Medulla Historiae ANGLICANAE.  
Being a Comprehensive HISTORY Of the LIVES and REIGNS OF THE MONARCHES OF ENGLAND, From the Time of the Invasion thereof by JULIUS CAESAR, to this present Year 1679.  
With an Abstract of the LIVES of the Roman Emperors commanding in BRITAIN, and Habits of the Ancient BRITAIN'S.  
To which is added A LIST of the NAMES of the Honourable the House of COMMONS, now sitting, and His MAJESTY'S Most Honourable PRIVY COUNCIL, etc.  
LONDON, Printed for Abel Swalle, and are to be sold by him at the Unicorn, at the West End of S. Paul's. 1679.   

 frontispiece 
Medulla Historiae Anglicanae  
Printed for Abel swalle at the unicorn at the West End of St Paul's.  F H. Van Hove. sclp:   

THE Preface.  
IT is as natural to Man to desire Knowledge, as Bodily Sustenance; the one being the Food of the Mind, as the other is of the Body: And the Appetites of both being homogenenous to the Principles from which they proceed; their tendency to their several Objects, is as eager as the Faculty which produces It, is active; so that though both flow from the Fountains of one and the same Nature; yet the one resting in a Material Repletion, must be acknowledged more limited than the other, which admits of no bounds of Satiety.  
But though Knowledge be Man's Natural Desire, and the Similary Nourishment of his better part, the Reasonaable Soul; yet it is not alike sought after by all; nor in the same Degrees and Kind.  
Some, whose Constitution has disposed them to a Habit of lazy Sensuality, and others, whom continual Disappointments have baffled into a Neutrality and Indifference, as to Action, think it sufficient for Man to know, either how to live with Pleasure and Epicurean Ease, or to die with Affected Haughtiness and Stoical Apothy, neither of the Two regarding those Knowledges which delight Curiosity, or are useful to the Society of Mankind.  
Others again, who are altogether refined into Spirit and Contemplation, think their time ill spent, unless they can be able so to anatomize Nature, as to give the Causes of Things, which either never did exist but in Appearance; or if they do, are far more profitably understood by their Effects than Principles: And these two extremes are the Preternatural Vices of Appetite; the one being the Stupidity and Defect, and the other the Green Sickness or Boulivia of the Desire.  
They therefore whom Age, Learning, and Experience, have licentiated to be Physicians of the Mind, have taken some Latitude in prescribing Diets according to the various Constitutions of reasonable Men; allowing those whom a Natural Disposition inclines to the light Food of Contemplation, such Studies as may nourish their Curiosity with the Airy Ideas of Philosophy and Speculative Mathematics, and the nicer Learning of the Schools; judging that the most proper Nourishment for Sedentary Humours and Volatile Fancies, who covet no more, but to know for themselves, and to be guided by others: But to Men of a more Robust and Sociable Habit of Mind; who are desirous both to know and to do good to themselves, and by their quality and condition fitted for a station in the World, when Providence pleases to call them to it, they have always diverted more Active and Useful Learning; such as Practical Mathematics and History, the one for improving the Works and Inventions, and the other, the Conduct and Actions of Men in Society: judging Idleness the Lethargy of the Mind, no ways to be fed, but to be cured by Discipline and Animadversion.  
Now, Though Mathematics, which tend to Operation, be of very great use in an Industrious and Flourishing State or Age; both for the glory and profit of a People; yet seeing they require a peculiar Talon of Mind to succeed in that Study, they cannot, nor ought not, be recommended to Universal Practice beyond that Mediocrity which renders Gentlemen fit, as in that, so in other parts of Arts and Sciences, to converse with Rational Company (it being impossible for one Man to be Master of all Humane Knowledges) leaving the more laborious prosecution thereof to those whose Genius or Vocation invites them to that Assiduity.  
But of History it may be said, that Omne tulit punctum, nam miscuit utile dulci.  
It is so genuine and familiar to Men of all Estates, Age, Quality, Sex, and Condition, so agreeable to the Inclination, and suitable to the Humour of All: so delightful in the perusing, and profitable in the retention; affording Content to the Aged, Pleasure to the Young, and Experience to both: Comfort to the Disconsolate, Refreshment to the Weary, and Ease to discomposed Minds; solacing the tedious hours of Pensive Watch; or otherwise charming anxious thoughts, into a sweet and gentle repose; being never out of season whilst Men have life, and the World a being; that amongst the many Eulogies it hath received from the Learned Pieces of Ancient and Modern Writers; it may be justly accounted rather the Recreation than the Application of a Studious Man.  
It is indeed that Telescope by which we see into distant Ages, and take up the actions of our Forefathers with as much evidence as the News of the last Gazette; it is the Mirror that represents the various Transactions of Times past, and shows us the Dress of Antiquity; according to which we may rectify or adjust our present Fashions; it is the Products of gentle and easy Institutions and Laws, which ought to oblige us as much if not more strictly to a conformity, than the Preceptive Sanctions of Princes; seeing the Authority of the one does but inculcate our Duty, and the other gives us innumerable Instances of the seveveral rewards of Virtue, and Punishments of Vice: It is, in a word, the last Will and Testament of our deceased Progenitors; which though it does not expressly leave every one of us a particular Legacy, yet it shows us how we may he possessed of their Inheritance; and according as we follow their example, live in Reputation or Ignominy.  
In so much that the ruder Ages of the World, who were unacquainted with Letters, and consequently ignorant of refined Sciences, thought History, next to their Religion, the only useful and proper Study of Mankind; And judging the forming of the Manners and regulating the Actions of Man to be the chief Duty and Care of Societies, they thought Documents, Precepts, and Laws too weak a Means to work so great effect, without they were confirmed and and strengthened by the Examples of their Predecessor, to which prone Nature, even amongst the most Barbarous, does willingly render an implicit Veneration: And therefore seeing their Libraries were their Memories, and Words their Charactures, so Songs and rude Rhymes were the only Books, whereby their Bards and Druids instructed their Children in the Histories of former Ages, making the Famous Actions of their Ancestors, so much the more the Pattern of their Conduct and Manners, as it was the Subject of their innocent Melody and Mirth: And this Custom is at this day in practice amongst the incultivate Heathens of Africa and America.  
But when the kind Heavens was pleased to gratify the Industry of Man with the Invention of Letters; no Subject seemed to the Ancients, so worthy of the Prerogative of being transmitted to Posterity, as that of History; And indeed, the most Ancient that can be found of their Writings is of that kind: Whether it was that they knew no immortality, but that of Fame, or found no better way to provide with security for their offspring, in whom they were to live to Posterity, than by handing down to them the Methods and honest Courses by which some attained to Honour, Wealth, and Command, whilst others by the contrary ways, lived and died in Obscurity, Poverty and Contempt.  
And the desire of perpetuating the Memory, is such a glimmering glance of the Primitive, but offuscated Light of Nature, that some think it a convincing Argument to prove the immortality of the Soul; it being a vain thing for any, but especially a reasonable Being, to desire that, to which it hath no natural capacity: And the rather that the greater and more elevated Souls of all Ages have aspired as much to the perpetuating of their Fame, as they have to the purchasing of the same; Witness in Ancient times the great Alexander, who envied no man but Achilles, for the happiness he had in having Homer for his Historiographer: And since him Julius Caesar, who notwithstanding he was tired out with the Fatigues of a continued and difficult War, yet as he thought no man able to do what he had done, so he judged none worthy to perpetuate his Memory, and to Writ as he Fought, but himself.  
But what Satisfaction soever dying men may have in the Prospect of a lasting Name, it is certain the living reap great benefit from the Register of their Actions; for would a Prince have Measures to govern, a Subject how to obey, a Statesman how to give Counsel, a Judge and Magistrate, how to execute Justice, a Husband and Father how to command and cherish, a Wife and Child, how to Love Honour and Obey, and all Conditions of Men, how to perform mutual good Offices in every kind of Society, History, and especially the truest and most Ancient of All, the Holy Scripture, is that Repository from whence they may draw the truest Maxims for all Duties, exemplified with the good or bad Successes of those who have ●●●●ed or transgressed the same 〈…〉 thus much in short of History in general.  
But as all Histories are not of the same Nature, so neither are they of the same usefulness and Advantage: Not to mention the Ancient Poets, which are good in their way; some are fictitious Romances, which besides the Satisfaction they give the Authors Inventing Head, are of very little, if of any Use, unless it be to teach young Gallants to strut it in the phrase of Hero's, and Ladies to reparty like a Play Book: And the Moralities, which we are told, are couched therein, are too frequently applied in Serenades, Love-Letters, and Assignations.  
Others are Real Histories, or at least intended to be such; and are either Ancient or Modern, Universal, or Particular; of Kingdoms, or of Private Families, Foreign or Domestic: and are all very profitable, according to the several Qualities and Capacities of the Readers; which is a point that needs no particular Discussion in this place.  
In the writing of Histories, some Authors affect an exactness of recounting Matters with the minutest Circumstances that attend them, and of omitting nothing that can have any place in the Book; which unless it be some conspicuous and famous Transactions, looks liker the Depositions of a Witness in a Trial, or the Breviate of a Lawyer at the Bar, than the Annals or Chronicles of a Nation; for it is enough for Posterity to know the memorable Actions of a great King, or the Achievements in a famous Battle; with such circumstances as render them most considerable in themselves, and significant to the Reader; though they be not told what kind of Beard the King wore on his Wedding-day, or to whom the Ground belonged, where the Battle was fought.  
Many likewise puzzle both themselves and their Readers, with a too nice inquiry into the first Original of Nations, and especially by what new flight of Colonies or transmigration of People, Islands and Countries, discontinued from the Continent, became first inhabited; and in this Search, so soon as they transgress the bounds of Authentic Records and Monuments of Antiquity, the rest is no more History, but the conjectures and probabilities of the Authors. It is true, that since we are taught by our Religion, That all Mankind descended from Adam, and consequently as they increased in number, by new Generations, so they successively enlarged their Habitations into remoter Regions, until the Habitable World was possessed; it would be very curious for Men to know from what branch of the Stock they are descended, and not with the Ancients, who understood nothing of the Creation, believe those People, whose Original was unknown, to be Indigenae, that is, started out of the Country they inhabited; but that being impossible to be attained to, since the Memory of Man cannot, and Letters were not invented, to preserve the Knowledge of the various Changes and Mutations of Elder Times; we should satisfy ourselves (knowing that we are Men) with what we find in received Record concerning the Beginnings, Progress, and Changes of Kingdoms and States, without troubling ourselves with our Ancient Relations, who were not one drop of Blood in kin to William the Conqueror.  
The Design therefore of this little Manual of History, is not to amuse the Readers with the strange Romances of the First Peopling of this Island, nor to give a List of the Kings who reigned here, probably enough, even before Aeneas, or his Son Ascanius; nor yet to burden their Memory with all the lesser Occurrences, that are fully and at large related in many ample Volumes of this kind; but only to serve as a Remembrancer to those who have already studied the History of England; that in a short View they may refresh and rub up their Memories, as to smaller Circumstances, by the general Heads and more remarkable Passages, which they shall here find faithfully digested in a succinct Method, both as to time and place; and for others, whose humour or leisure will not permit them to turn over larger Volumes, this small Pocket Book, if carefully and often perused, may acquaint them with as much as is necessary perhaps, for them to know of the State of this Kingdom, in relation to times past, for satisfying their own curiosity, and rendering them able to entertain others, who want the same advantages of Knowledge.  
This Compend then presents the Reader with what has been most remarkable in the several Changes of Government that have happened in this Kingdom since the first Invading of the Island by Julius Caesar; tracing down the Succession and Lives of the several Emperors, from that time till it was forsaken (because it could not be kept) by the Romans: With the several Races of the British, Saxon, Danish, and Norman Kings, till the present year of his Majesty Charles the Second, whom God long preserve. It gives likewise an Account of all the Archbishops of Canterbury, since it was erected into a Metropolitant See: Of all the Mayors and Sheriffs of London since their First Creation, till this present year: It contains likewise a List of the Members of this present Parliament assembled in March last 1678/9, with the Names of the Lords and others of His Majesties present Privy Council, the Commissioners of the Treasury and Navy: And in a word, enough to let us see, how by the blessing of God, the prudence of Governors, and the unanimity and loyalty of the People, this Kingdom, though sometimes overclouded by homebred Dissensions, yet has continued for many Ages to be the Envy and Terror of its Neighbours; abounding in all the Worldly Enjoyments that were fit to be expected from a bountiful God, or to be desired by a virtuous People. To conclude, We may expect still the continuance of the same Blessings, unless our sins and wantonness, bring upon us the same or worse Judgements than our Forefathers ever felt; and instead of a delightful and fruitful Soil, turn our Land into a Barren Wilderness; and give us cause to say with the Poet,  
Infelix colium & steriles dominantur avenae. T. N.   

MEDULLA Historiae Anglicanae.  

BRITAIN.  
THIS most flourishing Island Britain, is bounded on the South with Normandy and France; on the East, with Germany and Denmark; upon the West, with Ireland, and the Atlantic Ocean; and on the North, with the Deucalidon Seas. The length thereof, from the Lyzard-point Southward in Cornwall, to the Straithy-head in Scotland, containeth 624 miles; the breadth, from the Landsend in Cornwall in the West, unto the Island Tenet in the East, containeth 340 miles. It is sited under the 9th, and 13th Climates of the Northern temperate Zone; insomuch, that at the Summer Solstice, in the Northern parts of Scotland, there is no Night at all, but only an obscure twilight. A Country it is for Air mild, for Soil fruitful, and for length of Days pleasant and delightful. In Winter the absence of the Sun is relieved, with the warmth of its environing Seas; and in Summer the heat is moderated by frequent showers and S●a-winds.  
O happy Britain (said the old Panegyrist) and more blissful than all other Regions! Nature hath enriched thee with all commodities of Heaven and Earth, wherein there is neither extreme cold in Winter, nor scorching heat in Summer; wherein there is such abundant plenty of Corn, as may suffice both for Bread and Wine; wherein are Woods without wild-beasts, and the Fields without noisome Serpents: But infinite numbers of Milch-cattels, and Sheep weighed down with Fleeces; and that which is most comfortable, long Days and lightsome Nights. And as our English Lucan sings, 
The fairest Land that from her thrusts the rest,  
As if she cared not for the World beside;  
A World within herself with wonders blest.   
This Queen of Islands was at the first called Albion, either from Albion Marcoticus who seated himself herein, or ab albis rupibus, from the white Rocks appearing towards the Coasts of France, or from Olbion, signifying rich or happy, in regard of its fertility, temperature, and riches. Next, It was called Britain, either from the two British words Pride and Cain, which signify Beauty and White, or from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying Metals, with which it aboundeth, or from the British word Beyth, that is, painted, stained, coloured (the Inhabitants of old using to die their bodies with Woad) to which the Greeks added Tania, (that is, a Region) thence called Britons-Land or Brittany. At last, The Southern and best part of it (from the Angle-Saxons then inhabiting it) was called Angle-Land, now  
England, which said part of Britain, is bounded on the East with the German, on the West with the Irish, on the South with the British Ocean, on the North with the River Tweed, and a Line drawn from it, to the Solway Westward. The longest day in the Northern part of England is Seventeen hours and near Thirty minutes; and the shortest day in the most Southern part thereof, almost Eight hours long. England's dimension in length, from Berwick to the Landsend is 386 miles, in breadth from Sandwich to the Landsend 279; in compass (by reason of the many Bays and Promontories) about 1300 miles.  
England, in the Romans time, was divided into Britania prima, containing the South part of England, Britania secunda containing the Western part, now called Wales; and Maxima Caesariensis containing the Northern parts beyond Trent. The first of these in the Britain's time belonged to the Archbishopric of London, the 2d. to the Archbishopric of 
* Glamorgan.  Caerleon, and the 3d. to the Archbishopric of York.  
The Britain's, or first Inhabitants of this Island, were derived from the Gauls, as both their Speech, Laws, Customs, and Buildings manifest. The Story of Brute with his Trojans Conquering this Island in A.M. 2887, or whenever else, seems to be only a Fable of Geofry of Monmouths framing. Amongst the Ancient Britain's, none save the better and more civil sort did wear any clothing. They painted their bare bodies with sundry Pictures, representing all manner of living creatures, flowers, and the heavenly bodies, conceiting, that this made them appear the more terrible to their enemies. About their Wastes and Necks they wore Chains of Iron, supposing them to be a goodly Ornament. The hair of their heads they wore long, which was naturally curled; all other parts they shaved, save the upper-lip. Of all the Provinces, the Kentish were the most civilised persons, by reason of their converse with other Nations in Trafficking and Merchandizing. Their buildings were many, and like to those of the old Gauls (French) poor rude Cottages, yet did they give the name of Towns to certain cumbersome Woods, which they fortified with Rampires and Ditches, whither they made their retreat and resort, to eschew the invasions of their enemies. The Romans first taught them to build their Houses of Stone.  
Their Wives were many, Ten or Twelve apiece, which they held common among Parents and Brethren; yet was the Issue reputed his only, who first Married the Mother when she was a Maid. The Children they brought up in common amongst them. Their diet was spare and mean, being Barks and Roots of Trees, and Milk, also a kind of food they had no bigger than a Bean, after the eating of which, for a considerable time they did neither hunger nor thirst. They eat likewise Venison and Fruits. Their usual drink was made of Barley.   depiction of ancient Britains 
The Habits of the Ancient Britaines  
Printed for Abel swalle at the Unicorn at the West End of St Paul's.  
Page. 4.  F. H. Van. Hove sculp: 
Their Religion was Paganish superstition. They had many Idol-gods, and used man's flesh in their Sacrifices. They had Priests and Instructers, the chief of which were called Druids, who were the sacrificers, discussers and interpreters of Religious matters; they decided also as temporal Judges almost all controversies in the civil State, and such as refused to stand to their judgement, they put under their Interdiction, which was accounted the most grievous punishment. These Druids were privileged from the Wars, and all other burdens, taxes and payments. Over all the rest of them there was one Primate. The main thing they laboured to persuade men was, That the Soul is immortal. They taught only by word of mouth.  
The Merchandizing of the ancient Britain's, consisted chief in Ivory Boxes, Shears, Onches, Bits and Bridles, Wreaths and Chains, with other conceits made of Glass and Amber. And as their Merchandise was mean, so was their Shipping also, the Keels and Ribs whereof were of light wood covered over with Leather.  
Their Coin was either of Brass, or else Iron-Rings sized at a certain weight, which they used for their Money; but as times grew more civil, and Traffic more frequent, they stamped both Gold and Silver.  
Their Armour were Shields and short Spears, in the lower of which Spears was fastened a round Bell of Brass, which at the beginning of a fight they shaken with a great courage, conceiting that such a rattling noise did dismay the enemy. In the beginning of a Battle they fought in Chariots, but when they had wound themselves in amongst their enemies, they fought on foot, upon occasion retiring to their Chariots, which in the mean space that they fought on foot, were drawn all together. They were so expert in managing their Chariot-Horses, that running them forceably down a steep Hill, they could stop and turn them in the midway.  
Julius Caesar found the Island of Britain, not in a Monarchical estate under one King; but divided into several Provinces or petty Kingdoms.  
The Names of which Provinces were, 

1. Cantii, the Inhabitants of Kent.  
2. Regni, Sussex and Surrey.  
3. Durothriges, Dorcetshire.  
4. Damnonii, Devon and Cornwall.  
5. Belgae, Somerset, Wilts. and Hampshire.  
6. Attrebatii, Berkshire.  
7. Dobuni, Oxford and Glocestershire.  
8. Catieuchlani, Warwick, Bucks, and Bedford.  
9 Trinobantes, Hartford, Essex, Middlesex.  
10. Iceni, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge.  
11. Coritani, Northampton, Lincoln, Leicester, Rutland, Derby, Nottingham.  
12. Cornabii, Stafford, Worcester, Cheshire, and Shropshire  
13. brigants, Parisi, Lancashire, York, Richmond, Durham, Westmoreland and Cumberland.  
14. Ordovices, Flint, Denbigh, Merioneth, Caernarvan and Montgomery.  
15. Silureses, Hereford, Radnor, Brecknock, Monmouth and Glamorgan.  
16. Pembroke, Cardigan, and Caermarden called Dimetae.  
17. Ottadini, Northumberland, Teifidale, Twedale, Merch and Louthien.  
18. Selgovai, Lidesdale, Eusdale, Eskdale, Annandale, and Niddisdale.  
19 Novantes, Kile, Carick, Galloway, and Cunningham.  
20. Fife, Renfraw, Cluydsdale, Leanox, Striveling, Menteth called Damnii.  
21. Ciledonii, Gadini, Perth, Stratherne, Albin, A●gile, and Lorne.  
22. Epidii, Cantire.  
23. Vicemagi, Murray.  
24. Venricones, Mernia, Anguis, Mar.  
25. Taezali, Buquhane.  
26. Cantae, Creones, Cerontes, Rosse, Southerland.  
27. Carnonacae, Carini, Cornabii, Stratnavern,  
28. Simertae, Logi, Caithnes.    

The most memorable Kings of the Britain's, in the times of the Romans.  
COmius King of the Attrebatii.  
Cassibelan King of the Trinobaates, who as the most worthy of the British Kings, was chosen by general consent to withstand the Roman invasion, which he did with very great prowess, twice repulsing their Legions from the British-Shore. His chief City was Verolam, near where St. Alban now standeth.  
Cingetorix, Caruil, Taximagul, and Segonax, Kings reigning together in Kent.  
Mandubrace a Prince of the Trinobantes, who after that he was beaten out of his Country by Cassibelan, fled unto Caesar into Gallia, and was a great Incendiary against his native Land; persuading Caesar to make a second expedition into Britain.  
Cunobeline, the chief City for whose residence was Camalodunum, now called Malden in Essex.  
Adminius, Catacratus and Togodumus Sons of Cunobeline, the last whereof made gallant resistance against the Romans.  
Cogidunus, who received in pure gift at the hands of the Romans certain Cities, over which he peaceably reigned King.  
Caractacus, a most renowned Prince of the Silureses, who in Nine years' resistance waded through many adventures against the Romans, but at last was betrayed and carried to Rome, where being led in Triumph, was for the braveness of his Spirit, released of his bonds, and accepted into Claudius Caesar's favour.  
Venutius a famous King of the brigants.  
Voadicea, or Boadicea, Queen to Prasutagus, after her Husband's death, receiving incivilities from the Romans, opposed herself against them, and in one Battle slew Eighty thousand of them Those two strong Cities, Verolamium, and Camalodunum, she took and sacked. Petilius Lieutenant of the Ninth Legion she discomfited, Catus the Procurator she forced to fly beyond the Seas. All feared the Heroic prowess of this Princess; but at length she was vanquished in Battle, when rather than live subject to her foes, she poisoned herself.  
Arviragus stoutly withstood Claudius.  
Galgacus a right valiant Prince of the Caledonians in the time of Domitian.  
These were the oppugners of the Roman Power for above an hundred years, nor were the Britain's then subdued without themselves; for their own divisions made way for the Romans to become their Masters, and to possess their Country.  
About the year of the World's Creation 3913, and before the birth of Christ Fifty four years, the fortunate Romans under the conduct of Julius Caesar first took footing in Britain about Deal; and so welcome was the news of Caesar's landing in Britain to the Roman Senate, that they decreed unto his honour a general Thanksgiving for Twenty days, which was the first so great honour ever granted; the former greatest Victories having had but five, or at most but ten days assigned them.    

Emperors of Rome commanding in Britain.  
CAius Julius Caesar was General of the Roman forces in Gallia when he invaded this Island of Britain; in short time after which, 
JULIUS CAESAR.  he assumed the Title and Authority of perpetual Dictator, about A.M. 3925 He was very successful in War, and of a most undaunted spirit upon all occasions. In Fifty several Battles by him fought, he always prevailed, one only excepted. Four times was he created Consul, and five times entered Rome in Triumph. Once entering into a Boat in tempestuous weather, and the Waterman afraid to put forth from shore, he thus animated him, Proceed courageously against the storms, for thou carriest Caesar, and Caesar's fortunes. And when he was forewarned of the conspiracy made against him in the Senate-house, and dissuaded from going thither at that time, he answered, That he had rather die, than admit fear into his breast: So resolutely going to the place, was by Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators murdered in the Senate-house, receiving in his Body Twenty three Wounds. He was bald-headed, therefore to cover it, he always wore the Triumphant Laurel Garland. Some report that the Baths by the City of Bath were first found out by him; others say by an ancient British King called Bladus. For Twenty years after Caesar's coming into Britain, the Britain's retained their own Kings and Laws, having no Roman praefects over them.  

AUGUSTUS, A. M 3930  OCtavian Augustus Caesar was Julius Caesar's Sister's Son, and his adopted and declared Heir In the Forty second year of his reign the Prince of peace, Jesus Christ, was born, when was universal peace. This wise Emperor's Motto was, Festina ●enté. And used to say, That is speedily or soon enough done, that is well enough done; and that to get some small profit with great danger, is like those, that fishing with a golden Hook, hazard more than the Fish is worth. He died in the embraces of his Wife Livia, of whom he took this Farewell, Livia, Nostri conjugii memor, vive, & vale.  
Claudius' Tiberius Nero was ordained by Augustus for his Successor. 
TIBERIUS, A. D. 17.  Such an impudent Lecher he was, that he caused naked Women and Maidens to bring in, and attend on him at Supper. Such a notorious Drunkard, that caused the people, instead of Claudius Tiberius Nero, to call him Caldus Biberius Mero, a Wine-bibber. In his time the world's Saviour was crucified, about Five years after which time, the Gospel was planted in Britain, as saith old Gildas. This Emperor as is conjectured, was smothered to death by Caligula.  
CAius Caligula. Nephew to Tiberius, 
CALIGULA, A D. 39  was at some times exceeding prodigal, at other times sordidly covetous, always cruel, proud, and libidinous: He would force Rich men to make their Wills, and therein to declare him their Heir, which when they had done, he would presently cause them to be poisoned, scoffing at them, and saying, That when men had once made their Wills, it was fit they should die. His own Mother he defamed to be incestuously begot; his Grandmother he poisoned, his Brother Tiberius he murdered, his Three natural Sisters incestuously polluted. He made himself a god, commanding that men should worship him as such, and ordained his great Horse for his Priest: but as Decius saith, Truly a fit priest for such a god, and a fit god for such a priest. Howbeit, though he would be a god, yet when the true God sent his Thunder, he would cover his eyes with his Hat, and hid himself under the Table. He was so exceeding hairy of body, that during his regality, it was next to High Treason, but to name a Goat. He often lamented that some rare and unusual disaster happened not in his time, whereby his Reign might be made memorable to posterity. He wished that all the people had but one Neck, that so he might have the glory of giving the bravest blow that ever was struck; but himself was murdered receiving Thirty wounds of the Conspirators.  

CLAUDIUS', A. D. 43.  Claudius' Drusus, the Grandson of Livia, Augustus' Wife, was by the Praetorian Band chosen Emperor contrary to the mind of the Senate, who had determined to reduce the City into her ancient liberty, without admission of any Caesar. He came into Britain, where for his clemency, the Britain's erected a Temple and Altar in his name, giving him Divine honour. His first Wife Messalina, besides all her private Lecheries, went often to the common Stews to satiate her Lust; but she for her impudence being put to death, Claudius' Married Julia Agrippina, who to make way for her Son Nero to the Empire, procured the disinheriting of Brittanicus the Emperor's Son, and by Poison tempered in a Mushroom, she ended Claudius' days.  
DOmitius Nero was elected Emperor by the Soldiers. His own Father he poisoned, 
NERO, A. D. 56.  upon his Mother he first committed incest, than murder; he deflowered the Vestals, slew his Brother Germanicus, and Sister Antonia, his Wives Poppea and Octavia, his Ant Domitia, his Son-in-Law Rufinus, and his famous Tutor Seneca, with many of the Roman Nobility, and raised the first persecution against the Christians. He set the City of Rome on fire, 
1st. Persetion.  charging the innocent Christians with the fact, and tormenting them for it. He caused St. Peter and St. Paul to be put to death, the first by crucifying, the other by beheading. But this Tyrant was grown so hated, that the Senate adjudged him to be shamefully whipped to death; which he hearing of, run himself upon his own Sword. In the first five years of his Reign he was very compassionate, in so much, as being requested to sign a Writ for the execution of a Malefactor, he said, Would God I had never learned to Write. In the year of our Redemption, 67, Joseph of A●imathea was sent by Philip the Apostle to plant the Gospel in Britain, who laid the foundation of the Christian Faith at a place then called Avalon, afterward Iniswitren, now Glastenbury, where he died and was buried. In Nero the progeny of the Caesars ended.  
SErgius Sulpitius Galba was elected Emperor by the Soldiers and Senate, 
GALBA, A. D. 70.  who when he had Reigned only Seven Months, was by the procurement of Otho, slain by a Troop of Horsemen.  

OTHO, A. D. 71.  SAlvius Otho being chosen Emperor, Vitellius a Roman General marcheth against him, and at Brixillium won the day; and to save the shedding of Roman Blood, Otho refused to engage any further with him, though much importuned by his Soldiers to reinforce the Battle; but he thus answered them, To hazard your virtues and valours for one man's estate, I hold it dangerous; and needless it is that my life should be prized at so dear a rate. These Civil Wars Vitellius begun, which for my part I purpose not to continue. And hereby let posterity esteem of Otho, that others have kept the Empire longer; but never any that left it more Valiantly. You for your parts would have died for my sake, but I to save your lives do die voluntarily and unvanquished: I blame not the gods, nor envy I Vitellius his rising glory; sufficient to me it is, that my House hath touched the highest strain of honour, and myself to be left upon Record, The Sovereign Monarch of the World. And thereupon, with a solemn farewell to the whole Army, he went into his Tent, and with his Dagger gave himself his deaths-wound.  

VITELLIUS, A. D. 71.  AVlus Vitellius was so gluttonous and prodigal, that Two thousand Dishes of Fish, and Seven thousand of Fowl, were served to his Table at one Supper. In those few Months he reigned he wasted Seven millions, thirty one thousand two hundred and fifty pound Sterling; but was ignominiously slain after the manner of a common Malefactor, when he had reigned only Eight Months and five days.  
FLavius Vespasian was chosen Emperor by the Mesian Legions: 
VESPASIAN, A D. 71.  He was a great enemy and scourge to the Jews, but a great favourer of Learning, valiant, just, and wise, yet it may be too covetous; for he imposed a Tax upon every Family, according to the quantity of Urine that was made in it; which his Son Titus blaming him for, as dishonourable to so great an Emperor, he bade Titus smell to the Gold brought for Tribute-Money, ask him what ill favour he found in it? Adding, that the smell of gain is sweet out of any thing. He died of a Flux.  
Titus' Vespasian won the City of Jerusalem. 
TITUS, A. D. 81.  For his humanity and native goodness he was styled, The Darling and delight of Mankind. So tender he was of satisfying his People, that his usual saying was, No man ought to go sad from his presence. So inclined to gratify the poor, that one day being passed from him, without any notable good done for them, in sorrow he said, Perdidimus diem, we have quite lost a day. He was a great enemy to promoters, and extorters of penal Laws, whom he caused to be whipped and banished Rome. He would not receive any accusation against those that spoke evil of him, saying, So long as I do nothing that deserves reproach. I value not lies. But his Brother Domitian aspiring after to the Empire, procured this good Emperor to be poisoned.  

DOMITIAN, A.D. 83.  FLavius Domitian instead of applying himself to manly exercises, he busied himself commonly in a private Gallery with catching of Flies, and pricking them through with a Bodkin. He caused his Statue to be made of Gold, and commanded, that himself should be called God. Upon small surmises he murdered the Senators and Nobles. Many new tortures he invented. Confiscations and Banishments were favours from him. 
2d. Persecution.  He raised the second Persecution against the Christians, Banished St. John into the Isle of Pathmus; but himself was murdered, and his dead carcase disgracefully abused, his Scutcheons and Images defaced by order of the Senate.  

NERVA, A. D. 98.  COcceius Nerva recalled the banished Christians, permitting them to enjoy the free profession of their most holy Faith. Now St. John returned from Pathmos to Ephesus. This Emperor died in a Choleric passion, conceived against a Senator.  

TROJAN, A.D. 100  ULpius Trojan, when he invested any Praetor, in giving him the Sword, he would command him to use it against his own person, if he violated the Law. 
3d. Persecution.  He raised the third persecution. The Jews rebelling he put to death in such infinite numbers, that it was accounted the greatest slaughter that ever was made. He died of a Flux.  
AELius Hadrianus is said to have been of so excellent memory, 
HADRIANUS. A.D. 119.  that he never forgot any thing which he either heard or read. The Britain's rebelling, he came over and reduced them into obedience, whereupon there was this addition upon his Coin, The Restorer of Brittany. And to defend the Romans from the incursions of the wild Northern Britain's, he caused a wall of Stakes, turf and earth, to be made from the river Eden near Carlisle unto the river Tine near Newcastle, 80 miles in length. Some writ, that he only repaired this Wall, and that Agricola Nero's General first made it. He razed Jerusalem even to the ground, built another City near where that stood, calling it Aelia, banished the Jews from thence, and upon the gate of the new City looking towards Jerusalem, he caused the picture of a Swine to be set, because that beast is an abomination to the Jews. He prohibited the persecuting of Christians, and was minded to have built a Temple to Christ, but was dissuaded from it. He died of a Dropsy.  
Antoninus' Pius published an Edict in favour of the Christians, 
A. PIUS, A.D. 140.  ordaining that if any after that time should be found guilty of molesting them without just occasion, that then the Christian accused should be acquit, and his accuser should suffer that punishment he endeavoured to procure upon the Christian. He oft said, That he had rather save one subject's life, than kill a thousand enemies. So bountiful he was, that thereby he consumed his own private Estate, which his Empress repining at, he said, That when he undertook to be Emperor, he then laid aside the interest and proprieties of a private person. In further praise of him, it is said, That in his youth he did nothing rashly, nor in his age negligently. He died of a Fever, aged Seventy.  

MARCUS AURELILUS. A.D. 162. Fourth Persecut.  MArcus Aurelius Antoninus Philosophus, chose to himself for his Associate in the Empire Lucius Verus, who raised the fourth Persecution, when those two famous Christians Polycarpus Bishop of Smyrna, and Justin Martyr, suffered Martyrdom, the like to which did many other good Christians. But after nine years bloody Persecution, the Tyrant Lucius was cut off by an Apoplexy. Marcus Aurelius in his Wars against the Quadi, Germans, what with the pestilence raging in his Army, and what by want of water, was sorely distressed, but by the prayers of his Christian Soldiers, such a plenteous shower of rain fell, that therewith, after five days extremest drought and thirst, the whole Army was refreshed, and his enemies on the contrary by Thunder and Lightning were utterly dispersed and overthrown; whereupon this Emperor both mitigated the Persecution, and named that Legion of the Christians, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Lightning Legion. His Son Commodus procured the Physicians to destroy him.  
AVrelius Commodus would sometimes show himself like Hercules in a Lion's skin, 
COMMODUS. A.D. 181.  sometimes wantonly clad in the habit of an Amazon. He kept three hundred Concubines, and amongst the rest his beloved Martia, whose painted picture he wore on the outside of his garment; but through some displeasure having designed to put her and some other persons to death, they conspired against him, and with poison, stabs and strangling, murdered him. The news of whose death was most grateful both to the Senate and People, who styled him, Hostis humani generis, the enemy of mankind. About the beginning of this Emperor's reign was the Christian Faith in Britain first professed by public Authority under King Lucius the first Christian King in the world. At which time Eleutherius then Bishop of Rome, sent Faganus and Damianus to him, 
K. Lucius.  upon whose preaching the Heathenish Flamens and Arch Flamens (twenty eight in number) were converted to so many Bishops Sees, whereof London, York, and Caerleyn upon Vs●e in Wales were made the Metropolitans of the Province. The first Archbishop of London was Theanus.  
PVblius Helvius Pertinax a petty Tradesman's Son, 
PERTINAX, A.D. 194.  was in his old age called to the government of the Empire by the Senate, but the Praetorian Cohorts (whose licentious lives he restrained) shed his innocent blood when he had reigned little more than a Month.  

DIDIUS, A.D. 194.  DIdius Julianus a Lawyer by profession, when the Empire was now exposed to sale by the Praetorian Soldiers, obtained the Diadem with larger promises than ever he performed. But Severus warring against him, and the Soldiers remaining unsatisfied of the covenanted promises, and withal hoping to purchase favour with Severus, they slew their Chapman Didius in his Palace, within a few days after that he had assumed the Government.  

SEPT. SEVERUS. A D. 195.  SEptimus Severus was by the Syrian Army elected Emperor; and he as soon as he came near to Rome, gave strict command that the Praetorian Cohorts should attend him disarmed, which being done, he vehemently checked them for their treason against Pertinax, depriving them both of the name, honour, and arms of Soldiers, and banished them an hundred miles from Rome; which act of his was highly grateful to the Roman Citizens. This Emperor came over into Britain, where he fought many Battles, but ever with more difficulties to the Romans than Britain's. Clodius Albinus the Roman. Lieutenant in Britain made opposition against him, but he subdued him. Hadrians wall he repaired. The Caledonian rebelling he commanded to be destroyed without exception. But Severus remaining in York (which place afterward grew to be one of the chiefest for account among the brigants (as commonly the stations of the Roman Colonies, were the seed-plots of all our Cities and chief Towns) growing aged and sick, he died Apr. 4. A. D. 212. This Emperor having lain long sick of the Gout, and one of his Nobles telling him, That he wondered how he could rule so vast an Empire, being so lame and unwieldy? he answered, That he ruled the Empire with his Brain, 
Fifth Persecution.  and not with his Feet. He raised the fifth Persecution against the Christians.  
BAssianus Caracalla, 
CARAC. & GETA. A.D. 212.  and his brother Septimus Geta, were declared Emperors by old Severus their father, and both by him Surnamed Antoninus (a name then very gracious in the esteem of the Romans.) These Emperors together with the Empress-Mother Julia transported the Funeral ashes of the old Emperor in a Golden Urn to Rome, where they solemnly consecrated him a god; the Ceremony being after this sort performed: His Image being lively portrayed in manner of a sick man was laid upon an Ivory Bedstead richly furnished in the porch of his Palace. The Princes and Senators sat all on the left side thereof in black array, the Ladies on the right, clothed in white, the Physicians diligently visiting him. When seven days were ended as if then just dead, the prime Nobles carried him in his Ivory-bed to the Forum, where all the Patrician Youth, and noble Virgins encompassed him with most doleful Hymns and Ditties. From thence his Image was removed to Mars' field, where a foursquare frame of Timber was erected of a very great height and compass, the stories still mounting to the top with sundry ascents, richly beautified with gold, purple ornaments, and Images of great art and price. On the second of which ascents was placed the Emperor's bed and statue, with infinite store of most sweet odours; the young Nobles riding round about in a kind of dance, others who represented great Princes in their Coaches, and then his Successor first set fire on the Frame, and after him all the people did the like on all sides, till the whole began to be in a flame, which done, an Eagle (secretly enclosed within) was let fly out of the top, the people following its flight with shouts and prayers, supposing that therewith Severus was mounted into Heaven. But in short time after this, Caracalla to gain the sole Sovereignty slew his brother Geta in his Mother Julia's arms, pretending that the innocent youth had sought his death. And because Papinianus the famous Civilian would not excuse the Murder in his Pleas at the Bar, he caused him to be slain, with many of the Nobility who favoured Geta. Julia his brother Geta's own Mother, and his Mother-in-Law, he took to Wife, reported on this occasion: Julia in his presence either casually or purposely let fall her Veil, thereby discovering her naked breasts and beauty, which he beholding, instantly said, Were it not unlawful, I should not be unwilling: to which she replied. That all things were lawful to him who made Laws for others, but was himself subject to none. Whereupon he married her; but a violent death prevented him from enjoying her long, and she hearing of his being murdered poisoned herself.  
OPilius Macrinus from obscure Parentage, 
MACRINUS. A.D. 219.  by election of the Soldiers obtained the Imperial Crown, but enjoyed it but a short time, for young Heliogabalus warring against him, overcame him, and put him to death, with Diadumanus his son.  
BAssianus Ant. Heliogabalus the natural son of Caracalla was incredibly luxurious. 
HELIOGABALUS. A.D. 220.  His garments though exceeding costly he would not put on twice. His shoes were set with pearls, seats strewed with musk and amber, his bed covered with gold and purple, and adorned with most costly jewels, his vessels (even of basest use) all gold, his lamps burnt with the balms of Arabia and India, his way strewed with the powder of gold and silver, his diet so profuse that at every supper in his Court was usually spent 1000 pounds sterling. At a Feast of the chief Roman Citizens in his Court, he caused all the rooms to be strewed with saffron, saying, That such  deserved such litter. Near the Sea he would eat no fish, and in the inland no flesh. He had whole meals made of the tongues of singing birds and peacocks, or of the brains of most costly creatures. At one supper he was served with 600 Ostriches. He built a stew in his Court, wherein himself in the attire of an harlot would make orations to his whores, terming them his fellow-soldiers, and giving them instructions how they should practise with the greatest variety their filthy lust. In Rome he built a Chatter-house for women to meet in, where they might determine of their attires. He brought his Mother Semiamira into the Senate, giving her a voice with the Senators. But conscience accusing him, and he fearing the rage of the people for his crimes, therefore he prepared silken halters, golden knives, and built a stately tower, exceeding high, adorned with gold and gems, thinking when occasion should be, by some of these means to destroy himself, having these words oft in his mouth, That howsoever he died, yet his death should be precious in the sight of all men. But he was mistaken, for the Praetorian band draged him and his mother, with acclamations through Rome, saying, That the Bitch and her Whelp must go together: then slew them and threw them into Tiber. And the Senate approving of what was done, decreed that his Name should be blotted out of all Monuments in Rome, and never any Antoninus should again rule the Empire.  

ALEX. SEVERUS A.D. 224.  AVrelius Alexander Severus was a great lover of the Liberal Arts, and a great favourer of the Christians, from whom he took to himself examples of life, and commended their precepts to others. This his kindness to the Christians is thought to have been procured by his mother Mammea, whom Origen instructed, and whom St. Hierom styles a most holy woman. He was a great observer of justice, and therefore caused Turinus a Courtier (who had taken money of divers persons, with promise to procure the Emperor's favour in their suits) to be put to death by smoke, one in the mean while proclaiming, That he had sold smoke, therefore with smoke should die. His Roman Soldiers grown far out of order by the ill government of his predecessors, he sought by severe courses to reduce; but they being backed by Maximinus (whom he had raised) murdered him.  
CAius, Julius, Verus Maximinus, 
MAXIMINUS. A.D. 237.  a Thracian by birth, spent his youth in keeping of , and was of a gigantic stature, being eight foot and an half high by geometrical measure. On his thumb he wore as a Ring, the bracelet which his Wife used to wear on her arm. And according to his limbs, so was his diet; for he daily devoured forty pound weight of flesh, and thereunto did drink six gallons of Wine. For his admirable height he was admitted by Severus into the rank of a common Soldier, and shortly after to be one of his guard, and at last the soldiers elected him Emperor. But a Tyrant he proved, as well to the Roman State in general, as the Christians in special, 
6th. Pers.  against whom he raised the sixth Persecution. His conditions were so hateful, that the Senate advanced one Gordianus to sway the Empire; but he proving unfortunate in his attempts against him, strangled himself. And Maximinus as he was drawing his forces towards Rome to revenge himself on the Senate, at the siege against Aquileia was slain in his pavilion by his discontented soldiers. The Citizen's Wives in the time of this siege cut off the hair of their heads to make bowstrings thereof.  

PUPIENUS and BALBINUS, A.D. 239.  PVpienus Maximus, and Clodius Balbinus, were by the Peers and Princes constituted Empeperors; the people extolling the Senate for their prudent choice of so wise men, contrary to the rash practice of such, who chose their Governors to fit their own fancies. But the Praetorian soldiers taking this as a reflect upon them, and chief because Germane strangers were brought in to be of the Guard, as if themselves were not to be trusted; therefore turning their spleens against these Emperors, they assaulted them in their chambers, despoiled them of their Imperial Robes, haled them through the City like two Thiefs, and lastly slew them, leaving their bodies to despightful ignominy, in A. D. 241. in which year was so great an eclipse of the Sun, that the noonday thereby became as dark as the midnight.  

GORDIANUS, A D. 241.  Antonius' Gordianus was by the Senate and Praetorian Band elected Emperor, when he was not yet full sixteen years of age. He caused the Temple of Janus at Rome, which had long stood shut, to be opened; a sure token that Wars were at hand: which with good success he prosecuted against the Persians, Goths, Sarmates, and Germans. He was most noble and lovely conditioned, exceeding studious, and addicted unto learning, having in his Library no less than 62000 books. But by his Praefect Philip he was deposed, Philip also usurping the Imperial Government under whom for a time this deposed youth held an ordinary Captain's place; but the Usurper judging himself not secure while Gordianus lived, commanded him to be slain.  
JVlius Philippus Arabs hath the honour, 
PHILIPPUS, A.D. 246.  according to some, of being the first Emperor baptised into the Christian faith, together with his Wife Severa, and Son Philip. Himself and Son were slain by the soldiers. Of his son it is reported, that he was of so admirable composedness, that in all his life he was never seen to laugh.  
TRajanus Decius swayed the Empire like a worthy Prince, 
TRAJANUS, A.D. 253. 7th. Pers.  saving his persecuting the Saints of God: for he it was that raised the Seventh Persecution against the Christians. Under him suffered Fabianus and Cornelius, Bishops of Rome; St. Laurence and many other good Christians he put to great tortures; amongst the rest, Origen he caused to be scourged at an Iron-stake, and then locked his feet in the stocks four paces asunder. But after that he had seen his two sons Decius and Hostilianus slain before his face, himself was swallowed up in a whirl-pool, never having other honour of burial.  
TRebonianus Gallus, 
TREBONIANUS, A.D. 254.  whom Decius had appointed Governor of Mysia, and to keep the passages from the invading Goths, through the desire of rule he plotted with the Goths against the Roman Army, to the ruin of his Sovereign Lord; but thereby he attained the Empire he had lusted after, The Christians he banished. At which time so violent a Pestilence commenced, that no Province in the world was exempt from it. He made a dishonourable peace with the Goths, who notwithstanding continued their furies against the Romans, which his General Aemilianus Maurus revenged with a wonderful slaughter; whereby Aemilian grew so famous, and Gallus so contemptible, that the soldiers proclaimed Aemilian Emperor, who slew Gallus and his son both in fight.  

AEMILIANUS, A. D. 255.  JVlius Aemilianus, an African by birth, of base parentage, was elected Emperor only by the Mysian Army, which election the Italian Bands opposed, in favour of their own Leader Valerianus, whom they sought to promote to the Empire, the Senate also inclining thereto. Therefore the Mysian Soldiers when they understood this, tumultuously murdered Aemilainus, when he had reigned about four months.  

VALERIANUS, A. D. 255. 8th. Perseus.  LIcinius Valerianus in the beginning of his reign was very gracious and mild toward the Christians; but afterward (stirred up by an Egyptian Sorcerer) he began the Eighth persecution with great cruelty. Many were the Martyrs which with horrible tortures he caused to be put to death; but the just revenging hand of God cut him off, by Sapor the savage King of Persia, who in battle took him prisoner, and made his aged back his footstool whilst he mounted his horse, for the space of seven years, and then caused him to be fleyed alive, and salted.  
LIcinius Gallienus, 
GALLIENUS, A.D. 268.  in whose time the sun was clouded as under sackcloth, not being seen for many days together; also great and fearful earthquakes happened, which overthrew Cities and other Edifices, shaking the ground so terribly, that vast caves, and hideous gaping bowels of the earth were thereby laid open, and great streams of salt water flowed out from them; the earth roared, and seemed to thunder, when there was no voice heard in the air above. The sea overswelled her banks, and broke into many Continents, drowning countries, cities, and people. And so violent a Pestilence raged, that in Rome no less than Five thousand persons died thereof in a day. Which said calamities somewhat moving this Emperor to remorse, he stayed the persecutions of the Christians, sending out his edicts in favour of them. The Roman soldiers now in divers places of the Empire, set up no fewer than Thirty titular Emperors at once. But Gallienus, after that he had suffered the Empire to be rend in pieces, and usurped by many barbarous nations, was murdered at Milan by three of his principal Captains.  
AVrelius, Flavius Claudius, 
CLAUDIUS' II. A.D. 271.  was elected by the soldiers before the Walls of Milan, and with much joy was confirmed Emperor by the Senate in Rome. He slew and took prisoners of the Goths (who had invaded Italy) in one battle three hundred thousand fight men; two thousand of their ships also, laden with warlike munition, he took; but died of a Fever before he had reigned full two years. His Statue of Gold the Senate caused to be set up in the Capitol, and his Target of the same metal to be hung up in the Senate-house.  

QUINTILIUS, A.D. 272.  AVrelius Quintilius, brother to Claudius, was proclaimed Emperor by the soldiers of his Army, and was confirmed by the Senate: but the soldiers that had followed Claudius, thinking themselves worthy of the first voice in the election, proclaimed Aurelianus for Emperor; and Quintilius knowing that he could not stand against him, chose rather by cutting his veins to bleed himself to death, after he had reigned only seventeen days, than to hazard the chance of war, or to return to his private estate.  

AURELIANUS, A.D. 272.  VAlerius Aurelianus subdued the Swevians and Sarmates, and with great valour forced the Germans out of Italy. The Warlike Queen Zenobia he vanquished, and brought her in Triumph to Rome. But that which blemishes the lustre of this Prince is, That he raised the Ninth Persecution against the Christians. 
9th. Pers.  He was slain by his own Servants.  

TACITUS, A.D. 279.  Claudius' Tacitus, after Eight Months Interregnum, with much importunity took upon him the Government of the Empire; for all seemed now to decline this greatness, they saw it so hazardous. But this Prince reigning about Six Months, yielded to Death's impartial stroke: Whether that was natural or violent is left uncertain.  
ANnius Florianus, Brother to Tacitus, 
FLORIANUS, A D. 279.  took upon himself the name and authority Imperial; but hearing the news of Probus his Election, he bled himself to death, after he had for a very few days pleased himself with only the shadow of Sovereignty.  
VAlerius Probus was elected by the Eastern Army, 
PROBUS, A.D. 280.  and had his election confirmed by the Senate, with these additions to his Title of Augustus, namely▪ The Father of his Country and highest Bishop. His first service after he was Emperor, was in Gallia, against the Germans who had made themselves Lords thereof, where in one Battle continuing Two days, he slew 400000 of them, and recovered out of their hands Seven Cities. He quieted the Provinces of Muscovia, Russia, and Polonia, and likewise Greece, Syria, Arabia, Palestina, and Judea. Whence passing into Persia, he had honourable conditions of Narseus their mighty King: Whereupon issued so universal a peace, that no wars were heard of in all the Provinces of the Empire. But this calm lasted but a short time; for the Egyptians, likewise Bonosus and Proclus, rebel against him; all whom he subdued. Other defections and rebellions there were in the Eastern parts, which he prepared vigorously to correct, resolving, as he said, to bring matters to that pass, that the State should want no more soldiers▪ which saying of his, with also his curbing the dissolute manners of the soldiers, did so disgust them, that some of his Army conspired against him, and treacherously murdered him. After which yet, they erected for him an honourable sepulchre, wherein was engraven this epitaph: Here lies the Emperor Probus, justly for his goodness called Probus: Of all the Barbarous Nations and Tyrants a Conqueror.  

CARUS, A.D. 286.  AVrelius Carus was chosen by the soldiers, and confirmed by the Senate. The murderers of his predecessor Probus he severely punished Carinus his eldest son he made Governor of Britain, and the Western parts, and himself with his younger son Numerianus, prepared for the East against the Persians; but in his journey thitherward, as he lay sick in his bed, a Thunderbolt slew him, with many others then with him in his Tent. The terror whereof so disanimated his whole Army, that they desisted the intended design against Persia, and Numerianus took his Father's death so heavily, that with continual weeping his eyes were so weakened, that he could not endure any light. From which disasters, Arrius Aper, in hopes of procuring the Empire to himself, took occasion to work the death of Numerianus.  

DIOCLESIANUS, and MAXIMIANUS. A.D. 288.  DIoclesianus, who at the first was a common soldier, slew Arrius Aper; which done, he was elected Emperor, and confirmed by the Senate. Valerius Maximianus, for his good service in vanquishing the Gauls, who troubled the peace of the Empire, he made his Consort in the Government. These Emperors raised the Tenth Persecution, 
10th. Pers.  which continued for the term of ten years, so fierce, that within the space of one month Seventeen thousand Christians were put to death, besides infinite numbers of others cruelly handled, though suffered to escape with their lives. And as in other parts of the Empire, so in Britain, the Churches of the Christians were demolished, and their Bible's burned, and their bodies afflicted. St. Alban of the City Verolanium, was beheaded at Holmhurst, now called St. Alban. His Instructor Amphibolus was brought to the same place, and whipped at a stake whereat his entrails were tied; so winding his entrails out of his body, was at last stoned to death. Sundry others were put to death in other places; and in Lichfield so many, that the place became another Golgotha; for which cause that City doth bear for their Seal of Arms, a Field charged with many Martyrs. But the chief cause of these miseries befalling the Christians, was from the Christians themselves: For (saith Eusebius) after that our conversation through too much liberty and licentiousness, was degenerated, and holy discipline corrupted; whiles every one of us did envy, by't, and backbite each other, waging intestine wars, and piercing one another with opprobrious words; whilst nothing but hypocrisy was in the face, deceit in the heart, and guile on the tongue, whereby mischief was at the full height, than began the heavy hand of God to visit us, etc. Howbeit, when God had done using these his Rods of Correction he cast them into the fire. These two Tyrants having renounced the Empire, and being again become private men, Dioclesian poisoned himself, and Maximian hanged himself.  

CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS.  COnstantius Chlorus, and Galerius Maximinus (to whom the two former Emperors had voluntarily resigned up their sovereignties) divided the Empire into two parts, East, and West; Galerius had the Government of the Eastern division, and Constantius of the Western. Constantius was wise, valiant, noble, and of a public spirit, wholly reigning to enrich his Subjects. He would commonly say, That it was more profitable for the state, that the whole wealth of the Land should be dispersed into the Commons hands, than to lie locked up in the Prince's Coffers. He was so averse to superfluity, that upon extraordinary occasions, he was forced to borrow Plate of his Friends, to furnish his Tables and Cup-boards. But the most excelling virtue was, his countenancing and protecting the late persecuted Christians, making his Court their Sanctuary. And to winnow the chaff from the Wheat, he used Jehu's policy, commanding all his Officers to offer sacrifice to the Idol-gods, pretending to discard all such as refused; but on the contrary, those that complied, he rejected with this reflect, That he who is disloyal to his God, will never be faithful to his Prince. Whilst he served here in Britain under Aurelian, he married Helena (the Daughter of Calus or Calius a British Prince) who was the worker of his conversion, and on whom he begat Constantine the great in Britain. Whilst he swayed the Empire, being here in Britain and lately returned from his expedition against the Picts (which were Northern Britain's, who continued to paint themselves after the Southern parts were brought to more civility) he fell sick at York, his Imperial seat. At which time his Son Constantine came thither no him, the sight of whom so rejoiced him, that setting himself upright in his Bed, he spoke as followeth; It now sufficeth, and death is not fearful, seeing I shall leave my unaccomplished actions to be performed by thee, my Son, in whose person I doubt not but that my memorial shall be retained, as in a monument of succeeding fame. What I had intended, but by this my fatal period leave undone, see thou do it, that is, govern thy Empire with Justice, protect the Innocent, and wipe away all tears from the eyes of the Christians, for therein, above all other things, I have accounted myself happy: To thee therefore I leave my Diadem, and their defence, taking my faults with me to the grave, there to be buried in everlasting oblivion; but leaving my virtues (if ever I had any) to live and revive in thee. So ending his speech, his life also ended.  
Helena his Empress first Walled the City of London, so called from Lhun, or Longh & Dinas, a City of Trees or Ships.  

CONSTANTIUS MAGNUS, A.D. 310.  COnstantine the Great, at his first entrance upon the Empire pursued the relics of the War, which his Father Constantius had begun against the Caledonians and other Picts. Then he undertook to tame the Tyrant Maxentius; but being doubtful what God he should call upon for aid in this his enterprise, (for as yet he was not fully settled in the Christian Faith, nor Baptised) in his meditation, happening to cast up his eyes Eastward, he beheld in the Heavens the sign of a Cross, or the form of the first Greek Character of the Name of Christ presented to his sight, wherein were Stars (as Letters) so placed, that this sentence in Greek might be read, In hoc vince. This miraculous Sign, promising victory, was so comfortable to Constantine, that with great courage he advanced towards his enemy, bearing before him and his Army, in place of the Imperial Standard, the form of this Vision embroidered with Gold and precious Stones. Maxentius had framed a deceitful Bridge over Tiber, near unto Pons Milvius, with intent thereby to entrap Constantine; but the Armies joining Battle, Maxentius was put to flight, when, through forgetful haste, he took over the same Bridge, which suddenly falling under him, he with many more were drowned, and Constantine remained victor. And to the end that he might with the more facility restrain the turbulent Persians, he removed the Imperial Seat from Rome into the East, building at Byzantium a most magnificent City, naming it New Rome, and in imitation of the old one, he circulated Seven Hills. Herein was built the Palace of that public Library, wherein were contained Twenty thousand of the choicest written Books, and in the midst thereof were the Guts of a Dragon, in length 120 foot, on which was admirably written in Letters of Gold, the Iliads of Homer. But this new City quickly lost its name of New Rome; for love to the Founder made it take name from him, that is, Constantinople. To this City Constantine drew his Legions out of Germany, Gallia, and Brittany, which much weakened this part of the Empire, and made way for the Picts to infest the more civil parts of this Island. He called the Council of Nice, where himself sat Precedent.  
He died, May 22, 337. whose Body was interred at Constantinople, in the Church of the Apostles, which himself had founded.  
This Christian Emperor would often kiss the hollow of old Paphnutius eye, which he had lost in the former times of Persecution, for the sake of Christ. He used such reverence and attention to the Word of God Preached, that many times he would stand up all Sermon time, and when some told him that it tended to his disparagement, he answered, That it was in the service of the great God, who is no respecter of persons. He was not Baptised till A. D. 318.  
COnstantinus, Constans and Constantius, 
CONSTANTINUS, A.D. 337.  were the Three Sons of Constantine the Great, amongst whom he divided the Empire. But Constantine the eldest, whose part was Britain, France, Spain, and part of Germany, thinking himself wronged in the division, sought to enlarge his own Dominions upon the frontiers of his Brother Constans; but was encountered and slain, when he had held his Territories the term of Three years. Then Constans seized his Dominions, adding them to his own; but he living luxuriously, was slain by one of his Captains, and then Constantius became sole Emperor. In whose time Gratianus the Father of Valentinian the Emperor was general of the Army in Britain, a man so strong of Limb, that no five men could pluck a Rope out of his hand by all their force, whence he was surnamed Funarius, the Roper. Constantius died of a Fever declaring Julian his Heir.  

JULIAN APOSTATE. A. D. 361.  JVlian the Apostate, was the Brother's Son of Constantine the Great. He was excellently Learned; and in his younger years so in love with the Christian Religion (at least in show) that he took upon him the Office of a Deacon, Reading in public to the People the Sacred Scriptures; but by the Rhetoric of Libanius, was seduced to Heathenism, and by degrees became a deadly enemy to the Church of Christ. His temperance was to admiration, both as to his Apparel, Lodging and Diet. He would often say, that it was the safety of his life, that he never had any War with his Belly And doubtless he was a grand worldly Politician; for sometimes he would side with the Catholics against the Arrians, which were very numerous; yet still encouraging a distance betwixt them, that so they might not hurt him, being united. To the Jews he would make large promises, when he foresaw they might stand him in any stead. Whilst Constantius lived, he dissembled his Religion; but he dead, than he set open the Temples of the Pagan gods, repaired their Altars, and defaced the Monuments of the Christians. That Brazen figure of Christ erected at Coesarea Philippi, he caused to be broken down, instead thereof, placing his own Figure that it might be worshipped; but it was suddenly destroyed with Lightning.  
The Christians he forbade the public Schools and study of the Arts and Tongues, jesting away the reason of this injustice with scoffs, as he did the rest, saying, That since Plato, Aristotle and Isocrates adored Mercury and the other gods, he held it absurd, that the Christians should learn from their Books, whose Religion they condemned and loathed. When he at any time seized upon the Goods of the Christians, (which he ofttimes did upon slight pretences) he would say, he did it that they might enter Heaven with the less difficulty. When he had disabled the Christians of all command, Civil or Martial, he said he did it, because their Gospel taketh from them, potestatem Glad●, the power of the Sword. If any poor Christian desired the redress of any grievance, he would answer That it was the duty of their profession to bear injuries. But Julian entering Persia with an Army Ten Miles in length, put the Persians to flight, whom pursuing, as he lift up his hand in sign of victory, was in the very instant struck with a Javelin into the lower lappet of his Liver. From whose hand this Javelin came is uncertain, some say it was from the hand of a flying Persian, others say, from the hand of one of his own Soldiers. Calistus one of his own Guard, that written this Battle in Heroical Verse, affirmeth, that some wicked Fiend or Devil run him through with that Javelin. But be it by whomsoever, when the Apostate had plucked the Javelin out, he cast it into the Air, uttering this blasphemous speech, At length thou hast overcome me, O Galilean. For so in contempt he used to call Christ.  

JOVINIANUS. A.D. 363.  FLavius Jovinianus a Christian, was chosen Emperor by the Army, and because of the distress that his Host was in for want of provision, he made Peace with the Persians for Thirty years, and so left their Country. In his time Blazing-Stars were seen at noonday. And the Statue of Maximianus Caesar let fall the Globe out of its hand, no force moving it. Also horrible sounds and noises were heard in the Consistory. These were taken for ominous signs of those troublous accidents which befell the Army in their way homeward from Persia. Jovinian died suddenly of the obstructions and stops of the Lungs.  
FLavius Valentinianus a Christian being elected Emperor, he made Valens, his Brother, 
VALENTINIANUS. A.D. 364.  his partner with him in the Empire. Into Britain Valentinian sent Theodosius his Lieutenant, who recovered this Province out of the hands of their enemies the Picts, Saxons and Scots that had miserably infested it, re-edified the Cities, repairing the Garrison Castles, and fortifying the frontiers, naming Britain Valentia in honour of Valentinian the Emperor. Strange and dreadful were the signs, that in the third year of this Emperor happened, as Earthquakes, Inundations and the like, amongst which St. Hierom reports, That there reigned Wool from Heaven so perfect good, that no better grew upon the Sheep. This Christian Emperor was so displeased with his Brother Valens an Arian, for persecuting the Orthodox Christians, that he denied to afford him help against the Goths, when they invaded his Dominions in the East, saying, That it was an impious thing to strengthen the hands of a man, who had spent his days in warring against God and his Church. He died of an Apoplexy, or as some write, of the Plague. And Valens flying from the Goths, was in a house near Adrianople burnt to Ashes.  
FLavius Gratianus the Son of Valentinian succeeded his Father, 
GRATIANUS and VALENTINIAN.  to whom was joined for Consort in the Empire his Brother Valentinian, a Child about four years of Age. Whose advancement (though done without his allowance) he envied not, but regarded his Brother exceedingly, and brought him up with all tenderness, forgetting the wrong offered to himself, and one Mother Severa, for Valentinians Mothers sake, whose name was Justina; a Damsel surpassing all other Women so far, that the Empress herself became in love with her, and could not forbear extolling her beauty beyond compare, in the hearing of the Emperor her Husband, who provoked hereby, took her also to Wife, by whom he had this young Valentinian and three Daughters, albeit that his Wife Severa was yet living. In Britain, Clemens Maximus descended from Constantine the Great, had so won the affections of the Britain's, through his good service done against the Picts and Scots, (which last were those people inhabiting the Highlands of Scotland, and came first out of Ireland, planting themselves on the North-side of Cluid) that they accepted him for their Sovereign; and his Soldiers by constraint forced him to assume the Imperial Style, and Purple Robe. And now Maximus hasts into Gallia with the chiefest flower and strength of the British Forces, against whom Gratian advanced; but after five days skirmishing, being forsaken of his Soldiers, he was forced to fly. After which, he sent Ambrose Bishop of Milan to sue for peace with Maximus, unto which Maximus seemed to incline; withal causing Letters to be sent, and reports given out to soft spirited Gratian, that his Empress was upon her journey to visit him, which the innocent Emperor credited. And accordingly set forward with joy to meet her, but when he opened the Letter therein hoping to embrace her, was by Captain Andragathius and his Ruffians (sent in it on purpose) treacherously murdered near unto Lions. But Theodosius undertaking the Usurper Maximus, vanquished his forces, and slew him and his Son Victor. Howbeit young Valentinian was not in safety; for by the Treason of Captain Arbogastes, and Eugenius a Grammarian he was strangled to death in his bed.  
FLavius Theodosius Magnus, 
THEODOSIUS MAGNUS.  to revenge the the death of the Emperor Valentinian, and also to oppose the proceed of the Traitor Eugenius, who had usurped a part of the Empire, marched with his forces towards the confines of Italy, where, at the foot of the Alps; he found the passages stopped, and his enemy's powers far surmounting his, and likewise having so beset him about, that no victuals could be brought into his Camp, this good Emperor therefore, in this his distress, applied himself with fasting and tears unto the Lord of Hosts, who, to vindicate Theodosius righteous Cause, sent such a violent tempest and raging wind upon the faces of his enemies, that when both Armies were engaged in fight, his adversaries own Darts were driven back upon themselves; whereby he obtained a most glorious Victory. In this Battle the Usurper Eugenius was taken, who whilst he was craving pardon at the Emperor's feet, had his head struck of by the Soldiers. And Arbogastes escaping by flight, two days after ran himself upon his own Sword.  
Theodosius thus delivered, repaired to Milan, where he shortly after sickened unto death, constituting his Son Honorius Emperor of the West, and Arcadius of the East. His Humility and Piety was such, that St. Ambrose Bishop of Milan having forbid his entrance into the Church to communicate with other Christians in their devotions, (because he had rashly punished the Inhabitants of Thessalonica for an offence committed by them) he accordingly submitted to this censure, acknowledging his offence, and for a future prevention of the like rashness, by the advice of St. Ambrose, he Enacted, That Thirty days should pass between the sentence of death, and execution of the Malefactor. He was wont to say, That he accounted it a greater honour to be a member of the Church of Christ, than to be head of the Roman Empire.  

HONORIUS, A. D. 395.  HOnorius, because of his Nonage, was by his Father committed to the Government of Stilicho. But this wretch aspiring after absolute Sovereignty, first sowed sedition among the Lieutenants of the Provinces, then with disgrace cashiered those Goths, that had served with good proof of their fidelity above Twenty years, since their entertainment by Theodosius. These Goths therefore to revenge their wrongs, chose for their Leader a valiant Goth named Alaricus, who shortly proved the scourge of Rome. With him joined the Vandals, Alanes, and Swevians, all which, with great fury began to War in Austria, and Hungary, increasing their powers with such multitudes, that the World was amazed and stood in fear. For unto these resorted Two hundred thousand Goths more, under the conduct of Radagasius their King, who with united Forces over-ran Thracia, Hungary, Austria, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, spoiling all in such manner, that Devils and not men seemed to have passed that way. The Roman Empire thus declining, and the Armies in Britain fearing the fury of the Goths, to secure themselves the best way they could, elected an Emperor at home, one Marcus their Lieutenant; but he not fitting their humours, they in a short time murdered him. In whose stead they enthroned one Gratian a Britain, whom within four Months they also murdered. At the death of him, they elected, for the names sake, one Constantine a common Soldier, and he passing beyond the Seas, was very prosperous for a while. His Imperial seat he placed at Arles, sent Letters excusatory unto Honorius, pretending that the Soldiers compelled him to do what he did, which so pleased the Emperor, that he sent him a Purple Robe. But one Maximinus rising against him, he was taken Prisoner, sent to Rome, and there beheaded. From that time Britain renewed her obedience to Honorius, and Victorinus Lieutenant here, ofttimes repressed the incursions of the Scots and Picts. Howbeit Rome was sore afflicted, and sacked by the Goths and Vandals. The Emperor Arcadius died in peace at Constantinople, and his Brother Honorius at Rome.  

THEODOSIUS, and VALENTINIAN. 2d. A. D. 423.  THeodosius the Son of Arcadius was now Emperor when the Roman greatness was almost quite fallen. His Kinsman Valentinian he chose for his associate, making him Emperor of the West. At this time the Britain's were sorely distressed by the continual disturbers of their Peace, the Scots and Picts; therefore they sent their Ambassadors to Rome, with their Garments rend, and dust upon their heads, bewailing their most miserable estate, and craving the Emperor's aid, who sent a Regiment of Soldiers into Britain under Gallio. Which Captain did some present kindness for them; but in short time was called over with his Legion into Gallia, to secure the Country about Paris. At his departure he advised the Britain's to stand upon their own guard, and for the future to provide for their own safety, and not to depend upon any succours from the Romans, who had their hands full of troubles near home.  
Thus after about 500 years that the Romans had swayed in Britain, they took their final farewell of it, burying part of their treasures here in the earth. But during their stay in this Island, they had much dispeopled it of its Natives, having levied as many Companies, Cohorts and Ensigns of Stout Britain's from hence for the service of Armenia, Egypt, Illyricum their frontier Countries, as from any other of their Provinces whatsoever. Some of these British Soldiers, after they were wearied out in the Wars, had Armorica in France assigned them (by Constantine the Great) for their good service in the Wars, from whom, that Country of Armorica was called Little-Britain. Hither, in the time of Gratian the Emperor, was Ursula the Daughter of Dinoth, Regent of Cornwall sent, with Eleven thousand Virgins in order to have been Married with their Countrymen; but all of them perished ere they arrived, some being drowned in the Sea by tempest, the remainder put to the Sword by the barbarous Huns and Picts, because they refused to yield their chastities to their filthy Lusts.  
The Romans made four famous Highways in England, namely, Ikenild-street, or way, the Foss, Ermin-street, and Watling-street.  
About A. D. 400, Pelagius a Britain brought up in the Monastery of Bangor, did much disturb the peace of the Church by his heretical Opinions.   

SAXONS.  
THe Southern or more civilised Britain's being now grown very low, and exceedingly weakened (what with the Romans exporting their valiant Countrymen to serve in foreign Countries, what with their own civil dissensions, the Romans forsaking them, and the Calamity of scarcity and Famine) their veteran foes the Scots, Picts and Irish, hereupon take their opportunity so miserably to infest and trouble them, that not longer able to defend and secure themselves, they supplicate aid out of Germany, from the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons, then inhabiting Jutland, Holsten, and the Seacoasts along to the River Rhine. Of these to the number of Nine thousand, under the command of the two Brethren Hengist and Horsa, entered Britain at Ebsfleet in the Isle of Tenet, about 450 years after the birth of Christ. There they were received with great joy, and saluted with Songs after the accustomed manner of the Britain's, who appointed them that Island for their habitation. And not long after, Hengist obtained of Vortigern King of the Britain's, the property of so much ground, as he could enclose with a Bulls-hide, which cutting into Thongs, he there built the Castle, called from thence Thong-Castle. To which place he invited Vortigern. who there fell in love with Rowena the Daughter, or Niece of Hengist, upon which match Hengist began to grow bold, and to think of making this Island his inheritance. In order to which, he sent for fresh forces to come over to him, which being arrived, they sought and made occasions of quarrels with the Natives, driving the Inhabitants before them from their wont possessions, every several Captain, accounting that part of the Country his own, where he could over-match the Britain's, commanding in it as an absolute King: By which means the Land became burdened with Seven of them at the first, at one and the same time: But although the Land was divided into Seven several Kingdoms, and each of them bearing a Sovereign command within his own Limits; yet one of them ever seemed to be supreme over the rest.  

The Saxon Heptarchy.  
THe Kingdom of Kent consisting of that County only, 
1. Kent.  (which Vortigern had given to Hengist in favour of Rowena) was the first Dominion of the Saxons Seven-headed Kingdom, and began in, or near the year of our Lord 455, continuing 372 years. In it there Ruled Seventeen Kings successively; the first of which was Hengist; and the first Christian King thereof was Ethelbert surnamed Pren.  
The South Saxons Kingdom containing the Counties of Sussex and Surrey, 
2 South Saxons.  commenced in A. D. 488, continuing 113 years, Ella being the first King, and Ethelwolph the first Christian King thereof.  

3. West Saxons.  The West Saxons Kingdom containing the Counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Berks and Hantshire, began in A. D. 519, continuing 300 years; Cherdick being the first King, and Hingils the first Christian King thereof.  

4. East Saxons.  East Saxons Kingdom containing the Counties of Essex, Middlesex, and part of Hartfordshire, began in A. D. 527, continuing 281 years, Erchenwin being the first King thereof, and Sebert the first Christian King.  

5. North.  The Kingdom of Northumberland containing the Counties of York, Durham, Lancaster, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northumberland, began in A. D, 527, continuing 379 years; Ella and Ida the first Kings thereof, and Edwin the first Christian King.  

6. Mercia.  The Kingdom of Mercia containing the Counties of Huntingdon, part of Hartfordshire, Northampton, Rutland, Lincoln, Leicester, Derby and Nottingham, began in A. D. 582, continuing 202 years, Creda being the first King, and Peada first Christian King thereof.  

7. East Angles.  The Kingdom of the East- Angles containing the Counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridge, began in A. D. 575, continuing 353 years, Vffa being the first King, and Redwald the first Christian King thereof. Its last King was Edmond, whom the Danes for his constant profession of the Christian Faith most barbarously slew, at a Village then called Heglisdune, where when the Danes were departed, his head and body were buried, and the Town upon occasion thereof called St. Edmunds-bury. After the death of this Edmond, the Kingdom of the East- Angles was possessed by the Danes till such time that Edward surnamed the Elder expulsed them, and joined it a Province to the West- Saxons: But the Britain's, during the time of the Heptarchy, stood still in defence of their own rightful inheritance, with great disdain, and valorous resistance, as much as in them lay, opposing the Saxon yoke.   

The British Princes who contended with the Saxons to maintain their Country's rights, were these chief. First,  
VOrtigern, at that time King, 
VORTIGERN.  by the election of the Britain's, when the Saxons were first invited into the Land. This Vortigern reigned first Sixteen years, and then deposed for his favours to the Saxons, was retained endurance all the Reign of Vortimer his Son, after whose death he was reestablished; but oppressed by the Saxons, and pursued by Aurelius, he fled into Wales, where in a Castle which he built by Merlin's directions in the Mountains, he, with his Daughter whom he had taken to Wife, were burnt to Ashes.  
VOrtimer for his Father's abuse of Government, 
VORTIMER.  was constituted King of the Britain's. He gave unto the Saxons Four famous overthrows, almost to their utter expulsion. After his last Victory over them, 
British Princes.  he caused his Monument to be erected at the entrance into Thanet, whither he had driven the Saxons, even in that same place of the overthrow. Which Monument was sometime called Lapis Tituli, now the Stoner, wherein he commanded his Body to be buried, to the further terror of the Saxons; that in beholding this his Trophy, their hearts might be daunted at the remembrance of their great overthrow. But Rowena procured his death by Poison. He restored the Christian Religion, then sorely decayed, and rebuilt the Churches destroyed by the Pagan Saxons.  

AMBROSE.  AVrelius Ambrose descended of that Constantine, who was elected here, only in hope of his lucky name. He was very successful against the Saxons; but, as some say, was poisoned by the procurement of Pascentius the youngest Son of Vortigern. Others report that he was slain in the Field by the Saxons, and that the Britain's erected that famous Monument called stonehenge, anciently Chorea Gigantum, over the place where he was slain and buried; though according to the saying of some, Aurelius Ambrose caused that Monument of stonehenge to be erected in memorial of the Massacre of 300 of the Nobility of the Britain's by the Saxons, who were there buried. He built Ambresbury in Wilts.  
VTer Pendragon, the Brother of Ambrose, was in all his Wars against the Saxons most victorious and fortunate. 
UTER PENDRAGON. A.D. 497.  He was surnamed Pendragon, either because at his birth there appeared a fiery Comet something resembling a Dragons-head, or because of his Serpentine-wisdom, or from his Royal Banner, wherein was portrayed a Dragon with a Golden head. When he had reigned Eighteen years, he died of poison put into a Well, whereof he usually drank.  
ARthur, the Son of Pendragon, 
ARTHUR, A.D. 516.  begotten upon the Lady Igren Duchess of Cornwall, was Crowned King of Britain's at Fifteen years of Age, about A. C. 516. Twelve Battles he fought against the Saxons with great manhood and victory, the last of which was fought at Bath, or Bathen-Hill, where the Britain's gave the Saxons a very great overthrow. But Mordred a Prince of the Picts, whose Mother was Pendragon's Sister, affecting the Crown, upon the pretence of Arthur's reputed Bastardy, gave many attempts against him, and lastly at Cambalu, now Camelford in Cornwall, encountering King Arthur gave him his deaths-wound, and was himself slain by Arthur in the place. From which place this renowned King was carried to Glastenbury where he died of his wounds in A. D. 542, whose body was there buried, and after 600 years was digged up by the command of Henry the 2d. His bones of great bigness, and Skull, wherein was perceived Ten wounds, were found in the Trunk of a Tree; over him was a huge broad Stone, in which a leaden Cross was fastened, and therein this Inscription, Hic jacet, etc. Here lies King Arthur buried in the Isle of Avalonia. By him lay his Queen Guenaver, whose tresses of hair finely plaited, of a golden colour, seemed perfect and entire, till but being touched they mouldered to dust. These relics were reburied in the great Church.  

CONSTANTINE, A.D. 542.  COnstantine the Son of Cador Duke of Cornwall, and Cousin to King Arthur by Marriage, and his adopted Heir, was slain by Conanus, when he had been King Three years, and was buried at Stonehenge.  

CONANUS, A.D. 545.  AVrelius Conanus, King Arthur's Nephew, detained his Uncle in perpetual Imprisonment, and slew his two Cousins, because they had more right to the Crown than himself.  

VORTIPORUS, A.D. 578.  VOrtiporus in many Battles vanquished the Saxons, and valiantly defended his Subjects; but otherwise very wicked.  

MALGO, A.D. 581.  MAlgo Canonus, in Arms and Dominions, was stronger and greater than any other British Potentate, saith Gildas.  

CARETICUS, A.D. 586.  Careticus sowed civil Wars amongst his Subjects the Britain's, which occasioned them to forsake him, and leave him to the mercy of the Saxons; who pursuing after him, he fled into Cyrencester for safety; but by the device of his pursuers, certain Sparrows being taken, and fire fastened to their feet, were let fly into the City, who lighting among Straw, set it on fire, whence the City was burnt to the ground; but Careticus escaped, and fled for safety unto the Mountains of Wales, where he died. From that time forth the Britain's lost their whole Kingdom in the East part of the Island, and were confined in the West, by the Rivers Severn and Dee.  
CAdwan maintained himself and Subjects in great honour and peace. 
CADWAN, A D. 635.  His first affairs against the Saxons was to revenge the deaths of his Britain's, and harmless Monks of Bangor, slain by wild Ethelfrid the mighty King of Northumberland.  
The Monastery of Bangor in North- Wales, was situated in the fruitful valley now called the English Mailor, containing within it the quantity of a Mile and an half of ground. This Monastery, as saith Bernard Clarivalentius, was the Mother of all others in the World. Whose Monks distributed themselves into Seven portions, every one numbering 300 Souls, and all of them living by the labour of their own hands. Many of these Monks assembled at 
* Chester.  Caer-Legion, to assist their Brethren the Britain's with their Prayers, against Ethelfrid surnamed the Wild, King of Northumberland, who with his Pagan Soldiers set upon the Britain's, discomfited their host, and put to the Sword Twelve hundred of these Christian Monks.  
CAdwallo, or Cadwallin the Son of Cadwin, warred most valiantly against the Saxons, slew the Christian King Edwin of Northumberland, 
CADWALLO, A. D. 635.  with his Son Osfride, in a great and bloody Battle at Heathfield. He died in peace, as the British Writers say, and was buried in St. Martin's Church in London; his Image great and terrible, triumphantly riding on Horseback, being artificially cast in Brass, the Britain's placed upon Ludgate, to the further fear and terror of the Saxons.  

CADWALLADOR, A.D. 685.  CAdwallador the Son of Cadwallo, with great valour fought against the Saxons; but his Nobles dissenting and warring among themselves, did much endamage his very hopeful undertake. And by the All disposing hand of Providence, so great a dearth befell, that Herbs and Roots were the Commons chiefest sustenance. Mortality and Pestilence likewise raging so sore, and so suddenly, that people in their eating, drinking, walking, and speaking, were surprised by death, and in such numbers, that the living were scarce sufficient to bury the dead. Which calamities lasted no less than Eleven years whereby the Land became desolate, insomuch, that the King and many of his British Peers were forced to seek and eat their bread in foreign parts. But the destroying Angel by God's appointment, having sheathed his devouring Sword, Cadwallador was minded to have returned into his native Country, with some aids which he had procured of his Cousin Alan King of Little-Britain; but was forbid by an Angel (as he thought) and commanded to go to Rome, and there take upon him the habit of Religion; which accordingly he did, and died at Rome, where in St. Peter's Church he was buried, being the last King of the Britain's blood, about A. D. 689.   

The most powerful Kings of the Saxon Heptarchy were  
HEngist, 
HENGIST, A.D. 455.  who about the 5th year after his arrival in Britain began his Kingdom in Kent, He (as all the Saxon Kings beside) doth derive his original from Prince Woden, and his Wife Fria, by Wechta the eldest of their Seven Sons, being the fifth in Issue from them. His Brother Horsa was slain in Battle by the Britain's. According to some himself died in peace; others say, that he was slain when he had reigned Thirty four years.  
ELla the first King of the South- Saxons, 
ELLA, A.D. 479.  in the Twenty third year of Hengist's Reign, brought a fresh supply of Germans to he relief of his Countrymen; who landing at Shoreham in Sussex, vanquished the Britain's in those parts, after which he assumed the name of King of that Province.  
CHerdick the first King of the West- Saxons, 
CHERDICK, A. D. 485.  arrived in the Western parts of this Island, in the Seventh year of Ella's reign; where in his first Battle with the Britain's, he slew a mighty King of theirs named Natanleod, or Nazaleod. This Battle was fought in Hampshire, near unto a Brook of Water, which from Cherdick, began to be called Cherdick-ford, where now a Town of the same name standeth; but by contraction called Charford.  

KENRICK.  KEnrick the 2d King of the West- Saxons, enlarged his confines upon the territories of the Britain's, giving them two great overthrows, the one at Searbury in Wiltshire, the other at Banbury in Oxfordshire.  

CHELWIN A.D. 560.  CHelwin, or Cheuline, the Son of Kenrick, and 3d King of the West- Saxons, overcame the Britain's in many fights; also set himself to enlarge his own Territories upon his Countrymen's: For entering Kent, in a set Battle he defeated that King's forces. He surprised the Cities of Gloucester, Bath, and Cyrencester; slew Three of the British Kings, named Coinmagil, Candidan, and Farimnagil: But grown proud through his many victories he tyrannised over his own Subjects, which moved them to take part with the Britain's against him; and at Wodnesbeath, now Wansditch in Wiltshire, they vanquished and put him to flight, forcing him into Banishment, in which he died.  
EThelbert the 5th King of Kent, 
ETHELBERT, A.D. 561.  was Married to Berta the Daughter of Chilperick King of France on these conditions, That the Lady should enjoy the profession of her Christian Faith, and the conversation of Luidhard her learned Bishop. About this time it chanced that Gregory the Great, than Archdeacon of Rome, saw certain youths of this Island of Britain, brought to Rome to be sold, concerning whom he enquired, first of what Nation they were, and being answered that they were Angles, Gregory replied, and not without cause are they so named indeed, their resemblance is so Angelical; and fit it is that they be made inheriters with the Angels in Heaven. But of what Province are they in Britain, said he? and being answered of Deira, now great pity it is said he, but that these people should be taken from Dei●ira, the wrath of God. And being told that their King's Name was Ella, he by way of allusion said, That Alelujah to the praise of God, should shortly be sung in that Prince's Dominions; to which end, when he had attained to be Bishop of Rome, he sent Augustin a Monk, with Forty others his assistants, which landed in Thanet, about A. D. 596; finding at their coming Seven Bishops in the British Churches. These Roman Christians sent by Gregory, were by King Ethelbert freely permitted to Preach the Gospel, and in his chief City of Canterbury, he allowed them fit places of residence, and to Augustine resigned his own Palace. In this City Austin laid the foundation of that great Church dedicated to the name and service of Christ. 
Augustine the Monk, and Laurentius, A. Bps. of Canterbury.  And also at his cost built a most fair Monastery, wherein Eight Kings of Kent, and Ten Arch-Bishops were afterwards interred. But between the Britain Christians and Austin, there was a great difference about the due time for celebrating the Feast of Easter. Easter was kept in Britain after the manner of the Eastern Church, on the Fourteenth day after the full Moon, whatsoever day of the week it happened on, and not on Sunday, as we at this day observe it; which made Austin in great displeasure against them, and they to dislike him for his pride. The British Bishops were consecrated by their own Arch-Bishops, and they by their own Suffragans, making no profession of subjection to any other Church. And when Augustine the Monk required of the British Bishops to profess subjection to the See of Rome, Dinothus Abbot of Bangor, made it apparent by divers Arguments that they owed him none; nor did they follow the Rites of Rome. But King Ethelbert being by Augustine converted to the Christian Faith, was the instrument of converting of Sebert King of the East- Saxons, whom he assisted in the building of St. Paul's, where had stood the Temple of Diana, as also the Church of St. Peter's at Westminster, then called Thorney, where the Temple of Apollo stood; and himself built the Cathedral Church at Rochester, dedicating it to St. Andrew He brought the Laws of his Country into their own Mother-Tongue, and was very forward in advancing the Christian Religion. He died in, or near A.D. 616, and was buried at Canterbury. Augustine the first Archbishop of Canterbury died, during the reign of Ethelbert, & was buried in the Northern Porch of the New Church in Canterbury dedicated to St. Peter and Paul; and Laurentius succeeded him in that Bishopric.  
REdwald 3d King of the East- Angles, 
REDWALD, A.D. 616.  was Baptised in Kent; but returning into his own Country (through the persuasions of his Queen) he returned to his superstitions, and in one and the same Temple, erected an Altar for the service of Christ, and another for his Idols.  
EDwin the Great, 
EDWIN, A D. 624.  and 2d King of Northumberland, subdued all the coasts of Britain, wheresoever any Provinces were inhabited, either by Britain's or Saxons; which thing, no King of the English before him had done: And added the Mevian Isles or Hebrides unto his own Dominions. He was converted to the Christian Faith by Paulinus, and Baptised at York in St. Peter's Church then built of Wood, which he rebuilt of Stone, making it the Cathedral Church; and Paulinus Archbishop of that See. 
* Church of Lincoln founded by Bp. Paulinus.  He suppressed Idolatry, established the Gospel in the Northern parts which daily spread into other Provinces and with such fruit of Peace, that throughout his Dominions, a weak Woman with h●r newborn babe might have passed without danger or ●am●ge over all the island from State ●ea● 〈◊〉 And for the conveniency of way-faring me● 〈…〉 closed clear Springs by the ways sides, 
Melitus and Justu, A. Bps. of Canterbury.  where he placed great Basins of Brass, both to wash and bathe in. But Penda the Mercian King, and Cadwallo the Britain confederated against him, and in fight slew him and his Son Osfryd. His Body was buried at Streanshall, now called Whitby.  

OSWALD, A.D. 633.  OSwald the 5th King of Deira, the 9th of Bernicia, and 3d of Northumberland, having received the Christian Faith in Scotland, during his banishment there; at his return took such care for the salvation of his Subjects, that he sent into Scotland for Aidan a Christian Bishop, to instruct his Northumbrians in the Gospel of Truth. And because the Bishop could not speak their Language, the King himself would interpret his Sermons to the people. Which godly undertaking of the good King and Bishop was so successful, that as is reported, in Seven days space, Fifteen thousand received Baptism. At this time the whole Island flourished with Peace and plenty, and acknowledged their subjection to Oswald, But Penda King of Mercia envying his flourishing estate, slew him in Battle, at a place called Maserfield in Shropshire; and then tore his body peace-meal: Whereupon, the said place of his death, is called to this day Oswaldstree. His dismembered Limbs were first buried in the Monastery of Bradney in Lincolnshire, afterwards removed to Gloucester, and buried in the North-side of the upper end of the Choir in the Cathedral Church.  
King Oswald being at Dinner on Easter-day, 
Melitus and Justus, A.B. Cant.  one brought him word, that there was a great company of poor people in the Streets which asked Alms of him; whereupon he commanded the Meat prepared for his own Table to be carried to them, and broke a Silver Platter to pieces and sent it amongst them.  
In the year of Christ 636, Honorius Archbishop of Canterbury first divided England into Parishes. Northumberland was sometime parted into two Kingdoms, namely Deira, and Bernicia.  
Osway the 4th King of Northumberland, 
OSWAY, A.D. 643.  slew Penda in fight, with the discomfiture of all his Mercian power; and in the same Battle slew Ethelbert King of the East- Angles, who sided with Penda, after which victory he subdued the Mercians, and made the Northern part also wholly subject unto him. He founded the Cathedral Church in Lichfield for a Bishops See, died in A. D. 670, and was buried in St. Peter's Church in Streanshalch.  
Wlfhere the 6th King of the Mercians, 
VULFHERE, A D. 668.  slew his two Sons Vulfald and Rufin, because they usually resorted to reverend Chad for the profit of their Souls, and had received at his hands the Sacraments of Baptism. Their martyred bodies, Queen Erminhild their Mother caused to be buried in a Sepulchre of Stone, and thereupon a fair Church to be erected; which by reason of the many Stones brought thither for the foundation, was ever after called Stones; 
Honorius and Duesdedit, A.B. Cant.  and is now a fair Market-Town in Staffordshire. But Vulfhere repenting his most inhuman murder, and becoming a Christian, converted his Heathen Temples unto Churches and Monasteries, and finished Medisham, now Peterborough (his brother Padas foundation) enriching it largely with Lands and possessions. He died A. D. 674, and was buried at Peterborough.  

ETHELRED.  EThelred, because of his Nephew Kenreds' minority, and disposition to a private life, was accepted of the Mercians for their King. His entrance was with War against the Kentish King Lothair, whose Country he miserably destroyed, sparing neither Religious, nor secular place. But at length disquieted in mind, because of his cruelties, to expiate his crimes, he first built a godly Monastery at Beadney in Lincolnshire, then resigning the Crown to Kenred, became there a Monk himself, living a regular life the term of Twelve years, and died Abbot of the place, in A. D. 716. In the 4th year of his Reign a fearful Blazing-Star discovered itself, and for three Months together continued rising in the morning, and giving forth a blazing pile, very high, and of a glittering flame.  
KEnred the 8th King of Mercia, 
Theodorus and Bertualdus, A. B of Cant.  reigned in peace the term of four years; but affecting a private retired life, he appointed Chelred his Cousin to rule in his stead, and accompanied with Offa King of East-Saxons, 
KENRED.  and Edwin Bishop of Winchester, he went unto Rome, where himself and Offa became Monks, and there died.  
CHeldred the 9th King of the Mercians, 
CHELRED A.D. 709.  was all along during his seven years reign engaged in Wars against Inas King of the Westsaxons. Which Inas being in pilgrimage at Rome in A.D. 720, gave a tribute to Rome called Peter-pences, being a penny for every house. At first it was called the King's Alms; it was also called Romescot. Inas built a College at Wells, and a stately Abbey at Glastenbury, where formerly the old Cell of Joseph of Arimathea had been. He also built a Castle at Taunton.  
King Chelred died in A. D. 716, and was buried in the Cathedral Church at Lichfield.  
EThelbald the 10th King of the Mercians, 
ETHELBALD.  spent the most part of his reign in peace, and too much thereof in Luxury; for the which he was reproved by Boniface (an English man) Bishop of Mentz: Whose Epistle Redargutory had this influence upon the King, that in sign of repentance, he privileged the Church from all Tributes to himself, and founded the Abbey of Crowland. About which time it was appointed by Archbishop Cuthbert and his Clergy, in a convocation held in his Province, that the Sacred Scriptures should be read in their Monasteries, the Lords Prayer and Creed taught in the English tongue, A. D. 733. In January the Sun suffered so great an Eclipse, that the Earth seemed to be overshadowed, as with Sackcloth. And A. D. 756, and in December, the Moon being in her full, appeared both dark and bloody; for a Star (though there be none lower than the Moon) seemed to follow her, and to deprive her of light, till it had got before her. But great Ethelbald fight against Cuthred the West Saxon, was traitorously slain by the procurement of one of his own Captains, near Tanworth, and was buried at Repton in Derbyshire.  

