THE HISTORY OF JUSTINE, Taken out of the four and forty BOOKS OF TROGUS POMPEIUS:  
CONTANING The Affairs of all Ages, and Countries, both in Peace and War, from the beginning of the World until the Time of the Roman EMPERORS.  
Together, With the Epitome of the Lives and Manners of the Roman Emperors, from Octavius Augustus Caesar, to the Emperor Theodosius.  
Translated into English by Robert Codrington, Master of ARTS.  
LONDON, Printed for William Gilbertson, and are to be sold at the sign of the Bible in Gilt-Spur. Street without Newgate, 1654.   

To the most Illustrious OLIVER, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of the three Nations of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging.  
My Lord,  
SO great is the happiness that we already do enjoy under Your Highness' Protection, that we have neither hearts nor hopes, but what are armed with a Confidence, that from the tempests and the discords of War we shall gradually return to the harmony of the Arts, nor act any more Wars in our Fields, but content ourselves with the reading of them in our Histories at home; being crowned with a Safety, as accomplished as Peace and Plenty, and as Piety herself can make it.  
Neither is this (My Lord) the Expectation only of the three Nations united in this Commonwealth, but of Foreign States and Princes, who as much dread as gratulate your Greatness, to which the differing Counsels of the State, and the loud necessities of the moving times, and no desires of your own did call you.  
This is that (My Lord) which will yet raise you higher, and which will establish you in that height. He stands fast who is advanced, and upheld by the hand of Providence, which even by the mightiest of your Enemies will be acknowledged; who surprised as. much with envy as admiration, shall find the Presence and the Power of GOD in the wonder of your Victories; And from the observation and the Course of your Actions, they may beforehand pass a judgement on themselves, either of their Happiness or their Dangers.  
In this History, your Highness may observe by what Arts Empires and Kingdoms have been Erected, and how justly they have suffered when the corruptions of Peace did deliver them to the Examination of the Sword, to be either reform or destroyed; You may observe how the World hath been Inhabited by several Plantations, which though many of them may seem near unto a Fable, yet doubtless there is something of Truth in them, as may appear by what is rehearsed of the jews; whose Ancestry, and whose Religion being precisely concealed from the observation of the Gentiles, it is to be wondered how Trogus Pompeius knew so much; and that Tacitus, who lived many years after him, and when the jews had a Synagogue in Rome, should know so little, and in that little, should fall so short of the Truth.  
My Lord, This History in the Original was dedicated to Antoninus Pius, an Emperor so admirable for his Government, that the striving gratulations of those officious times wherein he lived, when they could find no parallel for him, they had recourse unto Antiquity, and compared him unto Numa. I have presumed (My Lord) to prefer the Translation of it to your Highness' Protection, whose Courage, and whose candour is beyond Example, and whose Piety is greater than both. The Idolatry of the Romans decreed divine Honours to Antoninus, and employed all their Eloquence to extol him, being dead. It shall be the Business of our zeal to wait upon your Laurels, and with the eloquence of a bended knee to implore the Almighty to continue you long amongst us the Protector of true Religion, and the Delight and Defender of the Arts; and that when by a late Death you shall be taken from us, our suffrages may be so happy as to find a Successor like unto you: So prayeth  
My Lord, Your Highness most humble and most devoted Servant Robert Codrington.   

The History of justine,  
THE INTRODUCTION OF JUSTINE, The most famous Historian, to the Histories of Trogus Pompeius, Dedicated to the Emperor ANTONINUS.  
WHereas many of the Romans, and men of Consulary dignity, have committed to History the Roman Affairs both in Greek and other tongues; Trogus Pompeius, a man of ancient eloquence, being delighted either with the desire of glory, or with the variety and novelty of the enterprise, did compose in Latin not only the History of Greece, but the History also of the whole world, that as the Roman affairs are read in Greek, so now the affairs of Greece may be read in the Roman tongue: and if the works of other Authors, discoursing on the acts of several Kings and Nations do seem to them to be a task of arduous difficulty, ought not Pompeius seem unto us with Herculean boldness to adventure through the whole world, in whose books the acts of all Ages, Kings, Nations and People are contained? And what the Greek Historians have confusedly thrust together as every one thought best unto himself, srogus Pompeius (some things being omitted which were judged to be superfluous) hath digested the rest into order, the whole work being distinguished by time, & by the course and Series of the affairs. In the leisures which in this City I enjoyed, I have carefully collected out of his four and forty books (for so many he did publish) all things which did proffer themselves to observation: and I have composed as it were one Posy of flowers of them, those things being left out which were neither delightful for the pleasure of knowledge, nor profitable for example: to the end that both those who understand the Greek tongue might have wherewith to be remembered, and those who understand it not may have wherewith to be informed. This I have transmitted unto you Emperor Antoninus, not to improve your knowledge, but to correct the defects thereof: as also that I may give you an account even of my leisures, of which Cato recordeth, that an account is to be rendered. Your approbation even in this time will be sufficient for me, by which, when envy and detraction shall be gone, Posterity shall receive a testimony of my industry.   

The First Book OF JUSTINE THE HISTORIAN, Taken out of the Histories of Trogus Pompeius.  
IN the beginning of Affairs, the command of People and Nations was in the power of Kings, whom no popular ambition, but an approved moderation amongst good men did advance unto the height of Majesty. The people were restrained by no Laws, the arbitrations of the Princes being in the place of Laws: It was their custom rather to defend then to enlarge the bounds of their Empires: Their own Countries were to every one the limits of their Kingdoms: Ninus King of the Assyrians was the first of all, who by an immoderate desire of reign, did change the ancient, and (as it were) the hereditary custom of the Nations. He first made war upon his Neighbours, and subdued the people (as yet unexperienced to resist) even to the bounds of afric. There were indeed more ancient in time, as Vexores King of Egypt, and Tanais King of Scythia, one of whom advanced into Pontus, and the other as far as Egypt; but their wars were remote, and not on their neighbouring Countries: neither sought they domination for themselves, but glory for their people: and being contented with victory, they abstained from the tyranny of command. Ninus with continued happiness confirmed the greatness of his acquired power; therefore the next Nations unto him being subdued, he by the access of new powers, did always march more strong against the others; and every last victory being the promoting of the following, he overcame all the Nations of the East. His last war was with Zoroastres King of the Bactrians, who is said first of all to have found out the art of Magic, and most diligently to have observed the beginnings of the world, and the motions of the stars. He being slain, Ninus deccased himself, his son Ninus whom he had by Semiramis being not yet of age: she not daring to deliver up the Empire to a boy, nor openly to exercise the command of it herself, so many and so great Nations being scarcely to be obedient to a man, much less unto a woman, did counterfeit herself to be the son instead of the wise of Ninus, and a boy instead of a woman. They were both of a middle stature, their voice but soft; their complexion and features of face, and the lineaments of their bodies were alike both in the mother and the son: she therefore with raiment covered her arms and thighs, and put a tire on her head; and that she might not seem to conceal any thing by her new habit, she commanded the people to be clothed in the same attire, which that whole Nation have ever since observed: Having thus counterfeiced her Sex, she was believed to be a boy. After this she made herself famous by great achievements, by the magnificence whereof when she thought she had overcome all envy, she confessed who she was, and whom she had counterfeited; neither did this take away from her the dignity of her Government, but increased her admiration, that a woman not only surpassed her sex, but even men in virtue. She builded Babylon, and encompassed it with a wall of Brick, being interlined with resin, Sand, Pitch, which in those places the earth doth everywhere cast up: There were many other famous acts of this Queen; for not content to defend the Boundaries of the Empire obtained by her husband, she not only added Aethiopia to it, but she carried the war into India, which besides her and Alexander the Great never any in vaded. At last when she desired to lie with her son, she was killed by him, having reigned two and forty years after Ninus. Her son Ninns being contented with the Empire purchased by his Parents, did abandon the study of war, and as if he had changed his sex with his mother, he grew old in the company of Ladies, being seldom at any time seen by men; his Successors also following his example, gave answers to the Nations by their Agents. The Assyrians, who afterwards were called Syrians, did possess the Empire for the space of one thousand and three hundred years. The last that reigned was Sardanapalus, a man more dissolute than a woman. When his Lieutenant over the Medes, Arbactus by name, after great solicitation could hardly be admitted into his presence, which was vouchsafed unto none before him, he found him amongst a throng of Concubines spinning Purple on a distaff, and distributing their tasks unto them, and exceeding them all both in the effeminacy of his habit, the softness of his body, and the wanton glances of his eye: Which things observed, Arbactus being possessed with indignation, that so many men should be subjet to such a woman, and that those who did bear arms should obey a Spinster, repairing to his companions, he did communicate to them what he beheld; he denied that he could pay Homage unto him who had rather be a woman then a man. A conspiracy therefore was plotted, and war was made on Sardanapalus, which he understanding, (not as a man who would defend his Kingdom, but as women at the fear of death) he looked first about where to hide him; then with a few, and those out of all military order, he advanced to the battle; being overcome, he retired himself into his Court, where a pile of wood being prepared and burning, he threw himself and his riches into the fire, in this only having imitated a man: After this Arbactus the Governor of the Medes, and the killer of the King, was made King himself; he translated the Empire from the Assyrians to the Medes: After many Kings the Kingdom did descend to Astyages by the order of Succession. He in a dream beheld a Vine to spring from the womb of his only daughter, by the branches whereof all Asia was shadowed: The Magicians being asked their counsel, they made answer, that from the same daughter he should have a Grandchild whose greatness was presaged, and that he himself should lose the Kingdom: Being amazed at this answer, he gave his daughter in marriage neither to a Gentleman nor to a Citizen, lest the nobility of the Father and Mother should elevate the mind of his Grandchild, but to Cambyses a mean man, and one at that time of the obscure Nation of the Persians: And the fear of his dream being not thus taken off, he sent for his daughter being great with child, that the child should especially be killed in the sight of the Grandfather. The Infant being born, was delivered to Harpagus (a partaker with the King in all his counsels) to be killed. He fearing that if the King being dead, and the Empire divolved to his daughter, because that Astyages had no male-child, she would take that revenge from the servant which she could not from the father for the murder of her son, did deliver the Babe to the King's Shepherd to be exposed in the woods to the mercy of wild beasts. It so fell out, that at the same time the Shepherd had a son born; his wife, hearing of the exposition of this royal Infant, did earnestly entreat her husband that the child might be brought home and showed her: Returning to the wood he found a bitch close unto the Infant giving suck unto him, and defending him from the birds and beasts: and being himself moved to compassion, with which he saw the bitch to be touched, he brought the Infant to his cottage, the bitch all the way solicitously following him; as soon as the woman took him into her arms, the boy danced as to a note of music; and there appeared in him such a vigour, and such sweet smiles of flattering innocence, that the wife of her own accord did desire the Shepherd to expose her own child for him, and to give her leave to bring up that boy either for his hopefulness, or for his fortune; and thus the condition of the little ones being changed, the one was brought up for the Shepherd, and the other exposed for the Grand child of the King. The name of the Nurse was afterwards called Spacon, for so the Persians do call a bitch. The boy being brought up amongst the Shepherds, received the name of Cyrus. Not long after being by lot chosen King amongst his Playfellows, when by wantonness he punished those who appeared to be stubborn with stripes, a complaint was brought from the fathers of the boys to the King, disdaining that the sons of ingenuous men should be whipped like slaves by a servant of the Kings. The boy being sent for, and the reason of it demanded, when with a countenance nothing changed, he made answer, that he did as a King; the King admiring his constancy, did call to mind his dream, and the answer of the Magicians into his memory; and when his Physiognomy and likeness, and the time of his being exposed, and the confession of the Shepherd did all agree, he acknowledged him to be his Grandchild; and because he thought he was clear of his dream, the domination of Cyrus being exercised amongst the Shepherds, he only dismissed him with a check: but being angry with Harpagus in revenge of his preserved Grandchild, he slew his own son, and delivered him to his father to feast on; Harpagus for the present having dissembled his grief, deferred his hatred of the act to an occasion of revenge.  
Some years after this, when Cyrus grew into years, Harpagus being admonished with his grief that he was childless, did write unto Cyrus how he was made over by his Grandfather to the Persians, how he commanded him to be slain being a little one, how he was preserved by his benefit, how he had offended the King by it, and lost his own son: He exhorted him to prepare an Army and advance the ready way into the Kingdom, promising that the Medes should turn unto him; the Letter because it could not be carried openly, (the King's Garrisons guarding all the avenues) was put into the belly of a disentrailed Hare, and he Hare was delivered to a faithful servant to be carried to Cyrus into Persia; Nets were also given to him, that under the pretence of hunting the deceit might be more concealed. The Letters being read, he was commanded in a dream to take the same course, and was forewarned that whom he first should meet with on the next morning, he should take him as a Companion in his erterprises. Beginning his journey about the break of day, he met with the servant of a Median, Sybaris by name, who lately had escaped out of prison; his pedigree being demanded, he no sooner understood that he was a Persian, but his chains being knocked off, he took him as his companion, and returned to the City of Persopolis. The people being there called together, he commanded all of them to be ready with their hatchets to cut down the wood that shut up the way; which when they had cheerfully performed, he invited them on the next day to a dinner, and when he observed them made more cheerful, he demanded of them, that if a condition were propounded to them, which course of life they would make choice of, whether of yesterday labour, or of this days dinner; as they all cried out, Of this days dinner; you shall live all your lives, said he, like to yesterday labour, as long as you obey the Medes; but if you will follow me, you shall lead a life like to your present feasting. All of them rejoicing thereat, he made war upon the Medians. Astyages forgetting what Harpagus had deserved of him, did commit the chief command of the war unto him; he no sooner received the Army, but presently did betray it unto Cyrus, revenging the cruelty of the King with the perfidiousness of revolt; which when Astyages understood, having from all places drawo together new forces, he advanced in person against the Persians, and the fight being begun again with great resolution, whiles his men were in the height of the conflict, he placed a part of his Army on their Rear, and commanded them to fall on the flying soldiers with their swords as on enemies, & proclaimed to those in the Van with him, that unless they overcame, they should find no less resolute men on their Rear then in their Front; therefore he advised them to look to it, whether this Army was to be broken by them flying, or that by them fight. Admonished by this necessity, his Army did fight with great resolution; therefore when the Army of the Persians (being forced) began to give ground a little, their mothers and their wives did meet them, and desired them to return into the battle; the soldiers delaying to rally and to charge again, the women pulling up their clothes did show them the nakedness of their bodies, and asked them if they would fly back into the wombs of their mothers or their wives; being restrained with this check, they returned into the battle, and having made a violent impression upon their enemies, they enforce those of fly from whom before they fled.  
In this fight Astyages was taken, from whom Cyrus took nothing but his Kingdom, and deported himself to him rather like a Grandchild then a Conqueror; and because he would not return again unto the Medians, he made him Governor of the populous Nation of the Hyrcanians. This was the end of the Empire of the Medes, which continued three hundred and fifty years. Cyrus' in the beginning of his Reign made Cybaris Governor of Persia, & gave him his sister to marriage, having according to his vision in the night delivered him from his chains, and made him his companion in all his erterprises. But the Cities of the Medians which were tributary, thinking their condition changed with their Empire, did revolt from Cyrus, which was the cause and original of many wars unto him; but the greatest part of them being at last subdued, when he made war against the Babylonians, Croesus the King of the Lydians who in those days was famous for his treasure and rich moveables, did march to their assistance; but being overcome, and solicitous for his own safety, he fled into his back Kingdom. Cyrus' after this victory having settled the affairs in Babylon, did carry the war into Lydia, where he easily overcame the Army of Croesus; they being discouraged at the fortune of the former fight, Croesus himself was taken; but by how much the war was of the less danger, by so much the milder was the victory. Croesus had his life, and some parts of his Patrimony, and the City Borce granted to him, in which although he lived not a Kingly life, yet it was next to Kingly Majesty. This clemency was no less profitable to the Conqueror than the Conquered; for it being known that war was made against him, Auxiliaries came in such great numbers to him out of all Greece, as to extinguish a common fire; so great was the love which the Cities in general did profess to Croesus, that Cyrus would have pulled a heavy war from all Greece upon himself, if he had determined any thing too cruelly against Croesus.  
In the process of time Cyrus being employed in other wars, the Lydians again rebelled, who being again overcome, their horses and arms were taken from them, and they were commanded to exercise voluptuous and effeminate arts and employments, by which means that industrious & heretofore powerful and warlike Nation being weakened by sloth and riot, did lose their ancient virtue, and whom before Cyrus no wars could master, being fallen into luxury, ease and excess did overcome. The Lydians had many Kings before Croesus' famous for many adventures; but the fortune of Candaules is to be compared unto none, who, when he made his wife the subject of all his discourse, whom he too much loved for the excellence of her beauty; and as if silence were the enemy of beauty, being not content with the tacit conscience of his pleasures, unless he revealed the secrets of wedlock, to add at last a proof to his asseveration, showed her naked to his companion Gyges, by which fact he made both his friend his enemy, being alured to commit adultery with his wife, and her love being thus betrayed to another, he estranged his wife from himself; for not long after the murder of Candaules, was the reward of the marriage. The wife being ●ndowred with the blood of her husband, delivered both herself and the Kingdom of her Husband to her adulterer: Cyrus, Asia being overcome, and all the East brought into his power, did make war upon the Scythians. In that time Thomyris was Queen of the Scythians, who being not (like a woman) affrighted at the approach of her enemies, she suffered them to pass over the river of Araxes when she might have hindered them, conceiving that the event of the battle would prove more successful to her within the bounds of her own Kingdom, and that the flight would be more difficult to her enemies by reason of the interposition of the river; Cyrus therefore when he had passed over his forces, having advanced a little further into Scythia, did there pitch his tents; on the next day dissembling a fear, as if he flying back had forsaken his Camp, he left behind him great store of wine, and of those things which were necessary for a Banquet, which when it was declared to the Queen, she sent her young son to pursue him with the third part of the Army. When he came to Cyrus' Camp, the young man being unexperienced in the affairs of war, forgetting his enemies, and as if he came to feast and not to fight, did permit the Barbarians, unaccustomed to wine, to overburthen themselves with it, and the Scythians were overcome with wine before they were overcome in war; for this being discovered, Cyrus returning by night did oppress them, not thinking of him, and put all the Scythians to the sword, and the son of their Queen. Thomyris (so great an Army being lost, and which is more to be lamented, her only son) did not pour forth her grief into tears that she was childless, but did reserve it into the comfort of revenge, and with the like policy of deceit circumvented her enemies insulting at their late victory; for counterfeiting a distrust of her strength, and retiring in some disorder, by reason of the loss received, she brought Cyrus into a strait betwixt two hills, where her Ambuscado being lodged, she killed two hundred thousand of the Persians, with the King himself. In which victory this also was memorable, That there remained not a messenger of so great an overthrow. The head of Cyrus being cut off, the Queen commanded it to be cast into a tub filled with the blood of men, with this exprobration of his cruelty, Satisfy thyself, she said, with blood which thou thirstedst after, and of which thou hast always been insatiable. Cyrus did reign thirty years, being admirably remarkable not only in the beginning of h●s reign, but by a continual success through all his life. His son Cambyses did succeed him, who added Egypt to his Father's Empire; but being offended with the superstitions of the Egyptians, he commanded the Temples of Apis, and of others of their Gods to be demolished; He sent also his Army to destroy the most famous Temple of Ammon, which Army was lost, being overwhelmed with tempests, and with hills of sands. After this he saw in his sleep that his brother Mergides should reign; being affrighted at which vision, he delayed not to commit parricide after sacrilege; for it was not easy for him to spare his own, who had committed violence against the Gods. To this so cruel an execution he selected one of his friends, a Magician called Comaris. In the mean time, he himself being grievously wounded in the thigh with his own sword dropping by chance out of his scabbard, died of that wound, and endured the punishment either of parricide commanded, or of sacrilege committed. This being made known by a messenger, Magus committed the villainy before the death of the King was reported, and Mergides being killed, to whom the Kingdom was due, he sub●litu●ed his own brother Oropastes in his room; for he was like unto him in the favour of face, and in the lineaments of body, and no man suspecting the deceit, Oropastes was made King in the stead of Mergides; which was reserved the more private, because amongst the Persians the person of the King under the awful pretext of Majesty is always concealed: Therefore the Magis to win unto them the favour of the people, did forbear the Tributes, and granted a vacation from wars for three years, that they might confirm the Government to them by favours and largesses which they had obtained by deceit, which was first suspected by Orthanes, one of the Nobility, a man of a most sharp apprehension; therefore by his Agents he inquires of his daughter, who was one of the King's Concubines, whether the Son of Cyrus were King or no; who returned answer, that she did not know it herself, nor could learn it of another, because every one of them were shut up by themselves. He then commanded her to feel his head being asleep, for Cambyses had cut off both the ears of Magus. Being then assured by his daughter that the King was without ears, he declared it to the Nobility, and by the Religion of an Oath, did oblige them to the slaughter of this counterfeit King. There were only seven that were conscious of this confederacy, who immediately, that they might not have the leisure to repent and disclose the plot, with swords under their garments did repair to the Court. There those being killed whom they met with in the way, they came unto the Magis, who wanted not courage to defend themselves; for with drawn swords they killed two of the Conspirators; howsoever they were apprehended by the greater number, one of whom being fast in the arms of Gobrias, his companions doubting lest they should kill him in the stead of Magus, because it was acted in a dark place, he commanded them to make sure work of it, though the sword should pass even through his own body; but fortune so disposing, he was preserved, and Magus slain. The Magis being destroyed, great was the glory which these Princes did obtain for the Kingdom restored; but greater far was their glory in this, that when they were in debate on a Successor, they did so well agree upon it; for they were so equal in virtue and nobility, that the equality could hardly give an advantage to the people in the Election: They therefore of themselves found out a way by which they might commit a trial of themselves both to Religion and to Fortune. They did all agree, that on an appointed morning they should on the break of day come every one on horseback before the Court, and he whose horse was first heard to neigh before the rising of the Sun, he should be King. For the Persians do believe the Sun to be the only God, and that horses are consecrated to him. Darius' the son of Hystaspes was one of their Associates, who being desirous of the Kingdom, the master of his horse assured him, that if that were all which made the victory doubtful, he should take no more care for it; therefore on the night before the appointed day he brought a Mare to the same place, and did let lose the horse unto her, conceiving by eagerness to the Venereal pleasure that it would so fall out, as indeed it did. On the next day when they all met on the prefixed hour, the horse of Darius, the place being known unto him, did presently neigh aloud, out of his desire to the Mare, and the other horses being dull and heavy, did give a happy auspication to his Master. So great was the moderation of the rest of the Nobility, that this auspication being heard, they rather leapt then alighted from their horses, and saluted Darius King. The people also following the approbation of the Princes, did constitute him King. Thus the Kingdom of the Persians being recovered by the virtue of seven of the most noble of the Princes, in so short a space, was conferred into the power of one. It is altogether incredible to consider with what a pious gallantry this was done, insomuch that they refused not to die themselves to pluck the Kingdom from the Magis; howsoever Darius besides his personableness and his virtue, worthy of the Empire, was of near relation in blood to the ancient Kings; therefore in the beginning of his Reign, to confirm it with royal Nuptials, he took to wife the daughter of Cyrus, that so the Kingdom might not seem to be translated to a stranger, but to be returned into the Family of Cyrus. In process of time, when the Assyrians revolced, and had possessed themselves of Babylon, and the King being in a passion by reason of the difficulty of the Siege, Zopyrus one of the seven Confederates, gave command that his body at his own house should be torn all over with rods, and that his nose, lips, and ears should be cut off, and in this posture he unexpectedly presented himself to the King. Darius' being amazed, and demanding the cause of so foul and deformed a violence, he softly informed him to what purpose it was done; and prepared with counsel for the design, he made haste to Babylon under the Title of a Renegado. There he showed unto the people his dismembered body; He complained of the cruelty of the King, by whom he was overreached in his share of the Kingdom, not▪ by virtue, but by auspice; not by the judgement of men, but by the neighing of a horse; he adviseth them to take an example from his friends what his enemies must expect; he exhorts them not to trust unto their walls more than to their arms, and that they would suffer themselves to manage the common war with fresh and doubled resolutions. The nobility and virtue of the man was known to them all, neither did they doubt of his fidelity, having the wounds on his body, and those marks of injury as the pledges of it. He was therefore made Captain by the consent of all, and once and again the Persians on purpose giving back, he made with a small party successful encounters. At last, when the whole Army was committed to his charge, he betrayed it to the King, and reduced the whole City into his power. After this, Darius made war against the Scythians, which shall be declared in the following volume.   

