, nor a Sermon without Saint Austin: Concerning fruits, and pulse, observe that new Bread and Grapes paint young Maids, and take away wrinkles from the old: One Olive is God, two Silver, three Brass: If thou wilt have a good bit, eat a gelded Medlar: The Pear which cr●es Rodrigo is not worth a rush; Others say, That the Pear and the Woman which are silent are best: The Frenchman hath a good caution touching this fruit, That after Pear, the Wine or the Priest (to confess thee before death); but after Melon, Wine is a Felon: Let there be Salt with every thing, for 'tis a banquet for the Devil where there is no Salt: Concerning Fennel and Rue, there be two notable Proverbs of them, viz That he who sees Fennel and gathers it not, he is a Devil, and no Man; the other is, That if the good Woman did know the virtue of Rue, she would look for it in the night at Moonshine.  
By observing these Rules one might by the strength and complacency of Nature arrive to the age of an Elephant, whom the Naturalists observe to live longest of any Terrestrial creature, according to that gradual Proverb of longitude of lives, viz. A Hedge lasts three years; a Dog three Hedges; a Horse three Dogs; a Man three Horses; a Stagg three men; an Elephant three Staggs.  
No more now, but that wishing you all health and gladness, I rest from my very Bowels your Gretest Servant for though I am little, I would be a Hercules to serve you.  
I. H.   

A CHAIN Of above Threescore old English PROVERBS, couched in one Familiar LETTER, And conducing all to one Subject or Sense: Rendered into Spanish.  
SIR,  
I Have much Acquaintance, but few Friends, amongst whom I rank you for one of the choicest; Therefore, although I am none of those that love to have an Oar in every man's Boat; or such a busy body as deserves to be hit in the teeth, that he should keep his breath to 〈◊〉 his pottage; yet, you and I having eaten a peck of Salt together, and having a hint that you are upon a business which will make you, or mar you, viz. Marriage, I would wish you to look before 〈◊〉 leap, and make more than two words to● burgain, in regard that a Man's best or worst Fortune is a Wife.  
'tis true, that Marriages are made in Heaven; It is also said, that Marriage and Hanging go by destiny; But, if you are resolved to marry, marry a Shrew rather than a Sheep, for a fools fullsom; yet you run a risk also in the other, for a Shrew may so tie your Nose to the Grindstone, that the Grey Mare will prove the better Horse: Moreover, There is another old said saw, That every one knows how to tame a Shrew, but he who hath her: If it be your fortune to meet with such a one, she may chance put you to the charge of buying a long spoon; for he must have a long spoon who will eat broth with the Devil.  
Furthermore, If you are disposed to marry, the Spaniard would have you to choose a wife upon the Saturday (in her old clothes) not upon Sunday (when she is tricked up): But by all means do not fetch a Wife from Dunmow, for so you may bring home two sides of a Sow; Nor from Westminster; For, they say, That he who goes to Westminster for a Wife, to Paul's for a Man, and to Smithfield for a Horse, may have a jade to his Horse, a Knave to his Man, and a Wagg-tayl to his Wife.  
But if you needs must have a wife, let her be rather little than big, for of two evils the least is to be chosen: yet there is a hazard in that also; For a little pot is soon hot, and so she will be little and loud; If you give her an Inch, she will take an Ell; She will always have a Rowland for your Oliver, and two words for one; such a wife, though she be as tender as a Parson's Leman, yet she may prove a Wolf in a Lamb's skin: Instead of a Rose you will have a Burr; if you hap too meet with such a one, you may be put to answer as he was, who having a damnable Scold to his Wife, and being asked by Sir Thomas Badger, who recommended her unto him? he said, And old Courtier Sir; What Courtier said Sir Thomas? 'Twas the Devil Sir: The Anagram may well fit such a wife:  — Uxor & Orcus idem. 
Moreover, Take heed of too-handsom a wife, for then the Italian will tell you, she is likely not to be all your own; And so she may bring you to your Hornbook again, or rather make you horn-madd, and then you have brought your Hogs to a fair market; yet take delight when you have one to see your wife go handsome, and not to spoil her face: To that end, the Spaniard would have women when the season serves to feed upon Grapes and Bread, for there is a saying, That Grapes and new Breed paints young women's faces, and takes away wrinkles from the old.  