OFFA, A.D. 758.  OFFA the 11th. King of the Mercians, as is said, was born both lame, deaf, and blind, continuing so unto his man's estate. He was of such stout and daring spirit, that he thought nothing impossible for him to attain unto. The first that felt his fury were the Kentish men, whose King Alrike he slew in fight with his own hands. From south to north he then marched, and beyond Humber made havoc of all that opposed him. Whence returning in triumph, he vanquished Kenwolph and his Westsaxons, with whom Marmadius King of the Britain's, sided. He caused a great ditch to be made between his and the Britain's borders, that is, from Basingwark in Flintshire, and North-Wales, not far from the mouth of Dee, running along the Mountains into the South, ending near Bristol at the fall of Wye. The tract whereof in many places is yet seen, being called Clawdh Offa, 
Tarninus and Nothelmus, A.B. Cant.  or Offa's Ditch. The Danes that had invaded England, he forced back to their ships, with the loss of all their booty, and many of their lives. Then making his son Egfryd Partner with him in the Kingdom, he went to Rome, where he made his Kingdom subject to a tribute called Peter-pences, and gave rich gifts to Pope Hadrian for canonising Alban a Saint; in honour of whom at his return he built a Magnific Monastery over against Verolanium. Also in testimony of his repentance for the blood he had shed in his Wars, he gave the tenth part of his goods unto the Churchmen and poor. At Bath he built a Monastery, and in  a Church, where the adjoining town from it and him beareth the name Off-Church. He died at Offley in A D. 794, and was buried without the town of Bedford, in a Chapel standing upon the bank of Owse, which long since was swallowed up by the same River.  
In A D. 755, was Sigebert King of Westsaxons slain by a Swineherd; and in A.D. 760, Kenwolph King of Westsaxons made Wells an Episcopal See.  
EGfryd the son of Offa restored to the Church her ancient privileges which his Father had deprived her of. 
EGFKID, A.D. 794.  He died in the first year of his reign, and was buried in the Abby-Church of St. Alban.  
KEnwolph the 13th King of the Mercians, 
KENWOLPH, A.D. 795.  was at home a precedent of peace, religion, and justice, and abroad of temperance, humility, and courtesy. In War stout and victorious, in Peace studious of enriching his subjects. He vanquished the Kentish men, and carried away their King prisoner, detaining him captive, and giving his Kingdom to Cuthred. He built a fair Church at Winchcomb in Glocestershire, where upon the dedication thereof, he led Prens his captive King of Kent, up to the high altar, and there without either his entreaty or any ransom, set him at full liberty. He died A. D. 819, and was buried at Winchcomb, where was buried also Kenelm his son, murdered by his sister Quendred.   

SAXON MONARCHES.  

EGBERT, A.D. 819.  EGbert the 18th King of Westsaxons, first warred against the Cornish and Welsh, a remnant of the old Britain's, which for fourteen years held side against this King; which so enraged him, that he made it present death for any Britain to pass over Offa's pitch into England. Their great Caer-legion, now Westchester, he took from them; and at London cast down the Image of their Prince Cadwalle. He subdued Kent, East-Saxons, and East-Angles, also the Mercians, and indeed all upon the North and South of Humber yielded him obedience. He was crowned at Winchester absolute Monarch of the whole Island in A. D. 819, and caused the South of this Island to be called England. Three several times the Danes landed in England in his reign, whom he expelled. He died in A. D. 836, and was buried at Winchester. 
Cuthbert and Brogmius, A.B. Cant.  But his bones were since taken up, and with others bestowed in Chests, set upon the Wall on each side the Choir of the Cathedral, with these verses inscribed:  
Hic Rex Egbertus pausat cum Rege Kenulpho, nobis egregia munera uterque tulit. His issue were Ethelwolph and Ethelstan, and one Daughter named Egdith, commonly called St. Edith, who was Governess of a Monastery of Ladies at Pollesworth in Warwickshire.  
EThelwolph was in his youth committed unto the care of Helmestan Bishop of Winchester, 
ETHELWOLPH, 836.  and by him unto learned Swithun the Monk. He took such a liking unto the quiet and solitary life (enjoyed only by religious men, all other estates being molested to withstand the intruding Danes) that he took upon him the Monkish Vow and profession, and was made Deacon; and shortly after upon the death of Helmestan, he was elected, if not consecrated also Bishop of Winchester. But the death of his Father immediately following, by the entreaty of the Nobles, and constraint of the Clergy, he was made King, and absolved of his vows by Gregory 4th. His Bishopric he bestowed on Swithun. This King in great devotion passed to Rome, where he rebuilt the School built by King Offa (late fired) bearing the name of Thomas the holy, confirmed the grant of Peter-pences; and for his kind entertainment in the Pope's Court, he covenanted to pay a hundred Marks to St. Peter's Church, another to St. Paul's Light, and a third to his Holiness. 
Lambert & Ethelard, A.B. Cant.  In his return through France, he married fair Judith the daughter of Charles the Bald, than Emperor, in honour of whom he ever placed her in his English Court in a Chair of State, with all other Majestical compliments of a Queen, contrary to the Law of the Westsaxons formerly made for Ethelburga's offence, who by accident had poisoned her own Husband with the poison she had prepared for one of his Minions. Which respect of his to his Queen so displeased his Nobles, that they risen in arms against him; but by mediation of Friends the difference was composed on these terms, viz. That the Land should be divided betwixt himself and Son Ethelbald, to whom the better part was allotted. He died at Stanbridg in A.D. 857, and was first buried where he deceased, but afterwards his body was removed to the Cathedral of Winchester. He had issue Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Ethelred, Elfred, and one Daughter named Ethelswith. It is said of this King, That by the advice of his Nobles he gave for ever to God and the Church, both the tithe of all goods, and the tenth part of all the Lands of England, free from all secular service, taxations, or impositions whatsoever.  

ETHELBALD, A.D. 857.  EThelbald, or Ethelwald, married Judith his Mother-in-law. Some say, that he married his own Mother, who was King Ethelwolph's Concubine. But when he had reigned about two years and an half, he died in A D. 860. His Body was first buried at Sherbourn in Dorcetshire, (where at that time was the Cathedral Church and Episcopal See) but afterwards was removed to Salisbury.  
EThelbert was disquieted by the Danes all the time of his reign. First, 
ETHELBERT, A.D. 860.  they spoilt all before them to Winchester, also sacking and spoiling that City; howbeit in their return, the Berkshire men, under the conduct of Osryck Earl of Hampton, met with them, recovered the prey, and slew many of them. The same year also the Danes with the Normans entered Thanet; but these the Kentish men repulsed, and made a great slaughter of them. Ethelbert died in A. D. 866, and was buried at Sherbourn.  
EThelred was now King of England, 
ETHELRED, A.D. 866.  when there arrived on the English Coasts an huge Army of Danes, under the command of those strong and cruel Captains, Inguar and Habba who burned down the City of York, and therein consumed with fire all those that had fled thither for security: Who entered Mercia, won the City of Nottingham, and therein wintered. Who with fire and sword laid all waste where they came, and spared neither sex nor age, religious or secular. Therefore to avoid their Barbarities, the Nuns of Coldingham deformed themselves by cutting off their upper-lips and noses. King Ethelred in one years' time fought no less than nine set-battels with these Danes; and at that battle fought at Essendon, not far from Reading, he obtained a great victory over them. But in a fight at Basin, the King received his mortal wound, whereof he died at Wittington in A. D. 872. 
Alfredus & Trelolegeldus, A. B. Cant.  He was buried at Winbourn in Dorcetshire with this Inscription:  
In hoc loco quiescit corpus Sancti Ethelredi Regis West-Saxonum, Martyris, qui A.D. 872, 23 die April: per manus Ducorum paganorum occubuit.  
His Issue were Elfred and Oswald, and one Daughter named There.  

ALFRED, A.D. 872.  ELfred, or Alfred, the fourth Son of King Ethelwolph, was in his young years and Father's life-time anointed King at Rome by Pope Leo; but after his brother Ethelred's death was crowned at Winchester, and is by some styled the first absolute Monarch over the English. Within a Month's time after his Coronation, he was forced into the field against the Danes, whom he fought at Wilton, where he was worsted. Then the Danes constrained the Westsaxons to enter into league with them, then advanced to London, where they wintered; compelled the Mercians to compound with them, banishing Burthred their King, placing another in his stead of their own choosing. Their King Halden gained Northumberland, which he bestowed amongst his followers. In A.D. 876, Rollo a nobleman of Denmark came over with a great Army of fresh Forces, making a miserable spoil where he came; but Alfred forced him out of the Land. Howbeit the Danes who had already seated themselves in England, bring the King many times to such extremities, that he was forced to hid himself out of sight, and with such small companies as he had, to live by fishing, fowling, and hunting, having no more of his great Monarchy left him but Wilt, Somerset, and Hantshire, nor them neither free from the incursions of the Danes. The solitary place of his most residency was an Island in Somersetshire, commonly called Edelingsey, where in poor disguise he was entertained into a Cowherds Cottage. This Cowherd who succoured King Alfred, named Dunwolfus, whom the King after set to learning, and made Bishop of Winchester. Yet in these his distresses he would sometimes disguise himself in the habit of a common Minstrel, repairing to the Danes Camp, and by his excellent skill in Music and Song, would gain the opportunity of observing as well what their designments were, as their security, which he wisely improved. For seeing his time, he gathered what small Forces he could, and on the sudden surprised his careless enemies in their Camp, making a great slaughter of them, to the great terror of others of them in other parts of the Nation, who accounted the King dead long before. Shortly after this, the Devonshire men joined Battle with King Hubba, whom they slew with a great number of his Danes, near unto a Castle then called Kinwith. The body of Hubba was there buried in the field, and thereof called Hublestone. In that fight the English took the Danes much esteemed Banner, called Reafan, wherein a Raven portrayed was wrought in Needlework by the three Sisters of Hubba. And now the English fortunes seemed so advanced, that the Danes sent to the King for Peace which was condescended unto, and Gormon, or Gurthrun their King was Baptised. Alfred being his Godfather, 
Celnoth and Ethelrad, A. B. Cant.  and giving him the name of Athelstone, and withal bestowing on him in free gift Gormoncester, or Godmonchester near Huntingdon, with the adjoining territories. Thirty of the chief Danish Nobility were likewise baptised, upon whom King Alfred bestowed many rich gifts. And that the limits of the English might be free from Danish incursions, thus the confines of King alfred's Kingdom were laid out. His Dominions were to stretch from the River Thamisis, and from thence to the Water of Lea, even unto the head of the same water, and so forth straight unto Bedford, and lastly, going along by the River Ouse, to end at Watling-street. But notwithstanding the agreement, the Danes were still unquiet, with whom one Hastings a Nobleman of Norway joined, bringing a considerable force to their assistance. And in the year of Grace 901, this excellent King died much bewailed of his Subjects, whose body was first buried at Winchester, next removed into the Church of the new Monastery; and lastly, his Body, Monument, Church and Monastery, were all removed without the North-gate of the City, since called Hide. He was born at Wanading, now Wantage in Berks, where anciently was a Manor-house of the Kings of England.  
London that had been destroyed and burnt by the Danes about A. D. 839, King Alfred repaired and made habitable again in A. D. 886. At Edelingsey he built a Monastery, at Winchester another, at Shaftsbury a Nunnery, where he made his Daughter Ethelgeda Abbess. The day and night consisting of 24 hours, did this virtuous Prince design equally (when State-business would permit such an order) to Three special uses, and them he observed by the burning of a Taper set in his Oratory. Eight hours he spent in contemplation, reading and prayers, other eight hours for his repose and health, and the other eight in the affairs of State. His Kingdom he likewise divided into Shires, Hundreds, and Tithings, for the better administration of Justice, and suppressing of Thiefs; whereby he effected so great security to his Subjects, that honest men might travel without injury; and that bracelets of Gold being hanged in the Highways, none durst be so bold as to take them away. He ordered all his Subjects possessing two Hides of Land, to bring up their Sons in learning, till Fifteen years of Age at least; saying, That he reputed a man freeborn, and yet illiterate, no better than a Beast, a Brainless-body, and very Sot. Nor would he admit any into Office in his Court, unless Learned. His Census or Tribute he divided into Six parts; the first part of which he gave to the poor, the 2d to the foundation of Churches, 3d to Scholars at Oxford, 4th, to the Lights of the Church, 5th, to his Military men, 6th, to Labourers and Artificers. The best Laws for his Subjects good he rendered into English. The holy Gospel he translated into the Saxon Tongue; and therein the Lords Prayer after this manner,  
Faeder ure thu the Earth on Heafenum, si thin nama Gehalgod, to be came thin Rice, Gewurthe thin willa on eorthan swa swa on heafnum, urn ge daeghwanlican hlaf syle us to daeg. And forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgivath urum gyltendum, And ne gelaedde thu us on cosenung, ac Alyse u● of yfle. [Si it swa.]  
He was a great protector of the Clergy, Widows and Orphans, devout in the service of God. 'Tis also said of him, that he laid the foundation of the Unversity of Oxford, and of that College called  

Oxford University College.  University College. Others say that Oxford was built by one Mempritius a British King, and from him was at first named Caer Mempric; Et crevit ibi posteris dielus nobile studium generale, ab inclyta universitate de Greeklade derivatum.  
Balliol College was founded by John Balliol King of Scots, in A. D 1263.  
Merton Coll. founded by Walter de Merton, Lord Chancellor, and Bishop of Rochester, 1274.  
Excester Coll. by Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Excester, and Lord Treasurer, 1316.  
Oriel Coll. founded by King Edward the 2d. or by his Almoner Adam Brown, 1327.  
Queen's Coll. by Robert Eglesfield, Chaplain to Queen Philip Wife of Edward the 3d, 1340.  
New Coll. by William of Wickham, Bishop of Winchester, 1379.  
Lincoln Coll. first founded by Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, 1420; but finished by Thomas Rotheram, Bishop of the same See.  
All-souls founded by Henry Chichely Archbishop of Canterbury, 1437.  
Magdalen Coll. by William Waniflet Bishop of Winchester, 1459.  
Brazen-Nose Coll. by William Smyth Bishop of Lincoln, 1513; but finished by Richard Sutton.  
Corpus Christi Coll. by Richard Fox, Lord Privy Seal, and Bishop of Winchester, 1516.  
Christ-Church begun by Cardinal Wolsey, 1546; and by King Henry the 8th, ordained the Cathedral Church of the See of Oxford.  
Trinity Coll. first founded by Thomas Hatfield Bishop of Durham, by the name of Durham Coll. 1518; but after its suppression, Sir Thomas Pope restored it, and dedicated it to the holy Trinity, 1556.  
St. john's Coll. founded by Henry Chichely A. Bp. of Cant. by the name of Bernard's College, 1437; but after its suppression by Henry the 8th, Sir Thomas White Merchant-Taylor of London, rebuilt it to the honour of St. John Baptist, 1557.  
Jesus Coll. by Dr. Hugh Price, 1562.  
Wadham Coll. founded by Nicholas Wadham of Somersetshire, and Dorothy his Wife, 1613.  
Some report that Cambridge was built by Cantabar a Spaniard, 
Cambridge University.  375 years before the birth of Christ, and that he founded the University there, and brought thither from Athens certain Philosophers, amongst whom An●ximander and Anaxagoras. Another Author thus writeth, Oxonii gymnasium instituit Aluredus (Alfred) hortante Neoto viro sanctissimo, unde, à tempore quo Cantabrigia sub Sigeberto, rege orientialium, & Oxonium sub Aluredo condita sunt, semper fuêre viri in Anglia doctissimi, à quibus Lutetia Farisiorum, Papia in Italia originem duxerunt. Cantabrigiae gymnasium praecessit Oxonio annis 265, nam Sigebert, A. D. 630 Cantabrigiam erexit, & Alured Oxonium, A. D. 895. But as some contend, Cambridge began not to be an University. till such time that Hugh Balsham Bishop of Ely founded the  
College of Peter-house, in A D. 1256.  
Clare-Hall, founded by Elizabeth de Burgo Countess of Clare, Widow of John de Burgo Earl of Ulster, in A. D. 1347.  
Pembroke Hall founded by Mary de St. Paul, Widow of Adomarius de Valentia Earl of Pembroke, 1347. First named Aula de Valence Maria.  
Corpus Christi, commonly called Benet College, was founded by the Alderman, and Brethren of Corpus Christi Guild, and the Brethren of our Lady Guild in Cambridge, 1351.  
Trinity Hall was of old time an Hostel or House of study, wherein Students lived at their own charge; but Dr. William Bateman founded it a College, 1353.  
Gonvil and Caius Coll. first founded by Edmond de Gonvil, Rector of Terrington and Bushworth in Norfolk, 1353; and was repaired by John Caius Dr. of Physic, 1557.  
King's Coll. by King Henry the 6th. 1441.  
Queen's Coll. by Margaret Andegavensis, Wife to King Henry the 6th, 1441; but finished by Elizabeth Wife to King Edward the 4th 1465  
Katherine Hall founded by Robert Woodlark Provost of King's College, 1475. 
Plemundus, A.B. Cant.   
Jesus College from a desol●te Nunnery was converted into a College, by John ●lcock Bishop of Ely 1497.  
Christ's College founded by Margaret Countess of Derby (the Mother of King Henry the 7th.) in the place where the College of Gods-house stood, 1505.  
St. john's Coll. was erected upon the ruins of an ancient Hospital of regular Canons by the said Margaret Countess of Derby, 1508.  
Magdalen Coll. first an Hall, wherein Monks of divers Monastries studied; but in the year 1542, Thomas Audley Lord Chancellor of England, founded there a new College in honour of St. Mary Magdalen.  
Trinity Coll. founded by King Henry the 8th, in A. D. 1546.  
Emmanuel Coll. founded by Sir Walter Mildmay, 1584.  
Sidney Sussex Coll. was founded by Frances Countess of Sussex, the Daughter of Sir William Sidney, A. D. 1598.  
EDward surnamed the Elder, 
EDWARD, A.D. 901.  the eldest Son of Alfred, was Crowned at Kingston upon Thames. At Wodnesfield near Wolfrune Hampton, he obtained a great victory over the Da●es; for two of their Kings were slain, many of their Nobles, and an innumerable company of their commons, which caused him both to be feared and loved. His Sister Elfleda had very hard travel of her first Child, therefore ever after she forbore the nuptial embraces, 
Athème, A.B. Cant.  alleging it to be an over-foolish pleasure, which brought with it so great pains. And listing herself under Mars, she in person assisted her Brother against the Danes, performing many manly feats. King Edward died at Farringdon, and was buried in the new Monastery of Winchester, in A. D. 924. His Issue were Ethelstan, Elfred, Elsward, Edwin, Edmund, Edred, and Nine Daughters. He built a Castle at Stafford, in A.D. 914, He likewise built a Castle at Huntingdon, in A. D. 917, which Henry the 2d afterward demolished, as some say. He also built Hereford, out of the ruins of old Aviconium. Manchester in Lancashire, anciently Mancunium, having been destroyed in the Danish Wars, this King caused to be built again; because the Inhabitants had behaved themselves manfully against the Danes.  
King Edward the elder, built a new Town over against Nottingham, and made a Bridge over the River betwixt the two Towns.  

Ethelstan, A. D. 924.  EThelstan was Crowned at Kingston by Athelme Archbishop of Canterbury. This Prince by the evil suggestions of his Cupbearer, became suspicious of some Treason to be wrought against him by his Brother Edwin, therefore caused him to be put in a small vessel without Tackle, and Oars, and so to be exposed to the mercy of the Waters; whence the young Prince overcome with grief, cast himself headlong into the Sea: whose Ghost the King sought to pacify by a Seven years voluntary penance, and building the two Monastries of Middleton and Michelness. He also took revenge on his Cupbearer by this occasion. On a festival-day as his Cupbearer was serving, one of his feet happened to slip; but he recovered himself with the other, and thereupon pleasantly said, You see how one Brother helpeth another. Then the King with grief called to mind the death of his innocent Brother, and forthwith commanded execution to be done upon his Cupbearer, the procurer thereof. King Ethelstan or Adelstane overcame in fight Godfrey the Danish King of Northumberland, Constantine King of Scots, and Howell, or Ludwall King of Wales, constraining them to submit unto his pleasure, which done, he presently restored to their former estates, saying, That it was more honour to make a King than to be a King. He enlarged his dominions beyond any of his predecessors and was in the greatest reputation with all foreign Princes, who sought his friendship both by alliance, and rare presents. Hugh King of France, (besides some inestimable Jewels) sent him the Sword of Constantine the Great, in the Hilt whereof; all covered with Gold, was one of the Nails, as 'twas said, which fastened Christ to the Cross. He sent likewise the Spear of Charles the Great, reputed to be the same which pierced the side of our Saviour; also a part of the Cross whereon he suffered and a piece of the Crown of Thorns, with also the Banner of St. Maurice. And from Otho the Emperor who had married his Sister, was sent a vessel of precious Stones, artificially made, wherein were Lantskips with Vines, 
Ulfelinus or Wolstane A.B. Cant.  Corn, Men, all seeming so naturally to move, as if they had been really the things themselves. And the King of Norway sent him a famous and rich Ship. Some of these Relics he gave unto Swithuns Abbey in Winchester, and the rest to the Monastery in Malmsbury. He beautified the City of Excester, founded St. Germane in Cornwall, St. Petrocus at Bodman, the Priory of Pilton, and enriched every famous Abbey in the Land, either with new-buildings, Jewels, Books, or Revenues, as also he did certain Cities with the Mintage of his Money. Whereof in London were Eight Houses, at Winchester Six, Lewis Two, Hastings Two, Hampton Two, Warham Two, Chichester One, Rochester Three, two for the King and one for the Bishop; Canterbury Seven, four for the King, two for the A. Bishop, and one for the Abbot. He caused the Holy Bible to be translated into the Saxon Tongue. He died at Gloucester, called by the Britain's Caer-glove, i. e. Fair City, in A. D. 940, and was buried at Malmsbury in Wilts, first built by Malmutius a King of the Britain's. About this King Ethelstans' time (if ever) lived that famous Guy Earl of Warwick.  

EDMOND, A.D. 940.  EDmond the 5th Son of King Edward, was Crowned at Kingston. He obtained many signal victories over the Danes in divers parts of the Land, recovering out of their hands several Counties and Cities; but at his Manor of Puckle-kerks in the County of Gloucester, whilst he was interposing himself between his Sewer and another to part a fray, he was with a thrust through the body wounded to death in A. D. 946, and was buried at Glastenbury. His Issue was Edwy and Edgar.  
EDred was the sixth Son of King Edward, 
EDRED, A. D. 946.  and succeeded his Brother in the Nonage of his Sons. Wolstane Archbishop of Canterbury, for some misdemeanours he committed to custody; but afterwards in reverence to his office discharged him. So devout he was in the Religion of those times, that he suffered his royal body to be chastised at the will and direction of Dunstan Abbot of Glastenbury, unto whose keeping he also committed the greatest part of his treasures and richest Jewels. The stately Abbey of Mich at Abingdon, built by King Inas, but destroyed by the Danes, he repaired, and most richly endowed it, confirming the Charters with Seals of Gold. St. Germane he ordained a Bishops See, which there continued, till by Canutus it was annexed to the Bishopric of Kyrton in Devon, both which Sees were by Edward the Confessor translated to Excester, He died in the year of Grace, 955, and was interred in the old Minster or Monastery of Winchester. His Issue Elfrid and Bertfrid.  
EDwy the eldest Son of King Edmond was Crowned at Kingston, 
EDWIE, A.D. 955.  and on the day of his Coronation, as some Monks say, he in sight of his Nobles as they sat in Council, abused the body of a great Lady his near Kinswoman, and not long after slew her Husband, that he might the more freely enjoy his incestuous pleasure. 
Otho, A B Cant.  A great enemy he was to the Monk's Order, expelling them from some of their Monastries, and placing married Priests in their vacancies. Dunstan the St. he expelled the Realm, either for his bold reprehensions of him, or for detaining the Treasure his Uncle had committed to his keeping, or both; but the people having the Monks single life in high veneration, and conceiting Dunstan to be a very holy man, they turned their affections from him, and swore their fealty to Edgar; for very grief whereof he pined away and died, A. D. 959, and was buried in the Church of the New-Abby at Winchester.  

EDGAR, A.D. 959.  EDgar surnamed the Peaceable, was Crowned at Kingston by Otho Archbishop of Canterbury. To rid the Land of Wolves, which then were very plenty, instead of the Tribute imposed on the Prince of Wales by King Athelstan, he appointed Luduall Prince of Wales to pay yearly 300 Wolves. His Navy-Royal he employed in securing the Coasts from Pirates and foreign enemies, wherein himself would sail every Summer. And in the Winter he would circuit the Country, taking an account of the administration of his Laws, and demeanour of his great men, especially his Judges, whom he would punish severely if he found them to have been guilty of bribery, or partiality, insomuch that there was never less robbery, deceit or oppression than in the reign of this King. His State was so flourishing in peace and prosperity, that caused divers Kings to bind themselves in League with him. Wars he had none in all his reign, 
OTHO A.B. Cant.  save a little towards the latter end thereof by the Welsh whom he quickly kerbed. But that which darkened his glory, was his lasciviousness. For he deflowered a certain Nun called Wolfchild, on whom he begat St. Edyth; after her another named Ethelflede, on whom he begat his son Edward. And after this, happening to hear a Western Duke's Daughter extolled for her beauty, he came to her Father's house, commanding her to his bed. But her Mother, tender of her honour, instead of her Virgin-daughter, brought her servant-maid in the dark to the King; who well enough pleased him that night; though in the morning when he understood the deceit, he checked the Lady, yet entertained this Servant for his Concubine, keeping to her bed alone till he married his lawful Wife Elfrida, Duke Ordgarus daughter: The fame of whose excelling-beauty coming to his ear, he employed Earl Ethelwold his Favourite to go to visit her, and if he found her beauty suiting, then to court and secure her for the King. But Etholwold liked her so well when he saw her, that he courted her for himself, and at his return to Court pretended to the King that her beauty was far short of what it was famed to be; therefore besought the King, in respect she was a great Heiress, that he would solicit her Father to bestow her upon him to Wife; Which the credulous King did: But the Duke had not been long married with fair Elfrida, ere a fresh commendation of her beauty sounded in the King's ears: 
Elsius and Dunstane, A.B. Cant.  Whereupon he resolved to make his own eyes the Witnesses, which accordingly he did: And upon sight of her beauty became so enamoured of her, that taking Etholwold at the advantage as they were hunting together, he ran him through with his Javelin, than took Elfreda to be his Wife, who was very willing to embrace the honour.  
Edgar at the instigation of Dunstane now Archbishop of Canterbury, displaced the married priests, and possessed their vacancies with Monks of single life. To repress drunkenness which the Danes had brought in, he ordained a size by certain Pins in the Pot, with penalty to any that presumed to drink deeper than the Mark. He died A.D. 975, and was buried in the Abbey of Glastenbury.  
His Issue were, Edward, Edmond, and Ethelred.  
Ordolph the son of Ordgare Earl of Devonshire, in A. D. 961, built a famous Abbey at Tavistoke in Devon. Ethelwald Bishop of Winchester, about A. D. 963, and in the reign of King Edgar, in a great Famine sold away all the sacred Vessels of his Church for to relieve the poor, saying, That there was no reason that the senseless Temples of God should abound in riches, and lively Temples of the Holy-Ghost to want them.  

EDWARD II. 975.  EDward, surnamed the Martyr, was much opposed by his Mother-in-law Queen Elfrida, and many of the Nobles, as being illegitimate; but by the procurement of Dunstane and the Clergy, he was admitted to be King, and was crowned at Kingston in A.D. 975. The beginning of whose Reign was attended with a miserable barrenness of the ground, and Murrain amongst . A dreadful Comet also appeared. These many men thought to be signs and judgements sent from heaven, for the sins committed against the Married Clergy, who were expulsed from their ancient possessions. In favour of whom, the Duke of Mercia destroyed the Monastries in his Province, cast out the Monks, restoring to the Priests and their Wives their ancient revenues. On the contrary, Duke Edelwin in East-Saxia grievously oppressed the married Priests. To put an end therefore to these troubles, and to prevent the dangers that might ensue, the case was referred to be heard in Council at Winchester; where the business was debated so long, till the Monks were in hazard of losing the day. Whereupon it was persuaded to be referred to the Rood, placed where the Council sat; which Oracle (after devout prayers made unto it) thus spoke, God forbidden it should be so, God forbidden it should be so: you judged well once; and to change that again, is not good. Upon which words the married Priests went down the wind. But they disclosing to the people that this was but a trick of the Monks, in placing a man behind the wall, who through a trunk uttered these words in the mouth of the Rood: it was therefore instantly desired, that the case might be once more scanned. Which was granted; and at Cloves in Wiltshire the Prelates, Peers, and Commons assembled, where being set in consultation, 
Ethelgar and Elfrick A.B. Cant.  the Chamber-floor being over-pressed with the weight of people, broke, and fell down, hurting many, and killing others; only St. Dunstane by a miracle remained without any hurt, the post whereon his Chair stood, standing still firm. This is the story. And now the secular married Priests were left to take Care without any Cure. But King Edward as he hunted near Corf-Castle, where Elfrida and her son Ethelred resided, either on purpose or by chance parted from his company, and came to the Castle to visit his Brother-in-law; where, as he sat on horseback at the gate, discoursing with Elfrida and Ethelred, and whilst he was drinking a cup of Wine, a knife was struck into his back by a servant whom Elfrida had appointed thereunto. Whereupon the King, setting spurs to his horse, road away; but fainting through the loss of much blood, he fell from his horse, and with one foot in the stirrup was dragged up and down the woods and grounds, till in the end his body was left dead at Corfe's Gate; and was first buried at Warham, afterwards removed to the Minster of Shaftsbury. Alfrida his Mother-in-law, sore repenting the fact, to expiate her guilt, and pacify his crying blood (as she thought) founded the Monastries of Almsbury and Worwell, in the last whereof she died and was buried.  

ETHELRED, A.D. 978.  EThelred, for his slowness surnamed The unready, was crowned at Kingston. Upon his Coronation a Cloud was seen through England, one half like blood, the other half like fire: 
Ethelgar & Alfrick A.B. Cant  And in the third year of his reign the Danes arrived in sundry places of the Land, and did much spoil. And about the same time a great part of London was consumed by fire. He paid tribute 40000 l. yearly (called Dane-gilt) to the Danes. His reign was much molested with Danish Invasions in divers parts of the Land. And so low were the English at that time by the intruding Danes, that they were forced to till and sow the ground, while the Danes sat idle in their houses, and eat that which they toiled for. Also abusing their Daughters and Wives, and having all at their command, the English for very fear calling them Lord Danes. Hence we call a lazy Lubber a Lurdane. In this the English distressed estate, the King at last sent forth a secret Commission into every City within his Dominions, That upon the Thirteenth day of November they should massacre all the Danes which were amongst them. This Command of the Kings the people put in execution with extreme rigour in A.D. 1002. But to revenge this great destruction of the Danes, Swein King of Denmark prepared a very great Navy, and arrived in the West of England, and shortly after Canutus brought 200 sail of ships well furnished to his assistance. And in A. D. 1016, King Ethelred died, and was buried at St. Paul's.  
His Issue were Ethelston, Egbert, Edmond, Edred, Edwy, Edgar, Edward, Elfred, and four Daughters.  
In the year of our Lord 991, was Ipswich in Suffolk sacked by the Danes. And in A. D. 1004, Thetford in Norfolk, anciently called Sitomagus, was sacked by the Danes; 
Siricus, Elphegus, Livingus, A.B. Cant.  for the recovery whereof, Bishop Arfast removed his Episcopal See from Elmham thither. Norwich was fired by the Danes; its Castle was afterward re-edified by Hugh Bigod Earl of Norfolk.  

EDMOND IRONSID. A.D. 1016  EDmond, surnamed Ironside, the eldest son that Ethelred had living at his death, was crowned at Kingston by Livingus Archbishop of Canterbury, A. D. 1016. At which time the Danes were so powerful in England, that Canute was accepted King at South-hampton by many of the Clergy and Laity, who swore fealty to him. But the City of London stood most firm for Edmond, and bravely withstood Canute besieging it, till such time that King Edmond came and relieved them. At Penham near Gillingham King Edmond engaged with the Danes, where he put many of them to the sword, and the rest to flight. And not long after, his and the Danish Host met nigh to Shereston in Worcestershire, where the battle was for the first day fought with equal success; but on the next day, when the English were in forwardness and probability of the victory, the Traitor Edrick on purpose disanimated them, by cutting off the head of a dead soldier, putting it on his sword point, then crying to the English Host, Fly ye wretches, fly, and get you away, for your King is slain; behold, here is his head; seek therefore now to save your own lives. By which means the fight ended on even hands. And the next night following Canute stole away toward London, whom Ironside followed, first raising the siege that Canutus had laid against London, and then marching after him to Brentwood, where he gave the Danes a great overthrow. Then near unto Oteford in Kent, the two Armies met again, and fought in furious manner, till at last the day fell to the English, who slew Four thousand five hundred men, with the loss but of Six hundred, and put the rest to flight, whom the King had pursued to their utter confusion, had not his brother-in-law Edrick played the Traitor again, dissuading him from the chase of them, under the pretence of danger of ambushments, and the English soldiers over-weariedness. Whereupon Canute had the opportunity of passing over into Essex, where his scattered Forces rallied, and fresh supplies came in to them. After whom Edmond advanced, and at Ashdon by Saffron-Waldon the Armies joined battle, when a bloody slaughter ensued with the hopes of victory on the English side; which the ever-traytorous Edrick perceiving, he withdrew his strength to the Danes, the enemy thereby regaining the day. Of King Edmond Nobles were slain, Duke Alfred, Duke Goodwin, Duke Athelward, Duke Ethelwin, Earl Vrchel, with Cadnoth Bishop of Lincoln, and Wolsey Abbot of Ramsey, and other of the Clergy that were come thither to pray for good success to the English. The Memorial of this Battle is still retained by certain small hills there remaining where the dead were buried. From hence King Edmond marched to Gloucester with a very small Army, which he there increased. After him Canute followed, and at Dearhurst near Severn both Hosts met, and were ready to join battle; When by the motion of a certain Captain, Edmond and Canute undertook by single Combat to end the difference. So entering into a small Island called Alney, adjoining to Gloucester, there they valiantly fought, till Canute having received a dangerous wound, and finding Edmond to over-match him in strength, he thus spoke to the English King: What necessity should move us, most valiant Prince, that for the obtaining of a Title, we should thus endanger our lives? Better it were to lay Malice and Weapons aside, and to condescend to a loving Agreement. Let us now therefore become sworn Brothers, and divide the Kingdom betwixt us, and in such league of amity, that each of us may use the others as his own: So shall this Land be peaceably governed, and We jointly assist each others necessity.  
Which words ended, they both cast down their Swords, embrace as friends, with the great joy and shouting of both Armies. And according to Canute's proposal, the Kingdom was divided betwixt them; Edmond having that part that lay coasting upon France, Canute the rest. But the Traitor Duke Edrick, with design to work himself further into Canute's favour, procured Edmond to be thrust into the body as he was easing nature. Then cutting off his head, he presented Canute therewith, saying, All hail, thou now sole Monarch of England; for behold here the head of thy Copartner, which for thy sake I have adventured to cut off. To whom Canute, like a worthy King, replied, That in regard of that service, the bringers own head should be advanced above all the Peers of his Kingdom. A while after performing this his promise, by causing Edrick's head to be cut off, and placed on the highest Gate of London. But some say that King Edmond died a natural death at London, when he had reigned seven Months, whose body was buried at Glastenbury.  
His Issue were, Edward surnamed the Outlaw (because he lived out of England during the reign of the Danes) and Edmond.    

DANES.  

CANUTE, A.D. 1017  CANUTE the Dane, after the death of Edmond, seized upon the other half part of the Kingdom, the English Nobleses owning him for their rightful King, and swearing allegiance to him. He was crowned at London by Living us Elstane, Archbishop of Canterbury, A. D. 1017.  
And to establish the Crown more sure to himself, he banished Edwin (the son of King Ethelred), who for his melancholy and regardless behaviour, was called, The King of Churls. He also sent away Edward and Edmond, the sons of Edmond Ironside. Next he espoused Emma the Widow of King Ethelred, and sister to the Duke of Normandy, on this condition, That the issue of her body by him should inherit the English Crown.  
Then calling a Parliament of his Peers to Oxford, he there established these Laws following, viz. That all decent ceremonies tending to the increase of reverence and devotion in the service of God, should be used as need required. That the Lords Day should be kept holy. That a Clergy killing a Layman, or for any other notorious crime, should be deprived both of his Order and Dignity. That a married woman convict of adultery, should have her nose and ears cut off: And a Widow marrying within the space of twelve months after her Husband's dectase, should lose her Jointure. With many others. He went on pilgrimage to Rome, where he complained against the excessive exactions, and vast sums of money extorted by the Pope from the English Archbishops, at such times as they received their Palls from thence. Which the Pope engaged to redress for the future. The greatness and glory of this King was such, that some Court-Parasites sought to persuade him, that he possessed a more than humane power; but he to demonstrate the contrary (being then at Southampton) caused a Chair to be set on the shore, when the Sea began to flow, than sat himself in it, and in the presence of his many attendants thus spoke to the swelling-waves: Thou Sea art part of my dominion, don't therefore on pain of punishment presume so much as to wet the robes of thy Lord. But the unruly Sea swelling on further and further, first wet his skirts, than thighs; so that the King suddenly started up, and retiring, said, Let the inhabitants of the world know, that the power of Kings is but weak and vain; and that none is worthy the name of King, save He that keepeth Heaven, Earth, and Sea in obedience to his own will. After which time he would never wear his Crown, but therewith crowned the picture of Christ on the Cross at Winchester, which became a prize to the Churchmen He died in A.D. 1035, and was buried at Winchester. His Issue were, Swein, Harold, Hardicanute, and two Daughters.  
In Essex he built the Church of Ashdon, where he had the victory of King Edmond. In Norfolk he founded the Abbey of St. Benet's and in Suffolk the Monastery of St. Edmond, 
Egelnoth, A.B. Cant.  which Saint he much dreaded. To the Church of Winchester, besides other rich Jewels, he gave a Cross, worth as much as the Revenue of England amounted to in one year. And unto Coventry they say he gave the Arm of St. Augustine, which at Papia cost him an hundred Talents of silver, and one of gold.  

HARALD, A.D. 1035  HARALD, for his exceeding swiftness surnamed Harefoot, the base son of King Canute, in the absence of Hardicanute his Father's son by Queen Emma, was admitted King by the Nobility, and crowned at Oxford by Elnothus Archbishop of Canterbury. Which done, for the better securing of the Crown to himself, he sought means to gain Edward and Alfred (the two surviving sons of King Ethelred) into his hands. In order whereunto, he sent to them into Normandy a Letter feigned in their Mother Emmas name, inviting them over into England for the recovery of their right. But when Prince Alfred was accordingly arrived, Earl Goodwin, who pretended great kindness unto him, betrayed him and his small party brought over with him, into Harald's hands, who at Guildford committed them to the slaughter, only reserving every tenth man either for service or sale. Alfred he sent prisoner into the Isle of Ely, where his eyes being put out, he in short time after died through grief and pain. Queen Emmas Goods Harald confiscated, banished her out of the Realm, and oppressed the English people with great payments. He died at Oxford, 
Elnothus, A B. Cant.  A.D. 1040, and was buried at Westminster.  
HArdicanute upon the death of Harold was by the States of the Land, 
HARDICANUTE, A.D. 1030  as well English as Danes, invited over from Denmark to take upon him the government of the Kingdom, which he accordingly did, and was crowned at London by Elnothus Archbishop of Canterbury. The dead body of his half brother King Harold, he caused to be taken up, and to be thrown into the River Thames, which being found by a Fisherman, he buried it in the Churchyard of St. Clements Danes; so called, because the great burial-place of the Danes.  
Hardicanute for the maintaining of his Fleet, imposed heavy tributes on the English, insomuch that two of the Collectors thereof, named Thurstane and Feader, were slain by the Citizens of Worcester, for which fact their City was burnt, and their Bishop Alfred expulsed the See, till that with money he had purchased his peace. Earl Goodwin presented to this King a Ship whose Stern was of Gold, with Eighty soldiers in her, all uniformly and richly suited: On their heads they all wore gilded Bargenets; and on their bodies a triple gilt Habergion, swords with gilt hilts girded to their wastes, a battle-ax (after the manner of the Danes) on their left shoulders, a target with gilt bosses born in their left hands, a dart in the right hand, and their arms bound about with two bracelets of gold of six ounces weight, But as Hardicanute was revelling and carousing at Lambeth, in a solemn Assembly and Banquet, He suddenly fell down dead. The day of whose death, instead of laments, was annually celebrated amongst the common people with open pastimes in the streets. Which time (being the eighth of June) is called Hoctide, or Hucxtide, signifying a time of scorn and contempt, which fell upon the Danes by his death. He was buried at Winchester A. D. 1042.  
About four years before the Danes first coming into England (which was near the year of our Lord 789) showers of blood fell from Heaven, and bloody Crosses were therewith marked upon men's garments. 'Tis said also, that after the Danes had seated themselves in England, whilst the English were drinking, they would stab them, or cut their throats; to prevent which, when the English man drank, he requested the next sitters by to be his surety or pledge: Hence our custom of pledging one another, 'tis said.   

SAXONS. 
Edsine, A.B. Cant.   
EDward the Confessor, 
EDWARD CONF. A.D. 1041  the Son of King Ethelred and Queen Emma, was born at Islip, and after his Father's death was for his safety sent unto the Duke of Normandy, his Mother's Brother; but upon the death of Hardicanute, the English Nobility (disdaining all Danish subjection) invited Edward to return into England, and to execute the Kingly Office. He was crowned at Winchester by Edsine Archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 1042.  
He remitted that heavy Tribute of Forty thousand pound yearly, gathered by the name of Dane-gilt, which had been paid for forty years' continuance, out of the Lands of all, the Clergy excepted; Because (say our ancient Laws) the King reposed more confidence in the prayers of the holy Church, than in the power of Armies. Then from the divers Laws of the Mercians, Westsaxons, Danes, and Northambrians, he selected the best, and made them one body certain, and written in Latin. His Reign was more spent in peace, and works of piety, than in wars and blood: Only some slight troubles happened from the Danes, Irish, and Welsh, and also from Earl Goodwin and his sons, who being very powerful and proud, caused some molestations in the State. But the sins of the people which were then great, procured other Judgements instead of War: For in the month of January there fell a great snow, 
Robert, A.B. Cant.  which covered the ground to the midst of March, whereby  and Fowls in abundance perished. And on the next year following, a strange and terrible Earthquake happened, and withal such Lightnings as burnt up the Corn growing in the fields, whereby an excessive Dearth ensued.  
This King by the instigation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Goodwin Earl of Kent, dealt too rigorously with his own Mother, depriving her of all her Jewels, and other substance, and committing her to safe custody in the Abbey of Werwell. And moreover, put her to undergo that overhard Law, Ordalium, which was to pass over nine Plowshare-irons red glowing hot bare foot and blindfold. By which trial she is said to have acquit herself, insomuch that having passed them over before she knew it, cried and said, O good Lord, when shall I come to the place of my purgation? The King her Son hereupon received her into his favour again. And she in memory of her deliverance from this fiery trial, gave nine Manors (according to the number of the Ploughshares) to the Minster of Winchester (wherein she had that trial), and adorned the same with many rich ornaments. And the King repenting the wrong he had done her, bestowed on the same place the Isle of Portland. The eauses objected against Queen Emma, and for which she suffered the loss of her goods, were her marriage with Canute, the Capital enemy of England, and her neglecting to succour Edward and his Brother in their exile. The matter objected against her, for which she underwent the Ordalium, was incontinency of body with Alwin Bishop of Winchester.  
Of this King it is storied, that as he lay in his bed in an afternoon with the curtains drawn about him, a certain pilfering Courtier came into his Chamber, where finding the King's Casket open (which Hugoline his Chamberlain had forgot to shut) he took out as much Coin as he could conveniently carry, and went away. Did the like a second time. Came again the third time; when the King spoke to him, and bade him speedily be packing whilst he was well, adding, that if Hugoline should come and take him there, he should not only lose all he had gotten, but also stretch an halter. And when Hugoline came, and missing the money, was greatly troubled, the King wished him not to be grieved: for (saith he) the man that had it, hath more need of it than we have. When this devout King, lying on his deathbed, perceived, those about him to weep and lament, he said unto them, If ye loved me, ye would not weep, but rejoice, because I go to my Father, with whom I shall receive the joys promised to the faithful, not through my Merits, but by the free Mercy of my Saviour, which showeth mercy on whom he pleaseth. He died A. D. 1066, and with great laments was buried at Westminster. He is said to be the first King that cured that Disease commonly called the Kings Evil. This King of a little Monastery dedicated to St. Peter at Westminster, made a most beautiful Church and large, and founded St. Margret's Church standing by; and this he did for the discharge of his vowed Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He founded also the College of St. Marry Otery in Devon, and removed the Bishops See from Cridington to Excester.  
He married Godith the Daughter of Earl Godwin, which Earl took bread and eat it in witness that he was not guilty of the death of Prince Alfred; but as soon as he had received the bread, he was choked at the Table before the King at Windsor.  

HAROLD, A. D. 1066  HArold the Son of Earl Goodwin, notwithstanding that Edgar Atheling, the Grandson of Ironside, was the next rightful Heir, yet gained the English Crown to himself; Which he set upon his own head, without all ceremony and solemn celebration, none either greatly approving or disapproving his presumption, save only for the omission of the manner and form of Coronation. But now Harold to gain and retain the love of all, lightened the burdens of Custom and Tribute, that his Predecessors had laid upon the people; was liberal to the Churchmen, repaired their Monasteries, new-built that at Waltham in Essex: He created young Edgar Earl of Oxford, and held him in special favour. And to all men was affable and kind, whence he much fastened the hearts of his subjects unto himself. But this tranquil estate was quickly disturbed by the Norman Duke, who first sent his Ambassage, claiming right to the Kingdom of England by the promise of King Edward, and his ratifying the same with the consent of the State, and by Harold's own oath given to the Duke, for keeping the Kingdom on his behalf; and then (upon Harold's slighting the Embassy) he made prepapation for gaining of England by force. But ere Duke William with his Normans are arrived on the English shore, Harfager King of Denmark invaded the Land (with whom Tosto the cruel Earl of Northumberland, Harold's Brother joined) against whom Harold marched, and at a Bridge called Stamford (where he was to pass over) one Dane made good, for a time, the Bridge against his whole Host, and with his Axe slew forty of his men, himself at last being slain with a dart. When the English had gained the Bridge, and were reduced into their ranks, Harold most boldly set upon the Danes in their Camp, vanquished them, and slew Harfager and Tosto, with many other persons of note, and gained an exceeding rich booty both of gold and silver, then seized on their great Navy.  
And now William the Norman being well furnished with a vast Fleet of Ships well man'd, store of money drawn from his people, the Pope's Benediction, who had sent him a consecrated Banner, an Agnus Dei, and one of the hairs of St. Peter, with a curse to all that should oppose him. Thus prepared, the Duke arrived at Pevensey in Sussex, Sep. 28, where when he came to Land, his foot chanced to slip and he fell into the mud, and all mired his hands; which accident was presently construed for a lucky prefage; For now, said a Captain, O Duke, thou hast taken possession, and holdest of that Land in thine hand, whereof shortly thou shalt become King. But the Duke thus landed, he set fire on his Fleet, thereby to cut off all occasion or hope from his men of returning. And from Pevensey he marched to Hastings, divulging as he went, the causes of his coming, which was for the obtaining of his Kingdom; it being, as he said, his by donation from Edward; giving withal a severe charge to his soldiers, not to wrong any of their persons who in a short time after were to become his subjects. To Harold he sent his Messenger, demanding the Kingdom and Harold's subjection. But Harold returned him this answer by the same Messenger, That unless he forthwith departed the land, he would make him sensible of the strokes of his just displeasure. And with a brave and undaunted mind the valiant Harold advanced his Forces into Sussex, pitching his Camp within seven miles of his Enemy. When the Armies were come near together, and ready to engage, the Norman Duke, to save the effusion of Christian blood, as he said, sent a Monk as a Mediator for peace, with offers to Harold of these conditions, Either wholly to resign the Kingdom to him, or in sight of the Armies to try the quarrel with him in single combat, or to stand to the arbitrement of the Pope. To whom Harold answered, That it should the next day be tried with more swords than one. The next day was the Fourteenth of October, which Harold ever accounted fortunate, because his birthday, and with hopeful affurance desired greatly the approach of the same. His Soldiers likewise, too confident of victory, 
Stigand, A.B. Cant.  spent the night in revel, The morning being come, they both marshaled their battles. The Kentish-men Harold placed with their heavy Axes or Halberds, in the van (for by ancient custom they had the Front belonging to them): Then the battles joined, both parts bravely fight; but the Norman perceiving that by true valour he could not vanquish the English, betook himself to a stratagem, commanding his men to retreat, yet withal to keep in good order; which the English seeing, supposed that they had fled, and thereupon pursued their enemy so rashly, that they put themselves into disorder. Which opportunity William took hold of, so that facing about, and charging them fiercely when disranked, he made a great slaughter of the English. Yet would not any of the remaining English fly the field, but manfully fought it out, till such time that Harold wounded into the brains with an arrow through the left eye, fell down dead. With Harold died his brethren Girth, and Leoswinc, with most of the English Nobility. And of the Soldiers were slain Sixty seven thousand nine hundred seventy and four; some say an Hundred thousand. The Conqueror had three Horses slain under him, yet lost not a drop of blood by the enemy. He won this battle with the loss only of 6013 men. It was fought in Sussex seven miles from Hastings, upon Saturday the 14th of October, A. D. 1066. The English after this loss had designed to have made Edgar Atheling King, and to have took the field again against the Conqueror, but the Earls of Yorkshire and Cheshire, Edwin and Morcar the Queen's Brothers, plotting secretly to get the Crown to themselves, hindered the design.  
The Body of King Harold (despoiled of his Ornaments, and by a base Soldier mangled and hacked in the leg (for which the Conqueror cashiered him for ever), after much search was found among the dead bodies, and by the English Nobles conveyed to Waltham in Essex, where it was solemnly and royally interred.  
A little before the fight a dreadful Comet appeared.  
Tosto Earl of Northumberland, in spite to his brother Harold; slew all Harold's servants, and cutting them piece-meal, salted some of their limbs, and cast the rest into Vessels of Meath and Wine, sending his brother word, that he had furnished him with powdered meat against his return home.  
This he did at Horolds' house when he was absent.   

NORMANS.  

William the Conqueror.  
WIlliam the Conqueror, 
A. D. 1066.  was the base Son of Robert Duke of Normandy. His Mother Arlotte (a Skinner's Daughter) when she was great with him, dreamt that her bowels were extended and dilated all over Normandy and Britain. And as soon as he was born, being laid on the Chamber-floor, with both his hands he took up Rushes, and held them fast therein; which things were taken for presages of his future greatness. He began his Reign October 14, A. D. 1066, and was Crowned December 25 on the same year, by Aldred Archbishop of York, the English Bishops and Barons swearing Allegiance to him; and himself taking a solemn Oath to defend the rights of the Church, to establish good Laws, and to see justice uprightly administered. After which, he applied himself to secure his new-obtained Kingdom; and the better to assure the South of the Land, he took his way towards Dover, that so he might command the Seas from Enemy's arrivage, and over-awe the Kentish a most strong and populous Province. But Stigand Archbishop of Canterbury, and Eglesire Abbot of St. Augustine's hearing of his coming, they assembled the commons of Kent to oppose him, who about Swancomb kept themselves secret in the Woods, waiting the coming of the Conqueror. All jointly agreeing (because no way lay open save only a Front) to carry in their hands great branches of Trees, wherewith they might keep themselves both from discovery, and if need were impede the passage of the Normans. Which said device took so strange effect, that it daunted King William, even with the sight; who being, as he thought, free from the enemy, was now on the sudden beset on all sides with Woods, some of which he saw to move, and the rest for aught he knew were of the like nature. At length to put him out of all doubt, the Kentish men enclosing his Army about, displayed their Banners, cast down their Boughs, and with Bows bend were prepared for Battle. At which sight the Conqueror stood amazed. To whom Stigand and Eglesine presented themselves, and in behalf of the Kentish men thus spoke, Most noble Duke, behold here the Commons of Kent are come forth to meet, and receive you as their Sovereign, requiring your Peace, their own free condition of Estate, and ancient Laws. If these things be denied, they are here presently to abide the verdict of Battle, being fully resolved rather to die, than to part with their Laws, or to live servile in bondage. The Conqueror in this straight, more wisely than willingly, granted their demands. Some of the English this Norman King banished, and most part of every man's estate he seized into his own hands, bestowing the Lands of the Natives amongst his followers. He deprived Monastries, Bishoprics, 
Lanfrank, A B. Cant.  Cities and Corporations of their ancient liberties and privileges, putting them to redeem them at his own rate. And for default of lacking the weight of a Groat in the payment of 700 Marks by the Monks of Ely, for the restoring to their Abbey the ancient possessions, they were constrained to pay a 1000 Marks more. The Clergy he charged with maintenance for his Wars, bereft the Religious Houses of their Treasures, Chalices, and rich Shrines; abrogated for the most part the ancient Laws of the Land, ordaining new in their stead, not so equal or easy to be kept; also causing them to be writ in the Norman Tongue. He ordained the four Law-Terms, whereas before the causes of the Kingdom were determined in every Shire, or by the late Law of King Edward in their Gemote, or Conventicle held monthly in every Hundred. He commanded every English Housholder to put out both Fire and Candle at eight of the Clock at Night. At which hour, in all Cities, Towns and Villages, he caused a Bell to be rung by the Normans, then called Coure-feu, that is, Coverfire, to prevent nightly meetings. He laid great Subsidies upon the Land. And that the same might amount to his greater benefit, he caused an exact survey to be taken of the whole Kingdom, and of every particular part and Commodity thereof, causing all the people of England to be numbered, their names taken, and what every one might dispend by the year; their substance, Money and Bondmen recorded. How many yokes of Oxen and Plowlands were in the Realm, and what services they owed him. Which done, he exacted Six Shillings to be paid him for every Hide of Land. The Book thus made of every several survey, by the English was called Doomsday Book. He permitted no English man to bear any office of trust and credit. He dispeopled 36 Parish Towns, laying the Churches and Towns flat with the earth, making thereof a Forest for pleasure, now called New-Forest. To strengthen himself against revolts and rebellions, he fortified such places as he thought most convenient for his purpose, and built the Tower of London, the Castles of York, Lincoln, Nottingham, and Hasting. He was the first that brought the Jews to inhabit England. His Son Robert rebelled against him in Normandy, and in sight dismounted him; but then knowing his voice, desired his pardon, and remounted him. Odo Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent, his Brother by the Mother, for secretly siding with the King of France, he committed to Prison, not as Bishop, but as he was Earl, and seized his Estate. Some of whose Gold ground into powder, was found hidden in the bottom of Rivers. The Conqueror going to War against the King of France, in Normandy fell sick, when keeping his Bed beyond his wont, and the French King hearing that the Disease was in his Belly, scoffingly said of him, Our Cousin William is laid now in Childbed, Oh what a number of Candles must I offer at his going to Church! surely I think an Hundred thousand will not suffice. Which King William hearing of, said, Well, I trust our Cousin of France shall be at no such cost, but after this my Childbirth, at my going to Church (swearing by the resurrection and brightness of God) I will find him a Thousand Candles, and light them myself. And accordingly, not long after, he entered France with a great Army, spoiling all where he came, and setting the City Mauntz on fire: But he came so near the flames, that with the heat of his Harness he got a sickness (which increased, with a leap of his Horse, that burst the inward rim of his belly) cost him his life. He died at Rouen in Normandy, A. D. 1087. And forsaken of all his Courtiers, his body was left unburied, till that one Harluims a poor Country Knight at his own charge, conveyed it to Caen. Where, when it should have been buried, a certain man in God's name forbade the interment in that place, which said he, was his and his Ancestors right, taken from them violently by the said Duke. Whereupon they were forced to compound with him ere they interred the Corpse. His Issue were Robert, Richard, William, Henry, and six Daughters. His base Son, named William Peverel, was Earl of Nottingham.  
By his last Will and Testament, he commanded all his Treasure to be distributed to Churches, God's Ministers, and the poor, limiting to each their several portion. To the Church and Monks of St. Stephens at Caen in Normandy, he gave divers Manors in England, and great store of Land; yea, and his Crown and Regal Ornaments, which his Son Henry redeemed. To his Son Robert he had before given the Dukedom of Normandy. England he left undisposed, only wished his Son William might succeed him in it. And to Henry he gave Five thousand pound, presaging that all his Dominions should become Henry's in the end.  
He did ofttimes exhort his Children to the study of Learning, with this saying, That an unlearned Prince, is but a Crowned Ass. He built a Religious House, called Battel-Abby, in the same place where King Harold was slain, dedicating it to the holy Trinity and St. Martin, That there the Monks might pray for the Souls of Harold and the rest that were slain in that place, endowing it with many great privileges, and amongst the rest these Two; That if any Murderer, or other Felon, for fear of death fled thither, he should be freed from all punishment: And that it should be lawful for the Abbot of that place to deliver any Thief or Robber from the Gallows, if he should chance to pass, where any such execution was in hand. At Selby in Yorkshire he founded the Abbey of St. Germane, at Excester the Priory of St. Nicholas, and at Caen in Normandy the Monastery of St. Stephens. In his time it was decreed at Rome, That the See of York should be styled primas Angliae; and the See of Canterbury, Primas totius Angliae. The setting Seals to Bonds and Writings was now first used in England, there being before only Witnesses to them. Stigand Archbishop of Canterbury was deposed by the Conqueror, and died in Prison. The Abbot of St. Alban told this King, that the reason why he gained England in one Battle, which the Danes could not do in many, was because the maintenance of Martial men, with a part of the Lands Revenues, was converted to maintain religious men, and to religious uses. In the time of this King's Reign befell a most fearful Earthquake, strange burning Fevers very mortal, Murrains causing a great dearth among , extraordinary Rains, Water floods incredible, which so softened the hills to the foundations, that some of them fell, and overwhelmed the Villages near them. Most of the principal Cities were endamaged by fire. So great a fire happened in London, that it consumed Houses and Churches all the way, from the West-gate, to the East-gate. And 'tis said, that tame and domestic Fowls became wild, flying to the Woods.   

WILLIAM RUFUS.  
WIlliam surnamed Rufus, 
A. D. 1087.  notwithstanding that Robert Curtoise his eldest Brother was living; yet by the mediation and assistance of Lanfrank Archbishop of Canterbury and Wolstane, he gained the voices of the Council, and was Crowned, A. D. 1087. But Odo Bishop of Bayeux (to take revenge for his sufferings under the Conqueror) instigated Duke Robert to repair into England, and recover his right, which he promised should soon be effected. Now Robert, that Money, the sinews of War, might not be wanting for the carrying on of this design, mortgaged the Province of Constantine to his Brother Henry; and with him many of the English sided. William on the other hand by fairly promising to abolish the overhard Laws made by his Father, and to take off the Taxes and Imposts, drew the people generally to stand in his defence; by whose aids he regained divers strong holds that the Nobles had seized for Duke Robert. He also besieged Rochester wherein Odo was, from which siege he sent forth his Proclamation throughout the Land, commanding all men to repair thereto, and that whosoever would not, should be reputed a Niding. A word so disgraceful and hateful to the English (signifying a Coward or base-hearted fellow) that made multitudes hast with all speed to that service. Whereupon the Castle was yielded, and Odo banished, and his goods confiscated. But whilst these things were acting, Robert Duke of Normandy Landed at Southampton, and very shortly returned again into his own Territories, upon his Brother William's promise to pay him Three thousand Marks yearly, and to resign the Kingdom to him, or his Heirs at his death. About this time Lanfrank Archbishop of Canterbury died, and the King kept that See vacant above Four years. So did he by many other Ecclesiastical promotions, and set to sale the rights of the Church, preferring those therein that would give the most; and yet his exchequer became never the richer. He was wont to say, That Christ's bread is sweet, dainty, and most delicate for Kings. His Brother Robert's Territories in Normandy he invaded, taking divers strong holds and Castles, enforcing Robert to make a Peace with him. After which, these two Brothers unite their forces against their Brother Henry. But he fearing after-claps, had strongly fortified the Castle of Mount St. Michael in Normandy, wherein they besieged him. In which time of Siege, King William's life was in great hazard; for some of the besieged sallying forth, William more boldly than wisely road against them, and a Knight encountering him, slew his Horse under him, and had slain him too, had he not made himself known by his voice. Whereupon the armed men with great reverence took him up, and brought him another Horse, when the King not staying for the stirrup, sprang into the Saddle, and with angry countenance, demanded who it was that overthrew him, and the Knight as boldly answered and shown himself who he was. By Luke's face, quoth the King, thou shalt be my Knight, and be enrolled in my Check. with a fee answerable to thy worth.  
Prince Henry in the time of this siege being sorely distressed for Water, sent to his Brother Robert (knowing him to be of the better temper) desiring him, that he might have that permitted him which God had made common. Duke Robert commanded him to be supplied; whereat King William was wroth. 
Anselme, A.B. Cant.  To whom Robert said, And dost thou esteem more of water which is every where to be got, than of a Brother, having no more but him and me? In short time after these. Three brethren were reconciled, and in short time after that, the two elder again disagreed. The Peace of England was also disturbed by Malcolme King of Scots; but by the Ambushment of Mowbray Earl of Northumberland, he was slain, with his Son Edward. Then Mowbray grown proud turns Rebel; but was taken and committed to Windsor.  
Duke Robert preparing for the Holy Wars, mortgaged his Dukedom to his Brother William, for the sum of Six thousand six hundred sixty six pounds of Silver; for the making up of which sum, King William made the Religious Houses to ransack their Coffers. Normandy therefore was now the Kings concern to keep as his own, wherefore (a while after) hearing as he sat at meat, that Main a City in Normandy was straight besieged, and his Subjects sorely distressed, he swore his wont Oath, By St. Luke's face, that he would not turn his back till he was with them. And thereupon commanded the wall of the House to be broke down, that he might go forth the next way to Sea, leaving order for his Nobles straightway to follow him. But the Winds being contrary, and Seas raging, his  humbly desired him to stay a while, till the winds and Seas were appeased. To whom the King said, Hast thou ever heard that a King hath been drowned? Therefore hoist up the sails I charge thee, and be gone. Which accordigly being done, the King making such haste, relieved the City before it was expected. Then settling his affairs in that Country, he returned into England, where, as he was Hunting in New-Forest, Sir Walter Tyrrel a French Knight, shooting at a Stag, the Arrow glanced against a Tree, and struck the King into the breast, with which he immediately died, Aug. 1. A. D. 1100. His body laid in a Collier's Cart, was drawn with one poor Jade through a very dirty way till the Cart broke, where for a while the Corpse was left in the dirt; but afterwards was conveyed to Winchester, and there buried in the Cathedral Church. The bones since have been taken up, and laid into a Coffer with the bones of Canutus. At Westminster he laid new foundations of a most stately Palace, and finished that stately building, called the great Hall, which he found fault with because no bigger, accounting it scarce worthy the name of a Bedchamber, in respect of that which he intended to build. He new built the City Carlisle which 200 years before had been spoiled by the Danes, built the Church of St. Saviour's in Southwark, and founded an Hospital in York to the Honour of St. Peter.  
In this King's reign the Bishops See was translated from Selsey to Chichester, anciently called Cissancester.  
In his Reign happened a most dreadful Earthquake, vehement Lightning leaving an intolerable stink behind it. An exceeding tempest of Wind, that in London drove down Sixty Houses, blew off the Roof of Bow-Church, with the Beams, Six of which in their fall were driven Twenty three foot deep into the ground (the Streets of the City lying then unpaved.) A Blazing-Star appeared, and other Stars seemed to shoot Darts one against another. The Sea broke over its Banks, drowning an abundance of people; and in Kent overwhelmed the Lands that sometime were Earl goodwin's, which now are called goodwin's Sands, very dangerous for Navigators. A Well of Blood for Fifteen days risen out of the ground at Finchampstead near Abingdon. Pestilence, and Scarcity.  
Robert of Gloucester hath a pretty passage of King William in these Lines.  
As his Chamberlain him brought, as he risen on a day,  
A morrow for to wear, a pair of Hose of Say,  
He asked what they costned, three Shillings be said,  
Fie a dibles, quoth the King, who say so vile a deed,  
King to wear so vile a Cloth, but it costned more,  
Buy a pair for a Mark, or thou shalt ha' cory fore.  
A worse pair enough, the other swith him brought,  
And said they costned a Mark, and unneath he them bought.  
Ay bel-amy, quoth the King, these were well bought.  
In this manner serve me, or ne serve me not.  
A. D. 1096, and in the Reign of William Rufus, by reason of the Pestilence then raging, and the oppressions under which the English groaned, the tillage of the earth was neglected, whereby ensued great scarcity the year following throughout all England.   

HENRY BEAUCLERK.  
HENRY, for his Learning styled Beauclerk, 
A.D. 1100  (whilst his brother Robert was busied in the Holy War) promising many good things, was with the general liking of the people crowned at Westminster in A. D. 1100; Whose first business was the reforming of his own Court and Household, for a pattern to his subjects. Next, he restored to the English the use of fire and lights at their own liberty, freed the Church from reservation of its possessions upon vacancies; made the heirs of the Nobility free to possess their Father's Lands without redemption from him, engaging the Nobles to do the like by their Tenants. Allowed the Gentry to marry their daughters and kinswomen without his licence, so it were not to his enemy. Ordained that the Widow should enjoy her Jointure, and be at liberty to marry according to her own liking. That the Mother and next kindred should be Guardians to fatherless children. That Coiners of false money should be punished with the loss of hand and genitals. He also appointed a Measure to the length of his arm, to be a standard of commerce amongst his people. He forgave all debts to the Crown before his time. And that which did the most content his subjects was, 
Anselme, A.B. Cant.  that he revived the Laws of Edward the Confessor. After which, he recalled Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury, who had been forced out of the Realm by Rufus, because he opposed him for keeping Church-living in his hands. And Henry to settle himself the more deeply in the affections of the English, he married Maud daughter to the King of Scots by Margaret Sister to Edgar Atheling. But Duke Robert being returned with greatest honour from the Holy Land, claimed the Kingdom of England as his rightful inheritance; landed an Army at Portsmouth, many of the English flocking to him. At length the difference between these two brethren was reconciled on these terms; That Henry should enjoy the Crown during his life, paying to Robert in way of fealty three thousand Marks by the year. But this sunshine of Peace was shortly after withdrawn by the Rebellion of Robert Beliasme Earl of Shrewsbury, who in short time being vanquished, fled into Normandy for shelter. Archbishop Anselme is also said to have disturbed the peace by standing too stiffly for the pretended Rights of the Church of Rome, against the King's real Rights and Prerogative, peremptorily depriving what Prelates he pleased of their promotions, and refusing to consecrate certain Bishops that the King had advanced. Moreover the King and his Brother Robert continued not long in amity, ere Henry invading Normandy, takes his brother in fight, whom he sent prisoner to Cardiff Castle in Wales, where he had the liberty to walk in the King's Meadows, Forests, and Parks; but endeavouring to make his escape, 
Radulphus, A.B. Cant.  he was committed to a stricter durance, and also deprived the sight of both his eyes, and in few years after died, and was buried at Gloucester, his Brother Henry not long surviving him.  
Some troubles arose from the Welsh; but that people the King restrained, chief, by placing those Flemings among them, whose Lands the Seas had devoured some years before, and to whom King Rufus had granted that they should seat themselves in Cumberland. The poor Married Priests, Anselme sadly perplexed. And the King imposed heavy Taxes on the people, and reserved vacant Church-promotions to his own use, under pretence of keeping them for the most deserving. But how unworthily he disposed some of them, may be guessed by that pretty reproof which Guymund his Chaplain gave him. Who on Rogation-Sunday celebrating Service in the King's Chapel, being to read that Lesson out of St. James, 5.17, it reigned not on the earth, by the space of three years and six months, he purposely read, It reigned not one, one, one years, and five one months. Which causing laughter or admiration in all that heard him, the King rebuked him for it, demanding the reason why he read so. Marry, quoth he, I see you bestow your preferments only on such as can read so. Wherewith the King touched, preferred him▪ and in the future was more cautious whom he raised to preferments in the Church. The estates both spiritual and temporal he caused to assemble at Salisbury, then reforming many abuses, and laying here the first foundation of our High Court of Parliament. About this time Lewis King of France invaded Normandy, whither King Henry passed and vanquished him. But as his Son Prince William was returning after him out of Normandy, he was cast away, and with him an 160 persons of prime note and esteem, none of their bodies being found. The Mariners had had too much Wine bestowed on them at their putting forth to Sea.  
Maud or Matilda the Empress, after the death of the Emperor her Husband, King Henry her Father sent for over into England, where calling a Parliament, he caused Stephen his Sister's Son, with his Nobles, to swear Fealty to her, as to his lawful, and now only Heir. But the King sailing again into Normandy, he there after his pleasure of Hunting, made a great repast of Lampreys, upon the eating of which, he fell exceeding sick, and after Seven days sickness died, A. D. 1135. at the Town of St. Denis. His Bowels, and Brains, and Eyes were buried at Rouen. The Physician that took out the Brains was poisoned with the stench. His body sliced, powdered with Salt, and wrapped in a Bulls Hid, was conveyed to Reading, and there buried in the Abbey which himself had founded. Besides his lawful Issue William and Maud, he is said to have had Fourteen illegitimate, some say more. He built a magnificent Palace at Woodstock in Oxfordshire. In a great dearth in his Countries of Anjou and Main, he fed every day with sufficient sustenance Ten thousand persons, from the beginning of April, till such time that new Corn was inned. He erected and endowed the Sees of Carlisle and Ely, and the Abbeys of Hide, Reading, Cyrencester, and the Priory of Dunstable. His Queen Maud was so devout, that she would go to Church barefoot, and constantly exercise herself in works of Charity, insomuch, that when her Brother Prince David came out of Scotland to visit her, he found her in her Privy-Chamber, washing, wiping, and kissing poor people's feet; which he disliking, said, Verily, if the King your Husband knew this, you should never kiss his lips. To which she replied, That the feet of the King of Heaven, are to be preferred before the lips of an earthly King. 'Tis reported that when the King was preparing for his last passage into Normandy, there happened a fearful Earthquake, and that out of chinks in the earth arose burning flames which could not be quenched.  
In the year 1111, at Dunmow in Essex, the Lady Inga founded a Priory for Black Nuns, which afterwards became an House of Monks. Which Monks, 'tis said, did allow a Gammon of Bacon to such married couples, as repent not of their bargain within a year and a day after their Marriage, nor made any Nuptial transgression in word or deed. This they were to make a solemn Oath of.   


William Curboill, A.B. Cant.  STEPHEN.  

A.D. 1135  STEPHEN Earl of Bloys Son to Adelicia Daughter of the Conqueror, was admitted King by the workings of his Brother Henry Bishop of Winchester, and Roger Bishop of Sarum; but chief through the means of Hugh Bigot, who took his Oath that King Henry had on his deathbed (upon some distaste taken against his Daughter) disinherited her, and appointed Stephen to succeed him. He was Crowned at Westminster on St. Stephen's day, in A. D. 1135, by William corbel A. B. of Canterbury, the Prelates swearing to obey him as their King, so long as he should preserve the Church's rights; and the Lay-Barons in like manner swore allegiance to him, so long as he should keep his Covenants to them, and preserve their rights. His right he owned to be by election. The Charter containing his people's Franchises, Liberties and Immunities, which he bond himself to maintain, he Sealed at Oxford. Which was, that all Liberties, Customs and Possessions granted to the Church should be firm, and in force; That persons and causes Ecclesiastical, should appertain only to Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. That the vacancies of Churches and Church-mens goods, should be at the sole dispose of the Clergy. That all bad usages in the Land touching Forests, exactions, etc. should be extirpate, and that the ancient Laws should be restored. Many Castles he either caused, or suffered to be erected in the Land, which he intended for his own security against Maud; but they proved greatly to his own detriment. His entrance was very peaceable; but by little and little civil discords increased to the miserable spoil of the Realm, besides the troubles arising from outparts. Baldwin de Redners first began to break the peace, but him the King soon quieted. Then the Welshmen, who gave a great defeat to the English. Then David King of Scots (set on by some disaffected to Stephen) but in a short time peace was concluded with him. Then the Welsh again make inroads into the Land, carrying away great spoils. Next David King of Scots enters Northumberland, in the quarrel of the Empress, where his rude Soldiers dealt most barbarously with many of the Inhabitants, ripping up the wombs of Women with Child, and tossing their Infants upon the points of their Spears, slaying the Priests at the Altar, and after an inhuman manner dismembering the slain bodies After this the Peers of the Land conspire against the King, taking themselves to strong-holds: a great cause whereof was, because the King shown extraordinary favour to William de Ypre and his Flemings, following their counsels, and chief relying upon them. When David King of Scots taking opportunities from these inbred troubles, again entered Northumberland with a great Army, against whom the Northern Lords marched at the command of Thurstan Archbishop of York the King's Lieutenant, who himself being then sick appointed Ralph Bishop of Durham for his General. Which Bishop of Durham in the close of his invective Oration to his Army against the Scots, before the Battle, absolved from punishment of sin, all such of his side, that should die in the fight, whereby the English were made to fight the more desperately; so that in a short time they vanquished the Scots, driving the King of Scots and his Son out of the Field. King Stephen went on also very prosperously against his Barons, winning many Castles from them. Which done he proceeded against the Scots, with whom in short time a Peace was concluded. But that Stephen might be kept employed, the Empress Maud landed near to Arundel, with but an 140 men. Whom Stephen hasted to meet, but she colouring her designs with the pretences of amity and peace, he over-credulous, caused her to be honourably conveyed to Bristol, where she remained two Months, and then went to Wallingford; her base Brother, Earl Robert, in the mean time gathering aids for her. Wallingford King Stephen besieged, and his Brother the Bishop of Winchester, invited certain of the Nobles to his palace, where he kept them as Prisoners, till he had gained them to resign their Castles to the King. Worcester Earl Robert subdued and spoiled. Nottingham, Ralph Painell burned in favour of the Empress. And she for her better security took into Lincoln, whither Stephen following her gained the City, the Empress making an escape. Shortly after which, Robert Earl of Gloucester, with Ranulph Earl of Chester, encountered the King near to Lincoln, where with equal success the fight was maintained a long time, till at length the King's Horsemen (not without suspicion of Treason) gave back and fled, and shortly after his Foot began also to faint and fly, leaving this valiant King almost alone, who with his Battle-axe drove back whole Troops assailing him, maintaining the quarrel against his Foes with an undaunted courage till his Battle-axe broke; and after that till his Sword flew in pieces. When now weapenless he was struck down, taken, and carried to the Empress at Gloucester, from whence he was sent to Bristol. The Empress for a while ruling all, London, after much persuasion, received her with a royal procession; but in short time grew discontent, because she refused to remit some overhard Laws made by her Father, and to restore those of King Edward. Many Nobles also repined, as conceiving themselves too much slighted by her. The Bishop of Winchester who a while before had accursed all that withstood her, now absolves them, under pretence that the Barons had kept Faith with her, she not with them. The discontented Londoners he solicited in his Brother Stephen's behalf. Divers Castles he stored with munition and men. In the mean time Matilda came to Winchester, where sending for the Bishop, (being then the Pope's Legate) though he doubted some danger, yet not daring to send a flat denial, returned this equivocal answer, Ego parabo me, I will make ready, as though he had meant to follow the Messenger; whereas he addressed himself to work her downfall. For sending for his Brother's Queen, Prince Eustace, the Londoners, and William Ypre, he made strong his party for the King. Himself and friends abiding in the City, and the Empress keeping in the Castle, not daring to adventure forth for about the space of Seven weeks. When, the Bishop to deceive Matilda commanded peace to be proclaimed, and the City Gates to be set open. But the Empress and her Friends, now leaving the Castle to go to some other place, were pursued by the Bishop's forces, in which pursuit many of her party were wounded and slain, Earl Robert taken, and others flying into the Nunnery of Warwell, were burned, together with the place. And Winchester City the Bishop caused to be fired, for the Citizen's affections to the Empress. The Empress who had escaped to the Castle of the Devizes, and there in hazard to be surprised, caused herself to be put into a Coffin, as though dead, bound fast with Cords, and so as if it had been her dead Corpse, she was carried in a Horselitter to Gloucester. King Stephen and Earl Robert being exchanged one for another, the King now pursues Matilda, and in Oxford besieged her, won the Suburbs thereof, and brought her to that straight, that for her escape in a great Frost and Snow, she was forced (in order to the deceiving of the Sentinels eyes) to  herself in white Linen Garments, and so on foot to run through Ice and Snow, Ditches and Valleys, till she came to Abingdon, where taking Horse, she got the same night to Wallingford Castle. After which many bicker happened betwixt the two parties, with variable successes to and fro. Sometimes in one part of the Nation Matilda's side prevailed, in another part Stephens, to the great ruin of the whole Realm. However, Stephen to assure the succession to his Son Eustace, called a Council at London, commanding Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury to consecrate his Son King. Which he refusing to do, (and that by the Pope's special Mandate) was forced to fly into Normandy, the King seizing upon all his possessions. But Eustace shortly after dying, King Stephen inclined to peace, and was content to adopt Henry Fitz-Empress for his Son and Successor. To whom the Nobles at Oxford did homage as to the undoubted Heir, and the Prince yielded Stephen the honour of a Father. But King Stephen being afflicted with the Iliack passion, together with his old Disease the Hemerhoids, gave up the Ghost at Dover, A. D. 1154, and was buried at Feversham in Kent: Though his body afterward for the Lead-sake, wherein it was wrapped, was cast into the River. He had Issue Balwine, Eustace, William, Maud, Mary, and two natural Sons. His Son Eustace in a rage set fire on the Cornfields belonging to the Abbey of Bury, 
Theobald, A.B. Cant.  because the Monks denied to help him to a sum of Money; but afterwards sitting down to Dinner, at the first morsel of Bread he put into his mouth, he fell into a fit of madness, and in that fit died. King Stephen erected the Abbeys of Cogshall in Essex, of Farness in Lancashire, the Nunneries at Carew and Higham, an Hospital at York, and Monastery at Feversham. About the beginning of his Reign, a Fire beginning at London-stone, consumed Eastward to Aldgate and Westward to St. Paul's.   

HENRY II.  

A.D. 1154.  HENRY PLANTAGENET the Son of Maud the Empress, and Earl Geofry of Anjou was Crowned at Westminster, by Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury. And Henry to settle the Realm in quiet, demolished certain Castles, and fortified others. Some Earls unduly created, he reduced into a private condition, purged the Realm of Foreign Soldiers; chief of the Flemings. Chose himself a Council out of the most eminent persons spiritual and temporal, and restrained the insolences of some great personages, which made some of them discontented, especially that arrogant Lord Hugh de Mortimer, who raised a Rebellion. Against whom the King went in person, where in the Siege of Bridge-North he had been shot with an arrow, had not Hubert de St. Clare interposed and took the arrow into his own bosom. The King having quieted the Rebels, he hasted into France, and there did homage to King Lewis for his French Provinces, settled an accord between himself and Brother Geofry, and at his return into England entered into amity with Malcolm King of Scots, restoring to him the Earldom of Huntingdon. Then he advanced against the Welsh, with whom fight, his person was in great danger, his Standard-royal cowardly abandoned; for the which Henry de Essex Standard-bearer, was afterward accused by Robert de Montford, who in single combat within lists vanquished him at Reading, where the said Essex was shorn a Monk: But the King at length overcame the Welsh, and returned with triumph into England; after which, himself and his Queen Eleanor were crowned at Worcester, where they both at the Offertory laid their Crowns upon the high Altar, vowing never to wear them after. This now was the third time in which at three several places Westminster, Lincoln, and Worcester, he had been crowned.  
Then the King crossed the seas into his Dukedom of Normandy, where he made seizure of some Cities into his hands after his Brother Geofry's death, and settled some affairs, then returned. After which, and about the year 1163, began the famous Controversy betwixt the King and his Favourite Be●ket, whom in the beginning of his reign he had advanced to be Lord Chancellor, and upon the death of Theobald to be Archbishop of Canterbury. 
Tho. Becket A.B. Cant.  Which Archbishopric Becket at the Council of Tours secretly delivered up to the Pope, and received it again from his hands. But the cause of the dissension betwixt the King and this Bishop, was the remissness and neglect of Becket's curbing the disorders of the Churchmen, which then were grown to a dangerous height; complaint having been made to the King of above a hundred Murders committed by the Clergy in his reign. Which enormities, besides many others of other kinds, not being punished by Church-censure, the King exceedingly displeased, brought them under the Civil Power, ordering that Justice should be administered to all alike without partiality, as well Clergy as Laity; appointing Ministers of Justice through all parts of the Land to that purpose: against which Becket opposed himself, peremptorily defending the pretended Rights of the Clergy, and his See of Canterbury; yea so far, as that he challenged from the Crown the custody of Rochester Castle, and other Forts, which the King for securing his state had resumed into his own hands. Hereupon the King assembling his Bishops at Westminster, it was there agreed, That none should appeal to the See of Rome in any case without the King's leave. That no Archbishop or Bishop upon the Pope's summons should go out of the Realm without the King's licence. That no Bishop should excommunicate any holding of the King in chief, or put any of his Officers under interdict, without the King's licence. That Clerks criminous should be tried before Secular Judges. Unto which Articles the King peremptorily urged Becket to yield, without any reservation of saving in all things his order and right of the Church. But Becket utterly refused, sending complaints thereupon to the Pope, who very desirous to keep the King's favour, required the Bishop to yield unto the King without any salvoes or exceptions. So Becket, though with much reluctancy, at length did swear in verbo Sacerdotali & de plano, that he would observe the Laws which the King entitled Avitae, of his Grandfather, the like to which did all the other Bishops and Nobility. But notwithstanding Becket refused to set his seal to the Instrument wherein these Customs were comprehended, alleging that he did promise it only to do the King some honour in word only, but not with intent to confirm the said Articles. Whereupon the King sent to Pope Alexander the third, thinking by his means to have subjected the Prelate. But he passing it by, the King undertook the case himself, and by his Peers and Bishops, had all Beckets movable Goods condemned to his mercy; they also adjudging him guilty of perjury. The Bishops did by the mouth of the Bishop of Chichester, disclaim thenceforward all obedience to him as their Archbishop. And the next day, whilst they were consulting further concerning him, the Bishop caused to be sung before him at the Altar, The Princes sit and speak against me, and the ungodly persecute me, etc. and forthwith taking his silver Crosier in his hands, he entered therewith into the King's presence. But the King enraged at his boldness, commanded his Peers to sit in judgement on him, and they adjudged him as a Traitor and perjured person to be apprehended and cast into prison. To prevent which, Becket fled into Flanders, the Pope now openly siding with him, and also Lewis the French King. But Henry to let the Servant of servants know that he was supreme in his own Kingdom, and that he liked not his taking part with a subject against his Sovereign Lord, commanded the Sheriffs to attack such as did appeal to the Court of Rome, with the Relations of all such of the English Clergy as were with Becket, and to put them under Sureties; Also to seize their Revenues, Goods and Chattels. The King likewise seized all the Archbishop's Goods and Profits, banished his Kindred, prohibited his being publicly prayed for as Archbishop: Commanded his Justices to apprehend and secure all such as should bring any Interdict into England till the King's pleasure was further known. On the other hand, Becket in France, by special authority from the Pope, excommunicated the Bishop of London, and proceeded so far with others, that there was scarce found in the King's Chapel such as might perform the wont Service. Hereupon the King sends again to the Pope, to send him Legates which might absolve his excommunicate subjects, and settle a Peace. But the Pope's Legates whom he sent, did not effect a reconciliation, by reason of Becket's perverseness. Some conjecture, that in contempt of Becket (whose Office it was as Archbishop of Canterbury, to Crown the King) King Henry caused his eldest son Henry to be crowned King of England by Roger Archbishop of York. At whose Coronation-feast the Father-King himself carrying up the first dish of Meat, the Archbishop pleasantly said to the young King, Rejoice, my fair Son, for there is no Prince in the world that hath such a Servitor attending at his Table, as you have. To whom the proud young King thus answered, Why wonder you at that? My Father knows that he doth nothing unbeseeming him, forasmuch as he is royal born but onone side, but Ourselves are royal born both by Father and Mother. Not long after this, by mediation of some friends, a reconciliation between the King and Becket was effected; and Becket was permitted to have the full use of his Metropolitan See, and all the profits thereof, with the Arrearages. Which he had not long re-possessed, ere he published the Pope's Letters, by which Roger Archbishop of York, and Hugh Bishop of Durham were suspended from their Episcopal Function for crowning the young King in prejudice of the See of Canterbury. And the Bishops of London, Sarum, and Excester, cut off from the Church by Censure; for assisting therein; whom Becket would not absolve at the young King's request, but under conditions: Which the old King then in Normandy hearing of, let fall some words, intimating his high displeasure against the Archbishop, and desire to be rid of him. Whereupon Hugh Morvill, William Tracie, Hugh Brito, and Richard Fits-Vrse, Knights and Courtiers, hasted into England, and murdered the Archbishop in the Cathedral Church of Canterbury, 
Richard a Monk, A.B. Cant.  as he stood in the Evening-service-time before the Altar. Which done, the Parricides fled, and Thomas was reputed for a most Glorious Saint and Martyr, and strange Miracles (beyond my Creed) are reported to have been done by this dead Roman-Saint, and his blood. Amongst other Epitaphs made on his death, this was one: 
Quis moritur? praesul. Cur? pro grege. Qualiter? ense.  
Quando? Natali. Quis locus? Ara Dei.   
But the news of this vile act coming to the ears of the old King, he was exceedingly troubled; and to take off the imputation of Gild from himself, he protested that he would submit himself to the judgement of such Cardinal Legates as the Pope should send to inquire of the fact. And to calm his own perturbations, and avert men's thoughts from the consideration of that Tragedy, he undertook the conquest of Ireland, which he effected (being helped forward therein by the Civil dissensions then amongst the Irish petty Kings). Where having caused a reformation of the Irish Church, and settled affairs therein to his conveniency, he returned into England, and from thence posted into Normandy; where attended for his arrival two Cardinal-Legats (sent at his own request for his purgation concerning Thomas a Becket's death) by whom he was absolved: Having first given oath, that he was no way consenting to the fact, and declared his sorrow for having in his anger, given occasion by rash words for others to do the deed, and engaged to perform enjoined penances. The conditions of his absolution were, That at his own charge he should maintain 200 Soldiers a whole year, for the defence of the Holy Land, and that he should revoke the Laws which he had made against the privileges of the See of Rome, and Beckets friends. And now this Cloud thus blown over, another succeeds in its place, For his unnatural Son young King Henry, (by the instigation of his Mother Queen Eleanor) conspired against him, having for his confederates the Kings of France and Scotland, his two Brothers Richard and Geofry, with many of the English Nobles. Against whom the Father with a bleeding heart, for his Son's ungraciousness, prepared himself, and was very successful in Little Britain, where himself was in person; also in England by his faithful Subjects. For Humphrey de Bohun High Constable of the Realm, with other Nobles, vanquished Robert Earl of of Leicester and took him Prisoner, which moved Lewis of France to seek a Truce of him for six Months; whereunto King Henry yielded▪ than Shipped for England▪ landing at the Port of Hampton. From whence he took his journey towards Canterbury, and being come within about three miles thereof, he went barefooted, the hard stones so cutting his tender feet, that the ground was stained with his blood. And after he came to Canterbury, and was entered into the Chapterhouse of the Monks, 
Baldwin, A.B. Cant.  he most humbly prostrated himself on the ground, begged pardon, and by the instancy of his own Petition, was by all the brethren corrected with Rods. The number of lashes which he received on his bare flesh amounted to Fourscore. About this time William King of Scots, that had lately entered England, was taken Prisoner, and young King Henry was with storms driven back into France, and his Fleet scattered, shortly after which, Peace was concluded betwixt his Father and him. But yet again he sought his Father's ruin, though before he could effect it, he was prevented by the King of Terrors, Death, A. D. 1183. The following year Heraclius Patriarch of Jerusalem arrived in England, soliciting the King to undertake the holy War in his own person, which by the advice of his Lords, he refused, yet yielded to aid the Cause with Money, and gave them leave to go that were disposed thereto. His Son John, (whom he exceedingly loved, and commonly in jest called Sans terre, without Land) he made Lord of Ireland, assuring unto him also Lands and Rents in England and Normandy. Richard and Geoffery his Sons rebelled again against him: The younger of which in a Tournament at Paris was trod to death under the Horse feet, but the elder lived to the further grief of his Father. For joining himself with Philip of France, forced his Father out of the City of Mentz (the City where he was born, and loved above all others) which made King Henry to utter these words against him, That since his Son Richard had taken from him that day, the thing which he most loved in the world, he would requite him; for after that day, he would deprive him of that thing, which in him should best please a Child, namely, his heart. And afterwards finding his Son John first in the Catalogue of the Conspirators against him in that action, he bitterly cursed the hour of his birth, laying God's curse and his upon his Sons, which he would never recall by any persuasions. But coming to Chinon, he there fell desperately sick, and feeling death approach, caused himself to be born into the Church before the Altar, where after humble confession and sorrow for his sins, he yielded up his Soul, A. D. 1189, and was buried at Font-Everard. His Issue were William, Henry, Richard, Jeffry, Philip, John, Maud, and Eleanor. His base Issue William surnamed Longsper, and Jeffry Archbishop of York. These two by fair Rosamund, and Morgan by another Woman. Rosamund his beloved Concubine, was the Daughter of the Lord Clifford, whom to keep safe from the envy of Queen Eleanor, he placed in a Labyrinth, which he built for her at Woodstock, with such wind and turn, that none could come at her retiring Room, save the King, or whom he instructed. Howbeit the jealous eye of Queen Eleanor found her out by a clew of silk, which Rosamund let fall as she sat to take the Air. For she suddenly fleeing to escape being seen, the end of the silk fastened to her foot, and the clew still unwinding, which the Queen followed till she had found the lovely Rosamund, whom she so dealt with (giving her Poison) that she ended her days, whose body was buried at Godstow with this Epitaph upon her Tomb, 
Hic jacet in Tumba Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda,  
Non redolet, sed olet, quae redolere solet.   
King Henry divided England into Circuits, appointing that two of his judges should twice in the year, in each Circuit administer Justice.  
In the year 1164 he called an assembly of the States at Clarendon in Wilts, where (amongst other matters) it was decreed, That all the Clergy should, bona fide, swear allegiance to the King, and should appeal but unto the Archbishop, or from him finally to the King, without particular licence.  
In the beginning of his reign, one Nicholas Breakspear an English man was elected Pope, by the name of Adrian the 4th, who in the 5th year of his Popedom was choked with a Fly. He sent the Lords Prayer (in this manner) from Rome, to be taught the English people.  
Vre Fadyr in Heaven rich, Thy name be halyed everlich, Thou bring us thy michel bliss, Als hit in Heaven y-doe, Evar in yearth been it also. That holy bread that lasteth ay, Thou send it ous this ilke day, Forgive ous all that we have done. As we forgive such other money Ne let ous fall into no founding, Ac shield ous from the foul thing. Amen.  
In the Isle of Wight it reigned blood, the shower continuing for the space of two hours together. A great Earthquake in Ely, Norfolk, and Suffolk, which made the Bells to ring in the Steeples. At St. Osyths in Essex, was seen a Dragon of marvellous bigness, which by moving burned Houses. Another great Earthquake which overthrew many buildings, and amongst the rest, rend in pieces Lincoln Cathedral. At Oreford in Suffolk a certain hairy creature perfectly resembling man in all parts and proportions, was taken out of the Sea by Fishers in a Net, who after he had been kept a while, secretly slipped away into the Sea again.   

RICHARD I.  