The Second Book OF JUSTINE.  
IN this relation of the achievements of the Scythians which were of large extent and magnificence, we must derive their Pedigree from their first original; for they had beginnings as illustrious as was their Empire, and were no less famous under the government of women then of men; for the men did found the Kingdom of the Parthians and the Bactrians, and the women did erect the kingdom of the Amazons; if you consider the deeds done both by the men and women, it will be uncertain to determine which of their Sexes were most famous. The Nation of the Scythians was always esteemed to be of all most ancient; although for a long time there was a contention betwixt the Scythians and Egyptians, concerning the Antiquity of their Nations. The Egyptians alleging that in the beginning of all things, when other Lands did burn with the immoderate heat of the Sun, or were frozen with the extremity of the cold; so that they were not only incapable to produce men, but could neither receive or entertain any adventitious, before habiliments for their bodies were found out, to defend them from the violence of the heat or cold; or the intractableness of the places were made more tolerable by remedies procured by Art; Egypt was always so temperate, that neither the heat of the Summer, nor the cold of the Winter, did oppress her inhabitants. The soil was also so fruitful, that no place did more abound with nourishment for the use of mankind; therefore it in reason may appear that men were first born there, where they could most easily be brought up. On the other side, the Scythians conceived the temper of the Heavens to be an Argument of no force to prove Antiquity; for when Nature did first distribute the beginnings either of heat or cold unto Countries, she strait way, not only produced creatures to endure the constitution of that Clime, but divers kinds of Fruits and Trees, aptly qualified and suitable to the condition of the Countries. And by how much the Climate of the Scythians is more sharp than the Egyptians, by so much their bodies and their understandings are more solid. But if the world was ever entire in one piece, as it is now divided into many; or if in the beginning of things the deluge of waters did overwhelm the earth, or if the fire which begot the world did possess all things; the Scythians in every respect were most ancient in their original: for if the fire first possessed all things, which by degrees being extinguished, gave place unto the earth; there was no place that was sooner severed from the fire then the North, by reason of the cold; as to this day it is to be seen, that no Clime is more stiff with Winter; but Egypt and all the East received long afterwards their temper, seeing it doth still burn with the violent heat of the Sun. On the other side, if all Lands were heretofore drowned in the Deeps, no doubt but every highest part (the waters flowing down) was first uncovered, and that the water stayed for a long time in the lower Countries; and the sooner that any part of the earth became dry before the other, the sooner it began to bring forth creatures. But Scythia is so high in her situation above all other Lands, that all Rivers which have their beginnings there, do flow down first unto the Maeotick, then into the Pontic, and afterwards into the Egyptian Sea, but Egypt (whose fences have been made at the care and charges of such great Kings, and so many ages, and provided with so many Banks against the force of the falling Rivers, and cut into so many Ditches, that when the waters are drained from one place they are received into another; and yet for all this cannot be inhabited, unless Nilus too be excluded) cannot appear to pretend to any antiquity, which both by the exaggeration either of her Kings, and of Nilus drawing so much mud after it, doth seem of all Lands to be the last inhabited. The Egyptians being overcome with these Arguments, the Scythians were always esteemed the more Antient. Scythia being stretched forwards towards the East, is enclosed on one side with Pontus, and on the other with the Riphaean mountains, on the back of us with Asia, and the River Phaesis. The men have no limits to their possessions, they Till not the ground, nor have any house or shelter, or place of residence being accustomed to wander through waste and unfrequented places, as they drive and feed their cattle: they carry their wives and children with them in Wagons: Which (being covered with the Hides of Beasts to defend them from the showers and tempests) they do use in the stead of houses. The Justice of the Nation is more beautified by the simplicity of their conversation, then by their Laws. There is no crime amongst them more capital than theft; for having flocks and droves without any house or fence, what would be safe amongst them if it were lawful for them to steal? they despise gold and silver as much as other men do covet it. They feed on milk and honey. The use of Wool and of Apparel is unknown unto them; and because they are pinched with continual cold, they are clothed with the skins of wild beasts, great and small.  
This their continence hath endued them with such a righteousness of conversation, that they covet not any thing which is their neighbours; for there is the desire of riches where is the use of it; and it were to be wished that in other men there were the like moderation and abstinence; surely not so many wars should be continued through all Ages, almost over all Lands, neither should the sword devour more men than the natural condition of Fate. It is wonderful indeed, that Nature hath granted that to these, which the Grecians could not attain unto by the repeated Instructions of their wise men, and the Precepts of their Philosophers, and that their refined Manners should stoop in the comparison to unrefined Barbarism; so much the ignorance of vices hath profited more in them, than doth in others the knowledge of virtue. The Scythians thrice attempted the chief command of Asia, they themselves did always remain either untouched or unconquered by the forces of others; by a shameful flight they removed from Scythia Darius King of the Persians. They destroyed Cyrus with all his Army, and in the same manner they overthrew Zopyron one of the Commanders of Alexander the Great, with all his power: They heard of, but not felt the arms of the Romans. They erected the Parthian and Bactrian Kingdoms, a Nation proud of war and labour. The strength of their bodies is great, they lay up nothing which they are afraid to lose, and where they are Conquerors, they desire nothing but glory. Vexores King of Egypt was the first that made war upon the Scythians, having first by Ambassadors sent a Summons to them to obey him; But the Scythians being before advertised by their Neighbours of the coming of the King, made answer, We wonder that the Commander of so rich a People should so foolishly make war against poor men, having more reason to look to his affairs at home; for here the event of the war is uncertain, the rewards of the Conquest are none, and the losses are apparent; therefore they would not attend till he should come to them, when in so great and rich an enemy there was more by them to be expected, and therefore of their own accord they were resolved to meet him. Their deeds did jump and overtake their words; and the King understanding that they marched towards him with so much speed, he turned his back upon them, and his Army with all the Bag and Baggage being left behind, he timorously escaped into his Kingdom. The Marshes did hinder the Scythians from the pursuit. Being returned from thence they subdued Asia, and made it tributary, a small tribute being imposed rather to show their titular Command, then for any reward of their victory. Having stayed fifteen years in establishing the affairs of Asia, they were called back by the importunity of their wives, it being assured them by their Ambassadors, that unless they did return with more speed, they would seek for issue from their Neighbours, nor ever suffer through their default, that the Nations of the Scythians should have no name in posterity. Asia was tributary to the Scythians for the space of one thousand and five hundred years; Ninus King of the Assyrians did put a period to the tribute: But in this interval of time, two young men of royal blood amongst the Scythians, Plinos and Scolopythus being driven from their own Country by the faction of the Nobility, did draw with them a gallant and numerous train of young men, and sitting down in the coast of Cappadocia, near unto the River of Thermodoon, they did inhabit the Themiscyrian Plains which they had conquered to obedience: Being unaccustomed there for the space of many years to plunder their Neighbours, they were at last slain through treachery by the conspiracy of the people. Their wives when they observed their punishment to be without children, to be added to their banishment, did put on arms, and first by removing, and afterwards by commencing wars, they did defend their own Territories. They also did forbear the desire of marriage with their Neighbours, calling i● slavery, not Matrimony; a singular example to Posterity. They did increase their Commonwealth without men, at the same time when they did descend themselves with the contempt of them; And lest some women should seem more happy than others, they killed those men who did remain alive amongst them, and afterwards prosecuted the revenge of their slaughtered husbands on the destruction of their Neighbours. Peace then being obtained by war, lest their Nation should fail, they mingled in copulation with their Neighbours; If any male-childrens were born, they were killed; They exercised their Virgins in the same way of education as they were bred up themselves, not in sloth, or the manufactures of wool, but in arms, horses and hunting, the right breasts of every Infant Virgin being burned off, that afterwards by not drawing of it home, it should not hinder the force of the arrow from the Bow; from them they are called Amazons. They had two Queens, Marthesia and Lampedo, who, their forces being divided into two parts, being now renowned for their wealth, did make war by turns, carefully defending their Territories; and because authority should not be wanting to their successes, they declared that they were begotten of Mars. The greatest part of Europe being conquered, they seized on several Cities in Asia also, and having there builded Ephesus and many other Towns, they sent home one part of their Army laden with a mighty booty: The rest who stayed behind to descend what they had got in Asia, were overcome by the concourse of the Barbarians, and were killed with their Queen Marthesia; in whose place her daughter Orithya succeeded in the Kingdom, who besides her singular industry in the war, hath been admirable through all Ages for the preservation of her Virginity. By her prowess so much same and glory was derived to the Amazons, that the King who imposed the twelve labours upon Hercules, did command him as a task impossible to bring him the Arms of the Queen of the Amazons; therefore he sailing thither with nine long ships did unexpectedly assault them, the youth of the Princes of Greece accompanying him. Two▪ sisters of the four did then govern the Kingdom of the Amazons, Antiopa, and Orithya; Orithya was then employed in the wars abroad; When Hercules did steer towards the Amazonian shore, there were but a small and unusual number with Antiopa the Queen, fearing no invasion of an enemy; wherefore it came to pass, that a few being awakened by the sudden Alarm had recourse to Arms, and became an easy victory to their Enemies; many were slain and taken prisoners, amongst whom were the two sisters of Antiopa; Menalippe who was taken by Hercules, and Hippolyta by Theseus, who having mnde his prisoner his reward, did afterwards take her into marriage, by whom he begat Hippolytus; Hercules after the victory restored Menalippe to her sister, and took for his reward the Armour of the Queen: and having performed what he was commanded, he returned to the King. But Orithya returning, when she found that a war was made upon her sisters, and that the Prince of the Athenians was the chief actor, she persuaded her companions to revenge, alleging that Pontus and Asia were subdued in vain, if they still lay open not only to the wars, but to the rapines of the Grecians. She desired aid of S●g●llus King of the Scythians, representing that she was of the same generation with him; she made apparent to him the destruction long ago of all the husbands of the Amazons, the necessity that first made the women to take Arms, and the causes of the war, and that they had purchased by their virtue that the Scythians should not be found to have women less industrious than were the men. He being moved by the temptation of domestic glory, did send his son Penaxagoras to her aid with a very great body of horse. But some difference being occasioned before the Battle, she being abandoned of her Auxiliaries was overcome by the Athenians. Nevertheless she had the Tents of the Scythians for her receptacle, by whose assistance being untouched by other Nations she returned into her Kingdom. After her Pensithelea enjoyed the Kingdom, who bringing aid against the Greeks, and fight in the Trojan war amongst the most valiant men, did give many demonstrations of her singular valour; but she being killed at last, and her Army consumed, those few that were left being nardly able to defend themselves against their Neighbours, did continue unto the time of Alexander the Great. Their Queen Minothaea or Thalestris having obtained of Alexander for thi●teen days together to enjoy his company to have issue by him, being returned to her Kingdom, not long after was extinguished, and with her the whole name of the Amazons. But the Scythians in their third Asian expedition, when they were seven years absent from their wives and children, were received on their return by a war from their own slaves; for their wives being wearied with the long expectation of their husbands, and believing that they were not detained by the war, but destroyed, did marry their servants left behind to have a care of their cattles, who being now armed did prohibit their Masters like strangers from their own Territories, being returned with victory. The fight being doubtful, the Scythians did admonish one another to change the manner of the war, and to remember that they did not encounter with enemies but with servants, and that they must not overcome now by the Law of Arms, but by Authority of Masters, and not use weapons but scourges; and the sword being laid by, rods and whips, and such other instruments of servile fear were to be provided; The Council being approved, and all well appointed as it was prescribed, as they made their approach unto their enemies, they held out the lash unto them not thinking of it, which struck so sudden and deep impression into them, that they overcame them with the fear of stripes, whom they could not with the sword, and they fled away not like to conquered enemies, but a pack of fugitive slaves; whosoever of them were taken were fastened to the Cross. The women also being conscious to themselves, what they had done, did end their own lives with their own hands, some with knives, and some with halters. After this the Scythians ●ad peace until the time of King Lanthin, against whom Darius King of the Persians, when he could not obtain his daughter in marriage, did commence a war, and invaded Scythia with seven hundred thousand armed men; but his enemies declining the fight, he fearing that the bridge of Ister being broken down, he should be stopped in his return, did timorously fly back, having lost ninety thousand men in the expedition, which brush in so vast a multitude of men was hardly reputed as any loss at all. After that, he subdued Asia and Macedonia, and overcame the jonians in a fight at Sea; and it being known that the Athenians did bring aid to the jonians against him, he turned all the force and fury of the war against them.  
And now because we are come to the wars of the Athenians, which were managed not only beyond hope, but above belief; and because the acts of the Athenians were greater in effect then their wishes, I will in a few words give you the original of them; and the rather because they rose not as other Nations from small beginnings to their heigh of glory; for they besides those additions which by degrees they purchased by their valour, did also much boast of their original; for they were not Aliens, neither did a collected Refuse of people give an original to this City, but they were born in the same Soil which they did inhabit, and where was their seat there was also their original. They first taught the Manufacture of Wool, and the use of Oil and Wine, and showed to those who fed on Acorns, how to plough and sow; without all doubt good letters and eloquence and the order of civil Discipline have Athens as their Temple. Before the days of Deucalion they had Cecrops for their King, whom Antiquity did feign to be of two forms, he being the first who in marriage joined the male unto the female. Cranaus succeeded him, whose daughter Attis did give a name to the whole Country. After him Amphitrion reigned, who first of all did consecrate the City to Minerva, and called it by the name of Athens. In his time a Deluge of water overwhelmed the greatest part of Greece; those only were preserved alive whom the tops of the mountains received into protection, or who were transported in ships to Deucalion King of Thessaly, for which cause he is said to restore mankind. By order of Succession the Kingdom descended to Erictheus, in whose Reign the sowing of Corn was found out by Triptolemus at Eleusinum, for the honour of which gift were the mighty devotions celebrated by women, called Eleusina sacra. Aegeus, the father of Theseus, possessed also the Kingdom of Athens, from whom Medea departing being divorced from him, by reason of the full age of her Step-son, did repair to Colchos with her son Meaus, begotten by Aegeus. After Aegeus, Theseus; and after Theseus, Demophoon (who assisted the Greeks against the Trojans) did possess the Kingdom of Athens. There were some old grudges betwixt the Athenians and the Dorians, which the Dorians intending to revenge, asked counsel of the Oracle concerning the event of the war; it was answered, that the Dorians should have the better if they killed not the King of the Athenians: When the Armies therefore were to join in Battle, the Dorian Soldiers received Orders above all things to be careful of the person of the Athenian King; Codrus at that time was King of the Athenians, who (the answer of God, and instructions of the enemies being understood) having put off his royal habiliments came all in rags (carrying on his neck a bundle of vines) into the Camp of the Dorians, where in the throng of those that did oppose him he was slain by a soldier whom he cunningly wounded with his hook. The body of the King being known, the Dorians marched back without any engagement at all: By this means the Athenians were delivered from the war by the virtue of their King, who for the safety of his Country, did devote himself to destruction. After Codrus there was no King of Athens, which is added to the memory of Codrus his name. The administration of the Commonwealth was transmitted to yearly Magistrates; but the City had then no Laws at all, because the will of the Rulers did pass for Laws. Solon therefore was chosen, a man famous for Justice, who with his Laws did as it were erect a new City, and did deport himself with so great a temper between the Senate and the People, that when he propounded something for one order, which might seem to displease the other, he received equal thanks from both. Amongst many excellent things of this man, this doth most prefer itself to observation. The Athenians and the Megarans did contend with arms for the propriety of the Isle of Megara, almost to the utter destruction of both parties. After many overthrows, it began to be a capital offence amongst the Athenians, if any one had but propounded the vindication of their right to the Island; Solon being therefore perplexed, left by his silence he should be unprofitable to the Commonwealth, or by his speech he should endanger his life, he disguised himself into a madness, by the liberty whereof he could not only speak, but do things that were prohibited. In a torn unfashioned habit, just like a mad man, he came into the public, where a great assembly being drawn together, that the better he might dissemble his counsel, he began to persuade the people in verses unaccustomed to him, to that which was forbidden, and so possessed the minds of them all, that immediately war was decreed against the Megarans. In the mean time the Megarans being mindful of the war which was made against them by the Athenians; and fearing lest they should seem in vain to have attempted war against them, did repair to their ships, having a design to oppress by night the Athenian Matrons at their Eleusin devotions. Which being understood, Pisistratus Captain General of the Athenians, did lay an Ambush for them, the Matron's being commanded to celebrate their Devotions with their accustomed noise and clamour on the very approach of their enemies, that they might not perceive they were discovered; and Pisistratus having unexpectedly set upon them, as they came down from their ships he easily overcame them; their Fleet being taken, he immediately did set sails for Megara, the women above the Decks being mixed with the men, that they might pretend a show of the captive Matrons. The Megarans when they observed the form and building of the ships, and the booty that was purchased, ran down to the shore to meet them, where being all slain, Pisistratus became almost Master of the City itself. Thus the Megarans by their own deceit did give a victory to their enemies; but Pisistratus as if he overcame for himself, and not for his Country, did by subtlety invade the sovereign Authority; for having afflicted himself at home with voluntary stripes, his body being torn, he came forth into the Marketplace, and an Assembly being called, he showed his wounds unto the people; be complained of the cruelty of the Rulers, by whom he dissembled that he suffered this opprobrious injury; tears were added to his complaints, and by his envious words the credulous people were incensed; he affirmed that he was hated by the Senate for his love unto the people; and obtained a Guard for the preservation of his person; by the power of whom being established in his tyranny he reigned three and thirty years. After his death, Diocles one of his sons, having ravished a Virgin, was killed by the brother of the Maid. His other brother Hippias being settled in his father's Government, did command the killer of his Brother to be apprehended, who when by torments he was enforced to name those who were guilty with him of the murder, he named all the friends of the Tyrant, who being put to death, the Tyrant demanded if there were any yet remaining of them; he answered, there are no more whom I now desire to have dead, but the Tyrant himself; by which words, after the revenge of his Sister's chastity, he showed himself to be a Conqueror of the Tyrant himself. By his virtue the City being admonished of her liberty, Hippias at last was driven from his Kingdom into banishment, who repairing to the Persians, did offer himself as a Guide unto Darius in his war against his Country. Therefore the Athenians (the approach of Darius being understood) desiring aid of the Lacedæmonians, a City then in friendship with them, and finding that by reason of some Religion they demanded the respite of four days, their assistance being not regarded, with ten thousand of their own Citizens, and a thousand Auxiliaries of the Platensians, they advanced into the fields of Marathon, against six hundred thousand of their Enemies; Miltiades was Captain General of the war, and the Author, not expecting the Lacedaemonian aid; who was armed with so great a confidence, that he believed there was more advantage in the swiftness of the march, then in the assistance of his friends. Great therefore was the cheerfulness and courage of their minds, which they showed in their eager running to the battle, insomuch that when there was the space of a mile betwixt both Armies, in full speed, and before the flight of their arrows, they came up unto the faces of their enemies; neither was success wanting to their boldness; for they fought with so much courage, that you would take these to be men, and the other sheep.  
The Persians being overcome, did fly into their ships, many of which were sunk, and many taken.  
In this fight so great was the prowess of every one, that it is hard to judge whose praise was the greatest: But the glory of young Themistocles did apparently shine forth amongst the rest, in whom his Imperatorious Honours to come were easily to be seen. The glory also of Cynegirus an Athenian Soldier, is celebrated by the praises of many Writers, who after innumerable slaughters in the fight, when he had driven the flying enemies to their ships, he took hold of a ship laden with men with his right hand, nor did he let lose his hold till he lost that hand: His right hand being cut off, he fastened upon the ship with his left hand; and having lost that also, he took hold of the ship with his mouth; so great was his courage, that being not wearied with so many slaughters, nor (both his hands being lost) being yet overcome, at the last thus dismembered as he was, and like an enraged wild beast, he fought even with his teeth. In that battle the Persians lost two hundred thousand men, besides those who perished at Sea. Hippias the Athenian Tyrant was also slain, the Author and Promoter of the war, the Gods the revengers of his Country, taking punishment of his treachery. In the mean time Darius when he would renew the war, died in the very preparation of it, many children being left begotten both before and after his reign. Artobazanes being eldest by the privilege of his age did challenge the Kingdom, which the right and order of birth and nature herself doth allow to the Nations: But Xerxes did make his plea not in relation to order, but to the happiness of his birth; It was true indeed, he said, that Artobazanes was the firstborn, but when Darius was a private man; but he was born when Darius was a King; therefore his brothers who were born to Darius being but a private man, could not challenge to themselves the Kingdom, but only that private Fortune which Darius had before he was a King; He alleging that he was the first whom his Father being a King, did beget to inherit the Kingdom. To this it was added that Artobazanes was born when not only his father but his mother also were of a private Fortune: but he was born his mother being a Queen, and that he never saw his father but when a King; moreover that King Cyrus on his mother's side was his Grandfather, not only the heir but the erector of so great an Empire: Therefore if the Father had left both Brothers endued with equal right, yet he should carry it, both by the right of his Mother, and his Grandfather. This strife, with concording affections, they did refer to their Uncle Artaphernes, as to a Domestic Judge, who, the cause being examined, made Xerxes' King; and so brotherly was the contention, that neither the Conqueror did insult, nor the conquered repine; and in the very height of the contestation they sent presents to one another, and had not only undistrustful but delightful feast together. The Judgement itself was also given without arbitrators, and without reproaches; so much more moderately did brothers then decide great Kingdoms amongst themselves, than they do now share but small Patrimonies. Xerxes' made preparations five years together for the Grecians; which when Demaratus King of the Lacedæmonians, who lived as a banished man in the Court of Xexes, understood, being more friendly to his Country after his flight, then to the King after his benefits, lest they should be oppressed by an unexpected war, he did certify the particulars to the Magistrates in Tables of wood, and covered the Letters with wax spread over them, that neither the Characters might be read, which would have been if they had nothing to cover them, nor the fresh wax betray the deceit; he than gave them to a faithful servant to be carried, and did command him to deliver them to the Magistrates of Sparta, which being brought unto them, it held them long in suspense at Lacedaemon; for they saw nothing written, and yet believed that they were not sent in vain, and that the business was so much the greater, by how much it was the more concealed. The men not knowing what to conjecture, the sister of King Leonides found out the design of the writer; the wax therefore being taken off, the advertisements of the war were discovered. Xerxes had by this time armed seven hundred thousand men out of his own Dominions, & had three hundred thousand sent to his assistance, that it is not unworthily recorded that Rivers were drank up, and that all Greece was hardly able to contain his Army; he was also said to have one hundred thousand Ships. To this so great an Army a General was wanting; for if you look upon the King, you will rather extol his wealth then his conduct, of which there was such abundance in his Kingdom, that when Rivers were consumed with his multitudes, yet his Exchequer was still full. He was always seen the last in the fight, and the first in the flight; humble in dangers, and when the occasion of fear was over, one highminded. Before the trial of the War, as if he was Lord of Nature herself, by the confidence o● his numbers he leveled mountains and raised the valleys all to one height; some Seas he covered with Bridges, and contracted others, for the advantage of the Sailors. His entrance into Greece as it was terrible, so was his departing foul and shameful; for when Leonides King of the Lacedæmonians had secured the straits of Thermopylae with four thousand men, Xerxes in contempt of their powers, commanded those of his soldiers to encounter them, whose kinsmen were slain in the Marathonian Plains, who whiles they began to revenge their friends, were the beginning of the overthrow; and these being followed by an unprofitable multitude, a greater slaughter was occasioned. Three days together there they fought, to the grief and indignation of the Persians; on the fourth, when it was reported to Leonides, that the tops of the straits were possessed by twenty thousand of the enemy, he exhorted his associates to drawback, and to reserve themselves for some better service for their Country: He would try his own fortune, he said, with the Lacedæmonians, being more indebted to his Country then to his life; the residue were to be preserved for the general defence of Greece. The command of the King being heard, the rest were dismissed, and the Lacedæmonians only remained. In the beginning of the war, counsel being asked of the Oracle of Delphos, it was answered, that either the King of the Lacedæmonians, or the City must fall; therefore when King Leonides did set forth to the War, he so confirmed the resolution of his own soldiers, that they all knew he advanced with a mind resolved to die. He therefore did possess himself of the straits, that he might overcome with a few with greater glory, or fall with less damage to the Commonwealth. His Companions therefore being dismissed, he exhorted the Spartans' to remember that howsoever did they fight, they must fall, and that they should take heed lest they might seem to have more courageously stood still, then to have fought; therefore he said they were not to attend to be environed by their enemies, but as soon as night should administer the opportunity to fall unexpectedly upon them secure, and hugging an abusing joy: The Conquerors, he said, could never die more honourably then in the Tents of their enemies. It was no hard task to persuade those who were resolved to die: they presently buckled on their Arms, and six hundred men did beat up the Quarters of five hundred thousand; immediately they advanced to the Pavilion of the King to die with him, or if they were overpowered to die especially in his tent and sight. The Alarm was heard over all the Camp. The Lacedæmonians after they could not find cut the King, did fly up and down as Conquerors over all the Camp, and killed or overthrew whatsoever did oppose them, as knowing that they did not fight in hope of victory, but to revenge their own deaths. The fight was continued from the beginning of night unto the greatest part of the next day; at the last not overcome, but being weary with overcoming, they fell upon the great heaps of the carcases of their enemies. Xerxes' having received two overthrows by land, was determined to try his fortune on the Sea. But Themistocles the General of the Athenians, when he understood that the jonians, against whom the King of the Persians had undertaken this war, had set forth to Sea with a Navy to his assistance, he resolved to solicit them to take part with him; and because he could not have the opportunity to confer with them, he provided that Symbols should be provided and left written on the stones, by which they were to sail, in these words: What madness hath possessed you, O jonians? What crime is this which you undertake? Did you before make war upon us your Founders, and do you now intent it again upon us your Defenders? Did we therefore build your Walls, that they should be those who must overthrow our own? What, was not this the cause that at first made Darius, and now Xerxes to make war against us, because we would not forsake you rebelling? Come away from that Siege into our Tents, or if you think this Counsel not safe, the battles being joined, withdraw yourselves by degrees, keep back your Oars, and depart from the War. Before the Battle at Sea was fought, Xerxes had sent four thousand men to plunder the Temple of Apollo at Delphos, as if he would wage war not with men only, but also with the Immortal Gods: who were all destroyed with tempests and thunders that he might understand that the greater the anger of the Gods is, by so much there is no power of men that is able to stand against them. After this he set on fire Thespiae and Placeae, and Athens, destitute of inhabitants; and because with his sword he could not destroy the men, he did devour their houses with fire; for the Athenians after the battle of Marathon (Themistocles forewarning them that the victory over the Persians would not be the end, but the cause of a greater war) did build two hundred ships, and having asked Counsel of the Oracle on the approach of Xerxes, the answer was, that they should defend themselves with walls of wood. Themistocles conceiving that by the Oracle, a defence of shipping was implicitly understood, did persuade them all, that their Country was their confines, and not their walls, and that the City did consist not in the houses but the Citizens; therefore they should better commit their safety to their ships, then to their City, and that God was the Author of this counsel. This counsel being approved of, and the City being abandoned, they lodged their wives and children with their most precious moveables in the close Islands; they themselves being armed, did repair unto their ships. There were other Cities also that followed the example of the Athenians. When all their Fleet was united and resolved for a Sea-fight, and had possessed themselves of the straits of Salamis, that they might not be circumvented by the multitude of Xerxes' Fleet, there did arise a dissension amongst the Princes, who when they would forsake the war to defend their own possessions, Themistocles fearing that by the departure of his confederate● his strength should be diminished, did acquaint Xerxes by a faithful servant, that he might now with ease take all Greece, being drawn up into one place. But if the strength of the Cities, which we●e now marching homeward should be scattered he must pursue after then one by one with greater labour.  