But by all means take heed of a too costly and lavishing a wife, for so you may quickly turn a Noble to Ninepences, and come home by broken cross, She will in a short time make hunger to drop out at your no●e; She will th●ritten a Mill post to a Pudden-prick: The Goose will drink as deep as the Gander, and then when all is gone and n●thing left, What boots the Dagger with the Dudgeon hest? The Wolf willbe then still at your d●re, and the black Ox will tread on your toe: Your neighbours will make mows at you and say You are as wise as Walthams' Calf, who went n●ne mile to suck a Bu●l, and came home more thirsty than when he went.  
You must also be wary how you marry one who bath cast her Rider, lest you ●all into a Quagmire wherein another was lost, I mean, a Widow, for so you willbe subject to have a deadman's head put often into your d●sh: Touching the complexion of your wife, the Spaniard holds Black to be the wholsom'st, for he hath a saying, Muger negra trementina en ella; A black Woman hath Turpentine in her. The Frenchman is for the Brown, Filly brunette gay & net, A brown Lass is gay, and cleanly; but they both will tell you, That touching a re●d haired, or bearded Woman, you must salute them a hundred paces off.  
Lastly, Take heed by all means of doting so far upon any Female as to marry her for mere affection; 'Tis true, That one hair of a Woman will draw more than a hundred yoke of Oxen, yet mere Affection, they say, is but blind Reason, and there are more Maids in the world than Malkin: 'Tis also true, That in love there is no lack; yet it is as true, That nothing hath no savour, nor can any thing be bought in the Market without Money: There must be Suett, as well as Water and Oatmeal, to make a Pudding: They that marry for mere love, may have merry nights but mournful days; In this case, 'Tis better to buy a quart of Milk for a penny, then to keep a Cow; And to follow the Italians advice, viz. Commend the Sea, but keep thyself on the Shore; Commend the Hills, but keep thyself on the Plain; Commend a Wedded life, but keep thyself still a Bachelor: According to another wise Proverb, He who marries, doth well, but he who marrieth not, doth better: Whereunto alludes a third, That next to a single life, the married is best; I will conclude with another, Honest men use to marry, but Wise men not.  
When you read this; I know you willbe apt to say, That a Fool's bolt is soon shot, or cry out, Wit whither wilt thou? Yet though I am none of the seven Sages, I can look as far into a Millstone as another; And you know that the slander by sees oftimes more than the gamester.  
What I write, is the language of a Friend, and could I stead you any way herein, I would do it with as good a will as ever I came from School, for I am such a friend that will shine with you in the dark; And to conclude with the old Roman Proverb, I am yours Usque ad arras, Yours to the Altar.  
I. H.  
The same made Spanish.   

Cadena de mas de sesenta Refrains Ingleses, Puestos en una CARTA FAMILIAR, Concurrientes todos A un Sentido, y rendidos en Castellano.  
Señòr,  
TEngo Conocidos muchos, Amigos pocos, entre los quales estimo a 'em. Vno de los mas Escogidos; por tanto, aunque yo no sea del numero de aquelloes, qui quieren tener remo en cada barca, ni tall entremetidor que meresca que le den en los dientes, que guardasse el aliento para enfriar su caldo, Toda via 'em. y yo aviendo comido juntos un celemin de sal, y oyendo correr la voz que 'em esta empeñado en un negocio que podrà hazerle o des●●zerle viz. Casamiento, yo le aconsejaria de mirar bien antes que saltar, y que aya mas de does palabras a t●l concierto, porque el casarse es la mayor Dicha o desdicha que pueda acae●èr a un hombre.  
Verdàdes que Casamientoes see hazen en el Cielo, Tambien se dize que Casamientos y ahorcamientoes andan por Destino, pero si qued● resuelto a Casarse, Casese ants con una baladrona que con una bova, porque 'las mansas en demasia son enfadosas. Toda via corre riesgo con la baladrona, porque ella le podra atalle las narizes de tall surety Que la vaca negta serà mas brava que el toro; Mas desto, dizen que Cada uno sabe domar una Baladrona si no el que la tiene por mugèr, si a caso se casàre con tall, le serà for çoso de comprar una cuchara larga, porque dizen que es meñester un cucharon largo para comer con el demonio.  
Allende de esto si es menester que se case no se vaya por muger a 〈◊〉, porque assi podar llevar a su casa dos lados de puerca; ni a Vestminsterio, porque quien v● a Vestminster por una muger, a sand Pablo por servitor, y a Smithfield por un cavallo, corre peligro de tener un Haron por cavallo, un picaro por servitor, y una puta por mugèr.  