A.D. 1189  RICHARD from his exceeding valour surnamed Ceur de Lion, was Crowned at Westminster by Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury. At which time a great number of the Jews, were in a tumultuous sort, slaughtered by the common people, for which many of them suffered death. The Coronation rights performed, Richard with all speed prepares for his voyage into the Holy-Land, appointing William Longchamp Bishop of Ely his chief Justiciar, and Lord Chancellor, joining with him Hugh Bishop of Durham for the parts beyond Humber, associating to those Bishops, divers temporal Lords for the defence and preservation of Justice. And with the King of Scots he concluded firm friendship. Which done, with a royal Navy he put out to Sea, and by the way to the Holy-Land, he seized on the Island Cyprus, where he solemnly took to Wife his beloved Lady Berengaria. The Island he committed to the keeping of his own Deputies, permitting the Islanders to enjoy all such Laws and Liberties, as they held in the time of Immanuel the Emperor. Further in his way he conquered a mighty Argosy, called a Dromond, wherein were a-Board a Thousand five hundred Saracens (disguised under French-Flags) furnished, besides all other provisions, with Fireworks, Barrels or Cages of venomous Serpents, for the use of the Saracens at Ptolemais, since called Acon. Of the Saracens he killed and drowned 1300, and then sailed safely to Acon. Before which lay these Christian Nations, the Genoese and Florentines, Flemings, Almains, Danes, Dutch, Pisans, Friezlanders, Lombard's, and the English under Hubert Bishop of Sarum. Besides the Knight's Templars collected out of all Nations, and also the aids of the Asians. The King of France also came to the Siege. Where whilst the Christians lay, Sultan Saladin cut off the heads of 1500 Christian Captives; in revenge whereof, King Richard in sight of Saladines' Host, cut off above 2500 of the heads of Turkish Slaves. The Siege before Acon was so well plied, (notwithstanding sundry dissensions betwixt King Richard and Philip King of France, the two competitors of glory in this Siege) that the City of Acon was surrendered upon Articles. Which done, the French King, envying the English Kings noble exploits, (though contrary to the French men's will) returned into France, having first given Oath to the King of England, that he would well and faithfully keep the Lands and Subjects of King Richard, and neither do damage to them himself, nor suffer others to do it till Richard's return. Howbeit whilst Richard was busied in the Holy War, the King of France after his return home, devised how to trouble and endamage his Dominions, but was hindered by his own Nobleses▪ In England the Peers and people were much discontented at the incredible insolences and intolerable tyrannies of the Chancellor, which though K. Richard heard of, yet kept he himself employed in the War, wherein he performed many Heroic acts. Within sight of Jerusalem he encountered Saladine, slew a great number of his Soldiers, took 3000 Camels, 4000 Horses and Mules, took his Carriage richly laden from Babylon, rescued Joppa, repulsing Saladine from thence. He also assayed to regain Jerusalem; but being in that Enterprise abandoned by the Duke of Burgundy, he was persuaded to accept Saladines offers for a three years' Truce. Which having concluded, and settled his affairs in the East, he set sail homeward; where in his passage his ships were scattered by tempest, and driven hither and thither; but he happily gaining the shore, hoped in disguise as a Merchant to have free journeying through Germany. But he being by the way overfree in his expenses, became suspected for another kind of man than a Merchant; and near to Vienna was discovered, and imprisoned by the Archduke of Austria, under pretence that he was guilty of the death of the Marquis Conrade at Tyre. Then the person of this famous King being thought too great a booty for the Duke, was gained into the Emperor's hands, whose usage towards him was very cruel, and the ransom required for him most unreasonable, being an Hundred thousand Marks sterling to himself, and Fifty thousand more to himself and the Duke, besides other conditions. All which being yielded unto, and engagement given for the performance, 
Hubert, A.B. Cant.  after fifteen months' imprisonment, he was set at liberty, to the great joy of many Princes in those parts, and to the unspeakable joy of his own Subjects in general, though not of his brother John, who, with the King of France ('tis said) were some instruments for the procuring of his unhandsome usage. But Ceur de Lion (escaping the waylayings of the Emperor, who sent to re-take him after his release) safely Landed at Sandwich, whither Hubert Archbishop of Canterbury, that had been with him in the Holy-Land, came with a joyful heart to meet him, whom when the K. saw, he dismounted, bowed his knee, than fell upon the earth. In like sort the Bishop lay upon the ground over against him, till at last both of them rising up, ran into each others arms, comforting themselves with mutual embraces and weeping for joy. His Brother John, who had been false to him, upon his submission he freely forgave, calmly saying unto him, Would that thy fault may so be forgotten of me, as that thyself may keep in memory what thou hast done. And after this the King restored his forfeited possessions to his brother John, who from that time became faithful to him, and did him very noble services, especially against the French, with whom Richard then warred. In which wars, this John Earl of Morton, and Markadey Captain of the Routs, had made an incursion up to Beauvois, where the Bishop (being also a Peer of the Royal Blood) valiantly fight, was taken in the skirmish, armed at all points, on whose behalf the Pope wrote somewhat earnestly to K. Richard, to set his very dear Son (for so he called the Bishop) at liberty. The K. in a kind of pleasant earnestness, caused the Habergeon and Cuirasses of the Bishop to be presented the Pope, with this question, See, whether this be thy Son's Coat or not? Whereupon the Pope replied, That he was neither his Son, nor the Son of the Church, and therefore should be ransomed at the King's pleasure, because he was rather to be judged a Servitor of Mars, than a Soldier of Christ. In this War with the French, the King amongst other victories obtained one of fame; Taking an hundred Knights and Servitors on Horseback, and Footmen without number, Thirty men of Arms, also 200 great Horse, whereof an 140 had Barbs and Caparisons armed with Iron. The King in his own person did most nobly, for with one Spear, he threw to the earth Matthew de Mummerancy, Alan de Rusci, and Fulk de Giservall, and took them. So have we vanquished the King of France at Gysors, howbeit we have not done it, but God and our right by us, said the King in his Letter to the Bishop of Durham. But the fatal accident is at hand, which put an end to this renowned Warrior; for the Viscount of Lymoges having found a great hoard of Silver and Gold, sent a great part thereof to King Richard, as chief Lord, with which the King being not contented, came with some forces to the Castle of Ch●luz belonging to the Viscount, where he supposed the riches were: The Garrison of which place offered to yield the same to him, and all therein, if only their lives and limbs might be saved; but the King would accept of no conditions, bidding them to defend themselves as they could, for he would enter by the Sword and hang them all. Whereupon an Arbalaster standing upon the Wall, and seeing his time, charged his Steel-bow with a Square-Arrow, making first his Prayer to God, that he would direct that shot, and deliver the innocency of the besieged from oppression; then discharging it, as the King was taking a view of the Castle, mortally wounded him in the left shoulder, the anguish and peril whereof, was extremely increased by the unskilfulness of the Chirurgeon. The Castle by continual assaults was taken, and by the Kings command none left alive, save this too skilful Archer, who neither denied, nor excused the fact; but alleged the necessity of his case, and the justice of God in it, for that the King, he said, had slain his Father, and two Brothers with his own hands. Yet did the magnanimous King forgive this Bertram de Guidon the fact, gave him an Hundred Shillings, and set him at liberty: but Captain Markadey after the King was dead, took him, flayed him alive, and then hanged him. When Ceur de Lion perceived the certain approach of death, with contrition, confession and participation of the Sacrament, he prepared himself for another life, and died of his wound, April 6, A D. 1199. And according to his command, his Bowels were buried at Charron amongst the rebellious Poictovins, as those, who had only deserved his worst parts; his heart at Rouen, as the City, which for her constant loyalty had merited the same; and his Corpse were inhumed at Font-Everard, at the feet of his Father, to whom he had sometime been disobedient. In the first year of his Reign he appointed Henry Fitz Alwin to be Major of London, that honourable City having been formerly governed by Portgraves, or Portreves. He caused Money to be coined, (held in great request for its purity) by the Easterlings a people of Germany, afterwards current Money, and called Sterling, from the Easterlings. When this King was in France, one Fulk a Priest told him, that he kept three Daughters, which if he did not dismiss, they would procure him God's wrath. Why, Hypocrite, said the King, all the World knows that I never had Child. Yea, said Fulk, you have Three, and their names are Pride, Covetousness, and Lechery. Is it so, said the King? You shall see me presently dispose them. The Knight's Templars shall have Pride, the White Monks Covetousness, and the Clergy Lechery; and there have you my three Daughters bestowed amongst you. Now lived Robin Hood an outlawed Noble, and Little John, who with an Hundred stout fellows more, molested all passengers by the way, yet only rob and made prey of the rich, selling good pennyworths when they had done.   

JOHN.  
JOHN (though that Arthur his Brother Jeffries Son was living, 
A. D. 1119.  yet) by the assistance of his Mother Eleanor and other Noble Friends, was by the great Council of the Realm admitted King: To whom they then swore only a conditional Fealty, viz. To keep faith and peace to him, if he would render to every of them their rights. He was crowned at Westminster by Hubert Archbishop of Canterbury. His Reign throughout was attended with great troubles: For first, the King of France took upon him to establish young Arthur in the Kingdom; though after a while for his own advantage he delivered the Prince into his Uncle's hands. Then the King of Scots procured some disturbances; but an accord was shortly made, the two Kings of England and Scotland swearing faithful love to each other upon the Crosier of Archbishop Hubert. Presently after which, these two Kings, with the King of South-Wales, expressed their great humility, by helping to carry the Corpse of Hugh Bishop of Lincoln, on their shoulders to the place of interment. Then the Clergy disturbed the peace, oppugning the King's Royal Title to a Benefice, locking the Church-doors against his Praesentee, scorning his Princely Letters, fencing the Church with armed men against his Officers, assailing his Sheriff, moving the Pope to excommunicate all their opposers; yea, caused the King himself to be accused to the Pope for a Tyrant. The whole Cistercian Order denied the payment of a subsidy granted the King. The Canons of Lincoln refused to accept of him for their Bishop, whom the King had appointed in the place of him deceased. Hubert Archbishop called a General Council in his Province without the King's permission, and then disdained the King's prohibition thereof. The Lay-Peers they came in also to act a part, and at a time when the King stood in need of their help against the Poictovins and French, refused to attend the King in his Wars against them. Howbeit King John put forth to Sea, arrived in Normandy, and in battle overthrew his Nephew Arthur, and by valour recovered all the Provinces which had revolted; Prince Arthur, and all the Peers of Poictou, above 200 French Knights and others of command, he took prisoners. Not long after which, young Arthur died, not without suspicion of violence. Which gave fresh occasion to some of the disaffected Peers to b●●dy against the King, whom the King of France now cited as his Homager for the Dukedom of Normandy, to appear at a set-day to be tried by his Peers upon point of Murder and Treason. And King John not appearing at the appointed time, was by the King and Peers of France Disinherited and condemned, and according to the sentence they proceeded against him; and what by the King's remissness, the treachery of his people, and power of his enemies, he lost a great part of his strongest Towns and Castles in the French Territories. But the Delinquent Peers and Barons King John put to their Fines; and for the carrying on of the Wars against France, had a Subsidy granted him, which moved the people to think hardly of him. The King of France, who had been too successful of late against the English, sent a braving Champion over into England to justify by Duel his proceeds in K. John's French Dominions; with whom John Curcy Earl of V●ster undertook to combat. This Curcy was a man of giantlike limbs and strength, and of some conditions ●o● despicable, had they not been savaged with too much rudeness: Which appeared not only in his wild speeches touching the King's 〈◊〉 of his Nephew Arthur; but even th●n, 〈◊〉 the King demanded of him whether he would combat in his quarrel: answered, No, not in thy quarrel, nor for thy sake; yet for the Kingdoms right I will fight to the death. But this the French Champion never put him to; for hearing of the Earls excessive feeding, and strength answerable thereto, the Monsieur sneaked away into Spain, as ashamed to show his face again in France. Of Earl Curcy 'tis further said, That when the two Kings of France and England met together upon a Truce in France, K. Philip having heard of Curcy, and that he was in the English Camp, requested of K. John that he might see some experiment of his so much feared and famed strength. Whereupon an Helmet of excellent proof, full-farced with mail, was set upon a Wooden block; when the Earl first lowering round about him with a dreadful aspect, lift up his trusty skeyn, and cleft so deep quite through the steely resistance, into the knotty wood, that none there present save himself could draw it out again, which he did with ease. Then being by the Kings asked, Why he frowned so angrily before he struck? answered, That he purposed if he had failed of his blow, to have killed them all, both Kings, and the other spectators. But for all this famous Champion, K. Philip by degrees gained all in Normandy, even Rouen itself. Main, Turain and Poictou, revolted from King John; and Angiers was betrayed: All these losses happening through the default of some of the English Peers and Prelates. For when the King was in readiness to take shipping for Normandy, Hubert the Archbishop forbade him proceeding in the voyage; the Peers also again refused to attend him: Wherefore the King put many of his Earls, Barons and Knights, yea, and Clergymen also, to a grievous pecuniary redemption; and Hubert's Wealth and Possessions (who died the same year) the King seized on. This Hubert was suspected of too familiar practising with the King of France. Upon the death of this Archbishop Hubert, the Monks of Canterbury made choice of Reginald, their Subprior, in his stead; and the King, after them, of John Grace Bishop of Norwich, a man of great wisdom. But the Pope neglecting both these, recommended Stephen de Langton to the Monks of Canterbury, and Bishops of that Province, to be presently chosen for their Primate. Which the Monks unwilling, and deferring to do, 
Stephen Langton, A.B. Cant.  alleging that no Canonical Election could be made at Rome, where was no consent neither of King nor Covent: The Pope with choler replied, That he had plenitude of Power over the Church of Canterbury; and moreover, that no consent of Princes used to be expected in Elections where the Pope was. He therefore commanded them under pain of his high curse, to accept him for their Primate; Which all accordingly did (though not without murmurations), save one Elias de Brantford. And to work the King into a compliance hereto, the Pope sent him four Gold Rings with four precious stones, an Emerald, Saphire, Ruby, and Topaz; signifying in his Letter sent with them, that the Rings roundness must remember him of Eternity; the quadrate number must mind him of Constancy, and the four Cardinal Virtues, Prudence, Justice, Temperance and Fortitude. The Golds price, of Wisdom; the Emeralds greeness, of Faith; the Saphires brightness, of Hope; the Rubies redness, of Charity; and the Topaz's clearness, of sanctity of life, But King John for all these fond toys and fine words, when he observed the Pope's arbitrariness, the dishonour arising to himself in being frustrated of his choice; the prejudice to his Crown in having a Bishop thrust upon him without Sovereign consent; the hazard to the State in having a French Favourite over the English, with also the Monk's disloyalty in yielding to the Pope's Election: He first of all proscribed the Monks as Traitors; and after that writ Letters to the Pope, wherein he alleged the wrongs done to himself, and made his exceptions against Langton, vowing immutably▪ to stand for his own elect and to die in defence of the liberties of his Crown, likewise minding the Pope of his great profits he received from England, menacing withal, that if he were crossed in this, he would then stop all from crossing the Seas to Rome. To which Letters of the King, the Pope answered very comminatory, and shortly after, viz. in A. D. 1208. because the King would be King in his own Dominions, this Servus Servorum interdicted the whole Kingdom, under which it lay for the term of six years, and fourteen weeks, without God's service, or Sacraments, or Christian burial. The Lay-people were tumbled like Dogs into every Ditch. Howbeit the King to be even with the Pope, proscribed the disloyal Clergy, their revenues he confiscated, their Bishoprics, Abbeys and Priories he put into Laymens' hands, and  they suffered wrong, without ordinary protection of justice. But some of the eminent Clergy detested the Pope's savage proceed, as Philip Bishop of Durham and his Successor. The Bishops of Winchester and Norwich they animated the King to contemn the Papal Curse, and the Cistercian Abbots (neglecting the Interdict) continued their Divine Service, till the Pope suspended them for their contempt. Moreover, the Pope to revenge himself on the King, Anathematised him by name, which caused many to desert his service; for which he punished them by Fine. Yet at length, the better to secure himself, and State, the King was very desirous to come to an atonement, and assured under his Seal, that Archbishop Langton, with the Bishops and Monks, and others, should be restored both to his favour and their possessions; that Holy Church should have all its Franchises, as in Edward the Confessors time: But because he would not make full satisfaction to the Clergy, for all confiscations, and other emoluments received of them, the Popes Nuncio's refused a peace with him. And the Pope was so mad, that he absolved all Kings and people, poor and rich, having dependence on him from all fealty and subjection to him; whereupon, Malcontents set themselves to work mischief. The Welsh fall off from the King, wherefore at Nottingham he hangs up their hostages, 28 in number. His Nobles many of them held themselves discharged of their Allegiance▪ so rebel, inviting the French King to their assistance, and promising to settle the English Crown on his head. Stephen Langton and other Bishops, implore the Pope's help to support the Church of England, being at the point of ruin. His officious Holiness thereupon decrees, That K. John must be deposed, and that he would appoint one more worthy in his stead. To effectuate which, the Pope sent his Letters to Philip King of France, requiring him to undertake the affair of dethroning the King of England, and for his reward, he should have pardon of all his sins, besides the enjoying of the English Crown to him and his heirs for ever. Also transmitting his Letters general, to all Potentates, Soldiers, Men of War of all Nations, to sign themselves with the sign of the Cross, and to follow Philip in this design, assuring all that their assistance herein, whether in person or purse, should be no less meritorious, than if they visited our Saviour's Sepulchre. The King of France accepts the offer, and makes great preparation for the invading of England, and King John raises a Land-Army, and prepares a Royal Navy to withstand him. But ere the French make their attempts, Pandulph the Pope's Messenger arrives in England, and so wrought upon the King, what by representing the danger he was in, and what by flattering promises, that King John (not insensible of his desperate estate) swore in all things to submit to the judgement of the Church. And shortly after at the Knight-Templers House in Dover, he surrendered his Crown into the hands of Pandulph, for the use of the Pope, laying at his feet his Sceptre, Robe, Sword and Ring, and subscribed to a Charter, whereby he resigned his Kingdom to the Pope: Professing he did it neither through fear or force, but of his own free will, as having no other way to make satisfaction to God and the Church for his offence. And that from that time forward he would hold his Crown of the Pope, paying a pension annual of a Thousand Marks, for the Kingdoms of England and Ireland. Pandulph now having got what he came for, hastens into France, there to dissuade Philip from proceeding against King John, as being become an obedient and reconciled Son to the Church. But Philip, who was of his holy Father's mind, not caring for K. John's repentance, but his Crown, in great choler professed, That since the Pope himself had so far thrust him on, his Legates suggestions, no nor his threats of excommunication, should not withdraw him from his intentions. In which resolution, calling his Peers into a consultation, they all approved his design, save Ferdinand Earl of Flanders, who alleged, that it was an unreasonable thing to think of invading another man's right; enforcing this his judgement with so good arguments, that thereby many of the Peers were induced to change their opinion. Which so incensed K. Philip, that he drew his Forces against Flanders, commanding his mighty prepared Fleet to set forward thitherward. Of the which K. John having speedy intelligence, set forth his Navy, and happily surprised the French Fleet at the Port of Dam (whilst most of the Soldiers were on Land, spoiling the Earls Country) taking 300 Vessels laden with Provisions, Arms, and other costly fraught, and burning and sinking above an 100 And now the King thinking to take the advantage of this Victory, made ready a great Army for the recovery of his hereditary Provinces lost to the French; but when all else was ready, than the Barons denied him their attendance, till he was assoiled of his Excommunication, and that their pristine liberties granted them by Henry the first were restored. Stephen Langton animating them herein; and promising his faithful assistance to them. Hereupon the King makes his appeal to Rome, presenting the Pope with rich presents; in answer to which, the Pope sent his Legate the Bishop of Tusculum, who wrought with the King to corroborate the conveyance of his Kingdoms to the Pope; unto which the King yielded. But the Archbishop of Canterbury opposed himself against it, with whom the Peers of the Land joined, avowing it to be an execrable thing to the whole World. And in a full Parliament it was Enacted, That since the King could not without consent of Parliament bring his Realm and people to such thraldom; therefore if the Pope should in the future attempt any such thing again, with life and livelihood he should be withstood. The Pope hearing of this, not only conceived exceeding hatred against the Archbishop; but sent also his authentic Letters for repealing the Interdict, upon restitution of 1300 Marks more to the Prelates, and that but by equal portions of five years' payment. And now the King passed into Poictou which he reduced, thence into Britain, where his Poictovins, according to their old custom, proved false to him to his great detriment. The while his Barons they play Rex at home, renewing their confederation, and binding themselves with an Oath at the High Altar at St. edmond's; bury, That they would pursue the King with Arms, till he should consent to the Charter of Liberties, granted by Henry 1st. So that the King was enforced to return into England, where, when come, they challenged this Charter as a part of his Oath made at his Absolution, and shortly after they met together at Stamford with a very numerous Army. Their General was Robert Fitz-Walter, whom they styled, The Marshal of God's Army and Holy Church. London invited them to enter the City by night, where, when entered, by their threatful Letters, they not only drew most of the Nobles from the King, but had also almost locked him out of his Royal Seat, insomuch, that he was necessitated by gentle messages, to procure of his factious Barons a place and day of meeting, which was Running-Mead, betwixt Windsor and Stains, (since called Councel-Mead) whither they came with Armed multitudes, out of all the Kingdom, numberless. Where the King perceiving their so great strength, and his own small party, he granted them the utmost of their desires, not only for liberties specified in Magna Charta, and Charta Forestae, but also for a kind of rule in the government, by 25 selected Peers, to whose command all the other Barons, were also bound by Oath to be obedient. But the King could not long relish this, therefore privately sends to his trustiest friends to fortify and victual their Castles, and himself secretly retires into the Isle of Wight. From whence he dispatched Messengers both to the Pope and his foreign friends, to crave the censure of the one, and succours of the other, against such outrageous Rebels. In both which his Agents were so sedulous, and friends compassionate, that at Rome by definitive sentence, the Baron's Charters were made void, the King and Barons accursed, if either of them observed the composition made at Councel-Mead. And from Flanders, Goscoin, Brabrant, and other parts, such competent aids came in, as encouraged the King, after Three months' secrecy, to show himself in the face of his Enemies. His Host he divided into two parts; with the one, conducted by himself Northward, he  subdued his Rebels, as likewise did the Earl of Salisbury Southward. Stephen Langton the Pope suspended for abetting the Barons; and his Brother Simon Langton Archbishop elect of York, had his election made void, the Pope constituting in his place Walter Grace, whose Pall cost him no less than 1000 pounds. [The Archiepiscopal Pall is a Pontifical Vestment made of Lamb's wool, as it comes from the Sheep's back, without any other artificial colour, and spun by a peculiar order of Nuns, cast into St. Peter's Tomb, and adorned with little black Crosses▪ having two Labels hanging down before and behind; which the Archbishops, when going to the Altar, put about their Necks, above their other pontifical Ornaments.] The disloyal Barons were all excommunicated by name, and all their Lands, together with the City of London Interdicted. But the lofty Barons held those censures in so high contempt, that they decreed neither themselves nor Citizens of London should observe them, nor the Prelates denounce them. And to revive their dying Cause, they resolve on a project for betraying the Crown of England unto Lewis the Dauphin of France, sending their Letters of Allegiance, confirmed with all the Baron's Seals, to implore K. Philip's favour for sending his Son, and his Son for the acceptance of the English Crown. To prevent a correspondency herein, the Pope sends his Apostolical Commands to Philip of France, that he should stay his Son from entering upon St. Peter's patrimony, with a Curse also on all such, as should assist the excommunicate Barons. To which Philip replied, That England was no patrimony of St. Peter's, no King, saith he, having power of himself to alienate his Kingdom, K. John especially, who being never lawful King, had no power to dispose thereof; and that it was an error and pernicious example in the Pope, and an itching lust after a new kind of Domination. His Peers swore, That they would spend their blood, rather than suffer that a King should of himself, or with a few flatterers, pass over his Crown, and enthrall his Nobles, especially to the Pope, who should follow St. Peter's steps, to win souls, and not to meddle with Wars, and murders of men's bodies. And Prince Lewis declared, That he would choose rather to be excommunicated by the Pope, than to falsify his promise to the English Barons. So without more ado, he speedily set forth for England, with his Fleet of 600 Ships, and 80 Boats, which coming to shore in Kent, the Barons joined forces with him. King John whose Army consisted most of stipendiary Foreigners, thought it best for a time to forbear Battle with Lewis, and not to commit his whole fortunes to the hazard of their sudden defection; therefore drew towards Winchester, Lewis marching forward towards London, taking all the strong-holds in his way (excepting Dover Castle, kept by the valiant and faithful Hubert de Burgo.) London received Lewis, the Citizens swearing truth to him, so did the Barons at Westminster, Lewis swearing to them, That he would restore all men their right, and recover to the Crown what ever had been lost by K. John. All or most places where the French Prince came submitted to him. At Odiam Castle indeed (wherein were but 13 English men) Lewis and his whole Army, was not only braved 15 days; but also sallying forth upon them, every one took an enemy, surrendering the Castle at last upon honourable terms. K. John in other parts of the Realm, with a very considerable Host ruined the Baron's Castles and possessions. But setting forth from Lyn in Norfolk (where for their faithful services he bestowed large Franchises, and his own Sword, and a gilt Bowl) with a full resolution to give Lewis Battle; as he was passing the Washeses, with his Army and Carriages towards Lincolnshire, all his Carriages, Treasures, and Provision were irrecoverably lost, himself and Army hardly escaping. And now by this time, the Barons were struck with some remorse to see their Native Country by their procurement to be so miserably wasted, and afflicted; and which grieved them the most was, that their faithful services to Lewis, were but slightly regarded by him at present, and were like to be ill repaid in the future; for Viscount De Melun a Noble Frenchman, had on his death bed privately discovered to them, how that Lewis had sworn, That if ever England's Crown was settled on his head, he would condemn unto perpetual exile all the disloyal Barons, as Traitors to their Sovereign, and extirpate all their kindred. Forty of the Barons therefore presently addressed their Letters of submissive suit to the King, but he was dead before the Messengers came. Some say he died of a flux, some of a Surfeit; but the most report, that he died of Poison; for K. John coming, say they, from the Washeses to Swinshed Abbey, and there taking notice as he sat at meat, of their too prodigal provision, he swore, That if he lived but half a year longer, he would make one halfpenny Loaf as dear as twelve. To prevent which, a Monk presented him with an envenomed Cup, tasting first thereof himself, so becoming the wicked instrument of his own and Sovereign's death, Octob. 19, 1216. He was buried at Worcester. His Issue were Henry, Richard, Joan, Eleanor and Isabel. Base issue, Jeffry Fitz-Roy, Richard, and Jane. He appointed those excellent forms of Civil government in the Cities and incorporate Towns of England, endowing them also with their greatest Franchises. He settled the rates and measures for Wine, Bread, Cloth, and such like necessaries of Commerce. He planted English Laws and Officers in Ireland. Now lived one Simon Thurvey, who for his pride in Learning, especially for his blasphemies against Moses and Christ, became so utterly ignorant, that he could hardly read a Letter in the Book.  
In or the near the year 1176, London-Bridge was begun to be built of Stone by Peter of Colechurch Priest, and was finished in A. D. 1209.  
Mayors in this King's time, were these following,  
In the 10th year, 

Henry Fitz Alwin was first Mayor.  
Peter Duke, Thomas Neal, Sheriffs.    
In the 11th year, 

Idem, Mayor.  
Peter le Josue, William Blounde, Sheriffs.    
In the 12th year, 

Idem, Mayor.  
Adam Witley, Stephen le Grass, Sheriffs.    
In the 13th year, 

Idem, Mayor.  
John Fitz Peter, John Garland, Sheriffs.    
In the 14th year, 

Idem Mayor.  
Randolph Egland, Constantine Josue, Sheriffs.    
In the 15th year, 

Idem Mayor.  
Martin Fitz Alice, Peter Bate, Sheriffs.    
In the 16th year, 

Idem Mayor.  
Solomon Basin, and Hugh Basin, Sheriffs.    
In the 17th year, 

William Hardel Mayot.  
John Trevers, Andrew Newland, Sheriffs.     

HENRY III.  
HENRY 3d. at about 10 years of Age was Crowned King, 
A.D. 1216  the Ninth day after his Father K. John's decease, the Earl of Pembroke being by common consent of Peers and Prelates constituted Guardian of him during his Nonage. This Noble Earl set out against Lewis, and at Lincoln utterly defeated his Army; which discomfiture was called Lewis Fair, from the great spoil that the Earls Soldiers took from the Lewysians and City of Lincoln. Here the chiefest of the malignant Barons were taken, with about 400 Knights, besides Esquires, and of other sorts innumerable. A great number also of such as escaped out of the Fight, were knocked on the head by the Country people. Likewise about the same time a fresh supply of men and Money coming from France, were scattered, sunk and taken by the English Fleet, the English in the engagement using unslaked Lime, which they threw into the faces of the Monsieurs, blinding their sight therewith. Then to give no rest to Lewis his declining fortunes, the Earl of Pembroke clseloy besieged London with Lewis in it, where he brought the matter to capitulation. The heads whereof were, That Lewis and the Barons should submit to the judgement of the Church, whose censure they had long contemned. That Lewis should departed the Land, 
Richard Magnus, A.B. Cant.  and never return with design to do harm. That he should endeavour with his Father, that all such things that belonged to the English Crown might be restored; and that when Lewis himself should be King, he should peaceably part with them. That Lewis should immediately render to K. Henry all holds and places taken in the War; for the performance of all which, Lewis took his Oath. On the other part, the King, Legate, Wallo and the Earl swore, That the King should restore to the Barons and others, all their rights and inheritances, with all their liberties formerly demanded of K. John. That none of the Laity should suffer damage and reproach, for taking part on either side. That Prisoners should be released. This done, Wallo absolved Lewis and his adherents, and Lewis took his leave of England. Yet was not England quiet long, for William Earl of Aumarl, Foulk de Brent, and Robert de Veipont, with others, committed divers furious Riots, the Church and State being grown into such disorder, that every man dared to attempt in either, what his own audaciousness should suggest. The Welsh they made some stirs. And one Fitz-Arnulph a Citizen of London, attempted to set up Lewis again; for the which, himself and two others were hanged, and many more had their hands or feet cut off. The Barons they were high, for a confirmation of their Liberties. And Lewis of France, upon the death of his Father, seized Rochel, and the whole Country of Poictou (which belonged to the King of England) into his hands, under pretence, that K. Henry an Homager for Aquitain, was not present at his Coronation, nor yet excused his absence by Ambassadors. Whereupon Henry summons a Parliament for Aids to recover his losses, which being granted, he sent over his forces, which discomfited the French. But the King necessitated for more moneys for the carrying on of his design in Gascoign, wrung from the Londoners Five thousand Marks above their Fifteenths, alleging that they had to his prejudice given Lewis the like sum. The Clergy also were compelled under pain of Papal censure, to pay the Fifteenth, not only for their temporal, but also Ecclesiastical Goods: And by advice of Hubert de Burgo Chief Justice, the King revoked the Charters of Liberties, which for about two years had been practised through the Realm, pretending his Nonage when granted. Which caused in all a great heartburning against Hubert. Howbeit, the King was well furnished with money and men, which he caused to be transported into Britain, and on the same day in which he set sail from England, himself in person did visit the poor and feeble, dealing large Alms to them, and not refusing to kiss the sick and leprous. But before that the King had opportunity to effect any thing in those parts considerable, the Irish rebelled, constraining him to return, to reduce then in●o order. Which when he had done, he advanced against the Welsh, whom he also repressed, though not without considerable loss. About this time Hubert de Burgo Earl of Kent, was accused by the Bishop of Winchester and others for the committing of many great crimes, and he doubting that he should not have a fair Trial, retired himself into Essex, whither he was prosecuted by Armed men, and in a Chapel at Burntwood was apprehended; out of which the rude Soldiers hailed him, and sent for a Smith to make Shackles for him; which when the Smith understood that they were for him, fetching a deep sigh, he said, Do with me what you please, and God have mercy on my soul; but as sure as the Lord lives, I will never make Iron-Shackles for him, but will rather die the worst death that is. For is not this the most Loyal, and Courageous Hubert, who so often hath preserved England from being destroyed by strangers, and restored England to England? Let God be judge between him and you, for using him so unjustly and inhumanely, requiting his most excellent deserts, with the worst recompense that can be. Notwithstanding all this, Sir Godfrey de Crancomb who commanded the party, bound the Earl, and conveyed him to the Tower of London, where he had not long been, ere the Bishop of London procured his liberty, though shortly after he was again imprisoned. In his place the King elected for his Councillor and Confident, Peter de Rupibus Bishop of Winchester, who displaced the English Officers, and in their Rooms placed Poictovins and Britons, stuffing the King's Castles with them, intrusting as it were the treasures, strength and Realm itself in their hands, to the great discontent of the English Peers. Who now confederated against the strangers, and refused upon the King's summons to appear in Parliament; sending this impudent Message to their Sovereign, That if out of hand he removed not the Bishop of Winchester, and strangers out of his Court, they all of them, by the common consent of the Kingdom, would drive him and his wicked Counsellors out of it, and would consult about creating of a new King. Whereupon the King (animated by Winchester) commanded the Earl-Marshal, with all others whom he suspected, to appear at Gloucester, where the King was with an Army: Which they refusing to do, the King burned their Manors, and gave away their Inheritances to the Poictovins. The Earl-Marshal he contracts strict amity with Leweylyn Prince of Wales, and made great spoil on the possessions of the Kings reputed Seducers. Shrewsbury he sacked and burnt. Gilbert Lord Basset, the Earls great Confederate, set fire on Alkmundbury, not far from Huntingdon. But the Earl-Marshal having crossed the seas into Ireland, there to recover his Lands taken from him by the fraud of the Bishop of Winchester, was there wounded to death; for whose loss the King, to the wonder of all that saw it, broke forth into tears, affirming, That he had left no Peer about him in the Kingdom. And now the Bishop of Winchester, hated of the people, was commanded by the King not to meddle any farther in State-matters. And against Peter Rivallis Lord Treasurer, the King was so in raged, that he swore he would pluck out his eyes, were it not for reverence of holy Orders. And by the workings of the Bishops, an accord was effected betwixt the King and his Peers, and the Poictovins were commanded to departed the Realm. Howbeit the Land was not yet eased of its Oppressors and Oppressions; for the Pope sent over into England three hundred Romans, requiring to have the first Benefice that should become vacant, to be bestowed on them; requiring also great sums of money of the Clergy for maintenance of the Pope's Wars against the Emperor: Which though the Clergy at first opposed, yet were forced to yield unto it at the last. The Pope himself had a mind to have come hither in his own person, but the King's Council liked not thereof; alleging, that the Romans Rapines and Simonies had enough stained England's purity, though the Pope himself came not personally to spoil and prey upon the Wealth of the Church.  
About the year 1240, Richard Earl of Cornwall, the King's Brother, with the Earls of Pembroke, Chester, Lincoln, Salisbury, and many other honourable persons, departed for the Holy Land; and in A. D. 1242, the King passed the Seas to recover Poictou, but effected not any thing remarkable, though he expended great store of Treasure. Upon his return into England he was therefore compelled to be burdensome to his subjects for recruiting of his exhausted Treasure, as well by the levy of Escuage, as of Loan and otherwise. The Jews in especial manner were made sensible of his wants. Too much of their money, thus raised, 'tis said he expended in Entertainments and Shows; though afterward the King reflecting on his former profuseness in gifts and entertainments, he shortened the allowances of his household and entertainments, without any regard to Majesty. And to spare his own charge the more, he invited himself now to this man's house, now to that; but nowhere contenting himself with his welcome, unless himself and his Queen, Son Edward, yea, and chief Favourites, were presented with costly Gifts. 'Tis said that he was sometime reduced to that penury, that he was forced to live upon the Alms of the Church. This King designed, at least pretended, to go for the Holy Land; when the Parliament granted him large Aids upon this condition, That at this time once for all, he should submit himself to govern by Law, to confirm the Charters of Liberties, or Magna Charta: Against the breakers whereof, a most solemn curse was pronounced. The King swearing to keep all Liberties, upon pain of that execratory sentence, As he was a man, a Christian, a Knight, and a King anointed and crowned. Yet, notwithstanding the Oath and the Curse, the King two or three years after caused the Tenth of all England and Ireland to be collected for his own use and the Popes, the Pope having given the Kingdom of Sicily to his Son Edmond; but the English subjects were first to win it for him. Which the Nobles peremptorily denied the attempting, there being occasion enough for money and men at home, the Welsh having risen in rebellion. Against whom Prince Edward was sent; who, though he wanted not for Courage, 
St. Edmund of Abing●●n, A. B. Ca●t.  yet in one field lost 2000 English men, and was beaten out of the field.  
In A.D. 1257, was Richard Earl of Cornwall, the King's Brother, elected King of Romans, and was crowned at Aquisgrane, having paid a large sum of money for the honour. At this time the Earl was reputed to possess so much ready Coin, as would every day for ten years afford him an hundred Marks upon the main stock, besides his Rents and Revenues in Germany, and the English Dominions.  
And now the King relapsed into his profuseness, and favouring of the Poictovins, and other foreigners: The Nobles hereupon came tightly armed to the Parliament holden at Oxford, with a resolution to enforce the King and his Aliens to their proposals; Which were, That the King should unfeignedly keep the Charter of Liberties: That such an one should be in place of Justitiar, who would judge all impartially. That the Foreigners should be expelled the Realm: And that twenty-four persons should there be chosen to have the sole administration of King and State; and yearly appointing of all great Officers. Reserving to the King the Ceremonies of Honour. Binding themselves by Oath to see these things performed; and the King and Prince swearing to observe the ordination of these disloyal Barons, who had by an Edict given out high menacings against all that should resist. The Poictovins were so terrified by these violent proceed, that they fled into France. The giddy people they joined with the Barons as the Assertors of their Liberties: 
Boniface, A. B. Cant  the Londoners bound themselves under their public Seal to assist them in the common Cause: Richard King of Romans the Barons would not suffer to come into England, but in a private manner, with a very small train; and being landed, they exacted an Oath of him; and upon pain of forfeiting all his Lands in England, bound him to join with them in reforming the State, which they factiously had assumed to do, having appointed Four Knights Commissioners in every shire, to inquire of all Oppressions, and to certify the same to them. And the better to strengthen their Cause, Simon Montford Earl of Leicester, Head of the Factionists, with others, passed into France, there to transact with the King thereof, as to an indissoluble League. About which time King Henry, for want of Money, or good Counsel, or both, was induced upon no very good terms, for ever to renounce to the King of France all his right to Normandy, Anjou, Tourain, Main, and Poictou. But the fire which had been long in blowing, did now break out into a flame; the King and his Barons taking arms against each other. Simon de Montford executes his greatest revenge on the Queen's friends, who were aliens; not sparing the King's, who were freeborn Englishmen: Yet at length mutual weariness inclines Henry and his Barons to a peace; and the King is willing that the Statutes of Oxford should be in force; but the Queen was unwilling: Which being known to the Londoners, it put the base sort into so lewd a rage, that she being to shoot the Bridge from the Tower towards Windsor, where Prince Edward was ingarisoned, they with dirt and stones, and villainous words, forced her back to the Tower. Howbeit at London in a Parliament there held, matters were pieced up, though shortly after all was rend again, both sides making fresh preparations for War. King Henry drew towards Oxford, where the rendezvous of his friends and forces was appointed; from which University he dismissed all the Students, being above fifteen thousand, of those only whose names were entered into the Matriculation-book. Whereupon many of them went to the Barons to Northamptor, whither Henry came, and breaking in at the Town-Walls, encountered his Enemies, amongst whom these Students of Oxford had a Banner by themselves, advanced right against the King, and did more annoy him in the fight, than the rest of the Baron's Forces: Which the King (who at length prevailed) vowed sharply to revenge; but was dissuaded by his Councillors, who told him that those Students were the sons and kindred of the great men of the Land, whom if he punished, even the Nobles that now stood for him, would take arms against him.  
The King, encouraged by this success, advanceth his Royal Standard toward Nottingham, burning and wasting the Baron's Lands wheresoever he came. The Barons they sent Letters to him, protesting their loyal observance to his person, but all hostility to their enemies who were about him. 
Rob. Kilwarby. A B. Cant,  To which the King returned them a full defiance, as to Traitors, professing that he took the wrong of his friends as his own, and their enemies as his. At length the two Armies met, and engaged in fight, wherein Prince Edward bravely behaved himself, putting the Londoners to flight, pursuing them for four miles; but in the mean while, his Father having his horse slain under him, yielded himself prisoner: the King of Romans, and other great Peers were taken, and the whole hope of the day lost on the King's side. On the next day peace was concluded for the present on condition, That Prince Edward and Henry the King of Romans Son, should also render themselves into the Baron's hands. And now by this advantage the factious Lords, gained all the chief Castles of the Kingdom into their power, Montford carrying his Sovereign as his prisoner about the Country (yet with all outward respect and honour) the rather to procure a more quiet surrender of Garrisons. So fortunate may Treason and Rebellion for a time be, though in the end it commonly speeds as it deserves. To tame these Rebels the Pope sends his Cardinal Legate to Excommunicate them, but they trusting to the temporal sword, made light of the spiritual. Howbeit, to the King's great advantage there happened so irreconcilable a difference betwixt the two great Earls of Leicester, and Gloucester, that the latter forsook the Baron's cause, and joined himself with Roger de Mortimer, and his associates, to whom not long after Earl Warren, and William de Valence Earl of Pembroke, with other Peers united themselves, and Prince Edward escaping came in safety to them; the Counties of Hereford, Worcester, Salop and Chester coming in to their assistance. When the Prince having a considerable strength marched against Montford, who hearing of the Princes advance, encamped at Evesham, where Prince Edward enclosed him, compelling him either to fight or yield. The first of which he elected, both Armies joining battle before the Town of Evesham, where the Earls host was with much slaughter, especially of the Welsh, utterly in the end distressed and discomfited. Simon de Montford being slain in fight, had his head, hands and feet chopped off. The King who had been brought a prisoner into the field, by his friend's valour and good hap, was restored to his Liberty. And he presently after this cruel battle called a Parliament at Winchester, by whose approbation he seized into his hands the Charters of London, and other disloyal Towns, disinherited such as were on the Earls side, distributing their estates amongst his well-deserving Subjects. The Legate Cardinal Ottabon excommunicated the Bishops of London, Winchester, Worcester, and Chichester, for their adhering unto the Earl. And now all things being calm in England, Prince Edward, with many of the Nobles, took the Cross upon them for the Holy-Land. And the King to secure the Nations peace, held a Parliament at Marleborough, where the statutes of Marleborough were enacted. But King Henry having been at Norwich, to punish the Citizen's outrage in burning the Priory Church, he, in his return, fell grievously sick at the Abbey of St. Edmond in Suffolk, and there died, in A. D. 1272. Whose issue was Edward, Edmond Surnamed Crouchback, Richard, John, William, Henry, Margaret, Beatrice and Katherine. This King laid the first stone, of the new work of the Abby-Church at Westminster. He founded the house of Converts, where such as forsook the Jewish Religion had provisions for maintenance. He also erected and endowed a famous Hospital at Oxford, both for the entertainment of Foreigners and Pilgrims, and for relief of such as were diseased. He was so disposed to performing acts of charity, made Leoline Prince of Wales (Montfords' confederate) when he was threatened hardly if he would not live at peace, to answer thus, I more fear the Alms deeds of the King, than all the men of war which he hath and his Clergy to boot. King Henry, because Thomas de la Lined killed a white Hart in Blackmore Forest which he much fancied, set a perpetual fine upon the land, which at this day is called White-H●●●-Silver.  
In the 17. year of his reign four mock Suns were seen from morning till evening, after which followed so great a Dearth, that people were forced to eat horseflesh, and barks of Trees, and in London twenty thousand were famished. A, D. 1241. Certain Jews of Norwich were hanged for circumcising a Christian Child, and their house called the Thor was destroyed▪ A Scholar of Oxford who attempted to kill the King in his chamber at Woodstock, was pulled in pieces by wild Horses. Now arose in England a most monstrous impostor, who pretended himself to be Christ, procuring himself to be wounded in the hands, feet, and side, thinking thereby the more easily to delude the people; his punishment was immuring between two walls, together with an old hag, pretending herself to be the Virgin Mary, there to pine to death.  
In this King's reign flourished in England, the Irrefragable Doctor Alexander de Hales, who was Schoolmaster to the Angelic Dr. Thomas Aquinas. Now also lived Robert Grosthead Bishop of Lincoln called Romanorum Malleus, who writ boldly against the Pope, reproving his arrogant (to call them no worse) practices.  
At Sorbiodunum, or Salisbury, Richard Poor then Bishop of Sarum, built that stately Church, which hath in it as many windows as are days in the year, as many marble-pillars as hours, as many doors as months.  
Magna Charta containing the Sum of all the written Laws of England, was ordained in the ninth year of Henry the third.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

William Hardel was Mayor.  
John Travers, Andrew Newland, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Robert Serl was Mayor.  
Thomas Bokerell, Ralph Holyland, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

Robert Serl continued Mayor.  
Benet Senturer, William Blundivers, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Robert Serl continued Mayor.  
John Wail, or Veil, Josue le Spicer, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Robert Serl continued Mayor.  
Richard Wimbledon, John Wail or Veil, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Robert Serl continued Mayor.  
Richard Renger, John Veil, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Robert Serl continued Mayor.  
Richard joiner, Thomas Lambert, Sheriffs.    
In his eight Year, 

Richard Renger was Mayor.  
William joiner, Thomas Lambert, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Richard Renger continued Mayor.  
John Trevers, Andrew Bokerill, Sheriffs.    
In his Tenth Year, 

Richard Renger continued Mayor.  
John Trevers, Andrew Bokerill, Sheriffs.    
In his Eleventh Year, 

Richard Renger continued Mayor.  
Roger Duke, Martin Fitz-Williams, Sheriffs.    
In his Twelfth Year, 

Roger Duke was Mayor.  
Stephen Bokerell, Henry Cocham, Sheriffs.    
In his Thirteenth year, 

Roger Duke continued Mayor.  
Stephen Bokerell, Henry Cocham, Sheriffs.    
In his Fourteenth Year, 

Roger Duke continued Mayor.  
William Winchester, Robert Fitz-John, Sheriffs.    
In his Fifteenth Year, 

Roger Duke continued Mayor.  
Richard Walter, John de Woborn, Sheriffs.    
In his Sixteenth Year, 

Andrew Bokerel was Mayor.  
Michael of St. Helen, Walter de Enfield, Sheriffs.    
In his Seventeenth Year, 

Andrew Bokerel continued Mayor.  
Henry de Edmonton, Gerard Bat, Sheriffs.    
In his Eighteenth Year, 

Andrew Bokerel continued Mayor.  
Simon Fitz-Mary, Roger Blunt, Sheriffs.    
In his Ninteenth Year, 

Andrew Bokerel continued Mayor.  
Ralph Ashwy, John Norman, Sheriffs.    
In his Twentieth Year, 

Andrew Bokerel continued Mayor.  
Gerard Bat, Richard or Robert Hardel, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty first Year, 

Andrew Bokerel continued Mayor.  
Henry Cobham, Jordan Coventry, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty second Year, 

Andrew Bokerel continued Mayor.  
John Tolason, Gervais the Cordwainer, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty third Year, 

Richard Renger was Mayor.  
John Codras, John Whilhall, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty fourth Year, 

William joiner was Mayor.  
Raymond Bongy, Ralph Ashwy, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty fifth Year, 

Gerard Bat was Mayor.  
John guysor's, Michael Tony, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty sixth Year, 

Reymond Bongy was Mayor.  
Thomas Duresm, John Voyl, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty seventh Year, 

Reymond Bongy continued Mayor.  
John Fitz-John, Ralph Ashwy, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty eighth Year, 

Ralph Ashwy was Mayor.  
Hugh Blunt, Adam Basin, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty ninth Year, 

Michael Tony was Mayor.  
Ralph Foster, Nicholas Bat, Sheriffs.    
In his Thirtieth Year, 

John guysor's was Mayor.  
Robert Cornhill, Adam of Bewley, Sheriffs.    
In his Thirty first Year, 

John guysor's continued Mayor.  
Simon Fitz-Mary, Laurence Frowick, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty second Year, 

Peter Fitz-Alwin was Mayor.  
John Voil, Nicholas Bat, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty third Year, 

Michael Tony was Mayor.  
Nicholas Fitz-Josue, Geoffry Winchester, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fourth Year, 

Roger Fitz-Roger was Mayor.  
Richard Hardel, John Tolason, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fifth Year, 

John guysor's was Mayor.  
Humphrey Bat, William Fitz-Richard, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty sixth Year, 

Adam Basin was Mayor.  
Laurence Frowick, Nicholas Bat, Sheriffs,    
In his thirty seventh Year, 

John Tolason was Mayor.  
William Durham, Thomas Wimbourn, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty eighth Year, 

Richard Hardel was Mayor.  
John Northampton, Richard Pichard, Sheriffs,    
In his thirty ninth Year, 

Richard Hardel continued Mayor.  
Ralph Ashwy, Robert of Limon, Sheriffs.    
In his fortieth Year, 

Richard Hardel continued Mayor.  
Stephen Do, Henry Walmond, Sheriffs.    
In his forty first Year, 

Richard Hardel continued Mayor.  
Michael Bokerel, John the Minor, Sheriffs.    
In his forty second Year, 

Richard Hardel continued Mayor.  
Richard Otwel, William Ashwy, Sheriffs.    
In his forty third Year, 

Richard Hardel continued Mayor.  
Robert Cornhill, John Adrian, Sheriffs.    
In his forty fourth Year, 

John guysor's was Mayor▪  
John Adrian, Robert Cornhill, Sheriffs.    
In his forty fifth Year, 

William Fitz-Richard was Mayor.  
Adam Browning, Henry Coventry, Sheriffs.    
In his forty sixth Year, 

William Fitz-Richard continued Mayor.  
John Northampton, Richard Pichard, Sheriffs.    
In his forty seventh Year, 

Thomas Fitz-Richard was Mayor.  
John Taylor, Richard Walbroke, Sheriffs.    
In his forty eighth Year.  

Thomas Fitz-Richard continued Mayor.  
Robert de Mountpeter, Osbert de Suffolk, Sheriffs.   
Yet Fabian saith, that from this 48. Year to the end of his Reign, there were no Mayors of London, but only Guardians of the City.  
In his forty ninth Year, 

Thomas Fitz-Thomas Fitz-Richard was Mayor.  
George Rokesley, Thomas de Detford, Sheriffs.    
In his fiftieth Year, 

Thomas Fitz-Thomas Fitz-Richard, continued Mayor.  
Edward Blunt, Peter Anger, Sheriffs.    
In his fifty first Year, 

William Richards was Mayor.  
John Hind, John Walraven, Sheriffs.    
In his fifty second Year, 

allen de la Souch was Mayor.  
John Adrian, Lucas de Batencourt, Sheriffs.    
In his fifty third Year, 

T, Wimbourn, Custos, Sir Stephen Edward.  
Walter Harvey, William Duresme, Sheriffs.    
In his fifty fourth Year, 

Hugh Fitz-Ottonis, Custos of London, and Constable of the Tower.  
Thomas Basin, Robert Cornhill, Sheriffs.    
To this time the Mayor and Sheriffs had been chosen, but now the King grants the choice of them to the City itself.  
In the fifty fifth Year.  

John Adrian was Mayor.  
Walter Potter, Philip Taylor, Sheriffs.   
In his fifty sixth Year, 

John Adrian continued Mayor.  
Gregory Rochesly, Henry Walleis, Sheriffs.    
In his fifty seventh Year, 

Sir Walter Harvey was Mayor.  
Richard Harris, John de Wodeley, Sheriffs.      

EDWARD I.  
EDWARD surnamed Longshanks at his Father Henrys death, 
A.D. 1272  was employed in the holy Wars, wherein he so excellently behaved himself, that he gained the repute of a most valiant Soldier. At Acon an assassinate wounded him with a poisoned knife, which wounds his Queen Eleanor daily licked with her Tongue, till therewith the poison was extracted and the wounds healed; herself receiving no harm thereby. When the news of his Father's death came to his ears, he grieved much more, than for the death of his Son, who died a little before, saying to the King of Sicily who wondered thereat, that the loss of Sons is but light, because they are multiplied every day, but the death of Parents is irremediable, because they can never be had again. At his arrival in England he was most joyfully welcomed, and with his dearest Eleanor was Crowned at Westminster, by Robert Kilwarby Archbishop of Canterbury. When for the more royal celebration of the Coronation-feast of so Martial a Prince, there were five hundred great horses let lose, every one to take them for his own, who could. The first matter of remark done by King Edward, after his Coronation, was the subduing of Wales, whose Prince Lewelin, the last Prince of Britain's blood, had refused to do him homage; but being slain his head crowned with Ivy, was set upon the Tower of London. In his stead the King created his own son Edward, born at Caernarvon, Prince of Wales. And now Wales being settled in quiet, the King repaired into France, where he sat in person with the French King in his Parliament at Paris, as a Peer of that Realm, in respect of such lands as he held in those parts, and being returned into England he addressed himself to purge his state from the Oppressions under which it groaned. Fifteen thousand of the extorting Jews he banished out of the Land, confiscating their goods. His corrupt Justiciars he displaced and fined, and constrained all his Justices to swear that from that time, they would take no Fee, Pension, or Gift, of any man, except only a breakfast or like present. He also appointed that Justices, Itinerants, should go their several circuits at such certain times of the year. And now the Crown of Scotland by the death of Alexander the third, being destitute of any apparent Heir, by the umpirage of King Edward it was settled on the head of John Balliol, who did homage to Edward (against the minds of the Scots) for the whole Kingdom of Scotland. But shortly after Balliol to regain the affections of his people, combined with the French against the English, wherefore the King advanced against the Scots with a puissant Army, drove the Scots out of the North-parts of England, where they had done much mischief, took Berwick Town and Castle, had Dunbar yielded to him, and after a cruel fight, obtained a victory of great importance, took the Castle of Roxbrow, 
John Peckham. A.B. Cant.  had Edenbrough rendered to him, so brought Balliol to sue for mercy, which was granted on condition, that the Scots should submit to him as their Sovereign. And accordingly the Nobles of Scotland, at a Parliament holden at Berwick, did swear to be true Subjects to Edward for ever after, and hereof a solemn Instrument was there sealed by them. John the late King was sent to the Tower of London, and the custody of Scotland was committed to John de Warren Earl of Surrey and Sussex. Out of Edenbrough Edward took the Crown, Sceptre and Cloth of State.  their Records, abrogated their Laws, altered the forms of their Divine service, transplanted their learnedst men unto Oxford. The Marble-chair in the Abbey of Schone, wherein the Kings of Scotland were wont to be Crowned, he sent unto Westminster. This is the Chair upon which was engraven the Famous prophetical Distich.  
Ni fallat fatum, Scoti quocunque locatum  
Invenient lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem.  
That the Scots should reign, wheresoever that chair should be, verified in King James. But King Edward drawn beyond the Seas, by occasion of wars in Gascoign, and for aid of friends in Flanders, one William waleys Captain of the discontented Scots, put Earl Warren to flight in Scotland, and all the English forces that were with him, taking them at an advantage as they were passing over a narrow-bridge near Striveling, where the slaughter of the English was not small. Hugh de Cressingham Treasurer of Scotland, for King Edward was there slain, whose dead body the Scots did flay, dividing his skin amongst them. But King Edward being returned into England, he summoned a Parliament to York, giving the Scots a day to appear at it, which they not doing, nor acknowledging that they ought so to do, he entered Scotland with a mighty Army, where when he was near the enemy, as he was putting his foot into the stirrup, his horse being affrighted with the sudden shout of the Scotch Army, threw him down, and striking with his heels broke two of the King's ribs, who nevertheless proceeded to battle. Captain Wallis encouraged his men with this short speech, I have brought you to the King, hop give ye kun. In this battle, fought at a place called Fawkirk, and English slew of the Scots 70. thousand. After which victory King Edward took sundry places in Scotland, then returned into England, where in Parliament holden at London, and Stamford, he confirmed Magna Charta, and Charta de Foresta, and yielded that there should be no Subsidy, or Taxation levied upon the people; without consent of the Prelates, Peers and people. And for the more ample satisfaction of some then discontented, he left out this Clause in the end of his Grants, Salvo jure Coronae nostrae, Saving the right of our Crown; upon the Pope's request he set John late King of Scotland at liberty, who departed into France. And then the King made it his whole affair to finish the annexation of Scotland to the Crown of England, to which end, 
Rob. Winchelsey. A. B. Cant.  he passed with a dreadful Army into Scotland, where the Scots not being able to withstand him by force of Arms, they procured inhibitory Letters from the Pope; but these the King set light by, swearing per sanguinem Dei, that he would not desist. And when the Scots threatened that if he would not desist his hostility, the Pope would take the matter upon him, the King with a disdainful smile answered; Have ye done homage to me as to the chief Lord of the Kingdom of Scotland, and do ye now suppose that I can be terrified with threatening lies, as if (like one that had no power to compel) I would let the right which I have to go out of my hand? Let me hear no more of this, for if I do, I swear by the Lord, I will consume all Scotland from Sea to Sea. To which the Scots replied, that in defence of Justice, and their Countries rights, they would shed their blood. Howbeit that the King might not seem altogether to neglect the Court of Rome, he sent the Earl of Lincoln thither in justification of his proceed, and at the instance of the Pope, he granted Truce to the Scots from All-Saints to Whitsuntide. But the Pope not long satisfied with this, directly opposed the King in his martial proceeds against that Nation, wherefore the King in a Parliament holden at Lincoln, by the consent of the whole Representative body of the Realm, returned a copious defence of his whole proceed, with protestations first, That he did not exhibit any thing as in form of judgement or trial of his Cause, 
Gualther Renold. A. B. Cant.  but for satisfaction of his holy Fatherhoods conscience, and not otherwise. And because the Pope required that the King should stand to his decision for matter of Claim, the Earls and Peers (to whom the King wholly referred it) with one mind directly signified, That their King was not to answer in judgement for any rights of the Crown of England, before any Tribunal under Heaven, and that (by sending Deputies, and Attorneys, to such an end) he should not make the said truth doubtful, because it manifestly tended to the disinherison of the said Crown, which with the help of God, they would resolutely and with all their power maintain against all men. To the which they all (being an 100 Peers) subscribed their Names, Dated at Lincoln, 1301.  

The Names of those Worthy Patriots, who withstood Papal Usurpation.  
JOhn Earl Warren,  
Thomas Earl of Lancaster,  
Ralph de Monthermer Earl of Gloucester and Hereford,  
Humphrey de Bohun Earl of Hartford and Essex,  
Roger Bigod Earl of Norfolk,  
Guy Earl of Warwick,  
Richard Earl of Arundel,  
Adomer de Valence Lord of Monterney,  
Henry de Lancaster Lord of Monmouth,  
John de Hastings Lord of Bergevenny,  
Henry de Percy Lord of Topclife,  
Edmond de Mortymer Lord of Wigmore,  
Robert Fitz-Walter Lord of Wodham,  
John de St. John Lord of Hannake,  
Hugh de Vere Lord of Swanestampe,  
William de Breuse Lord of Gower,  
Robert de Monthault Lord of Hawarden,  
Robert de Tateshall Lord of Wokeham,  
Reinold de Grey Lord of Ruthin,  
Henry de Grey Lord of Codnore,  
Hugh Bardolph Lord of Wormgay,  
Robert de Clifford Chatellaine of Appleby,  
Peter de mallow Lord of Mulgreen,  
Philip Lord of Kime,  
Robert Fitz-Roger Lord of Claverings,  
John de Moham Lord of Dunestar,  
Almerick de St. Amound Lord of Widehay,  
William de Ferrer Lord of Groby,  
Alane de Zouch Lord of Ashby,  
Theobald de Verdon Lord of Webberley,  
Thomas de Furnivall Lord of Schefield,  
Thomas de Multon Lord of Egremont,  
William Latimer Lord of Torby,  
Thomas Lord Berkly,  
Fowlk Fitz-Warren Lord of Mitingham,  
John Lord Segrave,  
Edmund de Eincourt Lord of Thurgerton,  
Peter Corbet Lord Caus,  
William de Cantelow Lord of Ravensthorpe,  
John de Beauchamp Lord of Hacke,  
Roger de Mortimer Lord of Pentethlin,  
John Fitz-Reinold Lord of Blenleveny,  
Ralph de Nevil Lord of Raby,  
Brian Fitz-Allane Lord of Bedale,  
William Marshal Lord of Hengham,  
Walter Lord Huntercombe,  
William Martin Lord of Cameis,  
Henry de these Lord of Chilton,  
Roger le Ware Lord of Isefield,  
John de Rivers Lord of Anger,  
John de Lancaster Lord of Grisedale,  
Robert Fitz-Pain Lord of Lainnier,  
Henry Tregoze Lord of Garinges,  
Robert Hipard Lord of Lumford,  
Walter Lord Faucombridge,  
John Strange Lord of Cnokin,  
Robert Strange Lord of Ellesmere,  
Thomas de Chances Lord of Norton,  
Walter de Beauchamp Lord of Alecester,  
Richard Talbot Lord of Eccleswell,  
John Butetourt Lord of Mendesham,  
John Engain Lord of Colum,  
Hugh de Poinz Lord of Comualet,  
Adam Lord of Wells,  
Simon Lord Montacute,  
John Lord Sulle,  
John de Melles Lord of Candebury,  
Edmund Baron Stafford,  
John lovel Lord of Hacking,  
Edmond de Hastings Lord of Elchunhonokes,  
Ralph Fitz-William Lord of Grinthorpe,  
Robert de Scales Lord of Neusells,  
William Tuchet Lord of Lewenhales,  
John Abadan Lord of Deverstone,  
John de Haverings Lord of Grafton,  
Robert la Ward Lord of White-Hall,  
Nicholas de Segrave Lord of Stowe,  
Walter de Tey Lord of Stonegrave,  
John de Lisle Lord of Wodton,  
Eustace Lord Hacche,  
Gilbert Peche Lord of Corby,  
William Painell Lord of Trachington,  
Roger de Albo Monasberio,  
Foulk le Strange Lord of Corsham,  
Henry de Pinkeny Lord of Wedon,  
John de Hodeleston Lord of Aners,  
John de Huntingfield Lord of Bradenham,  
Hugh Fitz-Henry Lord of Ravenswath,  
John Daleton Lord of Sporle,  
Nicholas de Carr. Lord of Mulesford,  
Thomas Lord de la Roche,  
Walter de Muncie Lord of Thornton,  
John Lord of Kingston,  
Robert Hasting the Father Lord of Chelessey,  
Ralph Lord Grendon,  
William Lord Leibourne,  
John de Greystock Lord of Morpath,  
Matthew Fitz-John Lord of Stockenham,  
Nicholas de Nevil Lord of Wherlton,  
and John de Painell Lord of Ateli.   
POPE Boniface the eighth, perceiving these high resolutions, and having enough to do with the King of France, left the Scots to look to themselves as well as they could. Over whom King Edward had appointed the valiant Lord Segrave Custos; but notwithstanding his valour the Scots discomfited him, and took him Prisoner, whom Sr. Robert de Nevil rescued, as also the rest of the prisoners without the loss of one man of his own. When the report of this success of the Scots came to Edward's ears, he went in person with a great Army, piercing therewith through all Scotland from Roxbrough to Cathness, being about three hundred miles, not an enemy appearing with power to obstruct him, but all either submitting to him, or betaking themselves with their Captain waleys to the Woods and Mountains. King Edward after he had settled affairs in that Nation to his best conveniency, returned to London, whither not long after, Captain Walleyes a Knight's son having been betrayed, was brought prisoner, and at Westminster for Treason, and other crimes, was tried, found guilty and adjudged to death, which sentence was executed on him, and his quarters set up in divers parts of Scotland. After this man's death generous Bruce (who attained the Crown of Scotland) headed his Countrymen the Scots, but was put to flight by Aymery de Valence, and forced into the utmost Isles of Scotland, where for a while he lived in great distress, till seeing his time he appeared again in an hostile manner in Scotland, 
John Stratford. A.B. Cant.  doing many things above the opinion of his means. This induced martial King Edward to advance towards Scotland, but in his march he fell sick at Carlisle, where (amongst other things given in charge) he commanded his son Edward, that he should be industrious in carrying on his design against the Scots, and that he should carry his skeleton along with him through the Scotish Nation: For, said the King, whilst thou hast my bones with thee, none shall be able to overcome thee. He likewise commanded the Prince on pain of his Curse, not without common consent, to repeal Pierce Gaveston, who for abusing the Prince's tender years with wicked vanities, by common decree was banished. He charged the Prince too, That he should send his heart into the Holy-Land, accompanied with an 140. Knights, and their retinues, for whose support he had provided thirty two thousand pounds of Silver. Lastly He charged him, That upon pain of eternal damnation the said moneys should not be expended upon any other uses. This Heroic King died of a Dysentery at Burgh upon Sands, A. D. 1307. and was buried at Westminster. His Issue were John, Henry, Alphonse, (who died before him) Edward, Thomas, Edmond, and ten Daughters. In remembrance of his first wife Queen Eleanor, who died at Herdeby in Lincolnshire, he erected Crosses between that and Westminster, in all places where her Hearse rested. 'Tis said, that he built Hull in Yorkshire, which was afterward beautified with fair buildings by Michael de la Pole Earl of Suffolk. In the eighth year of his Reign, he sent out his Writ Quo Warranto, to examine by what Title men held their Lands, which brought him in much money; till John Earl Warren being called to show his Title, drew out an old rusty Sword, and said, he held his land by that, and by that would hold it till his death. In a Synod holden at Reading, it was Ordained, That no Ecclesiastical person should have more than one Benefice, to which belonged the Cure of Souls. There was executed at London 297 Jews at one time, for defacing the King's Coyn.  
Now flourished Roger Bacon a Franciscan Friar, an excellent Philosopher and Mathematician.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir Walter Harvey was Mayor.  
John Horn, Walter Potter, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Henry Walleys was Mayor.  
Nicholas Winchester, Henry Coventry, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

Gregory Rokesley was Mayor.  
Lucus Battencourt, Henry Frowicke, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Gregory Rokesley continued Mayor.  
John Horn, Ralph Blunt, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Gregory Rokesley continued Mayor.  
Robert de Arar, Ralph L. Fewre, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Gregory Rokesley continued Mayor.  
John Adrian, Walter Langley, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Gregory Rokesley continued Mayor.  
Robert Basin, William le Meyre, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Gregory Rokesley continued Mayor.  
Thomas Box, Ralph Moor, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Gregory Rokesley continued Mayor.  
William Farendon, Nicholas Winchester, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Henry Waleys was Mayor.  
William le Meyre, Richard Chigwel, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

Henry Waleys continued Mayor.  
Ralph Blunt, Hawkin Betuel, Sheriffs.    
In his Twelfth Year, 

Henry Walleys continued Mayor.  
Jordan Goodcheap, Martin Box, Sheriffs.    
In his thirteenth Year, 

Gregory Rokesley was Mayor.  
Stephen Cornhill, Robert Rokesley, Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year.  

Ralph Sandwich was Mayor.  
Walter Blunt, John Wade, Sheriffs.   
In his fifteenth Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
Thomas Cross, Walter Hawteyne, Sheriffs.    
In his sixteenth Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
William Hereford, Thomas Stanes, Sheriffs.    
In his seventeenth Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
William Betaine, John of Canterbury, Sheriffs.    
In his eighteenth Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
Fulk of St. Edmund, Solomon Langford, Sheriffs.    
In his nineteenth Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
Thomas Romain, William de Lyre, Sheriffs.    
In his twentieth Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
Ralph Blunt, Hamond Box, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty first Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
Elias Russel, Henry Bole, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty second Year, 

Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
Robert Rokesley, Martin Awbury, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty third Year, 

Sir Ralph Sandwich continued Mayor.  
Henry Box, Richard Gloucester, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty fourth Year, 

Sir John Briton was Mayor,  
John Dunstable, Adam de Halingbery, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty fifth Year, 

Sir John Briton continued Mayor.  
Thomas of Suffolk, Adam of Fulham, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty sixth Year, 

Henry waleys was Mayor.  
Richard Refham, Thomas Selimus, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty seventh Year, 

Elias Russel was Mayor.  
John Armentor, Henry Fingene, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty eight Year, 

Elias Russel continued Mayor.  
Lucas de Havering, Richard Champnes, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty ninth Year, 

Sir John Blunt was Mayor.  
Robert color, Peter de Besenho, Sheriffs.    
In his thirtieth Year, 

Sir John Blunt continued Mayor.  
Hugh Pourte, Simon Paris, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty first Year, 

Sir John Blunt continued Mayor.  
William Combmartin, John de Burford, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty second Year, 

Sir John Blunt continued Mayor.  
Roger Paris, John de Lincoln, Sheriffs.    
In the thirty third Year, 

Sir John Blunt continued Mayor.  
William Cawson, Reginald Thunderley, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fourth Year, 

Sir John Blunt, continued Mayor.  
Geoffry at the Conduit, Simon Billet, Sheriffs.      

EDWARD II.  

A.D. 1807.  EDWARD called Caernarvon after that he had provided for the affairs of Scotland, and had homage done him by many of the Scotish Lords at Dumfres', he next took (unjust) revenge on Walter Langton Bishop of Chester by Imprisoning him, and seizing all his temporal goods and credits; because that in his Father K. Edward's life-time, the Bishop had gravely reproved him for his misdemeanours, and had complained on Pierce Gavestone, whereon ensued young Edward's Imprisonment, and Gaveston's banishment. Then he sailed into France, where at Bolein, with wonderful magnificence he was married to young Isabel Daughter of Philip the Fair, and at his return for England, brought back with him his beloved Minion Pierce Gaveston, who was a Gentleman stranger brought up with him▪ Which Gaveston the King suffered now to Lord it over the chief Nobles, to fill the Court with Buffoons and Parasites, and the like pernicious instruments, to waste the wealth of the Kingdom in revel and riotous courses, to transport riches into foreign parts, bestowing upon him his own Jewels, and Ancestors treasures, and even the Crown itself of his victorious Father. Not sticking to profess, That if it lay in his power, he should succeed him in the Kingdom, being wholly ruled by him. Therefore to repress Gaveston's exorbitances, the Lords in Parliament procured, (though with no goodwill of the Kings) that Gaveston Earl of Cornwall should be perpetually banished, they gratifying the King with a subsidy of the 20th part of the Subject's goods. Howbeit shortly after, the King contrary to his Oath made unto the Parliament, called Earl Gaveston home out the Ireland, himself meeting him at Flint-Castle, and then bestowing on him to Wife Joan of Acres Countess of Gloucester, resolving for this lewd man's sake, to put Crown, Life and all in hazard. And now the insolent Earl strives to outgo himself in his former courses, consuming the King's treasures and means, so that there was not sufficient left for the necessities of the Court; and drawing the King into such debaucheries, that the Queen conceived herself injured thereby, as well as the Nobles. Whereupon Gaveston is a third time forced out of the Realm, into which he again returned the following Christmas, when the King welcomed him as an Angel from Heaven, and forthwith advanced him to be principal Secretary. But the Lords, as well Ecclesiastical as Temporal, resolved by force of Arms utterly to extirpate him, choosing for their Leader in this design Thomas Earl of Lancaster. And at Datkington this infamous Earl Gaveston was surprised by Guy Earl of Warwick, who conveyed him to Warwick-Castle and in a place called Blacklow (afterward Gaveshead) caused his head to be cut off, as a subverter of the Laws, and an open Traitor to the Kingdom. Which act caused a lasting hatred in the King to his Nobles, 
John Offord A.B. Cant.  though for the present the King's displeasure was allayed by the mediation of the Prelates, and especially of Gilbert Earl of Gloucester, who stood neutral. But whilst the English King minded only his pleasure, undaunted Bruce (now the received King of Scotland) industriously prosecuted his design, for setting his Country at liberty from the English, driving them out of most places of his Realm, and making great spoil in Northumberland. Which awakening K. Edward, he marched with a very great Army against him, though many of the Nobles refused to attend him in this service, because he delayed to ratify their desired Liberties, and provisions for better Government; so often consented unto by himself. At Bannocksbourn the English and Scotch Armies came in sight each of other, when the enemy left nothing undone that might be for their advantage, digging before their Battalions certain trenches, wherein they stu●k sharp Stakes, covering them with Hurdles, which miserably afflicted the English Cavalry falling into them at unawares, thereby procuring to the Scots the greatest victory that ever they had over the English. In this fight K. Edward did gallantly behave himself; nor would he fly, till by the importunity of friends he was thereunto forced, for his preservation. Now was slain the Earl of Gloucester, the Lord Clifford, with other Lords, and about 700 Knights, Esquires, and m●n of Armouries; Humphrey de Bohun was taken Prisoner, and a great booty the Scots gained; for the English in this expedition had adorned themselves as for a triumph, with all sorts of riches, gold, silver, and the like, in a kind of wanton manner, corresponding to the Prince they followed. In those times, the Scots made suchlike scoffing Rhimes as this on the English, 
Long Beards heartless, painted Hoods witless,  
Gay Coats graceless. makes England thriftless.   
This Conquest encouraged the Scots to make inroads into the English Northern Counties where they made great spoil, some of the disloyal Englishmen joining with them. The King nevertheless could not forget his Gaveston, whose body with great pomp he caused to be transferred from Oxford to Kings-Langley in Hartfordshire, himself in person honouring the Exequys▪ Then in Pierce Gavestons' place the King advanced into his favour the two Spencers▪ Father and Son, whose intolerable insolences and oppressions seemed to exceed those of Gavestons; against whom the Barons did swell with such impatience, that not content with the waist of their Lands, by threats of civil War they procured their Banishment. The Queen who hitherto had been a Mediatrix betwixt the King and his Lords, having received the denial of one night's lodging at the Castle of ●eeds in Kent, which belonged to one of the Barons, whom she perceived to take too much upon them, now turned her Spleen against them, incensing the King her Husband against them so highly, that King Edward resolved to die in the quarrel, or to bring the factious Lords into a more becoming carriage towards him. The judgement given against the Spencers, he procured to be reversed. Some of the Delinquent Lords rendered themselves to the King; others of them were apprehended; amongst whom were the two Roger Mortimer, Father and Son, who were committed to the Tower. Howbeit the Earl of Lancaster in the North, resolved with what forces he could procure, to fight for his security; against whom the King marched, and at Burrowbridg encountered him; where Humphrey de Bohun was slain with a spear from under the bridge; and the Earl of Lancaster, with other principal men, Barons and Knights, to the number of above ninety, were taken by Andrew de Herckly Captain of Carlisle, afterward created Earl of that place. The Earl of Lancaster a few days after was beheaded at Pontfract, the Barons and Knights were drawn, hanged and quartered. The Lord Badlesmere, who refused to let the Queen lodge at Leeds, was executed at Canterbury. Never did English earth at one time drink so much blood of her Nobles, as at this time in so vile a manner shed. One Earl and Fourteen Lords suffering death, most of them by the halter. But that this Tragedy of the Lords was exploited by others, and not by the King's free inclinations, appears; for that when some of the Courtiers and Favourites pleaded for the life of one of a mean Family condemned for being engaged in the Rebellion, the King fiercely answered, A plague upon you for cursed whisperers, malicious backbiters, wicked Councillors; entreat you so for the life of a most notorious Knave, who would not speak one word for the life of my most near Kinsman, that most noble Knight Earl Thomas? By the soul of God, this fellow shall die the death he hath deserved. In A. D. 1322. King Edward marched with a mighty Host into Scotland, from whence for want of Victuals he was forced in a short time after to return, without the honour of any achievement, the Scots also following him at the heels, and so suddenly assailing him, that he was forced to leave his Treasure and Furniture for pillage to them. But by reason of the Interdict which the Pope had put the Scots under in favour of the English, a truce was made betwixt the two Nations for thirteen years. Which being confirmed, Edward took his progress through the Counties of York and Lancaster, and Marches of Wales, from whence the late seditions had their nourishments; there punishing many severely. Amongst the rest, he caused Andrew de Herkly to be degraded, hanged, drawn and quartered, for traitorously taking part with the Scots. Whilst these things were acting, young Roger Mortimer having corrupted his Keepers, or potioned them with a sleepy drink, escaped out of the Tower, getting over into France. The Spencers, Father and Son, one created Earl of Winchester, the other of Gloucester, behaved themselves exceeding lordly, even to the Queen herself, whose maintenance they abridged to advance their own wealth. Many Nobles that had been engaged in the Baron's quarrel, they put to such excessive rates for purchasing the King's favour again, that utterly impoverished them. Adam Bishop of Hereford, and Henry Bishop of Lincoln, for the same cause they deprived of all their temporalties. But the Queen and discontented Nobles resolve to clear themselves of the Spencers; to which end the Queen procured aids out of Henalt and Germany, and uniting them with the Baron's forces, marched against the King, who found but few friends, because of the mortal hatred that the people generally did bear to the Spencers. The Queen lying with her Army at Oxford, caused the whole University to be called together: When in the presence of the Queen, Prince, Roger Mortimer, and other Nobles, the Bishop of Hereford preached to them from that Text, 2 King. 4.19, My head, my head acheth: Delivering to them the reasons of the Queens coming with her Army; concluding that an aching and sick Head of a Kingdom was to be taken off, and not to be tampered with by any other Physic. The Londoners stood high for the Queen and Barons, cutting off the Bishop of Excesters' head, whom the Queen had left Guardian of London. The Tower they gained into their possession, proclaimed John of Eltham Custos of the City and whole Land, set at liberty all prisoners. The Queen did the like throughout all the Realm; by her order also all banished men were revoked, whereby no small increase was brought to the Baron's Forces. From Oxford the Queen marched to Bristol, which she besieged and took, and therein Hugh Spencer the elder, whom she caused without any form of trial to be cut up alive, and quartered, having been first at the clamours of the common people drawn and hanged in his proper Armouries. The unfortunate King being now forsaken of almost all his English subjects, after much wandering, entrusted himself with the Welsh (who still loved him) lying hid in the Abbey of Neath, till at length after much search he was found out, and with him young le Spencer, Robert Baldock Chancellor, and Simon de Reading, were taken. King Edward was conveyed to Kenelworth Castle, the Lords to Hereford, where the Queen lay with her Host. Spencer and Simon de Reading were condemned to death by William Trussel, and were both ignominiously hanged. The distressed King being now shut up in prison, and without hopes of any redemption, after he had been much solicited, at last yielded to resign the Crown to his Son Edward; which being granted by the King, the Lords forthwith proceed to the short Ceremonies of his Resignation, chief consisting in the surrender of his Crown and Ensigns of Majesty to the use of his Son Prince Edward. Sir William Trussel thereupon in the behalf of the whole Realm, renounced all homage and allegiance to the Lord Edward of Caernarvon late King, in these words; I William Trussel, in the name of all men of the Land of England, and of all the Parliament Procurator, resign to thee Edward the Homage that was made to thee sometime; and from this time forward I defy thee, and deprive thee of all Power-Royal; and I shall never be tendant on thee after this time, A.D. 1327.  
His Issue were, Edward, John of Eltham, Joan and Eleanor.  
In the fourth year of this King's Reign, a Baker named John of Stratford, for making bread lesser than the assize, was with a fools-hood, and loaves of bread about his neck, drawn on a Hurdle through the streets of London.  
So terrible a famine was in England, that upon St. Laurence Eve, there was scarce bread to be got for sustentation of the King's household, so great a mortality likewise accompanying this dearth, that the living were scarce sufficient to bury the dead. In the time of scarcity the King set forth an Order, That Wheat should be sold in the Market at eleven shillings the Quarter, a fat Ox stalled or Corn-fed at 24. Shillings, a fat Hog of two years old at three Shillings four pence, a fat Hen for a penny, and 24 Eggs for a penny; but victuals thereby became so scarce in the Markets, that this Order was revoked, and the people left to sell as they could.  
Mertons College in Oxford brought forth in this Kings, and his son Edward's reign those four Lights of Learning, namely, Jahn Duns called Scotus the Subtle, who in a fit of the Apoplexy, 'tis said, was buried alive; Bradwardina the profound; Ocham the Invincible, and Burly the Perspicuous. And as some say, Baconthorp the Resolute was of the same College.  
Now was the Knights-Templars Order universally extinguished.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir John Blunt continued Mayor.  
Nicholas Pigot, Nigellus Drury, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Nicholas Faringdon was Mayor.  
William Basin, James Butler, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

Thomas Roman was Mayor.  
Roger le Palmer, James of St. Edmund, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Richard Reffam was Mayor.  
Simon Cooper, Peter Blackney, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir John guysor's was Mayor.  
Simon Metwod, Richard Wilford, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Sir John guysor's was Mayor.  
John Lambin, Adam Lutkin, Sheriffs▪    
In his seventh Year, 

Nicholas Farendon was Mayor.  
Robert Gurden, Hugh Garton, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir John guysor's was Mayor.  
Stephen Abingdon, Hammond Chickwel, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Stephen de Abingdon was Mayor.  
Hammond Goodcheap, William Bodeleigh, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

John Wingrave was Mayor.  
William Caston, Ralph Balancer, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

John Wingrave continued Mayor.  
John Prior, William Furneaux, Sheriffs.    
In his Twelfth Year, 

John Wingrave continued Mayor.  
John Pointel, John Dalling, Sheriffs.    
In his Thirteenth year, 

Hammond Chickwel was Mayor.  
Simon de Abingdon, John Preston, Sheriffs.    
In his Fourteenth Year, 

Nicholas Farendon was Mayor.  
Renauld at the Conduit, Will. Prodham, Sheriffs.    
In his Fifteenth Year, 

Hammond Chickwel was Mayor.  
Richard Constantine, Richard de Hackney, Sheriffs.    
In his Sixteenth Year, 

Hammond Chickwel continued Mayor.  
John Grantham, Richard de Ely, Sheriffs.    
In his Seventeenth Year, 

Nicholas Farendon was Mayor.  
Adam of Salisbury, John of Oxford, Sheriffs.    
In his Eighteenth Year, 

Hammond Chickwel was Mayor.  
Benet of Fulham, John Cawston, Sheriffs.    
In his Ninteenth Year, 

Hammond Chickwel continued Mayor.  
Gilbert Mordon, John Cawston, Sheriffs.    
In his Twentieth Year, 

Richard Britain was Mayor.  
Richard Rothing, Roger Chauntelere, Sheriffs.      

EDWARD III.  
EDWARD the third was Crowned King upon Candlemas-day, 
A. D. 1327.  being the eighth day after that his Father had made a resignation of the Crown to him. And now because sundry great persons, with the whole order of Friars Preachers took pity on the old King's captivity, Mortimer therefore hastened to dispatch him out of the way, in order to which he procured an Express from the young King (then about 16. Years of age) to remove him from Kenelworth Castle, delivering him into the hands of those ignominious Knights Thomas de Gourney Seniour, and John Mattrevers, who conveying him from Kenelworth to Barkly-Castle, there murdered him, by running a burning spit up into his body, as he was about to disburden nature, September 22. 1327. His body was buried at Gloucester. To animate the bloody Regicides to the commitment of the horrid fact, 'tis said, this ambiguous phrase was invented by Adam de Torleton Bishop of Hereford, and sent to them by Mortimer, Edwardum occidere nolite timere bonum est. Gourney or Corney and his villainous companions, when they would needs shave the King on his way to Barkley, lest he should be known and rescued, enforced him to sit down on a molehill; and the rascal Barber insulting, told him, That cold water out of the next ditch should serve for his trimming at that time; To whom the sorrowful King answered, Whether you will or no, there shall be warm water, and therewith shed tears plentifully. But young King Edward at his Father's death was upon the borders of Scotland, where having environed the Scots in the woods of Wividale and Stanhope, by the Treason of Mortimer they escaped, and he returned inglorious, after an huge waist of Treasure, and great peril of his own person. For had not his loyal Chaplain stepped in and received the mortal weapon in his own body, the King's life had been lost. Shortly after this, peace was concluded with the Scots upon dishonourable terms to the English by the procurement of the Mother-Queen, and her Minion Mortimer. Joan the King's Sister was married to David Bruce, the Scots in derision calling her Joan Make-peace. King Edward at the Treaty of Peace sealed Charters to the Scotish Nation, the contents whereof were contrived by his Mother, Roger Mortimer, and Sir James Douglas without the privity of the English Peers. He also delivered to them that famous evidence called the Ragman-Roll, and likewise quitted them of all his claim to the government of Scotland, withal rendering back certain Jewels taken by the English from the Scots, amongst which was one of special Note, called the Black-Cross of Scotland. In the same year, being the year of our Lord, 1327. died Charles the fair King of France, by whose death the Crown of that Kingdom devolved to Edward King of England in right of his Mother Queen Isabel, 
Tho. Bradwardin. A. B. Cant.  who was daughter to Philip the Fair, and Sister to Lewis Hutin, Philip the Long, and Charles the Fair all Kings of France successively, and all three dying without Issue, the whole right now seeming to be Isabel the only Child of the said Philip that had any Issue. But the French pretending a fundamental Law, or Entail, called the Salic Law, by which no woman was inheritable to France, sought to debar King Edward his right, receiving to the Crown Philip of Valois, whose Father was younger Brother to Philip the Fair, advancing the Brother's son, before the Daughter's son, not following the propinquity or descent of blood, but meliority of the Sex. Against the stream of the Queen, and her Lord Mortimer absolute sway, some great persons now stood, amongst whom was the King's Uncle Edmund Earl of Kent, whose death the Queen and Mortimer shortly procured. Nor was Mortimer fall now far off, for the King beginning to perceive his own peril in the others potency, upon good advice therefore surprised Mortimer with the Queen-Mother in Nottingham-Castle, and by a Parliament held at Nottingham, Queen Isabella's Dowry was taken from her, and only a pension of a thousand Pound, per Annum. allowed her. Mortimer was condemned in open Parliament at Westminster, for causing the young King to make a dishonourable peace with the Scots, from whom he received bribes; For procuring the death of Sr. Edward of Caernarvon the late King; For over-familiarity with Isabel the Queen-Mother; For polling and robbing the King and Commons of their Treasure. He was ignominiously drawn to Tyburn, then called the Elms, where he was executed on the common Gallows, there hanging two days and nights, 1330. With him there died for expiation of the late King's death, Sr. Simon de Bedford, and John Deverell Esquire. About this time befell great disturbances and divisions in Scotland, occasioned by young Bruce and Balliol, who both pretended right to that Crown, which opportunity King Edward took hold on, conceiving himself not obliged to stand to that contract made in his minority by the predominancy of his mother and Mortimer, the Scots also detaining his Town and Castle of Berwick from him. Wherefore he raises an Army, and with Edward Balliol marcheth to Berwick, which having besieged David Bruce sent a puissant host to the relief thereof, and at Halydon-Hill the English and Scoth Armies joined battle, where the Scots were vanquished with a lamentable slaughter of them. There died Archibald Dougles Earl of Angus and Governor of Scotland; the Earls of Southerland, Carrick and Foss, the three Sons of the Lord Walter Steward and at least fourteen thousand others, with the loss only of one Knight, and ten other Englishmen. Hereupon Berwick was surrendered to King Edward, and Balliol was accepted to be King of Scotland, and had faith and allegiance sworn unto him by the Scotch Nobles. 
Simon Islip. A.B. Cant.  Which done Balliol repaired to King Edward then at Newcastle upon Tine, where he submitted to Edward the third, as his Father John Balliol had done to Edward the first. After which the King of England assisted this Edward Balliol as his homager, going himself in person divers times for suppressing the Brucean party, which he kept under, till such time that he was engaged against the French for the obtaining of that Kingdom, and the recovery of sundry Towns and places in Goscoigne, injuriously withheld from him by the French King. To remedy which wrongs the King of England had addressed his Ambassadors, but in vain; therefore that the World might take notice of his just proceed, he, in a large Letter directed to the College of Cardinals justifies his design upon France to be equal and honest. First, because himself of any Male living was the nearest in blood to the late King Charles his Uncle. Secondly, because the French had refused to put the Cause to civil trial. Thirdly, for that the process of the twelve Peers in giving the Crown from him when he was under age, was by all Laws void, and frustrate. Fourthly, for that Philip of Valois had invaded Aquitain which belonged to the Crown of England, and detained such places as he had wrongfully gained therein. Fifthly, for that the said Philip had aided the Scots in their rising against him. Edward having done this, he next makes a confederation with the High and Low-Dutch and other Foreigners, than prepared a brave Army, his English Subjects contributing liberally for the carrying on of the War. And to make his Coffers the fuller, he made bold with the Lombard's, and the movable goods of such Priories in England, as were Cells to Monasteries in France. Thus provided of men and moneys King Edward sailed with his Forces to Antwerp, and by the importunity of the Flemings he first assumed the Title, and Armouries of the Realm of France, quartering the Flower de Lis with the Lions. And entering France he burned and spoilt the North-parts thereof up as far as Turwin, then returning to Antwerp he there kept his Christmas with his Queen Philip, from whence about Candlemas he set sail for England, where in a Parliament holden at Westminster he obtained liberal aids for supportation of his designed Conquest. In lieu of which, he granted a general large pardon of trespasses and other to him, and confirmed Magna Charta, and Charta de Foresta with some others. Then upon June 23. He shipped from Harwich to Sluice in Flanders, near which place the French lay in wait with a Navy of 400 Ships with intent to intercept him; but Edward having the advantage of Wind and Sun, furiously set upon the French Ships, putting the Monsieurs so hard to it, that a great number of them chose to cast themselves into the Sea, rather than to become Prisoners. Thirty thousand of them are confessed to have been slain and drowned, and more than half of their Ships were either sunk or taken The loss was so very great on the French side, that least the news thereof might too much afflict the King of France, his Jester disclosed it to him, by oftentimes repeating this saying in his hearing, Cowardly Englishmen, Dastardly Englishmen, Faint-hearted Englishmen. Why? said the King at length; Because, said the Jester, They durst not leap out of their Ships into the Seas, as our brave French men did. From which saying the King took a hint of the overthrow. After which Famous Sea-victory obtained by the English, puissant King Edward with his Host consisting of near an hundred thousand men, sat down before Tourney, from whence he sent to the French King, whom he saluted only by the name of Philip of Valois, challenging him to fight with him hand to hand in single Combat; or if that pleased not, than each to bring an hundred men into the Field, and try the event with so small an hazard; or otherwise within ten days to join full battle with all their forces near Tourney. To which Philip made no direct answer, alleging that the Letters were not sent to him the King of France, but barely to Philip of Valois. Nevertheless he brought his Army within sight of the English Host, but by the mediation of Queen Philip's Mother, and two Cardinals, a Truce was concluded between the two Kings till the Midsumer next following. The main reason inducing King Edward to yield hereunto, was the want of supplies of money, through the fault of his Officers in England, whom he severely punished at his return. And now to weaken great Edward's strengths, the Pope put Flanders under. Interdict, 
Simon Langham. A B. Cant.  as having disloyally left their own Earl, and chief Lord, Philip King of France. And Lewis the Emperor breaking league with the King of England, took part with France; which when King Edward understood, he angrily said, I will fight with them both. And not long after he was upon the Sea with a very great Fleet, none knowing whither he would steer his Course; but in Normandy he landed, where he took the Populous and Rich City of Caen, and with his dreadful Host, burning and spoiling round about, marched up almost as far as the walls of Paris. Where with his Army, in an enemy's Country between two Rivers Sein and Some, (the bridges being broke down by the French) Edward designed at a low water, to have passed over a Ford between Albeville and the Sea, whom to intercept the French King had sent thither before him Godner du Foy, with a thousand Horse and six thousand Foot.  
Howbeit undaunted Edward entered himself into the Ford, crying, He that loves me let him follow me, as one resolved to pass over, or there to die, the first of which he did; for his Soldiers following him won the passage, putting du Foy to flight. And now King Edward being come near to Cressie in Po●thieu, lying between the Rivers of Some and Anthy, he there most vigilantly provided for his defence against King Philip, who was advancing towards him with an Hundred thousand men and upward. When the two Armies were within sight each of other, the King of England after he had called upon God, disposed his Host into three Battles. 
Simon Langham. A B Cant.  To his Son Edward the Black-Prince he gave the ordering of the Van; the second Battle the Earls of Northampton and Arundel commanded; the third himself. And as if he meant to barricado his Army from flying, he caused his Carriages to be placed in the rear thereof, and Trees to be plashed and felled, to stop up the way behind his Host; commanding withal, that all should forsake their horses, and leave them amongst the Carriages. On the Enemy's part, the King of Bohemia and Earl of Alencon had charge of the Vanguard, King Philip was in the main battle, and the Earl of Savoy commanded the Rear. The sign of battle being given by King Philip, a bloody fight ensued, wherein the Black Prince was very hard beset, therefore his Father was sent for to his rescue; who upon the hillock of a Windmill stood to behold the fight, being in readiness to enter thereinto, when just occasion should invite him. But at that time he refused to go, returning the Messengers with this answer, Let them send no more to me for any adventure that may befall, while my Son is alive; but let him either vanquish or die; because the honour of this brave day shall be his, if God suffer him to survive. Which he did, and beat the French out of the field. Thereupon King Edward with his untouched Battle advanced towards his victorious Son, and most affectionately embracing and kissing him, said, Fair son, God send you perseverance to such prosperous beginnings; you have nobly acquit yourself, and are well worthy to have the governance of a Kingdom entrusted unto you for your valour. In the field was found the dead bodies of eleven great Princes; and of Barons, Knights, and men of Arms, above fifteen hundred. There was slain the King of Bohemia, King of Majorca, Earl of Alencon, Duke of Lorraine, Duke of Bourbon, Earl of Flanders, Earl of Savoy, the Dolphin of Viennois, Earl of Sancerre and Harecourt, Earls of Aumarl, Nevers, etc. six Earls of Almain, besides others of great account, with the Grand Prior of France, and Archbishop of Rouen. Of the Commons there fell about thirty thousand. Of the English side not one man of note or honour was slain. A. D. 1346. From the Forest of Crescie, King Edward marched to Calais, and besieged it. In the time of which siege, the Governor thereof, for the sparing of food, thrust forth of the Town above fifteen hundred of the poor and impotent people, whom this Christian King Edward turned not back, but suffered them freely to pass through his Camp, relieving them gratis with fresh victuals, and giving two pence a piece sterling to each of them. But whilst the King was busied abroad in France, the Scots (in favour of the French) invaded England, advancing as far as Durham, where the English encountering them, overcame them, took David their King prisoner at Nevil's Cross by Durham. There lay dead in the field the Earls of Murray and Strathern, the Constable, Marshal, Chamberlain, and Chancellor of Scotland, with many other Nobles. Prisoners taken besides the King, were the Earls of Douglas, Fife, Southerland, Wigton, and Mentieth. In this battle on the English side were many spiritual persons, who for the defence of their Country, made use of carnal Weapons. And as King Edward's friends were successful in England, so were they also in foreign parts: for in Britain's Sir Thomas Dagworth overthrew the Lord Charles of Blois, though he had much the odds of him as to number of men. In Gascoign and those parts, Henry Earl of Derby and Lancaster worsted the Duke of Normandy, took sundry places of great importance; amongst the rest, that considerable Town of Brigerac, where he permitted every soldier to seize any House, and convert all therein to his own profit. Whereupon it happened, that a certain Soldier called Reth, having broke into a House where the Monyers had for safety stowed the Money of that Country in great long sacks, he acquainted the Earl therewith, supposing that the Earl intended not so great a treasure for a private share; but the Earl told him, That accordingly as he had at first proclaimed, let the treasure be worth what it would, yet was it all his own. And now after almost a years siege, Calais was delivered to King Edward's mercy. In Little-Britain the King's Warden thereof Sir Walter de Bendly vanquished the Marshal of France in fight, slew 13 Lords, 140 Knights, 100 Esquires, and took prisoners 9 Lords, besides many Knights, and Esquires. At length after much spoil made upon the French, a peace was concluded on betwixt the two Kings, though it continued not long ere the French broke the agreement. In revenge whereof Edward presently entered France with an Army, 
Will. Witlesy. A. B. Cant.  and spoilt it where he came; and after his return into England again, when he heard that John the new King of France, had given to Charles the Dauphin the Duchy of Aquitain, King Edward bestowed the same upon the Black-Prince, commanding him to defend that right with the sword. The Prince thereupon furnished with a gallant Army, set sail towards France, where he took many Towns and prisoners, advanced into the bosom of France up to the very gates of Burges in Berry; from whence wheeling about to return to his chief City Bordeaux, John King of France encountered him with a great Army, having the odds of six to one; notwithstanding which the victorious Prince of Wales discomfited the French, took prisoners King John and Philip his youngest son, the Archbishop of Sens, and many great Lords, and about two thousand Knights, Esquires and Gentlemen bearing Armouries. And slew in fight about fifty two Lords, and seventeen hundred Knights, Esquires and Gentlemen, with Sir Reginald Camian, who that day bore the Or flamb, or French Ensign; and of the common Soldiers about six thousand. To James Lord Audley, who in this fight received many wounds, the Prince gave 500 Marks Land in fee-simple, which said Land the Lord Audley bestowed on his four Esquires that had continued with him in all the brunt and fury of danger. King Edward the Father, whilst his Son was thus prosperously busied in France, proceeded in hostile sort against the Scots, and brought King Balliol at Roxbrough to make a surrender of his Crown to him. Prince Edward after his late victory, marched with joy and triumph to Bordeaux, where having refreshed his wearied soldiers, he took his leave of France, though not of the King thereof; for him he brought with him a Captive to London, whither the Prince was welcomed with exquisite honour by Henry Picard then Lord Mayor. Which said Picard afterwards at one time feasted at his own charge the King of England, France, Scotland, and Cyprus. King Edward ordered, that eight days should be spent in giving God the glory for the victory; and not long after with a Fleet of One thousand one hundred sail, he passed over from sandwich to a fresh invasion; and being come before the walls of Paris, he honoured Four hundred Esquires and Gentlemen with Knighthood. Ample conditions were offered by the French unto the K●ng of England, to which he would not at present listen; yet at length was persuaded to an accord on these conditions: That Himself and Son Edward should for ever release unto King John and his Heirs the right and claim which they had unto the Crown of France, Duchy of Normandy, etc. That King John and his Son should for them and their Heirs release unto King Edward and his Heirs the whole Country of Aquitain, Santoin, etc. so the County of Ponthicu, etc. the proper Inheritance of Queen Isabel K Edward's Mother. That King John should pay for his ransom the sum of Thirty hundred thousand Schutes of Gold, every two of which should be six shillings eight pence sterling; with some other conditions. All which were ratified with hands, Seals and Oaths at Calais, though by the falsehood of the French King this amity continued not many years; for King John by underhand-dealing sought to alienate the hearts of King Edward's foreign subjects from him, and the County of Ponthieu he surprised before King Edward heard thereof. Wherefore the King sent over John Duke of Lancaster, and Humphrey de Bohun Earl of Hartford to invade France, who pierced up as far as Rouen, and after them the King sent that renowned Captain Sir Robert Knolls, who went on very prosperously, till by the instigation of Sir John Mensterworth and some others (who thought themselves better than Sir Robert) a division was made in the Army, whereby the English fortunes were hindered; for the which Mensterworth paid the loss of his head. About the same time also some great Officers of the Kings, as John Duke of Lancaster, the Lord Latimer, and Sir John Sterrie were complained of for fraudulency to the State, and at the request of the Parliament, called The good, were displaced. But that which caused the greatest grief to Englishmen was the loss of their Martial Prince Edward, who left this life upon Trinity Sunday 1376, about his age 46, and was buried at Canterbury. Nor did his Martial Father long survive him, for in A. D. 1377. he died at Shene in Surrey, and was buried as Westminster. His Issue were Edward the black Prince, so called from his dreadful valorout Acts, William of Hatfield, Lionel Duke of Clarence, John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, 
Simon Sudbury. A. B, Cant.  Edmond Earl of Cambridge, and Duke of York, William of Windsor, Thomas of Woodstock Duke of Gloucester, Isabel, Joan, Blanch and Margaret. He built Queenborough in Kent in honour of Queen Philip his Wife. He erected a building at Windsor-Castle, whose circumference was six hundred foot, where Knights and men of War were to have their entertainment of Diet at his charge; and begun a magnificent Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, which King Henry the eight, and Sir Reginald Bray finished. He is also said to be the Founder of the most Noble Order of the Garter; so entitled, perhaps from the Garter he took up of the Countess of Salisburies', which slipped off in a dance: perhaps for that in a battle wherein he was victorious, Garter was the Word or Signal. But some will have this King to be only the Reviver of this Order, and Richard the first to be the Institutor of it. King Edward confirmed Magna Charta about twelve times. He restrained the Pope from conferring English Benefices on strangers. He invited Clothworkers to repair hither out of Foreign parts, to whom he granted sundry privileges. The staple of wools which had been in Flanders he revoked, establishing the same in Westminster, Canterbury, Chichester, Bristol, Lincoln and Hull.  
The famous custom of the Kings of England Washing, Feeding and Clothing of as many poor people upon Maundy Thursday as they are years old▪ is referred to the celebration which this King made of his fifth year. His Concub●e Alice Pierce was so insolent, 
Simon Sudbury. A. B. Cant.  that she would go into the Courts of Justice, where sitting by the Judges and Doctors, she would proudly persuade or dissuade for her most advantage, therefore was complained of in Parliament, and removed from the person of the King. At a Parliament held the thirty seventh of his Reign, the wearing of Gold and Silver, Silks and rich Furs were forbidden to be worn by any but eminent Persons; also the Labourer and Husbandman was limited to the eating of such certain meats. An Act was likewise made, that no common whore should wear any Hood except striped with divers colours, nor Furs, but garments with the wrong side outward. At Stamford in Lincolnshire an University was instituted, but of short continuance.  
A blazing-Star appeared, which continued thirty days. Southampton was burnt by the French. A. D. 1348, It reigned from Midsummer till Christmas. A plague all over Christendom, some say, the World; and so raging in England that scarce the Tenth person of all sorts was left alive▪ In London it was such, that in one years' space there was buried in the Cistercian, or  Church-yard above fifty thousand. It began in the year 1348, and continued till the year 1357, and was seconded with murrain of Cattle, and dearth of all things. Now flourished in the University of Oxford that Famous Doctor John Wickliff, whose followers in those Popish-times, were called Lolards, from Lolium, signifying tares, or hurtful weeds amongst Corn.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Hammond Chickwel was Mayor.  
Henry Darcy, John Hawton, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

John Grantham was Mayor.  
Simon Francis, Henry Cobmartin, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

Richard Swanland was Mayor.  
Richard Lazer, William guysor's, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Sir John Pountney was Mayor.  
Robert of Ely, Thomas Worwode, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir John Pountney continued Mayor.  
John Mocking, Andrew Aubery, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

John Preston was Mayor.  
Nicholas Pike, John Husband, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir John Pountney was Mayor.  
John Hammond, William Hanford, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Reginald at the Conduit was Mayor.  
John Kingston, Walter Turk, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Reginald at the Conduit continued Mayor.  
Walter Mordon, Richard Vpton, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Sir John Pountney was Mayor.  
John Clark, W. Curtez, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

Henry Darcy was Mayor.  
Walter Neale, Nicholas Crane, Sheriffs.    
In his Twelfth Year, 

Henry Darcy continued Mayor.  
William de Pomfret, Hugh Marbler, Sheriffs.    
In his Thirteenth year, 

Andrew Aubery was Mayor.  
William Thorney, Roger Frosham, Sheriffs.    
In his Fourteenth Year, 

Andrew Aubery continued Mayor.  
Adam Lucas, Bartholomew Morris, Sheriffs.    
In his Fifteenth Year, 

John of Oxenford was Mayor.  
Richard de Barking, John de Rokesley, Sheriffs.    
In his Sixteenth Year, 

Simon Francis was Mayor.  
John Loufkin, Richard Killingbury, Sheriffs.    
In his Seventeenth Year, 

John Hammond was Mayor.  
John Steward, John Aylesham, Sheriffs.    
In his Eighteenth Year, 

John Hammond continued Mayor.  
Geoffry Witchingham, Thomas ●eg, Sheriffs.    
In his Ninteenth Year, 

Richard Lazer was Mayor.  
Edmund Hemenhall, John of Gloucester, Sheriffs.    
In his Twentieth Year, 

Geoffry Witchingham was Mayor.  
John Croyden, William Clopton, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty first Year, 

Thomas Leggy was Mayor.  
Adam Brampson, Richard Fas or Bas, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty second Year, 

John Loufkin was Mayor.  
Henry Bicard, Simon Doleby, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty third Year, 

Walter Turk was Mayor.  
Adam of Bury, Ralph of Lynne, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty fourth Year, 

Richard Killingbury was Mayor.  
John Notte, William of Worcester, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty fifth Year, 

Andrew Aubery was Mayor.  
John Wroth, Gilbert of Stenineshorpe, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty sixth Year, 

Adam Francis was Mayor.  
John Peace, John Stotley, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty seventh Year, 

Adam Francis continued Mayor.  
William Wold, John Little, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty eight Year, 

Thomas Leggy was Mayor.  
William Nottingham, Roger Smelled, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty ninth Year, 

Simon Francis was Mayor.  
Thomas Foster, Thomas Brandon, Sheriffs.    
In his thirtieth Year, 

Henry Picard was Mayor.  
Richard Nottingham, Thomas Dolsel, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty first Year, 

Sir John Stody was Mayor.  
Stephen Candish, Bartholomew Frostling, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty second Year, 

John Loufkin was Mayor.  
John Barnes, John Buris, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty third Year, 

Simon Doulseby was Mayor,  
Simon of Benington, John of Chichester, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fourth Year, 

John Wroth was Mayor.  
John Dennis, Walter Berney, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fifth Year, 

John Peche was Mayor.  
William Holbech, James Tame, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty sixth Year, 

Stephen Candish was Mayor.  
John of St. Alban, James Andrew, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty seventh Year, 

John Not was Mayor.  
Richard of Croyden, John Hiltoft, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty eighth Year. 