By this artifice, he prevailed upon the King to give a sign and sound to the battle: The Greeks also being busied at the advance of their enemies, did prepare for the fight with their ●nited powers. The King in the mean time (one part of his ships not far from him) did stand upon the shore as spectator of the fight but Artemisia Queen of Halicarnassus, who came to the aid of Xerxes in her own person, did fight most gallantly amongst the foremost of the Commanders; for as you might here behold a womanish fear in a man, so in a woman you might see a manly courage. When the fight was doubtful, the jonians according to the Instructions of Themistocles, did by degrees withdraw themselves from the fight, whose revolt did alter the resolution of their companions; therefore looking round about them where to fly, they were at a stand, and presently after being overcome, they were all put to slight. In the violence of this fear, many ships were drowned, and many sunk, and many dreading as much the anger of their King as the fury of their enemies, did steal away into Persia. Xerxes' being amazed at this overthrow, and uncertain what to resolve upon, Mardonius came unto him, and did exhort him that he would return into his own Kingdom, lest the report of the unprosperous war might occasion some sedition at home; and as the custom is, making the best of all things, he desired that he would leave to him the command of three hundred thousand of selected men, with which he would eithet to his glory overcome all Greece, or if the event fell otherwise, he should fall before the enemies without the infamy of his Master. The counsel being applauded, the Army was delivered to Mardonius, and the King himself intended to lead back the remainder of them into his own Kingdom. But the Grecians having notice ot the Kings retreat, did take counsel to break down the bridge, which Xerxes as if he had been Conqueror of the Sea, had made at Abydos, that his passage being hindered, he should either be destroyed with his Army, or through desperation of success, be enforced to sue for peace. But Themistocles fearing lest the enemies being shut up in Greece, it might raise their desperation into resolution, and enforce them with their swords to open that way which was obstructed to them; he declared that there already were too many Enemies left in Greece behind, and that their numbers ought not to be increased by obstructing them in their return. When he could not prevail by his counsel, he sent the same servant to Xerxes, and did thoroughly inform him of it, and persuaded him by a swift flight to make sure his passage. He being amazed at the information of the Messenger, left all his sould●ers to be commanded by his Captains, and himself with a small retinue did make all haste unto Abydos: Where when he found the bridge to be loose and broken by the winter's stroms, in a great fear he passed over in a Fishers Sceph. It was a sight worthy the observation, and in the estimation of things to be admired for the variousness of human condition, to behold him hiding himself in a small vessel, whom not long before scarce all the Sea could contain: and that he should be without the attendance of servants, whose armies by reason of their multitude were a burden grievous to the earth to bear them. Neither had his Armies by Land which he assigned to his Captains, a more happy expedition; for to their daily travel (there being no rest to the fearful) famine was joined, and the want continuing many days did bring the Plague upon them; and so great was the noisomeness of the dying, that the Highways were filled with Carcases; and Beasts, and Birds of Prey did follow the Army, being tempted by the multitude of the Carcases. In the mean time Mardonius did sack Olynthus in Greece, and did solicit the Athenians to the hope of peace, and to the friendship of the King, promising them to build again their City that was burned, and to make it greater than before; when he found that they would sell their liberty at no price, having burned what he began to rebuild, he marched with his Army into Boeotia; thither the forces of the Greeks did follow him, which consisted of one hundred thousand men.  
The battle there being fought, the fortune of the King was not changed with the General Mardonius being overcome, did fly as out of a wrack at Sea, with a few men; his tents full of Princely wealth were taken, and the Persian gold being divided amongst them, the luxury of riches did there first seize upon the Grecians. On that day in which the forces of Mardonius were overthrown, there was a fight also at Sea against the Persians under the Mountain of Mycale in Asia. There before the engagement, when the two Fleets stood opposite to one another, it was with confidence reported to both Armies that the Grecians had obtained the Victory, and that the Army of Mardonius was utterly overthrown; so great in this was the celerity of Fame, that when in the morning the Battle was fought in Boeotia, in a few hours through so many Seas, and so many hills and valleys, it was brought by neon into Asia.  
The war being ended, there was a counsel called concerning the rewards of the Cities; and by the judgement of all, the virtue and the prowess of the Athenians was preferred above the rest, and by the attestation of all the Cities, Themistocles being judged to be the most meritorious amongst the Commanders, did increase the glory of his Country.  
The Athenians therefore being enlarged both by the rewards of the War, and by the glory of it, did begin again to build their City; and because their walls were stronger, and of a greater compass than they were before, they began to be suspected to the Lacedæmonians, wisely foreseeing that if the Ruins of their City could give them so great additions, what would they now purchase, the City being enlarged and walled about? They therefore did send Ambassadors to admonish them, not to build again Fortifications for their Enemies, and the Receptacles of a War to come. Themistocles observing that they envied the increasing glory of their City, yet determining not to deal abruptly with them, did answer the Ambassadors that they would send messengers of their own to Lacedaemon, who should debate with them concerning the same subject. The Spartans' being dismissed, he exhorted the Athenians to make haste of the work, and not long after he did go himself as an Ambassador to Lacedaemon; and sometimes in his journey counterfeiting an indisposition in his body, sometime accusing the sloth of his fellow-Ambassadors, without whom nothing could be concluded, he from day to day so long delayed the time, that he gave them at Athens the leisure to accomplish the work.  
In the mean time it was told the Spartans' that the buildings at Athens were almost finished, whereupon they sent Ambassadors again to look upon the work. Themistocles hearing of it, did write unto the Magistrates at Athens to keep the Ambassadors of Lacedaemon in safe custody, and to detain them as a pledge, lest any thing should be determined too cruelly against himself. He then addressed himself to the Senate of the Lacedæmonians, where he declared that Athens was fenced round about, and that they were able now to sustain a War, not only by their Walls, but by their Armies: And if for that they would make him suffer, he told them that their Ambassadors were detained at Athens as a pledge of his safety. He then did sharply reprehend them, for that they sought to increase their own power not by the strength but by the weakening of their Associates. Being dismissed to Athens, he was received by the Citizens as if Sparta had been triumphed over. After this, the Spartans' (that their Army might not be corrupted with sloth, and to revenge the War which the Persians had made on their City and on Greece) did of their own accord make incursions into, and plundered the Confines of Persia. They chose Pausanias to be General both for their own Army, and the Army of their Associates, who for his Conduct affected the whole Kingdom of Greece, and contracted with Xerxes for the marriage of his daughter, (a reward of his treachery;) to which purpose he restored the prisoners, that by some benefit he might oblige to him the belief of the King. He also wrote to Xerxes, that whatsoever Messengers he sent unto him, he should put them to death, lest the negotiation betwixt them should be betrayed by their tongues; but Aristides the Captain of the Athenians, being chosen his Companion in the War, by crossing the designs of his Colleague, and wisely providing for the imminent danger, did find out the Treason, and not long after Pausanias' being accused was condemned.  
Xerxes when he found the plot discovered, made War again upon the Grecians, who elected for their Captain Cimon the Athenian, the Son of Miltiades a young Gentleman, the example of whose piety did declare his greatness to come; for to give him Funeral Rites, he redeemed the body of his Father out of prison, where he died, being accused to have purloined from the public Treasury, and took the Bonds upon himself; neither did he deceive in war the expectation of his Friends; for being not inferior to the valour of his Father, he enforced Xerxes to fly back with fear into his Kingdom, being overcome both by Sea and Land.   

THE THIRD BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Xerxes' the King of the Persians, the terror before of the Nations, the wars being unfortunately managed abroad, began at last to be despised at home; for the Majesty of the King daily diminishing, his Lieutenant Artabanus having flattered himself with the hope of the Kingdom, did come in an evening with seven sons he had into the Court, which by the interest of friendship lay always open to him, where having slain the King, he by policy did attempt to take away his sons, who opposed his desire; and not mistrusting Artaxerxes being very young, he reported that the King was slain by his own Son Darius, that he might the sooner enjoy the Kingdom: He persuaded Artaxerxes by Parricide to revenge Parricide, and coming to the house of Darius being asleep they killed him, as if being guilty he had counterfeited sleep on purpose.  
After this, when Artabanus saw that one of the Royal Issue was yet remaining, and did outlive his villainy, and withal feared the contention of the Nobility concerning the possession of the Kingdom, he assumed Baccabassus to be a partner of his counsels, who being contented with his present condition, did reveal to Artaxerxes how his Father was slain, and his Brother murdered upon a false suspicion of Parricide, and that Treason was plotted against himself.  
This being understood, Artaxerxes fearring the number of the sons of Artabanus, did command that his Army should be mustered on the next day, that he might take into his observation the number of his soldiers, and their particular industry and experience in their exercise of Arms: Therefore when amongst the rest Artabanus was present and in Arms, the King dissembled that his Coat of mail was not fit for him, and desired Artabanus to make an exchange, who being busy to disarm himself, and unprepared for defence, the King did run him through with his sword.  
After this, he commanded the sons of Artabanus to be apprehended; and at once this excellent young man did revenge the slaughter of his Father, the death of his Brother, and delivered himself from treachery. Whiles these things were thus carried in Persia, all Greece being divided into two parts by the Lacedæmonians and Athenians, they from Foreign Wars did convert their Swords into their own bowels: Therefore of one people there were constituted two bodies, and men heretofore of one and the same Camp, were now divided into two hostile Armies. The Lacedæmonians did draw to their party the common Auxiliaries heretofore of both Cities; but the Athenians being as renowned for their Antiquity as their Acts, did trust in their own strength; and so these two most powerful people of Greece, equal by the Institutions of Solon, and the Laws of Lycurgus, did throw themselves into a War through the emulation of greatness. Lycurgus when he succeeded his brother Polybites King of Sparta, and could challenge the Kingdom for himself, did with great fidelity restore it to his son Charilaus (born after his Father's death) when he came unto age, to give an example to Posterity how much the Rights of Piety amongst all good men should prevail above the temptation of riches; therefore in the Parenthesis of time whiles the Infant grew up, he being his protector, made Laws for the Spartans'; Laws not more famous for their justice, then for the example of the Lawgiver; for he ordained nothing in any Law for others, of which he first of all had not made a rule of it in himself. He confirmed the people in their obedience to their Governors, and the Governors to Justice in the execution of their places of Command. He persuaded parsimony to all, believing that the labours of the war would be more easy by the daily exercise of frugality; he commanded all things to be bought not with money but with exchange of wares; he took away the use of Gold and Silver as the occasion of all wickedness; he divided the administration of the Commonwealth by orders; he gave to their Kings the power of the Wars; to the Magistrates the Seats of Judgement and annual Successions; to the Senate the Custody of the Laws; to the People the substituting of the Senate, and the power of creating such Magistrates whom they pleased; he made an equal division of Land to all, that their Patrimonies being alike, no man might be made more powerful than his Neighbour; he commanded all men to keep their feasts in public, that no man's riches or his luxury should be concealed. It was permitted to young men to wear but one suit of Apparel during the space of one whole year, and that no man should be clothed better than another, nor feast more voluptuously, lest the imitation should be turned into luxury. He instituted that the boys at fourteen years of age should not be brought up in the City, but in the field, that they might lay forth their first years not in riot, but in labour: They were permitted neither bed nor pillows to lie upon, nor to eat any warm things, nor to return into the City until they were at man's estate. He ordained that the Virgins should be married without portions. He commanded that wives should not be chosen for their money; for he said that husbands would more severely observe the Laws of Matrimony when they were obliged by no respects of Dowry. He ordained that the greatest reverence should not be given to men rich or powerful, but to those who were of the greatest age; and to speak the truth, age had nowhere in the world a more venerable respect; and because their manners before being dissolute, these Laws at first might appear to be harsh and hard, he dissembled that Apollo of Delphos was the Author of them, and that he received them from his Instructions, that so the fear of Religion might take away all tediousness from the obedience of them. Lastly, that he might give eternity to his Laws, he did oblige the City by oath that they should change nothing in their Laws till he returned, and counterfeited that he would go to the Oracle at Delphos to consult what should be taken away or added to them. But he traveled not to Delphos, but to Crect, and lived there in perpetual banishment, and dying he commanded that his bones should be cast into the Sea, left being brought to Lacedaemon they should think themselves discharged of the Religion of their Oath, and dissolve their Laws. With these Laws the City 4o flourished in a little time, that when they made war with the Messenians for defiling their Virgins in a solemn sacrifice of the Messenians, they bound themselves by a great Oath that they would never return until they had leveled Messenia to the ground; so much did they promise to themselves either by their strength, or by their fortune; therefore when contrary to their confidence they were detained ten years in the siege of the City, and after so long a widowhood were called back by the complaints of their wives, they fearing that this continuation of the war they should endamage themselves more than the Messenians; for what young men the Messeninas lost in the War, could be supplied again by the fruitfulness of the women; but unto them their losses in the War were daily, and the Husbands being absent, there could not be any fruitfulness of their Wives; therefore they did choose young men out of that number of the Soldiers, who after the administration of the Oath, did come as Recruits unto the Army; who being sent back to Sparta, a promiscuous copulation with all women was permitted, thinking that the conception would be more mature, if the women did deserve for it by the 4ryal and use of several men. The Children born from these were called Parthenians, in reflection on their mother's chastity; who when they arrived to Thirty years of Age, for the fear of Penury (for they having no Father into whose Patrimony a Succession might be hoped) did choose for their Captain Phalantus the Son of Aratus, who was the Author to the Spartans' of sending home the young men for the propagation of Children: that as they had his Father the Author of their Original, so they might 4ave his Son the Original of their hope and dignity. Not taking leave of their Mothers by 4hose looseness they thought they had contracted 44famy, they travelled to seek out new Habitati●ns, and through many Adventures having been tossed long upon the Seas, they arrived at last in Italy, and the Tower of Tarentum being taken, and the ancient Inhabitants forced from it, they there made a Plantation for themselves. But after many years their Captain Phalantus being by sedition driven into banishment, did repair unto Brundisium, to which place the ancient Tarentines, retired, being (as I have said) forced from their own Habitations. He dying, did persuade them that they should beat his bones and last Relics into dust, and privately strew them on the public place of meeting of the Tarentines; for Apollo at Delphos did by this means promise that they should recover their City and Country again: they conceiving that to fulfil his revenge, he had betrayed the fate of the Citizens, did obey his Instructions. But the sense of the Oracle was contrary, for it promised by this deed, a perpetuity to them, and not an amission of their City. Thus by the counsel of their banished Captain, and the officiousness of the Enemies, the City of Tarentum was through all Ages possessed by the Parthenians; In the memory of which benefit, divine honours were decreed to Phalantus. In the mean time, the Messenians when they could not be overcome by prowess, were circumvented by deceit, & having for fourscore years endured the grievous scourges, and for the most part the bonds, and the other calamities of a conquered City; after a long patience of punishments they renewed the War, and the Lacedæmonians did so much the more eagerly combine themselves unto Arms, because they were to fight against their own Captains; therefore when injury on this side, and indignity on the other side did exasperate their swords, the Oracle at Delphos being consulted, the Lacedæmonians were commanded to fetch a Captain for their War from Athens.  
The Athenians when they understood the Answer of the Oracle, in the disgrace of the Lacedæmonians, did send Tyrtaeus the Poet, a man lame in feet, who being overthrown in three battles, did bring down the Spartans' to so much desperation, that they set free their servants for recruits of their Army; and the Widows of the slain were promised to them in marriage, that they might succeed not only in the number, but also in the dignity of the Citizens that were lost. But the Kings of the Lacedæmonians, lest by fight against Fortune, they should heap more calamity upon their City, would have marched back with their Army, had not Tyrtaeus intervened, who at a full Assembly recited to the Army some Verses he had made, by which he shot so great a heat of courage into the breasts of the Soldiers, that more mindful of their burial then of their safety, they fastened Medals on their right Arms, in which their own and their Father's Names were engraven, that if the fury of the battle should have deveured them all, and by the space of time the lineaments of their bodies should lie confused together, yet by the observation of their Titles they might be discovered and delivered unto burial.  
When the Kings perceived the Army to be thus encouraged, they sent a Messenger to e●form the Enemy with their Resolutions, which possessed the Messenians not with any fear, but a mutual emulation; they fought therefore with such height of Courage, that there was scarce ever seen a more bloody battle; the Lacedæmonians at last did obtain the victory.  
In the process of time, the Messenians commenced the third War, at which time the Lacedæmonians amongst their other Associates did call the Athenians to their aid; but suspecting their fidelity, and pretending them to be supervacaneous, they dismissed them from the service, which left so deep an impression in the hearts of the Athenians, that they translated the money (which was collected over all Greece for the Persian War) from Delos unto Athens, lest it should be a prey to the Lacedæmonians: But the Lacedæmonians were not contented with it; for being engaged themselves in the Messenian War, they sent to the Pelopen●iensians to invade the Athenians, whose Forces at that present were but small, their Fleet being commanded into Egypt; therefore fight at Sea they were easily overcome, but by the return of their Associates, being increased both in ships and men, they renewed the War; and now the Lacedæmonians giving some respite to the Messenians, did turn themselves and their arms against the Athenians; the Victory was a long time doubtful; at last they left off with equal loss; and the Lacedæmonians being called back to the war again of the Messenians, lest in the mean time they should leave the Athenians idle, they bargained with the Thebans to restore unto them the Government of Boeotia which they lost in the times of their troubles with the Persians, if they would undertake the War against the Athenians; so great was the fury of the Spartans', that being envolved in two Wars, they refused not to undertake the third if they could get any to assist them who was an enemy to their Enemies; Therefore the Athenians against so great tempest of the War did choose two Captains, Pericles a man of approved virtue, and Sophocles the writer of Tragedies, who having divided their Army, did waste the Fields of the Lacedæmonians, and added many Cities of Achaia to their Government, with which misfortunes the Lacedæmonians being discouraged, did make peace with the Athenians for thirty years, but their enmities could not endure so tedious a truce; therefore in the space of less than fi●teen years they invaded the borders of Athens, and plundered the Country in the despite of God and man; and that they might not seem to desire a prey rather than an encounter, they challenged the Athenians to battle; but by the counsel of Pericl●s, the Athenians deferred the injury of the loss sustained to an apt time of revenge, thinking it not good discretion to join in battle with the Enemies, when without danger they could be revenged of them. Certain days being passed, they went aboard their Ships, and the Lacedæmonians not thinking of it, they plundered all Sparta, and brought away far more than before they lost, and in reference to this booty taken, the revenge was above the anger. This Expedition of Pericles was famous, but much more famous was his contempt of his private Patrimony: for the Enemies when they made havoc of the rest, did leave his Fields untouched, hoping by that means to pluck upon him either danger by the envy, or the infamy of treachery by suspicion; which Pericles foreseeing, did both declare it unto the people, and to decline the assault of envy, did give away those Fields to the Commonwealth, and so where his danger was most sought after, he found his greatest safety. Not long after, there was another battle at Sea, in which the Lacedæmonians being overcome, were put to flight, neither did they cease afterward, but by various fortune of the War, either by Sea or by land they destroyed one another. At the last, being wearied by so many calamities, they made a peace for fifty years, which they observed but six; for the Articles which they signed in their own names, they did break in the persons of their Associates, as if they were guilty of less perjury by bringing aid to their Confederates, then if they had proclaimed open War themselves. The War was hence translated into Sicily, which before I shall declare, some few things are to be first spoken concerning the situation of the Island.   