Pero, si ay necessidad que teng● mugèr, que sea ants Chiquita que Grande, porque de does males el menor se hà de eligir, Toda via corre riesgo con tall, porque 'las pucheras pequeñas luego se calientan, y assi ferà chiqu●ta y Gridadora, En dandola una pulgada, ella tomarà v na vara, Tiendra siempre Vn Roldan contra so Rodulfo, y does palabras por una: Tal mugèr aunque sea tan tierna que la manceb● de un clerigo, toda via se●à quiça una loba en pellejo de cordera; En lugar de una Rosa rendrà una Espina: Si los Hados le dieren tall muger, la mesma respuesta servirà a 'em, que diò el, qui teniendo una endemoniada parlera, y fiendo preguntado por Don Tomas Badger quien se la avia dado por muger, dixo, un Cortesano viejo me la dio, que Corresano replicò Don Tomas? Era el Demonio, Señor; El donoso Anagramma quadraria bien con tall mugèr.  — Vxor & Orcus idem 
Mas de esto, tenga cuenta que su muger no sea linda en estremo, porque el Italiano le dirà que tall no puede ser toda su ya, y assi ella podrà reduzirle otra vez a su librito cornudo, o auà de hazerle cornudo y frenetico, y entonces y●à con sus puercos a un lindo mercado: No embargante esto en teniendo muger deleytese de guardarla linda y limpia con buena cara; A este efeto que coma con la sazon pan y uvas, porque dizen Que pan reziente y uvas a las moças ponen mudas, y a las Viejas quitan las arrugas.  
Sober todo guardese bien de vna muger desperdiciadora, porque en aquel modo un doblò● deviend●à luego diez maravediss; E●la le harà passar por la cruz rota; Ha●à ●a hambre gotear fuera de sus narizes: La gansa bevera tan hondo que el Ansaròn; y entonces la pobreza darà priessa; Porque donde sacan y no 'pon luego llegan all hondòn; el lobo se hallarà a puerta, y el buey negro dara vozes; Sus vezinos diràn Hideputa, soys tan sabio que el bezerro de Waltam, qui few nueve mi llas por tetar un toro, y bolviose mas sediento que no era ants.  
Tambien hà de guardarse de esposar la hembra que hà ya derribado su Cavalgador, de miedo que no se cayga en un Atolladero adonde perecio un otro, es a saber una Biuda, porque en esta manera tendrà cada rato la cabeça de un muerto echada en su plato: Tocante la Complexion de su esposa, el Español dize que muger negra trementina en ella; El Francès es por la morenita, porque 'las Morenitas son loçanas y limpias; Pero el uno y el otro le diràn, muger bàrbuda, o con cabelloes roxos, saludalas cien passos lexos.  
En conclusion quardese bien de no dexarse transportar, o Empeñarse por la sola afition de alguna hembra viviente; Verdad es que un pelo de muger tira mas que cien bueyes, Toda via la Afition sola no es otro sino Razon ciega; por tanto sepa que Mas moças ay en el mundo que Marguilla; Tambien es Verdad, Que en Amor no ay mengua; mas otra verdad ay que nada no tiene sabor, Los Casamientoes no see hazen de hongos sino de ducados redondos, porque en la plaça no se puede comprar nada sin dinero; por hazer una longaniça es menester sebo con sangres; Los que se casan por pura afition podran aver noches plazenteras, mas dias pesadoes: En este caso mejor es comprar un açumbre de leech con su placa, que guardar una vaca; y conformarse all consejo del Italiano, Alaba lafoy mar mas tent en Tierra firma; Alaba los montes mas tent en la vega, Alaba la vida casada mas tent Saltero; Tambien ay otro, El quien casa haze bien, mas quien no casa haze mejor; A este se puede añadir un tercero, Despues de la vida soltera, la casada es la mejor; Concluyrè, Que los hombres de bien suelen casarse los, savios no.  
En leyendo esto bien sè yo, que 'em. dirà que el virote des Loco presto sesolta; Toda via, Aunque yo no sea del numero de los siere Savios, bien se quantos son cinco, y muchas vezes' el ye mask el Jugadòr.  
Lo que yo escrivo aqui, es el lenguaje de Amigo, y si podria serville en algo lo haria de tan buena gana como jo vine jamas de la Escuela, porque yo soy tall amigo que luzira con el en las tinieblas; En suma, concluyrè con aquel Refran Romano suyo soy usque ad arras, hasta los altars.  
I H.   

OF THE Portuguese Language, OR SUB-DIALECT, etc.  