Adam of Bury was Mayor.  
John de Metford, Simon de Mordan, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty ninth Year, 

John Loufkin was Mayor.  
John Bukilsworth, John Ireland, Sheriffs.    
In his fortieth Year, 

John Loufkin continued Mayor.  
John Ward, Thomas of Lee, Sheriffs.    
In his forty first Year, 

James Andrew was Mayor▪  
John Tarngold, William Dickman, Sheriffs.    
In his forty second Year, 

Simon Mordan was Mayor.  
Robert Girdeler, Adam Wimondham, Sheriffs.    
In his forty third Year, 

John Chichester, was Mayor.  
John Piel, Hugh Holdich, Sheriffs.    
In his forty fourth Year, 

John Barnes was Mayor.  
William Walworth, Robert Gayton, Sheriffs.    
In his forty fifth Year, 

John Barnes continued Mayor.  
Adam Staple, Robert Hatfield, Sheriffs.    
In his forty sixth Year, 

John Piel was Mayor.  
John Philpot, Nicholas Brembar, Sheriffs.    
In his forty seventh Year, 

Adam of Bury was Mayor.  
John Abery, John Fished, Sheriffs.    
In his forty eighth Year, 

William Walworth was Mayor.  
Richard Lions, William Woodhouse, Sheriffs.    
In his forty ninth Year, 

John Ward was Mayor.  
John Hadley, William Newport, Sheriffs.    
In his fiftieth Year, 

Adam Staple was Mayor.  
John Northampton, Robert Land, Sheriffs.      

RICHARD II.  
RICHARD, the Son of Edward the Black Prince, was crowned King in the eleventh year of his age; but ere the Crown was settled on his head, the French braved it on the English coasts, and the Scots set fire on the Tower of Roxbrough; and through want of care in such who had the charge of State-matters in the young King's behalf, things were declined to a shameful change; and the glorious achievements of the two late Edward's fell under an eclipse. The North parts of England were grievously afflicted with the stroke of Pestilence, and their misery augmented by the inroads and outrages of the Scots, who had now by surprise gained Berwick, which upon the ninth day after, the Earl of Northumberland regained by force. A. D. 1379, a Parliament was held at London, wherein for supply of the King's wants, it was agreed, That the Commons or poorer sort should be spared, and the burden be wholly laid upon the abler sort. And in the next year following a Parliament was held at Northampton, wherein every one of each sex, above such an age, was charged to pay 12 d. per poll; which, with the hatred born to John Duke of Lancaster, was the cause of a great insurrection of the Commons and Bondmen, chief of Kent, Essex, Surrey, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridg-shire. The principal heads of the said giddy multitude, were Wat Tyler and Jack Straw. The Rebels of Kent embattled themselves upon Black-Heath by Greenwich, from whence they marched to London; where, the common sort generally siding with them, they became Masters of Misrule. The Priory of St. John's without Smithfield, they kept burning for about seven days. Savoy-Palace belonging to the Duke, with all the riches therein, they consumed by fire, in a kind of holy outrage; for they threw one of their fellows into the flames, because he had thrust a piece of stolen Plate into his bosom. They burned all the Archbishop's Goods at Lambeth, and defaced all the Writings, Rolls, Records, and Monuments of the Chancery, as having a special hatred to the Lawyers. Simon Tibald Archbishop of Canterbury, and Chancellor of England, a worthy Prelate, Sir Robert Hales Lord Prior of St. John's. and Treasurer of England, they haled out of the Tower, where the King was in person, and beheaded them on Tower-hill with great shoutings and rejoicings. The number of these rebellious Reformers under the leading of Jack Straw, and the Idol of Clowns Wat Tyler, were about an Hundred thousand; and at a Sermon made to them by John Ball, there was near twice as many. Their proud Petitions the King granted them (necessity compelling him thereto); after which, a great multitude of them repaired to their several homes. The remaining Rout the King by his Proclamation invited to meet him in Smithfield, where he would satisfy their desires in all respects to the full. 
William Courtney, A. B. Cant▪  But when they were met in the place appointed, Wat Tyler there in the presence of the King offering to kill Sir John Newton (for not giving him some undue respect) William Walworth Lord Mayor thereupon set upon the arch-traitor with a drawn Weapon, and slew him: Which when the Rebels perceived, they prepared to take extreme revenge; but the King instantly spurring forth his Horse, bade them follow him, and he would be their Captain. And whilst they thronged after him into the fields, brave Walworth (the while) hasted into the City, raised a thousand Citizens in armour, and brought them, with Wat Tilers head born before him upon a spear, to the King: Which the rude multitude seeing, some of them fled, and others on their knees begged mercy of the King. Worthy Walworth the King knighted, and bestowed on him an hundred pound lands by the year in fee-simple; and, as some writ, the Dagger was now added to the City-arms, in remembrance of the great good service done by the Lord Mayor. Jack Straw at the time of his execution confessed, that these Rebels had designed to murder the King and chief of the Realm, and to have set up petty kings of their own choosing in every shire. The number of rebels executed in all places, was about Fifteen hundred. These were called the Hurling-times. And now the Nation being settled in quiet, King Richard married the Lady Ann Daughter unto the Emperor Charles the Fourth. John Duke of Lancaster was sent into France, where he concluded a Truce with that Nation for six months. But these sunshine days lasted not long: For besides the annoyances done to England by the Scots at several times, and the French threatening an Invasion, the worst mischief befell at home through the means of discontented and ambitious spirits, who kindled a Civil War. The Laity took offence against the Clergy, because the Archbishop had in Parliament refused to yield to an unjust proportion of the Tax granted the King, to be laid upon the Clergy. And so far were the Commons and some Lay-Peers offended therewith, that they petitioned the King to take away the Temporalties from Ecclesiastical persons; which he denied, saying, That he would maintain the English Church in the quality of the same state, or better, in which himself had known it to be when he came to the Crown The displacing of Sir Richard Scrope Chancellor, was displeasing to most men. The reason of his displacing was, because he refused to pass such large gifts under the Great Seal, as the King in his youthful humour had granted to some Courtiers. Also the King's over-freeness to the Queen's Countrymen the Bohemians, discontented many. The ancient Nobles they envied that Robert de Vere Earl of Oxford, was created Marquis of Dublin, and Duke of Ireland; and Michael de la Pool a Merchant's Son, Earl of Suffolk; and that the King had them in too great favour. These were held for great grievances; nor would the Parliament grant the King any aids against his foreign foes, unless these Lords were removed and degraded. This the King could not well digest, but consulted the Learned in the Law concerning certain Articles of Treason, within the compass of which he might take the popular Lords. And at Nottingham Robert Trisilian Chief Justitiar, Robert Belknap Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, John Holt, Roger Fulthorp, and William Burgh, Justitiars; John Lockton the King's Sergeant at Law: All subscribed to certain Articles of Treason made against the Lords, which afterwards cost them dear. Judge Belknap foresaw the danger; therefore unwillingly consented, saying, There wants but an Hurdle, Horse, and Halter, to carry me where I might suffer the death deserved. For if I had not done this (quoth he) I should have died for it; and because I have done it, I deserve death for betraying the Lords.  
And now the King and Lords prepare themselves for the field; the Lords march up to London with an Army of about Forty thousand men; against whose coming the King, not being able to match their power, shuts himself up in the Tower, whither the factious Lords, Gloucester, Derby, Arundel, Warwick and Martial, send him word, That if he come not quickly to Westminster according to appointment, they would choose them another King, who both would and should obey the Counsel of the Peers. Hereupon the King, though with no goodwill, attends their Lordship's pleasure at Westminster, where he yielded to remove from about his person Alexander Nevil Archbishop of York, the Bishops of Durham and Chichester, the Lords Zouch and Beaumond, with divers others; and amongst them certain Ladies. Other of his friends were made prisoners. And at the Parliament which was shortly after, the Judges were arrested as they sat in Judgement, and most of them sent to the Tower. Trisilian that had fled, being apprehended, and brought to the Parliament in the forenoon, had sentence to be drawn to Tyburn in the afternoon, and there to have his throat cut, which was done accordingly. Divers other Knights also were sacrificed to their revenge. The Duke of Ireland and others had their estates confiscated to the King's use by Act of Parliament. This while the Scots invaded the North of England under the conduct of Sir William Douglas, whom Henry Hotspur fight with hand to hand, slew; but the Earl of Dunbar coming with an excessive number of Scots, took Hotspur and his brother prisoners.  
A. D. 1396, Peace was concluded with the French, the Scots and Spaniards being included therein. And in September, 1397, a Parliament called The Great, (for the extraordinary number of Peers and their retinues which came thereunto) was held at London, wherein the sanctuary of former Laws, and all particular Charters of pardon were taken away from Thomas Duke of Gloucester, the Earl of Arundel, and others for their treasonable practices; and all the Justitiars who stood for the King were cleared from dishonour, and such Articles as they had subscribed were publicly ratifyed, and the offenders against them pronounced Traitors. Richard Earl of Arundel was beheaded on Tower-Hill, where at his death he utterly denied that he was a Traitor in word or deed. The Earl of Warwick confessing himself a Traitor in open Court, was only banished to the Isle of Man.  
The Duke of Gloucester (whom, as the people's darling, it seemed not safe to bring to a public Trial) was secretly smothered with pillows and featherbeds at Calais. The King at this Parliament created himself Prince of Chester, and to his Escutcheon-Royal added the Armouries of Edward the Confessor; his Cousin Henry Earl of Derby he made Duke of Hereford, and advanced the Titles of many other Nobles. Not long after which, Henry Duke of Hereford accused Thomas Mowbray Duke of Norfolk for speaking certain words to the King's dishonour, which Mowbray constantly denying, it should have come to a combat within Lists, but the King ended the controversy otherwise, by banishing Norfolk for ever, and Hereford first for ten years, then for six only. In the year following the Duke of Lancaster died, when the King unjustly seized upon the goods of that mighty Prince his Uncle, and determined to banish for ever his son the Duke of Hereford, now Duke of Lancaster by his Father's death. But whilst King Richard was in Ireland to qualify a disturbance there, Henry Duke of Lancaster and Hereford lands in England with what forces he had, pretending nothing but the recovery of his inheritance. To him there repaired the Earl of Northumberland, his son Hotspur and Earl of Westmoreland, with many others: Multitudes offering their service to him, as pitying his calamity, and exasperated against the King, because to furnish his Irish voyage he had extorted moneys on all hands, and had taken up carriages, victuals, and other necessaries without any recompense. The Duke of Lancaster with an Army of about sixty thousand marched to Bristol, besieged the Castle and took it, and therein two Knights of the King's Council, Bushy and Green, whose heads were cut off at the request of the rabble.  
The Duke of York whom King Richard had left behind him to govern England, could gain but small assistance against Lancaster, nor could the King at his return into England find many friends, therefore he betook himself to a parley with his enemies; the sum of his demands being, That if himself and eight more whom he should name, might have Honourable allowance, with the assurance of a private quiet life, he would resign the Crown. This was promised him: whereupon he put himself into the Duke of Lancaster's hands, who conducted him out of the West to London, where he was lodged in the Tower. And now a Parliament is summoned in the King's name to be held at Westminster, in which Parliament King Richard was charged with the breach of his Coronation-Oath in thirty two Articles: His abuse of the public Treasure, waste of the Crown-Land, loss of Honour abroad; and that at home he was guilty of Falsehood, Injustice, Treason against the rights of the Crown, and what not, that ambition and envy could invent against him. 
Tho. Arundel. A. B. Cant.  The result whereof was, he resigned his Crown to the Duke of Lancaster, which resignation the whole body of the Parliament did particularly accept, saving the most loyal Bishop of Carlisle, A. D. 1399, Septemb. 29.  
In the very beginning of this King's reign, one John Philpot a private Citizen of London, at his own charge manned out a Fleet to the Sea, for the guarding of both Land and Sea from the enemy; and was so successful, that within a short space he took fifteen Ships of the Spaniards fraught with Rich Merchandise.  
By a Tempest were cast away at Sea four Knights, and above a thousand Englishmen in their passage to Little-Britain. In the year 1392, the Londoners were so unkind to the King, that they refused to supply him with the loan but of a thousand pound, and because a certain Lombard offered to lend the same, they abused and almost killed him, for which the King took away their Charter. The year of Christ, 1394, was famous or notable for the deaths of many great Ladies, and amongst the rest of Queen Anne the King's first wife, whom, it is said, he loved to a kind of madness. In the same year that the King was deposed the Bay or Laurel Trees withered all over England, and afterwards reflourished; and on the first of January, near Bedford-Town the River where it was deepest, did on the sudden stand still, and so divided itself, that the bottom remained dry for about three miles. Now flourished Sir John Hawkwood, whose Chivalry had made him renowned through the Christian World. Sir Geoffry Chaucer, Poet- Laureate, now also lived.  
Queen Anne wife to King Richard the second, first taught English women to ride on side-saddles, when as before that time they rid astride. She also brought in high head attire piked with Horns, and long trained Gowns for Women.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir Nicholas Brember was Mayor.  
Nicholas Twiford, Andrew Pikeman, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

John Philpot was Mayor.  
John Boseham, Thomas Cornwallis, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year. 

John Hadly was Mayor.  
John Helisdon, William Barra, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

William Walworth was Mayor.  
Walter Doget, William knighthood, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year. 

John Northampton was Mayor.  
John Rotu, John Hind, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

John Northampton continued Mayor.  
Adam Bramme, John Selimus, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir Nicholas Brember was Mayor.  
Simon Winchcome, John Moor, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir Nicholas Brember continued Mayor.  
Nicholas Exton, John French, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Sir Nicholas Brember continued Mayor.  
John Organ, John Churchman, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Nicholas Exton was Mayor.  
William Stondon, William More, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

Nicholas Exton continued Mayor.  
William Venor, Hugh Falstalf●, Sheriffs.    
In his twelfth Year, 

Nicholas Twiford was Mayor.  
Thomas Austen, Adam Carlehul, Sheriffs.    
In his thirteenth Year. 

William Venor was Mayor.  
John Walcot, John Love, Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year, 

Adam Bamme was Mayor.  
John Francis, Thomas Vibent, Sheriffs.    
In his fifteenth Year, 

John Hind was Mayor.  
John Shadworth, Henry Vamere, Sheriffs.    
In his sixteenth Year, 

William Stondon was Mayor.  
Gilbert Mafield, Thomas Newington, Sheriffs.    
In his seventeenth Year, 

John Hardley was Mayor.  
Drew Barintin, Richard Whitington, Sheriffs.    
In his eighteenth Year, 

Sir John Froyshe was Mayor.  
William Bramston, Thomas Knolls, Sheriffs.    
In his nineteenth Year, 

Sir William More was Mayor.  
Roger Ellis, William Sevenoke, Sheriffs.    
In his twentieth Year, 

Adam Brown was Mayor.  
Thomas Wilford, William Parker, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty first Year, 

Sir Richard Whitington was Mayor.  
John Woodcock, William Ascham, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty second Year, 

Sir Drew Barintin was Mayor.  
John Wade, John Warner, Sheriffs.      

HENRY IU.  

A D. 1389  HENRY of Bullingbroke, the son of John Duke of Lancaster, the fourth son of King Edward the third, was Crowned at Westminster by Thomas Arundel Archbishop of Canterbury. His Cousin the late King Richard seemed so little concerned for the loss of his Crown, that when it was told him of Bullingbrokes' being accepted by Parliament for King in his stead, he only used these words, I look not after such things, but my hope is, that after all this, my Cousin will be my good Lord and friend. But now Henry seated in Richard's Throne, used all the best means to retain the hearts of the people that sided with him, and to weaken the opposite party, and withal sent Ambassadors to foreign Princes to justify his unjust proceed. But the King of France and people of Aquitain, would not allow of his pretences, and the Citizens of Bordeaux openly said, That since the world began there was never a more cruel, unreasonable, nor wicked fact done. That the good Prince was betrayed by faithless men, and that all Law was violated. In England were many that inclined and contrived to set King Richard again upon his rightful Throne, (though to seek a captive King's deliverance doth commonly hasten his death.) The principal Conspirators were John Holland Earl of Huntingdon, Thomas Holland Earl of Kent, the Dukes of Surrey, Excester, and Aumarl, John Monticute Earl of Salisbury, Thomas Spencer Earl of Gloucester, and the Bishop of Carlisle. Their plot was to kill Henry Bullingbroke, and his son Henry; but before the time of intended execution was come, the whole conjuration was discovered. Many attempts the conspirators made to effect the re-establing of Richard, and amongst the rest, they procured one Maudlin King Richard's Chaplain to personate his Lord, but this with all the rest of their projects failed. The Townsmen of Cyrencester assailed and took some of the discontented Lords, and then cut off their heads, because some of their followers set fire on Cyrencester, thinking that whilst the Townsmen were busied in quenching the fire, they might set their Lords at liberty. The Commons in Essex took the Earl of Huntingdon and cut off his head, in revenge of the Duke of Glocesters' death, which he had had a hand in. The Lord Spencer the Commons beheaded at Bristol. Some others of them were put to death at Oxford, some at London, where also John Maudlin, the counterfeit Richard (a goodly personage) and one William Ferby were hanged and quartered. The Bishop of Carlisle was by the King's Clemency saved, after his condemnation. King Richard did not long survive his friends, but at Pontfract Castle was put out of the way by hunger, cold, and great torments, though the Scots have untruly writ, that he escaped out of prison, and led a solitary and virtuous life in Scotland, and there died and was buried at the blackfriars in Sterling. After Richard's murder at Pontfract, King Henry caused his dead body to be brought up to London, where in St. Paul's with his face uncovered, he lay for a time exposed to the view of all men; then was his body transported to Langley in Hartfordshire where it lay buried, till Henry the fifth in the first year of his Reign caused the Royal remains of his body to be Translated to Westminster. That beautiful Picture of a King sitting Crowned in a chair of State at the upper end of the Choir in Westminster-abby, is said to be, of him. And now King Henry to divert the thoughts of the people from his Predecessors Tragedy, prepared a puissant Army and marched with it into Scotland, where he only did some hurt by wasting the Country, and then returned. Shortly after which he advanced against Owen Glendour that had raised a Rebellion in Wales; but Glendour against the Kings coming had withdrawn himself, with his surest friends, into the Fastnesses of Snowden; wherefore the King only made some spoil in the Country and returned. Many were the plots that were still made against the King, but the contrivers were discovered and put to death, among whom were many Monks. And now Glendour having taken the Lord Mortimer prisoner, with no small slaughter of his Herefordshire-men, the King marched again into Wales, where while he stayed he was in great danger to have perished by sudden storms and reins, the like whereof his people had never seen or felt. The common fame went that Glendour was a Conjurer, and had raised those hideous Th●●●p●●● by ●lish Arts. In the No● 〈…〉 forces were more fortunate against the Scots; for at Halidon-hill Henry Hotspur obtained a great victory, taking prisoners the Earls of Douglas, Fife, Angus, Murray and Orkney, the Lords Montgomery, Erskin, and Grave, with about eighty Knights, besides Esquires and Gentlemen. And besides what Scots were slain in battle, there were about five hundred of those which fled from the fight drowned in the River Tweed▪ But that Henry might have little joy of his illgotten greatness, the Piercies they raised a dangerous Rebellion, wherein indeed they pretended a care for the Commonwealth's reformation, though they really intended the advancement of their own private interests; for it was agreed amongst the conspirators, that the Kingdom should be shared betwixt Mortimer Earl of March, Piercy and Owen Glendour, South England to Mortimer, North England to Piercy, and Wales beyond Severn to Glendour, and Archenbald Earl of Douglas was allowed as a sharer to be freed from ransom, and to have Berwick for his own. Thus agreed, they fortify Shrewsbury, whither the King advanceth with his Army, where a terrible battle was fought, and therein Hotspur slain, and his Host vanquished. The Earls of Dunglas, Worcester, Sir Richard Vernon, and Baron Kindleton, with divers others were taken, though not without great danger of the King's life, and the death of many persons of quality on his side. Henry Hotspurs body was drawn out of the Grave, Beheaded, and Quartered, and the parts sent to be set up in divers places of the Kingdom. The Earl of Worcester, Vernon and Kindleton were Beheaded. The Earl of Northumberland who was taken by the way as he was bringing Forces out of the North to join with those at Shrewsbury, had his life pardoned.  
The year following a Parliament was holden at Coventry, called the Lack-learning-Parliament, either for the unlearnedness of the persons, or for their malice to learned men: For in order to supply the King's wants, a Bill was exhibited against the temporalties of the Clergy, but by the courage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the King's care of the Church, their motion was fruitless.  
A. D. 1405, another conspiracy was made against King Henry, the chief in which conspiracy were Thomas Mowbray Earl Marshal, and Richard le Scrope Archbishop of York, who being taken were both Beheaded. But the Pope excommunicated all such that had a hand in putting the Archbishop to death. Another fresh report of King Richard's being alive was again spread abroad, when the Earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolph sought to raise an Army in the North, but were encountered by the Sheriff of Yorkshire, who after a sharp conflict slew the Earl in the field, and mortally wounded the Lord Bardolph. The Earls head was cut off, and after it had been ignominiously carried through London, was fixed on the Bridge.  
A. D. 1413, the King fell sick, and as some report, in this his last sickness he caused his Crown to be set on a pillow at his beds-head, when suddenly the pangs of his Apoplexy seized on him so violently, that all supposed him to be dead. At which instant Prince Henry coming in, took away the Crown; but his Father recovering out of his fit, quickly miss it, and understanding who had taken it away, caused his son to be called unto him, of whom he demanded, what he meant to bereave him of that whereunto he had yet no right? The Prince boldly replied, Long may you live, Sovereign Father, to wear it yourself; but all men deeming that you was gone to Inherit another Crown, this being my right I took it as my own, but now do acknowledge it for none of mine. And therewith set the Crown where he found it. O Son, quoth the Father, with what right I got it, God only knoweth, who forgive me the sin. But howsoever it was got, said the Son, I mean to keep it, and defend it (when it shall be mine) with my Sword, as you by the Sword have obtained it. The King died at London, and was buried at Canterbury. His Issue were Henry, Thomas Duke of Clarence, John Duke of Bedford, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, Blanch and Philippe.  
A great Plague befell throughout England, chief in London, where within a short space it destroyed thirty thousand. In the ninth year of his reign a Snow continued December, January, February, and March. The Winter was so very sharp and long, that almost all small Birds perished through hunger. A little before the Rebellion of the Piercies was a strange Apparition between Bedford and Bickleswade, where sundry Monsters of divers colours in the shapes of armed men, were often seen to issue out of the Woods in the morning, which to such as stood far off, seemed to encounter one another in most terrible manner, but when they drawn near nothing was to be found.  
Because the number of Lolards, so called, increased, an Act was made for the punishing of them by burning.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir Thomas Knolls was Mayor.  
William Waldren, William Hende, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Sir John Francis was Mayor.  
John Wakel, William Ebot, Sheriffs,    
In his third Year, 

Sir John Shadworth was Mayor.  
William Venor, John Framingham, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

John Walcot was Mayor.  
Richard Marlowe, Robert C●ic●y, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir William Ascham was Mayor.  
Thomas Falconer, Thomas Pool, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

John Hind was Mayor.  
William Louth, Stephen Spilman, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir John Woodcock was Mayor.  
Henry Barton, William Cromer, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir Richard Whittingham was Mayor.  
Nicholas Watton, Geoffry Brooke, Sheriffs▪    
In his ninth Year, 

Sir William Stondon was Mayor.  
Henry Ponfract, Henry Halton, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Sir Drew Barentine was Mayor.  
Thomas Buck, William Norton, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year. 

Richard Marlowe was Mayor.  
John Law, William Chichely, Sheriffs.    
In his twelfth Year, 

Sir Thomas Knolls was Mayor.  
John Pen, Thomas Pike, Sheriffs.    
In his thirteenth Year, 

Sir Robert Chichely was Mayor.  
John Rainwel, William Cotton, Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year, 

William Walden was Mayor.  
Ralph Lovenham, William Sevenoke, Sheriffs.      

HENRY V.  

A. D. 1413  HENRY of Monmouth whilst he was Prince, did many things very incongruous to the greatness of his birth, For he and his wild companions would waylay and rob his Fathers and his own Receivers. And when one of his servants was arraigned at the King's Bench bar for felony, this Prince hearing thereof, posted thither, commanding his Fetters to be struck off, and he set at liberty; and when the Judge opposed him therein, commanding him upon his Allegiance to cease from such riot, and keep the King's peace, he in a rage ascended the Bench, and gave the Judge a blow on the face, who sat still undaunted, and boldly thus spoke unto the Prince; Sir, I pray remember yourself. This seat which I here possess is not mine but your Fathers, to whom and to his Laws you own double obedience. If his Highness and his Laws be thus violated by you, who should show yourself obedient to both, who will obey you, when you are a Sovereign, or minister execution to the Laws that you shall make? Wherefore for this default, in your Father's name, I commit you prisoner to the King's Bench, until his Majesty's pleasure be further known. With which words, the Prince abashed stood mute, laid by his weapons, and with obeisance done, went to the Prison.  
Whilst the King his Father was crazy, and kept his Chamber, he through the Prince's wild extravagances, and set on by some Court-whisperers, began both to withdraw his affections, and to fear some violence against his own person from the Prince, which when young Henry understood, in a strange disguise he repaired to his Father's Court, accompanied with many persons of Honour. His garment was a Gown of blue Satin wrought full of eye-let-holes, and at every eyelet the needle left hanging with the silk it was worked with. About his Arm he wore a Dog's Collar set full of S's of Gold, the Tirets thereof being most fine Gold. Being come to the Court, he charged his followers to advance no further than the fire in the Hall, whilst himself passed on to his Father's presence, before whose feet he fell, confessing his youthful faults, and justifying his loyalty to his person; declaring himself to be so far from any disloyal attempt, that if he knew any person of whom his Father stood in any danger, or fear, his hand according to duty, should be the first to free the King of suspicion; yea, saith he, I will most gladly suffer death to ease your perplexed heart; and to that end I have this day prepared myself both by confession, and receiving the blessed Sacrament: Wherefore I humbly beseech your Grace to free your suspicion from all fears conceived against me with this dagger, the stab whereof I will willingly receive at your hands, and will clearly forgive my death. At which, the King melting into tears, cast down the naked dagger (which the Prince had put into his hand) and raising his prostrate Son, 
Henry Chicheley. A. B. Cant.  embraced and kissed him, confessing that his ears had been over-credulous against him, which he promised they should never be in the future.  
But notwithstanding this Prince's youthful exploits, yet when he had attained the Crown, to begin a good Government, he began at home, banishing from his Court those unruly youths that had been his consorts, commanding them either to change their manners, or never to approach within ten miles of his person. And chose worthy men for his Council of Estate, advancing his Clergy with Power and dignity. So highly careful was he for the execution of Justice, that himself would every day after dinner for the space of an hour, receive Petitions of the oppressed, and with great equity would redress their wrongs. And so nearly did the death of King Richard touch his heart, that he sent to Rome to be Absolved from that guilt of his Fathers Act. In the first year of his Reign at a Parliament holden at Leicester was a Bill exhibited, wherein complaint was made, That the temporal lands given to the Religious houses and spiritual persons for devotion sake, were either superfluous, or disorderly spent; Whose revenues (if better employed) would serve for the defence of the Land and Honour of the King; For the maintenance of fifteen Earls, 1500 Knights, 6200 Esquires, and 100 Almshouses for the relief of diseased and impotent people, and unto the King's Coffers Twenty thousand pounds per Annum. By the Authority of this Parliament, an 110 Priories alien were suppressed, and their possessions given to the King and his successors for ever. But to divert those in Authority from such like proceed, projects were put into the King's head for recovery of France his rightful possession. Henry Chicheley Archbishop of Canterbury suggested that King Henry as the true Heir unto his Great-grand-Father Edward the third, was the true Heir to the Crown of France.  
As for the Salique-Law alleged against the English claim, he affirmed, that that Text touched only those parts of Germany which lay betwixt the Rivers Elbe and Sala, conquered by Charles the Great, who placing the French there to inhabit, because of the dishonest lives of those German-women, made this Law, In terram Salicam mulieres ne succedant, which the gloss did falsely expound for the whole Kingdom of France, whose practice notwithstanding he shown to be contrary, by many experiences both in King Pepin descended of Blithud daughter to Clothair the first, and by Hugh Capet as Heir to the Lady Lingard daughter to Charlemagne; so King Lewis called the Saint; and besides, that this exclusion is contrary to the word of God, which alloweth women to succeed in their Father's inheritance, Numbs. 27.  
King Henry now sends a summons and demand in the first place of his Dutchies of Normandy, Aquitain, Guyon and Anjou; to which the Dauphin of France in derision sent him for a present a Tun of Paris Tennis-Balls; but the King returned for answer, That he would shortly send him London-Balls, which should shake Paris-walls. Whilst the English were making provision against the French, Sir Robert Humfreville gave the Scots a considerable defeat, which the French understanding, with also the great preparations that Henry of England was making against them, they sent over Ambassadors, who at Winchester made offer of money and some Territories; also the Princess Katherine to be given in marriage to King Henry, so that he would conclude a peace; but it was answered, That without the delivery of the other Dominions belonging to the King's Progenitors, no pacification was to be made. And when the Ambassadors had had their answer given them, the King sent Antelope his Pursuivant at Arms unto Charles King of France with Letters of defiance; next made Queen Joan his Mother-in-Law Regent of the Realm, than drew his Forces to Southampton, commanding his followers there to attend him on such a day.  
The King of France on the other part makes all the preparation he could to defend himself, and to offend the King of England. To Grey a Privy-councillor, Scroop Lord Treasurer, and the Earl of Cambridge Son of Edmond Duke of York, he sent, 'tis said, a Million of Gold to betray King Henry into his hands, or else to murder him; but their Treason being discovered, they received the just reward of Traitors.  
On the seventh of August, 1414, the King of England with 1500 sail took to the seas, attended with Thirty thousand Soldiers, besides Gunners, Enginiers, Artificers, and Labourers, a great number. And the 15 day of the same Month he cast anchor in the mouth of Seyn, about three miles from Harflew; where landing his men, he fell devoutly on his knees, desiring God's assistance to the gaining of his Right. Then made Proclamation, That on pain of death, Churches, Churchmen, Women and Children, should be spared from all violence. And after due encouragement to his followers, he made Harflew the first essay of his Fortunes in France, it being a Port conveniently seated upon the mouth of the River Seyn, and a safe entrance into his intended Conquest, as well for the landing of men, as to hinder the passage unto Rouen and Paris, both which received Traffic by the same River.  
This town of Harflew was surrendered to King Henry, Septemb, 22. Into which when he first entered, he passed along the streets  until he came to the Church of St. Martin, where with great devotion he gave most humble thanks unto Almighty God for that his first achieved Enterprise. When the King had continued at Harflew about fourteen days he marched with 2000 Horse, and 13000 Foot, through Caux and Eu, towards Calais; in which march the French used all their endeavours to endamage him: for besides many skirmishes▪ they broke down the Bridges where he was to pass, plashed the woods, entrenched the ways, stuck stakes in the Fords, and in places of advantage laid store of soldiers to impeach his passage; conveyed all victuals out of the Countries through which he should go, and at Blanchetague where he purposed to have passed over the River Some, there the French had fortified against him; for which cause he marched by Worms, with intent to have passed the River at Port le Remy; but finding that also guarded, he kept along the River to Hargest, the French Army marching on the other side. Therefore he still marched on by the River side, till he came to Bathencourt, where he got over his feeble▪ and wearied Army, proceeding on his march till he came to Azin, or Agin-Court, which was upon Octob. 24, where the French in a field of advantage purposely chosen, had pitched their Banner-Royal, with an infinite Host, exceeding the English six times in number, some say ten times. King Henry now seeing himself so far engaged and many of his men sick of the flux, 'tis said he offered the surrender of Harflew, and what else he had won, and to make satisfaction for the harms done in France, so as he might have liberty safely to departed for Calais: to which the Constable and Marshal of France were willing; but the young Princes and Nobles refused all conditions of Peace. And assuring themselves of victory, they beforehand disposed of the English Prisoners, prepared a Chariot for the captive King, divided the prey, commanded the Bells to be rung in the adjacent Cities and Towns, and thanks to be given to God that had delivered the Enemy into such a place of advantage: sent to King Henry to know what ransom he would give: sent for King Charles and the Dauphin to come in their persons to the battle, that so they might have the honour of the Victory. And so bold were the French upon their numbers and great strength, that they spent the night before the battle in Feasts, triumphs, and sports; but the English more wisely in preparing themselves for the fight. When morning was come, the French took the field, pressing who should be foremost to this easy (as they thought) Conquest. Against whom (their greatest strength consisting in Horse) King Henry commanded Two hundred strong Bowmen to lodge in a low Meadow, where a deep ditch full of water, might help to secure them from the Horse, and the bushes cover them from sight; having stakes also prepared, and shod with iron at both ends, which they were appointed to stick slopewise in the ground▪ and to remove them upon occasion to guard them from the Horse. This done, King Henry ranged his Host, disposing it into three Battles, placing his Bowmen on both sides the Main, where the King road himself richly accoutred, before whom the Royal Standard was born, and many other Banners in Warlike order. Both sides being in readiness, they a while stood facing one another. But the King of England resolving to break his way through his Enemies to Calais, or else to die, with a cheerful countenance, and words full of courage, he animated his followers to put forth their utmost powers, that after-ages might know what the Lance, the Axe, the Sword, and the Bow, could do in the hands of the Valiant; and that whosoever desired Riches, Honours, and Rewards, here they were to be had. Which words ended, his Army fell prostrate on the ground, and committed themselves to God, every man taking into his mouth a piece of earth in remembrance of his own mortality, or in lieu of the Sacrament: And then rising up, the King with cheerful countenance commanded his Standard to advance forward, saying, Because our injurious enemies do attempt to shut up our way, let us upon them in the name of the most Glorious Trinity, and in the best hour of the whole year. Sir Thomas Erpingham, an old experienced Soldier, with a Warder in his hand, led the way; who when he saw time, threw his Warder up into the air, whereat the whole Army gave a great shout, The French kept still their own ground; which the undaunted English perceiving, they advanced towards them, giving another shout; when immediately the Archers laid in the Meadows, darkened the Air with a shower of Arrows, and the English Army fell on with admirable courage, the most of them also for nimbleness being but half clothed, without hat, and bare-leged; so behaving themselves, that the French Vanguard was instantly distressed, and disordered into such a confused press, that they were not able to use their Weapons at any advantage. Their Wings which assayed to charge upon the English, were broken, and forced back for safety to their Main Battle, where they bred both fear and confusion. And those French Troops which pursued the Archers (who gave back as if forced to fly) came on with their Horses on the spur upon the jaws of destruction: for falling by multitudes on those goring-stakes (left by the Archers on purpose) they were miserably overthrown and panched to death, the English still on all hands hotly pursuing their advantages. Against whom the Duke of Brabant advanced (hoping by his example to encourage others) furiously breaking into the English Army, wherein manfully fight he was slain. With the like resolution Duke Alanzon pressed into the English Battalion where King Henry fought, and there had slain Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, had not the King come in to his rescue, between whom and Alanzon was a hard contest, Alanzon giving the King a slighty wound, and the King at length striking him down to the ground, whom the Soldiers in the heat of fight than slew, contrary to the King's command. The French Rearguard seeing the disaster of their Van and Main Battle, to save themselves, ran away, leaving the English no more work to do. The number of prisoners taken by the English here was very great. But King Henry perceiving fresh troops of the King of Sicils to appear fresh in the field, and the same strong enough without any new rallied forces to encounter with his wearied Soldiers, to the end therefore that he might not have at once prisoners to guard, and an enemy to fight, contrary to his generous nature, he commanded that every man should kill his prisoner, which was immediately done, certain principal men excepted. Then by his Heralds he commanded those Troops either forthwith to come and fight with him, else to departed the field, either of which if they delayed he would revenge upon them without mercy. Whereupon they quit the field. When the fight was over and the field won, King Henry fell down upon his knees, and commanded his whole Army to do the same, saying that verse in the Psalm, Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy Name give the glory. And demanding what was the name of the place, when it was answered him Agincourt, then to all posterities following, saith he, shall this battle be called, the battle of Agincourt.  
The spoil here taken in Armour, Jewels, and Apparel, was very great. Of the English were slain the Duke of York, the Earl of Suffolk, two Knights, David Gam Esquire, and twenty eight private Soldiers. Of the French were slain four thousand Princes, Nobles, Knights, and Esquires, and ten thousand common Soldiers. Prisoners of Account taken in the field were Charles Duke of Orleans, John Duke of Bourbon, the Earl of Richmond, Louis de Bourbon, Count de Vendosme, the Earl of Yew, Edward de Roven, with divers others. Just before this battle of Agincourt, when it was reported that the French forces were very numerous, Captain Gam resolutely said, That if there were so many, there were enough to be killed, enough to be taken prisoners, and enough to run away. The next day after this battle Great Henry marched towards Calais, and in the next month following spread sails for England, and on November 23, in Triumph-wise he entered London, where he received the gratulations of his people. The City presented him a thousand pound in Gold, and two golden Basins. After some time of refreshing the King called a Parliament to London, which granted him a Subsidy, and a Tenth for the carrying on of his Wars in France, which he graciously accepted, though it was too short for the defraying so vast a charge.  
Therefore to make it up, the King pawned his Crown to his Uncle Cardinal Beauford for a great Sum of Money, and certain Jewels to the Lord Mayor of London for ten thousand Marks. Then with an Army of 25527, Soldiers, every fourth being an Horseman, besides a thousand Carpenters and Labourers. Upon July 28, 1417, he took to the Seas; and August the first, arrived in Normandy to their great terror, many of the Inhabitants for fear flying into Britain. And as soon as on shore to encourage his followers, he dubbed 48▪ Knights, then laid siege against Conquest the strongest Castle in Normandy, which he took August the sixteenth. He took likewise the Castles of Aumbelliers and Lovers, the first of which he gave to his brother Clarence, the second to the Earl of Salisbury, and third to the Earl Marshal. Caen in Normandy the King took by force, giving the pillage thereof amongst his Soldiers. Now whilst King Henry was busied in France, the Scots wrought what mischief they could against him at home, entered England in an Hostile manner, bringing with them one whom they pretended to be King Richard the second, laid straight siege against Roxbrough, and Berwick, but upon the report of an Army of English coming against them, they broke up their sieges, and well was he that could first set foot in his own Country. In January the strong Town and Castle of Fallors was delivered to the King, after which he divided his Army into several parts under the Conducts of the Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, and Earl of Warwick, who took sundry garrisons. The King the while besieged Rouen, which after about a Twelvemonths siege was delivered to him upon Terms, i. e. That the Burgesses should pay unto him three hundred fifty six thousand Crowns of Gold; Should swear faith and loyalty to him and his successors, etc.  
A. D. 1418. Immediately after the surrender of this, sundry other places of Note yielded themselves, wherein King Henry placed Garrisons. And now France trembling at the English successes and their own losses, sought a peace from King Henry, who yielded to a personal conference to be held at Melun, whither Charles the French King, his Queen Isabel, the Princess Katherine, Duke of Burgundy, Count of St. Paul, with a thousand Horse, came first; then King Henry, his brothers of Clarence and Gloucester attended likewise with a thousand Horse, met them. When much conference passed, but nothing was concluded, which did not well please the King of England: wherefore ready to departed, he thus spoke to Burgundy. Cousin, I may not well digest this refusal; but be ye assured, that either I will have your King's daughter, and all my demands, or else I will banish both you and them out of France. You may speak your pleasure, answered the Duke; but before you shall thrust us out of France, you shall be weary of the enterprise. The Treaty thus broke, Burgundy reconciled himself with the Dauphin, and Henry displeased herewith, prosecuted the War more sharply, set upon Ponthois the last of July, and in few hours gained the Town, wherein great spoils fell to the Soldier's shares. The news of this made King Charles to remove his Court from Paris to Troy's in Champagne, whilst Henry went forward with his intended erterprises, he and his Generals winning many strong-holds. And to make the more way for the English successes, the Dauphin and his Mother the Queen fell at great variance, when the Queen by the procurement of Burgundy (the King being very infirm) was made Regent of France, whose female authority, and the hatred to her own Son the Dauphin, did not a little prejudice the Crown of France. And to the greater advantage of the English the Dauphin killed the Duke of Burgundy, whereupon the Queen and young Duke of Burgundy persuaded King Charles to disinherit the Dauphin his Son, and to give the Lady Katherine in marriage unto the King of England, which accordingly was done, and a peace was concluded betwixt the two Kings of England and France. The prime Articles of the peace were these, That Charles and Isabel should retain the name of King and Queen, and should hold all their dignities, rents and possessions during their natural lives. That after the death of Charles the present King of France, the Crown and Realm of France, should with all rights and appurtenances remain unto the King of England, and his Heirs for ever. That because of King Charles his infirmness and incapacity to dispose the affairs of the Realm of France, therefore during his life the government thereof should be and abide to King Henry; so that thenceforth he should govern the Realm, and admit to his Council and Assistance with the Council of France, such of the English Nobility as he should think fit, etc.  
The Number of Articles were thirty three, which were sworn unto at Troy's, May 30, 1420, the same being proclaimed in London, the 20 of June following. These Articles were concluded betwixt the two Kings in the presence of divers of the chief Nobility both of England and France, homage being sworn unto King Henry, and he proclaimed Regent of France. And on the third of June the marriage of Henry and Katherine was with all pompous solemnity celebrated at Troy's, the Bishop of that See performing the ceremonies. From Troy's the King of England and his Queen road to Paris, where great entertainment was given; and the more to weaken the Daulphins' interest, a Parliament of the three Estates was assembled in Paris, where the disinherison of the Dauphin was confirmed. In this Parliament was also the final accord betwixt the two Kings acknowledged by the French King, as made by his free consent and liking, and with advice of the Council of France; whereupon it was likewise there ratified by the General States of that Realm, and sworn unto particularly upon the Holy Evangelists by the French Nobles and Rulers spiritual and secular, who also set their Seals to the Instruments thereof. Which Instruments were sent into England to be kept in the King's Exchequer at Westminster. Things now settled in France as well as that unsettled time would permit, King Henry leaves the Duke of Clarence to be his Lieutenant there, and hasts for England with his Queen, whom he caused to be Crowned at Westminster in little time after their arrival in England. Then called a Parliament in order to the raising of moneys for the continuing of the Conquest in France; but some men minding more their private interest than the public, instead of being free thereto to contribute, they petitioned the King to commiserate the poverty of the Commons, which, as they pleaded, were beggared by the Wars: wherefore without further pressing for any aid the King again pawned his Crown to his rich Uncle Cardinal Beauford for twenty thousand pounds, and then returned into France with four thousand Horse and 24 thousand Foot. And time it was, for the Daulphins' party was grown considerably strong by Aids sent from Scotland, under the conduct of the Earl of Bucquhanan and Archibald Douglas, who had given a defeat to a party of the English, therein killing the valiant Duke of Clarence, and taking prisoners the Earls of Huntingdon and Somerset, and Thomas Beaufort. After which the Daulphinois had laid siege to Alenzon, and straitened the City of Paris, by withholding provisions from it; but when victorious Henry appeared, the enemy betook them to their strong-holds, many of which he gained in short time.  
A. D. 1421, and Decemb. the sixth, whilst King Henry lay before Meaux, news was brought him that his Queen at the Castle of Windsor was delivered of a Son, at which he exceedingly rejoiced, yet said, he liked not the place of her delivery, having before commanded that she should not be delivered there, and withal predicted that what Henry of Monmouth should gain, Henry of Windsor should lose.  
A. D. 1422, Queen Katherine passed beyond the Seas to the King into France, and there in the Louvre King Henry and his Queen Katherine at the Festival of Pentecost sat in their Royal Robes, with their Imperial Crowns on their heads, and kept there Court with great confluence of people. But shortly after, this renowned Prince fell sick of a burning Fever and Flux, whereof he died, August 31. 1422. His bowels were buried at St. Mauro de Fosses, his body at Westminster, next beneath the Tomb of Edward the Confessor. Upon his Tomb Queen Katherine caused a Royal Picture to be laid, covered all over with Silver-Plate gilt, the head whereof was wholly of massy Silver. All which at the Abbeys suppression was sacrilegiously broken off and taken away. His Issue was only Henry of Windsor. 'tis said of him▪ That he was a Prince godly in heart, sober in speech, sparing of words, resolute in deeds, provident in Council, prudent in judgement, modest in countenance, magnanimous in action, constant in undertaking, a great Alms-giver, devout to Godward, a renowned Soldier, fortunate in field, from whence he never returned without Victory. He erected the Monasteries of Bethlem and Bridget near unto Richmond, gave Princely gifts to the Church of Westminster and Brotherhood of St. Giles without Cripple-gate-London. He first instituted Garter principal King at Arms, besides other augmentations to the Order of St George.  
A. D. 1414, Sigismond the Emperor came into England, desiring to make peace betwixt the two Nations of France and England, but when that could not be effected he entered into a League with the English himself. Sir Roger Acton, Beverly, Murley and some others were strangled and burned for an unlawful meeting in St. Giles-fields. A. D. 1417. Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cob●am, was adjudged as a Traitor to the King and Realm, to be drawn through the streets to St. Giles-fields by London, and there to be hanged and burnt.  
Three Popes were now at once mounted into St. Peter's Chair, namely Benedict, Gregory and John, therefore for preventions of mischief to the Church by this Schism, a Council was held at Constance in Germany, whither King Henry sent nine English Prelates, one of which, to wit, Richard Clifford Bishop of London, was the first nominated by the Council to be Pope, and he first nominated him that succeeded, which was Otho Collonna, by the name of Martin the fifth. In the third year of this King's reign, and on Candlemas day, seven Dolphins came up the River Thames, four of which were taken.  
An Act made in Parliament holden at Leicester, That such who maintained Wickliff's doctrine were Heretics and Traitors, and to be hanged and burned. By which Law Sir Roger Acton, with divers others, as also the Lord Cobham, were put to death.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir William Cromar was Mayor.  
John Sutton, John Michael, Sheriffs▪    
In his second Year, 

Sir Thomas Falconer was Mayor.  
John Michael, Thomas Allen, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year. 

Sir Nicholas Wotton was Mayor.  
William Cambridge, Alan Everard, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Sir Henry Barton was Mayor.  
Richard Whittington, John Coventry, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Richard Marlowe was Mayor.  
Henry Read, John Gedney, Sheriffs▪    
In his sixth Year, 

William Sevenoke was Mayor.  
John Brian, John Barton, John Parvess, Sheriffs▪    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir Richard Whittington was Mayor.  
Robert Whittington, John Butler, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

William Cambridge was Mayor.  
John Butler, John Wells, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Sir Robert Chichely was Mayor.  
Richard Gosseline, William Weston, Sheriffs.      

HENRY VI  

A. D. 1422.  HENRY of Windsor, was crowned about the Eighth Month of his age. The guard and custody of this Royal Infant, was committed to Thomas Duke of Excester; the Nurture and Education to his Mother the Queen-Dowager, the Government of England to Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, and the Regency of France to John Duke of Bedford. The first disadvantage that befell the English Cause after the late King's decease, was the death of Charles the French King, who survived Henry but 53 days; for the imbecilities of this Prince were a strength to the English; on the other side, the Infancy of young Henry was an advantage to young Charles, by them of his party now called King of France, though by the English he was called only King of Berry, because little else was left unto him. Howbeit now he seeks to enlarge his Dominions, having received Aids from Italy and Scotland. And not far from the Town of Vernoil, his and the Regent's Forces joined battle, when the English enured to the French Wars, having born the first heat of their enemies encounter, by perseverance utterly broke them, and put them to flight. The Regent himself fought most fiercely, winning unto himself a lasting Honour. On the enemy's part was slain the Constable and Lieutenant of France, the Earls of Wigton and Vantadour, with about five thousand others. Prisoners taken, was the Duke of Alanzon himself, with about two hundred others of special account. After this Victory, the Regent besieged Mants in Main, and with Ordnance beat down part of the Walls, whereupon it was yielded; this being one of the Articles at the surrender (which perhaps might be upon every like occasion) That if any person was found within the City which had been consenting to the murder of John Duke of Burgundy, Father to Philip Duke of Burgoigne, that they should simply be at the Regent's mercy.  
Some time after this, and not much, Thomas Montacute Earl of Salisbury, with a dreadful puissance, besieged the City of Orleans, and so enforced it, that the inhabitants were willing to articulate, and to yield themselves to the Duke of Burgundy, then being in his company: but the Earl highly disdaining thereat, said in the English Proverb, I will not beat the bush, and another shall have the bird. Which Proverbial speech, 'tis said, so offended the Duke, that it wholly alienated his mind from the English, to their great loss in all the French Wars following. And now appeared that famous French Shepherdess Joan of Lorraine, about 18 years of age, daughter to James of Arcke. This Maid to comfort Charles of France, presented herself to him at Chinon, bidding him to be of good courage, and constantly affirming, that God had sent her to deliver the Realm of France from the English yoke, and to restore him to the fullness of his Fortunes. Then she armed herself like a man, and required to have that Sword which at that time did hang in Saint Katherine's Church of Fierebois in Tourain; and being warlikely arrayed, she gets into Orleans, which did greatly animate the fainting French. From Orleans this Maid of God (for so the French called her) sent a Letter to de la Pole Earl of Suffolk, in words to this effect: King of England, do reason to the King of heaven for his blood-royal; yield up to the Virgin the keys of all the good Cities which you have forced, etc. I am the chief of this War; wheresoever I encounter your men in France, I will chase them, will they nill they, etc. The Virgin comes from heaven to drive you out of France; be not obstinate, for you shall not hold France of the King of heaven, the Son of St. Mary, but Charles shall enjoy it, the King and lawful heir, to whom God hath given it. He shall enter Paris with a goodly train, etc. Understand these news of God and the Virgin; spare innocent blood, leave Orleans at liberty. This Letter was entertained of the English with laughter, and Joan reputed of them no better than a Bedlam, or Inchantress. But be she what she would, yet by her encouragements and conduct the English had Orleans plucked out of their hopes, and with much loss were driven to raise the siege. In all Adventures Joan was one, and the foremost. At one Sally, she being shot through the arm, said to her followers, Come this is a favour, let us go on, they cannot escape the hand of God. The English lost at this siege, the Earl of Salisbury, the Lord Moline, the Lord Poynings, Sir Thomas Gargrave; and of all sorts (if you believe the enemy) were slain in such Sallies as the Martial Maid made, 8000, our own Writers say but 600. After the raising of this siege, some Towns were took by the English; but at a Village called Potay, the French coming upon them before the Archers could fortify their battles with an empalement of stakes, the English after three hours bloody resistance were put to the worst: The Lords Talbot, Scales, Hungerford, and Sir Thommas Rampstone, were taken prisoners. Which loss was followed with the sudden revolt of sundry Towns. Nor was it long ere Charles recovered Aunerre and Rhiemes; in the last of which, according to the Maid's direction, he was solemnly crowned King of France. Hitherto the Virgin had been very lucky; but coming to the rescue of Champagne, distressed by the English and B●rgundians, she was taken by a Burgundian Knight, who sold her to the English, and they sent her to Rouen, where she was burnt for Sorcery, Bloodshed, and unnatural use of manlike Apparel and Habiliments, contrary to her Sex. The rumour of whose death, and ignominious cause thereof▪ was something incommodious to Charles' affairs for a time; and it was thought that the coming of young King Henry into France would be much more, who Decemb. 7.1431, was crowned King of France in Paris, by the Cardinal of Winchester. At which time such of the French Nobility as were present, did their homage to him. The King's Patents and Grants touching French matters, passed under the seal and stile of Henry King of the Frenchmen and of England. And about this time the English Affairs succeeded pretty fortunately in France. The Earl of Arundel and Lord Talbot carry about victorious arms, and terrify Main, Anjou, and other places, with their successes.  
A D. 1435, that famous Patriot and General John Duke of Bedford, died at Paris. Upon which many Towns voluntarily yielded, and multitudes of the French forsook the English to join with Charles. And though the English Forces then in France were not altogether slothful▪ yet through a fatal security or negligence, or both, at home, there was not speedy sufficiencies of resistance ministered. Richard Duke of York was created Regent of France; but before he arrived there, Paris was lost by the treachery of the Citizens, Feb. 27. 1436. And Philip Duke of Burgundy now in person gives proof of his disaffections to the English, bringing his Forces before the Town of Calais; for the relief of which place the Protector Humphrey Duke of Gloucester passed with a great Army; but Burgundy had withdrawn his Forces before the Duke arrived. Howbeit the Duke took some revenge on him, by wasting part of his Dominions; Which done, he with honour returned to his Charge in England.  
In France the Earl of Warwick was very active driving the Duke of Burgundy's Forces from Crotoy, freeing Albeville from the danger of a Bastile, for twenty days spoiling the Country of Picardy about Amiens and Artois. The Duke of Somreset, Lords Talbot and Willoughby were also busied in other places for the security of what the English had gained. 
John Stratford. A. B. Cant.  But the common enemy the Turk increasing in strengths, Ambassadors were sent from all parts to determine these bloody differences betwixt the Nations of France and England, whereupon a Truce was taken by the two Kings for eighteen months.  
A. D. 1444, was King Henry married with Margaret the daughter of Renate Duke of Anjou and Lorraine. In which marriage, say some, begun the mournful Tragedies of our Country: For after this day, the fortune of the World began to decline the King; so that he lost his friends in England, and revenues in France, for shortly all was ruled by the Queen and her Council, to the great disprofit of the King and his Realm, and to the maugre and obloquy of the Queen herself, who had many a wrong and false report made of her.  
A. D. 1447, Good Duke Humphreys death was effected. He was much hated by the Queen and her party, as the only man who by his prudence, as also by the Honour and Authority of his birth and place, seemed to impeach that Sovereign Command, which they pretended to settle in the King, but meant indeed (as the manner is under soft Princes) to reign themselves in another's name. Many great Lords were drawn on (at the time of a Parliament then holden at St. Edmondsbury) to concur for his destruction, not perceiving that thereby they plucked up the floodgate, at which the Duke of York should enter. This great Duke being come to attend in this Parliament, was Arrested of High Treason by John Lord Beaumond High Constable of England, the Dukes of Buckingham, Somerset and others; and to guard him certain of the King's household were appointed: but it was not long before he was found dead, whose body was showed to the Lords and Commons, as if he had died of a Palsy or Imposthume. His servant's Sir Roger Chamberlain, Richard Middleton, Thomas Herbert, Arthur Tursey Esquires, and Richard Nedham, Gent. were condemned of High Treason, and had this unexampled punishment. They were drawn from the Tower to Tyburn, there hanged, let down quick, stripped naked, marked with a knife to be quartered, and then a Charter of Pardon for their lives was showed by the Marquis of Suffolk. Thomas Wild the Duke's servant also being condemned and pardoned, had for a preamble in his Letters Patents words importing, That he had been one among many other Traitors against the King with Duke Humphrey, who went about, and practised to deliver Eleanor late wife to the Duke out of Prison, for which purpose he had gathered a great power and number of men to come to the Parliament at Bury, there to have contrived the King's destruction. Such was the end of this great Prince, who by the people of England was thought to be doubly murdered, by detraction and deadly practice. He was not only a true Lover of learned men▪ but himself was also learned and a Father of his Country. And now the whole frame of government seemed to repose itself on the Queen, and such Favourites as the King by her commendations liked.  
The affairs of France were neglected. And the Duke of York perceiving the King to be ruled, and not to Rule, began secretly to allure his friends of the Nobility, and privily declared to them his Title to the Crown, as likewise he did to certain Governors of Cities and Towns. Which attempt was so politicly and closely carried, that his provision was ready, before his purpose was public. The very state of things invited this fatal conspiracy, there being now a milder King than England was worthy of, a Council out of favour with the people, manifold losses and dishonours abroad, a turbulent and jealous condition of things at home. Of all which the Duke of York made his best use, cherishing the popular discontents, and instead of seeking to redress any evils in the State, he represented them to be worse than they were, thereby to ripen that breach of Loyalty in the hearts of men, which his ambition wrought upon. In France matters went on very unhappily on the English side; For the Duke of Somerset during the Truce, suffered a Town of Britain to be surprised, denying restitution thereof, cherished his Soldiers in their riot and disorders. The French therefore making this their example, surprised Town after Town till they had gained all Normandy, and within few years extorted the Duchy of Gascoign out of the English possession.  
In the mean time the Duke of York raised his esteem in England, by his appeasing of a tumult which had happened in Ireland. And at a Parliament holden at Westminster, many Articles were exhibited by the Lower-House against the Duke of Suffolk, wherein he was charged with evil demeanour, Misprision and Treason, and committed Prisoner to the Tower, from whence he was discharged within a few weeks after.  
About this time Adam Molins' Bishop of Chichester and keeper of the Privy-Seal (a wise and stout man) stood in the Duke of Yorks way to the Crown; therefore he procured him to be slain at Portsmouth by certain Ship-men. And in a Parliament holden at Leicester the Duke of Suffolk, a principal pillar of King Henry's safety, was set at again by the Yorkists. They charge that for a crime on him (namely the delivery of Anjou and Main) which themselves had universally in a former Parliament assented unto and ratified. This they prosecuted so effectually, (though unjustly) against him, that he was condemned to be banished for five years; but in his way to banishment he was by some employed on purpose, taken at Dover-road, where they struck off his head at the side of a Cockboat: nor was his death much lamented of the people, because he was thought to have been a private actor in the death of the Noble Duke of Gloucester. Now the Yorkists having thus rid Suffolk out of the way, think it no unfit time to begin to put their designs in practice; so induce the Commons of Kent to make an Insurrection. 
John Kemp. A. B. Cant.  The Captain of the Rebels was a Villain named Jack Cade, whom some by contraries called John Amend-all. Their demands were, That the Duke of York now in Ireland might be called home; and that he, with some others whom Cade named, might be principally used in Council: That those guilty of good Duke Humphrey's death, might receive due punishment. That the Grievances of the people might be redressed. These Kentish Rebels (with whom others from Essex joined) after they had committed some outrages in and about London, as in beheading the Lord Say Treasurer of England, Mr. Cromer High Sheriff, plundering many of the Citizens, etc. upon the King's Proclamation and assurance of Pardon, returned to their own homes. But Cade afterward attempting to raise new troubles, was slain by Mr. Edan a Kentish Gentleman. The Duke of York finding the humours of the popular body fitted for his purpose, came suddenly out of Ireland, and confederated with divers Noblemen to take the Crown from Henry's head, and to set it on his own. Howbeit their pretence in taking arms, was only for the reformation of the State, professing that they meant all honour and obedience to the King; Which King Henry and his Friends, chief the Duke of Somerset, could not believe: Therefore an Army was prepared, and also advanced against the Yorkists. But before the Armies came to engage in fight, by such that secretly favoured the Duke of York, the King was persuaded to a reconciliation, and that Somerset should be commanded prisoner to his own house. 
Tho. Bourchier, A. B. Cant.  Which done, and York having dissolved his Army, he came to the King, making great complaints against Somerset; who hearing thereof, presented himself to the King against his accuser, answering York face to face, and in plain terms accused him of highest Treason, as having conspired to depose the King, and to take the Sovereignty upon himself. Whereupon York was for a time put under restraint, till in St. Paul's Church in London, before the chief of the Nobility, he took a solemn oath to be a true, faithful, and obedient subject unto King Henry.  
A. D. 1452, John Lord Talbot, first Earl of Shrewsbury of that Family, with an Army was sent to regain Gasgoin. Bordeaux herself yielded to this great Soldier: Whence he went to relieve Chastilion; but charging the Enemy upon much unequal terms, was there slain in the field, together with his Son the Viscount Lisle.  
After which battle, when the flames of intestine War began to flash out in England betwixt the two Families of York and Lancaster, the Martial men of England were called home out of France, to maintain the Factions here: At which time a French Captain scoffingly asked an English man, When they would return again into France? To whom the English man feelingly and upon a true ground answered, When your sins shall be greater and more grievous in the sight of God than ours are now. A. D. 1453, the Queen was delivered of a Son, who was named Edward.  
A. D. 1454, the Duke of York in despite of his sacred Oath so publicly taken, raised arms against the King, marching with his forces towards London. Against whose coming, King Henry prepared an Army, with which he advanced to St. Alban, where a sharp battle was fought, and the Royal party worsted. On the King's side were slain the Duke of Somerset, Earls of Northumberland and Stafford, Lord Clifford, with sundry worthy Knights and Esquires. The King himself was shot into the neck with an arrow, taken prisoner, and conveyed back to London; where, in July immediately following, a Parliament was holden, the precursor whereof was a Blazing-star, which appeared in June, extending its beams to the South. The first popular Act of this Assembly, was to restore the memory of Duke Humphrey to honour, declaring him to have been a true subject to the King and Realm. The next was to free the Yorkists from treason as to their taking up of arms. In this Parliament the Duke of York created himself Protector of England, the Earl of Salisbury his great Confident, was made Lord Chancellor, and the Earl of Warwick (Salisbury's Son) Captain of Calais. They spared as yet to touch King Henry's life, because the people did wonderfully esteem and reverence him for his holiness. But that they (the Yorkists) might with the more facility uncrown, and at last kill him, they by degrees worked out his ancient Councillors, and placed of their own creatures in their rooms.  
And now the French encouraged by our inward divisions, landed at Sandwich Fifteen thousand men, where they did some spoil, then departed. Another part of them burned Foway, and some other towns in Devonshire.  
A. D. 1458, the Lords met at London to compose all quarrels, bringing with them great troops of armed attendants, which through the great vigilancy and providence of the then Mayor of London, Godfrey Bullein (Queen Ann Bulleins Ancestor) dutifully kept the King's peace. This Meeting of the Lords ended in a Composure, though it continued but a very short time before both sides made preparations for War; and at Blore-Heath they came to battle, which was long and bloody; but at length the worst of the day fell to the King's side. Howbeit not long after, the King put the Yorkists to flight at Ludlow, which town was spoiled to the bare Walls.  
In a Parliament holden at Coventry, the Duke of York, Earls of March, Salisbury, Warwick, Rutland, and others, were attainted of High treason, and had their whole Estates confiscated. But on July 9 1460, at Northampton was the fatal battle, where Henry's Forces were utterly broken and vanquished, through the treachery of the Lord Grey of Ruthen, who quit his place, and fled to the Yorkists. The Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Shrewsbury, Viscount Beaumond, Lord Egrimond, Valiant Sir William Lucy, with many others of the King's Friends, were slain; and the King himself fell a prey into his enemy's hands, who carried him to London, where a Parliament begun Octob. 8. At which Parliament Richard 〈…〉 his claim to the Crown, puble 〈…〉 ●gree to them on this sort, nam● 〈…〉 third son of King ●dward the third▪ had Issue Philip his daughter, who was married to Edmond Mortimer Earl of March, who had Issue Roger Earl of March, who had Issue Edmond Earl of March, Roger, Anne, and Eleanor, which said Edmond, Roger, and Eleanor, died without Issue, and Anne the Heir of that House was married to Richard Earl of Cambridge (the son of Edmond Duke of York, fifth son to King Edward the third,) which said Earl of Cambridge had Richard now Duke of York. He also alleged, that the descendants of John of Gaunt fourth son and younger brother to Lionel, had hitherto holden the Crown of England unjustly, for that himself the said Richard Plantagenet Duke of York was the lawful Heir, being the son of Richard Earl of Cambridge and Anne aforesaid. Whilss this weighty controversy to whom the Crown of right belonged was under debate, a Crown which hung for an Ornament in the middle of the roof of the Room, where the Knights and Burgesses met to consult, and also the Crown which for like cause stood upon the highest Tower of Dover-Castle, both fell suddenly down, which were vulgarly construed to be of ill-portent to King Henry. The conclusion of the Parliament concerning the Crown was, That Henry should enjoy it during life, and then it should remain to Richard Duke of York, and his Heirs, and King Henry's Heirs to be for ever excluded. Whereupon the Duke was proclaimed Heir Apparent. But this while the Queen was gathering forces in the North, resolving if possible to maintain the possession of a Crown, and to secure it for her son. The Duke of York therefore with an Army marcheth against her, and near unto Wakefield both Hosts join battle, where the Queen at length gained the Victory. The Duke himself with divers men of account were slain in the fight, and the Earl of Salisbury was taken prisoner and beheaded. And now Edward Earl of March the son of Richard Duke of York, takes upon him to maintain the quarrel, and at Mortimer's Cross near Ludlow, he set upon the Queen's Army. At which time there appeared three Suns, which suddenly joined into one. The Battles maintained themselves with great fury, but in the end March obtained the Victory. There were taken Sir Owen Teder or Tudor (Father to Jasper Earl of Pembroke) whom Earl Edward caused to be beheaded, Taken also were, Sir John Scudamor with his two sons, and other persons of Rank.  
A. D. 1461. Both Armies met and engaged in fight at St. Alban, where the Queen's side won the day, and recovered the King, whom the Yorkists had brought along with them from London. Howbeit the Londoners stood wholly for the Earl of March (whose presence and carriage made him amiable amongst the people, especially women) and at his return to London from the fight, proclaimed him King of England.  
King Henry's Issue was only Edward. He was a Prince free from pride, given much to Prayer; well-read in the Scriptures, Charitable, so chaste and modest, that when certain young women presented themselves before him in a Mask, with their hair lose, and bare breasts laid out, he immediately risen up and departed with these words, Fie, fie for shame, forsooth ye are to blame. He took all injuries, whereof he received plenty, so patiently, that he not only did not seek to revenge them, but gave God thanks that he did send them to punish his sins in this life, that he might escape punishment in the life to come. To a Russian that struck him on the face whilst he was prisoner, he only said, Forsooth, you are to blame to strike me your anointed King. Not long before his death, being demanded why he had so long held the Crown of England unjustly, he replied, my Father was King of England, quietly enjoying the Crown all his Reign; and his Father, my Grandsire was also King of England, and I even a Child in the Cradle, was proclaimed and Crowned King without any interruption, and so held it forty years well-neer, all the States doing homage unto me, as to my Ancestors. Therefore I say with King David, My lot is fallen in a fair ground, I have a goodly Heritage: my help is from the Lord which saveth the upright in heart. He founded those Famous Colleges of Eato●, and King's College in Cambridge.  
In or near the year of our Lord 1442. was Eleanor Cobham the good Duke Humphries wife, arraigned of Sorcery and Treason, for setting on Bu●lingbrooke and Southwell to take away the King's life by Necromancy. Something of the fact she either confessed, or was proved against her, for the which she was put to solemn and public penance in London three several days, than was committed to perpetual imprisonment.  
The Art of Printing was first found out in Germany by a Knight called John Guttenberghen, and brought into England by William Caxton a Mercer of London, who first practised the same in the Abbey at Westminster, Anno Dom. 1471.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir William Waldren was Mayor.  
William Eastfield, Robert Tatarfel, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

William Cromar was Mayor.  
Nicholas James, Thomas Watford, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

John Michal was Mayor.  
Simon Seamen, John Bywater, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

John Coventry was Mayor.  
William Mildred, John Brokle, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir John Rainwel was Mayor.  
John Arnal, John Higham, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Sir John Gedney was Mayor.  
Henry Frowick, Robert Otely, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir Henry Barton was Mayor.  
Thomas Duffhouse, John Abbot, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir William Eastfield was Mayor.  
William Russee, Ralph Holland, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Nicholas Wotton was Mayor.  
Walter Chertsey, Robert Large, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Sir John de Wells was Mayor.  
John Aderly, Stephen Brown, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

Sir John Parveis was Mayor.  
John Olney, John Paddesley, Sheriffs.    
In his Twelfth Year, 

Sir John Brokle was Mayor.  
Thomas Chalton, John King, Sheriffs.    
In his Thirteenth year, 

Sir Roger Oteley was Mayor.  
Thomas Barnewel, Simon Eyre, Sheriffs.    
In his Fourteenth Year, 

Sir Henry Frowick was Mayor.  
Thomas Catworth, Robert Clopton, Sheriffs.    
In his Fifteenth Year, 

Sir John Michael was Mayor.  
Thomas Morsted, William Gregory, Sheriffs.    
In his Sixteenth Year, 

Sir William Eastfield was Mayor.  
William Hales, William Chapman, Sheriffs.    
In his Seventeenth, Year, 

Sir Stephen Brown was Mayor.  
Hugh Dyker, Nicholas Yowe, Sheriffs.    
In his Eighteenth Year, 

Robert Large was Mayor.  
Philip Malpas, Robert Marshal, Sheriffs.    
In his Ninteenth Year, 

Sir John Paddesley was Mayor.  
John Sutton, William Welinhale, Sheriffs.    
In his Twentieth Year, 

Robert Clopton was Mayor.  
William Combis, Richard Rich, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty first Year, 

John Aderley was Mayor.  
Thomas Beaumond, Richard Nordon, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty second Year, 

Thomas Catworth was Mayor.  
Nicholas Wyford, John Norman, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty third Year, 

Sir Henry Frowick was Mayor.  
Stephen Foster, Hugh W●tch, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty fourth Year, 

Sir Simon Eyre was Mayor.  
John Derby, Godfrey Fielding, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty fifth Year, 

John Olney was Mayor.  
Robert Horn, Godfrey Bullen, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty sixth Year, 

Sir John Gedney was Mayor.  
William Abraham, Thomas Scot, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty seventh Year, 

Sir Stephen Brown was Mayor.  
William Cotlow, William Marrow, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty eight Year, 

Sir Thomas Chalton was Mayor.  
William Hulin, Thomas Canning, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty ninth Year, 

Nicholas Wilford was Mayor.  
John Middleton, William Dear, Sheriffs.    
In his thirtieth Year, 

Sir William Gregory was Mayor.  
Matthew Philip, Christopher Wharton, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty first Year, 

Sir Geoffry Fielding was Mayor.  
Richard Lee, Richard Alley, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty second Year, 

Sir John Norman was Mayor.  
John Walden, Thomas Cook, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty third Year, 

Sir Stephen Foster was Mayor.  
John Field, William Taylor, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fourth Year, 

Sir William Marrow was Mayor,  
John Young, Thomas Oldgrave, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fifth Year, 

Sir Thomas Canning was Mayor.  
John steward, Ralph Verney, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty sixth Year, 

Sir Godfrey Bullen was Mayor.  
William Edward, Thomas Reyner, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty seventh Year, 

Sir Thomas Scot was Mayor.  
Ralph Joceline, Richard Nedham, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty eighth Year, 

Sir William Hulin was Mayor.  
John Plummer, John Stocker, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty ninth Year, 

Sir Richard Lee was Mayor.  
Richard Fleming, John Lambert, Sheriffs.      

EDWARD IU.  
EDWARD the fourth, 
A. D. 1●61  was the eldest son of Richard Duke of York, and began to Reign in the twentieth year of his Age. At which time Henry of Windsor had many friends remaining, who by open Hostility sought to re settle him on the English Throne. The battle at Towton fought on Palm-Sunday 1461, is very memorable, wherein died the Lords Beaumond, Nevil, Willoughby, Wells, Scales, Grey, Dacres, Fitz-Hugh, Beckingham, Knights, Esquires, and Gentlemen a great number, and in all on both parts 35091, but Henry lost the day.  
A. D. 1461, and June 28, was Edward Duke of York and Earl of March Crowned King at Westminster with great solemnity. And in November following was Henry of Windsor and his son Edward by Parliament disinherited of their right or claim to the Crown. The Dukes of Excester and Somerset, and Earl of Devonshire with an 140 more were Attainted and Disinherited.  
Queen Margre● the mean while was gaining Aids from France, but they were discomfited by bastard Ogle. Then with the Scots she entered Northumberland, took the Castle of Bamburgh, and passed forward to the Bishopric of Durham, her forces daily increasing: but these also were defeated by King Edward at Hegely Moor, where Sir Ralph Piercie dying said, I have saved the Bird in my breast, meaning his Oath made to King Henry, in whose cause he lost his life.  
At Hexam also were Henry's forces defeated, but himself with much difficulty escaped into Scotland. Shortly after which, this unfortunate Prince came into England in disguise, but being betrayed, was apprehended in Waddington-Hall as he sat at dinner, from whence he was conveyed to London, with his Legs bound to the stirrups, and at London was Arrested by the Earl of Warwick, and committed to the Tower.  
And now King Edward thinks himself at leisure to marry, yet refuseth all Foreign matches, whereof he had many offered, and takes for his consort an inferior subject, the Relict of his mortal enemy, Sir John Grey slain at the battle of St. Alban on King Henry's side. This Lady Elizabeth Grace becoming a suitor unto the King for her Jointure; kind King Edward became a suitor unto her for a nights-Lodging; but she wisely answered him, when he became importunate, That as she did account herself too base to be his Wife, so she did think herself too good to be his Whore. When the King would needs marry this Lady, to the great discontent of his Council, but especially of his Mother; His Mother alleged many reasons to the contrary, and amongst the rest this, That only her Widowhood might be sufficient to restrain him, for that it was an high disparagement to a King, to be dishonoured with bigamy in his first marriage. To which the King pleasantly answered, In that she is a Widow, and hath already Children, By God's blessed Lady I am a Bachelor and have some too, and so each of us hath a proof, that neither of us are like to be barren. And therefore Madam I pray you be content, I trust in God she shall bring you forth a young Prince, that shall please you. And as for the Bigamy, let the Bishop hardly lay it in my way when I come to take Orders, for I understand that it is forbidden to a Priest, but I never witted yet that it was forbidden to a Prince. On May 26. 1465, was this Lady, whom Edward had accepted to be his Queen, Crowned at Westminster with all due Celebrations. Her Father Sir Richard Woodvil was created Lord Rivers, and made High Constable of England. Her son Thomas Grey was created Marquis Dorcet, and her other relations preferred. But this marriage of the Kings did so sorely disgust the Earl of Warwick, who had courted the Duke of Savoys daughter for King Edward, that he turned his affection from him to Henry, contriving all he could King Edward's deposition. He wrought upon George Duke of Clarence the King's brother to favour his designments, the Duke being the easier wrought upon, by reason he had before took offence against his brother about his Marriage, and preferring his Wife's kindred. Then did Warwick by his Agents stir up a commotion in the North, one Robert Huldern first heading a rabble of about fifteen thousand, and he put to death, Sir John Coniers undertook the leading of them, marching with them towards London; Proclaiming, That King Edward was neither a just Prince to God, nor a profitable Prince to the Commonwealth. Against these rebels the King sent an Army that engaged with them not far from Banbury, where the Northern men had gone off with the worst, had not John Clapham Esquire, a servant of Warwick's, displayed his colours with the white Bear, and from an eminent place cried a Warwick, a swarwick, whereat the Welshmen, fearing indeed that Warwick had been come, betook themselves to flight, leaving their General the Earl of pembroke, and his brother in the field, who valiantly fight were encompassed and taken. The Earl with his brother Sir Richard Herbert were brought to Banbury, where with ten other Gentlemen they lost their heads, Coniers and Clapham being their Judges, 1469.  
From hence the Northern men under the conduct of Robin of Riddisdale, hasted to the King's Manor of Graffon, where the Queen's Father then lay, whom with his son John they suddenly surprised, and at Northampton struck off their heads. The King this while having prepared a mighty Army, marched towards Warwick's company, and at Wolney pitched his Tents, the enemy lying at a little distance, in readiness for battle; but by mediation of friends a peace was entreated. When the King resting secure was by politic Warwick surprised in the dead of the night, and carried Prisoner to Warwick-Castle, from whence he was by night conveyed to Middleham Castle in Yorkshire, where under the custody of the Earls Brother George Nevil Archbishop of York he was retained; but the Bishop granting him liberty to ride a Hunting in the Forests and Parks, he fairly made his escape. Warwick hereupon rages, but seeing no remedy, he made use of necessity, and gave forth, that himself so caused it, having power to make Kings and to unmake them. Nor did he and Clarence leave off here, but procured a Rebellion in Lincolnshire, where Sir Robert Wells, an expert Soldier, with Thirty thousand Commons disturbed the Country, and in every place proclaimed King Henry. At Stamford-Wells set upon the King's forces (not staying for Warwick's coming) where was performed a most bloody fight, till at length Sir Robert being taken, the Lincolnshire men, casting away their Coats, all ran away. In regard whereof, this Battle was called, the Battle of Lost-Coat-Field. Wells with many others were put to death, 1470. Upon this defeat Clarence and Warwick fled into France, thinking to take sanctuary at Calais; but there the Lord Vawclear whom Warwick had substituted his Deputy, denied them admittance, bidding them defiance with his great Guns; for which good service King Edward mad Vaw●lea●, himself, Governor of Calais, But though these Lords were rejected here, yet were they with great respect received at the ●rench Court, K. Lewis furnishing them with aids, which effected, they set sail and landed at Dartmouth: from whence Warwick marched towards London, proclaiming Henry King, and commanding all from sixteen to sixty upon a great penalty to take arms against the Usurper Edward Duke of York.  
And incredible it was to see the confluence of them which came armed to him, who a little before applauded and approved none but King Edward. The Bastard Fawconbridg in the West, and the Earl of Pembroke in Wales,  proclaimed King Henry also. And the Lord Montacute, who having mustered 6000 men in the name of King Edward, and brought them forward almost to Nottingham, drew them back again, alleging King Edward's ungratefulness to his friends. Every one cried now, A King Henry, a King Henry; a Warwick, a Warwick; and indeed all so applauded the passage now on foot, that King Edward was forced to fly beyond the seas. His Queen Elizabeth stole out of the Tower, and took sanctuary in Westminster, where on the 4th of November she was delivered of a son, which without all pomp was there also baptised by the name of Edward. Other Sanctuaries were also full of Edward's Friends. And now the Kentish men took the opportunity to rob, spoil, and do much harm about London, and some in London itself; and more would have done, had not the Earl of Warwick come in to the rescue; which increased his name, that was great enough before. On October 6, the said Earl entered the Tower, wherein King Henry had been detained prisoner almost the space of 9 years, whom he released, and restored to him the title of King, and forthwith conveyed him through London to the Bishop's palace, where a pompous Court was kept till the 13 of the same month, on which day Henry went Crowned to St. Paul's, the Earl of Warwick bearing his Train, and Earl of Oxford the Sword, the people crying, God save King Henry. November 26 following, a certain Parliament was begun at Westminster, wherein K. Edward was declared a Traitor to his Country, an Usurper of the Crown, and had all his goods confiscate; the like judgement passed against his adherents. John Tiptoft Earl of Worcester was beheaded. All the Statutes made by K. Edward were revoked. The Crowns of England and France entailed to K. Henry, and his Heirs Male, and for want of such, unto George Duke of Clarence; and the Earl of Warwick was made Governor of the Land in those turbulent times. But K. Edward having received some aids from the Duke of Burgundy, and the promises of more in England, landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire. At his first arrival, he seemed to lay aside his claim to the Crown, pretending only to his rights as a private person, howbeit, when he had possessed himself of York, and got his friends about him, he then marched in an hostile manner till he came near to the City of Warwick, where his Brother Clarence brought in to his assistance 4000 men. And Clarence reconciled to K. Edward, sought to draw in Warwick, to which end, he sent messengers to him to the Town of Warwick where he than lay; but Warwick bade the Messengers go tell the Duke from him, That he had rather be an Earl, and always like himself, than a perjured Duke; and that ere his Oath should be falsified, as the Dukes apparently was, he would lay down his life at his enemy's foot, which he doubted not should be bought very dear. This stout resolution made Edward more wary, therefore he hastens forward to obtain London, whither when he was come, the Citizens set open their Gates to him. And now peaceable Henry becomes Prisoner again to K. Edward, who hearing of Warwick's advance towards London, draws forth his forces to meet him, taking Henry along with him, and upon Gladmore near Barnet, on Easterday in the morning the Kings and Earls hosts joined Battle, the best of the day for a while being Warwick's; but at length through the fogginess and darkness of the Air, the Stars embroidered on the Earl of Oxford's men's Coats, who were in the left wing of the Battle, were mistaken for the Sun which K. Edward's men wore; in which error Warwick's Battalion let's fly at their own fellows, that were in great forwardness of gaining the victory, and they not knowing the cause of the error, judged themselves betrayed; whereupon the Earl of Oxford with 800 men, quit the Field: Which great Warwick perceiving, he courageously animated his men, and furiously rushed into the midst of his enemy's battle, so far, that he could not be rescued, where valiantly fight he was slain. Marquis Montacute making forward to relieve him was also slain, whereby ended that bloody days task. On King Edward's part died the Lord Cromwell, Lord Bourchier, Lord Barnes and Sir John Lisle. On the other part, the Earl of Warwick, and his brother John Nevil Marquis Montacute. On both sides ten thousand, most of which were buried upon the same plain, where afterwards a Chapel was built. In this same year 1471, and within few weeks after this was a battle fought at Tewksbury betwixt King Edward and the Martial Queen Margaret, the defeat happening to the Queen; On whose side were slain John Lord Somerset, John Courtney Earl of Devonshire, Sir John Delves, Sir Edward Hampden, Sir Robert Whittingham, and Sir John Lewkner, with three hundred others. Amongst them that fled Prince Edward King Henry's son was one; him Sir Richard Crofts apprehended, and presented him to the King, whom the King a while beheld with austere countenance, at last demanded of him, How he durst with Banner displayed, so presumptuously disturb his Realm; To which the Prince answered, That what he did was to recover his Father's Kingdoms and his most rightful inheritance. How darest thou then, added the Prince, which art his subject display thy Colours against him thy Liege-Lord? Which answer so moved King Edward, that he dashed the Prince on the mouth with his Gauntlet, and Richard Duke of Gloucester with some of the King's servants, most shamefully murdered him at the King's feet. His body was buried in the Monastery of the black- Friars at Tewksbury.  
Edmond Duke of Somerset, the Prior of St. John's, with many Knights and Esquires were taken forth of Sanctuary and executed at Tewksbury. Queen Margaret in this fatal day of battle took into a religious house, from whence she was taken and committed to sure and straight keeping, in which condition she remained till such time that she was ransomed by her Father Duke Renate. May 20, King Edward entered London, and in few days after the Crookbacked Duke of Gloucester stabbed harmless King Henry to the heart. Whose murdered body was on the Ascension-Eve laid in an open Coffin and conveyed to St. Paul's in London, where it rested uncovered one day, and began to bleed afresh, thence it was carried to the black Friar's Church, where it did bleed as before, then was buried at Chertsey in Surrey, but King Henry the seventh translated it to his Chapel of Windsor.  
A. D. 1474, Was an Interview at Piquigny in France, of the two Kings of England and France, where falling into complimental conference, Lewis told King Edward that he would one day invite him to Paris, there to court his fair French Ladies, with whom if he committed any sin, Lewis merrily told him that Cardinal Bourbon should be his Confessor, and to be sure his penance should be the easier, for that Bourbon used to kiss fair Ladies himself. This was no sooner spoken howsoever meant, but Edward was as forward of thanks and acceptance; which King Lewis observing, rounded Philip Cosynes his bosome-servant in the ear, telling him flatly, That he liked not Edward's forwardness to Paris, there had been too many English Princes at that City already. After King Edward's return into England as he was hunting in Arrow-Park belonging to Thomas Burdet Esquire, with the death of much game he slew a white Buck, which the Esquire much fancied, whereupon he wished the Horns in that persons belly that moved the King to kill that Buck. For which words he was accused and condemned of Treason, his words being wrested, that he wished the Horns in the King's belly, and was beheaded at Tyburn.  
A. D. 1478. George Duke of Clarence, by the procurement of his brother Richard Duke of Gloucester, was accused of Treason and committed to the Tower. His accusation was, That he had caused divers of his servants to inform the people that Mr. Burdet was wrongfully put to death, That upon purpose to exalt himself and Heirs to the regal dignity, he had most falsely published that the King his brother was a bastard, and therefore not capable to wear the Crown, for which, and the like crimes charged upon him, he was in Parliament Attainted of Treason, and found guilty, and on the eleventh of March 1478, after he had offered his Mass-peny in the Tower, was drowned in a But of Malmsey, whose body was buried at Tukesbury. But the King was afterwards much grieved, that he had consented to his death, and would say when any made suit for the life of a condemned person, O unfortunate brother, for whose life no man would make suit.  
A. D. 1483, King Edward fell into a dangerous and deadly sickness, when calling for his Lords into his sick presence, and raising his faint body on the pillows, he exhorted and required them all, For the love that they had ever born unto him, for the love that he had ever born unto them, for the love that our Lord beareth unto us all, that from that time forward all griefs forgotten, each of them would love other. Which, saith he, I verily trust you will, If you any thing regard either God or your King, affinity, or kindred, your own Country, or your own safety. Shortly after which words he departed this life, April the ninth, and was buried at Windsor in the New Chapel, whose foundation himself had laid. 'Tis said of him, that he was just and merciful in peace, sharp and fierce in War, and that never any King was more familiar with his Subjects than he. In the beginning of his reign he used to sit in person certain days together in his Court of Kings-Bench to see justice and equity done. His Issue were Edward, Richard, George who died an infant, Elizabeth, Cicely, Anne, Bridget, Mary, Margaret and Catharine. His Concubines were Elizabeth Lucy and three others, which were of three several humours as himself would say, One the merryest, which was Shore's Wife, another the wiliest, and the third the holiest, for she had wholly devoted herself to his Bed and her Beads. His base Issue were Arthur surnamed Plantagenet and Elizabeth.  
He ordained penal Statutes against excessive pride in apparel, especially against long-piked shoes then worn, which had grown to such an extreme, that the Pikes in the toes were turned upwards, and with Silver-chains or Silk-laces tied to the knee. He gave some Cotswold-sheep to Henry of Castille, and John of Arragon, 1465, which hath been accounted one of the greatest prejudices that ever happened to England. One Walker a substantial Citizen of London was beheaded in Smithfield, for only saying to his Child, That he would make him Heir of the Crown, meaning his house which had that sign.  
In the fallen estate of King Henry many of the Nobles that had took part with Henry were put to fly for their lives into Foreign Countries; and amongst the rest Henry Holland Duke of Excester and Earl of Huntingdon, son to the Lady Elizabeth second daughter of John of Gaunt, and Husband to the sister of King Edward the fourth, was constrained to live in exile in miserable want and penury. For, saith Philip Comines, I once saw the Duke of Excester run on foot, bare-leged, after the Duke of Burgundy's Coach and Train begging an Alms for Gods-sake; But being known what he was, Burgundy gave him a small pension for his maintenance.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's time.  
In his first Year, 

Sat Hugh Witch was Mayor.  
George Ireland, John Lock, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Sir Thomas Cook was Mayor.  
William Hampton, Bartholomew James, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year. 