THE FOURTH BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
IT is reported that Sicily by some narrow necks of Land was heretofore joined to Italy, and that it was torn from it as from the greater body by the impetuousness of the upper Sea, which is carried that way with all the weight of its Waves. The Earth itself is light & brittle, and so full of holes & flaws, that it lies almost all open to the gusts of the winds; and there is a natural virtue and faculty in it, both for the begetting and the nourishing of fire; for it is reported that within, it is full of the veins of Pitch and resin, which is the cause that the wind in the bowels of the Earth wrestling with the fire, it often and in several places doth belch forth sometimes fire, sometimes vapours, and sometimes smoke; and from hence through so many Ages, the fire of Aetna doth continue; and where the winds do work more strong through the spiraments of the Caves, heaps of Sands are cast forth. The Promontory next to Italy is called Rhegium, which according to the Greek doth signify abrupt: Neither is it a wonder, that the Antiquity of this place should be so fabulous, in which so many wonderful things do meet together. First, there is nowhere a more violent Sea, and not only with a rapid but a cruel force, and terrible not only to the Sailors but Spectators afar off: so great also is the combat of the Waves tilting one against another, that you may behold some of them as it were turning their backs to dive into the bottom of the Gulf, and others in foaming triumph to ride aloft as Conquerors over them; you may hear the roar of their rage in the height, and the groans again of their fall into the Deeps. The perpetual fires of the Hill of Aetna and of the Aeolian Lands do come so near, that you would think the very fire is nourished by the water; for otherwise in so narrow a compass, so great a fire could never continue so many Ages, if it were not fed by the nutriture of the moisture: From hence the Fables did produce Scylla and Charybdis; from hence those barkings were heard, from hence were those strange shapes of the Monster believed, when the Sailors by, affrighted with the great noise and swallows of the whirlpools, did conceive those Waves did bark, which the voraginousness of the devouring Sea did commit and clash together. The same cause makes the fire of the Monntain Aetna to be perpetual; for this concourse and wrestling of the water doth take down with it into the bottom of the deeps the enforced spirit, and there suffocates and keeps it down so long, until diffused through the pores of the Earth, it kindles the nutriment of the fire. The nearness of Italy and of Sicily, and the height of their Promontories is so equal, that it gives no less admiration to us, than it did terror to Antiquity, who did believe (the Promontories meeting both, and uniting themselves into one, and by and by again dividing) that Ships oftentimes were by them intercepted and comsumed. Neither was this invented by the Ancients for the delightfulness of the Story, but by the fear and wonder of the Sailors; for such is the condition of the place to those who at distance do observe it, that you would believe it rather to be a Harbour then a Passage, to which when you are arrived, you will think that the Promontories did cleave asunder and were divided, which before were joined into one. Sicily was first called Trinacria, and afterwards Sicania: At the beginning it was the Country of the Cyclops, who being extinguished, Aeolus possessed himself of the command of the Island, after whom every one did stoop to the Government of Tyrants, there being never any Land more fruitful of them. In the number of whom when Anaxilaus with justice and mercy contended with the cruelty of others, his moderation gained him no little profit; for when dying he left many little children, and committed the Tutelage of them to Micythus a servant of his of approved fidelity, so great was the love which they did all bear unto his Memory, that they chose rather to obey a servant, then to abandon the children of the King; and the Governors of the City forgetting their dignity, did permit that the Majesty of the Kingdom should be administered by a servant.  
The Government of Sicily was heretofore attempted by the Carthaginians, and with various success they for a long time did fight with the Tyrants; but their General Hamilcar being lost at last with his whole Army, the conquered were quiet for a season: In the mean time, when the Inhabitants of Regium did labour with discord, and the City was divided into two parts, the old Soldiers who combined altogether being called by the Inhabitants of the City of Imera to their aid, having relieved the City, did fall upon their friends whom they came to assist, and not only seized upon their City, but took their Wives and Children captive, their Fathers and Husbands being slain who did oppose them; a villainy by no Tyrants to be paralleled. How much more honourable were it for the Rhegians in this cause to be conquered then to conquer? for although by the Laws of War they had served the Authors of their Captivity, or, their Country being lost, they were necessitated to be banished, yet they should never have left their City nor their Wives and Children as a prey to the most barbarous of Tyrants, nor be sacrificed themselves almost on their own Altars, and in the presence of the gods of their Country.  
The Catanians also, when they found the Syracusians too heavily to oppress them, distrusting their own strength, desired aid of the Athenians, who whether out of the desire to increase their Dominions, being masters already of Greece and Asia, or whether for fear that the Lacedæmonians Forces should be added to the Syracusian Navy, sent Lamponius their Captain with a Fleet into Sicily, that under pretence of assisting the Catanians, they should endeavour to possess themselves of the whole Island. And because their first beginnings were prosperous enough, their Enemies being often slain or routed, with a great Navy and a stronger Army they came again to Sicily, under the command of Lachetes and Chariades; But the Catanians either through fear of the Athenians, or the tediousness of the War, made peace with the Syracusians, the Auxiliaries of the Athenians being dismissed: Not long after, when this Covenant of Peace was ill observed by the Saracusians, they sent their Ambassadors again to Athens, who in old and ragged habiliments, their hair both of head and beard being of an unsightly length, and in a most slovenly and deformed posture, to move compassion, did address themselves to the Assembly. Tears were added to their prayers, and their supplications so prevailed upon the people inclined to pity, that they condemned their Captains who brought back their Auxiliaries from them. Hereupon a great Navy was prepared; Nicias, and Alcibiades, and Lamachus were made Captains, and so formidable an Army was sent into Sicily, that they became even a terror to those unto whose aid they marched. Not long after Alcibiades being called back to answer to the Charge that was brought against him, Nicias and Lamachus did obtain two Victories by Land, and with a close siege having begirt their Enemies, they blocked up the passage, which brought them their relief from Sea. The Syracusians labouring under the burden of these necessities, desired aid of the Lacedæmonians, which was dispatched to them but with one Captain, Gylippus by name, but such a one that no assistance could be comparable to his. He (the nature and course of the War being understood, and yet almost in a lost condition, they had drawn together some few inconsiderable Forces our of Greece and Sicily) did in the first place possess himself of some places of reserve fit for the carrying on of the War: After this being twice routed; in the third encounter, he slew Lamachus one of their Commanders of the Athenians, and having put his Enemies to flight, he relieved his besieged friends. On this the Athenians transferred the War from Land to Sea, which being suddenly known, Gylippus sent to Lacedaemon for the Fleet to his assistance, and for some recruits if need were for the service of the Land. The Athenians also sent Demosthenes and Eurymedon in the place of their Captain that was killed, with supplies both of men and money. And by the common decree of Cities, the Pelopennesians sent Auxiliaries in great numbers to the Syracusians; and as if that the War of Greece was translated into Sicily, they did fight on both sides in the height of resolution with all the powers they could make. In the first encounter at Sea the Athenians were overcome, who lost all, and all their moneys both public and private: This distress at Sea was seconded by a distress at Land, and being routed there also, it was the counsel of Demosthenes, that they should remove themselves, and the War from Sicily, whiles their affairs, though shaken and ruinous, were not quite lost, and that they ought not to persevere any longer in a War unluckily begun; he alleged that there may be more grievous and more unfortunate Wars at home, for which they ought to reserve the Forces of their City. But Nicias, whether through shame of the ill success, or through f●ar to leave destitute the hopes by abandoning the cause of his Associates, or fate so ordaining it, was resolved not to stir. Therefore the fight again at Sea was renewed, and they were called back from the storm of their former misfortune, to some hope of Victory; But by the unexperience of their Captains who assaulted the Syracusians, defending themselves in the straits of the Sea, they were easily overcome. Eurymedon their Captain fight most bravely amongst the foremost, was the first that was slain: The thirty ships which he commanded were all immediately devoured by the fire. Demosthenes and Nicias being themselves all overcome, did convey their Army to the shore, thinking that their flight would be more safe by Land, whereupon Gylippus seized upon one hundred and thirty of their ships which they had abandoned, and pursuing the Athenians in their flight, he took many Prisoners, and put many to the sword. Demosthenes (the Army being lost) did with his sword by a voluntary death redeem himself from Captivity: But Nicias, who would not be admonished by the counsel of Demosthenes to provide for himself, did increase his overthrow with the dishonour of Captivity.   

THE FIFTH BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
WHiles the Athenians for two years together did make war in Sicily more eagerly then happily; one of their Generals, and a contriver of that War, Alcibiades by name, being absent, was accused at Athens for having divulged the mysteries of Ceres, which were solemnised by nothing more than silence; and being called back from the war to his trial, either not enduring the consciousness, or the indignity of the Charge, conveyed himself privately away into banishment at Elis; where he persuaded the King of the Lacedæmonians (the State of the Athenians being sorely shaken) by the adverse war in Sicily, to invade their Territories at home; whereupon all the Cities of Greece did come of their own accord to his assistance, as to put out a common fire; so general a hatred the Athenians had contracted by their cruelty, through the immoderate desire of Sovereignty. Darius also King of the Persians, being not unmindful of the ancient enmity of this City to them, (a league being made with the Lacedæmonians by Tissafernes Governor of Lydia) did promise to assist the Grecians in all the charges of the war. This was his pretence to comply with the Grecians; but he feared in earnest, lest the Athenians being overthrown, the Lacedæmonians should transfer the war on him. Who would therefore wonder that so flourishing an Estate as was this of Athens, should fall to the ground, when to oppose it alone, all the Powers of the East did unite themselves together? but they fell not in a sluggish or an unbloody war, but fought to the last man; and being sometimes Conquerors, they were not overcome but rather worn out by the variety of their fortune. In the beginning of the war, all their Confederates revolted from them, as commonly it is seen, that where fortune, thither also the favour of men does incline; Alcibiades also did help on the war made against his Country, not with the industry of a common Soldier, but with the power of a Commander: For having received a squadron of five ships, he sailed into Asia; and by the authority of his name, compelled the Cities which paid tribute there to Athens, to rebel against them; For they knew that he was famous at home, and saw him not made less by banishment; and he being a Captain not so much taken from the Athenians, as offered to the Lacedæmonians, they weighed the Government he had got with that which he had lost: But his virtue contracted amongst the Lacedæmonians more enure then favour; Therefore when the Rulers had commanded that by treachery he should be slain, being one tha● did emulate their glory, it being made known to Alcibiades by the wife of King Agis, with whom he was too familiar, he fled to Tissafernes the Lieutenant of King Darius, into whom he quickly did insinua e himself by the officiousness of his Courtship and his eloquence; For he was in the flower of his youth & beauty, and famous also amongst the Athenians for his Oratory, more happy in procuring friendships then in preserving them; for the vices of his manners did lie hid under the shadow of his Eloquence; he persuaded Tissafernes that he should not contribute so much in money to the Fleet of the Lacedæmonians, alleging that the jonians were to pay part of it, for whose liberty being tributary to Athens, the war was undertaken; neither were the Lacedæmonians (he said) too prodigally to be seconded with Auxiliaries; for he ought to consider that he provided a Victory for another, not for himself; and so far only, the war was to be relieved, that it might not for want be abandoned. For in this discord of the Greeks, the King of Persia might stand as an Arbitrator b●th of Peace and War, and overcome them by their mutual Arms whom he could not by his own. And the war being ended, it may come to his turn afterwards to fight with the Conquerors; Greece therefore he said, was to be overrun with Domestic wars, that they might not have the leisure to look abroad; and the powers of the Parties were to kept equal, and the weaker to be relieved with aid; for he may be sure, that the Lacedæmonians who profess themselves to be the Defenders of the liberty of Greece, will not be quiet after this Victory. This Speech was agreeable to Tissafernes; therefore the promised provisions for the war were 〈◊〉 but slowly in; he sent also but part of the R●yal Navy, lest he should complete the Victory, and lay a necessity on the other side to lay down their Arms. Alcibiades in the mean time, did make this known to the Citizens of Athens, unto whom when their Ambassadors did arrive, he promised them the friendship of the King, if the command of the Commonwealth were translated from the people to the Senate; hoping that either by the agreement of the City he should be chosen General by all, or a difference being made betwixt the people and Senate, he should be called by one of the parties to their assistance; But by reason of the imminent danger of the war, the Athenians had a greater care of their safety then their dignity. Therefore the people giving way unto it, the Government was translated to the Senate; whom when they managed themselves with great cruelty to the people, according to the pride inherent to that Nation, every one by himself exercising the power of a Tyrant, Alcibiades was called from his banishment by the Army, and chosen Admiral of the Navy: He immediately sent to Athens that he would make haste unto them with an Army, and if they would not restore it, he would by force take from the f ur hundred, the priv●ledges of the people. The Peers affrighted with this Remonstrance, did attempt in the first place to betray the City to the Lacedæmonians, which when by the vigilance of the Army, it could not be effected, they undertook a wilful banishment. In the mean time, Alcibiades, his Country being delivered from the intestine trouble, with great care and industry equipped his Fleet, and launched forth against the Lacedæmonians, and being expected by Mindarus and Pharnabasus, the two Admirals of the Lacedæmonians, the battle being begun, the Athenians had the Victory: In this battle, the greatest part of the Army, and almost all the Commanders and Officers of the Lacedæmonians were slain; Not long after, when they brought the War from Sea to Land, they were overcome again; being discouraged with those losses, they desired a peace; which that it might not be obtained, was procured by their policy who knew which way to make a mercenary advantage of it. In the mean time, the Carthaginians having made war in Sicily, the Auxiliaries sent to the Lacedæmonians from the Syracusians were called back; and the Lacedæmonians being left destitute, Alcibiades with his conquering Navy did make spoil in Asia, and fought many battles in many places, and being everywhere a Conqueror, he reduced the Cities which revolted, he subdued some others, and added them to the Commonwealth of Athens. And thus having vindicated the ancient glory of the Athenians by Sea, and made himself mo●e famous by some Conquests by Land, being much desired by the Citizens, he returned to Athens; In these encounters he took two hundred ships from the Enemy and a great booty: The Army rerurning in triumph, the people in throngs came forth to meet them, and with wonder they gaze upon all the Soldiers in general, but on Alcibiades in particular: The whole City did fasten on him their eyes; they extolled him as sent from Heaven, and beheld him as Victory herself: They repeated what he achieved for his Country, and what being a banished man, he had acted against it, excusing him that he was incensed and provoked to it; So much of high concernment there was in this one man that he was both the Author of their large Dominions subverted, and again restored. They did prosecute his merits not only with all humane, but with divine honours, and contended with themselves whither they more contumeliously expelled him, or more honourably received him; they brought those gods to gratulate him to whose execrations they had before devoted him, and they would now place him in Heaven, to whom they had denied the society of men. They made satisfaction for disgrace with honours, for losses w●th rewards, and for execrations with prayers. They discoursed no● of the adverse fight in Sicily, but of the Victory of Greece, not of the Fleets he lost, but of those he won, not of Syracuse, but of jonia and Hellespont. This was the fortune of Alcibiades who never knew a mean either in the favours or the displeasure of his Citizens. Whiles this was done at Athens, the Lacedæmonians made Lysander General both by Sea and Land; and Darius' King of the Persians had made his Son Cyrus' Governor of Lydia, and jonia in the place of Tissafernes, who with men and money did raise up the Lacedæmonians to the hope of their former fortune. Being increased in their strength with the suddenness of their approach, they suppressed Alcibiades sent into Asia with one hundred ships, and spoiling the Country made rich with long peace, his Soldiers in the desire of the booty being dispersed, and not suspecting the coming of an Enemy; so great therefore was the slaughter which the Lacedæmonians made, that in this fight the Athenians received a greater wound than they did give in the former; and so great was their desperation, that immediately they changed their General Alcibiades for Conon, believing, they were overcome, not by the fortune of the war, but by the deceit of Alcibiades, on whom the former injuries more prevailed than the latter benefits; they alleged that in the former war, he over-came only to show the Enemies what a General they had despised, and yet he might fallen the Victory more dear unto them; for the vigour of his wit, his love to vices, and the luxury of his manners, made all things credible in Alcibiades: Fearing therefore the violence of the people, he betook himself to a willing banishment. Conow succeeding Alcibiades in the Government of the Army, having before his eyes, how great a Captain he was that was before him, did make the Navy readic with the greatest industry; but men were wanting to the ships, the most valiant being slain in taking the spoils of Asia; Boys therefore and old men were armed, and great was the number of the Soldiers, but weak was the strength of the Army. The Lacedæmonians made no long work of them; for being unable to resist, they were everywhere either killed or taken prisoners; and so great was the overthrow, that not only the Commonwealth, but even the name of the Athenians did seem to be extinguished; so lost and desperate was their condition, and so great an exigence were they brought unto, that for want of Soldiers, they gave the privileges of the freedom of the City to strangers, liberty to slaves, and impunity to the condemned; and with this conscribed Army composed of the outcasts of men, the late Lords of Greece did defend their Liberties. They had once more a mind to try their fortune at Sea, and they were possessed with such a sudden height of courage, that when they before despaired of their lives, they were now even confident of Victory. But these were not the Soldiers who should uphold the name of the Athenians, nor these the Forces with which they were accustomed to overcome; neither could any military abilities be expected from these men, who were enured to bonds, and not unto Tents: They were all therefore either killed or taken; Conon their General only remained alive, who fearing the cruelty of the Citizens, with eight ships did repair unto Evagoras the King of Cyprus. But the General of the Lacedæmonians, the war happily being managed, did insult over the fortune of his Enemies: He sent the ships he took, the booty being laid forth upon the Decks, in the way of triumph to Lacedaemon, and received the Cities into his protection which paid tribute to Athens: the fear of the doubtful fortune of the war, detaining them till then in their fidelity; the Athenians had now nothing left them but the City itself; when this was reported at Athens, they all abandoning their honours, did traverse the streets of the City in great fear; they demanded the news of one another, and examined the authority of the Messengers; imprudency kept not at home the young, nor delibity the old, nor the weakness of their Sex the women: So much the sense of the calamity had possessed every Age. Late in the night they assembled in the Marketplace, and began to lament the public misfortune; some bewailed their brothers, some their sons, some their parents, some their kindred, some their friends dearer than their kindred, and with private mischances mingled the public losses; sometimes thinking of the ruin of themselves, sometimes of the ruin of their Country, sometimes conceiving the fortune of the living to be more miserable than the fortune of the dead; they did every one propound unto themselves, siege and famine, and the proud conquering Enemy. The destruction and firing of the City, the general captivity, and most miserable slavery did still present itself before their eyes, believing that the ruins of the former City were far more happy, when their sons and fathers being alive, they were only punished with the destruction of their walls and honours: They had now no Fleet to which as before they might repair, nor had they any Army by whose valour being preserved, they might build greater walls. In this manner lamenting the condition of their City, their Enemies came upon them, and at once did environ them with an Army, and besieged them with hunger: They knew that not many of their forces remained; and they provided that no man should be brought in; with which growing miseries the Athenians being discouraged, after a long famine attended with a great mortality, they desired peace: And a long debate there was amongst the Lacedæmonians and their Associates, Whether it were expedient that it should be vouchsafed them or not: when many were of judgement that the very name of the Athenians was to be extinguished, and the City utterly to be destroyed with fire. The Lacedæmonians denying that of the two eyes of Greece, one of them was to be plucked out, did promise peace unto them, if they would pull down their walls towards Pyreum, and surrender the ships unto them, which were left, and withal receive thirty of their Delegates to govern their Commonwealth. The City being delivered upon these conditions: the Lacedæmonians did commit unto Lysander the charge of it.  
This year was remarkable for the besieging and taking of Athens, and for the death of Darius' King of the Persians, and for the banishment of Dionysius the great Tyrant in Sicily. The State of Athens being altered, the condition of the Citizens was changed with it: Thirty Rulers were set over the Commonwealth who became all Tyrants; for at their entrance into their government, they did take unto themselves a Guard of three hundred men, there scarce remaining so many Citizens by reason of so many overthrows; and as if this number were too little to secure the City, it received a Garrison of seven hundred Soldiers of the Lacedæmonians; after this they began the slaughter of the Citizens with a design upon Alcibiades, left he should invade the Commonwealth again with an intent to deliver it. When they found that he was fled to Artaxerxes the King of the Persians▪ they sent in full speed to intercept him in the way, and having found where he was, when they could not openly put him to death, they burned him alive in the chamber where he slept. The Tyrants being delivered from this fear of their Revenger, did fill the wretched Relics of the City with slaughters and rapine▪ which cruelty when they found it, did displease Theramenes, who was one of their numbers, they did put him to death to be a terror to the rest; whereupon they fled all out of the City, and Greece was filled with the Athenian exiles, which being all the security they had, that also was taken from these miserable men; for by an Edict of the Lacedæmonians, the Cities were prohibited to receive the banished; on this, they all conveyed themselves to Argos and Thebes; where they not only lived in banishment, but entertained the grateful hopes to be restored to their Country. Amongst the number of the banished, there was one Thrasibulus, a man of great vigour both in body and in mind, and of noble Parentage, who propounding to himself, that something although with danger ought to be undertaken for the public safety, having drawn the banished men together, he seized upon Phyle a Castle on the Borders of Athens; neither was the favour and assistance of some other of the Cities wanting, who had in compassion the extremity of their sad condition: Therefore Hismenias the Prince of the Thebans did assist them with private, although he could not with public helps: And Lysias the Syracusian Orator, being also a banished man, did send at his own charge five hundred Soldiers to assist them in this recovery of the Country of the common Eloquence. The encounter was sharp, the Athenians exercising all their courage for the recovery of their own Country, and the Lacedæmonians fight more securely for the possessions which belonged to others; the Tyrants at last were overcome, who flying into the City, having in revenge filled it with slaughter, they did also dispoil it of Arms; and suspecting all the Athenians to be guilty of treachery, they commanded them to depart out of the City, and to live in the ruins of the Suburbs which were pulled down, and in the mean time they defended themselves with foreign Soldiers. After this, they attempted to corrupt Thrasibulus, and to promise him a share in the Government, which he refusing to accept, they desired aid of the Lacedæmonians which being sent unto them, they renewed the encounter, in which Critius and Hippomachus two of the most cruel of all the Tyrants were killed; the others being overcome, when their Army (which for the greatest part consisted of the Athenians) did fly away, Thrasibulus with a loud voice did cry out unto them, and demanded, What made them to fly from the Conqueror, whom they ought rather to assist as the Desendor of their common liberty? He told them that his Army was composed of their own Citizens and not of Enemies; neither did he take up Arms to force any thing from them, but to restore unto them what they had lost; he made war, he said, on the thirty Tyrants, and not on the City of Athens; he did admonish them that they were all of one blood, of one Law, of one Religion, and of one Militia through the course of so many wars: He did implore them to have compassion on their banished Citizens; and though they themselves would be patient slaves, yet they should restore their Country unto them, that they might receive their liberty. With these words he so prevailed upon them, that the Army being returned into the City, they commanded the Tyrants to remove to Eleusina, ten being substituted who should govern the Commonwealth, who being nothing terrified with the example of the former Tyrants, did tread in the same paths of cruelty.  
Whiles these things were thus managed at Athens, it was informed at Lacedaemon, that the Athenians had taken Arms again; whereupon Pausanias their King was sent to suppress them, who being touched with compassion, did restore the banished Citizens to their City, and commanded the ten Tyrants to abandon the City, and to go to their companions to Eleusina. Peace being made, not many days after, the Tyrants on a sudden, resenting with indignation, that the banished were restored, and that they were condemned to banishment, as if the liberty of the Citizens were their slavery, they did make a new war upon the Athenians: But a Treaty being had, as if they were to receive again their Domination (being in the way by policy intercepted) they were all put to death, and made the sacrifices of the public peace. The people whom before they commanded to live about the ruins of the remotest walls, were called back into the City; and the City dispersed into many members, was reduced again into one body; and that no dissension should arise concerning any thing committed in the time of war, they all did oblige themselves by oath, that there should be an oblivion of all dissensions. In the mean time, the Thebans and Corinthians did send Ambassadors to Sparta, to demand their proportion in the spoils of the common war and danger, which being denied, they did not openly declare a war against the Lacedæmonians, but with silence did conceive so great an indignation, that all might understand that a war was designed. Much about that time, Darius the King of the Persians died, leaving behind him two sons, Artaxerxes and Cyrus. His Kingdom he bequeathed to Artaxerxes, and to Cyrus the Cities of which he was before Lieutenant: This Legacy of the Father, did seem to Cyrus to be unequal; he therefore privily prepared war against his brother, which when it was told to Artaxerxes, he sent for his brother, who pretending innocency, did come unto him, and was by him bound with chains of gold, and had been put to death, if his mother had not commanded him to the contrary▪ Cyrus being dismissed, did now begin to make war against his brother, not covertly, but openly; not dissemblingly, but professedly, and from all places did draw Auxiliaries to him. The Lacedæmonians being mindful of the assistance he sent them in their war against the Athenians, did decree to send help upon him, but in such a way as if they did not take notice against whom the war was made, that if the occasion so required, they might procure unto themselves the favour of Cyrus: and if Artaxerxes had overcome, they might hope for his Patronage and his pardon, because they determined nothing openly against him. But in the encounter, the chance of the fight having brought both brothers directly opposite one against another, Artaxerxes was first wounded by his brother, but was delivered from further danger by the swiftness of his horse; Cyrus being overpowred by the King's Life▪ guard was slain outright. Artaxerxes being Conqueror, enjoyed the Army and the spoils of his brothers war. In that battle Cyrus had ten thousand Greeks that came to his assistance, who in that part of the field where they stood did overcome, and after the death of Cyrus, could neither be conquered by the power of so great an Army, nor yet taken by treachery, but returning in so great a march through so many unconquered Nations and barbarous people, they with their valour did secure themselves, even unto the confines of their own Country.   