AS Scotland is to England, so Portugal may be said to be in relation to Spain, in point of Speech; The Scott speaks somewhat broader, and more gaping; so doth the Portuguese compared to the Castilian, and shorter far: for whereas the Castilian out of an innated humour of gravity is addicted to long-traind words, the Portuguès doth use to curtayl divers of them, some in the middle, some in the end; But to know the main difference betwixt them, take these Instances.  
The Portuguès is not much affected to l or n; touching the first, he turns her to r, the snarling letter, as the Philosopher calls her: For example, whereas the Castilian says Inglatierra England, he says Ingra●erra; Noble Inglès, a Noble Englishman, Nobre Ingrès; Flamenco a Flemin, Framengo in Portuguès; Blando soft brando; Blanco white branco; Hermoso fair fermoso; Complido finished, comprido; Emplear to employ, Empregar; Flaco weak, fraco; Diablo the Dievil, Diabro o Diabo, etc.  
Besides, when ll begins a word in Spanish the Portuguès turns them to ch; As, Lamar to call chamar; Llama a flame, chama; Llaga a wound, chaga; Lleno full, Cheo whereby the n. also is lost; Luna the Moon, lieu: Llegar allegar to come or approach, chegar achegar; Llave a key, chiave; Ll●ro weeping, choro: Luvia Rain, chuva.  
Yet the Portuguès is not so well affected to ch, when he finds it in a Spanish word, for than he turns it to it commonly, as noche night, noyte; Ocho eight, oyto; Pecho the breast, peyto; Provecho profit, proveyto, etc.  
In divers words he leaves l quite out, when he finds it about the middle, as Delante before, diante; Cielo Heven, ceo; Candela a Candle, candea; Mala ill, maa; As Ma● noyte y faz Filinba, An ill night and maka a girl.  
The Portuguese likes not also the aspiration ● in the beginning of a word but turns it to f, whereby his language comes nearer (in many words) to the Latin, which is the Mother of both: as, whereas the Spaniard sayeth Hazer to do, the Portuguès sayeth Fazer; Hado Fate, Fado; Horca the Gallows, Forca; Hazaña an exploit, Fazanba; Hacha a Torch, facha; Hablar to speak, ●●lar; H●rno an Oven, forno; Hormig● an Ant, formiga; Holgar gandeo folgar; Hidalgo a Gentleman, fidal●●, etc.  
Note also that where the Portuguese finds the throaty j, or ishota in a word, he turns it to lh, As, Abeja a Bee, abelha; Oveja a sheep, ovelha; Ojo the Ay, olho; Aparejàr to prepare, aparelhar; Trabajo toil, travalho; etc. But it is to be observed, that those words in Portuguese must be pronounced as if an i followed; As, Abelha a Bee, abelhia; Travalho toil, travalhio, etc.  
Nor is the Portuguès much affected to the letter n, for where he finds her in the middle of a Spanish word, he quite cuts her off; As, for ●adena a chain, he sayeth cadea; Amonestar to warn, amoestar; Cenar to sup, cear; Corona a Crown, coroa; Freno a bridle, freo; Buena good, bo●; Mano a hand▪ mao, etc.  
Moreover the Portuguese turns Spanish Dissyllables into Monosyllables; As, Tener to hold, ter; Venir to come, vir; Poner to put, por; Colour colour, cour; Dolour grief, dor; Mayor a Mayor, mor, etc.  
The Portuguese also turns oftentimes Spanish Trissyllables into Dissillables; As, Menester need, mister; Ganado a flock, gado; Generar to engender, gerar; General General, general: Obispo a Bishop, Bispo, etc.  
Furthermore where the Spanish words end in bre, the Portuguese turns it to me, or man; As, Costumbre custom, costume; Hombre a man, homem; Number a name, nomem; Cumbre the top, cume, etc.  
The Portuguese also turns the Spanish ble into vel; As, Possible possible, possivel; Insufrible unsufferable, insufrivel; Mudable changeable, mudavel; Durable durable, duravel, etc.  
The Portuguese makes also Trissyllables of Spanish Quatrosyllables often; As, S●lameme only, foment▪ Mahament ill, mament; Enemigo an Enemy, imigo, etc. Yet sometimes the Portuges adds a syllable more; As, Duvida to the Spanish duda, a doubt; Duvidosament for dudosament, doubtfully; Duo● for dos, two, etc.  
The Portuguese also adds e to Spanish words ending in d; As, Mocidade for mocedàd, youth; A●istàd friendship, amiz●de; Liberted liberty, libertade; Liberalidàd liberality, liberalidade; Pieded piety, piedede, etc.  