Sir Matthew Philip was Mayor.  
Robert Basset, Thomas Muschampt, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Sir Ralph Joceline was Mayor.  
John Tate, John Stones, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir Ralph Varney was Mayor.  
Henry Weaver, William Constantine, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Sir John Young was Mayor.  
John Brown, Henry Brice, John Derby, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir Thomas Oldgrave was Mayor.  
Thomas Stalbrook, Humphrey Heyford, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir William Taylor was Mayor.  
Simon Smith, William Herriot, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Sir Richard a Lee was Mayor.  
Richard Gardner, Robert Drop, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Sir John Stackton was Mayor.  
John Crosby, John Ward, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year. 

Sir William Edward's was Mayor.  
John Allen, John Shelley, Sheriffs.    
In his twelfth Year, 

Sir William Hampton was Mayor.  
John Brown, Thomas Bledlow, Sheriffs.    
In his thirteenth Year. 

Sir John Tate was Mayor.  
Sir William Stocker, Robert Belisdon, Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year, 

Sir Robert Drop was Mayor.  
Edmond Shaa, Thomas Hill, Sheriffs.    
In his fifteenth Year, 

Sir Robert Basset was Mayor.  
Hugh Brice, Robert Colwich, Sheriffs.    
In his sixteenth Year, 

Sir Ralph Joceline was Mayor.  
Richard Rawson, William Horn, Sheriffs.    
In his seventeenth Year, 

Sir Humphrey Heyford was Mayor.  
Henry Collet, John Stocker, Sheriffs.    
In his eighteenth Year, 

Sir Richard Gardner was Mayor.  
Robert Harding, Robert Bifield, Sheriffs.    
In his nineteenth Year, 

Sir Bartholomew James was Mayor.  
Thomas Ilam, John Ward, Sheriffs.    
In his twentieth Year, 

Sir John Brown was Mayor.  
Thomas Daniel, William Bacon, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty first Year, 

Sir William Herriot was Mayor.  
Robert Tate, Rich. Charey, Will. Wiking, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty second Year, 

Sir Edmund Shaa was Mayor.  
William White, John Matthew, Sheriffs.      

EDWARD V.  
EDWARD the eldest son of King Edward the 4th, 
A. D. 1483.  being a child but of about twelve years of age when his Father died, was committed to the government of his Uncle Sir Anthony Woodville, a right honourable person, with whom were joined other of the Queen's friends. But Richard Duke of Gloucester was much discontented that these should have the keeping of him secure, whom he designed to destroy, that thereby the Crown might become his. This bloody man therefore, the better to effect his wicked purposes, did  represent the Queen's Kindred to be enemies to the ancient Nobility, and that they would abuse the King's Name to their undoing. With which, and like suggestions, he wrought upon the Duke of Buckingham and the Lord Hastings (that had formerly born no great goodwill to the Queen's friends) to join with him, utterly to remove from the King's company all his Mother's friends, under the name of the ancient Nobles enemies. Then the Hypocrite Gloucester understanding that the Lords attending the King, purposed to bring the King to London to his Coronation, strongly guarded, he therefore procured the Queen to be brought in mind, That it was not needful, but would be jeopardous for the King to be brought up strong; for that if the Lords of her Kindred should assemble in the Kings Name much people, they should give the Lords of the contrary Faction cause to suspect, that this was not done for the King's safety, whom no man impugned, but for the destruction of the ancient Nobility, by which means the Nation should be brought into an uproar. The Queen thus overreached, sent such word unto the King and his friends about him; so that they mistrusting no guile, brought the King forwards with a small company, in great haste, but with no good speed: For the Dukes of York and Buckingham at Stony-Stratford, as the King was on his way to London, took him by violence from his Friends, arrested the Lord Richard Grey, Sir Thomas Vaughan, and Sir Richard Hawt, in the King's presence, and imprisoned Sir Anthony Woodvile, Lord Rivers, in Northampton; whom in short time after, with the Lord Richard and Sir Thomas Vaughan, they sent prisoners into the North. Which done, with much honour and humble reverence they convey the King towards London. But the Queen hearing of these proceed, in great fright and heaviness she bewailed her Child's Reign, her friends and her own mishap, cursing the time that ever she dissuaded the gathering of power about the King; got herself in all haste possible with her young Son Richard, and Daughters, into the Sanctuary, lodging herself and company, in the Abbot's place at Westminster; whither the Archbishop of York went to comfort her, telling her, he hoped that the matter was nothing so bad as she doubted it; and that he was put in good hope, and out of doubt, by a Message sent him from the Lord Hastings (whose faithfulness to the King, he said, none did or had cause to suspect): Ah woe worth him, quoth the Queen, he is one that laboureth to destroy me and my blood. When the Archbishop was returned home, in the dawning of the day, he might out of his Chamber-window, see all the Thames full of boats, with the Duke of Glocester's servants in them, watching that none should go to sanctuary, nor none pass unsearched. Great then was the commotion and murmur, as well in other places about, as especially in the City, the people diversely divining upon this dealing; and some Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen, either for favour of the Queen, or fear of themselves, assembled in sundry companies harnessed. But these commotions and fears were moderated by the Lord Hastings then Lord Chamberlain, who persuaded that the Duke of Gloucester was a sure friend to the King, and that the Lord Rivers with the others were for matters attempted against the Dukes of Gloucester and Buckingham, put under arrest; and that the King was bringing up to his Coronation.  
May 4th, the King entered the City, and was lodged in the Bishop's Palace, where was held a great Council, and the Dukes of Gloucester, Buckingham, and all the Lords, were sworn to the King; and the Duke of Gloucester was chosen to be Protector of the King and his Realm. And now the Protector, to the end he might finish his designs at once, projecteth to get the young Duke of York out of sanctuary, in order to which he pretends that the said Duke only was a fit associate for his brother the King, and that it was dishonourable both for the King and those about his Grace, that the King's brother should be fain to keep Sanctuary. But because the Duke might not be taken out of Sanctuary by violence, the A. B. of York was therefore employed to persuade with the Queen to yield him up. This the A.B. undertaken (though perhaps not very willingly) alleging to the Queen the comfort that his society would be to the King his brother, and that it would take off the obloquy of one brothers being afraid of the other, which would seem to be by the Duke's being kept in Sanctuary. The Queen desirous to keep him where he was, pleaded his infancy, his being vexed with sickness, insomuch that she durst put no earthly person in trust with his keeping but herself only: For though others (said she) haply might do their best to him, yet there was none that knew better than herself how to order him, she having so long kept him; nor was there any more like to cherish him than his own Mother that bore him. And to this her reply she added many biting words against the Protector. Howbeit, in the conclusion finding by the A. B's words that the Protector would fetch her Son out by force, if otherwise he might not be had, she deemed it best to deliver him, which she did to the Bishop and other Lords with him: saying to them, I deliver him, and his brother into your hands to keep, of whom I shall ask them both before God and the world. And to the she said, Farewell, mine own sweet Son, God send you good keeping, let me kiss you once ere you go, for God knows when we shall kiss together again; and therewithal she kissed him, blessed him, turned her back and wept, and so went away, leaving the Child weeping as fast. Then the Lords brought him to the Protector, who took him in his arms, and gave him a Judas kiss.  
June the 13, many Lords assembled in the Tower and there sat in Council, communing concerning the King's Coronation, for the which Pageants were provided, and whilst they were in consultation in came the Protector about nine of the Clock, saluting them courteously and excusing himself that he came so late, saying merrily, I have been a sleeper to day; then after a while departed, and about eleven of the Clock returned thither, but with a wonderful sour and angry countenance, knitting his brows, frowning and fretting and biting his lips, and after some short time said, What are they worthy to have, who imagine and compass my destruction, that am so near of blood to the King, and that am Protector of his Royal Person and Realm? The Lord Hastings answered that they deserved to be punished as heinous Traitors, whatsoever they were, and so said the other Lords. This is, quoth the Protector, yonder Sorceress my brother's Wife, meaning the Queen, and that other Witch of her Council Shore's Wife, with their affinity, who by their Sorcery and Witchcraft have wasted my body, and therewith with he plucked up his doublet sleeve to the elbow, on his left arm, showing a wearish, withered arm, and small as it never was otherwise. Whereupon the Lords minds much gave them, that this was but a quarrel.  
Howbeit the Lord Chamberlain (who from the death of King Edward had kept Jane Shore) said, certainly my Lord if they have so done they are worthy of great punishment. What, quoth the Protector, Thou servest me with Ifs and with Ands I ween, I tell thee they have so done, and that I will make good on thy body, Traitor. And therewith he rapt on the board with his fist, at which sign given, one without the Chamber cried out, Treason; Whereupon many men in harness came rushing into the Councel-Chamber, where they seized on the Lord Hastings, whom the Lord Protector bad speed, and shrieve him apace, for by St. Paul, said he, I will not to dinner till I see thy head off, which accordingly was done, for he was presently brought forth to the Tower-green, whereupon a long log of Timber his head was struck off. Thus ended this honourable man easy to beguiled. Now the Protector to set some colour upon the matter, after he had dined sent in all haste for many substantial men out of the City into the Tower, against whose coming thither himself and Buckingham his creature had harnessed themselves in old rusty Briganders, as though some sudden necessity had constrained them to put on such Armour. And being come the Protector told them, that the Lord Chamberlain Hastings, and others of his conspiracy had contrived suddenly to have destroyed him, and the Duke of Buckingham, there the same day in Council, of the which Treason he never had knowledge before ten of the Clock the same Forenoon. And for the further appeasing of the people's minds concerning this Lord's death, he caused also the same day an Herald of Arms to proclaim it through the City of London, That the Lord Hastings, with divers others had conspired to murder the Lord Protector and Duke of Buckingham sitting in Council, and after to have taken upon them to rule the King and Realm at their own pleasures. By and by after this he caused the Sheriff of London to repair to Jane Shore's house, and to spoil her of all that she had; then procured the Bishop of London to put her to open penance for her former dalliance with his brother King Edward, and as 'tis said, he prohibited any from relieving her extreme wants. The Protector had also so contrived it with his Cabal, that the same day and about the same hour in which the Lord Chamberlain was beheaded at the Tower, those Lords taken from the King at Stony-stratford and Northampton should be beheaded at Pontfract. Which accordingly was done, in the presence and by the order of Sir Richard Radcliffe, who at their execution would not permit them to speak or declare their innocency. And now the way thus prepared Gloucester hastens for his own Coronation, instead of setting the Crown on his Nephew's head, Edmund Shakstone the Mayor of London he wins to his side. And the Mayor's brother Dr. Shakstone (by the direction of the Protector and his Council) upon Sunday June 19th, at Pauls-Cross, declared to the people that King Edward the fourth was never lawfully married to the Queen, and therefore his Children were Bastards. Moreover that neither King Edward himself, nor the Duke of Clarence were reckoned (by those that were of secrecy in the household) for the Duke of Yorks Children; but, saith he, as for the very Noble Prince the Lord Protector, he is the Fathers own Picture, his own countenance. At the time of the uttering of these words (according to the plot laid beforehand) the Protector should have come in, to the end that those words just meeting with his presence, the people might have been the more affected with them; but whether by the slowness of the Protector in coming, or the Doctors too much speed, the Protector came not till these words were over: Nevertheless when the Dr. spied his Lordship coming at last, he abruptly broke off from the matter he was upon, to repeat the former words, This is the very Noble Prince, etc. But the people were so far from crying, King Richard (as it was hoped they would) that they stood as if they had been without sense, they were so amuzed at his shameful Harangue. And the poor Parson when he had done got him home, and there consumed and pined to death in few days after. The Theme of his preachment was, Bastard-slips shall never take deep root. On the Tuesday following Henry Duke of Buckingham made an oration to the Lord Mayor, aldermans and Commons in the Guildhall of London, wherein he aspersed King Edward the fourth as a Tyrant, his Children as Bastards; endeavoured to prove the Protector to be the only true Heir to the Crown, persuading the Citizens that they should therefore join with the Nobility in Petitioning the Protector to take the Government of the Realm upon him, according to his very right and just Title. The next day the Mayor, aldermans and chief Commoners of the City resorted unto the Protector to Baynards-Castle; whither also repaired Buckingham and other Nobles with many Knights and Gentlemen. When they were met together Buckingham desired the Protectors pardon and licence to acquaint his Grace with the intent of their coming, (as though he had not known it before) which in short was to beseech him to take the Crown and Government of the Realm upon him. At which words the Protector began to look angrily, withal denying to yield thereto. Whereupon his Privado Buckingham threatened, saying, That if he would not, they would find out some other man that should, for they were resolved that King Edward's Lineage should no longer Reign over them, and then Richard was pleased to accept the Crown as his just right, the people thereat shouting and crying, King Richard, King Richard.   

RICHARD III.  
RICHARD the Third, Son of Richard Duke of York, was born with all his teeth, and hair to his shoulders. This his monstrous birth foreshowing his monstrous conditions and proceed. June 22. he was by the Nobility and Citizens of London elected King of England, and afterward by Act of Parliament was confirmed. On June 25 he took his seat in the Kings-bench Court, and there pronounced pardon of all offences committed against him. On July 4 he came to the Tower, where he Created Estates, ordained the Knights of the Bath, set at liberty the A.B. of York, and Lord Stanley; and July 6 was anointed and Crowned at Westminster. But this Usurper well knowing that whilst his young Nephews were living the Crown would not stand firm on his head, he therefore employs Sir James Tirrel, a man of an aspiring spirit, to procure these children's destruction; which accordingly he did. For about midnight Miles Forest, and John Dighton, Tirrell's bloody instruments, came into the Chamber where the young King and his Brother lay, and suddenly wrapped them up in the Bed-clothes, keeping by force the Featherbed and Pillows hard upon their mouths, that they were therein smothered to death. This villainy done, Sir James caused the Murderers to bury their Bodies at the stairs-foot, somewhat deep in the ground under a great heap of stones; though afterward K. Richard caused them to be taken up, enclosed in Lead, and to be cast into a place called the Black-deeps at the Thames mouth. But the justice of God pursued the Murderers, for Forest rotten away piece-meal, Tirrell died for Treason under Henry 7, and Dighton lived and died a vagabond beyond the Seas. And the Usurper after this detestable fact, never had quiet in his mind, never thought himself secure; but when he went abroad his eyes still whirled about, his body privily fenced, his hand ever on his Dagger, his sleep interrupted with fearful dreams, sometimes suddenly starting up, leaping out of his bed and running about the Chamber. Immediately also after this Murder began the Conspiracy betwixt the Duke of Buckingham and divers other Gentlemen against the Murderer. The occasion of Buckingham's falling off from Richard is diversely reported: some say, it was because the King would not grant him the Duke of Hereford's lands, to the which he pretended himself the rightful heir; others impute it to the Duke's high-mindedness, that he could not bear the glory of another. Himself said the occasion was the murder of the two Children. But be the occasion what it would, yet this is most sure that this enmity of the Dukes to the King proved of good consequence to the rightful heirs to the Crown. For hereupon the Duke left the Court, retiring to his own house of Brecknock, where he had in his custody that true friend to K. Edward's Posterity, John Morton Bishop of Ely, who by his wisdom abused the Duke's pride to his own deliverance, the Duke's destruction, and benefit of such to whom the Crown of right appertained. When the Duke was at first become alienated from the King, and come to his own house, he solicited the Bishop his Prisoner to speak his mind freely to him in matters of state; but the Bishop refused, thus answering him, In good faith my Lord, I love not much to talk with Princes, as a thing not all out of peril, although the words be without fault; forasmuch as it shall not be taken as the party meant it, but as it pleaseth the Prince to construe it. And ever I think on Aesop's tale, that when the Lion had proclaimed that on pain of death there should no horned beast abide in the Wood; one that had in his forehead a bunch of flesh, fled away a great pace. The Fox that saw him run so fast asked him, Wither he made all that haste, he answered, In faith I neither wots nor care, so I were once hence, because of this Proclamation of horned beasts. What fool (quoth the Fox) thou mayest well enough abide, the Lion meant not thee, for it is no horn on thy head. No marry, quoth he, that wot I well enough; but what and if he call it an horn, where am I then? But though the Bishop at the first declined talking of State-matters with the Duke, yet afterward when by often discoursing with the Duke, and other circumstances, he found him to be of a proud stomach, and emulated the King's greatness, he would speak his mind frankly enough to him, rendering the Usurper as odious as was possible, by alleging his unnaturalness to his own Mother, in charging her with defiling the Marriagebed, his unnaturalness to his own Brothers and Nephews, in saying they were bastards, his murdering his Nephews, and other enormities. Then to tickle the Dukes own ambition, the Bishop would commend him to be a person of such rare virtues that he merited to wear the Crown himself, inviting him for God's sake and his Country's sake to take the Government upon himself, or otherwise to devise some means how the Realm might be rid of the Tyrant, and brought under some good Governor. When the Duke had pondered a while upon this and the like discourse of the Bishops, he acquainted the Bishop, That his resolutions were to advance Henry Earl of Richmond to the Crown, and that the said Earl of Richmond heir of the House of Lancaster, should marry the Lady Elizabeth eldest Daughter of Edward the fourth, by which Marriage the House's of York and Lancaster should be united into one. All which to effect, the Duke and Bishop first made the Mothers of Elizabeth and Henry privy hereunto, and employed divers trusty instruments to interest the Nobles and Gentry in the design. Then the Bishop left Brecknock in disguise, and sailed into Flanders, where he did Earl Henry eminent services. Many great persons combined to dethrone the Usurper, which he having knowledge of, sent his loving Letters to the Duke of Buckingham, whom he understood to be head of the Complotters, requesting him most earnestly to come to the Court, for he was in great want of his wise counsel. But the Duke mistrusting his smooth words, excused himself that he was sickly and not well able to travel. The King therefore sent his commands to him, and threats withal, if he refused to give attendance; unto which the Duke sent his resolute answer, That he would not come to his mortal enemy; and immediately prepared War against him. Then Thomas Marquis Dorset came out of Sanctuary, and also gathered a band of men in the North, Sir Edward Courtney and his Brother the Bishop of Excester raised another Army in Devonshire and Cornwall, and in Kent Sir Richard Guildford and other Gentlemen raised a party, all which was done in a moment. But the Usurper marching with his Host against the Duke's forces, which were most Welsh, they for want of pay and other provision broke up their Camp, and left the Duke to shift for himself; which when the Confederates understood they also dispersed themselves. The Duke of Buckingham in disguise repaired for security unto a servants of his near Shrewsbury, named Humphrey Banister, but the King by Proclamation promising great rewards to him that should detect the Duke, that wretch Banister for the hope of gain betrayed his Master the Duke. Who with a guard of men was conveyed to Salisbury, where without arraignment or judgement the Duke lost his head. Howbeit the Traitor Banister did not only lose his promised reward, but also received just punishments from Heaven; for his eldest son fell mad, and so died in a Hogsty, his second son became deformed and lame in his limbs, his third son was drowned in a small puddle of water, his eldest daughter was struck with a foul Leprosy, and himself being of extreme age was found guilty of murder, but saved by his Clergy. Divers of the Earl of Richmond's party were put to death, and so jealous was the King now of his illgotten greatness, that he stored the Seacoasts with armies of men, furnished the Ports with store of munition, and made all things ready to prevent Earl Henry's arrival; caused a Parliament to be assembled at Westminster, wherein the said Earl, and all such as had fled the Land in his behalf were attainted, and were made enemies to their native Country, their Goods confiscate, their Lands and possessions condemned to the King's use. Moreover the Usurper sent his Agents laden with Gold and many gay promises to the Duke of Britain, offering what not if he would either send Earl Henry into England, or commit him there into Prison; but the Duke himself lying extreme sick, his Treasurer Peter Landose corrupted with Gold, had betrayed the Earl into Richard's hands, had not the Earl had timely notice of it, and prevented it by a speedy escape unto the French-Court, where he received great favours Dr. Richard Fox then a Student in Paris was eminently serviceable to the Earl in that Nation. And the Duke of Britain, when he understood the treachery of Landose, was highly displeased, and continued a favourer of the Earl and his Cause. But all these things with many more were against K. Richard, which he very well foresaw, though he knew not well how to remedy: yet that he might make his Title and interest as good as he could, he devised to marry with his Niece the Princess Elizabeth; but his Queen Anne stood in his way to this for the present, though not long, for she fell into the remorseless hands of death, but whether a natural or violent is not well known. After which Richard courts the Lady Elizabeth, his own Brother's daughter, though in vain, for she detested him. Howbeit when Henry heard of Richard's attempts herein, and not knowing what time through flattery and persuasions from some persons might do upon the young Princess her good nature, he hastened for England, setting sail from Harfleet with about 200 men, August 15, and arrived at Milford-Haven the seventh day following, from whence he advanced towards Shrewsbury. On his way to which place there met him Sir Rice ap Thomas, a man of great command in Wales, with a great body of men to side in his quarrel, which Earl Henry afterwards requited by making this his first Alder Governor of Wales: From Shrewsbury the Earl marched to Newport, where Sir Gilbert Talbot met him with two thousand men from the Earl of Shrewsbury. Thence he passed to Litchfield where he was honourably received. But when the Usurper understood that the Earl daily increased in strengths, and that he was advanced so far, without any opposition, from his Court at Nottingham, he set forth his Host to meet the Earl, which he did near unto Market-Bosworth in Leicestershire. His Vanguard he disposed of a marvellous length, to strike the more terror into the hearts of his foes, the leading whereof was committed to John Duke of Norfolk. His own Battalion was furnished with the best approved men of War. When he had ordered his army for fight, he animated his followers to behave themselves valiantly; alleging to them, that it was against a company of Runagates, Thiefs, Outlaw's, Traitors, beggarly Britain's, and faint-hearted Frenchmen, that they were to fight, who would oppress and spoil them of their Lands, Wives and Children; that these their enemies were such Cowards, that they would fly faster from them than the silly Hart before the Hound; that the Earl of Richmond Captain of the rebellion was but a Welsh Milksop. For their love to him their Prince, their zeal to their native Country, he wished them that day to show their English valour, assuring them that for his part he would either triumph in a glorious victory, or die in the quarrel with immortal fame. Now S. George for us, and us for victory, saith he; Haste therefore forward, and remember this, that I am he that with high advancement will prefer the valiant and hardy, and with severe torture will punish the dastard and cowardly runaway. The Earl of Richmond's forefront was commanded by the Earl of Oxford, the right wing by Sir Gilbert Talbot, the left by Sir John Savage, the main Battle by the Earl himself, and his Uncle Jasper. When the Earl had ordered his small Host, consisting of about 5000 men, he road from rank to rank, and wing to wing, encouraging his followers to fight: alleging the justness of their quarrel, which God would bless; assuring them that for so good a cause as to free the Land of a Monster, a Tyrant, a Murderer, he would that day rather become a dead carrion upon the ground, than a Carpet-prisoner kept alive for reproach. Advance therefore forward, saith he, like truehearted Englishmen, display your Banner in defence of your Country; get the day and be Conquerors, lose the day and be villains. God and St. George give us a happy success. Then immediately a fierce Battle commenced, and was manfully continued on either part. At length the King having intelligence that Earl Henry was but slenderly accompanied with men of Arms, he therefore with his Spear in the Rest ran violently towards the Earl, in which rage at the first brunt he bore down and overthrew the Earls Standard, slew Sir William Brandon the bearer thereof, next encountered Sir John Cheiny whom he threw to the ground, thereby making an open passage to the Earl himself. In which very instant when the Earl was like to be distressed, the Lord Stanley sent in aids of fresh Soldiers (under the leading of Sir William Stanley) which were raised as he pretended for Richard, but intended them when he should see his time for Richmond's service. These entered the fight with such courage that they put the Usurpers forces to flight; when the Usurper closing his Helmet said to such that brought him a swift horse for his escape, This day shall finish all Battles, or else I will finish my life. So thrusting into the throng of his enemies, he manfully fight died in the place, A. D. 1485, Aug. 22. There died with him that day the Duke of Norfolk, the Lord Ferrer of Chartley, Sir Richard Ratcliff, Sir Robert Brakenbury. The number of both parts slain in the field were 4000, Sir William Catesby with two other persons of quality were taken, and two days after were beheaded at Leicester. Thomas Howard Earl of Surrey, the Duke of Norfolk's son and heir being then also taken prisoner, the Earl of Richmond demanded of him how he durst bear Arms in behalf of that Tyrant Richard? to which he answered, He was my Crowned King, and if the Parliamentary authority of England set the Crown upon a stock, I will fight for that stock. And as I fought then for him, I will fight for you when you are established by the said Authority. King Richard's Crown which was taken amongst the spoils of the field, the Lord Stanley Earl of Derby set upon Earl Henry's head. The slain body of the Usurper all tugged and torn, stark naked was trussed behind Blanch St. Lieger a Pursuivant at Arms, like a Hog or Calf, the head and arms hanging on one side of the Horse, and his legs on the other, after which manner it was brought to Leicester, where it was buried in the Greyfriars Church. The stone-Chest wherein his Corpse lay, was at length made a drinking trough for horses at a common Inn. His body, if you will credit tradition herein, was born out of the City and contemptuously bestowed under Bowbridge.  
His Issue was Edward dead before himself. He founded a College at Middleham beyond York, and a Collegiate Chantry in London, called our Lady of Barking. He endowed Queens-Colledg in Cambridg with 500 Marks of yearly revenue. He disforested the great field of Whichwood that King Edward his brother had enclosed for his Game, and made some good Laws; and when divers Shires of England offered him benevolence, he refused, saying, I had rather have your hearts than your money. This scoffing Rhyme was divulged in contempt of the Usurper Richard, and his three principal Creatures: 
The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the Dog,  
Rule all England under the Hog.  The Cat and Rat meant of Catesby and Ratcliff, the Dog of Lovel, that creature belonging to the Lord lovel's Arms, and the Hog of K. Rich. whose cognisance it was. But William Collingbourn Esquire who had been Sheriff of Wiltshire and Devonshire, was upon Tower-hill executed with all extremity as Author thereof.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this Kings Time.  
In his first year, 

William Billesdon was Mayor.  
Thomas Newland, Wiliam Martin, Sheriffs.    
In his second year, 

Thomas Hill was Mayor:  
Richard Chester; and he dying, Ralph Astry,  
Thomas Britain, Sheriffs.      

HENRY VII.  

A D. 1485 Aug. 22.  HENRY Earl of Richmond was Son to Margaret Countess of Richmond and Derby, daughter to John Duke of Somerset, son to John Earl of Somerset, son to John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster fourth son of Edward the third.  
October 30th, A. D. 1485, was Henry Crowned at Westminster. Then the better to secure his estate he shut up the Earl of Warwick, the only son and Heir of George Duke of Clarence, in the Tower of London. Then instituted a guard for his person, consisting of a number of choice Archers, with allotment of Fees and Maintenance under a peculiar Captain, by the name of Yeomen of the Guard for him and his Successors. November the seventh was a Parliament assembled at Westminster, at the sitting whereof Richard the late Usurper was attainted, and with him many of the Nobility and Gentry. Free pardon was also given to all such (saving the persons excepted by name) as should presently submit themselves to the King's mercy. Reversed also were all former Acts hurtful either to the King or his Friends, and the Crown was established upon the King and his Heirs for ever. Next the King assumed into his Council those two renowned Agents in advancing his fortunes, John Morton and Richard Fox.  
A. D. 1486, 
John Morton. A.B. Cant.  and January the eighteenth he married the Lady Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King Edward the fourth, to the utter abolisment of all Hostilities between the two Houses or York and Lancaster. But there wanted not some malcontents who assayed to disturb these serene days; for the Lord Lovel one of the late Usurpers Creatures, with Sir Humphrey Stafford and his brother assembled forces against the King, which upon but the news of an Army coming against them dispersed themselves. Sir Humphrey was taken out of Sanctuary and executed at Tyburn.  
When this storm was over, the White Rose or York faction raised another, procuring one Lambert Symnel to personate one of King Edward's sons. Which puppet Lambert was conveyed into Ireland where the Irish adhered to him, and in Christ-Church in Dublin Crowned him King of England. And into Ireland the Duchess Dowager of Burgundy, sister to Edward the fourth sent this Impostor two thousand Soldiers under the conduct of Colonel Swart. These with Irish and some English joined to them, landed in Lancashire at the Pile of Fowdray; thence they took their march through Yorkshire, so towards Newark,  as they came proclaiming their new King. Not far from Newark and near to a little village called Stoke, the King with his Army encountered them, where the fight continued doubtful for about three hours, but at last the victory fell to King Henry. On Lambert's part were slain the Earl of Lincoln, the Lord Lovel, Sir Thomas Broughton, Colonel Swart and Maurice Fitz-Thomas with four thousand Soldiers. On the King's side fell not any man of Honour, but almost half his vanguard was slain, so that the Garland was dipped in blood. Amongst the prisoners that were taken was the counterfeit King, who had been a Scholar in Oxford, and his Tutor Richard Simon a Priest. Lambert confessed his parents to be mean persons, and of a mean Calling. Him the King condemned to his kitchen or scullery, at length promoted him to be one of his Falconers, in which estate he continued till his death. Sim. Subtle, or Richard Simon was condemned to a dungeon and perpetual shackles.  
Stoken-field battle was fought, A D. 1487, June 16, being Saturday, A day of the week observed to have been lucky to this Prince Henry; who sent his Royal standard to our Lady's Church of Walsingham in Norfolk, there to remain as a Monument of this his Victory, and gratitude for it. And now the King dispatcheth his Agents into Scotland, there to settle amity with James the third, and to prevent the retreat and protection that his enemies had found therein. Shortly after which some discontented persons in Yorkshire risen in Arms, under pretence that they were oppressed in their Tax or Subsidy; but some of these Rebels were routed by the Earl of Surrey, who took their Leader John a- Chamber prisoner, and upon the hearing of the King's approach, the rest of them under the leading of Sir John Egremond dispersed themselves, John a Chamber with some others of the chief of the Rebels were executed at York. The King's affairs being settled in a present peaceable estate at home, he was next engaged in a War with France; For the carrying on of which, his Subjects did largely contribute, chief the City of London, out of which he received for his furniture in that voyage almost ten thousand pounds from the Commoners, and two hundred pounds besides from every Alderman. And this wise King knowing how great a strength that rich City was to him, humoured the Citizens exceedingly. Himself did not only become one amongst them, causing himself to be entered a Brother of the Merchant-Taylors Company, but also wore the habit at a public Feast, and sat as Master of the Company.  
A. D. 1492, Octob. the sixth, King Henry with his Host landed at Calais, from whence with his whole forces he marched towards Boulogne, which when he had besieged, Articles of peace were concluded betwixt him and the King of France. For King Henry before his going out of England had been dealt with on the French Kings behalf to accept of conditions, but would not enter into any Treaty with him, till he was in the field, and that with such a puissance, as was likely enough to force his own conditions. When Henry had to his advantage settled his transmarine affairs he returned for England, where he was not to remain long in quiet, For the Duchess of Burgundy had provided another counterfeit King, a youth of a Princely personage, called Peter Warbeck the son of a converted Jew. This her creature Peter, or as some called him Perkin and Peterkin, under the name and Title of Richard Plantagenet, second son of King Edward the fourth, had great honour given him by the King of France. And divers persons of eminency in England were so deluded, that they believed him to be the true Richard, and thereupon sought to advance him to the Crown, which cost some of them the price of their heads, as the Lord Fitz-walter, Sir Simon Montford, Sir William Stanley Lord Chamberlain that gained the Victory for King Henry at Bosworth-field. These with more were put to death for favouring of Perkin. The King also for the further prevention of dangers, caused the coasts of England to be strongly guarded, sent a new Lord Chancellor into Ireland, Henry Denny a Monk of Langton-Abby, and Sir Edward Poynings with some forces, whose greatest care and diligence was to punish such as before time had given any assistance to the Mock-king, and to restrain such as were likely to do so in time to come. The Earl of Kildare falling under suspicion, Poynings sent prisoner into England, where the King did graciously hear and admit his defences, and returned him with Honour, and continuation of authority. The Irish had formerly exhibited many Articles against this Earl, the last of which was; Finally, all Ireland cannot rule this Earl, Then, quoth the King, shall this Earl rule all Ireland, constituting him Lord-Deputy thereof. But Perkin having gained private assistance from the French King, and Maximilian, to strengthen yet his enterprise, he repairs into Scotland unto James the fourth, (having special recommendations from the King of France, and Duchess of Burgundy) who gave him most courteous entertainment. The rare impudence of the youth, and that connexion which his dare had with other Princes, drew this King into an error concerning him. When he was first brought to the presence of the King of Scots, with a right Princely gracefulness he declared to the said King, That Edward the fourth leaving two sons Edward and Richard both very young, their unnatural Uncle Richard to obtain the Crown purposed the murder of them both; but the instruments of his cruelty having murdered his elder brother the young King, were moved with pity to spare his life, and that thus saved by the mercy of God, he was privately conveyed beyond the Seas (the world supposing that himself also had been murdered.) And that Henry Teuder Earl of Richmond, after he had by subtle and foul means obtained the Crown, he then wrought all means and ways to procure the final destruction of him the rightful Heir to the English Diadem. That his said mortal enemy Henry hath not only falsely surmised him to be a feigned person, giving him Nicknames, so abusing the World; but that also to deprive him of his right, he had offered large Sums of Money to corrupt the Princes with whom he had been retained, and had employed his servants to murder him. That every man of reason might well understand that the said Henry needed not to have taken these courses against him had he been a feigned person. That the truth of his manifest cause had moved the King of France, and Duchess of Burgundy his most Dear Ant, to yield him their assistence. That now, because the Kings of Scotland were wont to support them, who were spoiled and bereft of the said Kingdom of England, and for that he, the said King James had given clear signs that he was of the like Noble quality and temper with his Ancestors, he so distressed a Prince came to put himself into his hands, desiring his aid to recover his Realms, promising faithfully, that when his Kingdoms were regained, he would gratefully do him all the pleasure that should lie in his utmost power.  
The King of Scots was so influenced with this Impostors words, amiable person, Princely deportment, recommendations of Princes; his aids from the Irish, and assured hope of aid, in England, that he honourably received him, as if he had been the very Richard Duke of York, and gave his consent that this pretended Duke should marry the Lady Katherine Gourdon daughter to the Earl of Huntly, which accordingly he did, and also prepared to invade England in his quarrel, although there wanted not them, who with many arguments advised this King to repute him for no other than a Cheat.  
King Henry that he might be prepared for the Scots, called a Parliament which granted a Tax to be gathered of six score thousand pounds, the Levy of which money kindled a dangerous fire in England; For when the King's Collectors came amongst the Cornish-men to receive their proportion of the Tax, they tumultuously assembled under the leading of one Thomas Flammock a Lawyer, and Michael Joseph a Blacksmith of Bodnam. Which Captains led their rout towards Kent, and at Wells James Tuchet Lord Audley joined with them. From Wells they proceeded to Black-Heath, where the King's forces defeated them without much labour; fifteen hundred of the Rebels were taken, and the takers had their prisoners goods granted them.  
James Lord Audley was led from Newgate to Tower-hill, in a Coat of his own Armouries painted on a Paper reversed and torn, where he was executed. Flammock and the Smith were quartered. Memorably strange was the comfort that the Smith cheered himself withal, as he was drawing to his execution, to wit, That yet he hoped that by this means, his Name and Memory should be everlasting.  
The King's care was now to order the War against Scotland, whither he sent the Earl of Surrey with an Army to invade the Scotch borders, as they had lately done the English. The Earl pursued the revenge with great vehemency, but in short time, by the King of Spain's mediation, a Truce was concluded betwixt the two Nations: One Article of which Truce was, That Perkin should be no longer fostered in Scotland. Whereupon he withdraws into ●reland, whither the Cornish-men sent to him, inviting him amongst them, promising that at his arrival they would venture their lives and fortunes for him, as hoping that under his government they should be eased of their Taxes. Perkin accepting their invitation landed at Whitsand-Bay in Cornwall, after whose arrival some thousands of people resorted to him.  
When King Henry heard of his landing, and making head against him, he smiled, saying, Lo we are again provoked by this Prince of Rake-hells; but lest my people should through ignorance be drawn into destruction, let us seek to take this Perkin by the easiest way we can. He therefore assembled his forces, and sent out his Spies to observe the tract and hopes of Prince Peterkin, who had now besieged the loyal City of Excester, which would neither yield to his fine promises, nor his threats and violence, but valiantly withstood him, till they were relieved by Edward Courtney Earl of Devonshire and other good subjects, that forced the Rebels away from before the City. Which Rebels now understanding what great preparations were made against them, began many of them to drop away from their new King, and Perkin himself secretly fled, and took Sanctuary at Beaulieu in New-forest, out of which Sanctuary, upon the Kings offer of life to him, and oblivion of his crimes, he gladly came forth, and put himself into the King's hands, by whose order he was conveyed to London, where the King by curious and often examination of him, came to the full knowledge of that his heart desired. The chief matter of which confession, the King caused to be published in Print.  
But the imaginary King Perkin endeavouring to make an escape, from such that had the charge of him (after the undergoing of some public shame for that attempt) was committed to the Tower, where he by his insinuations and promises had corrupted his keepers to set himself and the Earl of Warwick at large, (to which design of escaping, the poor Earl is said to have consented.) Perkin for this conspiracy had his Trial at Westminster, and was condemned, and being drawn to Tyburn had the sentence of death executed upon him. At the Gallows Perkin did read his own confession, therein owning himself to have been born in the Town of Tourney in Flanders, of such parents, whom he named, and that being come into Ireland to see the Country, he was there wrought upon to personate Richard Duke of York, etc. Thus died (If I be not deceived) a deceiver, A. D. 1499.  
The Earl of Warwick was publicly arraigned for minding to have escaped out of the Tower, and consequently to deprive King Henry of his Crown and Dignity, and to usurp the Title and Sovereign Office, all which strained charge the Earl by false friends ('tis said) was persuaded to confess. So lost his head upon Tower-hill, and was buried at Bisham by his Ancestors. Thus died the last Heir Male of the blood and Surname of Plantagenet. It is said, That in the eyes of the Castil●a●s (who had secretly agreed with King Henry to match their Princess Katherine with Prince Arthur) there could be no sure ground of succession whilst the Earl of Warwick lived. 
Tho. Langton. A. B. Cant.  And the said Lady Katherine, when the Divorce was afterward prosecute against her, by her Husband King Henry the eight, is reported to have said, That it was the hand of God, for that to clear the way to the Marriage, that innocent Earl of Warwick was put to unworthy death.  
A. D. 1506, Edmund de la Pole Earl of Suffolk wilfully slew a common person in his fury, for the which King Henry caused him to be arraigned; the fact he was persuaded to confess, and had pardon. But the Earl as a Prince of the blood (his mother being sister to Edward the fourth) held himself disgraced, by having been seen at the Kings-Bench-Bar a Prisoner, therefore in discontent fled to his Aunt the Duchess of Burgundy; but within a while after he returned into England, and the year following (his spirit not yet being laid) fled again, after he had first complotted to disturb the King's peace. Whereupon King Henry applied himself to his wont Art, for learning the secrets of his enemies, employed Sir Robert Curson to feign himself a friend to Pole, thereby to get himself into his bosom for the finding out of his secret designs and correspondents M●ny great persons for Poles c●use were committed to prison; some were put to death as Sir James Terrel, and Sir John W●d●am, who lost their heads on Tower-hill, and three other persons who were executed in other places. And the more to disanimate de la Poles complices and favourers, King Henry had procured from Pope Alexander the sixth, an Excommunication, and curse against Pole, Sir Robert Curson and five other persons by special name, and generally all others that should aid the Earl against the King. Sir Robert Curson was named on purpose to make de la Pole secure of him. Neither did the King leave here, for he so prevailed with the Pope, as he decreed by Bull, That no person should afterward have privilege of Sanctuary, who had once taken the same, and came forth again, and that if any Sanctuary-man, should afterward commit any murder, robbery, sacrilege, treason, etc. He should by lay force be drawn thence to suffer due punishment And now Suffolk perceiving himself stripped of all future hope of endamaging the King, he put himself into the grace and protection of Philip King of Spain, with whom he remained in banishment, till King Philip was driven by tempest into England, at which time King Henry prevailed with him to deliver Pole into his hards upon promise that he would spare his life. And accordingly at Philip's return home Pole was sent in England, and then committed to the Tower. King Henry thus secured of this hazard, bestowed his ages care on gathering of money, though by some such ways as seemed none of the justest.  
Empson and Dudley two Lawyers, were his instruments for the bringing in of money to fill his Exchequer. These called the richer sort of Subjects into question for the breach of old penal Laws, 
Henry Dean and William Warham. A. Bps. Cant.  long before discontinued and forgotten. The courses they took in the execution of their employment, was for one of them to outlaw persons privately, and then to seize their estates, forcing them to chargeable compositions with the King, and heavy bribes to themselves.  
Another detestable practice of theirs, was to have false Jurors and Ringleaders of false Jurors, who would never give in any verdict against their Patrons Empson and Dudley, insomuch that if any stood out in Law these sons of Belial squared the destiny of their causes. By these means many honest and worthy Subjects were rigorously fined, imprisoned or otherwise afflicted. But the King falling sick of a consuming disease, by the means of good Counsel, he inclined to grant to all men general Pardons, certain only excepted, and ordained that all such moneys should be restored as had been unjustly levied by his Officers. He died A. D. 1509, April 22.  
His Issue, Arthur, dead before himself, Henry, Edmond, Margaret, Elizabeth, Mary. His daughter Margaret was married to James the fourth King of Scotland, and after his death unto Archibald Dougles Earl of Angues, to whom she bore Margaret, who married Matthew Steward Earl of Lenox, and had by him Henry Lord Dernly who married Mary Queen of Scots by whom he had King James the sixth.  
King Henry left at his death, 1800000 l. in ready money. He founded the Hospital of the Savoy, founded six religious houses for Franciscan-Friers, built the Palace of Richmond where he died, and that Chapel at Westminster called by his name, where he was buried. He exceedingly Honoured that devout King Henry the sixth, whom he laboured to have had canonised for a Saint, but Pope Julio held that Honour at too dear a Rate. His Mother-in-Law, Queen to Edward the fourth, he deprived of her Estate, and confined to the Monastery of Bermondsey in Southwark: one cause pretended for it, was, for that she had yielded up her daughter into the hand of the Usurper Richard, contrary to her faith given to them who were in the plot for bringing in of Henry. A. D. 1498, A Cordwainers son was hanged at St. Thomas Water, for assuming the name and Title of the Earl of Warwick thereby to raise disturbances.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's time.  
In his first Year, 

Sir Hugh Brice was Mayor.  
John Tate, John Swan, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Sir Henry Collet was Mayor.  
John Percival, Hugh Clopton, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

William Horn was Mayor.  
John Eenkel, William Remington, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Robert Tate was Mayor.  
William Isaac, Ralph Tinley, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

William White was Mayor.  
William Capel, John Brook, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

John Matthew was Mayor.  
Henry Coat, or Coot, Robert Revel, and he dying,  
Hugh Pembarton, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Hugh Clopton was Mayor.  
Thomas Wood, William Brown, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir William Martin was Mayor.  
William Purchase, William Walbeck, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Ralph Austry was Mayor.  
Robert Fabian, John Winget, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Richard Chawrie was Mayor.  
Nicholas Alwin, John Warner, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

Sir Henry Collet was Mayor.  
Thomas Kneesworth, Henry Summer, Sheriffs.    
In his Twelfth Year, 

John Tate was Mayor.  
John Shaa, Richard Hedon, Sheriffs.    
In his Thirteenth year, 

William Purchase was Mayor.  
Bartholomew Reed, Thomas Windew, or Windou●, Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year, 

Sir John Percivel was Mayor.  
Thomas Bradbury, Stephen genning's, Sheriffs.    
In his fifteenth Year, 

Nicholas Aldmine was Mayor.  
James Wilford, Thomas or Richard Brond, Sheriffs.    
In his sixteenth Year, 

William Rennington was Mayor.  
John Hawes, William Steed, Sheriffs.    
In his seventeenth Year, 

Sir John Shaa was Mayor.  
Laurence Aylmer, Henry Heed, Sheriffs.      

HENRY VIII.  

A. D. 1509.  HENRY the Eighth was born at Greenwich, June 22. 1491. His youth was so trained up in literature that he was accounted the most learned Prince of Christendom. In A. D. 1509, and June 25, he was Crowned at Westminster, together with his Queen Katherine, the Relict of his brother Arthur, by William Warham Archbishop of Canterbury. His Counsellors he chose of the gravest Divines and wisest Nobility, with whom he not only often sat to the great increase of his politic experience, but would also yield his authority to their wisdoms.  
Empson and Dudley he caused to be imprisoned, then to be brought to their Trial, and at last to lose their heads. To regain the ancient Rights of England he first sent his Herald Clarencieux into France, roughly demanding the Dutchies of Normandy, Guienne, Main, and Anjou, and with them the Crown of France: Then sent certain Nobles before him thither, and afterward followed himself pitching down his Tents before Terwin; Where he raised his Royal Standard of the Red-Dragon, and begirt the City with a straight Siege. To which place Maxmili●n the Emperor repaired, and to the great Honour of Henry entered into his pay, wearing the Cross of Saint George, with a Rose (the Kings-Badge) as his faithful Soldier. The French attempting to relieve the Town with Victuals and men, were so encountered by King Henry, that many of their chiefest Captains were taken prisoners, and six of their standards won, and the rest of the Monsieurs for safeguard of life so posted away, that this conflict was called the battle of Spurs, shortly after which the Town yielded unto the King. Then was the siege removed to Tournay, which in short time was also surrendered to the King, with ten thousand pounds sterling for the Citizen's redemption, Who to the number of 80000, than took their Oaths to become his true Subjects, 1513. The safe keeping of this City the King committed to Sir Edward Poynings Knight of the Garter, and Ordained Thomas Wolsey Bishop of Tournay.  
Whilst King Henry was busy in France, his Lieutenant. Thomas Earl of Surrey marched against the Scots who were entered into Northumberland, and at Flodden the Armies engaged in fight, and the English won the day. In this battle King James of Scotland was slain▪ one Archbishop, two Bishops, two Abbots, twelve Earls, seventeen Lords, Knights and Gentlemen a great number, in all about eight thousand were slain, and almost as many taken Prisoners in A. D. 1513. Sep. 9  
A. D. 1514, by the procurement of Pope Leo a peace was concluded betwixt the Kings of France and England, immediately after which, Marry the sister of King Henry was Honourably conducted into France, where a●● Albeville, October the ninth, she was married unto old King Lewis, who died eighty two days after the Marriage.  
A. D. 1517, by reason of the great concourse of strangers at London, to the hindrance of trade, and their insolency towards the English, the youth and vulgar sort of Citizens, upon May-day assaulted these strangers, doing much harm to their houses, substance, and some of their persons, for which riotous offence John Lincoln the instigator thereof was hanged, and four hundred men and youths, with eleven women were led in ropes along the City in their Shirts, with halters about their necks to Westminster, where the King pardoned their offence to the great rejoicing of the Londoners.  
A. D. 1519, was the City of Tourney delivered back to the French on these conditions, That they should pay to King Henry six hundred thousand Crowns in twelve years; That the Dauphin should marry the Lady Mary, King Henry's young daughter, which marriage if it happened not to take effect at the years of consent, than Tourney should be re-delivered to the English; That Cardinal Wolsey should have a thousand Marks paid him yearly for the revenues of the said Bishopric.  
A. D. 1521, Edward Bohun or Stafford Duke of Buckingham was beheaded on Tower-hill, for imagining to destroy the King, and to enjoy the Crown himself. Wolsey was the Duke's grand adversary, because that the Duke had sometime spoken certain words to his disgrace. About this time the Pope sent his Legates about to incite the Christian Princes to attempt the recovery of the holy-Land, sending Cardinal Campeius on this errand into England. Which Cardinal and his company being come to London, as they passed through Cheapside, the sumpture- Mules cast their Carriages and Coffers on the ground, out of which, the lids flying open, fell old breeches, boots and broken shoes, torn stockings, tattered rags, old iron and horse shoes, broken meat, marrow bones, roasted eggs, and crusts of bread, with suchlike treasure.  
About A. D. 1521, the Emperor Charles passing toward Spain landed at Dover, where the King met him, and conducted him in great state to London, lodging him in his new Palace in the Blackfriar, then feasted him at Windsor; and in such bands of amity the Emperor and King Henry seemed to be linked, that in London this sentence was set up in the Guild-hall, over the door of the Councel-Chamber, Carolus, Henricus vivant, Defensor uterque, Henricus fidei, Carolus Ecclesiae. The reason of which Titles Defender of the Faith and Church was, For that Charles the Emperor had directed forth a solemn Writ of Out-lawry against Dr. Martin Luther, who had then given a great blow to the Triple Crown; and King Henry had wrote a Book against the said Luther, for the which the Pope gave the Title of Defender of the Church to the Emperor, and Defender of the Faith to the King, and for the same cause he sent King Henry a consecrated Rose.  
A new variance happening again betwixt the Kingdoms of France and England, the King assembled a Parliament at the Blackfriars in London, which granted him half of the yearly revenues of all Spiritual live to be paid for five years' continuance, and the tenth part of all temporal substance to carry on the Wars against France and Scotland. When the King being furnished with money sent a great Army into France under the conduct of Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk, who had married Mary, the King's Sister, Queen Dowager of France. This valiant Commander first besieged and won Bell-Castle, than took the Castle of Bonguard, Braie, Roie, Lihome, Mondedier, and Boghan; which done he returned. King Henry was so enraged against the Scots, that he took from all those inhabiting England, all their goods, sending them into their Country on foot, with white Crosses sowed upon their uppermost garments. But Margaret Queen of Scots soliciting her brother Henry for a peace, the difference betwixt the two Nations was for a while reconciled.  
About A. D. 1525, arose great troubles in Ireland, the wild Irish casting off all obedience and killing many of the King's English Subjects. Girald Fitz-Girald Earl of Kildare was sent prisoner into England, for that the Earl of Ossery had accused him of many misdemeanours; as, That he connived at the Earl of Desmonds' escape, whom he should have attached by order from the King; That he grew over-familiar with the Irish, and that he put to death the King's best subjects. When the Earl was brought to London he was committed to the Tower by the Cardinal's means, who did not love him. In the Tower he expected death daily, but with such courageous resolution, that being at slide-groat with the Lieutenant when the Mandate was brought for his Execution on the morrow morning, and seeing the Lieutenant struck into a sudden sadness, he said unto him; By St Bride Lieutenant, there is some mad game in that Scroll, but fall how it will, this throw is for a huddle. And when the worst was told him, he said, I pray thee Lieutenant do no more but assuredly learn from the Kings own mouth, whether his Highness be witting of this or not. Whereupon the Lieutenant loving the Earl well, went to the King, and shown him the Warrant, which the King seeing, controlled the sauciness of the Priest (for so he then called the Cardinal) and gave the Lieutenant his Signet for a nullity of the Warrant, so the Earl was delivered from the death threatened, and not long after from his imprisonment.  
About or in A. D. 1528, King Henry began to call into Question the lawfulness of his marriage with his Queen Katherine, who was daughter to Ferdinand King of Spain, and had been married to Prince Arthur (eldest son of Henry the seventh) when he was about fifteen years of age, but he dying ere he had been married twelve months, King Henry his brother by the advice of his Council took this Princess Katherine to Wife in few days after his Father's death, and enjoyed her nuptial society near twenty years, in which time she had born him two sons, both dying in their infancy, and one daughter named Mary, afterward Queen. But now, he said, his Conscience was much dissatisfied, doubting it might not be lawful for him to have his brother's Wife, notwithstanding he had had a dispensation from the Pope for it; therefore first he refused his Queen's bed, and having moved the doubt to his own Divines, he next sent for the opinion of most of the Universities of Europe, which concluded against it, and signified so much under most of their common Seals. He also sent Agents unto Rome, with an humble request to the Pope, that an indifferent Judge might be sent to determine this weighty affair.  
Whereupon Cardinal Campeius was sent over into England, with whom Cardinal Wolsey was joined in Commission. These Cardinals had a place ordained them in the Blackfriars in London, for the keeping of their Court of Judicature. To which Court the King and Queen were summoned to appear personally, which accordingly they did, having several seats prepared for them. When the Court was sat, the Crier called King Henry to appear, who forthwith answered, Here; Then was the Queen called, who made no answer at all, but presently risen up, and going to the King fell on her knees at his feet, and in the audience of the people, said unto him, Sir, I desire you to take some pity upon me, and do me Justice, and right; I am a poor woman, a stranger born out of your Dominions, having here no indifferent Council, and less assurance of friendship. Alas! Wherein have I offended, or what cause of displeasure have I given you, that you thus intent to put me away? I take God to my Judge I have been to you a true and humble Wife, ever conformable to your will and pleasure, never gainsaying any thing wherein you took delight. Without all grudge or discontented countenance I have loved all them that loved you, howsoever their affections have been towards me. I have born you Children, and been your Wife now this twenty years. Of my Virginity and Marriagebed I make God and your own Conscience the Judge, and if it otherwise be proved, I am content to be put from you with shame. The King your Father in his time for wisdom was known to be a second Solomon, and Ferdinand of Spain my Father accounted the wisest amongst their Kings, could they in this Match be so far over-seen, or are there now wiser and more learned men than at that time were? Surely it seems wonderful to me that my marriage after twenty years should be thus called in Question with new invention against me, who never intended but honesty. Alas, Sir I see that I am wronged, having no Counsel to speak for me but such as are your Subjects, and cannot be indifferent upon my part; therefore I most humbly beseech you, even in charity to stay this course, until I may have advice and Council from Spain; if not, your Grace's pleasure be done. Then rising and making low obeisance to the King, she departed the Court; and though the Crier called her to come into the Court as she was going away, yet she went on, bidding her Attendant to go forward, and saying to him, This is no indifferent Court for me. When the King perceived that she was departed, he presently spoke thus unto the Assembly: I will, quoth he, in her absence declare before you all, that she hath been to me a most true, obedient and comfortable Wife, endued with all virtuous qualities and conditions according to her birth, and in lowliness equals any of base sort. Which said, Cardinal Wolsey humbly requested the King, that he would be pleased to declare before that honourable Assembly, whether he had been the cause of this his intended Divorce, wherewith he was charged in the opinions of the people? Whereupon the King said, My Lord Cardinal I can well excuse you in this, and rather affirm, that you have been against me in attempting it thus far. Then by and by the Court was adjourned till May 28 following, which time being come the King's learned Council alleged many reasons and likelihoods to prove that Prince Arthur had nuptial knowledge of Lady Catherines body, as their being both of years capable to expleat the Act, he above fifteen, she above seventeen, and both laid in one bed almost five months together, etc.  
From day to day the Pleas proceeded, but nothing was concluded touching the Divorce, therefore the King sent the two Cardinals to persuade with the Queen to put the whole matter to himself, which he said would be far better and more honourable for her, than to stand to the trial of the Law These Legates accordingly repairing to her, she from among her maids at work came presently forth of an inner room to them, having a skein of white thread about her neck to whom she said, Alack my Lords, I am very sorry to make you attend upon me. What is your will? Madam, quoth Wolsey, We are come in good will to know your Grace's mind in this great matter of your Marriage, and to give you our advice with the best service we can. The Queen thanking them said, That by order of holy Church, she was espoused to the King as his true Wife, and in that point she would abide till the Court of Rome (which was privy to the beginning) had made thereof a final determination and end. The King then hopeless of his Queen's consent, hasted his Lawyers to forward the Divorce, which daily they did; but when the day appointed was come for the final determination of the matter in question, than Cardinal Campeius reserved it for the Pope himself to conclude. Which so enraged the Duke of Suffolk that with a stern countenance he said, It was never merry in England since we have had any Cardinals amongst us. And Cardinal Wolsey, though he sought to excuse himself herein as not having sufficient authority, yet did he fall under the King's high displeasure. The first step of this great Prelates fall was his dislike of the King's affection unto Anne Bullen, a Gentlewoman nothing favourable to his Pontifical pomp, nor no great follower of the Ceremonies of those times of Popery, which moved the Cardinal to write unto the Pope to defer the judgement of Divorce till he had wrought the King's mind in another mould. Which was not done so secretly but it came to the King's ear, and proved to his ruin. For first the Broad-seal was taken from him, and some of his Bishoprics, his house and furniture seized upon, and shortly after he was suddenly arrested by the Earl of Northumberland at Cawood-castle, (for arrogant words against the King, importing a desire of revenge) from whence he was conveyed towards London, in which journey at Leicester-Abbey he ended his life, by taking an overgreat quantity of a Confection to break wind from off his stomach. So ended this haughty Cardinal, who was born at Ipswich, his father a good honest Butcher, himself a good Philosopher and Orator. His education in his youth was at Magdalen College in Oxford; his first Preferment was from the Lord Marquis of Dorset, who bestowed a Benefice upon him. Then Sir John Naphant preferred him to King Henry the Seventh, which King, having urgent business with Maximilian the Emperor, he sent this his Chaplain to him post, who posted again back before he was thought to be there, and withal concluded some points forgot in his directions, to the high content of his Sovereign, for the which he bestowed on him the Deanery of Lincoln, after which he was preferred to be the King's Almoner, than one of his Council, than Bishop of Tourney, than Bishop of Lincoln, then A.B. of York, whereby he became as it were three Bishops at once; then was made Priest, Cardinal, and Legat de Latere, than Lord Chancellor, and Bishop of Winchester, and in commendam the Abbey of St. Alban was bestowed upon him. And with them the Cardinal held in farm the Episcopal Sees of Bath and Wells, Worcester and Hereford enjoyed by stranger's incumbents not residing in the Realm. This Prelate raised to this greatness was attended with so many officers and servants as is incredible. And being Ambassador to the Emperor at Brussels, he was there waited upon by many English Nobles, and served at the Table by his Servitors on their knees. Insatiable he was to get, but Princely in bestowing, lofty to his enemies, and not easily reconciled, which hastened his fall when he began. The grudges against this Cardinal were not only for the especial favour he stood in with the King, and great stroke he bore at the Council-table, but for his intolerable pillings, who to patch up his pride in the raising of his new Colleges at Oxford and Ipswich, suppressed forty Monasteries of good fame, converting all their goods and movables to his own use. As also that he emptied the land of twelvescore thousand pounds, enforced by him from the King, which he employed to relieve and ransom the Pope then in Prison, to the great impoverishing of his Majesty's Coffers. And lastly his so intolerable pride, as no less than 1200 Horse for his retinue, eighty Wagons for his Carriage, 
Tho. Cranmer. A. B. Cant.  and sixty Mules for Sumpture-horses attended him into France, when he went thither Ambassador; but, Sic transit gloria mundi. A prodigal and merry conceited Nobleman having lately sold a Manor of an hundred Tenements, came ruffling into the Court in a new suit: saying, Am not I a mighty man that bear an hundred Houses on my back? Which Cardinal Wolsey hearing, said, You might have better employed it in paying your debts. Truth my Lord, said the Nobleman, you say well, for my Father owed my Master your Father three halfpences for a Calves-head, hold, here is twopences for it. But now whilst the matter of the King's Marriage hung in suspense the space of two years, it happened that Dr. Cranmer said, That the King's cause would easily be determined by the Law of God, which the King hearing of put the Doctor upon the work, who thereupon penned a Treatise, therein proving by Scriptures, General Councils, ancient and modern Writers, that the Bishop of Rome had no authority to dispense with the Word of God, so as contrary thereunto to grant liberty for a man to marry his brother's Wife. This he presented to the King, which when the King had well read, he demanded of the Doctor if he would abide by what he had writ? That I will, said he, by God's Grace, even before the Pope himself, if your Majesty shall so appoint. Marry, quoth the King, to him you shall go. And accordingly the King sent Thomas Bullen Earl of Wiltshire, Dr. Cranmer, and other Divines to the Pope, who was then at Bonony. But when the day of audience was come, and Cranmer prepared to defend what he had writ, on the sudden all was interrupted by an unmannerly Spaniel of the Earls, which seeing the Servus Servorum put forth his foot to be kissed, caught his great Toe in his mouth, 'tis said. But be it so or not, yet this is sure, that there was no conclusion of the matter made by the Pope; therefore K. Henry resolved to cut the Gordian-knot himself without more ado; and withal began to call in question what authority the Pope had in his Dominions, which being afterward debated in Parliament, an Act passed against his usurped authority or supremacy, and all persons were prohibited from appealing or making any payments to Rome, and the King's Marriage with Queen Catharine dissolved, and that from thenceforth she should be called only Princess Dowager. The Parliament made it appear that in forty years' last passed then, the Court of Rome had received from this Kingdom 160000 pounds for Investitures of Bishops.  
Whilst the Divorce was under debate one Elizabeth Barton (commonly called the holy Maid of Kent) made a Votaress in Canterbury, was taught by Bocking a Monk to counterfeit many Trances, and in the same to utter many pious expressions to the rebuke of sin, under which she was heard the more freely against the Doctrine of Luther, and the Scriptures translation then desired by many. Also giving forth from God and his Saints, by sundry pretended revelations, That if the King proceeded in his Divorce and second marriage, he should not reign in his Realm one month after, nor rest in his favour one hour. But the imposturisme being detected, she and seven of her complices were executed at Tyburn, for Treason, and others of them fined and imprisoned.  
A. D. 1533, and November the fourteenth was King Henry married with Anne Bullen daughter of Sir Thomas Bullen Earl of Wiltshire, and June the first she was Crowned at Westminster, and on September the seventh following she bore into the World that most excellent Princess Elizabeth, A. D. 1534.  
And A. D. 1535, January 29, She was again delivered of a Child but that was dead: Nor had the Queen herself long to live, for she was accused of Incest, and adultery with her own brother George Lord Rochfort, who was beheaded for this fact on Tower-hill. And May the 19, 1536, this Queen was brought upon a Scaffold erected on the Green within the Tower, where in the presence of many Noblemen, the Lord Mayor and others, she said, Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the Law and by the Law I am judged to death, and therefore I will speak nothing against it: I come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak any thing of that I am accused of, and condemned for. As for mine own offences God knoweth them, and unto God I remit them, beseeching him to have mercy upon my Soul, and if any person will meddle in my cause, I desire them to judge the best. And so I take my leave of the World, and of you all, and do hearty beseech you to pray for me, and I beseech Jesus save my Sovereign and Master the King long to live and reign over you, the most Godliest, Noblest and Gentlest Prince that is. These words she uttered with a smiling countenance, which done she kneeled down, and with a fervent spirit said, To Jesus Christ I commend my Soul, Lord Jesus receive my Soul. And repeating those words very oft, suddenly with the sword the Executioner severed her head and body, which were buried in the Choir of the Chapel of the Tower. 'tis said, that the Lord Rochfort the Queen's brother coming to her beds-side to solicit a suit, leaned thereupon to whisper her in the ear, which the spials gave forth that he did so to kiss the Queen. Most probable it is that the crimes which this Queen was charged withal were matters contrived by Popish instruments, because she gave great encouragements unto many, more publicly and with boldness to profess the reformed religion, and procured a toleration for the Protestant Divines. Moreover that this Queen's death was rather sought for than merited by her, seems also very probable, because that the next day after her death, the King was married unto the Lady Jane Seymour, daughter of John Seymour Knight.  
About this time began to flourish Thomas Cromwell a Black-Smiths son of Putney, whom King Henry first raised to be Master of his Jewelhouse, than Baron of Okeham, than Earl of Essex, than Lord great Chamberlain, and lastly ordained him Vicar-General over the Spirituality. This great Cromwell procured it to be enacted in Parliament, That the Lords Prayer, Creed and ten Commandments should be read in the English Tongue. Other matters also tending to reform the English Church from the Roman corruptions, were attempted by Cromwell, which did not at all please the Monks and their party. The Lincolnshire men began a commotion under the leading of one Mackerell a Monk, who named himself Captain Cobbler. A Copy of their grievances they sent to the King, some of which were, The suppression of many religious houses, whereby the service of God, they said, was minished. The Kings taking into his Council men of Low-birth, who sought their own lucre. That there were divers Bishops lately preferred that had subverted the faith of Christ. That by reason of their loss of Sheep and Cattle, they were not able to pay the Quindecim, or Tax granted to the King, etc. But these Rioters the King soon pacified with good words.  
In whose steads others risen up immediately, for forty thousand rustics assembled in Yorkshire, furnished with horse, armour and artillery. Their pretence was Religion, and defence of holy Church. Their Banners were painted with the five wounds of Christ, the Chalice, Cake and other Romish inventions. This their Rebellion they termed the holy Pilgrimage. Their General of foot was one James Diamond, a poor Fisherman, styled the Earl of Poverty, their chief Leader was Mr. Robert Ask, a man it seems of terror: For when Lancaster Herald at Arms was sent to him to declare the King's message, this Ask, did so terribly bluster forth his answers, that the Herald fell before him on his knees, excusing himself to be but a Messenger. Many persons of great note were parties in this insurrection. And to draw the more in to side with them, Ask and his complices set forth in writing these scandalous untruths against the King.  
First, That no infant should be permitted to receive the blessed Sacrament of Baptism, bot unless an trybet to be paid to the King.  
Secondly, That no man under twenty pound lands shall eyte no breed made of Wheat, ne'er Capon, Chekyn, Gois, ne'er Pig, bot unless to pay a trybet to the King.  
Thirdly, That for every Ploghe-land the King will have en trybet, with other extreme urgent causes, and hearty, Far ye well. Their oath wherein they bond themselves in this league, was the preservation of the King's person, and Issue; the purifying of Nobility and expulsing all villain blood, and evil Counsellors; not for envy to any to enter into their pilgrimage, or any private commodity, but for the Common-weal, the restitution of the Church, and suppression of Heresy and Heretics. But a great force being drawn against them, they dispersed themselves, upon promise of pardon and redress in their just complaints. Yet notwithstanding this the King's clemency, some of the chief of these actors engaged themselves again in a new insurrection in short time after this, for which offence they suffered death. Of Ecclesiastical persons were put to death, four Abbots, two Priors, three Monks, seven Priests, also Captain Mackarel; and of temporal persons were executed Robert Ask, the Lord Dacres, Sir Robert Constable, Sir Francis Bigod, Palmer, Percy, Hamilton, Tempest and Lumley.  
These stirs being stinted a Commission came forth to purge the Churches of Idols, and to suppress the Monastries to the King's use, granted him by Parliament. When down went the Rood of Boxely in Kent, commonly called the Rood of Grace, which was made with divers vices to bow down and lift up itself, to shake and stir both head, hands and feet, to roll the eyes, move the lips and to bend the brows, thereby to cheat silly Souls. So likewise the Images of our Lady of Walsingham and Ipswich, set with Jewels and Gems, also divers other both of England and Wales were brought to London, and many of them burnt before the Lord Cromwell at Clelsey, A. D. 1538.  
Then down went the Monasteries to the number of about 645, besides 90 Colleges, and of Chantries and free Chapels 2374. Almost all these were born down in those boisterous times to the world's amazement. Amongst the Shrines that of Thomas a Becket was defaced, whose meanest part was pure Gold, garnished with many precious Stones; the chiefest of which, was a rich Gem of France offered by King Lewis, who asked and obtained of this prime Saint, (believe it who list) That no passenger betwixt Dover and Whitesand should perish by Shipwreck. But instead of these impertinencies, the holy Bible was commanded to be read in English in the Churches, and Register-Books of Weddings, Christen and Burials to be kept in every of them. If we will credit tradition, shameful villainies were too frequently prepetrated by the monastics, as Whoredoms, Incests, Sodomy, and Murders. Many infants bones, the products of their wantonness, were found in many of their religious houses. The Monasteries thus dissolved and the revenues thereof converted to secular uses, King Henry hereby ran in great obloquy of many foreign Princes and Potentates, but especially of the Pope. Yea, and homeborn subject's disliking hereof by secret working sought to deprive King Henry, and to elevate Reg●nald Pole to the regal dignity, for the which treason Henry Courtney Marquis of Excester, the Lord Montacute and Sir Edward Nevil, were beheaded on Tower-hill.  
A. D. 1540, and January the sixth was King Henry married unto the Lady Anne, Sister to the Duke of Cleve, but he refrained her bed, for the dislike he had to her person; and she good Lady, no other cause alleged, was divorced by Parliament the June following, when it was also enacted, That she should no longer be called Queen.  
In this Parliament was Cromwell Attainted for setting at liberty certain persons committed for misprision of Treason, and Heresy; for favouring and maintaining the Translation of heretical Books (so called) into English; for countenancing and supporting heretical Teachers; for being an heretic himself, and for having spoken great words for the upholding his said religion, to wit, That the King himself should not change it if he would. The cause why the King fell into dislike of him, and consequently of his ruin, was, because he stood in the defence of the Lady Anne of Cleve, and spoke not all well of the Lady Katherine Howard, whom the King was minded and did take to Wife. Which distaste of the Kings against him, his enemy Stephen Gardner Bishop of Winchester did improve to Cromwell's destruction, who was beheaded on Tower-hill, and with him the Lord Hungerford of Heitesbury for buggery.  
Margaret Countess of Salisbury daughter of George Duke of Clarence, and Mother of Cardinal Reginald Pole, being neither Arraigned nor Tried, but condemned by Parliament as Cromwell had been, was beheaded. And the Lord Leonard Grey about the same time lost his head for Treason. And the next day after his death, Thomas Fines Lord Dacres of the South died at Tyburn for killing a man in a fray. Nor was the Sword sheathed until the heads of Queen Katherine Howard, and the Lady Jane Rochfort were struck off; the former for Adultery, the other for concealment, as was alleged. The parties offending with Katherine Howard, were Francis Dereham and Thomas Culpepper, Dereham before she was Queen and Culpepper after, who both were executed at Tyburn, Decemb. the tenth; and on Febru. the twelfth following Mrs Katherine Howard (for so in the Act of her Attainder she is called) who had been Queen for the space of a year and half, with the Lady Jane widow of the Lord Rochfort, were brought unto the Tower-hill, where in lamentable passions they suffered death. This Queen protested after her condemnation to Dr. White her last Confessor, that she was guiltless, having never so abused her Sovereign's bed.  
But as these in case of Treason, so others in matter of Conscience were put to death, by force of the Statutes made under this King. Whereof one was the renouncing the Pope's supremacy, and owning the King for supreme head of the Church in his own Dominions; this concerned the Papists. The other was the six Articles, this concerned the Protestants. Which six bloody Articles were,  
First, That after the words of Consecration there is no other substance consisting in the bread and wine, besides the substance of Christ, God and man.  
Secondly, That the Communion in both kinds was not necessary to Salvation, the flesh only in form of bread being sufficient to the Laity.  
Thirdly, That Priests might not marry by the Law of God.  
Fourthly, That the vows of chastity ought by God's law to be observed.  
Fifthly, That private Masses were necessary for the people, and agreeable to the Law of God.  
Sixthly, That auricular Confession was expedient to be retained in the Church of God. For offending against the former Law of abjuring the Pope's Supremacy, etc. was John Fisher Bishop of Rochester put to death, and Sir Thomas More Lord Chancellor, so merry conceited a person that he could not forbear his jests though bloody death stared him in the face: For when on the Scaffold the Executioner desired his forgiveness, he replied, I forgive thee, but I promise thee thou wilt get no honour by ●utting off my head, my neck is so short. And when he was to lay his neck on the block he stro●kt out his white beard, and said to the Headsman, I pray let me lay it over the block, lest you should cut it off; For though you have a Warrant to cut off my head, you have none to cut off my Beard. Besides these two there were put to death for the same cause many Abbots, Priors and Friars. For oppugning the six Articles and asserting Gospel-truths did many Christians of the reformed Religion suffer death in the flames. Amongst the rest Dr. Robert Barns was one, and Mrs. Anne Askue a person of rare wit and elegant beauty, who when she had been twice tormented upon the Rack to the disjointing of her bones, than gave her body to the flames for Christ's sake. And the life of Queen Katherine Parr was hard laid for by Stephen Gardner, but through her wisdom and prudent carriage towards the King, it was preserved;  
About A. D. 1545, was a match concluded to be made betwixt Prince Edward King henry's son, and the young Princess of Scotland, the Scotch Nobility approving thereof, and in a Parliament of the three estates the match was confirmed in England, the like also in Scotland: but Cardinal Beton Archbishop of St. Andrews, fearing lest hereby Scotland should also change the Church-Orders, and the French likewise not liking the union, means was therefore wrought to break the said intended marriage of the two young Heirs, whence wars ensued, and the English invaded Scotland, spoiled Leith, burnt Edenbrough, and wasted the Country for seven miles about, set fire upon Haddington and Dunbar, then returned. And because the French refused the performance of certain Covenants, King Henry made war also upon that Nation, and in short time won the strong Town of Boulogne. Then the French King with intent to balance the loss of Bolloign invaded the Isle of Wight, and Seacoasts of Sussex, though it proved to the loss of many of his Captains, and thousands of his Soldiers.  
A. D. 1546, the Reingrave came with a great force to victual a Fort built near to Boulogne, which the Earl of Surrey sought to prevent him from, but was discomfited, with the loss of many brave men's lives. Shortly after which, by the mediation of the Emperor, and other Christian Potentates peace was concluded betwixt France and England.  
A. D. 1547, and January the twenty eighth King Henry yielded to deaths impartial stroke, whose body with great solemnity was buried at Windsor. In his Will he ordained (howsoever Titles had been made invalid in Parliaments) That his three Children should succeed each other, for want of other Issue. One thousand Marks he commanded should be given to the poor; and to twelve poor Knights at Windsor each of them twelvepences a day for ever, every year a long Gown of white cloth, the Garter to be embroidered upon the breast, and therein the Cross of St. George, and a Mantle of red cloth to be worn thereupon. His Wives were Katherine his brother's Relict, Anne Bullen, Jane Seymore, Anne of Cleve, Katherine Howard Niece to the Duke of Norfolk, and Katherine Parr the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal. His Issue Henry which lived not full two months, another son not named, and Mary, these by Katherine of Spain, Elizabeth, and a son stillborn by Anne Bullen; Edward by Jane Seymour. His natural Issue Henry Fitz-Roy.  
After the dissolution of the religious Houses, he erected the Bishoprics of Westminster, Chester, Oxford, Peterborough, Bristol and Gloucester, and also erected the Cathedral Churches of Canterbury, Winchester, Worcester, Chester, Peterborough, Ely, Gloucester, Bristol, Carlisle, Durham, Rochester and Norwich. In all which he founded a Dean, with a certain number of Prebendaries. The College of Christ-Church in Oxford begun by Cardinal Wolsey, he ordained to be the Cathedral of this Bishops See.  
Many died of the sweeting sickness in England, especially about London. In the twenty third year of his reign Richard Rice a Cook was boiled to death in Smithfield for poisoning divers persons. In the thirty seventh of his reign the Stews on the Bankside in Southwark were put down by the King's appointment.  
A. D. 1546, William Foxly continued sleeping fourteen days and fifteen nights, and could not by any means be awakened during that time; yet when he did awake he was in very good temper, as though he had slept but one night, and lived forty years after.  
King Henry by Act of Parliament assumed the Style and Title of King of Ireland, former Kings of England bearing only the stile of Lords thereof. 'Tis said that now, Turkey, Carp, Hops, Pickarel and Beer, came into England all in a Year.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of Londen in this Kings Time.  
In his first Year, 

Thomas Bradbury was Mayor for the part of the year, Sir William Capel for the rest.  
George Monox, John Doget, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Sir Henry Kebble was Mayor.  
John Milborne, John Rest, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

Sir Roger Acheley was Mayor.  
Nicholas Shelton, Thomas Mersine, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Sir William Copinger was Mayor for part of the year, Sir Richard Haddon for the rest.  
Robert holderness or Alderns, Robert Fenrother, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir William Brown was Mayor.  
John Dawes, John Bruges, Roger Bosford, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Sir George Monox was Mayor.  
James Yarford, John Monday, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir William Butler was Mayor.  
Henry Warley, Richard Grace, William Baily, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir John Rest was Mayor.  
Thomas Seymour, John or Richard Thurston, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Sir Thomas Exmewe was Mayor.  
Thomas Baldrie, Ralph, or Richard Simons, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Sir Thomas Mersine was Mayor.  
John Allen, James Spencer, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

Sir James Yarford was Mayor.  
John Wilkinson, Nicholas Patrick, Sheriffs.    
In his twelfth Year, 

Sir John Burg was Mayor.  
John Skevington, John Kyme, alias Keble, Sheriffs.    
In his thirteenth Year, 

Sir John Milborn was Mayor.  
John Breton, or Britain, Thomas Pargitor, Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year, 

Sir John Mundy was Mayor,  
John Rudston, John Champneis, Sheriffs.    
In his fifteenth Year, 

Sir Thomas Baldrie was Mayor.  
Michael English, Nicholas Jennings, Sheriffs.    
In his sixteenth Year, 

Sir William Bailey was Mayor.  
Ralph Dodmere, William Roche, Sheriffs.    
In his seventeenth Year, 

Sir John Allen was Mayor.  
John Caunton, or Calton, Christopher Askaw, Sheriffs.    
In his eighteenth Year, 

Sir Thomas Seymour was Mayor.  
Stephen Peacock, Nicholas Lambert, Sheriffs.    
In his nineteenth Year, 

Sir James Spencer was Mayor.  
John Hardy, William Hollis, Sheriffs.    
In his twentieth Year, 

Sir John Rudston was Mayor.  
Ralph Warren, John Long, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty first Year, 

Sir Ralph Dodmer was Mayor.  
Michael Dormer, Walter Champion, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty second Year, 

Sir Thomas Pargiter was Mayor.  
William Dantesey, or Dancy, Richard Champion, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty third Year, 

Sir Nicholas Lambert was Mayor.  
Richard Gresham, Edward Altham, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty fourth Year, 

Sir Stephen Peacock was Mayor.  
Richard Reynolds, John Martin, Nicholas Pinchon, John Priest, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty fifth Year, 

Sir Christopher Askew was Mayor.  
William Forman, Thomas Kitson, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty sixth Year, 

Sir John Champneis was Mayor.  
Nicholas Leveson, William Denham, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty seventh Year, 

Sir John Allen was Mayor.  
Humphrey Monmouth, John Cotes, Sheriffs.    
In his Twenty eighth Year, 

Sir Ralph Warren was Mayor.  
Robert or Richard Paget, William Bowyer, Sheriffs.    
In his twenty ninth Year, 

Sir Richard Gresham was Mayor.  
John Gresham, Thomas Lewin, Sheriffs.    
In his thirtieth Year, 

Sir William Forman was Mayor.  
William Wilkinson, Nicholas Gibson, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty first Year, 

Sir William Hollys was Mayor.  
Thomas Ferrer, Thomas Huntlow, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty second Year, 

Sir William Roche was Mayor.  
William Laxstone, Martin Bows, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty third Year, 

Sir Michael Dormer was Mayor.  
Rowland Hill, Henry Suckley, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fourth Year, 

Sir John Cotes was Mayor.  
Henry Hobberthorn, Henry Amcoats, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty fifth Year, 

Sir William Bowyer was Mayor.  
John Tholouse, Richard Dobbes, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty sixth Year, 

Sir William Laxton was Mayor.  
John Wilford, Andrew Jud, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty seventh Year, 

Sir Martin Bowes was Mayor.  
George Barn, Ralph Allen, or Alley, Sheriffs.    
In his thirty eighth Year, 

Sir Henry Hobberthorn was Mayor.  
Richard Jarveis, Thomas Curteis, Sheriffs.      

EDWARD VI  

A. D. 1547.  EDward the Sixth was born (but not without the death of his Mother) A.D. 1537, Octob. 12.  
A. D. 1547, and Febr. 20. he was Crowned at Westminster. At which time when three Swords were delivered to him, as King of England, France and Ireland, he said, There was yet another Sword to be delivered him, namely, the sacred Bible, which is, said he, the sword of the Spirit, without which we are nothing, neither can do any thing. His Mother's brother, Edward Lord Seymour Earl of Hartford, and Duke of Somerset was by the consent of the Nobles made Protector over his Minority, and the Realms. In short time after the King's Coronation, the Lord Protector and Council sought to effect the Marriage betwixt the young King and the young Queen of Scotland, as it had been formerly agreed on by both Nations; but this the Scots refused to yield unto, wherefore the Protector led an army into Scotland, and at a place called Edmondstone-edg near to Musclebrough fought the Scots and vanquished them, following the chase of them almost five miles, wherein the Lord Fleming with sundry men of note were slain, and 10000 of the Soldiers; and about a 1000 were taken Prisoners, the chief whereof were the Earl of Huntly, the Lords Yester, Hobby, and Hamilton, the Lord Weems, and a brother of the Earl of Cassills'. Lieth the English sacked and set on fire, took the Island St. Colmes, Broughticrag, Rocksbrough, Humes Castle, and others, insomuch that many Gentlemen in Tividale and the Meres came to the Protector, and entered into terms and conditions of peace with him. After the Protectors return a Parliament was assembled at London, wherein the six Articles were repealed, those Colleges and Chapels that King Henry had left were given the King, and the Churches ordered to be purged of all Images. And accordingly Commissioners were appointed, who first began at St. Paul's in London, and thence proceeded throughout England and Wales. But this reformation occasioned great commotions, which began in the West. A Priest stabbed one Mr. Body a Commissioner to the heart, for plucking down certain Images; and this fact of his was so favoured by the Cornish and Devonshire Rustics, that ten thousand of them rose in Arms, heading themselves under Mr. Humphrey Arundel, six other Gentlemen, and eight Priests. These rebels besieged the City of Excester and sore distressed it, yet did the Citizens loyally hold out against them; for which the King did enlarge their Liberties, and gave unto their City the Manor of Exilond. At last the rebels agree upon Articles to be sent the King, therein requiring to have Mass celebrated as in time past it had been. To have holy bread and holy water in remembrance of Christ's body and blood. To have the six Articles again in force, etc. To these and the rest of their demands the King sent an answer, Therein pitying their ignorance, reproving their sauciness, and withal a general pardon to as many as would desist in time, concluding thus: We for our part seek no longer to live than to be a Father to our people, and as God hath made us your King, so hath he commanded you obedience; by whose great Majesty we swear, you shall feel the same power in our Sword, which how mighty it is, no subject knoweth, how puissant it is no private man can judge, and how mortal no English heart can think. Therefore embrace our mercy whilst it is offered, lest the blood spilt by your means cry vengeance from the earth, and be heard in the ears of the Lord of Heaven. Notwithstanding all this, the rebels still persisted in their Traitorous attempts; the King therefore sent an army against them, which put them to flight at Honiton, than worsted them at Excester, where the rebels lay siege, and lastly upon Clift-heath destroyed the greatest part of them; their consecrated Host, Crucifix, Crosses, consecrated Banners, holy bread and holy water (which the rebels had brought into the field, thinking by virtue of them to have made all sure on their side) were all trampled into the dirt. Arundel, Winsland, Holmes and Bury, four rebell-Captains were taken and executed at London. Others also of their partakers were executed by Martial Law, amongst whom was Boyer the Mayor of Bodmin in Cornwall. Nigh to which Town dwelled a Miller that had been a busie-fellow in the rebellion, but he knowing his own danger, willed his man to take the name of Master if any enquired after him. To this Miller's house Sir Anthony Kingston, Martial of the Field came, where calling for the Master the officious man in his name very bodily presented himself, whom Sir Anthony strait commanded to the Gallows; and when the poor fellow seeing the danger he was in changed his note, confessing himself to be but the man, Sir Anthony said, Well, thou canst never do thy Master better service than to hang for him, causing him to be trussed up on the next tree. Other commotions arose in other parts of the Realm; but the most dangerous was that in Norfolk headed by Robert Ket a Tanner of Wimonham, who took upon him to be the King's Deputy, giving out Warrants in the King's name for what he pleased. His Tribunal-seat was in an old Tree, where sat the jolly Tanner accompanied with his Counsellors and Assistants being two chosen men out of every hundred of the rout. Hither came the complaints of the Camp, and from hence Commissions were issued out to plunder Ships and gentlemen's houses of Armour and Artillery; so that this Tree was termed the Oak of Reformation. Whence likewise sometimes Sermons were delivered, and once by the Reverend Dr. Parker, for which his life was endangered, his Sermon was so displeasing to the Rabble. To pacify these rebels the King caused his general pardon to be proclaimed by an Herald at Arms. Notwithstanding which they still proceeded in their rebellion, and made themselves Masters of the City of Norwich. The King  sent William Parr Marquis of Northampton against them, but him they overpowered. Then the Lord Dudley Earl of Warwick was employed against them, who with small resistance gained the Marketplace of Norwich, where he caused sixty rebels, whom he had taken, immediately to be executed by Martial Law. The main body of the rebels entrenched themselves at the foot of the Hill called Dussin-dale, partly upon vain Prophecies given forth amongst them by Wizards, That Hob, Dic and High, (meaning the Clowns) should with their clubs fill up the valley of Dussin-dale with dead bodies. On August 27, the Earl prepared for fight, the rebels likewise set themselves in order, placing in their fore-rank all the Gentlemen whom they had taken prisoners coupled in Irons. Upon the rebels Captain Drury with his own Band and the Almains charged courageously, and opened their Battle, to the setting at liberty of the captive Gentlemen, and the Earls light Horsemen came so valiantly on that the rebels gave back and fled, and with the foremost their Captain Ket. The chase held three miles and more with the slaughter of 3500 rebels. The rest of the rebels that kept about the Ordnance, by the General's persuasions and promise of pardon, cast away their Weapons, and with one voice cried, God save King Edward. The next day following Ket was apprehended in a Barn where he had hid himself, and shortly after was hanged in Chains upon the Castle of Norwich; William Ket his brother was hanged upon the high Steeple of Wimonham, and nine other of them were hanged upon the Oak of Reformation. This Rebellion was at the first broached under the pretence of throwing open the Enclosures, which the King by Proclamation had commanded to be done, though it was neglected. These disturbances being settled, others were made in the North by Thomas Dale a Parish Clark, William Ombler a Yeoman, and one Stevenson the Post of Seymour. Their pretences were to restore the Church her rights, and to disburden the Land of Grievances; giving out that the Pope was the man, that K. Edward was an intruder, if not a mere Heretic, that the Church had power of both the Swords. When these fellows were increased to the number of about 3000, the Kings pardon being sent to them, they most of them departed to their own homes; but Ombler and Dale with four others were executed at York, Septemb. 21, 1549. And as the Commons disquieted the Country, so did some Lords and Ladies disquiet the Court. The Protector's brother Thomas Seymour Baron of Sudley, High Admiral of England, had married Queen Katherine Parr, which Lady contending for place with the Protector's Duchess, occasioned the haughty Duchess ('tis said) to procure the Lord Sudley's ruin. Which Lord was accused to have designed the getting of the King's person into his custody, and Government of the Realm; for the which (with some smaller matters charged upon him) he was condemned by Act of Parliament and by his brother the Protector's Warrant was beheaded on Tower-hill, March 20. But the Brothers being now disjoined, who might have supported each other had they lived together in brotherly love, the Protector himself is marked out for destruction. Divers Lords article against the Duke, accusing him, That he had animated the rebels in their rebellion: That he was a sour of sedition amongst the Nobles: That he had against Law erected a Court of Requests in his own house, enforcing divers of the King's Subjects thither to answer for their free-holds, etc. And so close and cunningly they prosecuted the matter against him, that they got him into the Tower, Octob. 12, 1549, but the King procured his liberty immediately, though not his former Authority. In the mean space that the Protector was under these troubles, the Scots recovered the places that the English had gained from them. The French also attempted to gain the Fort of Bulloinberg by surprise, unto which enterprise 7000 men were chosen, who secretly marched in the night with Ladders and furniture meet for the design, and approached within a quarter of a Mile of the Fort; but one Carter an English man, a soldier amongst them, understanding what was intended, hastily and privately made from his Company, and gave the Alarm to his Countrymen in the Fort; whereupon Sir Nicholas Arnalt the Governor made such preparations against the French men's coming, that at their approach he repulsed them with so great a slaughter, that fifteen Wagons went away laden with dead bodies of the French. After this the French assaulted the Isles of Garnsey and Jersey, but were beaten off with the lost of a thousand men. Howbeit the French King gave not over till he had recovered by surrender Bulloinberg, and the Town of Bulloin, which last he purchased at a high price.  
A. D. 1550, that mortal disease called the sweating-sickness raged extremely through England, whereof died the two Sons of Charles Brandon, both of them Dukes of Suffolk successively, besides an infinite number in their best strength. And, which is wonderful, this disease followed only English men in foreign Countries, no other people being infected thereby. And to fill up the dolours of these doleful times, the good Duke of Somerset was again by the over-reachings of the Earl of Warwick, (lately created Duke of Northumberland) and other his emulators, committed prisoner, and not long after put to death. For the Duke of Somerset giving ear to such false friends as sought his ruin, privily armed himself, and so went to the Council-Table, his flatterers having put him in fear of some sudden attempt intended against him. But at the Council-Table his bosom being opened, and the Armour found, he was forthwith apprehended as intending the death of some Counsellor, and sent to the Tower, Octob. 16, 1551, and in December following he was condemned of Felony, as seeking the death of some of the King's Counsellors, and on Febr. 22 of the same year, he was brought to the Scaffold on Tower-hill, where he thus spoke to the people: Dear beloved Friends, I am brought hither to suffer death, albeit I never offended against the King, either in word or deed, and have always been as true and faithful to this Realm as any man hath been. But forasmuch as I am by Law condemned to die, I do acknowledge myself as well as others to be subject thereunto. Wherefore to testify my obedience which I own unto the Laws, I am come hither to suffer death; whereunto I willingly offer myself, with most hearty thanks unto God, that hath given me this time of repentance, who might through sudden death have taken away my life, that I neither should have acknowledged him nor myself. When having uttered these words with others exhortatory, That the people would continue constant in the Gospel, suddenly there was heard a great noise, whereby the assembly was struck into great fear, which noise was made by some of the Trainband-Hamlets coming hurrying on the Tower-hill. This stir being ceased, another presently ensued, for the people seeing Sir Anthony Brown ride towards the Scaffold, they violently ran and crowded together thitherward, supposing he had brought a pardon from the King, and with a sudden shout, cried a pardon, a pardon, God save the King. But these interruptions over, the Duke proceeded in his speech; requesting the people to join in prayer with him for the King, exhorting them unto obedience to him and his Council. Which done, ask every man forgiveness, and declaring that he freely forgave every man; he meekly submitted his head to the Axe. Whose death the people were much grieved for, speaking very bitterly against the Duke of Northumberland, and the good King sorely mourned because of it, which likely did much increase his Consumptive distemper that brought him to his end. Whilst he lay in his weakness he was overwrought to disinherit his two sisters Mary and Elizabeth, and to ordain by Will for his Successor to England's Diadem Guildford Dudley's Wife, Jane the elder Daughter of the Duke of Suffolk, whose Mother the Lady Frances, was the Daughter of Mary Queen of France, and Charles Branden Duke of Suffolk. Unto this Will of King Edward all his Council, the Bishops and all the Judges, saving Sir John halis, subscribed. When the King drew towards his last breath, he prayed as followeth: Lord God deliver me out of this miserable life, and take me among thy chosen, howbeit not my will, but thy will be done. Lord, I commit my spirit to thee. O Lord, thou knowest how happy it were for me to be with thee, yet for thy Chosen sake if it be thy will, send me life and health that I may truly serve thee. O my Lord, bless thy people and save thine inheritance. O Lord God, save thy chosen people of England. O my Lord God, defend this Realm from Papistry, and maintain thy true Religion, that I and my people may praise thy holy Name, for thy Son Jesus Christ's sake. So turning his face and seeing some by him, he said, I thought you had not been so nigh. Yes, said Dr. Owen, we heard you speak to yourself. Then said the King, I was praying to God. O I am faint, Lord have mercy upon me, and receive my Spirit. And in so saying he yielded up the Ghost, July 6, 1553. And was interred in the Chapel of St. Peter's at Westminster. He was a Prince very well learned in the Latin and Greek Tongues, also in the French, Spanish and Italian, adorned with the skill of Logic, Natural Philosophy, Music and Astronomy. Of such observation and memory that he could tell and recite all the Ports, Havens and Creeks belonging to England, Scotland and France, what coming in there was, how the Tide served in every of them, what burden of Ship, and what wind best served the coming into them. Of all his Nobles, chief Gentry and Magistrates he took special notice of their hospitality, and religious conventions. He was very sparing of his Subjects blood though rebels, or heretics. When Joan Butcher was to be burnt for heresy, all his Council could not move him to sign the Warrant for her execution, till Dr. Cranmer A. B. laboured with him therein; to whom the King said, What my Lord, will you have me send her quick to hell? And taking the Pen he used this speeeh, I will lay all the charge hereof upon Cranmer before God. So zealous he was for the reformed Religion, and against Popery, that he thrust out all the Roman fopperies out of the Churches; and superstitions out of the English Church; nor would he permit his sister Mary to have Mass said in her house, though the Emperor Charles made suit for it in her behalf. So charitable that he conferred on the City of London Christs-Hospital, and St. Thomas-Hospital for the relief of the Impotent, fatherless Children, and wounded Soldiers, and Bridewell for vagabond and idle persons; and so circumspect as to himself and public, that he kept a Journal-Book written with his own hand, how all things proceeded with him and the state, even from the first day of his reign unto his death.  