THE six BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
THe Lacedæmonians after the common condition of men, who the more they have, the more they do desire, being not content that their strength was doubled by the access of the Athenian power, did begin to affect the Government of all Asia; The greatest part whereof being under the command of the King of the Persians, Dercillides who was chosen general for that war, when he found that he was to fight against two of the Lieutenants of Artaxerxes, Pharnabasus and Tissafernes, who were attended with the powers of formidable Nations, he resolved to make a peace with one of them. Tissafernes seemed most fit for his design, being more remarkable for his industry, and more powerful by the Soldiers of the late King Cyrus, who being treated with, and conditions being agreed upon betwixt them, he was dismissed; whereupon he was accused by Pharnabasus before the King, that he repulsed not the Lacedæmonians who had invaded Asia, but maintained them at the King's charge, and contracted with them to delay the wars, as if all the loss of the Empire should not be put upon one score. He alleged it to be an unworthy thing, that the war should be bought, and not carried on with resolution, and that the Enemy should be removed with money and not with Arms: Tissafernes being estranged from the King by these complaints: Pharnabasus did persuade him, for the managing of the wars at Sea, to make Conon the Athenian Admiral in his place, who, his Country being lost by war, did led a banished life in Cyprus; for the Athenians, although they were broken in their fortunes, had yet some strength at Sea; and if one were to be chosen, he alleged that they could not find amongst them an abler man. Having received five hundred talents, he was commanded to make Conon Admiral of the Fleet: This being known at Lacedaemon, they by their Ambassadors did desire aid of Hercimon King of Egypt for the carrying on of the war at Sea, who sent them one hundred ships, and six hundred thousand measures of corn; and very great aid was also sent unto them from the rest of their Associates: But a worthy Commander was wanting to so great an Army, and against so great a Captain; Therefore their Associates desiring Agesilaus King of the Lacedæmonians to lead forth their Armies, it was a long time debated whether they should make him their General or no, by reason of the answer of the Oracle of Delphos, which denounced a period to their Government when the royal Command halted; for Agesilaus was lame of his feet; but at last, resolving that it were safer that the King▪ then Kingdom should halt, they sent Agesilaus with a formidable Army into Asia: Two such Captains as these to command in this war could not easily be matched again; for they were equal in age, valour, counsel, providence, and in the glory of their achievements: and when fortune gave them a parity in all things, yet she preserved them unconquered by one another. Great was the preparation of both for the war, great were the acts which they performed: But a sedition of the Soldiers (whom the former Lieutenants of the King had defrauded of their pay) disturbed Conon; the Soldiers demanding their Arrears the more roundly, because knowing their duties in the war should be the harder under so great a Captain, Conon having a long time wearied the King in vain with Letters, did at the last repair in his own person to him; but being denied either to see him or to speak with him, because he would not prostrate himself unto him after the custom of the Persians, he treated with him by Messengers, and complained that the wars of the most mighty King did suffer through indigence, and having an Army equal to the Enemies, he was overcome by the want of money, in which he did exceed them, and was found inferior in that part of strength in which he was far superior. He desired that the moneys for the war might be trusted into his hand, it being dangerous that it should be committed unto many: The moneys being received, he returned to the Navy, and made no delay in the prosecution of the war. He acted many things valiantly, and many things happily; he plundered the Fields, he sacked the Cities of his Enemies, and as a Tempest, did beat down all before him. With which proceedings, the Lacedæmonians being affrighted, did determine to call back Agesilaus out of Asia for the defence of his own Country. In the mean time, Lysander being left by Agesilaus to command the Forces at home in his absence, being resolved to try the fortune of the war by battle, did with great care and industry provide a mighty Navy, and Conon being ready to join in battle with the Enemy, did with great judgement assign unto every ship its station, and the emulation of the Soldiers was no less than of the Captains; for Conon the Admiral did not so much labour for the Persians as for his Country, and in their afflicted estate, as he was heretofore the Author of their loss, so he would now be the author of their power restored, and receive that Country by conquering, which he had lost by being conquered, which would be so much the more glorious, that he fought not with the forces of the Athenians, but of another Nation, and fight at the charge and danger of the King of Persia▪ he should overcome for the advantage of his own Country, and gain true renown by other arts than the former Generals of Athens had purchased; for they defended their Country by overcoming the Persians, he by making the Persians Conquerors, should restore his Country being lost. On the other side, Lysander besides his conjunction with Agesilaus, was also an emulator of his virtues, and did contend that he might not fall shore of him in his acchievements & the splendour of his glory, and not in the moment of an hour by his oversight subvert the State, gained by so many battles, and continued for so many Ages. The same was the care of the Soldiers, and of all the Commanders, whom a deeper impression did possess, not so much that they should only lose the great riches they had obtained, as that the Athenians should again recover it of them: But by how much the fight was the more perilous, the Victory of Conon was by so much more glorious. The Lacedæmonians being overcome; The Garrisons of the Enemies were drawn away from Athens, and the people restored to their ancient dignity, were delivered from their bondage, and many Cities were reduced: This was the beginning to the Athenians of reassuming their power, and to the Lacedæmonians of ending theirs, who as o● they had lost their valour with their Dominions, did begin to be despised by their next neighbours: First of all the Thebans, the Athenians helping them, did make war upon them, which City out of the infinite advantages by the virtue of their General Epaminondas, was raised up to be the Commandress of all Greece: The fight was by Land in which the fortune of the Lacedæmonians was the same, as it was against Conon at Sea: In that battle Lysander was slain, who was General before against the Athenians when they were overcome by the Lacedæmonians: Pausanias also, another Captain of the Lacedæmonians, being accused of treachery, did betake himself to banishment. The Thebans having obtained the Victory, did advance with all their Army to the City of the Lacedæmonians, thinking suddenly to become masters of it, because they were abandoned of all their Associates: Which the Lacedæmonians fearing, they sent for Agesilaus their King out of Asia, who did there gallant service for the defence of his own Country; for Lysander being slain, they had confidence in no other Commander; and because it was long before he came, with an Army suddenly mustered, they adventred of themselves to fight with their Enemies; but being conquered not long before, they had neither strength nor courage to oppose their Conquerors; therefore at their first encounter they were overthrown▪ but Agesilaus came opportunely to their rescue; and the fight being renewed, he with his fresh Soldiers being all hardened to the services of the war, did with an easy violence pluck the Victory from his Enemies; but he received a dangerous wound himself; which being understood, the Athenians fearing lest the Lacedæmonians being Conquerors, they should be reduced into their ancient condition of servitude, did leavy a new Army, and sent it to the aid of the Boeotians under the command of Iphicrates, a gentleman of not above twenty years of age, but of a vast expectation: The virtue of this young man was admirable, for amongst so many, and so great Captains, the Athenians had never any General before, of greater hope or forwardness, in whom there were not only all the Arts belonging to a Commander, but to an Orator also. Conon having understood of the return of Agesilaus, did draw back out of Asia to spoil the Country of the Lacedæmonians, who, the fear of the war growing round about them, were brought almost to the bottom of despair, having plundered the Country of his Enemies, he marched to Athens, where he was entertained with great joy of all the Citizens, but he himself was more possessed with grief to behold the City burned and pulled down by the Lacedæmonians, than he was with joy to see it restored to its freedom: Therefore what places were burned he repaired, and what places were pulled down he re-edified out of the profit of the booty, & of the Army of the Persians: This was the fate of Athens, that being before burned by the Persians, it was builded up again with their spoils, and being now destroyed by the Lacedæmonians, it was restored again with the treasure that was taken from them, and the condition of the war being changed, they had now those for their Associates, who were then their Enemies; and they were now their Enemies to whom they were then united in the nearest bonds of society. Whiles these things were thus managed, Artaxerxes King of the Persians sent Ambassadors into Greece, by whom he commanded all to lay down their Arms, and whosoever should refuse so to do, he would esteem him for an Enemy. He restored liberty and all that belonged to them to the Cities, which he did not thereby to give redress to the labours and the wars of Greece, occasioned by the growing hatred of the Citizens, but that he himself being wholly employed in the Egyptian war, by reason of the aid which they sent the Lacedæmonians against his Lieutenants, his Armies should not be detained in Greece: The Grecians being wearied with many wars, did e●dily obey him.  
This year was remarkable, not only that a sudden Peace was made over all Greece, but that at the same time also the City of Rome was taken by the Galls. But the Lacedæmonians being secure, and having treacherously observed the absence of the Arcadians, did lay a vigorous siege unto their Castle, and having taken it, they did put a Garrison into it. The Arcadians therefore with a prepared Army, taking the Thebans unto their aid, were resolved to regain what they lost by war: In the fight, Archidamus the General of the Lacedæmonians was wounded, who when he beheld the destruction of his men, demanded by a Herald the bodies of the dead to give them burial: For amongst the Grecians, this was a sign of a victory acknowledged; with which confession the Thebans being contented, they sounded a retreat. Some few days after, neither of them exercising hostility against each other, when as it were by a silent consent, there was a truce, the Lacedæmonians being engaged in another war, the Thebans under the command of Epaminondis, entertained a sudden hope to become masters of their City; therefore in the beginning of the night, in a silent match, they did advance to Lacedaemon; but they could not take the Citizens unprepared; for the old men and the weaker youth, the approach of their Enemies being discovered, did meet them in Arms at their very entrance into their Gates, and not above one hundred men, and disabled too by their age, did enter into a fight against fifteen thousand Soldiers; so much strength and courage the sight of their City, and of their household gods did administer, who infused into them greater spirits, as much by their presence as by the remembrance of them; for when they saw for whom, and amongst whom they stood, they were all of a resolution either to overcome or die; a few old men undertook the whole brunt of the battle, unto whom (before that day appeared) not all the youth and Army of their Enemies could be equal: In this fight, two Captains of the Enemies were slain. In the mean time, when the coming of Agesilaus was reported, the Thebans retreated, and some few hours after the battle again began; for the youth of the Lacedæmonians being inflamed with the courage and glory of their old men, could not be kept back, but would throw themselves upon their Enemies; howsoever the Thebans had the Victory, and Epaminondas performing the duty not only of a General, but of a resolute and courageous Soldier, was grievously wounded, which being understood, the Thebans through the excess of grief were possessed with fear; and the Lacedæmonians through the excess of joy with a kind of amazement, and as it were with a consent on both sides, they departed from the battle. Some few days afterwards, Epaminondas deceased, with whom the whole strength of that Commonwealth died also; for as if you break or blunt the edge of any weapon, you take from the residue of the steel the power to hurt; so this Captain who was the edge of their courage being taken away, the whole strength and vigour of that Theban Commonwealth was immediately rebated; insomuch that they did not seem only to lose him, but to have all perished with him; for before this Captain, they did never manage any memorable war, and were famous afterwards, not for their virtues, but their overthrows; so apparent it was that the glory of his Country was born and died with him. It is hard to say, whether he was a better man or a better Captain; for he sought the Government not for himself, but for his Country, and was so careless of money, that he had not wherewith to defray the charges of his own Funeral; moreover, he was no more covetous of glory then of money; for the Commands were all thrown upon him, refusing and drawing back from them; and he so deported himself in his places of honour, that he seemed not to receive, but to give an ornament to the dignity itself; So great was his knowledge in Letters and Philosophy, that it may be wonderful how that excellent experience in the affairs of war should arrive unto a man born amongst the Arts; neither did the manner of his death differ from the institutions of his life; for being brought half dead into his Tent, he collecting his voice and spirits, demanded only if his Enemy had taken his Buckler from him when he fell, which when he understood was preserved, he desired to see it, and it being brought unto him, he kissed it as the companion of his labours and his glory. He again demanded, Who had obtained the Victory? when it was answered, The Thebans; he replied, It was well; and so gratulating his Country, he did give up his last breath. In his grave the virtues not only of the Thebans, but of the Athenians also was buried; for he being taken away, whom they were accustomed to emulate, they did degenerate into sloth, and laid forth the public Revenues, not as before, on Fleets and Armies, but on festival days, and on the setting forth of Plays, and visiting the Scene oftener than the Camp; they only celebrated the Theaters, famous with Poets and Actors, praising their Poets and their Orators more than their Captans; by which means it came to pass that in these leisures of the Grecians, the name of the Macedons, but ignoble and obscure before, should rise into glory; and that Philip bred up in the virtues and institutions of Epaminondas and Pelopidas (being three years as an Hostage at Thebes) should put the Kingdom of Macedonia on the necks of Greece and of Asia as the yoke of their servitude.   

THE SEVENTH BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
MAcedonia was heretofore called Aemathia, after the name of their King Emathion, the first experiments of whose virtue were extant in those places. Their beginnings were but small, and their bounds but narrow; the people were called Pelasgi, and the Country Boeotia; But afterwards by the prowess of their Kings, and the industry of their Nation, having first subdued their borderers, and after them, other People and Nations, they extended their Empire to the furthest bounds of the Orient. Telegonus the father of Astriopaeus whose name we have received amongst the most famous Commanders in the Trogon war, was said to reign in the Country of Poeonia, which now is a part of Macedonia; On the other side in Europa, there ra●gned Europus by name; But Caranus with a vast multitude of the Grecians, being commanded by the Oracle to lo●k out a seat for h●m●n Macedonia, when he came into Emathia, he unexpectedly possessed himself of the City of Ediss●, he Inhabitants not perceiving it by reason of a tempest, and a great mist that did attend it. In this expedition, he followed the conduct of a flock of G●●ts, who ●led towards the Town from the violence of the tempest, and calling the Oracle into his memory, by which he was commanded to seek out a place to rule in, the Goats being his leaders, he made that City the ●eat of his Kingdom, and whithersoever afterwards ●e advanced, he religiously observed to have the same Goats before his Ensigns to be the Leaders on in his enterprise, who were the authors of his Kingdom; for the memory of this event, he called the City Edissa, Aegaea; and the people Aegae●des.  
After this, Midas being forced away (for he also possessed a part of Macedonia) and some other Kings with him, he alone succeeded into the place of them all, and having united the Nations into one, he brought the several people of Macedonia into one body, and the Kingdom increasing, he made the foundation strong with an intent to raise it higher. After him Perdiccas reigned, whose life was famous, and his last words at his death were as memorable as the precepts of the Delphian Oracle; for full of age and dying, he showed to his Son Argaeus, the place where he would be buried, and commanded that not only his own but the bodies of all who succeeded him in his Kingdom should be interred the same place, presaging that if the Relics of his Successors should be buried there, the Kingdom should perpetually continue in that Family; And it is superstitiously believed that the issue failed in Alexander, because he changed that place of Sepulchre.  
Argaeus having governed the Kingdom moderately, and with the love of the people did leave Philip his Successor, who being taken away by an untimely death, did make Europus a little child his Heir.  
At this time the Macedonians had daily wars with the Thracians and Illyrians, by whose Arms being hardened as with a daily exercise, they became a terror to their neighbours by the glory of their achievements. The Illyrians contemning the Infancy of their King did make war upon the Macedons, who being overcome in the battle, the little Infant their King was brought forth in his Cradle, and placed in the front of their Army, whereupon they renewed the encounter with greater violence; for they were beaten they conceived before, because in the fight they had not with them the auspicious presence of their King, and should now overcome, because out of a superstition, they were possessed with a confidence that they should be Conquerors; the compassion also on their Infant Prince did leave an impression on them, whom if they were overcome, they should make him of a King a Captive. The battles therefore being joined, with a great slaughter they overthrew the Illyrians, and made it apparent to their Enemies, that in the former encounter the Macedons wanted not courage but a King. Amyntas succeeded him famous by his own virtue, but more renowned by the excellent endowments of Alexander his Son, in whose nature the ornaments of all virtues were so extant, that in the various exercis● of sports, he contended at the Olympian Games. In the mean time Darius' King of the Persians being routed, and making haste out of Scythia in a dishonourable flight, lest he should grow everywhere contemptible by his loss, he sent Megabazus with a part of his Army to subdue Thrace and the other Kingdoms adjacent to it, in which number was Macedonia, a place then accounted so poor, that it was hardly worth looking after.  
In obedience to the King's command, Megabazus not long after sent Ambassadors to Amyntas' King of the Macedons, demanding that pledges might be given to him as an earnest of the peace to come: The Ambassadors being bountifully entertained, in the height of the banquet and of wine, required of Amyntas that to the magnificence of the Feast, they would add the privileges of Familiarity, and send for their sons, their wives, and daughters, which amongst the Persians is the pledge and assurance of entertainment: Who when they came, the Persians handling the Ladies with too petulant a wantonness, Alexander the son of Amyntas desired his Father in respect of his age and gravity, that he would be pleased to depart from the Feast, promising that he would try the jests and frolicks of his Guests. His father being gone, he not long after, called all the women from the Banquet, in a pretence to dress them finer, and to return them more acceptable to them: In their places he brings in young men disguised in the apparel of Matrons, and commands them to chastise the wantonness of the Ambassadors with the swords which they carried under their garments. And thus all of them being slain, Megabazus being ignorant of the event, and seeing they returned not, did command Bubaris thither with a part of his Army only, as into a poor and easy war, scorning to go himself lest he should be dishonoured to make war in his own person with so contemptible a Nation. But Bubaris before the war, being inflamed with the love of the daughter of Amyntas, instead of making wars, did make a marriage; and all hostility being laid aside, he entered into the obligations of affinity. After the departure of Bubaris from Macedonia, Amyntas the King deceased, to whose son and Successor Alexander, the consanguinity with Bubaris not only procured peace in the time of Darius, but confirmed Xerxes to him, insomuch that he endued him with the command of the whole Country, between the Hills of Olympus and Haemus, when like a Tempest he invaded Greece. But Amyntas increased his Kingdom as well by his own valour as by the liberality of the Persians. By order of succession, the Kingdom of Macedonia came afterwards to Amyntas the son of his brother Menelaus; he also was famous for his industry, and accomplished with all royal virtues: He begat three sons of his first wife, Eurydice; Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip the Father of Alexander the Great, and a daughter called Euryone; and on his second wife Cygaea, Archelaus, Aridaeus, and Menelaus: He made great war, first with the Olynthians, and afterwards with the Illyrians, and had lost his life by the treason of his wife Eurydice who contracting a marriage with her son in-law, had undertaken to kill her husband, and to deliver the Kingdom unto her adulterer, which had taken effect if her daughter had not betrayed the looseness of the Mother, and the counsels of her wickedness. The old man delivered from so many dangers, deceased, the Kingdom being left to Alexander the eldest of his Sons.  
Alexander in the beginning of his reign bought his peace of the Illyrians, a sum of moneys being agreed upon, and his Brother Philip being given them as a pledge; in the process of time he made peace with the Thebans, having given the same pledge unto them, which conduced much to the growing fortunes of Philip by the advantage of his education; for being three years a pledge at Thebes, he received the first rudiments of his youth in a City of ancient severity, and in the house of Epaminondas who was as great a Philosopher as a General. Not long after Alexander being assaulted by the treason of his Mother Eurydice, was slain; his Father had pardoned her before, being guilty of contriving his death, in relation to the children he had by her, not thinking she would prove so pernicious unto them. His brother Perdiccas did also lose his life, being killed by the treasonable plotting of his mother: A most unworthy thing it was that the children should be deprived of their lives by their mother for her lust, the consideration of whom had before protected her from the punishment due unto her for her wickedness. This murder of Perdiccas seemed the more grievous, because the little son whom he left could not prevail upon her cruelty to take compassion of him. Philip a long time did deport himself not as a King, but as a Guardian to the Infant. But when great wars did threaten the Kingdom, and that the help would be too late in the expectation of the Infant, he took upon him the Government of the Kingdom, being compelled unto it by the people. In the beginning of his reign, the hopes were great that were conceived of him both for his wit, which promised him to prove a great man, and for the ancient fates of Macedon, which sang that one of the sons of Amyntas being King, the state of that Kingdom should be most flourishing; And this was the man who was preserved from the wickedness of his mother, to make good the hopes of the people and to justify the Oracle. When on one side, the most unworthy murder of his brothers, on the other side the multitude of his Enemies, the fear of new treacheries, the want occasioned by the continual wars, and the Kingdom exhausted of Soldiers, did much distract him and the wars of many Nations from several places did at one time conspire to oppress Macedonia, because he could not answer them all at once, he thought it expedient to dispense with some for a while; he therefore upon an agreement did compound for a peace with some; others he overcame with easy assaults, by the conquest of whom he confirmed the doubtful minds of his Soldiers, and took from himself the contempt of his Enemies. His first war was with the Athenians, who being overcome by an Ambuscado, he without money (for fear of a greater war) did permit them all to go safe away, when it lay in his power to have put them all to the sword: The war being afterwards carried against the Illyrians, he slew many thousands of his Enemies: Afterwards he took the famous City of Larissaea, from whence he unexpectedly advanced against the Thessalians, not for the desire of prey, but that he might add to his Army the strength of the Thessalian Cavalry, by which means (the body of their horse being joined to his foot) he made his Army invincible. The event of these things answering his expectation with success, he took to wife Olympias the daughter of Neoptolemus King of the Molossians; her brother's son Arymbas, who was her overseer, and was then King of the Molossians did make the marriage, having himself married Troas the sister of Olympias, which was the cause of his destruction, and the manifold calamities which afterwards fell upon him; for whiles he hoped to make some additions to his Kingdom by the affinity of Philip, being deprived by him of his own Kingdom, he grew old in banishment. These things being thus passed, Philip being now not contented only to remove wars, did now provoke and challenge others Nations of his own accord. As he was besieging Methona, an arrow from the walls as he was passing by, did put out his right eye; for all which wound he became not the flower in the prosecution of the war, nor was he made more angry by it against his Enemies, who some days afterwards having supplicated for peace, he did grant it to them, and was not only moderate, but also merciful against the conquered.   

THE vl BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
WHiles the Cities of Greece sought every one to enjoy, they all lost the Sovereignty of Greece; for restlessly running into mutual destruction they perished, being overcome of all: and not unless oppressed, they found what every one did loose; For Philip lying in wait in Macedonia (as in a watch-Tower) for the liberties of them all, whiles he did foment their divisions by sending aid to the weaker parties, he made both the Conquerors and Conquered to undergo the yoke of servitude. The Thebans were the cause and the beginning of this calamity, who when they were masters of all, and carrying their good fortune with too impotent a mind, did publicly before a general Council at Greece accuse the Lacedæmonians and Phocensians, as if before they had endured but small punishments for the slaughters and the rapines which they committed: it was laid to the charge of the Lacedæmonians, that they had seized upon the Tower of Thebes in the time of truce, and to the Phocensians that they had plundered Boeotia, as if after Arms and War there were a place left for the Laws: When the judgement was carried according to the pleasure of the Conquerors, they were condemned in a greater sum of money than they were able to pay. Therefore the Phocensians when they were deprived of their wives and children, and possessions, in a desperate condition, Philomelus being their Captain, they seized upon the Temple of Apollo at Delphos, and being angry with men, they would be revenged of God; being made rich with the gold and silver which there they found, they made war upon the Thebans with a mercenary Army; and though all abhorred this act of the Phocensians, by reason of the sacrilege, yet the Thebans contracted more envy by it, by whom they were enforced to this necessity, and both the Lacedæmonians, and Athenians sent aid unto them. In the first encounter Philomelus became master of the Camp and Tents of the Thebans; but in the second battle he fell first of all, fight amongst the thickest of his Enemies, and with the forfeit of his impious blood did answer for the crime of his sacrilege. Onomerchus was made Captain in his place, against whom the Thebans and Thessalians chose not a Captain of their own Citizens for fear of his domineering if he should prove Conqueror, but Philip King of the Macedonians to be their General; and of their own accord they did fall into that power and domination in another Commander which they feared in their own. Philip therefore, as if he was rather a revenger of the Sacrilege, then of the Thebans, commanded all his soldiers to wear wreaths of bays on their brows; and thus as if god was his conduct, he advanced to the battle.  