Now, Though the Costilian, and the Lusitanian language be both derived from the Latin, the first immediately, their oath mediately by means of the Gastilian, whereof she is a Dialect, and thereby a subdialect to the Latin; yet she hath divers words for which she is beholden to neither, nor to the Morisco also, whereof I thought it worth the while to give a particular Catalogue.   

A Short DICTIONARY OR, CATALOGUE Of such Portuges Words That have no Affinity with the SPANISH.  
Portuguese, Spanish, English Abafar Garrotar To strangle Abalroar Pelear To fight Abalo do animo Desaiossiego Trouble of mind Abegaon Rustico A swain Abelhaon Colmena A hive of bees Abelhudament Appressuro Sament Hastily Abençoer Bendezir To bless Acamar Enfermarse To be sick Agastar Provocar To provoke Aginha Presto Speedily Agoacento Humedo Watery Alagar Deribar To overthrow Alapardarse Esconderse To hide himself Alardo Nombramiento de soldadoes A list of Soldiers Alar Socorrer To succour Alcunha Sobrenombre A surname Alem Mas de esto Moreover Alfayate Sa●●re A tailor Alfaqueque Mensajero A messenger Alvacento Blanquecino Whitish Alvela Milan A kite Aniae Alfiler A pin● Amuado Obstinado Obstinate Andorinha Golondrina A swallow A Podar Paragonar To compan Apupar Aullar To howl Arreceo Miedo Fear Atlhar Impedir To hinder Atasanero Panadero. A bakee. Bacoro Puerca A sow Bafo Aliento The breath Bafio Hediondez A stink Balisa Carcel A gaol Baque Cayda A fall Barça Cofre A coffer Bicho Gusano A worm Bragante Ruyn Lewd Breu Pez Pitch Bugio Mono An Ape Buraco Aguijero A hole Burrifar Aguar To sprinkle Cachopo Mocito A little boy Cadela Perra A bitch Canga Yugo A yoke Cardume Muchedumbre A multitude Crestaon Cabron A goat Carpinha Lamentaciòn Lamentation Caranca Mala cara An ill face Caramelo Yelo Ice Cavidarse Guardarse To beware Colheyta Cosecha The harvest Coceyra Começon The itch Cocegas Coxquillas Tickling Cossar Arañar To soratch Coyma Dolour Pain Cafra Yunque An Anvil Cedo Presto Quickly Ceysa Cosecha Harvest Chambaon Tonto A dullard Cheyrar Oler To smell Decepar Romper To break Derrancar Corromper To corrupt Desazo Ociosidad Sloth Desdobrar Exprimir To express Desmiçar Aboler To abolish Desmanchar Quebranter To break Devesa Selva A Wood Dia azinhago Dia Escuro A black day Dia de Hotem Ayer Yesterday Dianteyra Frente The forehead Discante Lalyra The harp Doudo Bobo A fool ELche Apostata An Apostate Embevedarse Emborracharse To be drunk Embleçar Engañar To cozen Embicar Ofender To offend Embel●r Cunar To rock Emborcar Invertir To invert Empecilho Obstaculo A stop Emperrar Porfiar To be obstinate Emposta Ayuda Help E●●●mpar Obtruder To obtrude Encuica Noticia Knowledge Endoudecer Enloquecer To grow foolish Enfastiar Enfadar To trouble Engeytar Menospreciar To cast away Ensejo Ocasion Occasion Entraz Carbunculo A Carbuncle Entulbar Entoñalar To fill up Escavedar Huyr To fly away Esfalsar Cansar To tire Esmechar Herir To wound Esqueho Tuerto Crooked Espaçar Alargar To lengthen Esmolar Dar limosna To give alm● Esmera Perfecto Perfect Esmoga Synagoga A synagog Esquecimiento Olvido Forgetfulness Esterqueyra Muladàr A dunghill Estulagem Venta An hostry Estabalhoado Arrebadato Rash Estrondo. Alboroto A noise FAim Lança A lance Fala Voz A voice Faisca Centella A flash Fanar Costar To cut Fanchono Mugeril Effeminat Faqua Cuchillo A knife Fanquey Lencero A linnendraper Fanga Hanega A bushel Farelo Salvado Bran Febre Delgago Slender Felugem holin Soot Felinha Hijuela A little Girl Figo Lampo Precoz Too soon ripe Fiquar Quedar To stay Focinho Boca The mouth Folga Gozo Mirth Fraga Peña A rock Franga Polastra A pullet Fracayro Putaniero A wencher Furna Caverna A den Fuzilar. Relampaguear To lighten GAbo Loor Praise Gabar Loar To praise Gafern Lepra The leprosy Gaguo Tartamudo A ●●utterer Galbo Ramo A branch Geyto Ademan de cuerpo Gesture Gear Yelo Ice Gielho