The Mayors and Sheriffs of London in this King's Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir John Gresham was Mayor.  
Thomas White, Robert Chertsey, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Henry Amcoats was Mayor.  
William Lock, Sir John Ayleph, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

Sir Rowland Hill was Mayor.  
John York, Richard Turk, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Sir Andrew Jud was Mayor.  
Augustine Hind, John Lion, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir Richard Dobbes was Mayor.  
John Lambert, John Cowper, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Sir George Barn was Mayor.  
William Garret, or Gerard, John Mainard, Sheriffs.      

Queen MARY.  

A.D. 1553  PIOUS King Edward having exchanged this wretched life for an happy, the Council in the first place persuaded the Lord Mayor, and certain of the Aldermen of London to take their Oaths to be faithful to the Lady Jane Grey; then caused the said Lady Jane to be proclaimed in London Queen of England. But when Queen Mary heard the news of her brother's death, and the Counsels proceeds, by her Letters she required the Council as they tendered her displeasure, and their own safeties, to proclaim her Queen and Governor of the Land. Unto which Letters the Lords forthwith answered, That by good Warrant of Ancient Laws of the Realm, besides the last Will of King Edward the right was in the Lady Jane to govern England, unto whom therefore and none other they must yield subjection. They also remembered the Queen of the unlawful marriage and divorce of her Mother, of her own illegitimation, desiring her to forbear any further claim, and to submit herself to the Queen Jane now her Sovereign. Which Letters sent to Queen Mary were subscribed by Thomas Canterbury Archbishop, Thomas Ely Chancellor, Henry Suffolk Duke, The Duke of Northumberland, Marquess of Winchester, etc. Upon the receipt of the Letters the Queen removed from Keningal to Fremingham-Castle, unto whom the Suffolk-men first resorted, offering their service with condition that they might still embrace the Gospel, in the same manner that King Edward had established it. To which she then condescended, though afterward being petitioned to perform her promise herein, she both punished the Writer, and answered, that they should one day well know, that they being but members should not direct her their head.  
July the twelfth the Earl of Oxford and other Lords came in to the Queen's assistance, and proclaimed her at Norwich, and July the fourteenth the Duke of Northumberland with an Army set forth off London towards Norwich; but few or none of the people bade this ambitious Duke God-speed, which himself took notice of as he marched out of London with his Army.  
But whilst Northumberland was on his way, the Lord Windsor and other Gentlemen raised the Commons of Buckingham-shire for Queen Mary; so Sir John Williams, and Sir Leonard Chamberlain of Oxford-shire, and Sir Thomas Tresham in Northamptonshire. And at London the Tide turned and Queen Mary was there proclaimed, and many of the Lords deserted the Duke, insomuch that the Duke himself, thinking it the easiest to swim with the stream, even fairly in the Marketplace at Cambridge proclaimed Mary Queen of England, throwing up his Cap in token of joy. The way thus made free, Queen Marry repaired to London and there set at liberty Edmond Bonner imprisoned in her brother's time, restoring him to the See of London, which Dr. Ridley had possessed, and made him a prisoner. Other Protestant Bishops she removed, placing Papists in their steads. Doctor Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury she committed to the Tower, and Stephen Gardner she made Lord Chancellor. And to assure her estate the better the Duke of Northumberland was Arraigned and condemned, and brought upon the Scaffold on Tower-hill to suffer death. Where this Duke having promise of life if he would recant the reformed Religion, did so, and withal exhorted the people to follow the Romish way, though when he had so done the executioner made him shorter by the head; with him suffered Sir John Gates, and Sir Thomas Palmer August 22.  
A few days after which the Queen was Crowned at Westminster, by Stephen Gardner Bishop of Winchester. And October 18th began a Parliament, wherein that Act was repealed which was made in Edward the 6th's time, entitled, An Act for the uniformity of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments.  
Then came all the Popish trinkets into fashion again, the Mass-Book, Crucifixes, Agnus Dei's, Relics, with all the Idols and Abominations. And the temporizing Priests were forced to forgo their Wives, though not to live honestly: For, as Mr. Heywood merrily said to the Queen concerning these men, when she told him that the Priests must no longer have their Wives; Your grace then must allow them Lemmons, for the Clergy cannot live without sauce.  
A. D. 1553, was the Lady Jane Grey and her Husband Arraigned and condemned at the Guild-hall in London, and February 12th, her Husband Gilford Dudley 4th son to the Duke of Northumberland, was had to the Tower-hill, where with prayers and great signs of repentance he ended his life. Whose body all bloody laid in a Cart, together with the head wrapped in a cloth, was brought into the Chapel of the Tower, even in the sight of this sorrowful Lady his Wife, who was now to mount the Scaffold raised upon the Green within the ●ower, whither being ascended, she with a cheerful countenance spoke unto the spectators, declaring that her offence was only in consenting unto others, That she never sought that greatness; Then desired the people to bear her witness, that she died a true Christian woman, and looked to be saved by no other means, but only by the mercy of God in the blood of Christ Jesus his only son; confessed that when she did know the word of God, she neglected it, and loved the world and herself, and that therefore this plague and punishment justly happened to her for her sins. Lastly, desired the people to pray for her whilst she lived. Then kneeling down said in English the 51, Psalm, which done, she stood up and gave her Book to Mr. Bridges Lieutenant of the Tower; then by the help of her two Gentlewomen made herself ready for the Block, and commending her spirit into the hands of the Lord Jesus, her head was severed from the body. Thus ended the life of this most ingenious and virtuous Lady, ruined by the Ambition of her own, especially Husband's Father.  
On the 23 of the same month, her Father Henry Duke of Suffolk, for a second offence, the promoting an insurrection to hinder the Queen's marriage with Philip of Spain, was beheaded on the Tower-hill. And A. D. 1554, April 23, was his Brother the Lord Thomas Grey beheaded in the same place. Against this foresaid match with Spain many combinations were made, and many persons in divers places of the Realm were up in Arms. And amongst the rest Sir Thomas Wyatt with the Kentishmen, against whom the Duke of Nurfolk was sent, but many of his followers forsook him and joined with Wiat. Then Wyatt advanced to Dartford, and from thence to Deepford by Greenwich, at whose approach so nigh the City, the fears were there so great, that the Lord Mayor, aldermans and most of the Citizens were in armour, and the Sergeants and Lawyers in Westminster in the Hillary-Term pleading their Causes in harness. The Queen to make the City sure on her side, came unto the Guild-hall, where she made an Oration to the Citizens, therein acquainting them, That though the Rebel's pretence was to resist the marriage with Spain, yet that their intention was against her Religion. That they arrogantly demanded the possession of her person, the keeping of the Tower, the placing and displacing of her Councillors. She also therein alleged her right to the Crown, professed her entire love and affection to her subjects, promised them in the word of a Queen, that if it should not probably appear before the Nobility and Commons in Parliament, that her designed marriage with Prince Philip would be for the profit of the Nation, she would abstain from it. Wherefore, saith she, good Subjects pluck up your hearts and like true men, stand fast with your lawful Prince against these Rebels, both Ours and Yours, and fear them not, for I assure you I do not. Against these Rebels the Earl of Pembroke was made General, and a hundred pound lands by the year was promised to be given to him and his Heirs for ever; that should bring Wyatt either alive or dead.  
Howbeit Wyatt with fourteen Ensigns, and about five thousand men advanced to Southwark, where he made Proclamation, That no Soldier should take any thing without due payment Southwark he fortified, planting divers great Guns therein. And London was fortified against him, and the drawbridge cut down. Wherefore when Wyatt perceived that he could have no access into the City that way, he in the night marched round about by Kingston, thinking that way to have surprised the City on the sudden; but staying to remount a great Gun, that was dismounted by the way, by that means he could not reach the City so soon as he had expected, nor till his coming was discovered and preparations on that side the City made against him.  

Cardinal Reginald Pole. A.B. Cant.  The Earl of Pembroke possessed himself of St. James', which Wyatt at his coming perceiving marched a little aside towards Charing-Cross. At Charing-Cross the Lord Chamberlain and Sir John Gage stood to resist Wyatt, but the Kentish-men rushing violently into the Streets, forced their opposites into the gates of White-Hall, where was a great distraction within, and no other voice heard than Treason, Treason. Mean while Wyatt with such small company as he had with him hasted to Ludgate, where he knocked to have entrance, but was debarred. In the interim those his followers that had turned to White-Hall were dispersed, about twenty of which dirty, bemired Rebels were slain in the conflict, and no other cry heard on the contrary part, but, Down with the daggle-Tails.  
Wyatt returning from Ludgate sat down upon a stall against Bell-Savage-Inne, where he mused a while, then retired towards the Court, and was not opposed till he came to Temple-Bar; where began some Bickering, but Clarencieux King at Arms coming to him persuaded him to submit to the Queen's mercy. To whom Sir Thomas Wyatt said, If I must yield I will yield to a Gentleman, and yielded himself to Clarencieux. Then was he mounted behind Sir Maurice Berkley, and so carried to the Court, and in the afternoon to the Tower. About fifty of his fellow Rebels were hanged in London, and four hundred more were led through the City with Halters about their necks to Westminster, where they were all pardoned by the Queen.  
A. D. 1554, and April 11th, Sir Thomas Wyatt was beheaded on Tower-hill, where at his death he warned the people to beware how they took any thing in hand against the higher Powers, and excused the Lady Elizabeth, and the Lord Courtney of having any hand in his Rebellion. Alexander Bret and twenty two Kentish persons more were executed, in divers parts of that County. These Commotions were the occasions of great troubles to the Lady Elizabeth, for the great difference in judgement that was betwixt her sister the Queen and her, caused the Queen to suspect that she was a principal mover in them. Wherefore the good Princess was in all haste sent for from her Manor of Ashbridge, where she than lay sick, and was committed prisoner to the Tower of London, at her first coming being kept a close prisoner under locks and bolts; but at length the Lord Shandois obtained liberty, for her to walk in the Queen's Chamber and in the garden. About May 19th, she was removed to Woodstock where her liberty was not much enlarged. In this her confinement, as she sat looking out of the window, she happed to see a maid milking in the Park, and merrily singing over her pail, which struck this pensive prisoner into a deep muse, preferring the Maid's fortunes above her own, and hearty wishing that herself was a Milkmaid. Perhaps this might be the place, where Stephen Gardner (with intent to ensnare her life) caused her to be examined, what she thought of those words of Christ, Hoc est corpus meum, This is my body. To which after some pause the Princess thus warily, and as wittily answered, 
Christ was the word that spoke it,  
He took the bread and broke it;  
And what the word did make it,  
That I believe and take it.   
A. D. 1554, and April 16th, a disputation began concerning Transubstantiation betwixt certain learned men of the Popish persuasion, and Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, Nicholas Ridley late Bishop of London, and old Father Latimer sometime Bishop of Worcester of the Reformed Religion; which dispute ended on the 20th, of the same month, and a year and six months after the aforenamed Bishops gave Testimony to the truth in the flames, in the Town-ditch of Oxford.  
A. D. 1554, and July 25th, was the marriage betwixt Philip of Spain, and Mary Queen of England with great State solemnised, and their Titles by Garter King at Arms, solemnly proclaimed with these following styles, Philip and Mary by the grace of God King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Arch-duke's of Ostrich, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabrant, Counts of Haspurg, Flanders and Tyrol. In the November next following this marriage, the Queen was reported to be with Child, for joy whereof Te Deum was commanded solemnly to be sung, and processions and prayers were made for her safe delivery.  
The Queen took her Chamber, the Court was full of Midwives, all due provisions made against the good hour. And so certain it was taken to be, that some were punished, but for questioning the contrary, and the Parliament Enacted, That if God should take away Queen Mary, this their young Master coming into the world should succeed, and that King Philip should be Protector during the Prince's minority. Howbeit though they had this confidence to trust Philip with the government of England, if such a case should happen; yet had Philip little confidence in the English, first, because they would have hindered the marriage betwixt him and the Queen, and then because a Nobleman had given his counsel to cut off the Lady Elizabeth's head, whence he assured himself, that those so bad-minded to their natural Princess, could not be well-minded to him a stranger. A great friend 'tis said, King Philip was to the said Princess Elizabeth, nor would he cease soliciting his Queen till he had gained her some freedom from her close restraint. But now the expected time of Queen Mary's deliverance being come, a rumour was spread that a Prince was born, for joy whereof the Bells were rung, Bonfires flamed, processions were made, and some in their Sermons fond described the beauty of this young Prince. Notwithstanding at last it proved no such matter. Some said, this rumour was spread in policy, and that the Queen to have put the Lady Elizabeth besides the Crown, would have mothered another body's Child; but King Philip scorned to Father it. Others said, that the Queen miscarried; others, that she had a Tympany.  
A. D. 1557, the Queen to take part with the Spaniard and Pope proclaimed Wars against France, and King Philip crossed the Seas into Flanders. After whom his Queen sent a thousand Horsemen, four thousand Foot, and two thousand Pioners under the conduct of the Earl of Pembroke, who came with his forces before the Town of Saint Quintin's, (at that time besieged by the Dukes of Savoy and Brunswick) and in short time by their manly courage forced the Town to yield, for joy whereof great Triumphs were made in England, which lasted not long: For this success made the English too secure, insomuch that through neglect of seasonable and fitting supplies the Town of Calais was forced to yield to the French, upon but indifferent Terms on the English part. Thus the Town of Calais won by the victorious King Edward the third, and that by no less than eleven months' siege, was now in the compass of eight days besieged, and regained, and that in the depth of Winter, it being surrendered on January 17th, 1557. And in the same month and year were also the strong Forts of Guises and Hames taken by the French, whereby all the English footing was lost in France. This loss, with the absence of King Philip, who did not passionately love his consort the Queen, is thought to have hastened the death of Queen Mary. She was heard to say, That the loss of Calais was written in her heart, and might therein be read when her body should be opened. She died of a burning Fever, Novemb. 17th, 1558, and was buried at Westminster. The Church-possessions which this Queen had in her hands, she freely resigned with this saying, That she set more by the Salvation of her own Soul, than she did by ten Kingdoms. Though she was of no bad natural temper, yet through a blind zeal, she dealt so rigidly and cruelly against those called Sacramentarians, the Protestants, that in less than four years' space she caused to be put to death of them 277. In Smithfield and other parts of the Land were consumed of them in the flames for Christs-sake, 5 Bishops, 21 Ministers, 8 Gentlemen, 48 Artificers, 100 Husbandmen, Servants, and Labourers, 26 Wives, 20 Widows, 9 Virgins, 2 Boys, and 2 Infants, one of them whipped to death by bloody Bonner; and the other springing out of its mother's womb, as she burned at the stake, was thrown again into the fire. Sixty four more were persecuted for their profession of the true Christian Doctrine, whereof 7 were whipped, 16 perished in prisons, and were buried in dunghills, and many lay in captivity condemned till the coming in of Queen Elizabeth, and many fled the Realm in those Scorching times, amongst whom was Katherine Duchess of Suffolk, the last Wife of Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk. Pray God of his great mercy defend England from the Religion and cruelties of Antichristian Rome.  
On the selfsame day that Queen Mary died, died also Cardinal Pole Archbishop of Canterbury and was buried at Canterbury.  
In the reign of this Queen extreme dearths raged, also Quartain Agues, of which many old people died, especially Clergymen. At a little Town about a mile, and Eastward from Nottingham a Tempest of thunder did great harm, beat down many Houses, forced the Bells out of the Steeple, carrying them to the outside of the Churchyard, and some Webs of Lead four hundred foot into the field. A Child by the violence of it was taken out of a man's arms and carried a hundred foot. Five or six men besides the Child were slain by it. Some Hailstones fell that were fifteen Inches about.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of London in her Reign.  
In her first Year, 

Sir Thomas White was Mayor.  
Thomas Offley, William Hewet, Sheriffs.    
In her second Year, 

Sir John Lion was Mayor.  
David Woodroffe, William Chester, Sheriffs.    
In her third Year, 

Sir William Garret or Gerrard was Mayor.  
Thomas Lee, or Leigh, John Machel, Sheriffs.    
In her fourth Year, 

Sir Thomas Offley was Mayor.  
William Harper, John White, Sheriffs.    
In her fifth Year, 

Sir Thomas Curteis was Mayor.  
Richard Mallory, James Altham, Sheriffs.    
In her sixth Year, 

Sir Thomas Lee, or Leigh was Mayor.  
John Halsey, Richard Champion, Sheriffs.      

ELIZABETH.  

A. D. 1558.  QUeen Elizabeth the Restorer and Defender of tne public profession of the Apostolical Religion in England, begun her Reign A. D. 1558, Novemb. 17. Upon the death of her sister Queen Mary, she removed to the  of London, and from thence was royally attended through the City unto the Tower. In which Triumphal state as she passed through the streets of London, when the Book of God was presented to her at the little Conduit in Cheapside, she received it with both her hands, and kissing it, laid it to her breast, saying, That the same had been her chiefest delight, and should be the Rule by which she meant to frame her Government. January 15 was the Crown-Imperial set on her head by Dr. Oglethorp Bishop of Carlisle. Shortly after which a Parliament sat, wherein the Title of the Supremacy was restored to the Crown, with the Tenths and First fruits of all Ecclesiastical Live, and the Book of Common-Prayer (set forth in Edward the sixths' time) was ratified, as also those Acts repealed which were Enacted in Queen Mary's time in favour of the Romish, and against the Reformed Religion. During this Parliament a Petition was made unto her Majesty to move her unto Marriage, in hope of royal Issue from her. To which she replied, That she best liked a Virgin's life; but that if it happened that her affection should change, her choice should be only of such an one as should be as careful as any of themselves for the public good. As for her Issue, she said, if she should have any it might grow out of kind, and prove ungracious; and therefore to leave behind her a more lasting and grateful remembrance, she held it sufficient, that a Marblestone should declare to posterities, that she a Queen had reigned, lived and died a Virgin. This Maiden-Queen the better to secure herself against the Bishop of Rome, who sought to disable her Title by the calumny of Illegitimation, entered into a league with some Princes of Germany. This done, she claimed the restitution of Calais as her right, having been lawfully granted and assured by the French themselves unto the Crown of England. But the English Queen was not more desirous to have Calais than the French was unwilling to part with it; howbeit at length it was thus concluded, That Calais should remain French the term of eight years, and then to return to the English, else the French to pay 500000 Crowns, which they never performed though the agreement was sealed and sworn unto. Next, her Highness proceeds to purge the Clergy of England, ordering the Oath of Supremacy and other Articles to be tendered them, which many refusing were forthwith deprived of their Ecclesiastical Benefices and Promotions. Then went forth Commissioners to suppress those Monasteries restored by Queen Mary, 
Matthew Parker, A. B. Cant.  and to cast out all Images set up in Churches; and after the reducing of Church-matters into order, this happy Queen brought her Coins into fine and pure Sterling, debasing of Copper-coins, causing likewise great store of Munition, Armour and Powder to be brought into the Land, and laid up in readiness against a time of need.  
A. D. 1562, Her Majesty sent Aids into France to support the Reformed Religion there. These with great joy were received into the Towns of Newhaven, Rouen and Deep; but within the space of twelve months they were forced back into England, bringing thence many sick Soldiers, which dangerously infected the Nation with a long continuing Plague.  
About the year 1564, the Irish sought to shroud themselves from their obedience unto Queen Elizabeth, under the shelter of Shan O-Neal, a man cruel by nature, and claiming an Hereditary right to the Province of Ulster, as the O-Neals formerly had done to all Ireland. Against this rebel so great preparations were made, that he terrified therewith came over into England, and on his knees begged the Queen's pardon, which she granted him. Howbeit not long after he rebelled, but at length was slain by some of his own Countrymen.  
A. D. 1567., so great civil dissensions were in Scotland, that outrages were not only committed upon the best Subjects, but even upon the King and Queen themselves; him they barbarously murdered, and forced her to leave Scotland. Which unhappy Queen having embarked herself for France, 
Edward Grindal, A. B. Cant.  hoping there to find many friends, was by cross winds drove upon the English Coasts, from whence she might not return, but was detained Prisoner in England.  
A. D. 1568, by the working Instruments of the old Doctor at Rome, there were discontents bred and nourished in some great persons of England, as the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, Leonard Dacres, Nevil, etc. who had in readiness certain English Priests, Morton and others, with Bulls and Instruments of Absolution, Reconciliation, and Oaths to be taken to the Pope. These Romish rebels raised forces, and with Banner displayed entered Burrowbridge, old Morton being their Ensign-bearer, in whose Colours was painted the Cross and five wounds of Christ. But at the approach of her Majesty's Forces, the Captains of the rebels fled into Scotland, and their followers were taken without any resistance. Of these Traitors were put to death at Durham by Martial Law, an Alderman, a Priest, sixty-six Constables, besides others of them in other places about.  
A. D. 1570, Leonard Dacres of Harlsey renewed the rebellion, and had amongst his followers many Women-soldiers; but upon a Moor nigh unto Naworth the Lord Hunsdon dispersed them in fight.  
August 22d of this year, was the Earl of Northumberland beheaded at York, where in his last speech he avowed the Pope's Supremacy, denied that subjection was due to the Queen, affirmed the Realm to be in a Schism, and that obedient subjects were no better than Heretics. For you must know that Pope Pius the fifth had by his Bull dated 1569 deprived the Queen of her Kingdoms, absolved her subjects of all subjection to her, and pronounced all that yielded her obedience accursed. Which Bull was privately hung upon the Bishop of London's Palace-gate at the West-end of St. Paul's. And such influence it had upon the spirits of many persons disaffected to the Reformed Religion, that they sought by divers means to work the Queen's destruction. Many were the projects and devices to ruin the Church and Queen, but by the good providence of Almighty God, the projectors were defeated in their purposes, and suffered deserved punishment. In Norfolk John Throgmorton, Brook, Redman and others sought to raise a commotion, for the which they suffered death. Dr. Story executed for his treason 1571. John Sommervil instigated by one Hall a Seminary Priest, to murder the Queen, was executed. John pain employed to murder her as she took her recreation abroad, was executed; so was Edmond Champion a Seminary Priest also executed. Francis Throgmorton for endeavouring to procure an Invasion, was executed. William Parry, who purposed to have murdered the Queen, was executed. Henry Piercy Earl of Northumberland, being privy to the Plots of Throgmorton for the bringing in of foreign powers, was committed to the Tower, where to save the Hangman a labour, he shot himself to the heart. Thomas Howard being too busy in some Popish designs was also put to death. 
John Whitgift. A B. Cant.  Other Popish Traitors were likewise deservedly executed, whose names, facts and places, and times of execution for brevity's sake are omitted.  
A. D. 1572, Novemb. 18, appeared a strange Star or Comet Northward, in the Constellation of Cassiopeia, not much less than the Planet Venus, never changing place, fixed far above the Moon's Orb, the like to which never did appear since the beginning of the world, that we read of, saving that at the Birth of Christ.  
A. D. 1573, was built at London the Royal-Exchange (so named by her Majesty) whose founder was Sir Thomas Gresham.  
A. D. 1576, Sir Martin Frobusher sailed into the North-east Seas, far further than any man before him had done, giving to those parts the name of Queen Elizabeth's Foreland.  
A. D. 1577, and Novemb. 15, Capt. Drake set sail from Plymouth, and in three years wanting twelve days he encompassed the Earth, landing again in England on Novemb. 3, 1580. In America in the Country which he named Nova Albion the King thereof presented unto him his Network Crown of many coloured feathers, and therewith resigned his Sceptre of Government unto his dispose. The people there so admired the English men, that they sacrificed to them as to their gods. At his departure from thence he reared a Monument to witness her Majesty's right to that Province, as being freely given to her Deputy both by King and people. The little Ship called the Pelican wherein this admirable Voyage was performed, was at her Majesties command laid up in the Dock by Deepford, as a Monument of England's fame, and Captain Drake was honoured with Knighthood.  
A. D. 1581., was the motion renewed for a Marriage betwixt Francis Valois Duke of Anjou, and Queen Elizabeth; and so effectually was the suit moved, and acceptably heard of her Highness, that the Monsieur came over in person, though to the little liking of many of the English Nobles, and to the great discontent of the Commons, as was made known by a Book written against it, which cost William Stubs the Inditer thereof the loss of his right hand.  
About A. D. 1583, the Pope and King of Spain sent supplies to the Irish rebels, under the command of Thomas Stukely an English fugitive, whom the Pope had styled Marquis of Ireland. These landing in Ireland raised their consecrated Banner, built their Fort Deal Over; but the Lord Grey of Wilton, Lord Deputy quickly put most of them to the sword.  
A. D. 1585., after several suits made unto the Queen by the distressed States of the Netherlands, and their Grievances recommended to her by the King of France, with promise of his own assistance; her Majesty was graciously pleased to undertake their protection, sending to their assistance Sir John Norrice, with 5000 Foot, and a thousand Horse, all retained at her Highness pay during those Wars against Spain, which monthly amounted to 12526 l. Sterling. For which moneys so disbursed the Towns of Flushing and Brill, with two Sconces, and the Castle of Ramekins in Holland, were delivered to the Queen's use in pledge, until the money was repaid. The considerations moving her Majesty to assist ●he United Provinces, were; The defence of the Reformed Religion, because of the bloody Inquisition, that without respect had persecuted her subjects; Because the King of Spain had sent forces into Ireland; and lastly to prevent her enemy the Spaniard from being so nigh a neighbour to her.  
A. D. 1587., and Febr. 7, was Mary Queen of Scotland, King James' Mother beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle, to the great discontent, 'tis said, of Queen Elizabeth, who committed Secretary Davison to the Tower thereupon, and never admitted him more to his place, because of his forwardness in promoting the death of that Roman-Catholick Queen. But what is above us is nothing to us. The matters for which she was condemned in the Star-chamber Court at Westminster, were her pretending title to the Crown of England, her being privy to certain Treasons of Anthony Babington, and others tending to the hurt and death of the Royal person of Queen Elizabeth. This she absolutely denied, affirming, that she never attempted any thing against the Queen's person; though for her own delivery out of prison, she confessed she did make some attempts. Babington with thirteen other Traitors were executed.  
A. D. 1588., Henry third King of France, who ever honoured Queen Elizabeth, and not the least because of her Religion, sent speedy and secret notice unto her of the Spaniards intentions to invade her Realm of England. Against whose coming the Queen caused her Trained-bands to be in readiness, Tilbury in Essex was the place for her Camp, whereunto were appointed to march 15000 Horse, and 22000 Foot. And for her special Guard out of the several Counties of the West, East, and South parts of England, were selected 2352 Horsemen, and 34050 Footmen. The Queen herself was Generalissimo, and Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester Lieutenant-General.  
A. D. 1588., and May 19, the Armado, or invincible Navy of the Spaniards (as they termed it) loosed Anchor from Lisbon, and on July 20 it passed by Plymouth towards Calais, hoping about those coasts to have met with the Prince of Parma, but in their way the English Fleet changed some bullets with them. July 21 the two Fleets fought within Musket-shot, when the English Admiral Lord Charles Howard fell most hotly on the Spaniards Vice-Admiral. In this fight they well perceived how that their great unwieldy Ships were unfit for service in those narrow Seas, the English smaller Ships being too nimble for them, as well in respect of saving themselves as in annoying the Spanish.  
July 22, Sir Francis Drake Vice-Admiral took one of their great Galleons, wherein was Don Pedro de Valdez, with divers other Noblemen. The Soldiers had the spoil of this Ship, in which was 55000 Ducats of Gold.  
July 23 the Spaniards came right against Portland, when the sorest fight was performed, and the English gained a great Venetian Ship, with other lesser ones.  
July 24, the fight was only betwixt the four great Galleasses, and some of the English Ships.  
July 25, the Spaniards came aaginst the Isle of Wight, where was a terrible Encounter, till at length the English so battered the Spanish tall Ships, that they were forced to secure themselves in an Halfmoon posture.  
July 28, as the Spanish Fleet lay at Anchor within sight of Calais, the English sent in amongst them eight Fireships filled with Gunpowder, pitch, brimstone, and other combustible matter, their Ordnance charged with bullets, stones, chains, and the like. These being driven with wind and tide unto the Spanish Fleet, and then taking fire, such a sudden roaring clap was given, that the Spaniards affrighted, in the dead of the night, were struck into an horrible fear lest all their Ships should be fired by these, wherefore in great haste they cut their cables, hoist their sails, and drove at random into the Seas.  
July 29. ranging themselves in order they approached overagainst Greveling, where the English again getting the wind of them, discharged upon them from morning till night, to the confusion of divers of the Spanish Ships. The Hollanders with thirtyfive of their Ships watched the coasts about Dunkirk, to prevent the Duke of Parma from having any intercourse there.  
July 30, the Spanish Dons having gotten more Sea-room for their huge-bodied bulks, spread their sails, and made away as fast as wind and water would permit them, fearing the small fleet and forces of the English, whereas had they known but the want of Powder that was on the English side, they would sure have stood longer to their tackle. The English Admiral followed now the Vincible Armado towards Norway, and the Spaniards for the saving of their freshwater cast all their Mules and Horses over board. The Duke of Medina their Admiral when he at last arrived in Spain, was deprived of all his Authority, and other ways disgraced. Many of the Spanish Ships in their flight perished through tempest upon the Irish Seas, others were driven into the Channel of England, where part of them were taken by the English, others by the Rochellers, and some arrived at Newhaven. Of 134 Ships which had set sail from Lisbon only 53 returned into Spain. Of the four Galleasses of Naples but one, and of the ninety-one Galleons and great Hulks from divers Provinces only thirty-three returned. Of the four Galleys of Portugal but one. In brief, there was missing of their whole Fleet eighty one Vessels, and of the 30000 Soldiers, 13500 and odd. Of Prisoners taken in England, Ireland, and Low-countries were 2000 and upwards. So that it appears there was small virtue in the Pope's Crusado, wherein he published a safe Passport for his Spaniards to enter England. The English Fleet was betwixt fourscore and a hundred sail. Captain's therein were the Lords Howard and Sheffield, Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Martin Frobisher, etc. For this Deliverance the 19 of November was appointed a day of Thanksgiving: Blessed be the Lord who gave us not a prey into their teeth, etc. Psal. 124. 
Octogesimus octavus, mirabilis annus.  
Called Papistarum, faustus ubique piis. Dr. Fulk.  The Thunderclap of this Armado being thus over, and the Invincible become Vincible, the Queen determined to assist Don Antonio the expulsed King of Portugal, for the regaining of his Kingdom, to which end a Fleet was sent out under the conduct of Sir Francis Drake, and Sir John Norris for the land-service was General. These landing in a Bay of Galicia near to the Groin, took the Base-town by surprise, which they found well-victualled and stored with Wine, to the damage of the English, who taking too immoderately of it, so inflamed and infected their blood, that it caused great sickness and mortality in the whole Army. After some conflicts with the High-town, they fired the Base-town or suburbs, and put again to Sea; and when some struggle with the Winds were over, they recovered the Burling. In which passage Robert Earl of Essex with his Brother Mr. Walter Deureux, accompanied with other gallant men came Volunteers to the Fleet, which landing in Portugal won the Town and Castle of Peniche. Then the English Army marched over-land to Lisbon, where a strong sally was made upon the English, but the Earl of Essex chased them back to their very gates. And the mean while Admiral Drake with his Fleet were come to Cascais, and possessed the Town without any resistance, and during the stay there, the English took threescore Hulks from the Spaniards laden with Corn, Masts, Cables, Copper and Wax.  
About A. D. 1591., Queen Elizabeth sent aids into France in the behalf of Henry IV, whom the Popish party would not admit to the Crown of France, though his absolute right, because he leaned to the Reformed Religion, nor was he admitted till he had taken Oath to defend the Roman faith against all oppugners.  
A. D. 1596, and June the first, did Charles Lord Howard, and the Earl of Essex, with a gallant Fleet begin their Voyage for Cadiz, which in a short time after their coming to it, was surrendered to them. The spoil thereof was given to the English soldiers, the wearing clothes of the inhabitants only excepted, and the Citizens upon the payment of an 120000 Ducats for their ransom had their liberty. The Spanish Fleet which lay in the Harbour valued at twelve Millions of Ducats was fired by the Admiral's command, to the end it might not become a prize to the English. The Town the English burnt, and spoiled the Island, than set sail towards Favo a Town in Algarva where the English landed, foraged the Country for about three leagues, burned the Town Lotha and then returned for England. But the wrongs which had been offered by the Spaniards seeming far greater to the English, than was yet the justice upon them, and the wise Queen holding it best to keep the Spanish King employed at home, the Earl of Essex was therefore Commissioned with a well-furnished Fleet to sail for the Azores Islands. Which Fleet upon Septemb. 15. 1597, fell with the Isles of Flores, Evernes, Fyall and Pike, all which submitted to the Earl. Then he sailed for St. Michael's, where Sir Walter Raleigh kept the Seas with the Ships, whilst Essex landed and sacked the rich Town Villa Franca; but the Winter's storms approaching the Earl returned home, bringing with him a Brazil-ship of War, with three other prizes, valued at 400000 Ducats. The Pope and Spaniard though they had hitherto been frustrated in all their mischievous designments against the Queen and Church of England; yet still they hoped that by one treacherous means or other they might at length effect the ruin of both, though praised be God the ruin proved to their own vile instruments. Patrick Cullen hired to murder the Queen, was executed at Tyburn. Philip Earl of Arundel, and Sir John Perat were both condemned for high Treason, but died by course of nature. Roderick Lopez a Spaniard, one of the Queen's Physicians, undertaking to poison her, was with his two complices executed at Tyburn. Edmund York, and Richard William's, hired by one Holt an English-Jesuite, were executed for their Treasons. Edward Squire was executed for empoisoning the pommel of the Queen's saddle, and pommels of the Earl of Essex his Chair, though by God's providence the poison effected not what was intended by it.  
One Wallpoll a Jesuit animated him to the fact, by alleging that he might do it without much danger of his life; but though he should lose his life for it, yet he should be assured that in exchange of this transitory one, he should enjoy the estate of a glorious Saint in Heaven. So meritorious it seems it is, to murder Catholic Princes, so they be not Roman-Catholick ones. But besides all these Romish-Agents there was the Irish Tir-Oen, who used his greatest endeavours to divert subjection from the English Crown, against whom that Martial Knight Sir John Norris was sent General, who after he had brought Tir-Oen to a submission (though as it after proved, but a feigned one) ended his days. The Irish Rebelling again the Earl of Essex was sent thither, where in the Province of Munster he became terrible to those wild Irish-Rebels, chase them before him into the woods, though with more expense of time and loss of men, than was well liked by some statists in England, Then the Earl advanced into Leinster-Province against the O- Coners, and O- Moils. Then made towards Ulster where he entered into Parley with Tyrone. But her Majesty being informed (likely by some that envied the Earls being so highly in her favour) that the Spring, Summer, and Autumn were spent without service upon the Arch-traitor Tyr-Oen, that her men were diminished and large sums of money consumed without the Earls doing that he was sent for; That without her Highness' order he entered into Parley with the Rebels. Hereupon her Majesty sent sharp Letters, unto the Earl, upon the receipt whereof, in discontent he hasted into England, well hoping to pacify the Queen's displeasure; but after a short verbal welcome from the Queen he was commanded to his chamber, and soon after committed to the custody of the Lord Keeper, 1599 In the Earls stead Charles Blount Lord Montjoy was sent into Ireland, who held Tyr-Oen very hard, and forced him to withdraw into his old lurking places. But to strengthen the Irish part, the King of Spain sent into Ireland two thousand old trained Spanish Soldiers, with certain fugitive, Irish under the command of Don d'Aquila, who straight after his arrival published a writing, wherein he styled himself Master-General and Captain of the Catholic King in the Wars of God, for preserving the faith in Ireland. Unto these two thousand Spaniards more were shortly sent under the conduct of Alohons O- Campo; but Alphonso had not long nested in Ireland ere himself and three of his Captains were taken, and twelve hundred of his Spaniards were slain.  
And at the siege of Kingsale the Spaniards made suit to the Lord General for a peace, which was yielded unto; whereupon the Spaniards departed, and the Irish submitted themselves to the merciful Queen.  
The Earl of Essex who had been committed to the keeping of the Lord Keeper, was by her Majesty's clemency quit of that durance, and only commanded to his own house; but the Earl of a daring spirit, and exasperated by his Martial followers, likewise presuming upon the Queen's high respect towards him, resolved by force and violence to have personal conference with the Queen, and to remove from about her, such as he deemed his enemies. To effect which many of his favourers assembled at his house, as well Noblemen and Knights, as Captains and other Officers; but this being understood by the Statists, they made it known to her Majesty, who thereupon sent four of her Honourable Counsellors to the Earl to offer him Justice, and to command the Assembly to departed. These Counsellors accordingly went to the Earl to Essex-house, where they did their message to the Earl, and commanded his followers whom they saw about him to lay down their weapons and departed, but the Earl leaving these Councillors under custody in his own house, with his attendants in tumultuous manner made into London, his followers crying through the streets, that the said Earl of Essex should have been murdered by Cobham, Cecil, and Raleigh.  
Howbeit instead of finding that friendship in London which they expected, the Earl was proclaimed Traitor in divers places thereof. Wherefore the Earl made haste back, and fortified his own house in the Strand; but after some little resistance yielded himself to the Lord Admiral, and the same night was sent prisoner to the Tower. And upon February the nineteenth the Earls of Essex, and South-hampton were Arraigned and condemned at Westminster, and on February 25, 1600, the Earl of Essex suffered death on the Green within the Tower, whose dying speech was to this effect, That his punishment was just, his sins innumerable, his last sin for which he died, a great, crying bloody and infectious sin, that had drawn others for love to him, to offend God, their Sovereign, and the World. He prayed God to forgive his sins, and her Majesty and the state to forgive him. Prayed for them, thanked God that he was never Atheist in denying the Scriptures, nor Papist in trusting to his own merits for Salvation, but in the merits of Christ Jesus his Saviour. Prayed the people to join with him in prayer, that his Soul might be lifted up by faith above all earthly things, desired forgiveness of all the World, as he from his heart forgave all men.  
His head was with three strokes severed from the body, and his death generally lamented. For Accessories and Abettors in the offence were executed first Captain Lee, and after him Sir Gilliam Merrick and Henry Cuff, a learned man, were executed at Tyburn, and on Tower-hill were beheaded Sir Charles Davors, and Sir Christopher Blunt. But as the death of this Noble person was much bewailed of the Subjects, so was it likewise of her Majesty, who would oft times show passions of her grief for his death, even until her own death, which to the great sorrow of her people befell on the 24 of March, 1602. Her body was buried in Henry the sevenths' Chapel at Westminster, where her Successor King James erected her a Princely Monument, Memoriae Sacrum, etc. She was 'tis said, 
Spain's rod, Rome's ruin, Netherlands relief,  
Earth's joy, England's gem, world's wonder, Nature's chief.   
In her Reign were executed in England of Jesuits and Seminary-Priests, for sowing sedition and plotting Treason the number of sixty seven, and fifty three more of them were banished.  
A. D. 1571, and February the seventeenth at Kingston near Marlech in Hereford-shire, the ground opened, and certain Rocks, with a piece of ground removed and went forward the space of four days. It removed itself betwixt six of the Clock in the evening, and seven the next morning forty paces, carrying great Trees and sheepcoats, some with flocks of sheep in them. It overthrew Rinnastone-Chappel, also two highways were removed nigh an hundred yards with Trees and Hedges. The ground thus carried being in all twenty six Acres, and where tillage-ground was, there pasture is left in place, and where pasture there tillage.  
A. D. 1578, Mark Scaliot a Blacksmith of London made a Lock of Iron, Steel and Brass of a eleven several pieces, and a pipe-Key, all which weighed but one grain of Gold. He also made a Chain of Gold of forty three links, which Chain being fastened to the Lock and Key, and put about a flea's neck, the flea drew them with ease. Chain, Key, Lock and Flay weighed but one grain and an half.  
A. D. 1580, In the Marshes of Dainsey in Essex was so infinite a number of Mice, that they almost covered the whole Marsh, and so tainted the grass with their venomous teeth, that the Cattle grazing thereon were infected with the Murrain and died. And by no art could men destroy these Mice, but at length Owls in abundance, to the great admiration of the Country, came and devoured them.  
In or nigh the Year of our Lord, 1591., was William Hacket a  Sectarist Arraigned, and found guilty of having spoken many Seditious and Traitorous words, etc. For the which he was brought from Newgate in London to a gibbet in Cheapside, and there executed. Divers persons called Brownists were executed in several places of England for sowing sedition, namely Henry Barrow and John Greenwood, one Penrie a Welshman, Elias Thacker and John Copping.  
A. D. 1600, and August the fifth did James the sixth King of Scotland narrowly escape a grand Conspiracy, practised by the Earl of Gowry and his brother.  
A. D. 1586, that mirror of men for Letters and Arms Sir Philip Sidney died of a wound received at Zutphen-fight in Guelderland.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of London in her Reign.  
In her first Year, 

Sir William Hewet was Mayor.  
Thomas Lodge, Roger Martin, Sheriffs.    
In her second Year, 

Sir William Chester was Mayor.  
Christopher Draper, Thomas Roe, Sheriffs.    
In her third Year, 

Sir William Harper was Mayor.  
Alexander Avenon, Humphrey Baskervile, Sheriffs.    
In her fourth Year, 

Sir Thomas Lodge was Mayor.  
William Allen, Richard Chamberlain, Sheriffs.    
In her fifth Year, 

Sir John White was Mayor.  
Edward Banks, Rowland Heyward, Sheriffs.    
In her sixth Year, 

Sir Richard Mallory was Mayor.  
Edward Jackman, Lionel Ducket, Sheriffs.    
In her seventh Year, 

Sir Richard Champion was Mayor.  
John Rivers, James Hawes, Sheriffs.    
In her eighth Year, 

Sir Christopher Draper was Mayor.  
Richard Lambert, Amb. Nicholas, John Langley, Sheriffs.    
In her ninth Year, 

Sir Roger Martin was Mayor.  
Thomas Ramsey, John Bond, Sheriffs.    
In her tenth Year, 

Sir Thomas Roe was Mayor.  
John Oliph, Robert Harding, James Bacon, Sheriffs.    
In her eleventh Year, 

Sir Alexander Avenon was Mayor.  
Henry Beecher, William Dane, Sheriffs.    
In her twelfth Year, 

Sir Rowland Hayward was Mayor.  
Francis Barneham, William Box, Sheriffs.    
In her thirteenth Year, 

Sir William Allen was Mayor.  
Henry Milles, Johr Branch, Sheriffs.    
In her fourteenth Year, 

Sir Lionel Ducket was Mayor.  
Richard Pipe, Nicholas Woodrosse, Sheriffs.    
In her fifteenth Year, 

Sir John Rivers was Mayor.  
James Harvey, Thomas Pulloccel or Pullison, Sheriffs.    
In her sixteenth Year, 

Sir James Hawes was Mayor.  
Thomas Blank, Anthony Gamage, Sheriffs.    
In her seventeenth Year, 

Sir Ambrose Nicholas was Mayor.  
Edward Osborne, Wolstane Dixie, Sheriffs.    
In her eighteenth Year, 

Sir John Langley was Mayor.  
William Kempton, George Barn, Sheriffs.    
In her nineteenth Year; 

Sir Thomas Ramsey was Mayor.  
Nicholas Backhouse, Francis Bowyer, Sheriffs.    
In her twentieth Year, 

Sir Richard Pipe was Mayor.  
George Bond, Thomas Starkie, Sheriffs.    
In her one and twentieth Year, 

Sir Nicholas Woodroffe was Mayor.  
Martin Calthorp, John Hart, Sheriffs.    
In her two and twentieth Year, 

Sir John Branch was Mayor.  
Ralph Woodcock, John Allot; Sheriffs.    
In her three and twentieth Year, 

Sir James Harvey was Mayor:  
Richard Martin, William Webbe, Sheriffs.    
In her four and twentieth Year, 

Sir Thomas Blank was Mayor.  
William Roe, John Haydon deceased, Cuthbert, Buckle succeeded, Sheriffs.    
In her five and twentieth Year, 

Sir Edward Osbourne was Mayor.  
William Mashaw, John Spencer, Sheriffs.    
In her six and twentieth Year, 

Sir Thomas Pulioccell was Mayor.  
Stephen Slaney, Henry Billingsley, Sheriffs.    
In her seven and twentieth Year, 

Sir Wolstone Dixie was Mayor.  
Anthony Ratcliff, Henry Pranel, Sheriffs.    
In her eight and twentieth Year, 

Sir George Barn was Mayor.  
George House, William Elkin, Sheriffs.    
In her nine and twentieth Year, 

Sir George Bond was Mayor.  
Thomas Skinner, John Catcher, Sheriffs.    
In her thirtieth Year, 

Sir Martin Calthorp served one part,  
Sir Richard Martin the other.  
Hugh Offley, Richard Saltonstall, Sheriffs.    
In her one and thirtieth Year, 

Sir John Hart was Mayor.  
Richard Gurney, Stephen Some, Sheriffs.    
In her two and thirtieth Year, 

Sir John Allot served one part,  
Sir Rowland Heyward the other,  
Nicholas Mosley, Robert Brook, Sheriffs.    
In her three and thirtieth Year, 

Sir William Webbe was Mayor.  
William Rider, Benet or Benedict Barnham, Sheriffs.    
In her four and thirtieth Year, 

Sir William Roe was Mayor.  
John Garret or Gerrard, Robert Taylor, Sheriffs.    
In her five and thirtieth Year, 

Sir Cuthbert Buckle served one part,  
Sir Richard Martin the other.  
Paul Banning, Peter Haughton, Sheriffs.    
In her six and thirtieth Year, 

Sir John Spencer was Mayor.  
Robert Lee, Thomas Bennet, Sheriffs.    
In her seven and thirteth Year, 

Sir Stephen Slaney was Mayor.  
Thomas Lowe, Leonard Halliday, Sheriffs.    
In her eight and thirtieth Year, 

Sir Thomas Skinner served one part,  
Sir Henry Billingsley the other.  
John Wats, Richard Goddard, Sheriffs.    
In her nine and thirtieth Year, 

Sir Richard Saltonstall was Mayor.  
Henry Roe, John More, Sheriffs.    
In her fortieth Year, 

Sir Stephen Some was Mayor.  
Edward Holmedon, Robert Hampson, Sheriffs.    
In her one and fortieth Year, 

Sir Nicholas Mosley was Mayor.  
Humphrey Walde, Roger Clerk, Sheriffs.    
In her two and fortieth Year, 

Sir William Rider was Mayor.  
Thomas Smith, Thomas Cambel, William Craven, Sheriffs.    
In her three and fortieth Year, 

Sir John Garret, or Gerrard, was Mayor.  
Henry Anderson, William Glover, Sheriffs.    
In her four and fortieth Year, 

Sir Robert Lee was Mayor.  
James Pemberton, John Swinerton, Sheriffs.      

JAMES.  

A. D. 1602  KING James his Title to the Crown of England sprung from Henry the seventh, whose Issue 〈◊〉 the Male, failing in the late deceased Queen Elizabeth, the offspring of Margaret his eldest daughter was the next Heir, which Lady Margaret being married unto James the fourth King of Scotland by him had Issue James the fifth, whose only daughter and Child Queen Mary was the Mother of King James the sixth of that name that had swayed the Sceptre in Scotland. Which learned Prince when he heard of the death of Queen Elizabeth, set forward out of Scotland, and was with great joy received of all his English Subjects in his way to London; and at his approach unto that honourable City, the Lord Mayor, and Aldermen, with five hundred choice Citizens, all in Chains of Gold and well-mounted, met his Majesty, and with all solemn observance attended him unto the . Then preparations were made for his Coronation, but before the day appointed thereunto, a Proclamation came forth, that no Citizen should presume to approach the Court, the City having buried in one week above one thousand of the plague. And yet a greater plague than this was intended against England about the Kings coming in, had not God in his mercy prevented it, For Pope Clement the eighth having sent unto Henry Garnet Superior of the Jesuits in England two Bulls, therein prohibiting any to be admitted to the Crown, unless he would first tolerate the Romish Religion, and by all his best endeavours advance that Catholic cause; Hereupon the Pope's creatures, to do their unholy Father the best service they could, combined with some (whom private discontents had discomposed) to surprise the King's person and Prince Henry, intending to retain them prisoners in the Tower, or if they could not gain the Tower then to carry them to Dover-Castle, and there to keep them till they had brought the King to their own terms, and completed their designs. The persons accused for this Conspiracy were Henry Brook, Lord Cobham, Thomas Lord Grey of Wilton, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Griffin Markham, Sir Edward Parham, George Brook, and Bartholomew Brooksby Esquires, Anthony Copley Gentleman, Watson and Clark Priests.  
A. D. 1603, and July 21, King James and Queen Anne were Crowned at Westminster by John Whitguift Archbishop of Canterbury, and when the Coronation was over the Conspirators were conveyed to Winchester, (where the Term was then kept, because of the plague at London) and there had their Trial, and were all condemned by their Jury, save Sir Edward Parham: Howbeit only three of them were executed, namely, Watson, Clark, and George Brook. This business thus Transacted for the safety of King and Kingdom, his Majesty to gratify the Puritan or Presbyterian party, (that had petitioned for a reformation in the English Church) commanded an Assembly of selected Divines to appear in his Royal presence at Hampton-Court, whither the summoned accordingly repaired. Persons summoned to maintain the cause of the Church of England were the Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishops of London, Durham, Winchester, etc.  
Persons for the reformation of the Church were Dr. Reynolds, and Dr. Sparks of Oxford, Mr. Knewstubs and Mr. Chaderton of Cambridge. At this conference his Majesty notably vindicated the Church of England: see the conference at Hampton-Court Printed, 1604. After an endeavour of settling Church-peace, the King commanded a new Translation of the holy Scriptures, which was accordingly done.  
A. D. 1604, and August the nineteenth was peace proclaimed betwixt the two Nations of Spain and England. And the King to join the Nations of England and Scotland into an happy unity, caused himself by Proclamation to be styled King of Great Britain. A Proclamation also came forth commanding all Jesuits and Seminary Priests out of the Land; but these underminers of Church and State, mean not to leave England so, but design to stay and triumph in its ruins, purposing by one fatal-blow to destroy the King, the Prince, the Peers both temporal and Spiritual, the Knights, and Burgesses of Parliament.  
And the Traitor's intent, when that damnable villainy should be effected was, to surprise the Queen, and remainder of the King's Issue, 
Richard Bancroft. A. B. Cant.  to bring in foreign powers and to alter Religion. Sir Edward Baynham an Attainted person was sent to the Pope to acquaint him with the designed Gun-powder-Treason, and Thomas Winter brought with him out of Flanders, Guy Fawks as a fit Executioner of their hellish project. The Conspirators resolved among themselves, that it was lawful for case of Conscience to destroy the innocent with the nocent, and this by the Authority and judgement of Garnet himself.  
Then they took Oath of secrecy, swearing by the blessed Trinity, and the Sacrament they then were about to receive, never to disclose directly or indirectly, by word or circumstance, this their Plot in hand, nor any of them to desist from the Execution thereof, until the rest of the Conspirators should give leave. This done, Mr. Thomas Piercy hired an house next adjoining to the Parliament-House, pretending it to be for his Lodgings, and Guy Fawks, who changed his name into Johnson, was to be his man, and to have the keeping of the Keys of the House. Decemb. 11th, 1604, the Traitors entered into their work of darkness, beginning their Mine, and by Christmas-Eve they had brought their work under an entry unto the wall of the Parliament-House, underpropping all still as they under-mined. The wall which was very hard and nine-foot thick with great labour they wrought halfway thorough; but than it happening that a Cellar was to be let, which was under the Parliament-House, they ceased their under-mining, and Thomas Piercy hired the Cellar for the laying in of his Winter-fuel wood and coal. But instead of these, they stored it with thirty six Barrels of Gunpowder, upon which they laid bars of Iron, logs of Timber, massy stones, Iron-crows, pick-Axes, with the rest of their under-mining Tools, and, to cover all, store of Billets and Faggots: So that now all was in readiness against the next meeting of the Parliament. The secular Traitors had hitherto done their parts, nor were the Jesuitical Priests wanting on their parts in doing their utmost. Their Masses and Sacrifices they usually concluded with prayers for their brethren's good success, supplicating their God to prosper their pains who laboured in his cause day and night, and that Heresy might vanish away like smoke, and their memory perish with a crack, like the ruin and fall of a broken House: But through the goodness of the God of Heaven these Romish-Saints were taken, in the snare that they had laid for the just. They wrought their own destruction; For upon Thursday in the evening ten days before the Parliament were to convene, a Letter directed to the Lord Mont-Eagle, was delivered to a Footman of his in the street, by an unknown person, with a charge to deliver it into his Lords own hand. This Letter, without date or subscription of name, somewhat unlegible and of strange contents, perplexed the Lord; he hastes therefore to Whitehall there to impart it to the Lord Cecil Earl of Salisbury principal Secretary, who shown it to the Lord Chamberlain and other Lords, and then conveyed it to the King. The Letter was as followeth.  
My Lord, Out of the love I bear to some of your Friends, I have a care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you tender your life to devise some excuse to shift your attendance at this Parliament. For God and man have concurred to punish the wickedness of this time, and think not slightly of this advertisement, but retire yourself into the Country, where you may expect the event in safety. For though there be no appearance of any stir, yet I say, you shall perceive a terrible blow this Parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel is not to be contemned, because it may do you good, and can do you no harm, for the danger is past, so soon as you have burnt the Letter. And I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of it, to whose holy protection I commend you.  
His Majesty after he had read this Letter, first paused a while; then reading it again, delivered his judgement upon it; That he apprehended by these words of receiving a terrible blow this Parliament, and yet should not see who hurt them; That a sudden danger by blast of Gunpowder should be intended by some base Villain in a corner, no Insurrection, Rebellion, or desperate attempt appearing. And therefore he wished that the Rooms under the Parliament-House might be throughly searched, which accordingly was done Novemb. 4th. about midnight, at which time Sir Thomas Knevet went to search those under Rooms; Where at the entrance into the Cellar he found Guy Fawks at so unseasonable a time, cloaked and booted, whom he apprehended, then entering the Cellar he found therein under the Billets thirty six Barrels of Powder; and when he came to search the Traitor Fawks, he found about him a dark Lantern, three matches and other instruments for blowing up of the Powder. And the Villain no whit daunted, instantly confessed himself guilty; but so far from repentance, That he vowed, if he had been found within the Room, he would have blown up himself and them all.  
And when he was brought before the Lords of the Council, he lamented nothing so much, as that the deed had not been done, saying, That the Devil and not God, was the discoverer of the Plot. But the news of the Plots discovery coming to the ears of Catesby, Piercy, Rookwood, the wright's, and Thomas Winter, they posted into  to other of their associates, who now began an open Rebellion, pretending that all the Catholics throats were appointed to be cut. And after that they had hovered about a while, they fled to Holbeth in Hereford-shire, whither they were pursued, and where John Wright and Christopher Wright Gentlemen making opposition were slain, and Thomas Piercy and Ro●ert Catesby Esquires fight back to back were both of them slain with one bullet, others were there taken.  
A.D. 1605, and January 27th, Sir Everard Digby Knight, Tho. Winter, Rob. Winter, Ambrose Rookwood, John Grant, Gentlemen, Robert Keys, Thomas Bates, and Guydo Fawks were tried, found guilty and condemned, and on Thursday following Digby, Grant, Bates and Robert Winter were hanged and quartered at the West-end of Saint Paul's, and on Friday the rest were executed in the Parliament-yard at Westminster. In memory of this great deliverance, the fifth of November (being the day appointed for the execution of this Hellish Plot) was by Authority of Parliament Enacted to be observed a day of Thanksgiving.  
A. D. 1606, March 28th, was Henry Garnet Provincial of the English Jesuits arraigned for concealing the foresaid Treason, and on May the third was executed at the West-end of Paul's. At his death confessing his fault, ask forgiveness, and exhorting all Catholics never to attempt any Treason against the King or State, as a thing which God would never prosper.  
A. D. 1607, was an Insurrection in Northampton, Warwick, and Leicester-shires, about the throwing down of Enclosures. At first the rout was without any particular head, but at length one John Reynolds undertook to be their Captain, affirming to the company, that in his great Pouch hanging by his side, he had sufficient to defend them against all opposers; though afterwards being apprehended, and his Pouch searched, there was nothing found in it but a piece of green Cheese.  
June 12th, King James was entered a brother of the Clothworkers, when also many Lords and Gentleman were made free of the same Company.  
A. D. 1608, George Jervis a Seminary Priest, and Thomas Garnet a Jesuit were executed at Tyburn, the last of which had pardon offered him, if he would take the Oath of Supremacy; but the Traitor would hang rather.  
About this time were many famous English Pirates, some of whom denied their faith and turned Turks, living in great state at Tunis, as Captain Ward, Bishop, Sir Francis Verney and Glanvil. Nineteen of the Pirates were taken, and hanged at Wapping.  
A. D. 1609, was the New-Exchange built, the King naming it Britains-Burse. In the same year the King by Proclamation prohibited all foreign Nations from fishing on any of the coasts of England, Scotland, Ireland, or the Isles adjacent, without special Licence from his Commissioners. In this year also the King according to an ancient custom had aid of his Subjects through England, for making his eldest son Prince Henry Knight.  
A. D. 1610, June 4th, all Roman Priests, Jesuits and Seminaries, as being the Incendiaries of disturbances, were commanded to departed the Realm. Then the Oath of Allegiance was ministered to all sorts of people.  
His Majesty caused to be built the goodliest Ship of War that had ever been built in England, being of the burden of 1400 Tun, and carrying 64 pieces of Ordinance, Prince Henry named it the Prince.  
A. D. 1612, The Corpse of Mary late Queen of Scotland, the King's Mother, was translated from Peterborough to the Chappel-Royal at Westminster. On November the sixth following Prince Henry died of a malignant Fever, which reigned that year in most parts of the Land. Some said that he died by poisoned grapes which he eat; others, by Gloves of a poisoned perfume given him for a present: but be his death by what means it would, certain it is, that he was infinitely beloved of the people, as one that had given great hopes of proving a wise and Martial Prince.  
February 14th, the marriage of the Prince Palatine of the Rhyne with the Princess Elizabeth was solemnised in the Chapel at White-Hall. She was attired all in white, having a rich Crown of Gold upon her head; her hair hanging down at length, curiously beset with Pearls, and precious Stones; her train supported by 12 young Ladies all in white. In this same year, the City of London, having before had the Province of Ulster granted them by the King for a plantation, sent thither about three hundred persons of all sorts of Handy-crafts-men, chief to inhabit the Cities of  and Coleraign. And for the advancing of this or the like plantation in Ireland, the King about this time began a new Order of Knights called Baronet's, which Order he stinted within the number only of two hundred; and as the Issue should fail, the Order to cease. About this time also an exemplar punishment was imposed upon Sir Peckshall Brockas, which was to stand at Pauls-Cross in a white sheet, holding a wand in his hand, he having been formerly convicted before the High-Commissioners, for many notorious adulteries with divers Women.  
About A. D. 1614, Mr. Hugh Middleton Citizen and Goldsmith of London, with infinite cost and labour brought the New-river to the City of London, from the two great springs of Chadwel and Amwel in Hartfordshire. And about the same time was the Moorfields by London converted from deep stinking ditches, and noisome Common-shores, to pleasant sweet Walks.  
A. D. 1615, Smithfield which was before a rude dirty place, was paved all over, and the middle part thereof railed in.  
September 27th, the Lady Arbella the King's Cousin-German died. She had sometime before, without the King's privity, secretly married the Earl of hartford's younger Son, for which they were both committed to the Tower.  
Sir Edward Cook the famous Lawyer, upon some displeasure was discharged from being Lord Chief Justice.  
In this year was a divorce made betwixt Robert Devereux Earl of Essex, and his Countess, for his Insufficiency, and she left free to marry any other. After which divorce Robert Car Earl of Somerset took her to Wife. But Sir Thomas Overbury the Earls special friend having dissuaded the match, and perhaps laid some imputation on the Lady's fame, according to desert, did by this means so incense these Lovers against him, that they first made means to have the said ingenious Gentleman committed to the Tower, and then by their instruments to have him poisoned; some say, by a Tansy sent him to eat; some, by a Clyster ministered to him. For which fact Sir Gervas' Elwes than Lieutenant of the Tower, and Mrs. Turner, with others, were put to death. The Earl and his Countess were also arraigned and condemned, but had a lease of their lives granted them for ninety-nine years, yet so as after never to see the King's face more. This made way for the advancement of Mr. George Villers; for this great favourite the Lord Car being upon this occasion laid aside, the said Mr. Villers was accepted in his stead. Whom the King first of all Knighted and made Gentleman of his Bedchamber, soon after Viscount and Master of his Horse, a while after Earl of Buckingham, then Marquess of Buckingham and Lord High Admiral, and lastly Duke of Buckingham. A person, 'tis said, he was of delicate composure of body, and of excellent natural parts, and one that was very mindful of his Relations and Kindred, most of whom he procured to be advanced.  
A. D. 1618., Sir Walter Raleigh, who had lived a condemned man many years in the Tower of London, now to procure some liberty, propounded to the King a project for the fetching of Gold from a Mine in Guyana, and that without any wrong to the King of Spain. This the King condescended unto, and Sir Walter set forward in his Voyage; but when after a real, or only a show of search no treasure could be found▪ he fell upon St. Thome belonging to the King of Spain, 
George Abbot. A B. Cant  which he plundered and burnt, then returned, though to his ruin. For though Sir Walter sought to excuse his spoiling of St. Thome, by alleging that the Spaniards had first assaulted him; and moreover, that he could not come at the Mine without first winning of that Town; yet did the Spanish Lieger Gundamo●e so aggravate this his fact, and prevailed so with the King, who preferred the public peace, before the life of a man already condemned, that he gave way to have the sentence of his former condemnation executed upon him. And accordingly this man famous for Letters and Arms was beheaded in the Parliament-yard at Westminster.  
In this Year 1618., and March the second, Queen Anne died at Hampton-Court, and was buried at Westminster. The November preceding her death a famous Comet or Blazing-Star appeared.  
A. D. 1620, July the seventeenth, Bernard Calvert of Andover, road from St. George's Church in Southwark to Dover, from thence passed by Barge to Calais in France, and from thenee returned back to St. George's Church the same day. This his journey he performed betwixt the hours of three in the morning and eight in the afternoon.  
A.D. 1621., Sir Francis Michael a Justice of the Peace of Middlesex, was sentenced by Parliament to Ride with his face to the Horse-tail through the City of London, for practising sundry abuses in setting up new Alehouses, and exacting moneys contrary to the Law. This sentence was executed upon him. Sir Francis Bacon Viscount St. Alban, Lord Chancellor of England, was for bribery (but it was his servants that were bribed) put out of his place, and committed to the Tower for some days.  
A. D. 1621., the Count Palatine of the Rhine was elected King of Bohemia by the States of that Kingdom; but immediately after, the Emperor with great forces assaulted him in Prague, drove him, with his Wife and Children from thence, and deprived him of his Patrimony the Palatinate. Prince Charles about this time by great Gundamores' persuasion, was sent into Spain in order to the gaining of the Infanta to Wife, it being suggested that by that match with Spain, a re-settlement of the Prince Palatine in his Patrimony might have been procured. But when the Prince was arrived in Spain, though he found Royal entertainment in the Court, yet was he suffered to have little acquaintance with the Infanta, insomuch that in all his eight months' stay in Spain, he never spoke with her but twice, and that before company, with certain limitations also what he should speak to her. Some thought that a difference betwixt the Duke of Buckingham (then with the Prince) and Count Olivares the King of Spain's great Favourite, was no small obstruction to the match. Others thought that the King of Spain never intended any such thing, but meant only by this Treaty to spin out time till he had compassed some designs in the Low-Countries and Palatinate. But howsoever it was, Gundamore made some good improvement of the Treaty to himself; for he persuaded some English Ladies of the certainty of the match, and they gave him good Sums of money to be put in such or such an Office when the Spanish Princess should come to the English Court. King James at last wearied with delays, if not angered with the delusion, sent for the Prince to return, which accordingly he did; and not long after, this Treaty of marriage with Spain was utterly ended, and the King made preparations both of men and money to recover the Palatinate, and sent to Treat of a marriage with France.  
A. D. 1525, and March 27th, this Politic and Peaceable Monarch King James died of an Ague at Theobalds', and was buried at Westminster with great solemnity, and greater lamentations of his Subjects. His Issue were Henry, Charles, Elizabeth; And Mary and Sophia who both died young.  
Two obstinate Arian-Hereticks Bartholomew Legat, and Edward Wightman were burnt, the first in Smithfield, the other at Lichfield. George Abbot Archbishop of Canterbury being on hunting, as he shot at a Deer, his Arrow by mischance glanced and killed a man, but he was cleared; yet out of a Religious tenderness, he kept the day of the year on which the mischance happened, with a solemn fast all his life after.  
The murder of one Waters murdered by his Wife, was discovered by a dream. One of the said Waters neighbours dreamt that Waters was strangled and buried in such a certain dunghill, which upon search was found true, and the Wife was burned for the fact.  
A. D. 1606, Virginia was planted with an English Colony. It was first discovered A. D. 1584., by Sir Walter Raleigh, who is said to have first brought that charming weed Tobacco into England. The Bermudas and New-England were also made English Plantations. King James for a sum of money quit the Cautionary Towns, Brill, etc.  
A. D. 1612, A blazing Star was seen streaming toward the West; infinite slaughters and devastations following both in Germany and other places.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of London in his Reign.  
In his first Year, 

Sir Thomas Bennet was Mayor.  
Sir William Rumney, Sir Thomas Middleton, Sheriffs.    
In his second Year, 

Sir Thomas Low was Mayor.  
Sir Thomas Hayes, Sir Roger Jones, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year, 

Sir Leonard holiday was Mayor.  
Sir Clement Scudamor, Sir John Jolles, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year, 

Sir John Wat's was Mayor.  
William Walthall, John Leman, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year, 

Sir Henry Row was Mayor.  
Geoffrey Elwes, Nicholas Style, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year, 

Sir Humphrey Weld was Mayor.  
George Bolles, Richard Farrington, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year, 

Sir Thomas Cambell was Mayor.  
Sebastian Harvey, William Cockaine, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year, 

Sir William Craven was Mayor.  
Richard Pyat, Francis Jones, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year, 

Sir James Pemberton was Mayor.  
Edward Barkham, John smith's, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year, 

Sir John Swinnerton was Mayor,  
Edward Rotheram, Alexander Prescot, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year, 

Sir Thomas Middleton was Mayor.  
Thomas Bennet, Henry Jaye, Sheriffs.    
In his twelfth Year, 

Sir Thomas Hayes was Mayor.  
Peter Proby, Martin Lumley, Sheriffs.    
In his thirteenth Year, 

Sir John Jolles was Mayor.  
William Goare, John Goare, Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year, 

Sir John Leman was Mayor.  
Allen Cotten, Cuthbert Hacket, Sheriffs.    
In his fifteenth Year, 

Sir George Bolles was Mayor.  
William Holiday, Robert Johnson, Sheriffs.    
In his sixteenth Year, 

Sir Sebastian Harvey was Mayor.  
Richard Hearne, Hugh Hamersley, Sheriffs.    
In his seventeenth Year, 

Sir William Cockaine was Mayor.  
Richard Deane, James Cambell, Sheriffs.    
In his eighteenth Year, 

Sir Francis Jones was Mayor.  
Edward Allen, Robert Ducie, Sheriffs.    
In his nineteenth Year, 

Sir Edward Barkham was Mayor.  
George Whitemore, Nicholas Rainton, Sheriffs.    
In his twentieth Year, 

Sir Peter Proby was Mayor.  
John Hodges, Sir Humphrey Hantford, Sheriffs.    
In his one and twentieth Year, 

Sir Martin Lumley was Mayor.  
Ralph Freeman, Thomas Mounson, Sheriffs.    
In his two and twentieth Year, 

Sir John Goare was Mayor.  
Rowland Heilin, Robert Parkhurst, Sheriffs.      