The Phocensians seeing the Ensigns of the God, being affrighted with the consciousness of their offence, throwing down their Arms, did fly away, and with great slaughter and bloodshed did expiate the violation of Religion. It is incredible, what glory this achievement brought to Philip amongst all Nations; Him they extolled as the vindicator of sacrilege, the Revenger of Religion, which the world with all its power was obliged to keep undefiled; the only man who was thought worthy to exact a Piacle for the sin committed to plunder God. He next unto the gods was esteemed, by whom the majesty of the gods was vindicated: But the Athenians, the event of the war being understood, did seize upon the streits at Thermophyle to keep Philip from Greece, as they did heretofore the Persians, but not with the same courage nor the same cause; for than they fought for the liberty of Greece, now for public sacrilege; then to vindicate the Temples from the violent profanation of the Enemies, now to defend the violent Prophaners against the Vindicators of them, and they deported themselves as defenders of that wickedness in which it was a shame to be Connivers, being altogether unmindful that in the uncertainty of their affairs they had heretofore repaired to that god as to the Author of their Counsels: and he being their conduct, they had undertaken so many wars, and formerly erected so many Cities, and obtained so great a Sovereignty both by Sea and Land, and managed nothing either public or private without the majesty of his divinity. Who would imagine that wits adorned with all variety of learning, and brought up under such excellent Laws and Institutions, should commit so horrible an impiety, that they had nothing left, of which after it they might justly accuse the Barbarians? But Philip observed no more faith himself towards his Associates; for fearing lest he should be overcome himself of his Enemies in the impiety of sacrilege, in a hostile manner he seized upon those Cities, of which but immediately before he was Protector; those Cities which sought under his conduct, those Cities which gratulated both him and themselves for the victory they had obtained, he in a scornful manner sold not long afterward both the wives and children of them all; he spared not the Temples, nor the consecrated houses, nor the public, nor the private gods whom not long before he adored: Insomuch that he seemed not to be the Revenger of sacrilege, but to grant a liberty for sacrileges; After this, as if he had done admirably well, he marched into Cappadocia, where having managed the war with the like perfidiousness and the neighbouring Kings being taken and slain by treachery, he joined the whole Country of Cappadocia to the Kingdom of the Macedons: After this to take away the infamy of envy, with which at that present he laboured above other men, he sent several persons through several Kingdoms and most flourishing Cities, to plant a belief that King Philip had laid up a great bank of money for the erecting of new walls through the Cities, and for the building of Fanes and Temples, and made Proclamations by Heralds, to the end that workmen might come in to undertake the building, who when they came to Macedonia, being frustrated by long delays, they departed home in silence, fearing the anger of the King. After this he invaded the Olynthians, who after his slaughter of one of his brothers, did in compassion entertain the two other, whom Philip resolved to put to death, pretending they desired to partake with him in the Kingdom, being the children of his mother-in-law; for this only cause he utterly destroyed this ancient and noble City, and his brothers being delivered to their destined destruction, he enjoyed a great booty together with the desires of his parricide. After this, as if all things were lawful which he had a mind to do, he seized upon the golden Mines in Thessaly, and on the silver Mines in Thrace, and that he might leave nothing inviolated, he at last resolved to exercise Piracies on the Seas: These things in this manner managed▪ it came to pass that the two brothers of the King of Thrace did make choice of him as an Arbitrator of their differences, not out of any contemplation of his justice, but both of them fearing lest by his assistance he should add more strength and quite overbalance the cause and power of the other. But Philip, (according to the versatilness of his wit) did come with a gallant Army, the two brothers unsuspecting it, not as an Arbitrator but a General, and deprived them both of the Kingdom by force, not like a Judge, but as a Thief and a plunderer. While those thing were in agitation, the Athenians sent Ambassadors to him to desire a peace, who having had audience, he sent himself Ambassadors to Athens with the condition of it, and a peace was concluded for the advantage of them both. There came also Ambassadors from the other Cities of Greece, not so much for the love of peace, as for the sears of war; for the fire of their rage being not to be extinguished but by blood, the Thebans and Boetians did desire that he would vouchsafe to profess himself to be the General of Greece against the Phocensians, being possessed with so great a hatred against the Phocensians, that forgetful of their own ruin, they desired rather to perish themselves than not to destroy them, and to endure the known cruelty of Philip then to pardon their Enemies. The Ambassadors of the Phocensians on the other side, the Lacedæmonians and Athenians being joined with them, did crave that the war might not proceed, this being the third time that they bought with moneys a forbearance of it.  
A vile thing it was, and shameful to behold, that Greece being at that time the mistress of the world, both in strength and dignity, and always the Conqueress of Kings and Nations, and at that time the Commandress of so many Cities, should humble herself at the doors of a stranger, and either craving or deprecating war, should put all her hope in the assistance of another. The Revengers of the world were brought so low by their own discords and by civil wars, that of their own accord they flattered a sordid part not long before of their own clientry; and this especially was done by the Thebans and the Lacedæmonians before emulous which of them both should enjoy the absolute command of Greece, as Greece at this present would have the command of them. Philip in these dissensions, for the ostentation of his glory, did ride as it were in triumph over the tops of so great Cities, and did deliberate with himself which part was most worthy of him. Having given audience in private to the Ambassadors on both sides, to the one side he did promise the forbearance of the war, having obliged them by an Oath not to divulge his answer; unto the others he gave assurance, that he suddenly and powerfully would assist them; he commanded both either to prepare for war or to fear it; and thus with a double answer both sides being secure, he seized upon the straits of Thermophylae. Then the Phocensians finding themselves circumvented by the treachery of Philip had their recourse to Arms, but they had not the leisure to prepare an Army, nor to draw unto them any Auxiliaries: and Philip threatened utterly to destroy them, if they would not surrender themselves unto him. But there was no more trust in his composition, than there was in his promise that the war should be forborn; They were therefore everywhere put to slaughter, and violated; the Children were plucked from their Parents, the Wives from their Husbands, and the Images of the gods were not safe, nor left in their own Temples. This was all the miserable comfort that they enjoyed, that when Philip had defrauded his Associates in the distribution of the booty, and engrossed it all to himself, they could find nothing of their own goods amongst their Enemies. Being returned into his Kingdom, he drove Cities and People as Shepherds do their Flocks, sometimes into their Summer, and sometimes into their Winter Pastures: He translated every place according to his own pleasure, as he would have them peopled or left desolate; lamentable was the face of all things, and like unto an utter ruin. There was no fear of any invasion of the Enemy, no running about of the Soldiers in the streets, no tumult of Arms, no plundering of goods, nor forcing men into Captivity, but a silent grief and sadness did possess them, and a fear that even the very tears in their eyes should be censured for delinquency: Their griefs did increase in their counterfeiting, and in their concealing of them, sinking so much the deeper, by how much they were the less seen to express them: Sometimes they revolved in their minds the Sepulchers of their Ancestors, sometimes their old household gods, sometimes their own houses in which they begot their children, and in which they were begot themselves: Sometimes they lamented their own misfortune that they lived to see that day, sometimes the misfortune of their children that they were not born after it. Philip in the mean time did remove some of them into the frontier Garrisons, and set them before the faces of their Enemies; others he did dispose of into the farthest bounds of his Kingdom: Some whom he had taken Prisoners in the war he reserved at home to supply his Cities, and so out of many Countries and Nations he constituted one Kingdom and People. The affairs of Macedonia being set in order, he became master of the Dardanians, and other neighbouring places taken by deceit; neither did he abstain from those who were most near unto him; for he determined to drive Arymbas out of his Kingdom who was King of Epirus, and in the nearest consanguinity obliged to his wife Olympias; and for this purpose he sent for Alexander the brother of his wife Olympias, a boy of a sweet and lovely countenance to come in his sister's name to Macedonia, and with all his art having solicited him into the hope of his Father's Kingdom, dissembling his lust, he enforced him to grant him the unlawful use of his body, thinking that he would be more obsequious to him either through this familiarity of unlawful love, or through the benefit of the Kingdom; therefore when he arrived to the age of twenty years, he took the Kingdom from Arymbas and gave it unto him, being unrighteous in both, for that he observed not the rights of consanguinity in him f am whom he took the Kingdom, and that he made him his prostitute before he made him a King unto whom he gave it.   

THE NINTH BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
WHen Philip had advanced into Greece, solicited by the plundering of a few Cities, and finding by their riches how great was the wealth of them all, he intended to make war upon all Greece; and thinking that if he could be master of Byzantium a famous Sea-Town, i● would much conduce to his affairs, it being a gallant reserve both by Sea and Land, he laid a siege unto it shutting her Gates against him▪ This City was first builded by Pausanias' King of the Sparians, and possessed by him for th● space of seven years. Afterwards by the several inclinations of Victory, it was sometimes in the power of the Lacedæmonians, and sometimes of the Athenians, which uncertain possession was the cause that neither of them either helping it or owning it as their own, she did more constantly maintain her liberty. Philip therefore being weary, and his stock exhausted with the long delay of the siege, made use of Piracy for the purchase of moneys, and having taken one hundred and seventy ships, he refreshed his Army distracted and languishing through want; And that so great a power might not be held in a League● before one Town, taking with him the most valiant of them, he besieged many Cities of the Ch●●sonesians, and sent for his son Alexander, being then eighteen years of age to come unto him, that he might learn under him the first rudiments of the War.  
He marched also into Scythia to see what plunder he could get there, and like a Merchant he maintained one war by the profits of another. At that time Matthaeas was King of the Scythians, who being oppressed by the war of the I strians did desire the assistance of Philip by the Apollonians, promising to adopt him into the succession of the Kingdom of Scythia. In the mean time, the King of the I strians dying, delivered the Scythians both from the fear of the war, and the need of assistance. Therefore Matthaeas having dismissed the Macedonians, commanded them to acquaint Philip that he neither desired his aid, nor did intend his adoption; for the Scythians, he said, did not need the revenge of the Macedonians, being better men than themselves, neither his Son being alive did he want an 〈◊〉 This being understood, Philip sent Ambassadors to Matthaeas, desiring of him to lend him some moneys towards the charge of the siege, lest through want he should be enforced to forsake the war, which the more readily he said he ought to do because he paid not the soldiers whom he sent unto his aid, who received nothing for their service nor for the charges of their march in the way. Matthaeas' excusing himself by reason of the unkindness of the heaven, & the barrenness of the earth, that neither enriched the Scythians with Patrimonies, nor allowed them sustenance, made answer that he had no wealth wherewith to satisfy so great a King, and therefore it were more honourable for him to deny him altogether then to contribute but a little to him; the Scythians he said, were esteemed not by their wealth, but by the virtues of their mind, & by the strength and hardness of their bodies. Philip finding himself de●ided, having raised the siege before Byzantium, did advance against the Scythians, who to make them the more secure did send Ambassadors to inform Matthaeas, that when he besieged Byzantium, he had vowed a Statue to Hercules, and that he now came to erect it at the mouth of the River of Ister; he therefore desired that coming as a friend to the Scythians, he might be allowed a peaceable entrance to perform his religion to his god: Matthaeas made answer, that if he would perform his vows, he should send the Effigies unto him, and promised that it should not only be erected accordingly as he desired, but that it should stand inviolated. He sent him word that he could not give way that his Army should enter into his Dominions, and if he should erect any Statue, the Scythians being unwilling, he would pull it down again, when he was departed, and convert the brass of the Statue into heads for arrows. With these passages the minds of both being much exasperated, the battle was begun.  
The Scythians excelled in virtue and valour; howsoever they were overcome by the policy of Philip. There were taken twenty thousand women and children, and a vast booty of cattle, but of gold and silver nothing at all: And although it were before reported, it was at this time first of all believed how poor the Scythians were. Twenty thousand of their Mares of a brave race were sent into Macedonia for breed. But the Triballians did meet with Philip on his return from Scythia; they denied to give him passage, unless they received part of the prey; From hence began the quarrel, and by and by the fight, in which Philip was so sorely wounded in his thigh, that through his body his horse was killed; when all conceived him to be slain, the booty was all lost; therefore the devoted spoils of the Sythians were to be lamented rather than enjoyed by the Macedons; as soon as he began to recover of his wound, he brought upon the Athenians his long dissembled war, to whose cause the Thebans did join themselves, fearing lest the Athenians being overcome, the flames of the neighbouring war should whirl upon them.  
A league being therefore made betwixt the two Cities that not long before were at the greatest enmity, they wearved Greece with their Ambassadors, alleging that the common Enemy was to be repelled by the common strength; for they said that Philip would not leave off, if the affairs at first succeeded according to his mind, until he had subdued all Greece unto him. Some Cities being persuaded by the Athenians did unite themselves unto them, but the fear of the war did draw many unto Philip: the battle being begun when the Athenians did much exceed in the number of the Soldiers, they were overcome by the valour of the Macedons enured to daily wars; howsoever they fell not unmindful of their ancient glory; for with honourable wounds they dying, did all cover that place of the field with their bodies which their Captains did assign them to fight in.  
This day did set a period to all Greece, in the respect of their ancient liberty, and the glory of the Sovereignty of their command. The joy of this Victory was craftily dissembled by Philip, for he did not observe it as a day consecrated to Triumphs; he was not seen to laugh at the banquet; he neither crowned his head, nor anointed his body, and as much as in him was, he so overcame that no man could perceive him to be a Conqueror: He commanded that he should not be called the King, but the Captain of Greece; and he so tempered himself betwixt a silent joy, and the public grief of his Enemies, that his own Soldiers could not observe him to rejoice, nor his Enemies to insult. And though the Athenians were always most pernicious to him, yet he sent home their prisoners without ransom, and restored the carcases of the dead to burial, and of his own accord gave order that they should be carried to the Sepulchers of their Fathers: Moreover, he sent his Son Alexander and his friend Antipater to Athens, to establish a firm friendship and a peace betwixt them. But he was not so indulgent to the Thebans; for he not only sold their Captives but also the carcases of their slain. Some of the Rulers of that City he beheaded, some he forced into banishment, and seized on all their goods, and restored those into their Country who had been banished from it, out of which number he appointed three hundred to be the Judges and Rulers of the City, by whom when some of the most powerful of the Citizens were accused, that unjustly they had driven them into banishment, they were of that constancy, they all in general confessed that they were all the Authors of it, and with confidence affirmed that it was better with the Commonwealth by far when they were condemned persons, than it could be now when they were restored.  
A wonderful confidence it was; they passed a sentence as well as then they could, on the Judges of their lives and deaths, and did contemn that absolution which their Enemies could give them, and because they could not revenge by deeds, they assumed to themselves a liberty by words.  
The affairs being thus composed in Greece, Philip commanded that Ambassadors out of all the Cities should be called to Corinth, to consider on the present occasions, and to provide for the future: He there appointed to all Greece a condition of Peace, according to the merits of every City, and chose to himself a Counsel, and as it were a Parliament out of all. The Lacedæmonians only did despise both the Law and the Lawgiver, affirming that it was a slavery and not a peace which was imposed upon them by the Conqueror, and did not proceed from the Cities. After this the Auxiliaries of every City were listed, by whom the King was to be assisted against any invasion, or he being their General, was to make war himself with them, and to lead them forth against any Nation; for it was not doubtful that the Empire of the Persians was the design of these great preparations. The number of his Auxiliaries of foot were two hundred thousand, and fifteen thousand horse: Besides these, there was the Army of Macedonia, and an Army of the barbarous Nations who were contiguous to them. In the beginning of the Spring, he sent three of his chief Commanders into that part of Asia which was under the power of the Persians, Parmenio, Amyntas, and Attalus, whose sister he had lately married; Olympias the Mother of Alexander being repudiated upon the suspicion of incontinence. In the mean time until the Auxiliaries of Greece might be drawn into one body, he did celebrate the Nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra, and of Alexander whom he had made King of Epirus. The day was remarkable for the magnificence of the two Kings, the one marrying, the other giving his daughter in marriage: Neither was there wanting the delightfulness of Interludes, to the beholding whereof when Philip passed without a guard between the two Alexanders, his Son-in-law, and his own Son, Pausanias' one of the Nobility, being suspected by no man, did kill King Philip as he was passing through the crowd, and made the day destined to mirth and marriage black with the lamentation of a Funeral: This Pausanias about the fourteenth year of his age, was enforced to be a prostitute to Attalus, to which indignity this ignominy was added, that Attalus having afterwards brought him into the Banquet, and made him drunk with wine, did not only expose him to his own lust, but to the lust of all his guests, and rendered him a common laughing stock amongst them all: Which Pausanias with great indignation resenting, did oftentimes complain of it to Philip; And finding that he was both deluded and delayed in his just complaints, and that his Adversary moreover was honoured with a new addition of power and greatness, he converted his anger against Philip himself, and that revenge which he could not have on his Adversary, he took on his unrighteous Judge, It is also believed that he was encouraged to it by Olympias the Mother of Alexander, and that Alexander himself was not ignorant of the murder of his Father; for Olympias was no less troubled at her divorce, and that Cleopatra was perferr'd above her, than Pausanias was at the violation of his honour. It was conceived also that Alexander suspected that his brother begot of his Stepmother, did aspire unto the Kingdom; and so far the jealousy did advance itself, that at a former Banquet he first quarrelled with Attalus, and afterwards with his Father, insomuch that Philips did follow him from the Table with a drawn Sword, and was hardly detained by the entreaties of his friends from the slaughter of his son. Wherefore Alexander did first convey himself with his Mother to his Uncle in Epirus, and from thence to the Kings of the Illyrians, and was hardly afterwards reconciled to his Father, and with much difficulty was persuaded by his kinsmen to return unto him. Olympias also did solicit her brother Alexander the King of Epirus to undertake the war, and had overcome him to it, if the Father had not prevented his Son-in-law by the collocation of his daughter to him: With these provocations of jealousy and anger, it is believed that both of them did incite Pausanias to the commission of so desperare an Act. Sure it is, that Olympias had horses ready for Pausanias, if it had been his fortune to have escaped; and she herself, the death of the King being understood, when under the pretence of the duty, she came in great haste that night to attend his Hearse, she did impose on the very same night a Crown of Gold on the head of Pausanias then hanging on the Cross, which none but she would have been so bold to have adventured, the Son of Philip being alive. Some few days after, she caused his body to be taken off from the Cross and burned, and in the same place she did erect him a Monument, and struck such a superstition into the people, that she provided that for the honour of his memory, here should be yearly made a parentation to him: After this, she caused Cleopatra (for whose sake she was divorced from Philip, having first in her own lap killed her daughter) to end her life by hanging, and satisfied her revenge by beholding her in that lamentable posture swinging on the Tree. Last of all, she consecrated that sword with which the King was slain to Apollo, under the name of Myrtalis; for so Olympias was called when she was a little one. All which was done so opnely, that it may be seared lest the fact committed by her were not approved by others: Philip deceased about the seven and fourtieth year of his age, after he had reigned five and twenty years. He begat on Larissaea the Danceress Aridaeus, who reigned after Alexander: He had also many other Sons from divers other marriages, it being the custom of Kings to take them into Marriage as many as they pleased; but they all died, some by natural deaths, and some by the sword. He was a King more studious of the preparations of Arms than Feasts; his greatest riches were the utensils of war, and yet he was more cunning to get riches then to perserve them, which made them always poor, though he was always plundering: Mercy and Treachery were in him equally beloved: No way whatsoever to overcome his Enemies did appear sordid to him; In his discourse he was both pleasing and deceitful, and one who would always promise more than he would perform; he was master of his Arts both in jest and in earnest: He observed his friendships not by faithfulness but by profit: To dissemble love in hatred, to plant sedition amongst friends, and to insinuate himself both with friends and foes was his daily Custom: Excellent he was in Eloquence and in the acuteness of a fine flourish in his words, full of delicate composures, that neither facility was wanting to the ornament▪ nor the ornament of invention to the facility. Alexander did succeed him greater than his Father both in virtues and in vices. Their way was different in the Conquests they obtained: The Son managed his wars by apparent valour, the Father by deceits: The Father joined his Enemies being surprised; the Son being openly overcome; The Father more subtle in Counsel; the Son more magnificent in mind; The Father would commonly dissemble his passions, and overcome them; The Son inflamed with rage knew neither how to delay, not moderate his revenge; Both of them were too greedy of wine, but their vices in the excess were different. It was the custom of the Father from the Banquet to advance against the Enemy, to encounter him, and unadvisedly to expose himself unto all dangers; Alexander was more furious against his own friends then against his Enemies; wherefore the battles have oftentimes sent back Philip wounded, and his Son hath often come from the Banquet the killer of his Friends; This would not reign over his friends, the other would usurp and grow upon them; the Father did choose rather to be beloved, the Son to be feared; The love to Learning was equal to them both▪ The Father was more full of Policy, the Son of Fidelity; The Father more moderate in his speech, the Son in his actions, for he had always a more ready and a more honest mind to be merciful to those whom he overcame; The Father was addicted to thrift, but the Son to excess: By these Arts the Father laid the foundation for the Conquest of the World, and the Son accomplished the glory of the work.   

THE TENTH BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
ARtaxerxes King of the Persians had fifteen Sons by a hundred Concubines, but he had only three begotten in lawful marriage; Darius, Ariarctos, and Occhus. Of these against the Laws of the Persians, amongst whom the Kingdom suffered no change but by death, Artaxerxes being alive, did out of his Fatherly indulgence make Darius' King, thinking that there was nothing taken from the Father which was conferred upon the Son, and that he should take a sincerer joy in his paternal Interest, if he alive did behold the Ensign of his Majesty in his Son. But Darius after these unaccustomed examples of indulgence, took counsel to kill his Father: He had been wicked enough, if he only had conceived the parricide in his mind; but so much the more wicked, that into the society of the villainy he took his fifty brothers to be partakers of it; Prodigious it was, that in so great a number, the parricide could not only be contracted but concealed, and that amongst fifty of his children there was not one found whom neither the Majesty of the King, nor the reverence of an ancient man, nor the indulgence of a Father, could recall from so horrible an act. What was the name of a Father so vile amongst so great a number of his Sons, that he who should be safe even against his Enemies by their defence, being circumvented by their Treason, should now be safer amongst his Enemies then amongst his own children? The cause of the Parricide was far more wicked than the Parricide itself; for Cyrus being slain in the brother's war, as mention above is made, Artaxerxes the King took his Concubine Aspasia into marriage; Darius did demand that his Father should give her unto him, as he had delivered up his Kingdom, who being too indulgent to his children, did promise at first that he would do it, and not long after repenting himself, and honestly denying what rashly he had promised, he made her a Prioress in the Temple of the Sun, whereby a perpetual abstinence from all men was religiously imposed on her. The young man being much incensed at it, did first quarrel with his Father; and not long after having made a conspiracy with his brothers, whiles he sought to betray his Father, being discovered and apprehended with his Associates, they expiated with their blood the designed Parricide, and did punishment to the Gods the Revengers of paternal Majesty. The Wives also of them all with all their children were put to death, that there should not be so much as a shadow to be seen of so great a villainy. After this Artaxerxes having contracted a disease by the excess of grief deceased himself a happier King than a Father.  
The Inheritance of the Kingdom by order of succession was devolved on Occhus, who fearing the like conspiracy, did fill the Court with the slaughter of his kinsmen, and the ruins of the Princes, being touched with no compassion in the respect either of blood, or sex, or age; belike that he might not be more innocent than the Parricides his brothers.  
And having as it were thus purified his Kingdom, he made war upon the Armenians; in which one of the Enemies having sent a challenge to try his force in Arms with any in a single fight, Codoman with the good opinion of all, advanced to encounter him, who the Enemy being slain, did restore both victory to the Persians and almost their lost glory. For this achievement so gallantly performed, he was made Governor of the Armenians, and in the process of time, after the death of Occhus in the memory of his ancient valour, he was chosen King by the people, and being honoured with the name of Darius, that nothing might be wanting to the regal Majesty, he a long time managed the war with great courage; but uncertain fortune against Alexander the Great; at the last, being overcome by him, and slain by his own kinsmen, he ended his life with the Empire of the Persians.   