Rodilla The knee HOntem Ayer Yesterday Huyvar Aullar To howl IAnella Ventana A window Jentar Comida A dinner Ilharga Lado The side Inçar Propagar To propagat Ingoas Las buas The Pox Lapa Cueva A Cave Leycenço Ladroncillo A little thief Lembrar Acordar To remember MAchado Seguar An axe Magao Congoja Grief Madraço Picaro A Rogue Mamote Lechoncillo A sucking pig Maminher Esterilidad Barrenness Marral heyro Vellaco A cuming knave Madioso Liberal Liberal Matiz Retrato A picture Matreyro Zorro Crafty Mealherro Casa de tesoro Exchequer Morno Tibio Lukewarm Morgado Primogenito The first born Mouco Sordo deaf ORate Mentecato A madman Outiva Arrebatadament. Rashly PAyxaon Ensado Trouble Pancado Bofeton A Blow Pao Madera Wood Porolento Mohoso Musty Patife Desembuelto A loose fellow Pezinho Piojo A louse Pelouro Bala A bullet Peneyra Harnero A sive Perto Cerca Near Pinga Gota A drop Pissa Carajo A man's yard Pomba Paloma A pigeon Povo Pueblo The people Presunto Pernil A gamm●●● REfenn Caution A pledge Rilhar Roer To gnaw Roldar Tener centinela To keep watch Rolda Centinela The watch SAloya Rustica A Country woman Sanden Frenetico Mad Saluço Suspiro A sigh Sisa Pecho A tax Soada Fama A rumour TAmancas Alpargatas Wooden shoes Tamalaves Vn ratico A little white Tarefa Obra A task Tayvar Rabiar To rage Tolo Necio A fool Traquinada Ruydo An uproar Trevas Tiniblas' The dark VAlhacouto Refugio A refuge Colhor Cuchara A spoon Ambicar Tropesar To stumble Calleyro Granja A barn Suncho Hinojo Fenell Sedo De mañana Early Sargueyro Saulze A willow Radea Carcel A gaol Zombar Motejar. To gear  
The Portugès in numbering five days of the week differs from the Castilian, and all other, but it agrees with the Roman, Missal, As Monday, Twesday, Wenesday, Thursday, Friday are called Segunda, Terca, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta, Feyra; But saturday and Sunday are called Sabado y Doming●.   

THus have I given a short Essay of the Lusitanian Tongue, which, by observing the differential precepts pointed at before, may be attained with much ease by any who hath but an indifferent knowledge of the Spanish from whom she is derived but become somewhat more rugged; so that it may be said, as a Castilian was making of a Toledo blade, a Portugès came, and taking up the filings he made a Tongue of them; Indeed, it must be granted that the Castilian is in more esteem, yea, in Portugal itself, where the best sort of the Gentry and Merchants speak it, with Church and cloysterd men; most of their Sermons, their musical sonnets, and madrigals, with their stage plays being in Spanish. Insomuch that as it is a saying in Italy, Lingua Toscana, in Lingua Romana; So there is one among them, Lingoa Castelhana 'em b●ca Portugueza; The Spaniard hath so little esteem of it, That he says there is but one good word in all the Portuguès Tongue, and that is Saudades which is a large word, and a kind of Amphibolon, for it signifies many things, as Tenho mil saud●des de 'em. I have a thousands desires of you; Muero de saudades, I die for sorrows, etc.  
Concerning the preceding Spanish Grammar, there went more o isle, and labour to raise up (as I may say) that little Castle of Castille, wherein an Ingenious Student may find not only a survey of the Language, but he may take liury and saisin thereof in a short time; To which purpose we have consulted the best Artists upon this Subject as Miranda, and Salazar; together with Francios●ni the Florentin, and Oudin the Frenchman, with others who have laudably taken pains herein, and are more extensive in the conjugating of some Verbs: For as soon as the idea of this work entered into the imagination, the first thing we designed was brevity, yet without making it● subject to Lamenesse● or Obscurity.  
— Nec dum Brevis esse Labaro  
Obscurus, vel mancus ero—  
Liberorum Cerebri Quintus Post Quadraginta. J. H.  
FINIS.