CHARLES I.  
CHARLES the First was born at Dunferling in Scotland on November the nineteenth, A. D. 1600, 
A. D. 1625.  but in so much weakness that his Baptism was hastened. In the second year of his age he was created Duke of Albany, Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross, and Baron of Ardmonack.  
In the fourth year of his age he was brought to the English Court, and made Knight of the Bath, and invested with the Title of Duke of York. In his eleventh year he was made Knight of the Garter, and in his twelfth year Duke of Cornwall. In his sixteenth year he was created Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester and Flint, the revenues thereof being assigned to maintain his Court. In his nineteenth year he performed a just at Whitehall, wherein he acquitted himself with a bravery equal to his dignity.  
A. D. 1622, he was sent into Spain there to contract a marriage with the Infanta, whither he was to pass incognito through France, accompanied only with the Marquis of Buckingham, Mr. Endymion Porter, and Mr. Francis Cottington. But this attempt of King James in sending him to the Court of Spain, raised the censures of the World upon him, as being too forgetful of the inhospitality of Princes to each other, when they have been found in an others Dominions. And this none other daring to mind the King of, his Jester Archee did it after this manner: He came to exchange Caps with the King; why so, said King James? because said Archee, thou hast sent the Prince into Spain, from whence he is never like to return. But said the King, what wilt thou say when thou seest him come back again? Marry, saith the Jester, I will take off the fools Cap which I now put upon thy head for sending him thither, and put it on the King of Spain's for letting him return.  
When the Prince was returned from Spain, a Wife was sought for him from France, by a marriage with Henrietta Maria the daughter of King Henry the fourth. The love of whom the Prince had received by the eye, and she of him by the ear, For having formerly received impressions from the reports of his gallantry, when she was told of his passing through Paris, she answered, That if he went to Spain for a Wife, he might have had one nearer home, and saved himself a great part of that labour. Prince Charles after the celebrating of his Father's Funerals, whereat himself was chief Mourner, he next hastened the coming over of his dearest Consort the Princess Henrietta Maria, whom the Duke of Chevereux had in his name espoused at the Church of Notre dame in Paris; and he receiving her at Dover, the next day after Trinity-Sunday at Canterbury began the Nuptial embraces.  
A. D. 1625, and June the eighteenth, a Parliament was assembled, at the opening of which the King acquainted them with the necessities of supplies for the War with Spain, which themselves importunately had engaged his Father in, and made it as hereditary to him as the Crown. But through the practices of some unquiet persons of that Parliament, two petitions one respecting Religion, the other redress of grievances, were brought into debate, both form in King James his time, which delayed the succours and increased the necessities; Yet at length the Parliament granted two Subsidies. Which done, and divers Acts passed, the Parliament was adjourned till August, and their Convention to be at Oxford, by reason of the plague then raging in London. When the Parliament was met again according to the time appointed, there were high and furious debates of grievances, as, That evil Counsels guided the King; That the Treasury was misemployed, with reflections on the Duke of Buckingham's miscarriages. The Commons consulting to divest the Duke of his Admiralship, and to demand an account of those public moneys wherewith he had been entrusted. The King hereupon dissolved the Parliament. And the infection decreasing at London, his Majesty was Crowned at Westminster, February the second, And February the sixth, another Parliament was begun, wherein the Commons voted the King four Subsidies. But some of the Members highly taxed the Duke of Buckingham, and Articles were carried up against him to the Lords House, for his ill management of the Admiralty, his engrossing Offices, preferring his kindred to places unfit for them, making sale of places of Judicature, and his Mother and Father-in-Law's fostering of Popish Recusants.  
These leading Commoners were Mr. Cook, Dr. Turner, Sir Dudley Digges, Sir John eliot, and Sir William Walter. And to make the Faction more sport, the Duke and Earl of Bristol did mutually impeach each other. But his Majesty to put a stop to these contrasts, dissolved the Parliament June 18, 1626., before the Bill for the Subsidies was passed. Therefore the King by the advice of his Council took care to provide money some other ways hence followed the levying of Customs and Imposts upon all such Merchandizes as were imported and exported. Then compositions to be made with Recusants for the Leases of their lands and tenements, for forfeitures due since the tenth year of King James. Also Privy-Seals were issued out, and Benevolence proposed, etc. The several Maritime Counties and Port-Towns were ordered by the Council to set out Ships for the guarding of the Seacoasts, against the attempts of Spain and Flanders, which they very unwillingly, if at all yielded unto. A Royal Fleet was also preparing to be set out, designed for Barbary, as was given out. But at last as the most expeditious way for raising of money, a general Loan was resolved upon, and Commissioners forthwith appointed for the purpose; which grand Assessment of the Loan, met with much opposition from people of all sorts and degrees, upon which divers Gentlemen were committed prisoners, and George Abbot Archbishop of Canterbury, refusing to Licence a Book in behalf of the Loan, was suspended for a time from his Archiepiscopal jurisdiction; and Dr. William's Bishop of Lincoln for speaking some words concerning the Loan in disadvantage of the King, fell into some disfavour; and Sir Randolph Crew for being backward to promote it, was displaced from his Office of Lord Chief Justice.  
A. D. 1627., His Majesty being now sued by the French Protestants of Rochel for his protection, and because the King of France had seized on the English Merchants goods in the river of Bordeaux, therefore sent the Duke of Buckingham to attach the Isle of Rhee, which had now submitted to the English valour, had not the Duke managed that War more with the Gaieties of a Courtier, than the Arts of a Soldier. In this expedition many brave Englishmen lost their lives, from which when the Duke was returned, those poor remains of his Army, most of them Irish and Scots, were billeted in divers villages of England, to the great discontent of the Country. This Epedition being so unhappy, and the miseries of Rochel making them importunate for the King's assistance, he therefore summoned a Parliament to meet March 17th, 1627., He also passed a Commission under the great Seal to levy moneys throughout the Nation by impositions in nature of Excise.  
When the Parliament were met at their prefixed time, there was forthwith presented to the House of Commons a certain Paper, called a Speech without-dores. Wherein was laid open the miscarriages of many persons in places of Trust, with several sorts of National grievances. The first matter that the Parliament took into their consideration, was the grievances of the Country, and the first grievance they debated was the Case of those Gentlemen, who having refused the Loan, were notwithstanding their Habeas Corpus committed to prison. This business took up a long debate and earnest, which was chief managed by Sir Francis Seymour, Sir Thomas Wentworth, Sir Benjamin Rudyard, Sir Edward Cook, and Sir Robert Philips. Next the House proceeded to the drawing up of a Petition against Recusants, to which Petition the King gave a satisfactory answer. Then after the granting of the King five Subsidies, they took into debate the Petition of Right, wherein they prayed his Most Excellent Majesty,  
First, That no man hereafter be compelled to make or yield any Gift, Loan, Benevolence, Tax, or such like charge, without common consent by Act of Parliament; and that none be called to make answer, or to take such Oath, or to give attendance, or be confined, or otherwise molested concerning the same.  
Secondly, That no Freeman be taken and imprisoned, or be disseized of his freedom or liberty, or his free-customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, but by the lawful judgement of his Peers, or by the Laws of the Land.  
Thirdly, That the Soldiers and Mariners now billeted in divers Counties, might be removed, and the people not be burdened so in the future.  
Fourthly, That the late Commissions for proceeding by Martial-Law might be revoked and annulled, and that hereafter no Commission of like nature might be issued forth. To all which the King at last yielded his consent; sending this answer to the Parliament, Soit droit fait comme il est desirèe. And to the people's further satisfaction, his Majesty received into his favour the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Lincoln, the Earls of Essex, Lincoln, Warwick, Bristol, and the Lord Say.  
The Parliament next resume their accusation of the Duke of Buckingham, against whom they drew up another Remonstrance, the like they did against Bishop Neal, and Bishop Laud, and at last were about to take away the Kings right to Tonnage and Poundage; whereupon the King adjourned them till October 20th, and afterwards by Proclamation till the 20th of January following.  
About this time Dr. Lamb a favourite of the Dukes, and supposed Necromancer, was killed in London by the rout of the people, who hated him both for his own sake and the Dukes, A. D. 1628., During the last Session a Fleet of fifty sail was sent to the relief of Rochel, but was repelled with much loss. Then another expedition was agreed on, and a more formidable Fleet was prepared; but as the Duke of Buckingham was at Portsmouth, hastening his preparations for Sea, he was suddenly stabbed by Lieutenant Felton, who after his apprehension being demanded what invited him to the bloody fact, boldly answered, That he killed him for the Cause of God and his Country. The murderer was hanged at Tyburn, his body sent to Portsmouth, where without the Town it was hanged up in Chains.  
In the Duke's place the Earl of Lindsey an excellent Soldier was sent for the aid of Rochel, who after some valiant yet fruitless attempts returned into England, and the Rochellers to the obedience of the French King. And within a short time after peace was concluded betwixt France and England.  
January 20th, the Parliament assembled again, when they prepared a Bill against Tonnage and Poundage, and the Commons made a Protestation amongst themselves, That whosoever should seek to introduce Popery or Arminianism, or other opinions disagreeing from the true and Orthodox Church, should be reputed a Capital enemy to the Commonwealth, That whosoever should counsel or advise the taking or levying the Subsidies of Tonnage or Poundage, not being granted in Parliament, or should be an Actor or Instrument therein, should likewise be reputed an enemy to the Commonwealth; or whosoever should voluntarily pay the same not being granted by Parliament, should be reputed a betrayer of the Liberties, and an enemy of the Commonwealth. Hereupon his Majesty presently dissolved the Parliament. After which he called to question certain refractory Members at the Council Table; Namely, Sir John eliot, Sir Miles Hobard, Mr. Denzill Hollis, Sir Peter Hayman, Sir John Barrington, Mr. Selden, Mr. Stroud, Mr. Coriton, Mr. Long, Mr. Valentine, and Mr. Kirton, who were all committed to Prison. But by the dissolving of the Parliament 1629, the Popular odium was in a high measure stirred up against the great Ministers of State, as was manifested by certain invective Libels published against Bishop Laud, and the Lord Treasurer Weston.  
This Year a peace was concluded with Spain.  
A. D. 1630, and May 29, was Prince Charles born, and about noon of the same day was a Star seen in the Firmament.  
In this Year was the old Prerogative-Statute for Knighthood put in execution, whereby those who had estates of 40 l. per. Annum, were summoned to appear to receive Knighthood, and upon default to be fined; by which means one hundred thousand pounds was brought into the Exchequer. Sir Thomas Wentworth was now made Viscount Wentworth and Lord Precedent of the North.  
A. D. 1632, his Majesty recalled the Lords Justices out of Ireland, who then had the Government thereof, and in their stead sent thither the Lord Wentworth, as Lord Deputy.  
The King recommended to the Nobility and Gentry, the raising amongst themselves a large contribution, towards the reparation of St. Paul's Church in London; which motion was so far entertained, that a considerable sum was gathered, and the work had a fair progress.  
A. D. 1633, and May 13, the King took a Journey into Scotland there to be Crowned, and it was but time for him so to do; for not long before this, he had received a Letter from a Scotch Lord, wherein was this expression, That should he longer defer his coming to be Crowned, the people might perhaps be inclined to make choice of a new King. As soon as the Coronation-Rites were accomplished, the King summoned a Parliament, and past an Act for the ratification of all those Laws that King James had made in that Nation, for the better regulation of that Church, both as to the Government and Worship of it. Which Act too many sinister persons opposed, because it savoured of establishing Episcopacy.  
October the 13, was James Duke of York born, the Book for tolerating sports on the Lord's day, first published by King James, was now ratified, which greatly distasted the Puritanical party, and many Episcoparians also.  
A. D. 1634, the English Coasts being infested with Pickeroons, Turks and Dunkirk-Pirates, and the Fishing usurped by the Hollanders, on the King's Dominions, in the narrow Seas, and the King's Exchequer not being able to furnish out a Fleet sufficient for the repressing these Incroachers, his Majesty hereupon consults his Attorney-General Noy what might be done herein; 
Wil Laud A. B. Cant.  Noy acquaints him with ancient Precedents of raising a Tax upon the Nation, for setting forth a Fleet in case of danger, and assures him of the Legality of the way in proceeding by Writs to that effect; which Counsel being embraced, there were Writs directed to the several Counties, for such a contribution, as might in the whole build, furnish, and maintain 47. Ships for the safety of the Kingdom: but this Tax was by many disrelished, and censured as a breach of the civil liberties, and to be against Law, because not laid by Parliament, and Mr. John Hambden and others refused to pay this Ship-money, standing it to a Trial of Law; against whom several of the Judges, to whom the King had referred the Cause, gave Judgement, Hutton and Crook excepted.  
The Pirates were curbed by the King's Fleet, and the Hollanders reduced to a precarious use of the English Seas.  
A. D. 1637. Mr. Prynne, Dr. Bastwick, and Mr. Burton, a Lawyer, Physician and Divine, for writing against Episcopacy and Bishops were sentenced to pay 5000 l. to the King, to lose their ears in the Pillory, which they did, and then were sent into banishment, or remote confinement. Dr. William's Bishop of Lincoln was fined, and suspended from his Offices and Benefits, and imprisoned, for underhandly fomenting Popular disaffections, and venting some dishonourable speeches concerning the King.  
July 13, while the Dean in his Sacerdotal habiliments was reading a new composed Liturgy, in St. Giles Church at Edinburgh, the common People both Men and Women fling cudgels, stones, stools, or any thing that came next hand, at him; and after that was done, reinforced their assaults upon the Bishops then present. Nor was it the rabble only, that were disaffected to the Church-Liturgy and Discipline, but persons of all degrees and orders, who mutually obliged themselves, and the Scottish Nation, in a Hellish Covenant to extirpate Episcopacy, and to defend each other against all persons. To reduce this People to a more peaceful practice, the King sent Marquis Hamilton as his Commissioner; but there were new seeds of discontents and war daily sown: so that to pacific the discontents of the Scots, his Majesty at length gave order for revoking the Liturgy, the High-Commission, the Book of Canons, and the five Articles of Perth made by King James, also granted that a general assembly of the Kirk should be holden at Glascow, Novem. 21. 1638. and a Parliament at Edinburgh, 15 of May 1639.  
When the Assembly were met, they fell to declare against Bishops, to excommunicate them and their adherents, and to abolish Episcopacy; and the Covenanters were also so daring, that they seized upon the King's Revenue, surprised his Forts and Castles, and at last put themselves in Arms. Cardinal Richlieu of France heightening them, 'tis said, in their factious proceeds, by promising them assistance from the French King.  
King Charles now well perceiving that his Clemency to the Scots, was converted to his own prejudice, raises therefore a gallant Army, with which he marches within two miles of Berwick, within sight of the Rebel Scots; but they Petitioning for a pacification, the King yielded thereunto.  
A. D. 1639, and June 17, the King disbanded his Army, expecting that the Scots would have done the like, according to the Articles of accord; but the Covenanters instead of keeping those Articles, retained their Officers in pay, changed the old form of holding Parliaments, invaded the Prerogatives of the Crown, and solicited the French King for an aid of men and money. His Majesty hereupon calls a Parliament in England to sit, April 13, 1640. and another in Ireland. The Irish Parliament granted money to raise and pay 8000 men in Arms, and to furnish them with ammunition; but the English Parliament were not so free in granting supplies against the Scots, although the King promised them for ever to quit his claim of Ship-money, and give satisfaction to their just demands, if now they would supply him. When his Majesty sent old Sir Henry Vane unto them to demand six subsidies, he either purposely or accidentally (the first is rather thought) named twelve, which put the Commons into such a heat, that they were about to remonstrate against the War with Scotland. Whereupon the King was forced to dissolve the Parliament, May the 5. 1640. Howbeit he continued the Convocation of the Clergy, which granted him four shillings in the pound for all their Ecclesiastical promotions. Soon after this, a tumult was stirred up at the Bishop of Canterbury's; insomuch that a great number of Apprentices and vulgar persons assaulted his house at Lambeth; some of whom being apprehended and imprisoned, were by their Companions rescued out of Prison; for which, one of the Ringleaders was hanged and quartered.  
Now whilst these things were acting at home, the turbulent Scots had entered England, and defeated a part of the King's Army, before the whole could be embodied, and had gained Newcastle and Durham. And no sooner was his Majesty come to his Army in the North, but there followed him from some English Lords a Petition conformable to the Scotch Remonstrance, which they called the intentions of the Army, (viz.) not to lay down Arms till the reformed Religion (meaning Scotch Presbytery) was settled in both Nations; and the causers and abetters of their present troubles were brought to public Justice, and that in Parliament. The King therefore summons the Lords to appear at York, September the 24, 1640. who accordingly met, where it was determined that a Parliament should be called to meet November the third following; then a Treaty was agreed upon betwixt the English and Scotch, for the ceasing of all Acts of Hostility; and one of the Articles was, That the contribution of 850 l. per diem, should be raised out of the English Northern Counties, to maintain the Scotch Army during the Treaty, and till peace was secured.  
The fatal long Parliament began November the third; which day, as 'tis said, was looked upon by the Archbishop of Canterbury as an unlucky day for meeting of Parliaments in reference to Church-affairs, having proved so in the time of King Henry the eighth: whereupon he advised the King to put off their setting to another day; which his Majesty inclined not unto, but at their meeting acquainted them, that he was resolved to put himself wholly upon his English Subjects; that he would satisfy all their just grievances; then commended to their care, the chase out of the saucy Scots, making provisions for his own Army, and relieving the oppressed Northern Counties. But the Parliament, instead of complying with their Sovereign in his just proposals, they first set upon purging their house of such whom they thought would not comply with their designs, finding fault either with their elections, or else making them criminals in some public grievance; then settled Committees for grievances, and receiving Petitions; voted down Monopolies, impeached the Lord Wentworth Earl of Strafford of High-Treason, and committed him to the black Rod; committed Archbishop Laud likewise to the black Rod, and ten weeks after voted him guilty of High-Treason, and sent him to the Tower. In the mean while Prynn, Burton, and Bastwick, were freed from their confinement, and conducted into London in great State and Triumph.  
Alderman Pennington with some hundreds attending him, presented the Commons with a Petition from the Citizens of London against the present Church-government. Divers Petitions from other places came before them of the like nature. And now the Parliament well perceiving their own strength and interest, drew up a bill for Triennial-Parliaments; wherein the power of calling that great Council of the Nation, was upon refusal of the King and neglect of others, devolved upon Constables. This the King through their importunities granted unto them. February the 16 the Parliament voted, That no Bishop should have any vote in Parliament, nor any Judicial power in the Star-Chamber-Court, nor have any sway in Temporal affairs; and that no Clergyman should be in Commission of Peace. And after about five months from their sitting, the Earl of Strafford Lord Deputy of Ireland was brought to his Trial, in Westminster Hall, before the Lords as his Judges. The King, Queen, and Prince, setting behind a curtain in an adjoining Gallery; and round about the Court stood the Commons his accusers, and the Witnesses against him were English and Scotch Anti-Episcoparians and Irish Papists, his charge consisted of 28 Articles; to all which the Earl answered with such firm reasons, that he could not be found guilty of Treason, either in particulars, or in the whole. The Parliament therefore resolved (for right or wrong this wise man must fall) to proceed against him by Bill of Attainder, and upon April the 19 by making a Law after the fact, vote him guilty of High-Treason, yet withal add a caution for the security of themselves, that it should not be drawn into a precedent. Which vote of theirs passed not without a long debate and contention, and 59 of the Members honestly dissented from the vote, whose names were afterwards posted and marked for the fury of the Rabble. In the bill of Attainder, the Earl was charged for endeavouring to subvert the ancient Fundamental Laws and Government of the Realms, and for exercising a tyrannous and exorbitant power over the liberties and estates of his Majesty's Subjects; and for having by his own authority commanded the laying and assessing of Soldiers upon his Majesty's Subjects in Ireland. And also for that upon the dissolution of the last Parliament, he did slander the House of Commons to his Majesty, and did advise his Majesty that he was loosed and absolved from rules of Government, and that he had an Army in Ireland which he might employ to reduce the Kingdom. And that the said Earl had been an Incendiary of the Wars betwixt England and Scotland, etc.  
May the first his Majesty called both Houses together, and told them, that he had been present at the hearing of the great Cause, and that in his Conscience positively he could not condemn the Earl of Treason, and yet could not clear him of misdemeanours, but hoped a way might be found out to satisfy Justice and their fears, without oppressing his Conscience.  
May the second the Prince of Orange was Married to the Princess Mary at Whitehall.  
May the third there came a seditious Rabble of about 5 or 6000 of the dregs of the People, armed with staves, cudgels, and other instruments of outrage, to the Parliament-dores, clamouring, Justice, Justice; and posted upon the gate of Westminster a Catalogue of names of those that would have acquitted the Earl, whom they styled Straffordians. Then at the doors of the House of Peers, they affronted some of the Lords, especially the Bishops, at their passing in and out; after this they forced open the doors of the Abby-Church, where they broke down the Organs, spoiled the Vestments and Ornaments of Worship. From thence they hurried to the Court, and there most Impudently and Traitorously cried out, That they would have strafford's head, or a better; upbraiding the King himself (who persuaded them as they passed by, to a modest care of their own private affairs) with an unfitness to Reign; and when some Justices of the Peace, according to their Office, endeavoured to suppress those tumults, by imprisoning some of the Leaders of them; they themselves were imprisoned by the command of the Commons upon pretext of an injury offered to the Liberties of the Subject; one of which was, (as they then dictated) that every one might safely Petition the Parliament; howbeit afterwards they acted quite contrary to such whose Petitions were too honest to please them. But notwithstanding these tumultuous enforcements, his Majesty would not sign the Bill of Attainder till he had consulted both with the Judges, as to matter of Law, and the Bishops as to matter of Conscience. When the Judges told his Majesty, that in point of Law (according to the Oath made by Sir Henry Vane of the Earls advice to raise horse to awe this Nation) the Earl was guilty of Treason; 'tis said an eminent Bishop did answer the King, that he had a Conscience as a private man, and as a public; and though by his private Conscience he could not yield to the Earls death, yet by his public (considering the present state of things) he might.  
May the 10. With much reluctancy the King signed a Commission to some Lords to pass that Bill of Attainder, and another of ill consequence also, which was for continuation of the Parliament during the pleasure of the two Houses.  
May the 12, 1641, was the Earl of Strafford strongly guarded to the Tower-Hill, and there with courage beseeming a Christian, he suffered the severing of his Head from his body. The death of which great and able Minister of State, did so terrify the other Ministers of State, that many of them made a voluntary resignation of their Offices. At the request of the house of Commons, the King for peace-fake, relinquished his claim to Tonnage and Poundage, and yielded to sign the Bills for taking away of the High-Commission and Star-Chamber Courts.  
A. D. 1641, and October the 12, the Natives or wild Irish began a most bloody Rebellion throughout the whole Kingdom of Ireland, on a sudden invading the unprovided English that were scattered amongst them, despoiling them of their goods, and massacring 200000 of them, without any respect of sex, age, kindred, or friendship, making them as so many sacrifices to their bloody superstition, the Popish Religion. The chief heads of this Rebellion and Massacre, (besides the Priests) were Sir Phelim O-Neal, Turbough O-Neal his Brother, Rowry Mac-Guire, Philip Orely, Moelmurry, Orely, Sir Conno Macgennis, Mac-Brian and Mac-Mahon. His Majesty then in Scotland having intelligence of the dismal fate of the English in Ireland, sent post to the Parliament of England to have them send reliefs thither; but differences still heightening betwixt the King and his Parliament, succours were not seasonably sent, by which the Rebels much strengthened themselves, At the King's return from Scotland, the Parliament presented him with a Petition for taking away the votes of Bishops in the House of Lords, and the Ceremonies of the Church, and for the removing of evil Councillors from about him. Their grand Remonstrance they also presented him, wherein were reckoned up the offences of the Courtiers, the unpleasing resolves of some Judges, the neglects or rigours of some Ministers of State, the undigested Sermons of some Preachers, the Positions of some Divines in the Schools; unpleasing accidents they therein represented as designs of Tyranny; and those things which had been reform, were yet mentioned as burdens. To this Remonstrance his Majesty answered, That he thought he had given satisfaction to his People's fears and jealousies concerning Religion, Liberty and Civil Interests, by the Bills he had past this Parliament; desiring that misunderstandings might be removed on either side, and that the bleeding condition of Ireland might persuade them to unity, for the relief of that unhappy Kingdom. But this modest answer of his Majesties did not at all satisfy the factious. The Apprentices and Rabble in great numbers and much confusion resorted again to Westminster; some crying out against Bishops and Liturgy of the Church; others boldly menacing, that the Militia should be taken out of the King's hands. Affronting the Bishops at their passing in and out of the Lords House; and before Whitehall behaving themselves very insolently. His Majesty hereupon took a Guard of such Gentlemen as offered their service for his safety; but the factious made use of this to raise the rage and jealousy of the whole City against the King; for at midnight there were outcries made in the streets, that all people should rise to their defence, for the King and his Papists were coming to fire the City, and to cut their throats in their beds. The King therefore not always to encourage these indignities with his patience, resolved by a course of Justice to punish the Authors and Countenancers of these seditious practices, so commanded his Attorney General to accuse five Members of the Lower House of High-Treason, and one of the House of Peers. He also sent some Officers to Seal up their Trunks and Cabinets in their several Lodgings, and to secure their persons. To this the Commons voted, That all those persons were enemies to the Commonwealth that should obey the King in any of his commands concerning them; and that it was lawful for any person to assist the said members. And because the King came into the House of Commons, and there demanded to have the five Members delivered up to him (though he left his guard of Pensioners, and Lords and Gentlemen without upon the stairs) the Commons voted this proceeding of the Kings, a breach of the privilege of Parliament; and withal published a Declaration, That whosoever should arrest any Member of Parliament by warrant from the King only, was guilty of the breach of Parliamentary privileges; and likewise that all they who attended the King, when he came to demand the five Members (then hid in the City) were guilty of a Traitorous design against King and Parliament. The Londoners they came thronging to Westminster in a tumultuous sort, to Petition for the impeached Members, behaving themselves very rudely towards the Bishops. And such increase and numbers of the heady common people assembled in a tumultuous manner about White-Hall and Westminster, that the King justly mistrusting some danger from them, withdrew himself, with the Queen and their Children, to Windsor. The next day after which, the five Members were Triumphantly guarded from London to Westminster by water. Strange reports were these times given out concerning dangers from the King; how that Troops of Papists were gathered about Kingston upon Thames, under the command of Colonel Lunsford, who was Chararactered to be of so monstrous an Appetite, that he would eat Children, and other like false and ridiculous stories. Petitions were presented the Parliament, requiring that neither the Bishops nor Popish Lords should continue to vote amongst the Peers▪ Women also presented a Petition to the like purpose. The House of Commons Petitioned his Majesty that they might have the Tower, and London-Militia put into their hands; which he denied to grant: yet did they place Major General Skippon over that Militia.  
The King in hopes to stay the fury of the faction, consented to almost all that they desired. Howbeit, notwithstanding all his gracious condescensions, endeavours were still used to create an hatred of his Majesty. Mr. John Pym publicly charged Him with a connivance at least, if not with contrivance of the Irish Rebellion; and when the King required satisfaction for the calumny, the Commons justified Pyms speech to be the sense of their House. And now the breach, through bad men's practices, growing still wider and wider, betwixt his Majesty and his two Houses of Parliament, His Majesty resolved to withdraw into the North, there to abide till he saw what issue this storm would have; taking with him the Prince, and Duke of York. The Queen he had afore sent with the Princess of Orange into Holland.  
When the King was departed, the Parliament made preparations both by Land and Sea, upon pretext of great dangers at home, and more prodigious terrors from abroad; pretending, that by intelligence from Paris, Rome, and Venice, they were assured of great designs to overthrow the Parliament, together with the Protestant Religion, and strange unheard-of Plots, they said, were made to murder the most eminent Patriots.  
A. D. 1642, and April the 23, the King attended with his guard, consisting for the most part of Lords and Gentlemen only, would have entered into his Town of Hull, but Sir John Hotham insolently shut the gates against him, and kept him out; whereupon the King proclaimed him Traitor, and complained to the Parliament of this indignity; but they justified Hothams' act, and authorised him to strengthen the Garrison of Hull. In short time after this, England's miseries commenced by an intestine War. A little before which, were strange sights seen in the Air in many parts of England, as Musquetiers, harnessed-men, and horsemen, moving in Battle-array, and assaulting one the other in divers furious postures. The King and the two Houses now began to make all the speediest warlike preparations to defend themselves; and offend each other, but the two Houses had a great advantage of his Majesty, both in respect of moneys, and the speedy raising of Men, and also Arms and Ammunition for war of all sorts, through their having the City of London on their side, the Citizens whereof were very free in parting with their Plate upon the public faith; and their Wives were so zealous for the good Cause (as that of the two Houses was then miscalled) that they gave their very Bodkins and Thimbles towards the maintaining of it, and were forward to have Husbands and Children to venture their lives in this Rebellion.  
On August 22. 1642, did his Majesty set up his Standard-Royal at Nottingham. His General was the Valiant Earl of Lindsey, the Parliaments General was Robert Devereux Earl of Essex and their Admiral the Earl of Warwick. The first blood that was spilt in this unhappy war, was near unto Hull, whither some forces of the King's forces were drawn, upon whom Sir John Hotham and Sir John Meldram sallied, taking some, and killing others.  
September the ninth. 1642, the Earls of Essex set forth with his Army out of London, and October the 23 the Caveliers, (so called) which were the King's party, and the Roundheads (so called from the custom of the Puritans cutting their hair short to their ears) which were the Parliaments party, met between Keinton and Edghill in , and there engaged in fight, which was acted with such fury, that near 6000 were slain upon the place. The King had so much the better of the day as to keep the Field. Persons of remark slain on his Majesty's side, were the Earl of Lindsey, and Sir Edward Varney Standard-bearer; but Mr. John Smith immediately recovered the Standard, for which service he was Knighted in the Field. On the Parliaments part were slain the Lord St. John of Bletso, and Colonel Essex. From this fight at Edg-hill the King marched to Banbury, which was surrendered to him; then entered Oxford triumphantly, and having secured that place, he advanced toward London, and at Brantford fell upon two Regiments of his Enemies, taking about 500 Prisoners. The Parliament to increase their Numbers, declared that all Apprentices that would list themselves in their service for the Public Cause, should be secured from the injury of their Masters, and their time to go on toward their freedom; by which means multitudes of Youth forsook their Masters to fight for the Parliament. They also invited their Brethren the Scots (as they called them) to come into England to their aid. And to animate the people to take up Arms for the Parliament, some busy Clergymen made great (not good) use of that sacred Text in their Pulpits, Curse ye Meroz, etc. Judges the 5.23. But, blessed are the Peace makers, saith the Prince of peace. About the beginning of March, Commissioners were appointed to treat at Oxford in order to a rcconcilation; but the Parliaments proposals were so out of reason, that the treaty proved fruitless.  
A. D. 1643, in the beginning of the Spring, the Queen returned into England, bringing with her considerable supplies of Men, Money, and Ammunition out of France; and that year his Majesty became Master of the North and West, some few Garrisons excepted. July the 5th Sir Ralph Hopton with his Cavaliers, routed Sir William Waller at Lansdown near Bath; and July the 15th. he again defeated him at Roundway-hill by the Devizes, killing many hundreds in the place, and taking many more Prisoners. Bristol and Exeter were yielded unto those two Martial Princes, Rupert and Maurice, Sons of Fredrick Prince Palatine of the Rhine, and Elizabeth his Wife, Sister to King Charles the first. Gloucester the King besieged with a brave Army; and the besieged under the command of Colonel Edward Massey defended themselves with great bravery, till the Earl of Essex came with an Army and raised the Siege. From this Siege the two Armies marched within few miles each of the other without any engagement, (save a little skirmish by Alborne-Chace) till they came to Newbury, where a sore Battle was fought. On the King's part were slain the Earls of Carnarvan, and Sunderland, and the Learned Lord Faulkland; Essex lost many of his Officers.  
January the 22, those loyal Members of Parliament who dissented from them at Westminster, met at Oxford by the King's Summons; of these, besides the Prince and Duke of York, the Lord Keeper Littleton, Treasurer Cottington, Duke of Richmond, and Marquess of Hartford, there were nineteen Earls, and as many Lords, and one hundred and seventeen Knights and Gentlemen. Other Loyal Lords, Knights and Gentlemen, Members of Parliament, were at this time employed in the King's service in divers places of the Nation.  
In this month and year the Scotch Army under the Conduct of the Earl of Leven entered England for the Parliament, being about 18000 foot and 2000 horse.  
About this time was Loyal Newark besieged by Sir John Meldram; but by Prince rupert's coming it was relieved, and the Parlimentarians forced to march away after great losses, on such conditions as the Prince would grant them.  
This year upon a cessation of Arms in Ireland, some forces came over to the King's assistance.  
This year also that Rebellious thing called a Parliament at Westminster, and their Adherents, and some to save themselves from punishment; took the Scottish Solemn League and Covenant, with hands lifted up to the most high God, swearing to endeavour the preservation of the reformed Religion, the extirpation of Popery and Prelacy, to preserve the Rights and privileges of Parliament, and liberties of the Kingdom, and to defend and preserve the King's Majesty's person, and Authority, etc. All the Parliaments pretence in raising Arms, was reformation, for the defence of the King's person, to rescue him from his evil Council, and to make him a glorious King; which at length they did, when they deprived him of his natural life.  
A. D. 1644, Sir William Waller defeated Sir Ralph Hopton about Brandon Heath. The Lord Fairfax and his Son, Sir Thomas, took divers of the King's Garrisons in the North. Prince Rupert raised the Siege of Lathamhouse. June the 29, the King's forces gave a great defeat to waller's Army at Cropredybridge. And presently after this, the King drove the Earl of Essex up into Cornwall; but the Earl deserted his Army, passing by water to Plymouth; and his horse taking the advantage of a dark night, escaped, leaving the Foot to shift how they could, who capitulated for their lives, leaving their Arms, Cannon, Ammunition, and Baggage, to the King's disposal. Then Ilferdcomb, Barnstable, and Saltash yielded to the King, who now victoriously marched towards London.  
July the third was a great fight at Maston-Moor, where the Parliament obtained a very considerable Victory. And October the 27th, Essex, Waller and the Earl of Manchester met the King as he came out of the West, at Newbury, where a sharp Battle was fought, and the Kings part forced out of the field.  
In November, Mac-Mahon an Irish Rebel was hanged and quartered at Tyburn. And December 23d. Sir Alexander Carew was beheaded on Tower-hill, for attempting to give up the Island of Plymouth to the King's forces.  
January the first, Hotham the Son, and January the second, Hotham the Father, were beheaded on Tower-hill, for designing to betray Hull to the Royalists, and for other treacheries.  
January the 10th, William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury was brought to the Scaffold on Tower-hill, where he preached his last Sermon, taking for his Text, Heb. 12. Vers. 2 So yielded his neck to the stroke of the Executioner. The charge against him was, endeavouring to subvert the Laws, Religion, and Privileges of Parliament.  
January the 30th, by his Majesty's procurement a Treaty was held at Uxbridge, where the Parliaments demands were, That Episcopacy might be extirpated, that Presbytery might be established, and that the King should yield up the Militia solely into the Parliaments dispose; which were such unreasonable demands, that the King could not yield to them.  
February the 20th, the Lord Mac-Guire, another of the grand Irish Rebels, was executed at Tyburn.  
About this time was the Parliaments Army new-moduled. The Earl of Essex and the other Commanders who were Parliament-men (Oliver Cromwell was excepted) were by the selfdenying ordinance (lately made) to attend in Parliament, in whose steads other and more active persons were appointed. Sir Thomas Fairfax was constituted Captain-General, Oliver Cromwell, (than the Sectaries Darling) was made Lieutenant-General, Henry Ireton Commissary-General, etc. After which model the King's affairs of the Nation began fatally to decline.  
A. D. 1645, His Majesty drew his Army out of Oxford, in order to relieve his Northern Counties, and Garrisons; but after he had stormed and taken Leicester, in his way, he was called back to secure Oxford, which the Parliament Army threatened with a Siege. This while Sir Thomas Fairfax had intercepted a Letter of the Lord goring to the King, wherein that Loyal Subject had desired of his Majesty to forbear engaging with the Enemy till he could be joined with him. Hereupon Fairfax left his Siege afore Oxford, and made directly towards the King with a purpose to fight him, before that addition of strength should come in. And at a place near Naesby in Northamptonshire, both Armies met on Saturday, June 14th. 1645. His Majesty commanded the main body, Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice the right wing, Sir Marmaduke Langdale the left, the Lord Ashly the right-hand reserve, and Sir George Lisle the left. Of the Parliament Army Fairfax and Skippon had the ordering of the main battle, Cromwell the right wing, and Ireton the left. Prince Rupert charged that wing commanded by Ireton so home, that he disordered it, taking Ireton Prisoner; and for a while he followed the Parlimentarians towards Naesby; but in the interim Cromwell worsted the King's right wing, and then came into Fairfax his assistance, who together charged upon the King's main body; and they no longer able to stand it out, retreated out of the Field, leaving a complete Victory to the disloyal party, who pursued them within two miles of Leicester, killing in their way many Women that had followed the Cavaliers Camp. On the Parliaments side were wounded and slain above 1000, On the King's side were slain 20 Knights, Colonels and Officers of note: and 600 private Soldiers; and of Prisoners were taken six Colonels, 8 Lieutenant-Colonels, 18 Majors, 70 Captains, with many other Officers, 4500 common Soldiers, 13 of the King's houshold-servants, 12 Pieces of Ordinance, 8000 Arms, 40 Barrels of Powder, 200 Carriages, store of rich pillage, 3000 Horses, the King's Standard, one of his Coaches, His Cabinet of Letters, which the Parliament caused to be made public.  
April the 16th, Leicester was yielded up to Sir Thomas Fairfax, which accomplished; he marched into the West to relieve Taunton then besieged by the Royal party. At Langport he discomfitted the Lord goring forces, taking 1400 Prisoners. Then Bridgwater and Bath yielded to him. Then he besieged Sherbourn Castle, and sent Cromwell to suppress the Wilts, and Dorsetshire Clubmen, associated about Shaftsbury, which he did, killing some, taking others, and dispersing the rest. These Clubmen declared themselves Nutrals, pretending only to secure their own proprieties. August the 15th, Sherbourn Castle was surrendered upon promise of Quarter.  
At Rowton-heath, near Chester, Colonel Poyns worsted his Majesty's forces.  
In Yorkshire, Colonel Robert Lilburn routed the Royalists commanded by the Lord Digby, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale. Colonel Birch and Colonel Morgan by a stratagem took Hereford for the Parliament. At Boveytracy Oliver Cromwell surprised the Lord Wentworth, took three Regiments, dispersing two others. Fairfax took Dartmouth, defeated the Lord Hopton at Torrington, and immediately after blocks him up at Truro, enforcing him to disband his Army. March 21, Jacob Lord Ashly was routed at Stow in the Wold, by Sir William Brereton, and Colonel Morgan. The Loyal Lord himself was taken Prisoner, with 1500 others. Many of the King's Garrisons fell this year into the hands of the Parlamentarians; as Bristol, the Devizes, Winchester-Castle, Basing-House, Laycock-House, Berkly-Castle, Chepstow, Westchester, Belvoir-Castle, Lathamhouse, Monmouth and Welbeck House, etc.  
A. D. 1646, All Caveliers were commanded to departed the City of London betwixt the 30, of March, and April the 6th; and now his Majesty was reduced into a very low Condition. His forces beaten out of the field in all places, and his Garrisons surrendered and taken daily, as St. Michaels-Mount, Ruthen-Castle, Woodstock, Excester, and Barnstable; and General Fairfax approaching to besiege Oxford, the King upon thoughts of providing for himself, went in a disguise to the Scotch Camp that was then before Newark, May the fourth the Scotch Officers engaging to secure both him and as many of his party as should seek for shelter with them, and to stand to him with their lives and fortunes. But upon his Majesty's departure from Oxford, divers of the Noblemen as they had been deserted by the King, yielded themselves to Fairfax. And June the 24th, the most Loyal University and City of Oxford was surrendered upon Honourable Terms by Sir Thomas Glenham. After which a number of the King's Garrisons yielded to the Parliament, as Banbury, Ludlow, Borstal, Carnarvan, Lichfield, Worcester, Wallingford, Gothridge, Ragland, Pendennis, and Newark by the King's order was delivered up; and the Lord Montross in Scotland, and Lord Ormond in Ireland, by the King's command desisted their Hostilities. After the surrender of Newark, the Scotch Army marched back towards their own Country as far as Newcastle upon Tine, where when they were come, they tendered their Covenant to the King, pretending that unless he would take that, they durst not bring him into Scotland. This the King refused not, if they would first satisfy those scruples concerning Church-Government which lay upon his Conscience, which to effect, Mr. Alexander Henderson a Minister, the Oracle of the Kirk, was employed to converse with him. His Majesty's parts were so great, and Cause so good, that made all Mr. henderson's attempts successless. See the Printed papers of their Disputations.  
Whilst these things were acting at Newcastle, the bargain was struck at London betwixt the Parliament and Scotch Commissiones; and for 200000 l. the Scots delivered the King up to the English Parliament. Yet to mask their perfidy, the Scots added this caution, That there should be no attempt made upon the King's person, but being entertained at one of his own Palaces, he should be there treated with upon propositions from both Nations, which should be speedily sent unto him.  
February the 6th, the Scots left Newcastle and marched homeward, and two days after the King set forward with the Parliaments Commissioners for Holmby, attended with 900 Horse. And now the Parliament, because they wanted others to quarrel withal, fell to quarrel amongst themselves, dividing into two parties, Presbyterians and Independents, with Anabaptists and the other Sectarists. The Presbiterians were then powerful in the House, but the other in the Army, and were a subtle and resolute people. The former of these parties seeing themselves in danger of being supplanted by the other, voted in Parliament, to have part of the Army disbanded, another part of it sent over into Ireland towards the reducing that Country, and the remainder to be disposed into several places of England to keep the Royalists in awe. This put the Army into a heat, who to make their part sure, sent a party of Horse, commanded by Cornet Joyce, to seize upon the King's person, and to bring him from Holmby into their own quarters, which was done, June the 3d, 1647: From Holmby they conveyed His Majesty to Childersley, and thence to New-market, the Grandees of the Army pretending to him, how they were grieved for his imprisonment and sufferings, professing they would never part with their Arms, till they had made his way to his Throne, (but it must be a Throne in Heaven). And the more to palliate their evil meanings, they permitted him the service of his own Chaplains, (which he had been denied at Holmby) the commerce of Letters with the Queen, the visits of his own party, and attendance of his Courtiers. The Parliament voted, that the General should be required to deliver the King to their Commissioners, who were to bring him to Richmond, to the end that propositions of peace might be speedily presented him. Hereupon the Army drew up Articles against Eleven of the Members of the Commons House, namely, Mr. Denzill Hollis, Sir Philip Stapleton, Sir William Lewis, Sir John Clotworthy, Sir William Waller, Sir John Maynard, Colonel Massey, Colonel Long, Colonel Harley, Mr. Glyn, and Mr. Anthony Nichols. Nor would the Army be satisfied till the House was purged of these Members. Which being done, the Army-party became something prevalent, who voted that the London-Militia should be taken out of the hands of the City, and transferred to others better affected to the Army: and that it should be Treason to seek for Subscriptions to Petitions. Hereupon great multitudes of Apprentices and others in a tumultuous sort resorted to the Parliament House, and there kept the Speaker in his Chair till this vote was passed; That the King should come to London to treat, and that the City should have the ordering of their own Militia. Fairfax understanding this, hasts with his Army to London, and at Hounslow was met by the Speaker, and such of the Members as sided with the Army, who complained of the violence that was offered them. In the mean while the Citizens and Presbyterian part of the Parliament, made some preparations to oppose the Army; but upon the General's approach to the City, the Gates were thrown open, and the Army marched in Triumph through the City, seized upon the Tower, dismantled the Fortifications, imprisoned the Mayor, and divers of the chief Citizens, and committed some Noblemen to the black Rod.  
In September, the Members at Westminster sent propositions to His Majesty then at Hampton-Court, which were the same in substance with those formerly offered, as for the abolishing Episcopacy, the Parliament to have the disposal of all great Offices of Trust.  
About this time the Parliament voted, That 6000 Foot and 2400 Horse and Dragoons should be sent into Ireland, and 18000 Foot and 7200 Horse, and 1000 Dragoons should be kept up as a standing Army for England, the rest of the Soldiers to be disbanded. The Army also for the better carrying on of their designs, about the same time elected out of every Regiment a certain number of Soldiers to meet and consult, by the name of Adjutators.  
November the 6th, the Scotch Commissioners sent a Letter to the Speaker of the Lower House, that the King might be admitted to a Personal-Treaty, at least, that the Army might not remove him him from Hampton-Court; but some of the Army-Officers having informed His Majesty (on design to have him the surer at their dispose) that his person was in some hazard from the Adjutators and Levellers, he therefore with Three of His most trusty Attendants, Sir John Berkley, Mr. Ashburnham, and Colonel Legg, in the dark and tempestuous night of November the 11th escaped from Hampton-Court, and after some wand'ring committed himself to Colonel Hammond Governor of the Isle of Wight, who conveyed him to Carisbrook-Castle, the very pit, 'tis said, that His enemies had designed for him; for it was rumoured above a fortnight before, in the Army, that the King should be in the Isle of Wight: And the very night he departed from Hampton-Court, the Sentinels were withdrawn from their usual stand, on purpose to facilitate his escape thence.  
From Carisbrook-Castle His Majesty wrote a Letter to the Parliament, wherein he professed, he could not, either as a King or Christian consent to the abolishing of Episcopacy, because he esteemed it to be Apostolical, and at his Coronation was sworn to maintain it; yet he was willing Presbytery should be settled for three years, and that a free debate should be had by such a number of Divines, about the settlement of Church-Government for the future. And was willing also that the Parliament should dispose of the Militia, and should have the choice of his Privy Council by grant of Patent from him during his reign: withal earnestly soliciting them to pity the languishing condition of the Kingdom, and to come to a Personal treaty with him. After three days debate, the Parliament sent four Bills unto His Majesty to be signed by him, but so derogating they were from his Royalty, that the Scotch Commissioners declared against them, and the King refused the signing of them. The Parliament thereupon voted, That no more Addresses should be made to the King.  
In the mean while Colonel Hammond had dismissed the King's Servants, and used him more severely than formerly, which occasioned Capt. Burleigh to beat up the Drum for the King's service and freedom in the Isle of Wight; but he was soon apprehended, and afterward executed.  
A. D. 1648, The Parliament voted that all they who would not submit to the Power (meaning their usurped authority) should be expelled the University, and that all the Colledg-Rents should be paid to the Visitors by them appointed.  
April the 9th and 10th, The London-Boys made an Insurrection, seized the Magazine at Leaden-Hall, crying out for God and King Charles, but were quieted by Fairfax. Poyer, Langhorne, Powel, and Sir John Owen took up Arms for the King in Wales, but Colonel Langhorne and Powel were defeated by Colonel Horton, and Sir John Owen by Major General Mirton, and Pembroke-Castle kept by Colonel Poyer, was yielded to that Arch-traitor Cromwell, July 13. Powel, Poyer and Langhorn afterwards cast Lots for their lives; and the lot falling upon Poyer he was shot to death.  
April the 20th, The Duke of York disguised in woman's apparel, escaped from St. James', and and past into Holland. Many were the Petitions that now were presented the Parliament for a Personal-treaty, and for disbanding the Army. But the Surry-Petitioners by the command of the Army-Officers, and Parliament-men, were assaulted at the Parliament-doors, and some of them were killed, some wounded, and most of them plundered by the Soldiers. And now the Kentish men to the number of 10000 took up Arms for the King, and embodied themselves at Maidstone, where they made a gallant resistance against General Fairfax for the space of six hours; but his Veteran Soldiers at last prevailed, taking many of them, and eight pieces of ordnance. June the 2d, The old Lord Goring, Earl of Norwich, with 500 men, crossed into Essex and got into Colchester, whither the Country people flocked unto him, also a party from London, and the Lords Capel and Loughbrough out of Hartfordshire.  
The Earl of Holland also headed a Royal party at Kingston upon Thames; but after a short, yet smart fight, his party was dispersed, the Lord Francis Villers was slain, and many Prisoners of Note were taken, July the 7th, and shortly after the Earl of Holland himself was apprehended.  
The Parliament of Scotland sent into England an Army under Duke Hamilton in order to recover the King's liberty, and to re-establish him on his Throne; but August the 17th, at Preston in Lancashire, this Scotch-Army of near a 21000 was totally routed by Oliver Cromwell. 'Tis said in this days fight and the pursuit, the English took more Prisoners than their own Army amounted unto, and that was about 12000. The Parliament lost here that daring Martialist Colonel Francis Thornhaigh. Shortly after the Battle Duke Hamilton was taken Prisoner; and Cromwell to improve this success, followed the scattered parties into Scotland, where when he was come, there repaired to him the Earls of Arguile, Lowden, Leven, and other of the Scotch Covenanting-Nobility, who contracted with him for subduing the common Enemy, meaning the Loyal party.  
Colchester, that had endured a tedious siege, and was now brought to such scarcity of provision, that they had not Horseflesh enough to serve them one day longer (and on it they had lived almost a Fortnight) August the 27th yielded upon Articles, The private Soldiers to departed with life, the Commanders to remain at the General's dispose, and the City to raise 14000 l. to save it from Plunder. Prisoners of quality taken here, were the Lords Goring, Capel & Loughbrough, eleven Knights, twelve Colonels, eight Lieutenant-Colonels, nine Majors, thirty Captains, and sixty-five Gentlemen. Three of the Knights were presently condemned by a Council of War, two of whom, namely Sir Charles Lucas, and Sir George Lisle, were shot to death, dying as they had lived, with great courage.  
But whilst these things were managed by the Army, the Parliament was busied with Petitions from London, and other places for a Personal Treaty. The Parliament therefore contrary to the humours of some of their factious Members, repealed those Votes they had formerly made for no more Addresses to the King, and both Houses voted a Treaty to be with the King in honour, freedom and safety. And September the 18th. the Treaty began at Newport in the Isle of Wight, where his Majesty condescended so far unto the Parliaments demands, (which were the same in substance with those formerly made) that both Houses came to this resolve, That the King's Concessions were a sufficient ground for peace. But this did exceedingly enrage the factious Members and Commanders of the Army, who now resolved to seize the King into their own hands and dispose, which they did, removing him out of the Isle of Wight, and making him Prisoner in Hurst-Castle.  
November the 30th. the Army than fell to purging the Parliament, apprehending forty Members thereof, that were persons of the most known integrity, and highest resolution, denying admission to 150 more; and suffering none to enter the House, save such whom they knew would serve their designs. Which Army-Members revived those Votes of no more Addresses to the King; the Votes for a Treaty with the King, and of the satisfactoriness of his Concessions, they razed out of the Journal-book. And then proceeded to vote, That the supreme authority of the Nation resided in themselves; That to raise Arms against the People's Representatives, or the Parliament, was High-treason; That the King himself took Arms against the Parliament, and so was guilty of the bloodshed throughout the Civil-war. And therefore this fag-end of a Parliament was resolved to have his Majesty brought to his Trial, in order thereto giving their commands for his bringing up to London; and January the 19th, he was accordingly brought to St. James'. When the factious Members whom the Army had licenced to sit, proceeded to constitute a Court for the Trial of the King, giving it the specious name of the High Court of Justice; which said Court they empowered to convene, hear, judge, and execute Charles Stuart King of England. These proceed the House of Lords detested, so did the Parliament of Scotland, the Judges of the Land affirmed it to be contrary to the known Laws and Customs of England, for the King to be brought to Trial; and the Presbyterian Ministers did both publicly and privately dissuade them from this horrid action, though all in vain. And the more to animate the King's Judges in their illegal proceed, that Pulpit-Jester Hugh Peter's preached before them on that Text, Psal. 149.8, To bind their Kings in chains, etc. such honour have all his Saints; when he assured them, that they were the Saints there meant, often in his profane Sermon calling them the Saint Judges; and professed, that he had for a certain found upon a strict scrutiny, that there were in the Army 5000 Saints, no less holy than those that now conversed in Heaven with God Almighty. Afterwards kneeling in his Pulpit, weeping and lifting up his hands, he earnestly begged them in the name of the People of England, that they would execute justice upon that wretch Charles, and would not let Benhadad escape in safety, etc.  
January the 20th. his Majesty was brought before the High Court of Justice in Westminster-Hall, where he boldly and cheerfully took the Seat prepared for him, and the Charge was re●d against him with all those reproachful terms of Tyrant, Traitor, and Murderer, and impleaded in the name of all the People of England. But General Fairfax his Lady from a Scaffold adjoining, cried with a loud voice, That not half the People of England were guilty of that crime, but that 'twas by means of that Traitor Cromwell that this wickedness was done. The King alleged to the Court that he could not make his defence, unless they first produced their Authority for the trial of him their King, which they not being able to do, (except that of the Sword) remanded him to the place of his captivity.  
January the 22d. the High Court of Justice met again, when the King being brought to the Bar, Solicitor Cook required that he might be put upon it, either to give in his positive answer, or else that the charge against him upon his refusal to plead, might be taken for confessed. The substance of which Charge was, That he the said Charles Stuart King of England had been the Occasion, Author and Contriver of the Wars, and therein was guilty of all the Treasons, Murders, Rapines, Burn, Spoils, Desolations, damage and mischief to this Nation, acted or committed in the Wars, or occasioned thereby. To the Charge, Precedent Bradshaw required the King's answer; but his Majesty firmly persisting in the disowning of their Authority, and offering to give reasons why he could not own their Court, the Court was adjourned to the next day.  
January the 23d. the King was again brought before his fictitious Judges, when he was again pressed to give in his reasons why he could not own their Authority; alleging, that to own this new Court was against the Privileges of the People, and the Fundamental Laws of the Kingdom: whereupon the Precedent commanded the Clerk to record the default, and the Guard to take back the Prisoner, which was accordingly done.  
January the 27th. his Majesty was again brought to the Bar, where he still refused to own their illegal Court, but said he had some matters conducing to the good of the People, which he desired to have liberty to speak before the Members of both Houses, which the Court would by no means yield unto, but commanded the Clerk to read the Sentence against him, which was, That whereas the Commons of England in Parliament assembled, have appointed them a High Court of Justice for the Trying of Charles Stuart King of England, before whom he had been three times convened, and at the first time a Charge of High Treason, and other crimes and misdemeanours was read in behalf of England, etc. To which Charge the said Charles Stuart refused several times to answer, etc. for all which Treasons and crimes mentioned in the Charge, this Court doth adjudge the said Charles Stuart as a Tyrant, Traitor, Murderer, and public enemy, to be put to death, by severing his Head from his Body. This Sentence being read, the Members of the Court approved it by holding up their hands. His Majesty offered to speak after the Sentence, which Bradshaw would not suffer him to do, but commanded him to be taken away; when in his passing along, the Soldiers reviled him with many irreverent taunts, blew their stinking Tobacco into his face, which they knew to be very distasteful to him, and one or two more barbarous than the rest, spit in his face, the good King wiping it off again, and saying, My Saviour suffered far more than this for me. And when the rude Soldiers, instructed by their Commanders, cried out, Justice, Justice, Execution, Execution; this pious King pitied their blindness, saying, Poor souls! for a piece of money they would do as much for their Commanders. Such as pulled off their Hats, or bowed to him, as he was carrying back to his imprisonment, the Soldiers beat with their fists and weapons, and knocked down one dead, but for saying, God be merciful unto him.  
January the 28th. this right Christian King was guarded from Whitehall to St. James', where Dr. Juxon Bishop of London preached before him on these words. In the day when God shall judge the secrets of all men by Jesus Christ, according to my Gospel, Rom. 2.16.  
January the 29th. the Lady Elizabeth and Duke of Gloucester being admitted to take their last Farewell of their condemned Father; his Majesty after he had given his blessing to the Princess Elizabeth, bade her tell her Brother James whenever she should see him, that 'twas his Father's last desire, That he should no more look upon Charles as his Eldest Brother only, but be obedient to him as his Sovereign, and that they should love one the other, and forgive their Father's enemies. He also bade her to read Bishop Andrews Sermons, Hooker 's Ecclesiastical Policy, and Bishop Laud against Fisher, which would ground her against Popery; wished her not to grieve for him, for he should die a glorious death, it being for the Laws and Liberties of the Land, and for maintaining the Protestant Religion. Bad her tell her Mother, That his thoughts had never strayed from her, and that his love should be the same unto the last. Then gave her his Blessing, bidding her to send his Blessing to the rest of her Brothers and Sisters, and commendations to all his friends. To the Duke of Gloucester he said, He heard the Army intended to make him King, but that he told him he must not accept so long as his two Elder Brothers were living, commanded him to fear the Lord, and he would provide for him.  
Tuesday January the 30th. in the morning, the Bishop of London read Divine Service in his Majesty's presence, when the 27th. Chapter of St. Mathew's Gospel, the History of our Saviour's Crucifixion fell out to be the second Lesson. After Morning-prayer, the King received the Sacrament, and performed private Devotions in preparation to his Passion; which being ended, about Ten of the Clock this most Christian King was brought from St. James' to Whitehall by a Regiment of Foot, and a private Guard of Partisans, the Bishop on one hand of him, and Colonel Thomlinson (who had the charge of him) on the other, both bare headed. His Majesty walked very fast, and bade them go faster: thus saying, That he now went before them to strive for an Heavenly Crown with less solicitude, than he had often encouraged his Soldiers to fight for an Earthly Diadem. Being come into the Cabinet-Chamber in Whitehall, where he used to lodge, he there passed the time for near two hours in his Devotion, about Twelve he eat a bit of bread, and drank a glass of Claret; and towards One, Col. Hacker with other Officers and Soldiers brought him through the Banqueting-house, and through a Window of that upon a Scaffold which was hung with Black. Divers Companies of Foot, and Troops of Horse were placed on each side of the Street, which hindered the approach of the very numerous spectators; therefore the King directed his Speech chief to Col. Thomlinson, therein declaring his innocency, how that he began not the War with his two Houses of Parliament, calling God to witness that he never intended to encroach upon their privileges, but they began upon him; and that he believed that ill instruments betwixt him and them had been the cause of all the bloodshed. Then acknowledged God's Judgements to be just upon himself in suffering an unjust sentence to pass upon him, for that he had suffered an unjust sentence to be executed upon another (meaning upon the Earl of Strafford.) Then declared himself to be a good Christian, having forgiven all the World, and even those in particular, who ever they were, that had been the chief causers of his death; desiring God to forgive them, and that they might repent of that great sin; praying with St. Stephen, that this might not be laid to their charge; and wished they might take the right way for the peace of the Kingdom, which was, he said, by giving God his due in regulating rightly his Church according to the Scriptures. By giving the King his due, being directed by the Laws of the Land. By giving the people their due, in having Government under those Laws, by which their lives and goods might be most their own, and not be subject to an Arbitrary power; for the opposing of which, said he, it is, that I am brought to the Scaffold: for if said he, I would have given way to an Arbitrary power, or way to have all Laws changed according to the power of the Sword, I need not to have come here; and therefore I tell you (and pray God it be not laid to your charge) that I am the Martyr of the People. Then he declared he died a Christian according to the Profession of the Church of England, as he found it left him by his Father. After this he discoursed with the Bishop, to whom he gave his George to be sent to the Prince; then preparing himself for the Block, he said, I have a good cause, and a gracious God on my side, I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where is no disturbance, no disturbance in the world. Then having said a few words to himself, as he stood with hands and eyes lift up, he laid his neck upon the Block, and after a short pause, stretching forth his hands, the Vizarded Executioner at one blow severed his Royal Head from his Body. Whose blood was taken up by several persons for different ends, by some as Trophies of their Villainy, by others as relics of a Martyr. His Corpse embalmed and wrapped in Lead, was conveyed to Windsor by some of his Servants. And February the 9th. 1648. was there Interred in the Chappel-Royal, by the Duke of Richmond, Marquess of Hartford, Earls of Southampton and Lindsey, and the Bishop of London.  
A Prince he was very temperate, chaste, humble, affectionate to his People, eloquent, notwithstanding some small hesitation in his utterance; exceeding in fortitude and patience; most devout in, and constant to his Religion. His Issue were, first Charles-James, who died almost as soon as born; Charles the Second whom God preserve: James Duke of York, Henry Duke of Gloucester born July 8th. 1640, Mary born the 4th. of November 1631, Elizabeth born the 28 of December 1635, Anne born March the 7th. 1636, Katherine Henrietta Maria born June the 16th. 1644, In his troubles he composed an excellent Book entitled, Eikon Basilicon; he had begun the repairing of St. Paul's at London; he built that famous Ship called the Royal Sovereign, whose burden was 1636 Tuns, her length 127 foot, her breadth within the Planks 46 foot, her depth from the breadth 19 foot, carrying 100 piece of Ordinances wanting four; her Lantern so large that ten men might stand in it; her building cost Eighty thousand pounds.  
An. Dom. 1625, was a great Plague at London, whereof died within the Bills of Mortality 41313.  
A. D. 1632, and February the 11th. happened a great Fire on London-Bridg.  
1635, Thomas Parr died, being aged 152 years, and was buried in the Abby-Church at Westminster.  
The Names of the Regicides who sat when Judgement was for murdering the King, were Sergeant John Bradshaw Precedent of the Court, Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, Thomas Lord Grey of Groby, John Danvers, Hardress Waller, Thomas Maleverer, John Bourchier, William Counstable, Michael Livesey, Gregory Norton, Knights: John Lisle, William Say, William Hechingham, John Blakestone, Gilbert Millington, Cornelius Holland, John Carew, Miles Corbet, Francis Allen, Peregrin Pelham, Humphrey Edwards, Gregory Clement, Thomas Wogan, Thomas Scot, William Cawley, Anthony Stapely, Nicholas Love, Augustine Garland, John Dixwell, Simon maine, Daniel Blagrave, Esquires, Valentine Walton, Thomas Harrison, Edward Whaley, Thomas Pride, Isaac Ewer, Henry Marten, William Purefoy, John Berkstead, Edmund Ludlow, John Hutchinson, Robert Tichburn, Owen Roe, Robert Lilburn, Adrian Scrope, Richard Dean, John Okey, John Hewson, William Goffe., John Jones, John Moor, John Alured, Henry Smith, Edmund Harvey, John Venne, John Downes, Thomas Horton, Thomas Hammond, George Fleetwood, James Temple, Thomas Wait, Colonels: Isaac Pennington, and Thomas Andrews Aldermen of London: Vincent Potter, and Peter Temple: Officers belonging to the High Court of Injustice, were Dr. Dorislaus, Ask, William Steel (who excused himself by sickness) John Cook Solicitor, Dendy Mace-bearer, Broughton, and Phelps Clerks, Isaac King Crier, Woolfred, Pain, Radley, powel, Hull, Messengers and Doorkeepers, forty of these men of blood. The Warrant for the King's Execution was directed to Colonel Francis Hacker, Colonel Hunks, and Lieutenant Colonel Phayre, to see it done. But who can stretch forth his hand against the Lords Anointed and be guiltless? Sam. 26.9. My Son, saith the wise man, Fear thou the Lord and the King, and meddle not with them that are given to change, for their calamity shall rise suddenly.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of London in his Reign.  
In his first year 1625. 

Sir Allen Cotton was Mayor.  
Thomas Westraw, Ellis Crisp, died.  
Jo. Pool, and Christopher Cletherow, after Sheriffs.    
In his second year 1626. 

Sir Cuthbert Hacket was Mayor.  
Edward Bromfeild, Richard Fenn, Sheriffs.    
In his third Year 1627. 

Sir Hugh Hamersley was Mayor.  
Maurice Abbot, Henry Garraway, Sheriffs.    
In his fourth Year 1628. 

Sir Richard Dean was Mayor.  
Rowland Backhouse, William Acton Knight and Baronet, Sheriffs.    
In his fifth Year 1629. 

Sir James Cambell was Mayor.  
Humphrey Smith, Edmund Wright, Sheriffs.    
In his sixth Year 1630. 

Sir Robert Ducie, Barr. was Mayor.  
Arthur Abdy, Robert Cambell, Sheriffs.    
In his seventh Year 1631. 

Sir George Whitmore was Mayor.  
Samuel Cranmore, Henry Prat, Sheriffs.    
In his eighth Year 1632. 

Sir Nicholas Raynton was Mayor.  
Hugh Perry, Henry Andrews, Sheriffs.    
In his ninth Year 1633. 

Sir Ralph Freeman, and Sir Tho. Moulston, Mayor.  
Gilbert Harrison, Richard Gurney, Sheriffs.    
In his tenth Year 1634. 

Sir Robert Parkhurst was Mayor.  
John Heylord, John Cordell, Sheriffs.    
In his eleventh Year 1635. 

Sir Christopher Cletherow was Mayor.  
Thomas Soame, John Gayer, Sheriffs.    
In his twelfth Year 1636. 

Sir Edward Bromfeild was Mayor.  
William Abel. John Garret, Sheriffs.    
In his thirteenth Year 1637. 

Sir Richard Fenn was Mayor.  
Thomas Atkin, Edward Rudge. Sheriffs.    
In his fourteenth Year 1638. 

Sir Maurice Abot was Mayor.  
Isaac Pennington, John Wollaston, Sheriffs.    
In his fifteenth Year 1639. 

Sir Henry Garraway was Mayor.  
Thomas adam's, John Warner, Sheriffs.    
In his sixteenth Year 1640▪ 

Sir Edmund Wright was Mayor.  
John Towse, Abraham Reynardson, Sheriffs.    
In his seventeenth Year 1641. 

Sir Richard Gurney was Mayor.  
George Garret, George Clarke, Sheriffs.    
In his eighteenth Year 1642. 

Isaac Pennington was Mayor.  
John Langham, Thomas Andrews, Sheriffs.    
In his nineteenth Year 1643. 

Sir John Wollaston was Mayor.  
John Fowke, James Bunce, Sheriffs.    
In his twentieth Year 1644. 

Thamas Atkin was Mayor.  
William Gibbs, Richard Chambers, Sheriffs.    
In his one and twentieth Year 1645. 

Thomas adam's was Mayor.  
John Kendrick, Thomas Foot, Sheriffs.    
In his two and twentieth Year. 

Sir John Gayer was Mayor.  
Thomas Cullam, Simon edmond's, Sheriffs.    
In his three and twentieth Year 1647. 

Sir John Warner was Mayor.  
Samuel Avery, John Bide, Sheriffs.    
In his four and twentieth Year 1648. 

Sir Abraham Reynardson was Mayor.  
Thomas Vyner, Richard Brown, Sheriffs.    
Thomas Andrews Mayor, in room of Reynardson, sent to the Tower.    

CHARLES the Second.  

A. D. 1648  JAnuary the 30th, Charles the Second was then in Holland when his Father King Charles the First was murdered; and that tail of a Parliament sitting at Westminster were resolved instead of admitting him the lawful Heir unto the Government of England, to assume it unto themselves. To which end, they first set forth a Proclamation, That no person whatsoever should presume to proclaim or any way to promote Charles Stuart Son of Charles Stuart, late King of England, or any other person, to be King or chief Magistrate of these Kingdoms, but he that should attempt any such thing should be adjudged a Traitor. After this they voted the House of Lords to be useless and dangerous, and Kingly Government to be unnecessary and burdensome, and therefore they abolished both. Howbeit the Marquis of Ormond caused his Majesty to be publicly proclaimed King in Ireland, and the Scotch Parliament did the like in Scotland. But the Members at Westminster having a Victorious Army on their side, proceeded to establish their Projects, caused all public Writings to be issued out in the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England by Authority of Parliament; ordering a new great Seal to be made with the Cross and Harp on one side, and this Inscription, The great Seal of England; on the other side the picture of the House of Commons, with this Inscription, In the first year of freedom by God's blessing restored 1648. And afterward they appointed that all moneys to be coined, should be stamped with the Cross and Harp on one side, and the Cross on the other, with this Motto, The Commonwealth of England, God with us. And instead of the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance, they imposed an Engagement upon the people, To be true and faithful to the Commonwealth, as it was then established without King or House of Lords. A Council of State they constituted by the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England, consisting of forty persons, who were to have the executive part of the Government. Thus was England's ancient Government soon changed by about 50 persons who styled themselves a Parliament, and the Representative body of England. The maxim upon which they grounded these their alterations, and all other their illegal proceeds, was this, That all power and authority is originally in the people; and that they were the people's Representative. When this Junto had made such a module of Government, they erected another High Court of Injustice for the trial of Duke Hamilton, as Earl of Cambridge, of the Earls of Holland and Norwich, the Lord Capel, and Sir John Owen, all which were condemned to die for engaging in their Sovereign's cause; but the Earl of Norwich and Sir John Owen were reprieved, the other three were beheaded in the Palace-yard at Westminster, March the 9th The ever loyal Lord Capel in his speech on the Scaffold declared, that he died against the Justice of the known Laws of the Land, and for no other cause than his asserting the Fifth Commandment; prayed hearty for the King, for his restoration, long life and prosperity; shutting up his Speech with a profession of his cheerfulness in forgiving his Enemies. Other good Subjects they put to death in other places of the Nation, Lieutenant Colonel Morris, Mr. Beaumond a Minister, Major Monday and Cornet Blackburn. And many were the loyal persons that were now proscribed, and had their Estates confiscated, as the Marquis of Newcastle, Earl of Bristol, the Lords Cottington, Widdrington, Culpepper, Byron, Sir Edward Hid, Sir Philip Musgrave, Sir Marmaduke Langdale, Sir Richard Greenvill, with others. And all that had been in actual Arms for the King, or other service, were forced to compound for their Estates if they had any, to the great impoverishing of the Royal party.  
A. D. 1649, and April the 7th, The Members at Westminster, for the better supply of their Army, and taking away of freequarter, passed an Act for the levying of 90000 l. a Month upon England for six months. Then took into consideration the sale of Dean and Chapters Lands.  
May the 15th, divers Troops of the Army for mutinying were surprised by Fairfax at Burford, where some few of the Ringleaders were shot to death, and the rest disbanded. There were of that party a people called Levellers, who in those times of distraction would have all things in the Commonwealth ordered according to their wild humours; and yet all their cry was for the Liberties of freeborn English men.  
About this time Dr. Dorislaus, whom the disloyal Members had sent over as their Agent into Holland, was there slain by Colonel Whitford a Scotch man; and not long after one Ascham another of their Agents sent into Spain, was there slain by one Sparks.  
May the 30th, in the City of London, England was proclaimed a Free-State. And June the 13th the House ordered that no ceremony should be used to the King's Children, the Duke of Gloucester and Lady Elizabeth then in the Junto's custody.  
In Ireland the King's Lieutenant the Marquis of Ormond in order to promote the King's cause there, concluded a peace with the Irish, and June the 22d he besieged the City of Dublin; but August the 2d Colonel Michael Jones with his whole strength, being betwixt 8 and 9000, sallied out upon the besiegers who were 19000 Horse and Foot, and routed them totally, slew of them about 3000, took Prisoners 2517, took all the Marquess' train of Artillery and Ammunition, and a very rich booty in the Camp. August the 16th, Oliver Cromwell landed with his forces at Dublin, and after a short stay there, marched with great expedition against Tredagh, or Drogedah, where Sir Arthur Ashton was Governor; the defendants of that Town did bravely behave themselves, howbeit Oliver gained it by storm, giving strict order to his Soldiers, that they should afford quarter neither to Man, Woman, or Child, but should kill all. He vowed to one of his Commanders, That he would sacrifice their bodies to the souls of the English men they had formerly murdered. Next Oliver besieged Wexford, which through the treachery of one Strafford, was yielded: And shortly after this, many engarisoned places were reduced, by oliver's forces. The Plantation of Virginia, that had refused subjection to the new Republic of England, was forced to a conformity by Sir George Ayscoughs Fleet.  
October 23, Mr. John Lilbourn, the Leader of the Levelling party, one that had wit enough, but of a thwarting, turbulent spirit, was tried at Guildhall in London, for writing against the Members at Westminster and their Council of State; but he so well pleaded his case, and had so lucky a Jury, that he was quit in despite of his Judges.  
About this time Prince Rupert, the King's Admiral, was distressed and put to his shifts by the Junto's Fleet, losing most of his Ships, with his Brother Prince Maurice, who was then cast away.  
A. D. 1650. In the beginning of this year, the truly Loyal and Magnanimous Marquis of Momross was defeated in Scotland by Major General Straughorn; the Marquis himself by quitting his Horse, and shifting himself into an ordinary, Highlanders habit, made a shift to escape for the present; his standard was taken, in which was portrayed the Head of King Charles the first lying a bleeding, and severed from the body, with this Motto, Judge and revenge my cause, O Lord. The Marquis after some days wand'ring about in by-places, came to the Laird of aston's House, a person whom the Marquis had done several kindnesses for; but this false Scot, whether for fear or lucre, betrayed this distressed Peer into the hands of his Enemy David Lesley, who sent him to the City of Edenbrough, where the common Hangman met him at the Towns end, and first pulled off his Hat, than forced him into a Cart which had a high Chair placed in it, in which the Marquis was seated, that thereby he might be the more obnoxious to the scorns of the vulgar. But his noble soul was not at all dismayed, for God he said, did all the while most comfortably manifest his presence to him, and furnished him with courage to overlook the reproaches of men, and to behold him for whose cause he suffered.  
After the sentence of Parliament was passed for the bereaving him of his life, he expressed to them how much he was beholden to them for the honour they had conferred on him; For, said he, I account it greater honour to have my head stand on the Prison-gate for my loyalty to my King, than to have my Picture placed in his Bedchamber; and I wish I had flesh enough, not only to be set up in four Cities, but to have a piece of it sent to every City in Christendom, for a testimony of my loyalty to my King and Country.  
May the 31st, he was brought to the place of his Execution, where being mounted on a Scaffold, he told the people, That God doth sometimes suffer a just man to perish in his righteousness, and a wicked man to prosper in his wickedness; prayed God to forgive his enemies, for he did; declared that what he had done in that kingdom, was in obedience to the most just commands of his Sovereign. That he esteemed the late King lived a Saint, and died a Martyr, praying God he might so end as he had done. That he believed never people could be more happy, than they might in His present Majesty. Gave God thanks that he went to Heaven's Throne with joy, though death looked upon him in its most ugly shape. Then desired their charity and prayers, concluding thus: I leave my soul to God, my service to my Prince, my good will to my Friends, and my name and charity to you all. Then having prayed a while, he received from the Executioner a cord, whereat hung a Declaration of his fact, to hang about his neck, which accordingly he hung there, saying, that he thought himself not more honoured by the Garter, than by that Cord and Paper: adding, That if they had any more dishonour to put upon him, he was ready to accept it. And then with a cheerful countenance he submitted himself to the execution of the sentence, to be hanged on a Gallows Thirty foot high, for the space of three hours. Which being done, he was taken down, and had his head cut off, which was fixed on Edinburgh Talbooth; his quarters were sent to be set up in several places, and the rest of his mortal part buried under the Gallows.  
This may serve for a taste of the rebellious and diabolical spirit of that malicious Consistory. When this noble Lord first heard of the murder of King Charles the first, 'tis said, that with the ●oint of his Sword he wrote: 
Great, Good, and Just! could I but rate  
My griefs, and thy too rigid fate,  
I'd weep the world to such a strain,  
That it should deluge once again.  
But thy loud-tongued blood demands supplies  
More from Briareus hands, than Argus eyes,  
I'll therefore sing thy obsequies with Trumpet sounds,  
And write thy Epitaph with blood and wounds.   
Shortly after the death of this Peer an agreement was concluded betwixt the King and the Scots at Breda, from whence the King went to the Hague, and took Shipping for Scotland; and at the Spey in the North of that Country, he safely arrived; hereupon the Members at Westminster fearing lest the Scots should invade them, resolved to invade Scotland, and to make that the seat of War: in order to which, they sent for their Idol Cromwell out of Ireland, whom at his coming to London they made their Capt. General, for Thomas Lord Fairfax laid down his Commission, as not willing to engage against his Presbyterian Brethren the Scots.  
June the 28th, this new Capt. General Oliver, advanced with his Army towards Scotland. August the 10th, King Charles the first's Statue in the Royal Exchange, by order of the Westminster-Members, was defaced, (the Head being broken off) and this Inscription set over, Exit Tyrannus ultimus Anno libertatis Angliae restitute primo, Anno 1648, January the 30th. And about the same time were the King's Arms ordered to be erazed in all public places; and in lieu of them the States-Arms (being St. George's Cross and the Harp) were set up in Courts of Judicature.  
August the 22d. was Col. Eusebius Andrews Beheaded on Tower-hill for receiving a Commission from His Majesty. In Scotland the English Army under Oliver having made themselves masters of some Garrisons, on September the first marched to Dunbar, whither the Scotch Army followed them, and penned them up on a neck of Land not a mile and a half from Sea to Sea; great were the straits of the English Army at this time; many of the Soldiers being sick and disabled, and the whole Army shut up as it were in a pound; but these extremities instead of disheartening them, set the greater edge to their courages, and resolved they were on September the third 1650, either to force their way through their enemies, or nobly to die in the attempt: to which end a party was sent to gain Cooper's Peth-pass from the Scots; which being effected, the whole English Army charged, and after about an hours hot engagement the Scots Horse were routed, and thereupon the foot threw down their Arms, and made the best use they could of their Legs. In the Scots Army was this day near 16000 Foot, and 6000 Horse, whereof 4000 were slain, and near 10000 taken Prisoners. The English Army were not above 7500 Foot and 3500 Horse, besides disabled men. There was taken from the Scots in this fight 27 field Pieces, 10000 Arms, many Prisoners of note, and near 200 Horse and Foot-Colours, which were afterwards hung up as Trophies in Westminster-hall.  
September the 8th. the virtuous Princess Elizabeth died in her Confinement at Carisbrook Castle in the Isle of Wight. And in August following, the Prince of Orange died at the Hague in Holland; and sometime after this, the mock-Parliament to free England of the Royal blood, sent the Duke of Gloucester to Heidleburgh, ordering him an allowance of 1500 l. per Annum.  
October the 8th. some Cavaliers took Arms in Norfolk, for which about twenty of them were Executed.  
December the 24th the strong Castle of Edenbrough was yielded into the English hands, though not without suspicion of some treachery.  
January the first, to begin the New-year, the Scots Crowned His Majesty at Scoon in Scotland, after he had conceded to some Kirk-conditions. A little before this time there were three different parties in Scotland: David Lesley and his Army were for King and Kirk, the Marquis of Montross and his Followers were for the King without the Kirk: and Colonel Kerre and Straughan were for the Kirk without the King. Col. Kerries party was routed and himself taken Prisoner by Col. Lambert; and Straughan and Swinton deserted the Kirk, complying with the English, for which the Kirk Excommunicated them.  
March the 4th. Sir Henry Hid was Beheaded before the Royal Exchange, because being the King's Leaguer at Constantinople, he had opposed Bendish who was sent thither by the States of England.  
A. D. 1651, and March the 29th. was Captain Brown Bushel, an expert Seaman, Beheaded under the Scaffold on Tower-hill, for taking part with his Sovereign.  
In Ireland the Deputy thereof, Ireton, was very successful against the Marquis of Ormond, the Lord Inchequin, Marquis Clancard, Earl of Castlehaven, and other the King's friends, taking many Garrisons from them; the like did Oliver in Scotland from the King's friends there.  
Howbeit His Majesty hoping that now at length England might be favourable to his just Cause, he advances into England by the way of Carlisle with about 16000 men, bending his course by a swift march for the West of England; though it was hoped by his friends he would have directed his course for London. But August the 23, the King with his Army entered the City of Worcester, and Cromwell with all hast marched after him, by the way joining with Fleetwood, Desbrough, the Lord Grey of Groby, Lambert, Harrison, and the Militia-forces of several Counties; so that his Army when he was come to Worcester, could not amount to fewer than 80000 men. In Lancashire the Earl of Derby had raised for the King near 1500 Horse and Foot, against whom Colonel Lilbourn marched, and routed them, taking many persons of quality; the Earl of Derby himself with much ado escaped to the King at Worcester, where on that twice fatal, but once Lucky day, September the 3d, his Majesty being surrounded by his Enemies, resolved to sally upon them with his whole force; which accordingly he did, and at the first made the disloyal party retire somewhat disorderly the King himself performing the part of a Valiant Soldier at the head of his Horse. But at length his Army being overpowered by the numerous fresh supplies of his enemies, His Majesty's side was put to the worst, his Horse flying amain towards the North, and his Foot into Worcester, whither they were followed at the heels by their Victors, who entered the City with them, which they plundered, killing and taking most of the Scots Prisoners; those Horse that fled were pursued, and great part of them taken, and the poor straggling Scots were either made Prisoners, or killed by the Country People. The number of the King's party slain, were judged to be about 3000, and of Prisoners taken in the whole near 10000; amongst whom were Duke Hamilton, the Earls of Shrewsbury, Derby, Cleveland, Lauderdaile, Rotho, Carnwath, and Kelly, the Lord Synclare, Sir John Packington, Sir Charles Cunningham, Sir Ralph Clare, Major General Piscotty, Major General Mountgomery, Colonel Graves, Mr. Fanshaw the King's Secretary, the Adjutant General. Marshal General, General of the Ordnance, together with five Colonels of Horse, 13 of Foot, 17 Lieutenant Colonels, 19 Majors, 109 Captains; there was also taken 158 Colours, the King's standard, Coach and Horses, Coller of SS, and Star-Cloak, with other things of great value; His Majesty through the good providence of God escaped the hands of his enemies, wand'ring about England in disguise for six weeks; at length being transported from a Creek near Shoram in Sussex to Freccam near Haure de Grace in France, although his foes made the strictest search for him possible, withal menacing those that should conceal him, and promising high rewards to those that should discover him.  
A little before this fight at Worcester, divers persons, many of them Presbyterian Ministers, were seized on for holding correspondence with Charles Stuart, (none might, as they loved their lives and estates, call him King) and on August the 22, were two of them, namely Mr. Christopher Love Minister, and Mr. Gibbons, beheaded on Tower-hill.  
The common Prisoners, Scots and English, taken at Worcester, were sent up to London; and that they might no further trouble the States of England, they were transported into Foreign Plantations.  
October the 15th, the Earl of Derby was beheaded, and Sir Timothy Fetherstonhaugh died the same death also, for the same crime, viz. for honouring the King. In short time after the fight of Worcester, the Mock-Parliament had the welcome news of reducing the Isle of Man, the Barbadoss, the Isle of Jersey, and Cornet Castle in Guernsey; but a little to allay their transport, they had the unwelcome news of the death of their Admiral Popham, and Ireton their Deputy of Ireland; this last died of the plague under the Walls of Limirick, but was buried in great State in Westminster-Abby.  
All was now in a calm at home, and Scotland and Ireland both almost subjected to the English States; they therefore in this leisure-time judge it seasonable to vindicate themselves on the United Netherlands, for the affronts done to their Ambassadors Oliver St. John, and Walter Strickland, in Holland, and their encroaching on the English merchants trade, and slighting the English States, who proffered strict amity and alliance.  
Hereupon they prohibited the importing any Foreign Comoditieses except upon English bottoms, or such as were of the Country whence the goods came, beginning withal to stand high upon the claim of deuce, and reparations for the prejudice done the English in their Trading; and when no satisfaction would be given, but the Dutch grew rather more Lordly, calling into question the English Sovereignty in the narrow Seas, and refusing to give the English the honour of the FLAG, the States of England resolved to beat them into better manners. And in the Year of our Lord, 1652, on May the 19th, was the first Sea-fight between the States of England and the Netherlands, the fight continued about four hours, till the night parted them; without much cause of boasting on either part; that which was, the English had a right to. But shortly after this, Admiral Blake took twelve Dutch men of War.  
August the 16th, Sir George Ayscough with a squadron of seven Ships, charged through and through the Dutch Fleet, consisting of sixty men of War, in which Encounter Captain Pack was slain.  
September the fifth, as the French Fleet (who took part with the Dutch) were going to the relief of Dunkirk, most of them were taken by General Blake; and about the conclusion of the same month, the Dutch were banged to purpose by Blake, at a place called the Kentish-Knock, and were pursued by the English into their very Harbour. But in the beginning of Winter, Blake was worsted by the Dutch in the Downs, losing the Garland, Bonadventure, and two Merchantmen. Upon the 18, 19, and 20th. days of February, the two Fleets fought again, when the Dutch were forced to fly, the English taking fifty-two of their Merchantmen they had in Convoy, and nine men of War.  
A. D. 1653, and April the 20th, Oliver Cromwell took upon him to put a period to the fitting of those long winded-Members at Westminster, objecting to them when he came to displace them, That they delayed, if not utterly neglected the redressing of public Grievances; that they designed their own interest, and perpetuating themselves; therefore they were to sit there no longer. Instead of these Members turned out of doors, Oliver and his Officers constituted a Council of State to rule the Commonwealth, though they resolved to rule the Council of State.  
June the 2d the English and Dutch Fleets engaged again in Fight, when at the very first shot made by the Dutch, General Richard Dean was slain. June the 3d the Fleets joined again, and the dispute was very hot and bloody, till at length the Dutch tacked about, and made haste to their own Coasts. Of the Dutch were taken Prisoners six Captains, 1350 others, Eleven men of War were taken, and two Hoys, six of their best Ships were sunk, and two blown up. Of the English were slain besides Admiral Dean, one Captain, and a hundred and twenty others, but not one Ship lost or disabled.  
Cromwell this while, with some of the leading Officers of the Army, had made choice of certain persons, not above 150 for the three Nations, who were to have the Legislative power, and to be styled a Parliament. These Parliament-Gentlemen and Soldiers of the new-fashioned Election, met July the 4th. at Westminster, where they chose Mr. Rouse for their Speaker; but not agreeing amongst themselves (for about sixty of them contested hard for the taking away of Tithes from the Ministers as Antichristian) they fairly re-delivered their power into Oliver's hands, December the twelfth, after they had Enacted a Law, That Justices of the Peace and not Ministers should join persons together in sacred Wedlock.  
But while this cunning thing called a Parliament, was doing little, or little to the purpose, the active Dutch were again put forth to Sea with about 120 Men of War, and before the Texel were Encountered by the English, July 29th, the Fight was vigorously maintained on both parts, till the Dutch Admiral Van Trump, fight in the midst of the English Fleet, was with a Musket-shot shot into the left-Pap, and slain outright, whereby the rest of their Fleet was so discouraged, that they made to the Texel as speedily as they could. The Dutch in this Fight lost 30 Men of War, and about 1200 of their Men were taken. The English had slain on their part, Graves, Owen, Chapman, Newman, Taylor, Crisp, Cox and Peacock, Captains, and 400 common Seamen. The Ship named the Oak was fired, and two or three disabled. For this eminent piece of service, the little Parliament ordered that Chains of Gold should be presented to the Admiral's Blake, and Col. George Monk, Vice-Admiral Pen, and Rear-Admiral Lawson; and that other Chains likewise should be presented to divers Flag-Captains, and Medals of Silver to the Officers of the Fleet.  
But to return to Oliver, who after his patched Junto had dissolved themselves, called a Council of Officers, with some others of his Creatures, to consult about the settlement of a Government, and these at length, after great pretences of seeking God's mind herein, concluded to have a single person again to be the head of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging. And was accordingly installed with much formality and ceremony, in the Chancery-Court at Westminster, before the Judges, the Lord Mayor and aldermans of London, with the chief Officers of the Army, on December the 16th. Immediately after which, all public Writings changed their stile from that of the Keepers of the Liberties of England, to that of Oliver Lord Protector of England, etc. And the City of London to manifest their good liking of this Government and Governor (at least to make show of it) invited the Protector to a magnificent Feast at Grocers-Hall on Febr. 8. and Oliver to gratify them for this favour, Knighted Thomas Viner then Lord Mayor.  
Aspiring Cromwell having thus obtained the Supreme Authority, in short time yielded to a peace with the Dutch, who had been brought exceeding low with the War with England.  
A. D. 1654. and in the Month of May, upon an accusation of a Plot to destroy the Protector, seize the Tower, raise an Army, and bring in the King, there were divers Royalists apprehended and committed to prison, three of whom were condemned by an High Court of Injustice, and two of them Executed, namely Col. John Gerrard who was Beheaded on Tower-hill, and Mr. Vowel who was hanged at Charing-cross; on the same day with Col. Gerrard was Beheaded Don Pantaleon Sa, Brother to the Portugal Ambassador, for a Riot made in the New Exchange; but death was so terrible to this person, that his heart was nigh quite dead within him before his neck came to the Block.  
September the third, a pretended Parliament met at Westminster, where after they had heard their Master Oliver's Speech, and chose William Lenthall for their Speaker, they debated, Whether the Legislative power should be in a single person and a Parliament, or in a Parliament only. The Protector's faction were for the former; those called the Commonwealth-party, that were for a Democratical Government, were for the latter; one declaring, That as God had made him an Instrument in cutting down Tyranny in one person, so now he would not endure to see the Nations Liberties shackled by another, whose right to the Government could be measured out no other way than by the length of his Sword. But when these things were reported to the Usurper Oliver, he hasted from Whitehall to Westminster, and there declares to his Parliament, that he would have them to take notice of this, That the same Government made him a Protector, as made them a Parliament: That as they were entrusted with some things, so was he with others: That there were certain Fundamentals which could not be altered: as, That the Government should be in a single person and Parliament: That Parliament's should not be perpetual: That in Religious matters there should be liberty of Conscience, etc. And then he enjoined them to sign this Recognition of the Government, viz. I do hereby promise and engage to be true and faithful to the Lord Protector and Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and shall not (according to the tenor of the Indenture, whereby I am returned to serve in Parliament) propose or give my consent to alter the Government as 'tis settled in one person and a Parliament. The subscription to this was refused by several Members; the rest who subscribed it were permitted to sit till January the 24th, 1654., at which time Oliver dissolved them, because they delayed to settle him in the Government.  
December the 19th. Pen and Venables with a Fleet of thirty Ships, wherein were three thousand forces, put to Sea, and in April following arrived at Hispaniola, and came within sight of that Golden Town Sancta Domingo, upon which their first and chief enterprise was designed; but through the excessive heat of the Clime, want of freshwater, and some other discouragements, great numbers of the Soldiers perished, and that design was fruitless; therefore they set sail for the Island Jamaica; where being arrived, they were there so successful, as in short time to possess themselves of the chief Town called Ottranto, bringing the whole Island into subjection.  
In England the Royal party were busy to take down the Protector's Greatness; but the Plot was discovered before it was ripe for execution, and many of the Conspirators in several places seized on by the Olivarians. At Salisbury, March the 11th. a party of about 200 Cavaliers were in Arms, but were dispersed, and some of their chief Leaders taken, as Mr. Grove, Lieutenant Colonel Penruddock, Major Dean, Jones, etc. Others there were in Arms about Shrewsbury, Sherwood-Forest in Northumberland, and another party in Yorkshire, where Sir Henry Slingsby was taken: Lieutenant Colonel Penruddock, and Mr. Grove, were beheaded at Salisbury, and some others of them were hanged.  
A. D. 1655. about the beginning of this year Admiral Blake with his Fleet performed a daring piece of service at Tunis, where demanding from the die or Governor of Tunis reparation for the losses the English sustained from Turkish Pirates, and having a scornful answer returned, he boldly pressed upon their Ships lying under the Castle of Goletta, and there burned nine Ships with but the loss of 25 men; in the mean time plying continued Broadsides upon the Castle within Musket-shot of it.  
In England the Protector constituted a new kind of Officers called Major-Generals, who were each of them (being eleven in number) in their several limits assigned them to supervise the actions of the poor Royalists, and to decimate their Estates, and indeed to do what they listed; but these after they had tyranized a while, were laid aside.  
February the 16th. did the Spaniard at Dunkirk declare open War against England, and immediately thereupon was a Peace concluded betwixt France and England, one of the Articles of which was. That the King of France should exclude Charles Stuart (King of England) and all his Relations and Adherents out of his Dominions, and accordingly the Duke of York was Complemented to departed France by such a time; nor was his Retinue to stay after him; had his Majesty himself been there, he must have expected the same dealing.  
February the 21. died that Learned Prelate Dr. Usher A. B. of Armagh, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.  
A. D. 1656, To begin this year well for fortunate Oliver, some of his Fleet under the Admiral's Blake and Montague, not far from Cades or Cales, set upon a Fleet of eight Spaniards, one of which they sunk, two , one run ashore, and two the English took, one whereof had a great quantity of Plate and Cochenel in her, the other laden chief with Hides.  
September the 17th. another of Oliver's Parliaments assembled at Westminster, where before they were admitted to enter the House, they must severally engage not to act any thing prejudicial to the present Government; whereupon some of them returned home, the rest entering the House, chose Sir Thomas Widdrington their Speaker, and set themselves to act suitably to Oliver's wishes, passing an Act for renouncing and disannulling the title of Charles Stuart unto the Government of the Nations of England, Scotland and Ireland, etc. and making it to be treason against the Protector, as it formerly had been against the King's person; then ordained moneys to be raised in the three Nations for paying the Armies. And ordered a years rend to be paid the Protector for every House built upon a new foundation within ten miles of the City of London.  
Yet notwithstanding the provision made to secure the Protector's person, there were divers attempts made to kill him, and a printed paper was published, entitled, Killing no Murder. One Miles Sindercomb formerly a Soldier in the Army, had determined to shoot, or by one means or other to rid the world of him; but his design being betrayed, he was condemned to be hanged and quartered; to prevent which he procured his own death, 'tis said, by snuffing up a poisonous powder into his head; wherefore as a self-murderer he was dragged at a Horses-tail from the Tower to Tower-hill, where being turned naked into a hole, a stake spiked with iron was driven through him.  
A. D. 1657. This year commenced with a Conspiracy of Fifth-Monarchists to have pulled down Oliver; but the Plot was discovered, and the Projectors apprehended; the chief of whom was Major General Harrison, Vice-Admiral Lawson, Col. Rich, Major Danvers, and Captain Venner; their Standard which they had in readiness, had portrayed in it a Lion couchant Gules in a field Argent, with this Motto, Who shall rouse him?  
April the 20th, Admiral Blake performed another notable exploit, for at Sancta Cruz in Teneriffa, the chief Island of the Canaries, and belonging to the Spaniards, he fired and sunk 16 great Ships, among which was the Admiral, Vice-Admiral, and Rear-Admiral, and two or three Galleons; the Spaniards besides the loss of their whole Fleet, had many hundreds of men slain on the shore; yet in this notable Action, the English had but 48 men slain, and 120 wounded; the Protector to gratify the Admiral for this his brave service, sent him a Diamond Ring worth 500 l, and Captain Richard Strainer who led the first squadron, was at his coming into England for this and his other good service at Cadiz, honoured with Knighthood.  
And now the Parliament, who had been long debating concerning the settling of his Highness, at last present him with a certain thing called, The humble Petition and Advice, desiring him to take the government of the three Nations upon him, with the stile of King; which stile he refused, as foreseeing this would disgust the Sectarists generally; therefore contented himself with the Power Royal, and his old stile of Lord Protector, which the Parliament confirmed. And June the 26th, his Highness was with great State and Magnificence installed in his Office of Protector in Westminster-hall; where the Speaker in the name of the Parliament, presented him with a Robe of Purple-Velvet, lined with Ermine, a Sword, a large Bible richly gilded and bossed, and a Sceptre of Gold. And when the Speaker, Earl of Warwick, and Sir Bulstrode Whitlock had vested Oliver, than the Speaker administered the Oath to him in these following words: I do in the presence and by the name of Almighty God, promise and swear that to the utmost of my power, I will uphold and maintain the true reformed Protestant Religion, in the purity thereof, as it is contained in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, and encourage the profession and professors thereof, and that to the utmost of my power, I will endeavour as chief Magistrate of these three Nations, the maintenance and preservation of the peace and safety, and just Rights and Privileges of the People thereof, and shall in all things according to my best knowledge and power, govern the People according to Law. This Oath being taken by him, he was immediately proclaimed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, etc. And that done, some Soldiers and others cried, God save the Lord Protector. Oliver thus established in his mightiness by Parliament, he falls to fashion his family after the manner of a King's Court, hath his Yeomen of the Guard in their livery of grey Cloth, welted with black Velvet; over whom commanded Walter Strickland; His Lord Keeper was Nathaniel Fines; and Lord Chamberlain, Sir Gilbert Pickering, etc. And the better to strengthen himself at home, and to raise his Family into esteem, he gave his eldest Son a Command in the Army, his younger Son he made Lord Deputy of Ireland; his two younger Daughters that were not yet disposed of in marriage, he matched the elder of them with Mr. Robert Rich the Earl of Warwick's Grandson, and the youngest with a person of great Honour. And that he might be as Kinglike as possible, and withal check the Commons in Parliament, he constituted an Upper House of Parliament instead of the House of Lords, 62 in number. most of them his own creatures; amongst whom were Colonel Hewson, one by trade next kin to a Cobbler; and Colonel Pride, formerly a Brewer's servant; who before this had been made two of his knights errants. And to honour his Mushrooms, he elected to set in his Upper House some few Noble men, as the Earl of Warwick, etc.  
February the 20th, the Parliament that had been adjourned, now reassembled; but because they admitted those Members to sit with them, who at first refused to subscribe to oliver's Instruments; and because they questioned the Protectors power in erecting his Upper House, (which in contempt they called the other House) Oliver hereupon sent for them to his Upper House Bar, where he made a large speech to them, and in conclusion told them, That it did concern as well the peace and tranquillity of the Nation, as his own interest, to terminate that Parliament, and therefore he did at this time put an end to their sitting, February the fourth.  
A. D. 1658. This Year began with a discovery of a most horrible Plot, as Oliver called it, and indeed he had an excellent Art for the discovery of Plots, having his mercenary trepans and instruments of falsehood, who counterfeiting themselves forward Royalists, thereby insinuated themselves into the Counsel of the King's friends, and then betrayed them. And the King himself was troubled with one of these false Creatures about his own person; for Captain Manning, one of his Secretary's Clerks, was taken in the very act of receiving Letters from Thurloe oliver's Secretary, for the which he was instantly Shot to death. But the Loyal Confederates in the late discovered Plot, were divers of them apprehended, as Dr. Hewit, Colonel Edward Ashton, Mr. Mordant, the Earl of Peterboroughs Brother, and others, who were indicted of High Treason for endeavouring to levy War against his Highness and the Government, and to promote Charles Stuart to the Government of these Nations, and for holding correspondency with the said Charles Stuart. Mr. Mordant was acquitted; but Dr. Hewit, and Sir Henry Slingsby were beheaded on Tower-hill June the eighth, though many endeavours were used by divers persons of quality, and Ministers, for the saving of their lives, especially the Doctors; Colonel Ashton and others were hanged and quartered in London.  
Near about this time there came up the Thames, as far as Greenwich, a Whale of a very great length and bigness.  
June the 25th, the Town of Dunkirk was surrendered by the Spaniards to the French, who immediately resigned it to the English forces, which had been the main instrument in gaining it; this resignation was made according to former Articles agreed upon between the King of France and Lord Protector of England.  
But whilst the English were rejoicing abroad, Oliver had occasion of sorrow at home; for his most dearly beloved Daughter Mrs. Elizabeth Claypole, on August the eighth departed this Life, whose body was interred in the Royal Chapel at Westminster. 'tis said of this Gentlewoman, that she was much troubled at the harsh usage of the Royal party, and that upon her knees she begged of her Father to save Dr. Hewits' life; but his hard heart would not yield thereto, though he loved this Daughter so passionately, that he never enjoyed himself after her death; but growing pensive and melancholy, in short time was seized with a Tertian ague, which ended his life at , on September the third. He was born in the Town of Huntingdon, and descended from a worshipful family of the Cromwel's, alias William's; his Mother was the Daughter of Sir Richard Steward, and his wife Elizabeth the Daughter of Sir James Bourchier; He was of a very martial Spirit, and of excellent conduct, and attended with very good success in his attempts. Nor was he a Soldier only, but also a very good Orator and deep Politician; and so great a Dissembler, that he could shed Crocodillian tears at pleasure, when those would at any time advantage him among the Religious; an high pretender he was to Religion, though, as his actions manifested, it was only thereby to obtain his ambitious ends; so impiously resolute for the effecting his designments, that he valued not the violation of the most solemn promises, or sacred Oaths; nor the shedding of any, though the blood of the Lords anointed. Yet was this Man courted or feared by most of the Princes in Europe; and the Kings of France and Sweden were entered into so strict a League with him, as had he lived, might have troubled good part of the world.  
In oliver's stead, Richard Cromwell his eldest Son, whom he had appointed his Successor, was proclaimed Protector. Shortly after which, several Addresses, protesting both love and obedience to Richard's Highness, were presented from the Armies of the three Nations, from the London-Ministers, from divers Counties, Cities, and chief Towns of England. And the Foreign Ambassadors then in England pretended to lament with Mr. Richard for the death of his Father; desired the continuance of that League and Amity, which was granted, and maintained by his late Highness Oliver Lord Protector.  
November the 23, were the Funerals of Oliver Solemnised (after his Hearse had lain in the greatest State some weeks in ) at a vast charge, and in greater Pomp than had formerly been used for the greatest English Kings; his Corpse had been privately interred many days before in the Chappel-Royal of Henry the Seventh, at Westminster. But the vast expenses of those Funerals were never discharged; but those Tradesmen who had hopes of gaining the most by it, sat down the greatest losers at last. As soon at the Funeral-rites of this old Fox Oliver were accomplished, his Son Richard proceeded to the carrying on of matters of public concernment.  
The first of which was the sending a Naval-supply to the King of Sweden, for the aiding him against the King of Denmark. The next of any moment was the calling of a Parliament to convene January the 27th, at Westminster; where when they were met, they chose for their Speaker, Mr chaloner Chute; and the Members severally took the Oath, not to alter the form of Government. Which done, they went to purge out those Members who had born Arms for the King; then after many debates it was at length resolved, that the House of Commons would transact with the persons of the other House, as a House of Parliament, during the present Parliament: but with this proviso, That it was not intended thereby to exclude such Peers as have been faithful to the Parliament, from their privilege of being duly summoned to be Members of that House.  
Then they took into their consideration, the Cases of divers persons who had been imprisoned in the time of Oliver; Major General Overton, and others of the Commonwealth party they released. The Duke of Buckingham was also freed out of Windsor-Castle, upon his Father-in-Law the Lord Fairfax's giving 20000 l. security, that he should not seek by any means to promote the interest of Charles Stuart. Next, after long and tedious debates, they yielded that the Members, who had been returned to serve for Scotland and Ireland, should continue to set amongst them as Members for that present Parliament. They likewise proceeded to draw up a bill, which should be entitled, An Act of Recognition of his Highness his right and title to be Protector, and chief Magistrate of the Commonwealth of England, etc. But this was never perfected.  
A. D. 1659., The Army now grew jealous of his Highness, complaining of his company that he kept; how that divers of them were no better than Cavaliers; censuring his Religion also; giving out, that Godliness was discouraged by him; that he rather favoured those of lose principles, than the zealous professors of the Gospel.  
April the 6th, General Charles Fleetwood presented the Protector a Representation from the Officers of the Army, wherein they complained, That they who had born the brunt of the War, were now despised, and like to be laid aside; That the Cavaliers held dangerous meetings in and about London, That lists of the names of such who were the Tryers of the old King, were Printed in red Letters, and scattered about, as if they were men appointed for destruction: That the famous actions of the long Parliament, and his late Highness, in and since 1648, were traduced and vilified. Therefore they desired that his Highness would be pleased to represent these things to the Parliament, and procure their remedies. The Army also began to grow jealous also of the Parliament, as if they were too favourable to the Royal party, and joined with the Protector to bring the Officers of the Army into subjection. Thereupon the General-Council of Officers, held many meetings and consultations, which the Parliament hearing of, voted that there should be no meeting nor General Council of Officers, without consent and by order of his Highness the Lord Protector: And that no person should have any command in the Army, who should refuse to subscribe that he will not disturb the free meetings in Parliament, or their freedom in their debates and counsels. These votes the Protector sent to the Officers of the Army, which they valued not at all, but on the contrary resolved, that the Parliament should be dissolved. And in order thereunto Desbrough with other chief Officers, went to the Protector and forced him to sign a Commission for the Parliaments dissolution; and accordingly the Parliament was dissolved. Which being effected, their next work was to put a period to the Protectors power, by restoring that remnant of the Long Parliament, which his Father had turned out; to which end the Officers of the Army invited those Members of Parliament, who continued sitting till April the 20th, 1653. and promised them that they would be ready in their places to yield them their utmost assistance, that they might set and act in safety. These Members accepted their invitation, and accordingly took their places in Parliament, May the seventh; and upon notice that these were again housed, divers of those that were secluded in 1648, attempted to have taken their places, but were repulsed.  
Then these Members caused the Protectors Great Seal to be broken, and voted their own old Seal up again. Then sent to the Protector for an acknowledgement from him of his submission to their government; and accordingly on May the twenty-fifth he made his resignation and submission; declaring in writing, That though in respect to the particular engagements that lay upon him, he could not be active in making a change in the Government of these Nations; yet through the goodness of God, he would freely acquiesce in its being made; and that he held himself engaged, as (with other men) he expected Protection from the present Government; so to demean himself with all peaceableness under it, and to procure to the utmost of his power, that all in whom he had interest should do the same. In short time after this, Henry Cromwell came over, and yielded up the Lieutenancy of Ireland unto the Members sitting at Westminster; who appointed five Commissioners for the Government of that Kingdom. General Monck in Scotland conformed himself to their directions; and Colonel Lockhart, Governor of Dunkirk, likewise submitted to their Authority.  
Then this Junto commanded all such as had been in Arms for the King, to departed twenty Miles from London; passed an Act for settling of the Militia in the respective Counties of England and Wales. Ordered a whole years' Assessment at 35000 l. a month on England, 6000 l. the month on Scotland, and 9000 l. on Ireland, to be paid into the Treasury before the eleventh of August next following. Ordered the immediate sale of White-Hall, Hampton-Court, and Sommerset-House, towards payment of the Armies Arrears. To their quondam Protector they were so friendly, as to protect him from all arrests; and withal to promise the payment of all his debts (for his Father's Funeral and other occasions), which amounted to 29640 l. but this they never performed.  
The while these things were in agitation, the King's friends were very busy in promoting his interest, by engaging as many as they could for his service in all places of England; and so successful was the King's Commissioners, that great part of the Nobility and Gentry of England and Wales, were interested by them in the King's quarrel; and a day was fixed in July for their appearing in Arms; the first rising was to be chief of such as had never engaged on the King's side in the late Wars, thereby to draw the Army unto a more faint opposition. Sir George Booth, Sir Thomas Middleton, and some other of the old Parliamentarians, raised a party in Cheshire, Flintshire, and Lancashire, to the number of about three or four thousand men; who declared for a Free Parliament, and the due rights and privileges of the Nation, against that Fanatic and unlawful power which now usurped dominion over them. But Major General Lambert marching speedily against them, and encountering them, his old Soldiers without much bloodshed totally routed them near unto Nantwich; August the 17th. Colonel Charles White raised a small party in Nottingham and Derby-Shires: other inconsiderable parties were raised in other parts, but dispersed themselves again; for the Rulers at Westminster, having met with some hint of this designed rising, had so ordered their standing-Army and Militia-forces in most places of the Land, that no considerable parties of the King's friends, could have opportunity to get into a Body.  
After the defeat of Sir George Booth's Forces, the Members at Westminster prepared an Act for sequestering of the Estates of such persons as were engaged in this rising; and in token of their favour and gratitude, they ordered Lambert a thousand pound for his good service, which he presently distributed amongst his Soldiers, thereby to engage them the more firmly to his designs: for though himself and other Grandees of the Army carried fair with the Junto, yet were they not well pleased with them, because since their last sitting they had somewhat lessened the Army's power, in giving order to their Speaker William Lenthall to issue out Commissions for Commanders, which had been done afore by the General; and had withal reserved the chief command of the Army to themselves, without any Captain General. Therefore now whilst they were flustred with their late Victory, they drew up their Propositions to be presented to the Parliament, which they entitled, The humble Petition and Proposal of the Army under the Right Honourable the Lord Lambert, in the late Northern expedition; therein desiring that the Army might be commanded by Fleetwood as chief General, by Lambert as the next superior General, etc. This was sent up to London from Lambert's Army, to be presented to the Parliament. But Sir Arthur Haslerig being made acquainted with it before it was delivered, immediately informed his fellow-Members thereof, alleging that it was a matter of most dangerous consequence. The Junto hereupon passed a Vote, That the having of more general Officers, was a thing needless, chargeable and dangerous. But the Army-Officers of Lambert's party still-prosecuting their intentions of gaining the whole ordering of the Army into their own hands, the Junto thereupon passed this Act, That it should be Treason in all persons whatsoever, to raise, levy, or collect moneys without consent of Parliament; designing hereby to bring the Army into subjection, because otherwise they could have no maintenance; they likewise ordered that Lambert, Desbrough, Kelsey, Berry, Ashfield, Cobbet, Packer, Barrow and Creed, should be discommissionated, and that others should enjoy their commands. They also ordered the Government of the Army to be in Seven Commissioners in whom the power should jointly reside; these were Fleetwood, Monk, Ludlow, Walton, Morley, Overton, and Haslerig. But Lambert and his Complices were resolved to try a tug with the Junto who should be Masters; and to that end they engaged divers Companies and Regiments about London to side with them; and the Junto drew two Regiments to Westminster to take part with them; but when these two parties had stood at Westminster in a hostile sort, almost a whole day, facing each other, and sometimes ready to fall to it in good earnest; towards the evening the two parties fairly agreed to draw off to their respective quarters. And the next day, and forward, Lambert took care to guard the Parliament-doors that none of the Members might enter into the House. And now the Junto being once more laid aside, Lambert's party made choice of Lieutenant General Fleetwood to be Captain General of the Army; Lambert (who 'tis thought aspired to Sovereignty) to be Major General, and Desbrough to be Commissary General. They framed likewise a new Government, on October the 26th. nominating Twenty-three persons to have the management of public affairs, whom they would have to be called a Committee of Safety. Their names were, Bulstrode Whitlock, Edmund Ludlow, Sir Henry Vane, Sir James Harrington, Sir Archibald Johnson, General Fleetwood, General John Lambert, Colonel Desbrough, Colonel Sydanham, Major Saloway, Colonel Berry, Mr. Laurence, Colonel Thompson, Colonel Hewson, Colonel Lilburn, John Ireton Lord Mayor, Alderman Robert Tichburn, Walter Strickland, Cornelius Holland, William Steel, Clerk, Bennet, Brandrith. Thus was miserable England subjected to the Arbitrary power of an Army, to have what Lords and Laws they pleased. But the time of its liberty approached, the principal instrument whereof was General George Monk, who pretending to a re-settlement of the Junto, and not to be able to see the Nation so enslaved by Lambert and his factious party, drew his Army out of Scotland, having first changed some of his Officers. The Committee of Safety exceedingly courted this General to comply with them, and when that would not do, Lambert drew his Army into the North, with design to impede General Monk's march to London, but all their projects availed nothing with the General. And to help forward his Majesty's interest, and the Nations deliverance, the City of London grew very discontented and surly against the Army; the Fleet, that declared for the Junto; likewise many of Lambert's party withdrew themselves from him, and the Country in general was full of discontents and murmur; insomuch that the Committee of Safety perceived themselves to be in a very unsafe and kind of desolate condition; and therefore with great submission they sent for the Speaker, desiring him with the rest of his follow-Members to return to the exercise of their trust; which accordingly they did on December the twenty-sixth, and Colonel Lambert finding that all now went bad on his side, privately slipped away from his Soldiers (then about Newcastle upon Tine) and they returned to their obedience to the Junto; who upon their resettlement, Discommissionated Lambert, with divers Colonels and Commanders of the Army; published a Declaration for a Commonwealth, without a single Person or House of Lords, for preservation of the Laws, upholding of the Ministry, the University and Tithes (all which had lately been in great danger) for maintaining liberty of Conscience. General Monk in the mean time advanced with his new-modelled Army towards London, all the way being caressed by the Gentry of the several Counties as he passed along, with all testimonies of affection, and petition for the restoring of the Secluded Members, and procuring of a Free Parliament, Commissioners were sent to him from the City of London, with the like request for a Free Parliament; but the General wisely concealed his inclinations and intentions, pretending strong resolutions to be faithful to those Members sitting at Westminster; and yet carried himself with so much evenness, that the City and Country had hopes he would stand their friend, as the Junto could see but little cause to misdoubt his real good meaning towards them, howbeit to make him the surer on their side, they ordered him and his heirs a 1000 l. per Annum.  
February the third, General Monk came to London with his Army he had drawn out of Scotland; the Army which had been quartered there, having marched out the night before by the Junto's command, though not without discontent, and some disorder and mutiny: The next day his Excellency was conducted to the Parliament-House, where he received thanks from the Members for his good service; after which he acquainted them with the numerous Addresses he had received from the Counties for the admission of the secluded Members, and a Free Parliament; minding them also of the danger themselves and Nation would be in, if the Fanatic party should be continued in Civil or Military power. But the General's Speech was not well liked of by Mr. Tho. Scot, and some other of the Members. And the City of London, with whom they thought his Excellency too gracious, gave them greater cause of discontent; for the Common Council was now resolved to pay no more Taxes, till such time that the House was filled up with equal Representatives. Hereupon the Junto resolved to punish the City; and to make the General instrument in it, ordering him to seize upon eleven of the most active of the Common-Council, and commit them to the Tower, and also to pull down, and break the Posts, Chains, Gates, and Portcullises of the City; which he put in execution accordingly on February the ninth, though not with any pleasure to himself, but of necessity, that so the House might not take any occasion from his disputing their commands to vacate his Commission, and put him out of capacity to accomplish the blessed end he designed. Howbeit this action of the Generals did exceedingly amuse the loyal-hearted Citizens, and other good Subjects, and made them almost quite to give over the good hopes they had formerly had of him: But his Excellency, to put them out of all doubt concerning his intentions, bravely resolved to put an end to the Junto's power. And in order thereto, the very next morning he sent a Letter to the House, therein complaining, that they gave too much countenance to Lambert, Vane, and several others that engaged with the late Committee of Safety; that they had too much favoured a Petition lately delivered by one Praise, God Bare-bone, and other fanatics; and then concludes with a prefixed day, before which they should issue out Writs for a New Parliament, that so they might terminate their sitting, and come to a dissolution. The Junto receiving the General's Letter, dissemble their resentment of it, and order him the Thanks of the House for his faithful service in securing the City; yet the very same day, that they might limit his power, they passed an Act for the Government of the Army by five Commissioners, he to be one of them, the other their own Creatures. The General hearing hereof, with all convenient speed drew his Army together, and marched to Westminster, where he gave the Secluded Members readmission into the Parlia-House, February the 21, to the great grief of the Rump-Parliament, (for so the Junto was now called in scorn and contempt) and to the exceeding joy both of City and Country. And now the Parliament vote General Monk to be Captain General of all the Forces in the three Nations; constitute a new Council of State; set at liberty Sir George Booth, and such of his party as were Prisoners, also all such as had been imprisoned for petitioning for a Free Parliament; caused the Rump Militia, consisting most of Sectaries, to be disbanded; made such Acts as might the best conduce to the settlement of the Nation; as, for the taking away all places of trust and power out of the hands of the Sectarian party; also voted a Full and Free Parliament to be chosen and to sit at Westminster, April the 25th. This Parliament was called Free, yet (as in all the Protectors Parliaments) no Loyalist that had been in actual Arms for the King, was capable of being elected for a Parliament-man.  
March 17, the Long Parliament dissolved themselves, leaving a Council of State to govern till the next Parliament should assemble. But in the interim, that the Parliament was busied for the recovering the peace and freedom of the Nation, some malcontents were very active for sowing the seeds of division in the Army, especially in that part which had been for the Committee of Safety; yet by the care and prudence of General Monk (who displaced most of the Fanatic Officers) their designs were frustrated. Lambert, after the dissolution of the Parliament, attempted to involve the Nation again in a Civil War; but Col. Richard Ingoldsby dispersed his small force; and took him prisoner.  
A.D. 1660, Apr. 20, the Free Parliament assembled at Westminster; on May 1. voted, That according to the ancient and fundamental Laws of this Kingdom, Charles the II. is the lawful and undoubtful King of these Nations. Transcendent was the joy all over England, which issued from this good news. His Majesty from his Court then at Breda, had sent his Letters to both Houses of Parliament, to General Monk, and to the City; to Admiral Montague, and the Officers of the Fleet, with also a Declaration to all his loving Subjects, the substance whereof was, That he did grant a free and general pardon to all his Subjects that should within forty days lay hold upon his grace and favour, excepting such persons as should be excepted by Parliament. That he would show all possible Indulgement to tender Consciences. And such as differ in matter of Religion, so they did not disturb the peace of the Kingdom, that he would preserve them free from injury in their lives and estates; and that all things relating to sales and purchases, (for there had been more lands bought and sold in the late usurping times, than what the right owners (loyal Subjects) had consented to, should be determined in Parliament: That he would take care for the full satisfaction of the arrears of the Soldiery under the command of General Monk, and that they should be received into his service, upon as good pay and conditions as at that present they enjoyed. The Parliament considering that his Majesty had for many years been deprived of his Revenues, and therefore could not but be in want of money, they therefore ordered that the sum of 5000 l. should be sent him for a present; 10000 l. to the Duke of York, and 5000 l. to the Duke of Gloucester. The City of London likewise to testify their gratitude to his Majesty, sent him 10000 l. and to his two Brothers a 1000 l. apiece, and 300 l. they presented to the Lord Mordant, and Sir John Greenvil, who brought them his Majesty's Letters, to buy each of them a Ring; and the Parliament for the same reason gave 500 l. to Sir John Greenvil to purchase a Jewel.  
May 8. by order of Parliament, Charles the II. was at London with very great solemnity proclaimed, The most Potent, Mighty and undoubted King of England, Scotland, etc. at which time the Acclamations of the people were wonderful great, and their joys such, that they could not find ways to express them. May 22. his Excellency G. Monk set forth of London in order to meet his Majesty; and May 23. his Majesty with his Brothers set sail for England from the Hague, and on Friday landed at Dover, where the loyal General received the King. About 2 miles from Dover his Majesty forsook his Coach, and took Horse, his Brothers riding on his right hand, and the General on his left; after whom the Duke of Buckingham, and many other Noblemen & Gentlemen followed in gallant Equipage. For the excellent service that G. M. had done for the King, and his Kingdoms his Majesty was pleased to dignify him with the honour of being Knight of the Garter, Master of his Horse, Duke of Albemarle, Earl of Torrington, Baron Monk of Potheridg, etc. Chief General of all his Land-forces in the three Kingdoms, and one of his Privy Council, May the 29th, His Majesty made his Triumphal Cavalcade through the City of London, whither he was welcomed with all the expressions of Joy possible. And being come to Whitehall, he there in his Presence-Chamber offered the Sacrifice of Peace and Thanksgiving, unto Almighty God for his wonderful reffauration. Then applied himself to the ordering of his Court, and appointed the chief Officers of State; His Highness James Duke of York he invested with the Office of Lord High Admiral. Sir Edward Hid (whose Daughter the Duke of York married) he constituted Lord Chancellor. The Earl of Manchester, Lord Chamberlain. The Lord Worthsley, Earl of Southampton, Lord High Treasurer. Sir Edward Nicholas, and Sir William Morrice, chief Secretaries of State, etc. And others who had been constantly Loyal to him, or had performed any eminent good service for him, he advanced to places of High trust and dignity in the Court and Commonwealth. But because the persons were numerous that had in an extraordinary sort been serviceable in promoting the King's interest, and his Majesty had no other way to express at present his gracious acceptance thereof to many of them, he therefore honoured their name and family by conferring on them according to their merit the Titles of Duke, Earl, Viscount, Baron, Knight. Jun. 6. the Parliament set forth a Proclamation, wherein it was declared, That all such of the late King's Judges as would not render themselves within so many days to their mercy, should be excepted out of the general pardon than preparing; whereupon 20 of the Regicides came out of their coverts, and presenting themselves to the Speaker of the House of Commons, were committed to custody. In August following, the long expected Act of Indemnity was passed, by which all that had been any ways engaged against the King were pardoned, save the Regicides and a very few others; and amongst those there were three who were freed in respect of life, liberty, and estate, because they had given evident signs of their hearty sorrow for that crying sin. It was also Enacted that the 30. of January should to all Posterities be observed a day of Humiliation for that great wickedness of murdering God's Vicegerent the King. Also, that May 29. should in all succeeding ages be observed a day of Thanksgiving for the King's peaceable Restauration to the actual possession and exercise of his Legal authority over his Subjects. An Act for Pole-money was likewise passed, and an Act for enabling Soldiers of the Army to exercise Trades in any Corporation, that thereby they might be in a capacity of living honestly and comfortably after their disbanding.  
September the thirteenth, That hopeful Prince Henry Duke of Gloucester departed this life; and on the same day the Parliament was adjourned to the sixth of November following.  
In October, Major General Harrison, Mr. John Carew, and other of the Regicides, were arraigned at the old Bailie in London, where they were all found guilty and condemned to die the death due to Traitors. Of the Regicides now condemned, were hanged and quartered at Charing-Cross, Harrison, Carew, Cook, Peter, Scot, Scroop, Jones, and Clement; and at Tyburn Hacker was hanged; and Axtel, a busy promoter of the King's death was hanged and quartered. All save Hugh Peter, died very resolutely. The persons whose names follow, had the favour to be reprieved after Condemnation, because they delivered themselves to the Parliaments mercy upon their Proclamation, Hardres Waller, Wait, Tichburn, Marten, Pennington, Row, Holland, Downs, Garland, Temple, Millington, Hevingham, Lilburn, Fleetwood, Smith, Meyn, and Hulet. This last was accused to be one of those two which in a Frock and Vizard assisted in the horrid execution of the King; but because the evidence against him seemed to the Judges not sufficiently clear, he had his reprieve.  
December the 24th, Marry the Princess of Orange died at White-Hall, and on the 29th of the same month was buried at Westminster; and the Parliament on the same day dissolved. At the dissolution whereof, the King gave His Royal consent to these Acts, amongst many others, viz. An Act for granting to the King's Majesty 400000 l. by Assessment of 70000 l. per mensem for six months, for disbanding the Army, and paying the Navy. And an Act of Attainder, which was made to attaint the Judges and other Actors in the murder of the late King; Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, Pride, and all the rest of the Regicides deceased, are adjudged to be convicted, and attainted of High Treason to all intents and purposes, as if they and every of them respectively had been attainted in their life-time. And all persons fled for that Treason, that is to say; John Lisle, William Say, John Berkstead, Valentine Walton, Edward Whaley, Edmund Ludlow, Sir Michael Levesey, John Okey, John Hewson, William Goff, Thomas chaloner, William Cawley, Miles Corbet, Nicholas Low, John Dixwell, Daniel Blagrave, Andrew Broughton, Edward Dendy, and every of them, stand and be adjudged convicted of High Treason, etc.  
After his Majesty had given his Royal assent to the Acts presented him, he made a Speech to both Houses, wherein he used these memorable expressions, That this Parliament should be called to all posterity, The Healing and the Blessed Parliament.  
In the beginning of January Following, whilst his Majesty was accompanying his Royal Mother, and Sister Henrietta Maria, part of their Journey to France, an inconsiderable number of the fifth Monarchists raised a great disturbance in London, killing some of the City-watch, and two nights with great desperateness opposing the Trained-bands and other force, till at length divers of them being wounded, and others slain, the rest, that could, made their escape. And in a few days after, was Captain Vennor, and twelve more of them, executed in Coleman-street over against their meetinghouse, and other parts of London.  
January the thirtieth, were the dead bodies of those infamous Traitors, Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, (all buried at Westminster) taken out of their Coffins, and drawn upon Hurdles to Tyburn; they were hanged by the neck for some hours, than had their heads chopped off, which were perched upon Westminster-hall; and their bodies thrown into a hole under the Gallows.  
This Year of Jubilee were the lands of the King's Loyal Subjects restored to them that had been unjustly taken from them, by the late Usurper; the Bishops, Deans, and Chapters lands were likewise restored to the use of these Churchmen.  
A. D. 1661. The entrance of this Year was made famous by the magnificent Coronation of King Charles the Second, who was Crowned at Westminster on St. George's day, by the hands of Dr. Juxon Archbishop of Canterbury. May the eighth, according to His Majesty's summons, the Parliament met at Westminster, and elected Sir Edward Turnor for their Speaker.  
May the twentieth, by order of Parliament was the Scots Solemn League and Covenant, that had been imposed on the King's Subjects without his consent, burnt in London by the hand of the common Hangman. May the 27th, James Marquis of Argile for his former disloyal and treasonable practices, was beheaded at the City of Edenbrough in Scotland. November the 26, John James a Fifth-monarchist, was drawn, hanged and quartered at London, for speaking certain Treasonable words.  
January the 27th, the Lord Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, and Mr. Wallop, three instruments in procuring the death of the late King, were shamefully drawn upon Hurdles from Newgate to Tyburn, and from thence back again.  
February the eighth, happened a most violent Wind, the like to which had not been known in the memory of any then living; it did very much harm in many parts of the Nation, by tearing up of Fruit and Timber-Trees, and ruining Houses. This year the Book of Common-Prayer was restored to the Church, and confirmed by Act of Parliament.  
A. D. 1662., and April the 19th, three of the Regicides, namely, Berkstead, Okey, and Corbet, were drawn upon Hurdles from the Tower to Tyburn, and there hanged and quartered.  
May the 14. Katherine the Infanta of Portugal, arrived at Portsmouth, where she was married to Charles the Second King of England, Scotland, etc.  
May the 19th. at the Prorogation of the Parliament, was the Bill for Hearth-money signed.  
In the beginning of June was Sir Henry Vane, and Lambert, tried at the Kings-Bench Bar, for formerly disturbing the peace of the Nation, etc. and were found guilty of Treason, and condemned; and on June the 14th, was Sir Henry Vane beheaded on Tower-hill; but through his Majesty's Clemency, Lambert had his life respited. On St. Bartholomew day did many Ecclesiastical persons relinquish their benefices, rather than conform to the Church-discipline: and declare their unfeigned assent and consent to all and every thing contained and prescribed in and by the Book of Common-Prayer: and subscribe the following acknowledgement, Viz, I do declare, that it is not lawful upon any pretence whatsoever, to take Arms against the King; and that I do abhor that Traitorous position of taking Arms by his Authority against his Person, or against those that are Commissionated by him, etc. That I will conform to the Liturgy of the Church of England, as it is now established by Law. And I do declare, that I hold there lies no obligation on me, or any other person, from the Oath, commonly called the Solemn League and Covenant, to endeavour any change and alteration of Government, either in Church or State; and that the same was in itself an unlawful Oath, and imposed upon the Subjects of this Kingdom against the known Laws and Liberties thereof.  
A. D. 1663. and May the 31, died that reverend Prelate Dr. Juxon Archbishop of Canterbury: into whose See the Learned Dr. Sheldon, Bishop of London, was Translated.  
A. D. 1664, Numerous complaints being made unto the Parliament of the many injuries and depredations done by the Dutch to the English Nation; they freely declared that they would with their lives and fortunes assist his Majesty to the redressing of his Subjects wrongs, and to the curbing again of that ungrateful people. In order to which, great preparations were made to furnish out a gallant Fleet, and War was proclaimed against the United Netherlands. And that nothing might be wanting to further this great undertaking, the House of Commons voted His Majesty a supply of Two Millions five hundred thousand pounds to be raised in three Years time. And to hasten the Naval preparations, the City of London lent him Majesty 100000 l.  
December the 24th, a Blazing-Star appeared, and two others shortly after darted down their malign influences upon London, and other places in England.  
March the 7th, the London Frigate, as she was coming up to Lee, was fired; to supply which loss, the City of London speedily built another; this his Majesty was pleased to name the Loyal London.  
A. D. 1665, and in the month of May, began that transending Plague in London, whereof died in little more than a years space, near 100000 persons; many other places of England were sorely visited at this time with that dreadful Judgement of God, the Pestilence.  
June the 3d. was that eminent Victory obtained upon the Dutch Fleet.  
October the 3d. The Parliament met at Oxford, by reason of the infection at London.  
A. D. 1666, and in the month of June, was the second great Fight betwixt His Majesty's Naval Forces and the Dutch, which took up part of the 1, 2, 3, and 4. days of the said month. July the 2d. was the 3d. great Fight, wherein the Duke of Albemarle through the great number of his enemy's Ships, was very hardly tasked, till Prince Rupert with a squadron came in to his aid unlooked for; but then the Dutch were soon sent home. In this War the Dutch were assisted by the French.   