THE ELEVENTH BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
AS there were divers Nations in the Army of Philip, so he being slain, there were divers agitations of minds in his Army: Some being oppressed with the injury of servitude did advance themselves to some hope of liberty; others not pleased with the tediousness of so remote a war, did rejoice that the expedition would be remitted: Some there were who lamented that the torch lighted for the marriage of the daughter should be now employed to be put under the pile of the Father. And no small fear it was that possessed his friends at so sudden a Change of the affairs, revolving in their minds how much Asia was provoked before Europe was subdued, and how unfaithful and uncertain were the Illyrians, the Thracians and Dardaneans and others of the barbarous Nations that were adjacent to them, which people if they should all revolt together, it was impossible to redress it.  
In these distractions the coming of Alexander was as a Sovereign remedy, who in a set speech did for the present so persuade and comfort the Soldiers, that he took off all fear from the timorous, and did raise the opinion of all into a great hope of him: He was then but twenty years of age, in which he so moderately promised so much that it might appear to all that he reserved more for the proof. He gave to the Macedonians the immunity of all things, unless a discharge from the wars, by which he so much attracted their love, that they said they had changed only the body, but not the virtue nor the valour of the King. The first care he had was for his Father's obsequies at which he gave a charge above all things that all who were guilty of his Father's death should be slain before the Tomb of his Father; he only reprieved Alexander the brother of the Lyncestae, preserving in him the inaguration into his dignity; for he was the first that did salute him King. He also took care that his brother Caraunus born of his Stepmother, who aspired to the Kingdom, should be put to death.  
In the first beginning of his Reign he awed many Nations that were about to rebel, & appeased divers seditions in the East, and joyful at the success of his proceedings he marched privately into Greece, where having called all the Cities to Corinth after the example of his Father, he was made General in his place. After this, he did go on with the preparations for the Persian war, which was begun by his Father; and being altogether employed to make provision for it, he was informed that the Athenians, Thebans, and Lacedæmonians had revolted from him to the Persians, and that the Author of that treachery was Demosthenes the Orator, who was corrupted by the Persians with a great sum of gold: He alleged that all the Forces of the Macedonians were overthrown by the Triballians with their King, and in his speech composed for that purpose, he produced his Author before the people, who affirmed that he was wounded in the same battle wherein the King was slain: By which report the resolutions of almost all the Citizens being startled, they resolved to shake off the Garrisons of the Macedons; to meet with and to prevent these difficulties, he marched into Greece with so much speed, and with so gallant and so prepared an Army, that whom they knew not of to come, they could hardly believe they saw. In his way he exhorted the Thessalians, and did put them in mind of the benefits of Philip his Father to them, and of the near relations of his Mother descended from the generation of the Aeacidans. His exhortation was agreeable to the Thessalians; they created him General of Greece after the example of his Father, and delivered to him all their tributes and revenues. But the Athenians as they were the first in the revolt, so they began to be the first in repentance, and turning the contempt of their Enemy into their admiration of him, they extolled the youth of Alexander despised before above the virtue of the ancient Captains; Ambassadors therefore being sent, they besought a forbearance of the war; Alexander having heard them and severely reprehended them, did remit the war. After this he advanced against the Thebans, and would have exercised the same indulgence towards them, if he had found the same repentance; but the Thebans were resolved to make use of their Arms, and not of entreaties or deprecations. Being overcome, they endured the heaviest punishments of the most miserable captivity: When a Council was called to debate on the utter destruction of the City, the Phocensian● and Plataeans, the Thespians and Orchomaenians the Associates of the Macedonians, and the partakers with Alexander in this victory, did demonstrate to him the ruins of their own Cities, and the cruelty of the Thebans, charging them with their inclinations towards the Persians against the liberty of Greece, not only for the present, but for the continuance of many Ages, for which cause the hatred of all people was upon them to be manifested, by this that they have all bound themselves by an oath, the Persians being overcome, to pull down Thebes. To this they added the fables of their former abominations, with which they have filled all Scenes, insomuch that they are to be abhorred, not only for their present treachery, but for their ancient infamy. Eleadas one of the Captives having obtained liberty to speak, did allege that they did not revolt from the King whom they heard to be slain, but from the heirs of the King; and what by them was committed, was not so much by the guilt of treachery as by the provocation of cruelty, for which already they had endured grievous punishments; their youth being overthrown, there remained only he said, a company of old men and women, who were as weak as they were harmless, and were so vexed with adulteries and reproaches, that they never endured any thing more grievous; he entreated not he said for the Citizens who were so few, but for the innocent ground of his Country, and for the City which had not only brought forth men but gods: He supestitiously conjured the King by the remembrance of Hercules, who was born amongst them, and from whom the Nation of the Aeacidans did derive their Original, that he would forbear all further execution: He besought, his father Philip having had his education in that City, that he would vouchsafe to spare it, it being the City which adored some of his Ancestors being born gods amongst them, and which saw others who being there brought up were Kings of the supremest dignity. But anger was more powerful than prayer; the City therefore was levelled to the ground: the Fields were divided amongst the Conquerors; the Captives were sold, whose prizes were set not for the profit of the Buyers, but at the rate of the hatred of the Enemy. Their sad condition was lamented by the Athenians, who opened their Gates to receive them against the mandate of the King: which Alexander took so grievously, that the Athenians by a second Embassy beseeching him to forbear the war; he did remit it on that condition, that their Orators and Captains by whose confidence they so often had rebelled, might be delivered to him; into so great a straight the Athenians were brought, that rather than undergo the war, their Orators being retained, their Captains were sent into banishment, who immediately going to Darius, were of no small moment in the Army of the Persians; Alexander being now wholly designed▪ on the Persian war did put to death those kindred of his stepmother's, whom Philip advancing to the places of highest dignity had set over the Kingdom; neither was he more indulgent to those who were more near unto him, if they nourished aspiring thoughts and were fit for Government, that no occasion of sedition might call him back being employed in his war in Asia; & he took into the war those Pensioners of the King with him, the abilities of whose understandings were more eminent than their fellows, leaving those who were of any age and gravity behind him for the defence of his Kingdom. After this, having drawn his Army all into one Body, he speedily embarked them, and being come into the sight of Asia, being inflamed with an incredible ardour of spirit, he erected twelve Altars, where he made his vows to the gods of war: He divided all the Patrimony which he had in Macedonia and in Europe amongst his friends, alleging that Asia was sufficient for himself; And before that any of his ships put forth to Sea, he offered sacrifices, desiring Victory in this war, in which he was to be the Revenger of Greece so often invaded by the Persians; whose Empire was great, old, and over-ripe, it being now high time that it should receive others by turns, who could do better: Neither were the presageful resolutions of his Army less than his own; for all of them forgetting their wives and children, and the war that was to be managed so far from their own Country, did propound unto themselves the Persian Gold, and the Riches of all the East as already their own booty: when they drew near unto the Continent, Alexander first of all did throw a dart as into the hostile La●d, and in his Armour leaping on the shore and vaulting aloft, did cut a fine caper or two; he there offered sacrifices, praying that those Countries would not unwillingly receive him their King: In Ilium also he did parentate to the Tombs of those who fell in the Trojan war; advancing afterwards towards the Enemy, he caused a Proclamation to be published, forbidding his Soldiers to plunder, alleging that they must spare their own goods, nor destroy those things which they came to possess.  
In his Army there were two and thirty thousand foot, and four thousand and five hundred horse, and a Fleet consisting of one hundred and fourscore and two ships. With this so inconsiderable an Army, it is hard to say whether he more wonderfully overcame all the World, or that he durst undertake to do it, especially when to so dangerous a war he chose not an Army of robustious men, or in the first flower of their youth, but old Soldiers, and some who by the Laws of war were to be dismissed by reason of their Age, and who had served in the wars of his Father and his Grandfather, that you would have taken them to be selected masters of the war rather than Soldiers; neither in the first files or ranks was any a leading man who was not threescore years of age, insomuch that had you beheld the order of their Camp, you would have said that you had seen a Senate of some ancient Commonwealth. Therefore in the battle no man thought of flight but of Victory, neither did they put any hope in the nimbleness of their feet, but in the strength of their Arms.  
On the other side, Darius' King of the Persians in the confidence of his strength, affirmed that nothing was to be done by circumvention, and that the close counsel of a stolen Victory was not suitable to his greatness: He thought it more honourable to drive back the war than not to admit it, and not to prohibit the Enemy into his Confines, but to receive him into his Kingdom. The first battle was in the Plain of Adrastum, where there being six hundred thousand in the Army of the Persians, they were put to flight, being overcome as much by the policy of Alexander as by the courage of the Macedons; great was the slaughter of the Persians; in the Army of Alexander there were slain but nine footmen, and one hundred and twenty horse, whom for the encouragement of their fellows, the King caused to be honourably interred, and commanded Statues to be cut for them, as for some memorable Commanders, and gave privileges of immunity to all their kindred. After this victory, the greater part of Asia did submit unto him; He also made many wars with the Lieutenants of Darius whom he overcame not so much by arms as by the terror of his Name. Whiles those things were thus managed, he understood by one of his Captives, that a treason was plotted against him by Alexander of Lynceste, the Son-in-law of Antipater, who was the King's Lieutenant in Macedonia, and fearing that if he should put him to death, it might occasion some tumult in Macedonia, he only confined him to Imprisonment and Bonds; After this, he advanced to the City of Gordium, which is situated between both the Phrygias, which City he desired to be master of, not so much for the booty, as for that he understood that in that City in the Temple of Jupiter, there was consecrated the plough of Gordius, the knots of whose cord if any could unlose, the Oracle did persage of old that he should reign over all Asia. The cause and original was from this; When Gardius was ploughing in this Country with his Oxen, great flights of birds of all sorts did fly round about him, and repairing to the Augurs of the next City to know the reason of it, he met in the Gate of the City a Virgin of an excellent beauty, and having demanded of her to what Augur he should more particularly address himself, she having understood the occasion, and having some knowledge herself in the Art, by the instructions of her Parents, did make answer that the Kingdom was presaged to him, and did offer herself the companion of his hope, and to be his companion in marriage. So ●air a condition did seem to be the first felicity of the Kingdom. After the marriage, there did arise a sedition amongst the Phrygians; and counsel being asked, what a period should be put unto the differences: and when the Oracles did answer, That to end the discord there was need of a King; and it being demanded again, who should be the King: They were commanded to make him King whom they should find with a Plough entering into the Temple of Jupiter. Gordius was the man whom presently they saluted as their King. He consecrated to Regal Majesty in the Temple of Jupiter the Plough by which the Kingdom was conferred on him. After him there reigned his Son Midas, who being instructed by Orpheus with the solemnities belonging to the worship of their gods, did fill all Phrygia with Religion and Ceremonies, by which during the whole course of his life, he was safer then by his Arms.  
Alexander therefore, the City being taken, when he came into the Temple of Jupiter, he demanded where the Plough was, which being showed unto him, when he could not discover the ends of the cord lying hid among the multiplicity of the foldings, he gave a violent interpretation to the sense of the Oracle, and cutting the cords asunder with his sword, he found the ends lying undiscovered in the mystery of the twists. Whiles he was doing this, he was informed that Darius was approaching to give him battle with a formidable Army. Therefore fearing the danger of the straits, he in a swift march did lead his Army over the Mountain of Taurus; in which expedition, his foot without any respite did run five hundred furlongs: When he came unto Tarsus, being taken with pleasantness of the River Cydnus running through the midst of the City, having unbuckled his Armour, and being covered with sweat and dust, he threw himself into the River which, was extremely cold. On an sudden; so great and so chilling a benumnedness did possess every joint, that being speechless, the danger could be neither deferred, nor any hope o● remedy admitted. There was one of his Physicians Philip by Name who promised to give a redress unto his evil, but some letters sent the day before by Parmenio from Cappodocia did render him suspected to the King, who not knowing of Alexander's sickness did write unto him to have a careful eye on Philip his Physician, because he was corrupted by Darius with a great sum of money; howsoever thinking it safer to doubt the trust of his Physician, than his undoubted disease, having received the Cup, he delivered the letters to him, & stead fastly did behold him as he drank the physic: Having observed h●m to be not moved at the sense of the letter, he became more cheerful, & on the fourth day afterwards was recovered. In the mean time, Darius advanced towards him with an Army of three hundred thousand foot, & one hundred thousand horse: The multitude of his numbers did trouble Alexander in the respect of the fewness of his Soldiers, but computing with himself what great achievements he had performed by that paucity, and how many Nations he had overthrown, his hope did overcome his fear, and thinking it dangerous to delay the Battle lest some desperation should grow upon the minds of his Soldiers, being mounted on horseback he did ride about his Army, and by several exhortations did inflame the courage of the several Nations; he stirred up the Illyrians and the Thracians with the ostentation of the wealth of the Persians, the Grecians with the memory of their former wars, & with their perpetual hatred against the Persians: He put the Macedonians in mind of Europe overcome, and of Asia desired by them; and that the world had not any Soldiers that were comparable unto them: This battle he said would put an end to their labours, but no end unto their glory: As he delivered these words, he did once and again command his Army to stand, that by that delay they might the better observe and sustain the unwieldy numbers of their Enemies; neither was Darius less industrious in the marshalling of his Army; for omitting no office of a General, he in his own person did ride about the Army, and did exhort every one, and admonish them of the ancient glory of the Persian Empire, and of their everlasting possession which was given of it by the immortal Gods. After this the battle was fought with great resolution, in which both Kings were wounded, and the fight was doubtful until Darius fled, whereupon there followed a great slaughter of the Persians; there were slain of their foot threescore and ten thousand, and ten thousand of their horse, and forty thousand were taken Prisoners. Of the Macedons there were slain one hundred and thirty foot, and one hundred and fifty horse: In the Camp of the Persians, there was found much gold, and other rich movables. Amongst the Captives, there were the Mother, and the Wife, who was also the sister of Darius, and his two daughters, to visit and to comfort: who when Alexander came in person with some men in Arms, they embracing one another as if immediately they were to die, did make a skrieking lamentation▪ than humbling themselves to the knees of Alexander, they desired not life, but only a respite from death so long until they had buried the body of Darius. Alexander beimg moved at their so great a piety, did both give them an assurance of the life of Darius, and withal took from them the fear of death, and did command that they should be esteemed and saluted as Queens, and commanded the daughters of Darius to look for husband's suitable to the dignity of their Father. After this taking into his observation, the riches and precious Furniture of Darius, he was possessed with admiration at it; he than first began to delight himself with luxurious Banquets, and the magnificence of Feasts, and to be tempted by the beauties of Barsine his Capive, on whom having afterwards begot a Son, he did call him Hercules. But remembr●ing that Darius was yet alive, he commanded Parmenio to seize upon the Persian Fleet, and sent some others of his friends to take possession of some Cities in Asia, which the fame of his Victory being understood, came presently into the hands of the Conquerors, the Lieutenants of Darius delivering themselves with vast sums of gold unto them. After this he advanced into Syria, where many Kings of the East with Fillets and Mitres did meet him; of whom some he received into the society of his friendship according to their merits, and from others he took their Kingdom, new Kings being chosen in their places. Amongst others, A'bdolominus chosen King of Sidonia by Alexander was remarkable, who living but miserably before (all his employment being either to scour ditches, or to water gardens) was ordained King by him, the Nobility of that Kingdom being rejected, lest they should impute their royalty to their birth, and not to the benefit of the giver; When the City of Tyre had sent to Alexander by their Ambassadors a Crown of gold of great weight in the pretence of gratulation, the gift being gratefully accepted, Alexander did declare unto them that he would repair himself unto Tyre to pay his vows to Hercules; the Ambassadors replying that he should perform that better in the old Town of Tyre, and in the more ancient Church, & desiring withal that he would forbear to enter into their new City; Alexander was so incensed at it, that he threatened utterly to destroy their City: and immediately drawing his Army to the Island, he was not less resolutely received by the Tyrians through the confidence they had of being assisted by the Carthaginians. The example also of Dido did confirm them in their resolution, who, Carthage being builded, were masters of the third part of the World, thinking it dishonourable, if their women had more resolution to subdue foreign Kingdoms, than they had to defend their own liberty: Those therefore who were unfit for the service of the war being removed to Carthage, and the aid of that City desired to be hastened, they were not long after taken by treachery: After this he took Rhodes, Egypt, and Cilicia upon composition, and was resolved to go to Jupiter-Hammon to ask counsel of him concerning the event of things to come, and concerning his own Original; for his mother Olympias had confessed to his Father Philip, that Alexander was not begotten by him, but by a serpent of a vast extent and bulk. And Philip not long before his death, did openly confess that Alexander was not his Son, and caused Olympias to be divorced from him as being guilty of incontinence; Alexander therefore desiring to know the divinity of his Original, and to deliver his Mother from Infamy, did send some before him to suborn the Priests what answers they should give unto him. Entering into the Temple, the Priests immediately did salure him as the Son of Ammon; He being joyful of this his adoption by the God, did command that he should be esteemed as his Father. After this he demanded, whether he had taken full revenge on all the Murderers of his Father: It was answered, That his Father could neither be killed nor die, but the revenge for King Philip was fully performed. After this having propounded a third demand unto them: It was answered, That both Victory in all wars, and the possession of all Lands was granted to him. His Companions also were enjoined by the Priests to worship him as a God, and not as a King. From hence he was possessed with a strange insolence, and a wonderful pride of mind, being altogether estranged from that familiarity which he had learned by the letters of the Grecians, and the Institutions of the Macedons: being returned from Hammon, he builded Alexandria, and commanded that a Colony of the Macedons should be the chief Seat of Egypt.  
Darius' flying to Babylon, desired Alexander by letters, that he might have the liberty to redeem the Captive Ladies, and promised him a vast sum of money. But Alexander returned answer, That to redeem those Captives, he must not only have his money, but all his Empire. Not long after Darius did write again to Alexander, and in his letter he offered him the marriage of his Daughter, and a great part of the Empire; but Alexander did write back unto him, that he gave him but that which was his own before, and commanded him to come as a Suppliant to him, and to permit the Conqueror to dispose of the Kingdom at his own pleasure. Wherefore having abandoned all hope of peace, Darius did prepare again for the war, and advanced against Alexander with four hundred thousand foot, and one hundred thousand horse. In his march he was informed that his Wife was dead in her extremity of pain by an abortive birth, and that Alexander did lament her death, and assisted at her burial, which civilities he used towards her, not out of the heat of vain love, but the obligations of humanity; for he was assured that Alexander did never see her but once, when he oftentimes repaired to comfort his Mother and his Daughters; Darius then confessing that he was truly conquered, when after so many battles his Enemy in courtesies did overcome him, and that it should not be altogether unpleasing to him if he could not be victorious, especially when he was conquered by such an Enemy, did write the third time unto Alexander, and gave him thanks for his civil respects unto his Family, and offered him his other Daughter to Wife, and the greater part of his Kingdom, even to the River of Euphrates, and thirty thousand talents for the other Captives. Alexander returned answer, That the giving thanks of an Enemy was superflucus, neither had he done any thing in flatto●y of him, or in the distrust of the event of the war, or to compliment for conditions of peace, but out of the greatness of his mind by which he had learned to contend against the Forces, but not the calamities of his Enemies: He promised that he would allow the same Grants to Darius, if he would be his Second and not his Equal: But as the World could not be governed by two Suns, no more could it endure the Government of two such great Empires in a safe condition: Therefore he should come, he said, and make a surrender of himself on that present day, or prepare for the battle on the next▪ nor promise to himself any other fortune then of what before he had the experience.  
On the next day, their Armies stood both in battle-array; Immediately before the fight began, a deep sleep invaded Alexander, possessed with too much care, who being only wanting in the battle, he was with much ado awakened by Parmenio: All men demanding the cause of so sound asleep in such apparent danger, when in his greatest leisures he was always moderate of it; He made answer, that being delivered from a great sear, the suddenness of his security was the occasion of it, for he might now fight at once with all the Forces of Darius, being afraid before that the wars would be delayed if the Persians should have divided their Army. Before the battle did begin both the Armies made a stand, and did look on one another. The Macedons did wonder at the multitudes of their Enemies, at the greatness of their bodies, and the beauty of their Armour: The Persians were amazed that so many thousand of their Soldiers had so often by so few been overcome. The two Kings did ride round about their Armies; Darius assured his, that if the division were made throughout his Army, he had ten men in arms to fight against but one of his Enemies. Alexander admonished the Macedonians not to be troubled with the multitudes of their Enemies, nor with the greatness of their bodies, or the novelty of the complexion of their Arms: he commanded them only to remember that this is the third time they fought with them, and so consider that they were become never the better men by their so often flying away, but carried always with them the sad remembrance of their former overthrows, & of so much blood they had lost before in the two other battles; He assured them that as Darius did exceed in men, so did he in strength: He persuaded them to despise that Army shining with gold and silver, in which there was more booty than danger; the Victory being not to be purchased by the glittering of ornaments, but by the edge of the sword.  
After this both Armies were joined in battle; The Macedons in contempt of the Enemy so often overcome, did throw themselves upon the swords of the Persians. And the Persians desired rather manfully to die then to be overcome▪ seldom more blood in any fight was shed. Darius when he saw his Army overthrown, would willingly have died himself: But those who stood next unto him did compel him to fly: Some persuading him to break down the Bridge of the River of Cydnus to stop the passage of his Enemies; he made answer, That he would not so dishonourably provide for his own safety by exposing so many thousands of his Soldiers to the fury of their Enemies, and that the same way of flight was to he open to others, which lay open to himself. Alexander in his own person was always present in the greatest difficulties, and where he saw his Enemies on their thickest squadrons to fight most bravely, he clapped in upon them, and would have all the dangers to be wholly his own and not his Soldiers. In this battle h● gained unto himself the whole Empire of Asia in the fifth year of his reign, and so great was his felicity, that after this no man durst to rebel; and the Persians after the Empire which continued so many years did patiently endure the yoke of servitude. His Soldiers being rewarded and refreshed, so great was the booty, that it took up forty days to receive the full account of it; he found hid in the City eleven thousand Talents: After this, he took Persepolis the chief Seat of the Persian Empire, a City renowned for many years, and full of the spoils of the World, which first appeared at the destruction of it.  
As those things thus passed, eight hundred Greeks did come unto him, who with dismembered bodies did endure the punishment of their Captivity, beseeching him that as he had delivered Greece, so he would deliver them also from the cruelty of their Enemies. The King having granted them leave to return to their own Country, they made choice to be seated rather in a plantation abroad, least in the stead of joy, they should present unto their Parents the lamentable and loathed spectacle of themselves. In the mean time, Darius to purchase favour of the Conqueror, was bound by his knismen in golden chains in a Town of the Parthians called Tancas. I believe the immortal gods, so ordained it, that the Empire of the Persians should have its end in their Land who were afterwards to succeed in the Government. Alexander pursuing the chase in a full gallop came to the same Town on the next day. He there understood that Darius in a close waggon was carried away by night; his Army therefore being commanded to follow, he pursued him with only seven thousand horse, and in the way had many and dangerous encounters; And having in the chase numbered many miles, when he could not receive the least notice of Darius, he respited a little to breathe and bait his horses. As one of his Soldiers did go unto the next spring, he found Darius bleeding through many wounds, but yet alive; whereupon he made use of his Captive to be his Interpreter, whom when Darius found by his voice to be a Persian, he said that this brought some comfort to him in his present misfortunes, that he should speak to one who understood him, and should not in vain breathe forth his last words. He desired that it might be represented to Alexander that he died much in his debt; being obliged to him for many favours, having never the happiness to return any; he was much to thank him that he deported himself towards his Mother and his children, not like an Enemy, but a King; and was more happy in his Adversary, then in his own kindred; for the lives of his Mother and his children were given to them (he said) by his Enemy, but his life was taken away by his kinsmen to whom he had given both life and Kingdoms, for which he should receive that recompense, which he being a Conqueror should be pleased himself to take; All the thankfulness which he being a dying man could return unto him, was to beseech the powers above, and the powers below, and the gods that dispose of Sceptres, that they would grant him the Empire of all the World; For himself he desired to have rather a solemn than a sumptuous Funeral. As for what pertained to the Revenger of his death, it ought he said to be made Exemplar, it being not only alexander's but the common cause of all Kings, which to neglect, would be as dishonourable as it were dangerous; for as in one, the Example of his justice, so in the other, the cause of his future safety would be declared; for the performance of which he gave his right hand, the only pledge of the Faith of a King.  