CHARLES II.  
UPon the Second of September, about two of the Clock in the Morning, began that dreadful Fire in London, which lasted till Thursday following, the Sixth of the same Month: It began in the House of one Fariner a Baker in Pudding-lane near the Bridge, and spread itself in length (besides breadth) from the Tower of London, to St. Dunstan's Church near Temple-bar in Fleetstreet; by which, according to the Computation of Surveyors, were consumed 373 Acres of Building, within the Walls of London, and 63 Acres 3 Roods without the Walls; 87 Parish Churches, 6 Consecrated Chapels, the Royal Exchange, the Guild-hall of the City; with many stately Halls belonging to several Companies; and according to the best account, Thirteen thousand two hundred Houses. The total of the loss sustained by these devouring Flames, was valued to be Nine millions and nine hundred thousand pounds Sterling. That the hand of God (for the punishment of the sins of this City and Nation) was visible in this Fire, no man will deny; but whether carelessness or design, were the immediate occasions of it, is variously believed and discoursed of. As it happened in the time of a War with the French and Dutch, so many at that time did conclude it to be a treacherous Act of one, or both of these People; especially seeing one Hubert a crazy-brained melanchollick French Man, confessed he did the Fact, by putting a Fireball into the House of the Baker where it began; and was therefore hanged at Tyburn. But of late one Mr. Oats, of whom more particular mention shall be made hereafter, lays the guilt of this merciless Action on a knot of Jesuits, Friars, and Irish men, in all to the number of 80 or thereabouts; who having laid the project long before, could not conveniently put it in execution till this unlucky time.  
This fatal Accident, the forerunner of many more of the same kind, that happened in His Majesty's Dominions afterwards, gave the King a sad opportunity of exercising His Compassion and Care towards many distressed and distracted Families, who then lodged in the open Fields, under the Canopy of Heaven: His Majesty therefore not only issued out Proclamations to Justices of the Peace for causing Provisions to be sent into the Markets, and ordered His Sea-stores to be opened for a present supply of Bread in Ship-bisket; but likewise past a Declaration for preventing such lamentable Accidents for the future, That none should offer to rebuild until necessary measures were appointed for rendering the New Structures more secure and lasting.  
The Parliament met on the 18th of September, and having given the King Supplies for carrying on of the War, passed an Act for establishing a Judicature, to take Cognisance of, and determine all, differences that might arise among Parties, concerning burnt or demolished Houses. A new Model of Building was appointed, and the Parliament was prorogued till the 10th of October following.  
The Court seldom escapes free, when Combustions rage's in the City, nor did it at this time, for by carelessness in using of a Candle, a Fire taking in the Horse-guard at Whitehall, a great part of that Building was burnt down; but by the special care of His Majesty and His Guards, its progress was quickly stopped.  
His Majesty at this time meeting with bad usage from many hands, in order to a redress, published several Proclamations; one for prohibiting the Importation of Canary Wines, and all Commerce with those Parts; another to the same effect with France, and all the French Kings Dominions; a third upon the humble Address of the Lords and Commons in Parliament, for banishing the Kingdom all Priests and Jesuits, and a fourth for open War with Denmark.  
The City now ashamed to lie longer smuthered under ashes, was by Sir Ionas Moor, upon his Conformity to the Scantling and Model of Building, appointed by the Committee, first roused in Fleetstreet, from which beginning it grew so hastily towards a perfection, that in a few years it out did all its ancient Splendour and Glory, and appeared again far more beautiful than by its fall it had been desolate and abject; no less a wonder than the suddenness of its overthrow.  
Scotland at this time shared likewise in Combustions, though occasioned by a Fire of another nature; for a seditious Zeal having inspired some malcontents with revenge against Sir James Turner for executing (too vigorously as they pretended) the Laws against them, they committed an insolent Riot upon his Person, and hardly forbore the cutting of him in pieces. This Tumult was at first raised by a small inconsiderable Rabble, but in a short time they increased to a body of 1600 men, who marching straight towards Edenbourgh, were encountered and defeated by His Majesty's Forces, commanded by Lieuteant General Dalyell and Major General Drammond. Many of the Rebels were slain, more taken, whereof the Ringleaders were executed, and the rest either proscribed or otherways punished by Law.  
The Convention of Estates of Scotland meeting in January after 1666/7, for composing of the affairs of that Kingdom, and for preventing both intestine and foreign dangers that might threaten it, resolved to put the Country into a posture of defence, and for maintaining of such Forces as were necessary for his Majesty's Service, assessed the Kingdom in an Imposition of 6000 l. per month.  
About the later end of this year, the Lord Willoughby set out from Barbadoes with a considerabe well-maned Fleet, with design to annoy the French and Dutch Plantations in the West Indies; but by a violent Hurricane his Fleet was dispersed, and himself with many more cast away.  
The Swedes having the year before offered a Mediation for a Peace between the King of England and the States of the United Provinces, 
Anno 1667.  prevailed this year with the King to condescend thereunto, and to accept of Breda for the place of Treaty.  
The Dutch in the mean time are busy in making preparations for continuing the War, upon a fair and approved Maxim of State, That with an Enemy it is surest treating with sword in hand. The King of England not ignorant of their do, resolved to make them spend the Summer in needless expenses of War, and only keep himself upon his Guard.  
The English therefore having but a small Fleet abroad, the Dutch put to Sea betimes, and about the later end of April made an attempt on Burnt-Island in Scotland; but were beaten off with loss.  
Their next attempt was upon the Fort of Sheerness, which being a place of small Force, was (after a short but stout resistance) abandoned by Sir Edward Sprague; and so the mouth of that narrow River was left open. After this they assaulted and were beaten off from Languard Fort, engaged a squadron of the English, with a squadron of theirs, and were worsted; shown themselves before Portsmouth, and made some slight attempts in Devonshire and Cornwall; and after De Ruyter, their Admiral, had been civilly complemented by the Earl of Bath in the West, and had received Advice of the Conclusion of the Peace, they sailed back for Holland.  
This Peace was concluded at Breda, the Twenty first of June; the Ratifications interchanged the Fourteenth of August, and proclaimed afterward in London, thee Twenty fourth of the same month.  
This year died the Earl of Southamppton, Lord high Treasurer of England, which place the King thought fit to supply by Commissioners (viz.) the Duke of Albemarle, the Lord Ashley Cooper, since Earl of Shaftsbury, Sir Thomas Clifford, Sir William Coventry, and Sir John Duncomb.  
The Parliament was to have met in July, but was prorogued till the Tenth of October; in which Session several Acts were passed, amongst others, one for banishing and disabling the Earl of Clarendon; the Parliament then adjourned till February.  
In America, Sir John Harman with a squadron of English Ships, attacked a squadron of French in their Ports with so good success, that he burned their Admiral, and six or seven of their best Ships; all the rest but two being sunk, either by the Enemy or the English Shot, and that with very small loss of men, or damage to his Ships.  
The King to encourage the re-building of the City this year, was pleased auspiciously to lay the first Stone himself in the Foundation of the Royal-Exchange; as shortly after his Royal Highness laid a Foundation Stone for a second Pillar thereof.  
About the beginning of February, the Parliament, according to their Adjournment, met; and upon their humble Petition to His Majesty, procured a Proclamation to be emitted, for enforcing the Laws against Conventicles, and for preserving the Peace of the Nation against unlawful Assemblies.  
This month was proclaimed the Peace with Spain, which had been (much to the advantage of Commerce) concluded in May last.  
About the end of March, in Easter week, some licentious idle Persons, pretending former custom, took the liberty to pull down some Houses of bad repute about the Suburbs of London.: Though the Prentices bore the blame of this Riot, yet others were found guilty; whereof four being apprehended, were convicted and executed, and two of their Heads set upon London Bridge.  
In May the King passed some Bills in the House of Lords, whereof one was for raising an Imposition on Wines and other Liquors; and the Parliament was adjourned till the 11th of August following.  
In June News was brought to London of the burning of the Bridge Town in Barbadoes, where besides the loss of most of the Houses, the Magazine, to the great prejudice of the public, as well as of private Persons, was blown up.  
The Duke of York in September near to Dover, took the usual Oath of Warden of the Cinque Ports.  
The Parliament that was to have met in August, was by Proclamation Prorogued till the Tenth of November ensuing, and the Duke of Monmouth, upon the resignation of the Lord Gerrard, was made Captain of his Majesty's Life-Guards of Horse.  
Sir Thomas Allen made Peace this year with the Algerines; and the Parliament which met at the appointed time, and adjourned till March, were in December, by Proclamation, prorogued till the Tenth of October following.  
About the middle of January 1668/9, the Duchess of York was brought to Bed of a Daughter, christened by the Name of Henrietta, by the Archbishop of Canterbury; the Duke of Ormond assisting as Godfather, the Marchioness of Dorchester and Countess of Devonshire, having the Honour of being Godmothers.  
In March 1668/9, the Prince of Tuscany, in pursuance of his Travels, came to visit England, where being honourably received and magnificently treated by His Majesty, and several Persons of Quality of the Kingdom, he departed for Holland in his way homeward.  

Anno 1669.  The beginning of this year the Earl of Carlisle was sent Ambassador Extraordinary to Sweden. As he was at Copenhagen, on his way, he received a Letter from the King of England, in answer to an obliging Letter of the King of Denmark, to be delivered to that King. This Letter was so acceptable to the Dane, that upon the Ambassador's instance, he dispatched Orders to all his Ports and Mercantile Towns, especially in Norway, for restoring the English to their former Freedoms and Privileges in Trading.  
Being arrived in Sweden, he presented the King with the George worn by the Knights of the Garter; and was afterward, as His Majesty's Proxy, solemnly installed in the Order at Windsor.  
This year was the stately new Theatre of Oxford, the noble Gift of Dr. Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, according to the intent of the Donor, put into the Possession of that University: And upon his Graces declining the Chancellourship, the Duke of Ormond was installed Chancellor of the University of Oxford.  
Whilst the King was taking his Divertisement with the Duke of York, in the New Forest in Hampshire, they both received an Express of the death of their Mother, the Queen Dowager of England, who died at Columbee the last of August, and was buried in St. Denis in November following.  
About this time arrived at Dublin the Lord Roberts, as Lord Deputy of Ireland.  
The Exchange of London ever since the Fire, had been kept at Gresham College in Bishopsgate-street, till now, to the great satisfaction of the City, the Merchants returned to the Royal Exchange in Cornhill; a Fabric as far exceeding the old one in Beauty and Structure, as the City rebuilt does that which was destroyed.  
At the day of October prefixed, the Parliament met, to whom the King, amongst other things in his Speech, proposed the uniting of England and Scotland into one Kingdom; this Project in the Sequel had no better issue, than another set on foot by King James for the same purpose. The Parliament having sat above a month, and done but very little, were prorogued till the 24th of February following.  
The Parliament of Scotland sat at Edenbourgh at the same time that the Parliament of England did at Westminster; in the which the Earl of Lauderdale represented His Majesty as His Commissioner. In this Session of Parliament, amongst many other Acts, that of asserting his Majesty's Supremacy in all Causes and over all Persons, Civil and Ecclesiastical, passed A necessary Act for securing the Rights of Monarchy against popular and unwarrantable Innovations; and a duty, which had it not been forgotten, or trampled upon in these later times, might (with God's Blessing) have preserved both Nations from scandalous and fatal consequences.  
A splendid and magnificent Embassy was this year sent to Taffelette, Emperor of Morocco, in the Person of Mr. Henry Howard, since Duke of Norfolk; which by reason of the troubles of that Country, and the inability of the Emperor to secure a safe conduct to a Person of that quality, proved of small consequences; and the Ambassador returned without seeing the Emperor, or performing his Embassy.  
The later end of this year died the Duke of Albemarle, his Duchess not many days surviving him. The King as a mark of gratitude to the deceased Duke, sent his Son, the present Duke, his Father's Garter, continued to him many of his Honours and Preferments; and sent him word, that he himself would take care of his Father's Funeral.  
The Parliament met again at the appointed time; and the King among other things, reminded them of the project of Union between the two Kingdoms.  
This year, in the beginning of April, 
Anno 1670,  the King having passed some Bills, the Parliament was adjourned to the 24th of October: Amongst others, was an Act for authorising such Commissioners as His Majesty should be pleased to nominate for treating with the Scottish Commissioners about the projected Union; who being nominated, and having afterwards met with those sent from Scotland, many Conferences were held; but insuperable difficulties appearing in the matter, it was wholly laid aside.  
At this time, the Lord John Berkley arrived in Dublin, and was invested Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.  
The Princess of Orleans made now her last visit to her two Brothers, the King of England and Duke of York, at Dover; and upon her return, which was shortly after, took her journey out of this World: for to the great grief and surprise of the Court of England, she died suddenly.  
Captain Beach being in the Straits with four English Frigates, met a squadron of seven Algiers Men of War, full of Men; gave them Battle, and after a short dispute, forced them all ashore; where two of them were burnt by themselves, and the rest by the English: most of their Men were lost, and 250 Christian Captives set at liberty.  
In October, The Parliament met again, according to their Adjournment, and then was the Peace between England and Spain beyond the Line, concluded and ratified.  
The Prince of Orange came this year into England, and having visited both Universities, after a short stay he returned.  
During this Session of Parliament, the Lords and Commons having humbly represented to His Majesty, their fears and jealousies of the growth of Popery; the King by Proclamation commanded all Jesuits, and English, Irish, and Scottish Priests, and all others that had taken Orders from the See of Rome, except such as were to wait upon the Queen and Foreign Ambassadors, to departed the Kingdom, upon pain of having the Laws and Statutes of the Realm put in execution against them.  

Anno 1671.  In the beginning of this year, died at St. James', her Royal Highness Anne, Duchess of York, Daughter to the Earl of Clarendon; and was shortly after privately buried at Westminster.  
The Parliament still sat, and amongst others, having past an Act for an addition to the King's Revenue, by an Imposition on proceed at Law; by an humble Address they Petitioned His Majesty, that he would be pleased by his Royal Example to encourage the wearing of the Manufactures of his own Kingdom, and to discountenance the use of Foreign; to which the King having graciously condescended, they were Prorogued till the 16th of April next ensuing,  
In June, Sir Edward Sprague, Admiral for the King in the Mediterranean Sea, burnt and took under the very Guns of the Castle of Bugia, nine of the best men of War of Algiers. This News so incensed that people, that in a tumultuary manner they cut off the Head of their King, the Aga having done the like to their General, and forced their New created King to make a Peace much to the advantage of England.  
The Parliament was again Prorogued from the 16th of April following to the 30th of October, 1672.  
This Year his Majesty was pleased to Honour the City of London with his Presence at the Lord Mayor's Feast, being the first, that since the Fire was kept in their Guild-hall, after it was advantageously repaired.  
The King having long concealed his Just displeasure against the Dutch, and his resentments of their unworthy deal towards him, intends now an open War with the United Provinces. In order thereunto, in January, 1671/2 his Majesty declared, that seeing his Neighbours were making great preparations, both by Sea and Land, he looked upon himself as obliged to put himself into such a Posture, as might best secure his Government and People: And that seeing Money, which was absolutely necessary for that end, was wanting, he was unavoidably forced, (which otherwise he would not have done,) to put a Stop to the Payment of all Moneys brought in, or to be brought in, to his Exchequer for the space of one whole Year.  
In the mean time, Sir George Downing, his Majesty's Ambassador in Holland, Presses the States hard with the Business of the Flag; but finding his Demands shifted of with Delays, and his Negotiation like to prove successess, he returned back in a short time to England; where he was committed to the Tower, for not having punctually obeyed his Instructions.  
In March 1671/2, there was War declared by the King of Great Britain, the Dutch by this alarmed, and by the proceed and preparations of the French King, which they knew tended to a rapture with them, fortified themselves with all diligence as well by Forces at home as Allies abroad, and made the Prince of Orange their Captain General at Land, and Admiral at Sea, for the ensuing Years actions.  
This Year the beautiful Escurial in Spain, one of the most Magnificent buildings in Europe, and reckoned one of the Wonders of the World, was consumed by fire. Besides the many Varieties that here were lost, the Famous Library perished; a loss hardly ever again to be repaired.  
The French King being now joined with the English in War against the Dutch, 
Anno 1672.  in the beginning of this year marches at the head of his Main Army, towards the Frontiers of the Netherlands, and sends his Fleet to join the English.  
In May both Fleets were joined at Sea, under the Command of His Royal Highness the Duke of York making all together about 160 Sail. They had had often sight of the Dutch, but no Engagement till the 28th of this Month, and then in Southwold Bay a sharp Fight began about five of the Clock in the Morning, and was obstinately maintained on both sides till Night, the Dutch then bore away, and the Duke stood after them, keeping within sight of their Lights all Night. In this Engagement died the Earl of Sandwich, Captain Digby in the Henry, Sir John Cox hard by the Duke in the Prince, Sir Frescheville Hollis, and Monsieur de la Rabiner, the French Rear Admiral. Several other Officers were slain and wounded, about Seven hundred common Seamen lost, and as many wounded; the Royal James burnt, and the Katherine taken, but by her own men rescued again. On the Dutch side were killed Admiral Van Ghent and Captain Brakhel. Their great Ships were sadly shattered, two sunk; one taken, and one burnt; many others were missing, whereof no account could be given, and a great many of their common Seamen killed and wounded. The French at the same time, to increase their loss, took several of their Towns and Forts by Land.  
Next day after this Engagement, in the Afternoon, The Duke of York put twice out his bloody Flag upon sight of the Dutch; but was as often prevented from Engaging them by thick Fogs and Mists, which gave the Dutch opportunity to retreat; and so no more considerable Action at Sea was performed this year.  
The States being thus pressed (in all probality) above the strength of so small a Republic; having the French on the one side, the Bishop of Munster on the other, by Land, and the English by Sea, to deal with, were not able to repress the Tumults and Insolences of the exasperated People. The Burghers of Dort in a tumultuary manner, got the Prince of Orange created Statholder, which was afterward confirmed by the States. And at the Hague, not long after, a masterless Rabble hall'd out of Prison the Ruart van Putten, and his Brother De Witt, who had been condemned to lose their Dignities and be banished, for some Designs against the Prince, and barbarously murdered them, dragging their Bodies through the Streets, hanging them on the Gallows by the Heels, and afterward inhumanely tearing and cutting them to pieces.  
The Parliament of England which was to have met in October, was prorogued till the Fourth of February following.  
This year was the Earl of Essex sent into Ireland, to succeed to the Lord John Berkley, as Lieutenant of that Kingdom. The Lord Keeper of England, Bridgeman, now aged and infirm, having resigned his place, the Earl of Shaftsbury was made Chancellor of England, and Thomas Lord Clifford Lord High Treasurer.  
Toward the beginning of December, the Duke of Richmond, who had been this year sent Ambassador Extraordinary into Sweden, died in his Calesche, as he was upon his return to Elsenore, from being aboard of the Yarmouth Frigate. No other reason could be given for the suddenness of his death, but the extreme coldness of that piercing Air, to which his Body was not accustomed.  
The time of Prorogation being expired, the Parliament met again; and upon the removal of Sir Edward Turnor, their Speaker, to be Lord chief Baron of the Exchequer, Sir Job Charleton was made Speaker; but he shortly after falling Sick, Edward Seymour Esq succeeded. This Session of Parliament voted the King a supply of 18 months' Assessment, not exceeding 70000 l. a Month; but began to be dissatisfied with the King's indulgence and toleration to fanatics, though his Majesty by a gracious Answer to an Address of theirs, endeavoured to remove that scruple.  

Anno 1673.  About the later end of March, an Act for a general and free pardon passed in Parliament; and then both Houses adjourned till the 20th of October following.  
One James Piercy, upon the death of the Earl of Northumberland, in whom the male race of that ancient Family expired, came into England, laid claim to the Title and Estate, and thereupon petitioned the Parliament; but his Petition was rejected, and himself looked upon as an Imposter.  
The Island of Tobago was this year taken by the English from the Dutch, in exchange whereof, the Dutch took St. Helena from the English; which might have proved of very bad consequence to the English East-India Trade; had it not been retaken by Captain Monday, with three Dutch East-India Merchant Men besides, which fully paid the charges of its reprisal. For this good service Captain Monday was Knighted.  
The Dutch this year were first at Sea, and attempted a vain project, of stopping up those narrow Channels that give entry to the River of Thames. Prince Rupert, who commanded the English Fleet, put out to encounter them; but they retreating to their own Shoar, the Prince stood to the Westward, that he might join the French and part of the English Fleets. This being shortly after done, the whole Fleet made toward the coast of Holland; and the Prince finding them before Schonvelt, secured by their Banks and the shallowness of the Water, on the 28th of May detached a Squadron of Thirty five small Frigates to provoke them to an Engagement: The Dutch, contrary to expectation, came forth in good order and engaged. The French and English emulous for honour, fought with extraordinary eagerness, and somewhat entangled each other; but at length, after a sharp dispute, the magnanimous Prince forced the Enemy to run, and followed them as far as the Sands and Water did permit, till Night put an end to the conflict; and the Dutch regained their former station. The English lost but a few common Seamen, and not one Ship. Captains were slain, Fowls, Finch, Tempest, and Woorden. On the Dutch side were killed Vice Admiral Schram, Rear Admiral Vlugh and six Captains more. They lost considerably in Men, but only one Ship called the Deventer.  
On the fourth of June happened another Engagement, wherein no great Execution was done on either side, it being managed at great distance, and most part in the night time.  
And that the Series of this years Warlike Actions, may be continued without interruption, on the Tenth of August, both Fleets met again at Sea, and gave the last stroke to this War. The Dutch being about the Goree, got the Wind of the English, and bore briskly down upon them, the Fight was obstinate and bloody on both sides, especially between Sir Edward Sprague and van Tromp; but the French making as if they stood off for the Wind, did it in reality, that they might have the conveniency of being Spectators. Prince Rupert and de Ruyter, who had been engaged together all day, finding themselves at distance from their respective Squadrons, stood back again to their assistance; and de Ruyter designing to have cut off the blue Squadron from the rest of the Fleet, was so smartly charged by the Prince, that he was fain to give way; so that had the French made use of their Wind they had, the Dutch had certainly sustained far greater loss than they did, and not so easily drawn off by favour of the Night. In this Engagement Sir Edward Sprague, as he was shifting from one Ship to another, had his long Boat by a Random Shot shivered to pieces under him, and so to the grief and regret of all that knew him, was drowned; his Ship strangely disabled, was by his valiant Second, the Earl of Ossory, brought off. Captain Neve was slain, Reeves and Heywood died of their Wounds, and Martel only of the French was killed. The loss of common Seamen was not very great on the English side. The Dutch lost two Flag Officers, several Captains, and about a 1000 common Seamen.  
About the middle of June, the Lord Clifford resigned his Treasurer's Staff, and Sir Thomas Osborn, created Viscount Osborn of Dumblain in Scotland, and afterwards Earl of Danby in England, was made Lord High Treasurer.  
The Parliament, according to their last Adjournment, meeting in October, were prorogued till the 27th of the same month; then meeting again, they were prorogued till the 7th of January following.  
Soon after the King issued out His Proclamation, requiring all Judges and Justices of the Peace, effectually to prosecute the Laws against all Papists and Popish Recusants.  
About the later end of November, his Royal Highness the Duke of York, was married to the Princess of Modena.  
Though the Preparations for War went on vigorously, both on the English and Dutch sides, yet overtures of Peace were still set on foot; and His Majesty condescended to a Treaty at Cologne, which took no effect. The Dutch in the mean time thought it not fit to desist; but by another way of Negotiation, that is to say, by intercourse of Letters, they at length prevailed so far, as to receive a condescending Letter from the King of England in February 1673/4, which was shortly after followed by a conclusion of the Peace by them so much desired.  
Peace being now concluded, 
Anno 1674.  this year affords no great Transactions of importance; the Consultations of Government being chief directed to the preservation of quietness and unity at home; in order to which His Majesty emitted several Proclamations against Papists and Jesuits.  
The Duke of Monmouth upon resignation of the Duke of Buckingham, was chosen Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, The Earl of St. Alban giving up the Staff of Lord Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household, his place was given to the Earl of Arlington, to whom Sir Joseph Williamson succeeded as Principal Secretary of State.  
Upon the 22th of September, His Majesty by Proclamation prorogued the Parliament, which was to have met the 10th of November, till the 13th of April ensuing.  
His Majesty having been pleased to accept of the Freedom of the City of London, was in December, by Sir Robert Vynor, Lord Mayor, in Name of the City, presented with the Copy of his Freedom; in a large square Box of Massy Gold, the Seal appended, being in a Box of Gold, set all over with large Diamonds.  
About the beginning of January 1674/5, her Royal Highness was brought to Bed of a Daughter, Christened at St. James' by the Bishop of Durham, by the Name of Katherine Laura; the Duke of Monmouth being Godfather, and the Lady Mary and Lady Anne Godmothers.  

Anno 1675.  The Parliament, according to their last Prorogation, met on the 13th of April; but having sat till a week in June, and a difference arising between the two Houses, concerning an Appeal made by one Shirley to the Lords, His Majesty upon the 9th of June prorogued them till the 13th of October following.  
There happened this year a dangerous Plot carried on with great secrecy by the Blacks of Barbadoes against the English, which upon the very nick of being put in execution, was detected, and the Conspirators punished.  
The Natives of New-England, under the command of King Philip Hegamore, risen likewise against the English, and did them considerable damage; but were in a short time kerbed from their insolences, and driven to their skulking holes  
In September, most part of the Town of Northampton was by a dreadful Fire burnt down, nothing left standing except a few Houses in the out-skirts of the Town.  
The Parliament met again at the prefixed time, but the former difference between the Houses being revived, they were upon the 22th of November prorogued again till the 15th of February 1676.  
In the French Army, this year the Champion of France, the renowned Marshal Turenne, as he was viewing a Pass maintained by the Germans, fell by a Cannon Shot, fired by a Battery raised by Montecucully, the Imperial General; to the great grief of his Master the French King.  
On the Fifth of March 1675/6, Sir John Narborough concluded an honourable Peace, and of great advantage to the Trade of this Nation, with the Government of Tripoli.  
The French last Campagne lost their famous Marshal Turenne; 
Anno 1676.  and the Dutch Marine Expeditions are this year ushered in with a fate as unlucky to the States: for their Darling, Admiral De Ruyter, on the twenty ninth of April, died of his Wounds, which he had received some days before in an Engagement with the French, in the Bay of Augusta, on the Coast of Sicily.  
But to return home, The first thing we meet with this year, of note, is a dreadful Fire which happened the 26th of May in the Burrow of Southwark: It began about four in the Morning, and continued all day and part of the night; and notwithstanding the indefatigable pains and diligence of his Grace the Duke of Monmouth, of the Earl of Craven, and Lord Mayor, yet about 600 Houses were burnt and blown up by this sad accident.  
His Majesty, for securing Trading to and from his Ports, which was much disturbed by the insolency of Dutch, Spanish, and French Privateers, amongst whom the War still continued; on the second of June caused a Proclamation to be published, declaring all Ships of what party soever, that should put into any of his Ports, to be under his protect on during their stay there; commanding His public Officers, and all other His Majesty's Subjects, to use their best endeavours to hinder the roving of any private Men of War so near his Coasts, as might give apprehensions to Merchant Men; That if a Man of War of one party, and one or more Merchant Men of another, should come into His Majesty's Ports, the Merchant Men should have the privilege to sail out two Tides before the Man of War. That none of his Seamen should presume to enter and list themselves on board of any Foreign Man of War, or any Ship designed for Traffic or the Fishing Trade, without His Majesty's leave first obtained: with several other Rules relating to the securing of Trade, and His Majesty's Sovereignty in these Seas; in pursuance of which Proclamation several Privateers were stopped and detained in many of the Ports of this Kingdom.  
August 20th, her Royal Highness was brought to Bed of a Daughter, Christened by the Name of Isabel; the Lord High Treasurer being Godfather, and the Duchess of Monmouth and Countess of Peterborough Godmothers.  
October 26th, His Majesty passed an Order in Council, That none of His Subjects, except the Queen's Domestic Servants, should repair to her Majesty's Chapel, or to the Houses or Chapels of any Foreign Ambassadors or Agents, there to hear Mass, or English Sermons, upon pain of having the Laws severely executed against them; and His Majesty appointed Messengers of the Chamber, and other Officers, to wait without at the Houses of Foreign Ambassadors and Agents, and to take notice of such of His Subjects as should come out of the said Chapels from Religious Worship, and bring them or their Names to the Council Board. The Principal Secretaries of State, were by His Majesty likewise required, to repair to the said Ambassadors and Agents, and in His Majesty's Name acquaint them with His Royal Pleasure in executing His Laws, that they might have no Cause to complain of disrespect offered to their Character, or of any purpose of infringing their Privileges.  
February 15th 1676/7, the Parliament, pursuant to their last Prorogation, met at Westminster.  

Anno 1677.  April 16th, His Majesty in His Royal Robes, with the usual Solemnities came into the House of Lords, whither the House of Commons being called, several Bills were passed; amongst others, an Act for raising the sum of Five hundred eighty four thousand nine hundred seventy eight pounds, two shillings and two pence half penny, for the speedy building of thirty Ships of War: another for an additional Excise upon Beer, Ale, and other Liquors, for three years; and a third for erecting a Judicature to determine differences touching Houses burnt and demolished by the late dreadful Fire in Southwark; and then both Houses adjourned till the 21th of May following.  
This Month the Duke of Newcastle and Earl of Danby, Lord high Treasurer of England, were installed Knights of the Garter at Windsor.  
May 21th, Both Houses, according to their last Adjournment, met again at Westminster, His Majesty having before by Proclamation required all the Members to be present, in order to the debating of Matters of great importance. In this Session the House of Commons made an Address to His Majesty, that he would be pleased for the security of the Nation, and repressing the growing greatness of France, to enter into some Leagues proposed by them in their Address; to which on the 28th of the same month, he gave them His Answer at the Banqueting House; which Answer being made public in Print, we shall refer you to the Answer itself. His Majesty farther told them, that it was His pleasure the House should be Adjourned to the 16th of July following: and that if he intended they should sit again before Winter, he would give them notice by His Proclamation. Accordingly both Houses were adjourned till the 16th of July ensuing.  
July 16th, both Houses met again, pursuant to their last Adjournment, and forthwith Adjourned again, according to His Majesty's Direction, till the third of December following.  
August the fourth, His Grace the Duke of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, began his Journey for that Kingdom.  
And now His Majesty thinking it fit to put a stop to the French Victorious Proceed in Flanders, bethought himself of entering into Alliances with some Princes and States abroad, and began to raise Forces for that purpose; of whom the year following will afford more matter of Discourse.  
October the ninth, The Prince of Orange landed at Harwich, and went from thence directly to Neir-Market, in His Majesty's Coaches, that attended His Highness there.  
The 26th of the same month, His Majesty issued out a Proclamation for the Adjournment of the Parliament, from the third of December till the fourth of April ensuing.  
Sunday, November the fourth, The Marriage between her Highness the Lady Mary, and his Highness the Prince of Orange, was privately celebrated at St. James', by the Bishop of London, in the Presence of His Majesty, their Royal Highnesses, and some of the chiefest of the Nobility: And on Wednesday following Her Royal Highness was brought to Bed of a Son, who was Christened by the Name of Charles, but died in December following.  
November the 11th, About nine a Clock in the Morning their Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Orange, parted from Whitehall, in order to their embarking in the Yachts appointed to transport their Highnesses to Holland; His Majesty and His Royal Highness having accompanied them to Erith, where their Highnesses went on Board.  
The two Houses of Parliament meeting on the third of December, in order to the Adjourning of themselves, according to the King's Proclamation, received a Message from His Majesty, That upon weighty Consideration His Majesty thought fit to meet them sooner; and that therefore His Majesty's Pleasure was, they should Adjourn to the 15th of January following, which was accordingly done.  
This month was the celebrated Town of Stetin in Pomerania surrendered to the Elector of Brandenburg by the Swedes; a Town which having so courageously maintained so long and bloody a Siege, to the admiration of all, and shame of some of its Neighbours, deserves an honourable mention in the Histories and Annals of all Europe.  
The Parliament, pursuant to their last Adjournment, having met at Westminster, received an Intimation from the King, That His Majesty had matters of very great Importance to communicate to both Houses, in order to the satisfaction of their late Addresses for the preservation of Flanders; but matters not being then ripe enough, it was His Majesty's Pleasure they should be Adjourned till the twenty eighth of the same month; and accordingly they were Adjourned.  
At the prefixed time they met again, and the King in a gracious Speech acquainted both Houses to this purpose, That according to His Promise to them, that He would do somewhat for their satisfaction before they met again, he had made Alliances with Holland for the preservation of Flanders, which if seconded by plentiful Supplies from them, and due Care from the Spainiards for their own Preservation, might be able by Arms to restore such an honourable Peace to Christendom, as might not be in the power of one Prince alone to disturb; which he had endeavoured to do by a fair Treaty: That He had married His Niece to the Prince of Orange, and so engaged himself to maintain his Interest: and having laid before them the expenses He had been at, and what an actual War would needs require, with very pressing considerations, His Majesty demanded of them answerable Supplies.  
March, the 20th 1677/8, Amongst other Bills in Parliament, there passed an Act for raising Money by Poll and otherways, to enable His Majesty to enter into an Actual War against the French King; with a Prohibition of all French Commodities.  
Many of the Forces raised by His Majesty since September last, 
Anno 1678.  being already in Flanders, and more going over daily, His Majesty, that he might put himself in a posture of acting by Sea as well as Land, caused a Proclamation to be published the beginning of this year, strictly charging all Seaman, His Subjects, who had lifted themselves in the service of Foreign Princes or States, forthwith to with draw and return home; and that none for the future should presume without permission from His Majesty, to engage in any such service.  
About this time at Bruges in Flanders, happened a great Disorder, occasioned by a rude Action of a Burgher, who in time of a Procession, struck a Dutch Captain with a lighted Torch over the Face, because he did not uncover himself so soon as the Townsman would have had him; this occasioned presently the drawing of many Swords; and the English being falsely accused of the Tumult, some Soldiers were killed in the Streets; but by the care of the Magistrates and Officers, the Stir being quieted, and the truth of the matter discovered, the Magistrates of the Town imprisoned and punished some of the Authors of the Tumult; and to satisfy their trouble at the accident, treated the English Officers and Soldiers, and published a Placaet in their Justification, charging all Persons to use the said Soldiers with all kindness and civility.  
On Saturday, April the 13th, A Woman of Swansey was brought to Bed of a dead Female Child, which had two perfect Heads and Necks upon one Body, with all the parts of each Head exact, and the Members of the Body perfect.  
May the 13th, His Majesty being come into the House of Lords with the usual Solemnities, and the House of Commons being sent for, His Majesty was pleased to give His Royal Assent to several private Acts, and then commanded the Lord Chancellor to prorogue the Parliament till the twenty third of this month; and accordingly the Parliament was prorogued.  
The Parliament, pursuant to the last Prorogation, having met the 23d. of May, and continued sitting till the Fifteenth of July following; His Majesty that day in His Robes, came into the House of Lords, and there gave His Royal Assent to several Acts; amongst which, to one for raising Money for Disbanding of the Army, a great part of which was now in Flanders, another for granting an Additional Duty to His Majesty upon Wines for three years; a third for burying in Woollen; and a fourth for the relief and discharge of poor distressed Prisoners for Debt. After which the Lord Chancellor, by His Majesty's Command, acquainted the two Houses, That His Majesty had thought fit in the present Conjuncture of Affairs, to prorogue them to the first of August following; and so to keep them in call by short Prorogations; His Majesty not knowing how soon He might have need of their farther Service and Assistance; but that His Majesty's intention was, they should not meet till towards Winter, unless there were occasion for their Assembling sooner, of which he would give them timely notice by Proclamation: And accordingly the Parliament was prorogued till the first day of August.  
In pursuance of this Prorogation, the Parliament met at Westminster the first day of August, and were then by Commission Prorogued till the 29th of the same Month; at which time his Majesty being willing they should mere, and continue Sitting for the dispatch of weighty Affairs, did issue out a Proclamation, requiring all the Members to give their Attendance at Westminster the said day. But the face of Affairs abroad being much altered by the conclusion of the Peace betwixt the French King, and the States of the United Provinces, which was Signed at Nimeguen the First of August; his Majesty thought fit likewise to change his resolution: And therefore by Proclamation declared, that both Houses should be Prorogued from the 29th of August, till the first of October following; and afterward by another Proclamation to the one and twentieth of the same Month, at which time his Majesty required a full Meeting of the Members, in order to their Sitting for the dispatch of weighty Matters; which indeed happened to be of greater concern than was imagined.  
The Prince of Orange was now marched with his Army to the Relief of Mons, at this time Blocked up by the French under the Command of the Duke of Luxembourg, before he had the News of the Peace: And his Highness, accompanied with the Duke of Monmouth, about the beginning of August, being advanced near the Enemy's Camp at St. Denis, bravely attacked it, and after a long and brisk dispute forcing the French to dislodge, possessed himself of their Ground. The Prince and Duke of Monmouth were in great danger in this Engagement, but both came off without any hurt, the Earl of Ossory commanded his Majesty's Subjects that were in the State's Service, who gained not the least share in the Honour of this Day's Action, though many Gallant Men perished in the Attempt.  
In September came to light, a Design which had been doubtless long contriving in the blackest Cell of Darkness: A Plot that amazed most Men, alarmed all, and gave work enough since to his Majesty, Parliament, and Judges of the Land; but seeing it is not as yet so fully diclosed, (at least to the Public) as may sufficiently warrant an authentic Relation thereof to Posterity, no man can expect much to be said on't in this Abridgement; which intends only to point at the most remarkable Occurrences of the English History, and is proposed rather as an Index than Chronicle to the Reader.  
The matter than was briefly thus. One Mr. Titus Oats having received his Education and Orders in the Church of England, some Years ago, went over the Seas into Flanders, and afterward into Spain, ingratiating himself among the Jesuits by such means and to such purposes as are set down in his Depositions lately made Public; upon his Return, soon after, this Gentleman, advises with one Doctor Tongue, about the Discovery of what he had learned abroad, and so these two went together to Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, one of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace, whom Mr. Oats informed of a Plot hatched by Jesuits, Priests, and others of the same Roman-Catholick Persuasion, against the Person and Life of his Majesty, the best of Kings, and the Subversion of the Protestant Religion, and Government of the Kingdom. And for confirmation of what he said, discovered many persons of several Qualities, who were engaged in the Design; some as Instruments for assassinating his Majesty, and others for carrying on the remaining part of the work, by Arms, Foreign Assistances, and such other Expedients, as they Judged necessary for the Success of their Enterprise His Majesty and the Council being acquainted with this, Orders were given out for the apprehending and committing to custody of many persons; of whom some have since suffered, some died in Prison, and many more are still in Custody. To enumerate all, would be more tedious than necessary in this Manual; and to name but a few, would be injurious either to those mentioned, or to the Public, in omitting of others who stand accused of the same combination: we shall therefore speak only of those who have been since brought to public Trial, and leave it to Time, and the Care of our Governors, to make Public the rest.  
Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, who had taken, and given in to the Council, the Depositions of the Evidence, was on Saturday the Twelfth of October, missing from his House, and no News could be heard of him till Thursday following; at which time he was found dead in a Ditch by Primrose-hill, with a Sword thrust through his Body, but nothing, except his Pocket Book, taken from him. This Murder was concluded by all Men to be an Act of Revenge, or some spiteful Malice, and not of unlawful desire of Lucre; seeing his Money and Rings, which were no inconsiderable Prize, were left with him: And therefore His Majesty being returned from Newmarket, caused a Proclamation to be Published the 20th of October, for the Discovery of this Inhuman Murder; promising a Reward of Five Hundred Pounds to any that should discover the Murderers, or any of them; and if the Discoverer proved to be one of the Malefactors, not only his Pardon, but likewise the promised Sum.  
After the Parliament, according to the last Prorogation, had met the 21th of October, which was their last Session; the King being informed that some who could give information of the Manner and Circumstances of the Murder of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, did forbear to do it out of fear to their Persons from the Murderers Friends; His Majesty emitted another Proclamation, promising on the word of a King, not only the said Reward of Five Hundred Pounds, but such Care for the Security of the Discoverer, as he should in reason propose.  
These two Proclamations at length inspired courage into William Bedlow, formerly a Servant to the Lord Bellasis, to make a Discovery of this Murder, which he and one Prance a Silver Smith in Prince's street, that confessed himself to have been in the Fact, made out afterwards against three of those that were Guilty, the rest having Fled. And according to his Majesty's Promise, Mr. Bedlow (as Mr. Oats had been before) was allowed Guards for his Security and Accommodation and Subsistence at his Majesty's Charge in Whitehall.  
The King and Parliament being surprised at the strangeness of this mischievous Plot, betook themselves to the most probable ways of discovering the same, and preventing the fatal Effects thereof; and therefore in the first place, upon the humble Petition of the Lords and Commons in Parliament, his Majesty caused a Proclamation to be published for a general Fast throughout the whole Kingdom, to be observed on Wednesday the Thirteenth of November, for imploring the mercy and and protection of Almighty God to his Majesty's Royal Person, and in him to all his Loyal Subjects; and to pray that God would bring to light more and more all sceret machinations against his Majesty and the whole Kingdom. This day of Humiliation was accordingly observed throughout all England, and a form of Prayer by his Majesties Command composed and published for that purpose.  
In the next place, His Majesty caused several Proclamations, and Orders of Council to be published for the Discovering and Disabling of Popish Recusants: The First of the 30th of October, commanding all Popish Recusants, or so reputed, to departed from the Cities of London and Westminster, and all other places within ten Miles of the same, was seconded by an Order of Council, on the second of November, wherein his Majesty promised a reward of Twenty Pounds, to those that should Discover any Officer or Soldier of his Majesty's Guards, who having formerly taken the Oaths of Allegiance, Supremacy, and the Test, had since been perverted, or should hereafter be perverted to the Romish Religion.  
The Ninth of November, his Majesty came in his Robes into the House of Lords; whither the Commons being called, his Majesty made a Gracious Speech, thanking, both Houses for the Care they shown for the safety and preservation of his Person, promising the like on his part for them, and offering his ready Assent to the passing into Laws all such Bills as might secure their Religion, not only during his own Reign, but also in the Reign of His Successors; provided they did not impeach the right of Succession in the true Line, nor restrain the power and just rights of His Majesty or His Protestant Successors.  
Shortly after His Majesty issued out several Proclamations, as one for confining all Popish Recusants within five miles of their respective dwellings; another for apprehending some persons therein named, who were accused of the hellish Plot; and a third, promising a present reward of twenty pounds to any that should discover and cause to be apprehended, any Popish Priest or Jesuit, except those that were privileged by the Law of the Land or that of Nations, as serving the Queen or Foreign Ministers.  
November 21, One William Staley a Goldsmith, being indicted at the King's Bench Bar of High Treason, for Treasonable words against His Majesty's Life, was convicted and condemned to be drawn hanged, and quartered; which sentence was on the 26th of the same month executed at Tyburn.  
November 27th, Edward Coleman Esq who on Friday before had been arraigned at the King's Bench Bar for High Treason, in conspiring the Death of the King, subverting His Government, and extirpating the true Protestant Religion, came to his Trial, and being upon full evidence convicted, had Sentence pronounced against him next morning to be drawn, hanged, and quartered; which was accordingly executed on the third of December following; he being the first that suffered for the Plot, whereof many besides himself were, and stand still accused.  
November 28th, His Majesty at the humble request of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, assembled in Parliament, was pleased by Proclamation to declare, That if any Person or Persons should before the twenty fifth day of December following, make any further discovery of the horrid Design against His Majesty's Sacred Person and Government; he, or they so discovering, should not only have the reward of two hundred pounds for every such discovery upon due proof thereof, but if guilty of the said Design, or otherwise of concealing it, they should have His Majesty's Pardon.  
November 30th, His Majesty in the House of Lords, gave His Royal Assent to an Act for the more effectual preserving the King's Person and Government, by disabling Papists from sitting in either House of Parliament; and in December following put out a Proclamation for disarming and securing all Popish Recusants, or justly so suspected.  
December 30th, His Majesty present in the House of Lords, was pleased to Prorogue the Parliament till the fourth of February following; which was afterward by Proclamation January 25th dissolved, and a new Parliament summoned to meet the sixth of March 1678/9.  
January 17th 1678/9, William Ireland a Jesuit, Thomas Pickering a Lay-brother of the Benedictin Monks, and John Grove an Alehousekeeper, were arraigned and convicted at the Old Bailey, for having conspired the destruction of His Majesty's Royal Person, the subversion of the Government, and extirpation of the Protestant Religion. The chief evidence against them were Mr. Oats, Mr. Bedlow, and one who had been a Serving Maid to Grove; they had Sentence pronounced against them to be drawn, hanged, and quartered; and accordingly January 24th, Ireland and Grove suffered at Tyburn, Pickering lying still reprieved in Newgate. His Majesty's Forces that were recalled from Flanders, began this month first to come over again.  
Monday the 10th of February 1678/9, Robert Green, Henry Berry, and Laurence Hill, three of the murderers of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, were brought to their Trial at the King's Bench Bar, for the said murder; the main evidence against them were the  Bedlow and Prance, the first declaring that he had seen the dead Body, and the other confessing he had had a hand in the murder; which was briefly thus committed: Prance, with the aforesaid Green, Berry and Hill, and some others, having laid their design before, and several times dogged Sir Edmondbury Godfrey; on Saturday night, the twelfth of October finding him in the Strand, as he was returning home; upon a plausible pretext of keeping the peace between two Gentlemen that were (as they made him believe) a quarrelling; wheadled him into , and there with a twisted Handkerchief clapped about his Neck, some of them strangled him, whilst Prance and Berry watched at the Gates. His dead Body they lodged in  till Wednesday following, and then carried it out in a Sedan as far as Sohoe, where they mounted the same on a Horse, and so conveyed it to the Ditch, leaving it there barbarously pierced through with a Sword: Upon this evidence they were found guilty, condemned and executed.  
At this time, Sir Joseph Williamson having resigned the Seals of Secretary of State into his Majesty's hands, the Right Honourable, Robert Earl of Sunderland, was in his place made one of the Principal Secretaries of State, and accordingly took place at the Council Board.  
The time of the Sitting of the New Parliament drawing near, his Majesty, that he might remove all Jealousies from the minds of his Subjects, thought fit to command his Royal Highness the Duke of York, to absent himself; who with his Duchess, in obedience of his Majesty's Commands, on the third of March took leave of his Majesty, in order to their going beyond Sea, where now they are at Bruxelles in Flanders.  
Thursday March the sixth the lately Summoned Parliament met at Westminster. The King thinking it fit to wave the Solemnity of Riding used at the Opening of the Parliaments of England, went in his Royal Barge to the House by Water; and there in a gracious Speech, which was enlarged by the Lord Chancellor; His Majesty told both Houses what he expected, and the Country stood in need of, from their unanimous and wise Deliberations.  
And now that the Joint and Healing Councils of his Gracious Majesty and this present Parliament may so effectually operate in composing the Divisions, uniting the Minds, and settling the Peace of the People of this Nation, as may afford many Volumes of Noble Acts, at present to be transmited to grateful Posterity, no other ways than by hearty Wishes; it is and aught to be the fervent Prayer of all who truly fear God, honour their King, and desire the Welfare and Prosperity of his Kingdoms.  

Mayors and Sheriffs of LONDON, to the 31th Year of His Reign.  
In his First Year, 1649. 

Thomas Foot, was Mayor.  
Christopher Pack, Rowland Wilson died in the Year. John Dethick, Sheriffs.    
In his 2d. Year, 1650. 

Thomas Andrews, was Mayor.  
Robert Tichborn, Richard Chiverton, Sheriffs.    
In his 3d. Year, 1651. 

John Kendrick, was Mayor.  
Andrew Richards, John Ireton, Sheriffs.    
In his 4th. Year, 1652. 

John Fowke, was Mayor.  
Stephen Eastwick, William Underwood Sheriffs.    
In his 5th. Year, 1653. 

Thomas Vynor, was Mayor.  
James Phillips, Walter Bigge, Sheriffs.    
In his 6th. Year, 1654. 

Christopher Pack, was Mayor.  
Edmund Sleigh, Thomas Aleyn, Sheriffs.    
In his 7th Year, 1655. 

John Dethick, was Mayor.  
William Thompson, John Frederick, Sheriffs.    
In his 8th Year, 1656. 

Robert Tichburn, was Mayor.  
Tempest Milner, Nathanial Temms, Sheriffs.    
In his 9th Year, 1657. 

Richard Chiverton, was Mayor.  
John Robinson, Thomas Chandler, died in the Year, Richard King, Sheriffs.    
In his 10th. Year, 1658. 

John Ireton, was Mayor.  
Anthony Bateman, John Laurence, Sheriffs.    
In his 11th Year, and part of the 12th 1660. 

Sir Thomas Aleyn, Baronet, was Mayor.  
Francis Warner, William Love, Sheriffs.    
In his 12th. Year, and part of the 13th. 1661. 

Sir Richard Brown, Baronet, was Mayor.  
Sir William Boulton, Sir William Peake, Sheriffs.    
In his 13th. Year, and part of the 14th. 1662. 

Sir John Frederick, was Mayor.  
Francis Menill, Samuel Starling, Sheriffs.    
In his 14th. Year, and part of the 15th. 1663. 

Sir John Robinson, was Mayor.  
Sir Thomas Bludworth, Sir William Turner Sheriffs.    
In his 15th Year, and part of the 16th 1664. 

Sir Anthony Bateman was Mayor.  
Sir Richard Ford, Sir Richard Rives Sheriffs.    
In his 〈…〉 of the 17th 1665. 

Sir John 〈…〉 ●ayor.  
Sir George W●●●●● 〈◊〉 Charles Do, Sheriffs.    
In his 17th Year and part of the 18th 1666. 

Sir Thomas Bludworth was Mayor.  
Sir Robert Hanson, Sir William Hooker, Sheriffs.    
In his 18th Year, and part of the 20th 1667. 

Sir William Boulton, was Mayor.  
Sir Robert Vinor, Sir Joseph Sheldon, Sheriffs.    
In his 18th Year, and part of the 20th 1668. 

Sir William Peak, was Mayor.  
Sir Dennis Gauden, Sir Thomas Davis, Sheriffs.    
In his 20th Year, and part of the 21th 1669. 

Sir William Turner, was Mayor.  
John Forth Esq Sir Francis Chaplain, Sheriffs.    
In his 21th Year, and part of the 22th 1670. 

Sir Samuel Starling, was Mayor.  
Sir John Smith, Sir James Edward's, Sheriffs.    
In his 22th Year, and part of the 23th 1671. 

Sir Richard Ford, was Mayor.  
Samuel Forth, Patience Ward, Sheriffs.    
In his 23th Year, and part of the 24th 1672. 

Sir George Waterman, was Mayor.  
Sir Jonathan Daws died in the Year, Sheriffs.  
Sir Robert Claiton, Sir John Moor, Sheriffs.    
In his 24th Year, and part of the 25th 1673. 

Sir Robert Hanson, was Mayor.  
Sir William Pritchard, Sir James Smith Sheriffs.    
In his 25th Year, and part of the 26th 1674. 

Sir William Hooker, was Mayor.  
Sir Henry Tulse, Sir Robert Jeffry, Sheriffs.    
In his 26th Year, and part of the 27th 1675 

Sir Robert Vynor was Mayor.  
Sir Nathaniel Hern, Sir John Lethieulier, Sheriffs.    
In his 27th Year, and part of the 28th 1676. 

Sir Joseph Sheldon, was Mayor.  
Sir Thomas Gold, Sir John Shorter, Sheriffs.    
In his 28th Year, and part of the 29th 1677. 

Sir Thomas Davis, was Mayor.  
Sir John Peak, Sir Thomas Stamp, Sheriffs.    
In his 29th Year, and part of the 30th 1678. 

Sir Francis Chaplain, was Mayor.  
Sir William Royston, Sir Thomas Beckford, Sheriffs.    
In his 30th Year, and part of the 31th 1679. 

Sir James Edward's, was Mayor.  
Sir William How, Sir John Chapmau, Sheriffs.        


A LIST Of the Names of the Knights, Citizens, Burgesses, and Barons of the Cinque-Ports, that are Returned to serve in the Parliament of England, begun the sixth of March, 1678/9.  

Bedfordshire.  
William Lord Russel.  
Sir Humphrey Munnox Bar.   

Town of Bedford.  
Pawlet St. John, Esq  
Sir William Franklin, Kt.   

Berks.  
Sir Humphrey Forster Bar.  
William Barker Esq   

Borough of New Windsor.  
Ralph Winwood, Esq  
John Starkey, Esq   

Borough of Reading.  
John Blagrave Esq  
Nathan Knight Esq   

Borough of Wallingford.  
John Stone Esq  
Scory Barker Esq   

Borough of Abington.  
Sir John Stonehouse Bar.   

Bucks.  
Thomas Wharton, Esq  
John Hampden, Esq   

Town of Bucks.  
Edward Viscount Latimer.  
Sir Peter Tyrril, Bar.   

Borough of Chipping Wiccomb.  
Sir John Borlase, Bar.  
Thomas Lewes, Esq   

Borough of Aylesbury.  
Sir Thomas Lee, Bar.  
Sir Richard Ingolsby Kt. of the Bath.   

Borough of Agmondesham.  
Sir William Drake, Kt.  
Sir Roger Hill, Kt.   

Borough of Wendover.  
Richard Hampden, Esq  
Edward Backwel, Esq   

Borough of great Marlowe.  
Sir Humphrey Winch, Bar.  
John Borlase Esq   

Cambridge.  
Gerrard Russel, Esq  
Edward Partherich, Esq   

University of Cambridge.  
Sir Thomas Exton, Kt.  
James Vernon, Esq   

Town of Cambridge.  
William Lord Allington  
Sir Thomas Chichely, Kt.   

Chester.  
Henry Booth, Esq  
Sir Philip Egerton, Kt.   

City of Chester.  
William Williams, Esq  
Sir Thomas Grosvenor, Bar.   

Cornwall.  
Francis Roberts, Esq  
Sir Richard Edgcomb, Kt. of the Bath.   

Borough of Dunhivid, alias, Lanceston.  
Bernard Greenvill, Esq  
Sir Charles Harboured, Kt.   

Borough of Leskard.  
John Buller, Esq  
John Connock, Esq   

Borough of Lestwithiel.  
Sir John Carew, Bar.  
Walter Kendal, Esq   

Borough of Truro.  
William Boscawen, Esq  
Edward Boscawen, Esq   

Borough of Bodmyn.  
Hender Roberts, Esq  
Nicholas Glyn, Esq   

Borough of Helston.  
Sir William Godolphin, Bar.  
Sir Viell Vivian.   

Borough of Saltash.  
Bernard Greenvil, Esq  
Nicholas Courtenay, Esq   

Borough of Gamelford.  
Sir James Smith, Kt.  
Russell, Esq   

Borough of Port Pigham, alias, Westlow.  
John Trelawney, Mayor of Westlow, Esq  
John Trelawney, Senior, Esq   

Borough of Cram pound.  
Sir Joseph Tredenham, Kt.  
Charles Trevanniam, Esq   

Borough of Eastlow.  
Sir Jonathan Trelawney, Bar.  
Henry Seymour, Esq   

Borough of Penryn.  
Francis Trefusis, Esq  
Sir Robert Southwell, Kt.   

Borough of Tregoney.  
Hugh Boscawen, Esq  
John Tanner, Esq   

Borough of Bossiney.  
William Coriton, Esq  
John Tregegle, Esq   

Borough of St. Ives.  
Edward Noseworthy, Senior, Esq  
Edward Noseworthy, Junior, Esq   

Borough of Fowey.  
Jonathan Rashley, Esq  
John Trefry, Esq   

Borough of St. Germains.  
Daniel eliot, Esq  
Richard eliot, Esq   

Borough of St. Michael.  
Sir John St. Aubin, Bar.  
Walter Vincent, Esq   

Borough of Newport.  
John Coryton, Esq  
Ambrose Manaton, Esq   

Borough of St. Maws.  
Sidney Godolphin, Esq  
Henry Seymour, Junior, Esq   

Borough of Kellington.  
Sir John Coryton, Bar.  
Samuel Roles, Esq   

Cumberland.  
Sir John Lowther of White-haven, Bar.  
Richard Lamplugh, Esq   

City of Carlisle.  
Sir Philip Howard, Kt.  
Sir Christopher Musgrave, Kt.   

Borough of Cockermouth.  
Sir Richard Grahme, Bar.  
Orlando Gee, Esq   

Derby.  
William Lord Cavendish.  
William Sacheverell, Esq   

Town of Derby.  
Anchetill Grace, Esq  
George Vernon, Esq   

Devonshire.  
Edward Seymour, Esq  
Sir William Courtenay, Bar.   

City of Exeter.  
William glide, Esq  
Malachy Pine, Esq   

Borough of Totnes.  
Sir Edward Seymour, Bar.  
John Kelland, Jun. Esq   

Borough of Plymouth.  
Sir John Maynard, Kt. His Majesty's Sergeant at Law.  
John Spark, Esq   

Town and Borough of Oke-hampton.  
Sir Arthur Harris, Bar.  
Josias Calmady, Jun. Esq   

Borough of Barnstaple.  
Sir Hugh Acland, Bar.  
John Basset, Esq   

Borough of Plympton.  
George Treby, Esq  
Richard Hillersdon, Esq   

Borough of Honiton.  
Sir Walter Young, Bar.  
Sir Thomas Put, Bar.   

Borough of Tavistock.  
Sir Francis Drake, Bar.  
Edward Russel, Esq   

Borough of Ashburton.  
Thomas Raynel, Esq  
William Stawell, Esq   

Borough of Clifton Dartmouth, and Hardness.  
John Upton, Esq  
Sir Nathaniel Hern, Kt.   

Borough of Beeralston.  
Sir William Bastard, Kt.  
Sir John trevor's, Kt.   

Borough of Tiverton.  
Samuel Foot, Esq  
Sir Henry Ford, Kt.   

Dorsetshire.  
Thomas Strangeways, Esq  
Thomas Freak, Esq   

Town of Pool.  
Thomas Chafin, Esq  
Henry Trenchard, Esq   

Borough of Dorchester.  
Sir Francis Hollis, Kt. and Bar.  
Nicholas Gould, Merch.   

Borough of Lyme Regis.  
Sir George Strode, one of his Majesty's Sergeant at Law.  
Henry Henly, Esq   

Borough of Waymouth.  
Anthony Lord Ashley.  
Sir John Coventry, Kt. of the Bath.   

Borough of Melcomb Regis.  
Thomas Brown, Esq  
Michael Harvey, Esq   

Borough of Bridport.  
Wadham Strangeways, Esq  
John Every, Esq   

Borough of Shaftson, alias Shaftsbury.  
Henry Whitaker, Esq  
Thomas Bennet, Esq   

Borough of Wareham.  
Thomas earl, Esq  
George Savage, Esq   

Borough of Corfe Castle.  
Sir Nathaniel Napper.  
John Tregonwell, Esq   

Durham.  
Sir Robert Eden, Bar.  
John Tempest, Esq   

City of Durham.  
Sir Ralph Cole, Bar.  
William Tempest, Esq   

Essex.  
Sir Eliab Harvey, Kt.  
Henry Mildmay, Esq   

Borough of Colchester.  
Sir Harbottle Grimstone. Bar.  
Sir Walter Clarges, Bar.   

Borough of Malden.  
Sir William Wiseman, Kt. and Bar.  
Sir John Bramston, Kt. of the Bath.   

Borough of Harwich.  
Sir Anthony Dean, Kt.  
Samuel Pepys, Esq   

Gloucestershire.  
Sir John Guyse, Bar.  
Sir Ralph Dutton, Bar.   

City of Gloucester.  
Evan Seys, Sergeant at Law.  
William Cook, Esq   

Borough of Cirencester.  
Sir Robert Atkins, Jun. Kt.  
Henry paul, Esq   

Borough of Tukesbury.  
Sir Henry Capell, Kt. of the Bath.  
Sir Francis Russel, Bar.   

Herefordshire.  
John Viscount Scudamore.  
Sir Herbert Crofts, Bar.   

City of Hereford.  
Bridstock Hartford, Esq  
Paul Foley, Esq   

Borough of Lempster.  
James Pits, Esq  
John Dutton Colt, Esq   

Borough of Weobly.  
William Gregory, Sergeant at Law,  
John Birch, Esq   

Hertfordshire.  
Silus Titus, Esq  
William Hale, Esq   

Borough of St. Alban.  
Thomas Pope Blount, Esq  
John Gape, Gent.   

Borough of Hertford.  
Sir Thomas Bide, Kt.  
Sir Charles Caesar, Kt.   

Huntingdonshire.  
Ralph Montague, Esq  
Robert Apreece, Esq   

Borough of Huntingdon.  
Sidney Wortley, alias Montague, Esq  
Sir Nicholas Pedley, Kt.   

Kent.  
Sir Vere Fane, Kt. of the Bath.  
Edward Dering, Esq   

City of Canterbury.  
Edward Hales, Esq  
William Jacob, D. of Physic.   

City of Rochester.  
Sir John Banks, Bar.  
Sir Richard Head, Bar.   

Borough of Maidstone.  
Sir John Tufton, Kt. and Bar.  
Sir John Darel, Kt.   

Borough of Queenborough.  
James Herbert, Esq  
Sir Edward Hales, Bar.   

Lancaster.  
Charles Gerrard, Esq  
Peter Bold, Esq   

Borough of Lancaster.  
Richard Kirkby, Esq  
Richard Harrison, Esq   

Borough or Town of Preston in Amounderness.  
Sir Robert Car, Kt. and Bar.  
Edward Rigby, Sergeant at Law.   

Borough of Newton.  
Sir John Chicheley, Kt.  
Andrew Fountain, Esq   

Borough of Wigon.  
Charles Earl of Ancram.  
Roger Bradshaw, Esq   

Borough of Clithero.  
Sir Ralph Ashton, Bar.  
Sir Thomas Stringer, Sergeant at Law.   

Borough of Liverpool.  
Ruishen Wentworth, Esq  
John Dubois, Merchant.   

Leicester.  
Sir John Forstop.  
Bennet Lord Sherrard.   

Town of Leicester.  
John Grace, Esq  
Sir Henry Beaumond, Bar.   

Lincoln.  
George Visc. Castleton.  
Sir Robert Car, Kt. and Bar.   

City of Lincoln.  
Sir Thomas Meers, Kt.  
Henry Monson, Esq   

Borough of Boston.  
Sir Anthony Irby, Kt.  
Sir William Ellis, Kt. Sergeant at Law.   

Borough of Great Grimsby.  
William Broxolme, Esq  
George Pelham, Esq   

Town of Stamford.  
Sir Richard Cust, Bar.  
William Hyde, Esq   

Borough of Grantham.  
Sir William Ellis, Bar.  
Sir John Newton, Bar.   

Middlesex.  
Sir William Roberts, Bar.  
Sir Robert Peyton, Kt.   

City of Westminster.  
Sir Stephen Fox, Kt.  
Sir William Pultenay, Kt.   

LONDON.  
Sir Robert Clayton, Kt.  
Sir Thomas Player, Kt.  
William Love, Esq  
Thomas Pilkington, Esq   

Monmouth.  
Charles Somerset Lord Herbert of Ragland.  
William Morgan, Esq   

Borough of Monmouth.  
Sir Trevor Williams, Bar.   

Norfolk.  
Sir John Hubbart, Kt.  
Sir Nevil Catlyne, Kt.   

City of Norwich.  
William Paston, Esq  
Augustine Briggs, Esq   

Town of Lynn Regis.  
John Turner, Esq  
Simon Taylor, Gent.   

Town of Great Yarmouth.  
Sir William Coventry, Kt.  
Richard Huntingdon, Esq   

Borough of Thetford.  
Sir Joseph Williamson, Kt.  
William Harboured, Esq   

Borough of Castlerising.  
Sir Robert Howard, Kt.  
James Host, Esq   

Northampton.  
Sir Roger Norwich. Bar.  
John Parkhurst, Esq   

City of Peterborough.  
William Lord Fitzwilliams.  
Francis St. john's, Esq   

Town of Northampton.  
Sir Hugh Cholmley, Bar.  
Sir William Farmer. Bar.   

Town of Brackley.  
Sir Thomas Crew, Kt.  
William Lisle, Esq   

Borough of Higham Ferrer.  
Sir Rice Rud, Bar.   

Northumberland.  
Sir John Fenwick, Bar.  
Sir Ralph Dalavell, Bar.   

Town of Newcastle upon Tine.  
Sir William Blacket, Bar.  
Sir Francis Anderson, Kt.   

Borough of Morpeth.  
Edward Lord Morpeth.  
Sir George Downing, Kt. and Bar.   

Town of Berwick upon Tweed.  
Ralph Grace, Esq  
John Rushworth, Esq   

Nottingham.  
Sir Scroop How, Kt.  
John White, Esq   

Town of Nottingham.  
Robert Pierrepont, Esq  
Richard Slater, Esq   

Borough of Eastretford.  
Sir William Hickman, Bar.  
Sir Edward Nevile, Kt. and Bar.   

Borough of Newark.  
Robert Lord Deincourt.  
Sir Robert Markham, Bar.   

Oxon.  
Sir Edward Norris, Kt.  
Sir John Cope, Bar.   

University of Oxon.  
Heneage Finch, Esq His Majesty's Solicitor General.  
John Edisbury Dr. of Laws.   

City of Oxon.  
William Wright, Esq  
Broom Whorwood, Esq   

Borough of New-Woodstock.  
Sir Littleton Osbaldeston, Bar.  
Nicholas Baynton, Esq   

Borough of Bandbury.  
Sir John Holman, Bar.   

Rutland.  
Philip Sherrard, Esq  
Sir Thomas Mackworth, Bar.   

Salop.  
Richard Newport, Esq  
Sir Vincent Corbet, Bar.   

Town of Salop.  
Sir Richard Corbet, Bar.  
Edward Kinnaston, Esq   

Borough of Bruges, alias Bridgenorth.  
Sir Thomas Whitmore, Kt. of the Bath.  
Sir William Whitmore, Bar.   

Borough of Ludlow.  
Francis Charlton, Esq  
Somerset Fox, Esq   

Borough of Great Wenlock.  
Sir John Wild, Kt.  
William Forester, Esq   

Town of Bishop's Castle.  
Edmund Waring, Esq  
William Oakely, Esq   

Somerset.  
Sir Hugh Smith, Kt. of the Bath, and Bar.  
Sir John Sydenhan, Bar.   

City of Bristol.  
Sir Robert Cann, Kt. and Bar.  
Sir John Knight, Kt.   

City of Bath.  
Sir William Basset, Kt.  
Sir George Speke, Bar.   

City of Wells.  
Edward Berkly, Esq  
William Coward, Esq   

Borough of Taunton.  
Sir William Portman, Bar. and Kt. of the Bath.  
John Trenchard, Esq   

Borough of Bridgewater.  
Ralph Stawel, Esq  
Sir Haswel Tynt, Bar.  
Sir Francis Role, Kt.   

Borough of Minehead.  
Francis Lutterel, Esq  
Sir John Mallet, Kt.   

Borough of Ilcester.  
William Strode, Esq  
John Speke, Esq   

Borough of Milhorneport.  
John Hunt, Esq  
William Lacie, Jun. Esq   

Southampton.  
Edward Noel, Esq  
Richard Norton, Esq   

City of Winchester.  
James Lord Annesly.  
Sir John Clobery, Kt.   

Town of Southampton.  
Thomas Knowlys, Esq  
Benjamen Newland, Merch.   

Town of Portsmouth.  
George Leg, Esq  
Sir John Kempthorn, Kt.   

Borough of Yarmouth.  
Sir Richard Mason, Kt.  
Thomas Lucy, Esq   

Borough of Peters-Field.  
Sir John Norton, Bar.  
Leonard Bilson, Esq   

Borough of Newport, alias Medona.  
Sir Robert Holms, Kt.  
Sir Robert Dillington, Bar.   

Borough of Stockbridge.  
Henry Whitehead, Esq  
Oliver St. John, Esq   

Borough of Newton.  
Sir John Holmes, Kt.  
John Churchill, Esq   

Borough of Christ Church.  
Sir. Thomas Clargis, Kt.  
Henry Tulse, Esq   

Borough of Whit-Church.  
Richard Ayliffe, Esq  
Henry Wallop, Esq   

Borough of Limington.  
John Button, Esq  
Bartholomew Bunkley, Esq   

Town of Andover.  
Francis Pawlet, Esq  
William Withers, Esq   

Staffordshire.  
Sir Walter Baggott, Bar.  
Sir John Bowyer, Bar.   

City of Litchfield.  
Sir Henry Littleton, Bar.  
Michael Biddulph, Esq   

Borough of Stafford.  
Waller Chetwind, Esq  
Sir Thomas Armstrong, Kt.   

Borough of Newcastle under Line.  
Sir Thomas Bellot, Bar.  
William Leveston Gower, Esq   

Borough of Tamworth.  
Thomas Thynne, Esq  
John Swynfen, Esq   

Suffolk.  
Sir Jervase Elwes, Bar.  
Sir Samuel Barnardiston, Bar.   

Borough of Ipswich.  
Gilbert Linfield, Esq  
John Wright, Esq   

Borough of Dunwich.  
Sir Philip Skippon, Kt.  
Thomas Allen, Esq   

Borough of Orford.  
Lionel Lord Huntingtower.  
Sir John Duke, Bar.   

Borough of Alborough.  
Sir Richard Haddock, Kt.  
Henry Johnson, Esq   

Borough of Sudbury.  
Sir Robert Cordell, Bar.  
Jervase Elwes, Esq   

Borough of Eye.  
Sir Charles Gaudey, Kt. and Bar.  
Sir Robert Reves, Bar.   

Borough of Saint Edmundsbury.  
Sir Thomas Harvey, Kt.  
Thomas Jermin, Esq   

Surrey.  
Arthur Onslow, Esq  
George Evelyn of Wotton, Esq   

Borough of Southwark.  
Sir Richard How, Kt.  
Peter Rich, Esq   

Borough of Blechingly.  
George Evelyn of Nutfield, Esq  
Edward Harvey, Esq   

Borough of Ryegate.  
Roger James, Esq  
Dean Goodwin, Esq   

Borough of Guildford.  
Richard Onslow, Esq  
Thomas Dalmahoy, Esq   

Borough of Gatton.  
Sir Nicholas Carew, Kt.  
Thomas Turgis, Esq   

Borough of Haslemere.  
Sir William More, Bar.  
James Gresham, Esq   

Sussex.  
Sir John Pelham, Bar.  
John Lewkener, Esq   

City of Chichester.  
Richard May, Esq  
John Braman, Esq   

Borough of Horsham.  
Anthony Eversfield, Esq  
John Mitchell, Esq   

Borough of Midhurst.  
Sir William Morley, Kt. of the Bath.  
John Alford, Esq   

Borough of Lewes.  
William Morley, Esq  
Edward Bridger, Esq   

Borough of New Shoreham.  
Robert Fag, Esq  
John Cheale, Esq   

Borough of Bramber.  
Henry Goring, Esq  
Nicholas Eversfield, Esq   

Borough of staining.  
Sir John Fag, Bar.  
Sir Henry Goring, Bar.   

Borough of East-Grimstead.  
Thomas Pelham, Esq  
Sir Thomas Littleton, Kt.   

Borough of Arundel.  
William Garraway, Esq  
James Butler, Esq   

Warwickshire.  
Sir Edward Boughton, Bar.  
Robert Burdet, Esq   

City of Coventry.  
Richard Hopkins, Esq  
Robert Beak, Esq   

Borough of Warwick.  
Sir Henry Puckering, Bar.  
Sir John Clopton, Kt.   

Westmoreland.  
Sir John Lowther of Lowther, Kt.  
Allen Bellingham, Esq   

Borough of Apulby.  
Richard Tufton, Esq  
Anthony Lowther, Esq   

Wiltshire.  
Sir Richard Grubbam How, Knight and Baronet.  
Thomas Thinn, of Long Let, Esq   

City of New Sarum.  
Sir Thomas Mompesson, Kt.  
Alexander Thiftlethwait, Esq   

Borough of Wilton.  
Thomas Herbert, Esq  
Thomas Penruddock, Esq   

Borough of Downton.  
Maurice Bockland, Esq  
Sir Joseph Ash, Bar.   

Borough of Hindon.  
Richard How, Esq  
Thomas Lambert, Esq   

Borough of Westbury.  
Richard Lewis, Esq  
William Trenchard, Esq   

Borough of Hetsbury.  
William Ash, Esq  
Edward Ash, Esq   

Borough of Calne.  
Sir George Hungerford, Kt.  
Walter Norborn, Esq   

Borough of the Devizes.  
Sir Walter Ernley, Bar.  
Sir Edward Baynton, Kt. of the Bath.   

Borough of Chippenham.  
Sir Edward Hungerford, Kt. of the Bath.  
Sir John Talbot, Kt.   

Borough of Malmesbury.  
Sir William Estcourt, Bar.  
Sir James Long, Bar.   

Borough of Cricklade.  
Hungerford Dunce, Esq  
Edmund Web, Esq   

Borough of Great Bedwyn.  
Francis Stonehouse, Esq  
John Dean, Esq   

Borough of Lugdersal.  
Thomas Neal, Esq  
John Smith, Jun. Esq   

Borough of Old Sarum.  
Eliab Harvey, Esq  
John Young, Esq   

Borough of Wooton Basset.  
Laurence Hyde, Esq  
John Pleydall, Esq   

Borough of Marlborough.  
Thomas Bennet, Esq  
Edward Goddard, Esq   

Worcestershire.  
Samuel Sandys, Esq  
Thomas Foley, Esq   

City of Worcester.  
Thomas Street, one of his Majesty's Sergeants at Law.  
Sir Francis Winnington, Kt.   

Borough of Droitwich.  
Henry Coventry, Esq Principal Secretary of State.  
Samuel Sandys, Jun. Esq   

Borough of Evesham.  
Sir James Rushout, Bar.  
Henry Parker, Esq   

Borough of Bewdey.  
Philip Foley, Esq   

Yorkshire.  
Charles Lord Clifford.  
Henry Lord Fairfax.   

City of York.  
Sir John Hewley, Kt.  
Sir Henry Thompson, Kt.   

Town of Kingston upon Hull.  
Lemuell Kingdone, Esq  
William Ramsden, Esq   

Borough of Knaresborough.  
Sir Thomas Slingby, Bar.  
William Stockdale, Esq   

Borough of Scaresborough.  
William Thompson, Esq  
Francis Thompson, Esq   

Borough of Rippon.  
Sir Edmund Jennings, Kt.  
Richard Stern, Esq   

Borough of Richmond.  
Thomas Craddock, Esq  
Humphrey Warton, Esq   

Borough of Heyden.  
Sir Hugh bethel, Kt.  
Henry Guy, Esq   

Borough of Burrowbrigg.  
Sir Thomas Malleverer, Bar.  
Sir Henry Gooderick, Kt. and Bar.   

Borough of Malton.  
William Palms, Esq  
Sir Watkinson Payler, Bar.   

Borough of Thirske.  
Sir William Frankland, Bar.  
Nich. Sanderson, Esq   

Borough of Alborough.  
Sir John Reresby, Bar.  
Henry Arthington, Esq   

Borough of Beverly.  
Sir John Hotham, Bar.  
Michael Warton, Esq   

Borough of North-Allerton.  
Sir Gilbert Gerrard, Bar.  
Sir Henry Calverly, Kt.   

Borough of Pontefract.  
Sir John Dawney, Kt.  
Sir Patience Ward, Kt.    

BARONS Of the CINQUE-PORTS.  

Port of Hastings.  
Sir Robert Parker, Bar.  
John Ashburnham, Esq   

Town of Winchelsey.  
Creswell Draper, Esq  
Thomas Austin, Esq   

Town of Rye.  
Sir John Robinson, Kt. and Bar.  
Thomas Frewen, Esq   

Port of new Rumney.  
Sir Charles Sedley, Bar.  
Paul Barret, Esq   

Port of Hyeth.  
Sir Edward Dering, Bar.  
Julius' Deeds, Esq   

Port of Dover.  
William Stokes, Esq  
Thomas Papillon, Esq  
John Strode, Esq   

Port of Sandwich.  
John Thurburn, Esq  
Sir Ja. Oxenden, Kt. and Bar.   

Port of Seaford.  
Sir William Thomas, Bar.  
Herbert Stapley, Esq    

WALES.  

Anglesey.  
Henry Bulkeley, Esq   

Town of Bewmarris.  
Richard Bulkeley, Esq   

Brecon.  
Richard Williams, Esq   

Town of Brecon.  
Thomas Mansel, Esq  
John Jefferies, Esq,   

Cardigan.  
Edward Vaughan of Trouscoed, Esq   

Town of Cardigan.  
Hector Philips, Esq   

Carmarthen.  
John Lord Vaughan, Kt. of the Bath.   

Town of Carmarthen.  
Altham Vaughan, Esq   

Carnervon.  
Thomas Bulkeley of Dinas, Esq   

Town of Carnervon.  
Thomas Mostin of Glotheth, Esq   

Denbigh.  
Sir Thomas Middleton, Bar.   

Town of Denbigh.  
Sir John Salisbury, Bar.   

Flint.  
Mutton Davies, Esq   

Town of Flint.  
Roger Whitley, Esq   

Glamorgan.  
Bussy Mansel, Esq   

Town of Cardiff.  
Sir Robert Thomas, Bar.   

Merieneth.  
Sir John Wynne, Kt. and Bar.   

Pembroke.  
Sir Hugh Owen, Bar.   

Town of Pembroke.  
Arthur Owen, Esq   

Town of Haverfordwest.  
William Wogan, Esq   

Montgomery.  
Edward Vaughan, Esq   

Town of Montgomery.  
Matthew Price, Esq  
Edward Loyd, Esq   

Radnor.  
Rowland Gwyn, Esq   

Town of Radnor.  
Deerham, Esq    

HIS MAJESTY'S Most Honourable PRIVY COUNCIL.  

HIS Highness' Prince Rupert.  
William Lord Archbishop of Canterbury.  
Heneage Lord Finch Lord Chancellor of England.  
Anthony Earl of Shaftsbury Lord Precedent of the Council.  
Arthur Earl of Anglesey, Lord Privy Seal.  
James Duke of Monmouth, Master of the Horse.  
John Duke of Lauderdale, Secretary of State for Scotland.  
James Duke of Ormond Lord Steward of the Household.  
Charles Lord Marquess of Winchester.  
Henry Lord Marquess of Worcester.  
Henry Earl of Arlington, Lord Chamberlain of the Household.  
James Earl of Salisbury.  
John Earl of Bridgwater.  
Robert Earl of Sunderland, one of His Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State.  
Arthur Earl of Essex, first Lord Commissioner of the Treasury.  
John Earl of Bath Groom of the Stole.  
Thomas Lord Viscount Falconberg.  
George Lord Viscount Hallifax.  
Henry Lord Bishop of London.  
John Lord Roberts.  
Denzill Lord Hollis.  
William Lord Russel.  
William Lord Cavendish.  
Henry Coventry Esq one of His Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State.  
Sir Francis North Knight, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.  
Sir Henry Capel Knight of the Bath, first Commissioner of the Admiralty.  
Sir John Ernly Knight, Chancellor of the Exchequer.  
Sir Thomas Chicheley Knight, Master of the Ordnance.  
Sir William Temple Baronet.  
Edward Seymour Esq  
Henry paul Esq    


Commissioners for the Treasury.  
ARthur Earl of Essex.  
Lawrence Hid, Esq  
Sir Edward Deering.  
Sidney Godolphin.  
Sir John Ernly Chancellor of the Exchequer.  
Secretary to the Treasury, Henry Guy Esquire.    


Commissioners for the Execution of the Office of Lord High Admiral of England.  
SIr Henry Capell, Knight of the Bath.  
Daniel Finch, Esquire.   

Baronet's.  
Sir Thomas Lee,  
Sir Humphrey Winch,  
Sir Thomas Meers,   

Esquires.  
Edward Vaughan, &  
Edward Hales,    
FINIS.   

BOOKS sold by Abel Swalle at the Sign of the Unicorn at the West-end of St. Paul's.  

Folio's.  
PLutarch's Lives in English.  
Sir Rich. Baker's Chronicle, 1679.  
Mr. Joseph hobb's Works.  
Mr. Abr. Cowley's Poems.  
Hugonis Grotii, Opera omnia Theologica, 4. Vol. 1679.  
Episcopii Op. Vol. 1.  
Suarez de Legibus.   

Quarto's.  
Cluverii Geographia in figuris.  
Zelidaura Queen of Tartary.  
A Dramatic Romance, written in spanish by the command of the King of Spain, made English. 1679   

Octavo.  
A Conference between Dr. Stilling-fleet, and Dr. Burnet, with Coleman, 1679.  
Sermons on several Occasions. By John Tillotson, D. D. Dean of Canterbury.  
Scriptural Catechism, or the Duty of Man laid down in express words of Scripture.  
A Discourse concerning the Blessedness of the Righteous, by Mr. How, M. A.  
Tou's Le's Devoires de T'homme ' on La Practic devertus Chre'tiames'.  
Dict. Dutch.  
Grammar.  
Festan 's French Grammar.  
A Discourse concerning the Period of Humane Life.   

Twelve.  
French Bible.  
French Testament, Psalms.  
French Common-Prayer.