Having spoken these word● and stretched forth his hands he died; which when it was reported unto Alexander, having beheld him, he with tears prosecuted his death so unworthy of that height wherein he lived; and commanded that his body should be buried after the manner of their Kings, and be carried to the Tombs of his Predecessors.   

THE TWELFTH BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
ALexander after this with great Funeral expenses did honour those Soldiers whom he lost in the pursuit of Darius, and divided fifteen thousand Talents amongst their fellows who did accompany him in that Expedition. The greatest part of their horses were lost by the excessive heat, and those which remained alive made unserviceable. The treasure consisting of one hundred and three and fifty thousand Talents, was brought all into one Exchequer, and Parmenio was made Chancellor of it. In the mean time Letters were received from Antipater in Macedonia, in which the war of Agis King of the Lacedæmonians in Greece, the war of Alexander (King of Epirus) in Italy, and the war of Zopyron his Lieutenant in Scythia were contained, with which news he was diversely affected, but received more joy by the death of the two Kings that did emulate his glory, than he expressed grief for the loss of Zopyron with his Army: For after the departure of Alexander, almost all Greece, taking advantage of his absence, did combine to take Arms for the recovery of their liberty; In which they followed the authority of the Lacedæmonians, who alone despised the peace with Philip and Alexander, and refused the conditions of it. The General of this war was Agis King of the Lacedæmonians; which insurrection Antipater, having drawn his forces together, did suppress in the very beginning of it. The slaughter howsoever was great on both sides: Agis when he beheld his Soldiers to turn their backs, having cleared himself of his Guard, that he might be equal to Alexander, though not in fortune, yet in courage, did make so great a slaughter of his Enemies, that sometimes he drove whole Troops of them before him: At the last, though he was overborn by the multitude, yet he overcame them all in glory. And Alexander King of Epirus being called into Italy by the Tarentines, desiring aid against the Brutians, did march with so much resolution, that if in the division of the world, the West by lot had fallen to him, and the East to Alexander the Son of Olympias his sister, he might have found no less a subject of glory, in Italy, afric, and in Sicily, than the other in Asia, and amongst the Persians. To this may be added, that as the Oracles at Delphos did fore-warn Alexander the Great of treachery in Macedonia; so he was advised by Jupiter of Dodona to take heed of the City of Pandosia and of the Acherusian River, which being both in Epirus, he being ignorant that they were both in Italy also, did more readily undertake a foreign war to decline the danger which was threatened by the destinies as he conceived at Rome.  
Being advanced in Italy, he first of all made war with the Apulians; the fate of whose City being understood, he not long after made peace and friendship with their King. At that time Brundisium was the City of the Apulians, which the Aetolians (following the Conduct of their Captain Dio medes, renowned for his achievements at the siege of Troy) did build. But being forced away by the Apulians, it was told them by the Oracle, that perpetually they should possess the place which they first found out, wherefore by their Ambassadors they demanded of the Apulians, that their City should be restored to them▪ and threatened to bring a war upon them, if they should detain it. But the Apulians having notice of the Oracle, did put the Ambassadors to death, and did bury them in their City, to have there their perpetual residence. And being thus discharged of the Oracle, they for a long time did possess the City, which when Alexander of Epirus understood, in reverence to the Antiquity of the place, he did abstain from making war upon the Apulians: But he made war against the Brutians and Lucanians, and took many of their Cities; afterwards he made peace with the Metapontinians, the Rutilians, and the Romans. But the Brutians and Lucanians having the assistance of their Neighbours, did renew the war with greater courage, in which the King near unto the City of Pandosia & the River Acheron was killed, the name of the fatal place being not known until he fell; and dying▪ he understood that the danger of death was not in his own Country, for the fear of which he did ●●e his Country. The Tyrians having at the public charge redeemed his Body, did commit it unto Burial. Whiles those things were done in Italy, Zopyron, who was made Lieutenant of Pontus by Alexander the Great, conceiving himself to be but as an idle person, if he should do nothing memorable himself, having drawn together an Army of thirty thousand men, did make war upon the Soythians: being slain with all his Army, he suffered for the rashness of making wars on that innocent Nation: When these things were brought to Alexander in Parthia, having dissembled a sorrow for the death of Alexander his kinsman King of Epirus, he commanded his Army to quarters for the space of three days; And all men suggesting to themselves, that in Darius' death the war was ended, and expecting now a speedy return into their own Country, and in their imagination already embracing their wives and children, Alexander did call them forth to a general convention, and declared unto them, that nothing was as yet achieved by so many famous battles, if the more Eastern Enemies should remain untouched; neither did he make war for the body, but the Empire of Darius; those he said were to be pursued who fled away and revolted from him. Having with his speech given new heat to the courage of his Soldiers, he subdued the Mardians and Hyrcanians. In that place Thalestris or Minothaeae Queen of the Amazons did address herself unto him with three hundred thousand women, having traveled▪ five and twenty days through most hostile Nations, to have Issue by him; her countenance and the cause of her coming was the subject of much wonder, both for the strangeness of her habit, and the strangeness of her desire; To satisfy which, the King took the leisure of thirty days, and when she thought that her womb was pregnant, she departed. After this Alexander assumed the habit and the diadem of the Kings of Persia, before unused by the Kings of Macedon, as if he had translated himself into the customs and fashions of those whom he had overcome; which, that it might not more enviously be beheld in him alone, he commanded his friends also to take unto them the long robe of gold and purple. And that he might imitate as well their riot as their habit, he divided the nights by turns amongst the flocks of his Concubines, as remarkable for their birth as for their beauty, to which he added, the magnificence of banquets, lest his luxury should not seem complete. And according to the vanity of royal pomp, he made his Feasts more delightful with Interludes, being altogether unmindful that so great wealth with such profuseness is accustomed to be consumed and not enlarged. Amongst these things great was the Indignation of all, over all the Camp, that he so degenerated from his Father Philip, that he cared not for the name of his own Country, and followed the dissoluteness of the Persians▪ whom for such dissoluteness he overcame; and that he might not only seem to addict himself to the vices of those whom with arms he had subdued, he permitted his Soldiers to marry those female Captives, to whom they had endeared themselves: politicly conceiving that having in their Tents a representation of their houses and Families at home, the labour of the war would be both more pleasant by the company of their wives; and their desires to return into their Countries, would be more moderate: And that Macedonia also should be less exhausted with recruits, if young Soldiers should succeed in their old Father's places, and fight in the same works in which they were born, being likely to be more constant upon duty, exercising not only their youth and childhood, but having their cradles also rocked in the Camp. This Custom remained afterwards amongst the Successors of Alexander, and maintenance was provided for the Infants, and Instruments for the making of Arms, and the furniture for horse were given them to practise on, when they were but young; and their Fathers had allowances appointed them according to the number of their children, and if their Fathers died, nevertheless the children had the pensions of their Father, their Infancy amongst so many Expeditions being as a continual war-fare. Therefore from their minority being enured to labour and to dangers, their Armies were unconquerable; for they thought no otherwise of their Tents then of their Country, and that an encounter was always nothing else but Victory.  
This is that offspring which were called Epigoni: The Parthians being overcome, Andragoras one of the most noble of the Persians was made Governor of them, from whom the Kings of Parthia did afterwards derive their Original. In the mean time, Alexander did begin to exercise his rage on his own men, not like a King, but like an Enemy: Nothing more incensed him then that he was upbraided by them, that he had subverted the Customs of his Father Philip, and of his own Country, for which offence old Parmenio next unto the King in Dignity, and his Son Philotas (being questioned for other pretences) were both put to death. On this there did arise a murmur over all the Camp, in compassion of the condition of the innocent old man and of his Son, and sometimes they were heard to speak, that they could not hope for any better themselves; which when it was reported unto Alexander, fearing lest the same reproach should be divulged in Macedonia, and that the glory of his Victories should be eclipsed by the ignomy of his cruelty, he dissembled that he would send some of his friends into his own Country▪ who should be the Messengers of his Conquests. He desired the Soldiers to write freely unto their friends, being but seldom to enjoy such an apportunity again, by reason of the more distant remoteness of the war. This being done, he commanded the packet to be brought privately unto him, by which having discovered what every▪ one thought of him, he reduced them who had written to their friends more hardly of him into one Company, either with an intent to destroy them, or to distribute them into Colonies in the furthest parts of the world. After this he subdued the Dracans, Evergetans, Parimen, Paropamissidans, Hydaspians, and the other Nations which live at the foot of Caucasus. In the mean time Bessus, one of the friends of Darius was brought bound in chains, who had not only betrayed, but also killed the King, whom Alexander delivered to the brother of Darius to be tormented, in revenge of his treason, thinking Darius was not so much his Enemy as he had been a friend to him by whom he was slain: And that he might give a name to those Lands, he builded the City of Alexandria on the River of Tanaia, within seventeen days having made a Wall about it six miles in compass, and translated thither the people of three Cities which Cyrus had erected. He builded also twelve Cities amongst the Bactrians and the Sogdians, having distributed amongst them whomsoever he found to be seditious in his Army. After this, upon a holy day, he called his friends together to a banquet, where mention being made by them in their wine, of the deeds performed by Philip, Alexander preferred himself above his Father, and extolled unto the Skies the greatness of his own achievements, the greatest parts of his Guests assenting to him: Therefore when Clitus one of the old men tempted by the confidence of his friendship with the King, did advance the memory of Philip and the battles which he fought, he so inflamed Alexander, that a spear being snatched from one of the Guard, he killed him at the banquet, and insulting over him, he objected to him, being dead, how bravely he defended his Father Philip, and how highly he praised his wars. After his passion was blown over, and he was satisfied with his blood, and the consideration of his reputation succeeded into the room of his anger, pondering with himself sometimes the person of him who was slain, and sometimes the cause of his being slain, he began to repent of what he had done, and that he gave so discontented an ear to the praises of his Father, which he ought not to have given to his reproaches, and lamented that his old friend, and his innocent one was slain by him, being full of wine and supper, and by the same fury being hurried into repentance, as he was into passion, he would have killed himself: Melting into tears, he did embrace the body of the dead, he did handle his wounds, and did confess his madness to him, as if he had heard him, and taking the spear again into his hand, he turned the point of it to himself, and had done a thorough execution with it, if his friends had not prevented him; this resolution to die continued with him certain days afterwards. The remembrance of his Nurse, sister unto Clitus, was an addition to his repentance, for whom being absent, he was greatly ashamed that he returned her so foul a recompense for the nourishments she had given him, and that being a young man and a Conqueror, he should with Funerals requite her in whose arms he was bred up. He then considered what reports, what disgrace he had by this violent act pulled upon himself, not only in his Army, but amongst the conquered Nations, how much fear and hatred he had cotracted amongst his friends, how sad he had made his Feast, sitting more terrible at his banquet with his friends, then armed in face of his Enemies. Then Parmenio and Philotas, than Amyntas his kinsman, than his Stepmother and his Bothers being killed, than Attalus, Eurylochus and Pausanias, and others of the slaughtered Princes of Macedonia, did present themselves unto his memory. For this he four days persevered in an abstinence from all meat, until at last he was entreated by the prayers of all the Army, desiring that he would not lament so much the death of one, as to destroy them all, nor forsake them whom he had brought into the furthest part of the East amongst barbarous and cruel Nations, and provoked by the war. The persuasions of Calisthenes, the Philosopher, did prevail much upon him, who was his familiar acquaintance, and bred up with him in the School of Aristotle, and was at that time sent for by him to commit his Deeds to History.  
Having therefore called back his mind to the war, he took into his protection the Dracons and Chorasmians, who did submit unto him; Not long after, to make himself yet more hateful, he commanded that he should not only be worshipped, but adored, which was the only thing he had forborn in the proud imitation of the Persian Kings. Calisthenes was the most sharp and resolute of all that did contradict it, which brought a destruction both on him and many others of the Princes of the Macedons, for they were all put to death under the pretence of treason. Netheless the Macedons would not admit of adoration, but only retained the Custom of saluting their King: After this he marched into India to bond his Empire with the Ocean and the farthest East, to which glory, that the ornaments of his Army might be agreeable, he covered with silver the trappings of their horses, and the arms of his Soldiers, and from their silver bucklers he called his Army Argyraspidae. When he came unto the City of Nysa, the Inhabitants not resisting him by reason of their religious confidence in the assistance of their god Bacchus, by whom that City was builded, he commanded that it should be spared, being glad that he followed not only the Militia, but the foot▪ steps of the god.  
After this he did lead his Army to the sight of the holy Hill, which was clothed with Vines and lvie, the goods of Nature, and that so elegantly, as if it had been adorned by the art and industry of the hand of the Planter. But his Army was no sooner marched to the Hill, but transported with a sudden rapture, they did by instinct break forth into the sacred ululations of the God, and to the amazement of the King, did run up and down without any prejudice, that he might understand that by sparing the Inhabitants, he provided as well for his Army as for them.  
From thence he marched to the Hills of Dodalus, and to the Kingdom of Queen Cleophis, who having yielded herself unto him, she received back her Kingdom, having redeemed it by granting him the use of her body; obtaining that by wantonness which she could never have purchased by the force of arms; She called her son Alexander, who was begotten by him, who afterwards enjoyed the Kingdom of the Indians. Queen Cleophis by reason of this violation of her chastity was afterwards called by the Indians, The royal Whore. Having marched almost through India, when he came to a Rock as wonderful in its bigness, as in the difficulty of its ascent, into which many Nations fled, he understood that Hercules was by an Earthquak prohibited from the taking of it. Being therefore transported with a desire to overcome the Acts and Labours of Hercules, with infinite difficulty and danger, he became master of it, and took into his protection all the Nations in that place. One of the Kings of the Indians was called Porus, as admirable by the strength of his body, as by the greatness of his mind, who having understood before of the advance of Alexander, had prepared an Army to entertain him. The battles being joined, he commanded his Army to invade the Macedons, and demanded for their King, being resolved as a private Enemy to fight with him hand to hand; Alexander made no delay to answer him, and in the first encounter having fallen headlong to the ground, his horse being killed under him, he was preserved by the concourse of his Guard. Porus being almost covered with blood from many wounds which he received, was taken Prisoner, and with such indignation grieved that he was overcome, that after his Enemy had given him quarter, he would neither take any sustenance, nor suffer his wounds to be dressed, and with much difficulty was persuaded to be contented to live.  
Alexander in the honour of his valour, did send him back safe into his own Kingdom: He erected there two Cities, one called Nicaea, the other Bucephale, after the name of his horse: After that having overthrown their Armies, he took the Adrestrians, Strathenians, Passidams, and Gangaritans; when he came to the Euphites where they attended his coming with an Army of two hundred thousand horse, all his Army being tired as well by the numbers of their Victories as by their labours did beseech him with tears, that he would put at last a period to the war, and once think upon a return into his Country; they besought him to look upon the years of his Soldiers whose age would scarce suffice to their return; some showed him their grey hairs, some their wounds, some their bodies consumed with sickness, and some their bodies with the loss of blood. They only (they said) were the men who enduced the continual war-fare of two Kings, Philip and Alexander: They did entreat him that he would restore their Relics and what was left of them to the graves of their Fathers, there being no defect in their zeal, but in their age: Howsoever, if he would not spare his Soldiers, that he would spare himself, and not weary his good Fortune by too much oppressing it; Being moved with these so just entreaties he commanded his Camp (as to give an end to his Victories) to be made more magnificent than was usual, that by the large extents thereof, both the Enemy should be terrified, and an admiration of him should be left unto posterity. His Soldiers did never undertake any work more readily; and their adjacent Enemies being slain with a great joy they returned unto them.  
From thence he marched to the River Acesines on which he sailed to the Ocean; The Gesonae there and the Asybians (two Nations of whom Hercules was the Founder) did submit unto him; from thence he sailed to the Ambrians and Sycambrians, which Nations with fourscore thousand armed foot, and threescore thousand horse were ready to receive him; Having overthrown them in battle he did lead his Army to their City, and being himself the first man that scaled the Walls, when he found the City to be abandoned by its Defendants, he leapt down without any Guard into it; The Enemy when they did behold him alone, with a great shout from every place ran towards him, to try if in one man they could end the wars of the World, and give a revenge to so many Nations. Alexander did as resolutely resist them, and did fight alone against so many thousands: It is incredible to be spoken, that not the multitude of his Enemies, nor the pointed force of their weapons, nor the cries and shouts they made provoking one another could any ways affright him; he alone did kill and put to flight so many thousands of them; but when he perceived that he began to be overpowered by their numbers, he applied himself to the body of a Tree that stood close unto the Wall, by which defence he along time did sustain their multitudes: His friends at length (the danger being understood) did leap down unto him, of which many were slain, and the battles continued doubtful until all his Army (the Walls being thrown down) did come to his assistance: In this fight being shot with an arrow under the breast, he fainted▪ through the loss of blood, yet he fought so long with one knee on the ground until he had killed him who wounded him. The cure of the wound was more grievous than the wound itself; but being at last restored from almost a desperation of recovery, he sent Polipercon with his Army unto Babylon. He himself with a selected number of Soldiers did go aboard his Fleet to make some discovery on the Ocean. When he landed at the City of King Ambigerus, the Inhabitants understanding that he was not to be overcome by the sword, did arm their Darts with poison, and with a double wound of death, forcing their Enemies to retreat from their Walls, they killed many of them. When amongst others, Ptolemy was deadly wounded, and was even ready to expire, an herb was shown to the King in his sleep as a remedy for the poison; which being found out and steeped in Ptolomys drink, he was suddenly delivered from the danger, and by this remedy the greater part of the Army was preserved. The City being taken, he returned to his ships and sacrificed to the Ocean, imploring a happy return into his Country; And (as a Chariot driven about the goal) having put bounds unto his Empire, where the creeks, or the solitudes of the Land did suffer him to pass, or the Sea was navigable, he was at last brought by a favourable tide into the mouth of the River of Indus. There as a Monument of what he had done, he builded the City of Barce, and erected Altars, having left one of his friends as his Lieutenant over the Maritine Indians: Being afterwards to march altogether by Land, having understood that the places were dry, about the middle of his way he caused Wells to be digged, and great store of fresh water being found he came to Babylon. Many of the conquered Nations did there by their Ambassadors accuse his Lieutenants, whom Alexander without any respect of friendship did cause to be put to death in the sight of the Ambassadors. After this he took to marriage Statyra the daughter of King Darius, and gave in marriage to the Princes of the Macedons the most noble of the Virgins chosen cut of all Nations, that by the community of the fact, the fault of the King might appear the less. He then called his Army together, & promised at his own charges to pay all their debts, that entirely they might carry home with them both their booty and their pay. This munificence was remarkable, not only for the sum but for the ground of the Gift, nor was it more grateful to the Debtors then to the Creditor's, because the exaction as well as the solution was of equal difficulty to them both: Three and twenty thousand Talents were laid forth in this largess. The old Soldiers being dismissed, he supplied his Army with those of younger age, who being retained did murmur at the departure of the old Soldiers, and demanded to be discharged themselves; they required that Alexander would not number their years but their pay unto them; and being chosen into the same war with old Soldiers, they thought it just they should be disobliged of their oath with them; at last they turned their entreaties to reproaches, and told him since he had so great a mind to it, he should end the wars alone with his Father Hammon. Alexander on the other side, sometimes did chastise his Soldiers, sometimes he did persuade them that they would not with seditions clowed the glory of their warfare. At the last, when he found that he prevailed nothing by words, he leapt unarmed from the tribunal amongst the armed multitude, to apprehend the authors of the sedition, and no man opposing him, he with his own hand took twelve of them and hurried them to punishment; either the fear of the King did give them so great a patience to die, or the Discipline of the war did give the King so great a constancy to exact punishment of them. After this, having called the Auxiliaries of the Persians to convention by themselves, he extolled their perpetual fidelity, both towards himself and towards their former Kings: He made mention of his benefits to them, and that he never did deport himself towards them as being conquered, but rather as the Companions of his Conquests; lastly, that he transposed himself into their manners and fashions, and not they into the manners of his Country, and that the Conquerors did mingle in marriage and affinity with the conquered; He declared that he was now resolved to commit the Custody of his Body not to the Macedons only but to them; And accordingly he chose out of their young men one thousand of them to be in the number of his Guard; he mingled also a party of the Persian Auxiliaries with his own Army to inure themselves to the Discipline of the Macedons, which the Macedons took much to heart, alleging that the Enemies of the King were overcome by him for their own advantage. Then they all weeping did repair unto him, and besought him that he would rather satisfy himself with their punishments then with their ignominy. By which modesty they prevailed so much upon him, that he disauthorized eleven thousand of the ancient Soldiers. Of his old friends there were dismissed Polypercon, and Clitus, Gorgias, Polydamas, and Antigonus. In their return, Craterus was appointed to be their chief, who was also to be the King's Lieutenant in Macedonia in the place of Antipater, who was called out of Macedonia to bring some Recruits unto the Army and to be in the place of Craterus: Their pay was given to them in their return, as if they had contained still in the Army.  
Whiles these things were thus managed, Ephestion died, one of the King's friends, and most dear unto him both by the endowments of his beauty, and by the obsequiousness of his youth, whom Alexander contrary to the dignity of a King, did a long time lament, and erected him a Tomb on which he laid forth twelve thousand Talents, and commanded after he was dead, that he should be worshipped as a god.  
Returning to Babylon from the furthest shores of the Ocean, he was informed that Ambassadors from Carthage and other Cities of afric, as also from Spain, Sicily, France and Sardinia, and from divers Cities of Italy, did attend his arrival. The terror of his name had so possessed the whole World, that all Nations submitted to him as to their destined King: For this cause approaching to Babylon to keep as it were a Parliament of the World, some of the Magicians did advise him not to enter into the City, affirming that it would be fatal to him: wherefore Babylon being omited, he turned aside to Byrsia an unpeopled City, on the other side of Euphrates; He was there importuned by Anaxarchus the Philosopher to despise again the presages of the Magicians as things false and uncertain, and unknown to men if proceeding from the Fates, or if from Nature, not to be prevented. Being returned therefore to Babylon, after the leisures of many days, he again prepared a solemn Feast, which sometimes before he had intermitted, where having devoted himself altogether to mirth, in the excess of drinking he added night unto the day: Thessalius Medius afterwards to a new Bower did invite both him and his Companions; having taken the Cup into his hand, in the middle of his draught he groaned as if he had been struck through with a sword, and being carried half dead from the Banquet, he was tormented with so great a pain, that to free himself of it, he demanded for a sword, and his body became so extremely tender, that he complained at the touches of his friends, as if he had received so many wounds. His friends divulged the cause of his disease to be a distemper by the excess of wine, when indeed it was treason, the infamy whereof the powerfulness of his Successors did suppress. The Author of the Treason was Antipater, who when he beheld the dearest of his friends commanded to death, his Son-in-law Alexander Lycestos slain, and himself having done considerable service in Greece, not respected only, but also made distasteful to the King, and morever accused by his Mother Olympias for divers insolences: when he considered also some few days before, what were the punishments which the Lieutenants of the conquered Nations too cruelly endured, and conjectured that he himself was called out of Macedonia, not to the society of the war but to be a partaker of their punishment; therefore to make sure work with the King, he with poison suborned his Son Cassander, who with his brother Philip and Jolla were accustomed to minister unto him; So great was the strength of this poison, that it could not be contained either in Iron or in Brass, or in any shell, and could no way be carried, but in the hoof of an horse. Cassander was instructed that he should not commit the trust of it unto any but to Thessalus and his brothers. For this cause therefore the Feast was prepared and renewed in the house of Thessalus. Philip and Jollas, who were accustomed to take an assay of the King's Cup, had the poison ready in cold water, and having tasted of the wine they put the poison afterwards into it. Four days afterwards, Alexander finding that death undoubtedly was approaching, he said, that he acknowledged the fate of the Family of his Ancestors (most of the Aeacidans dying about the thirtieth year of their age:) After this he pacified the Soldiers growing into tumults, and suspecting that he perished by treason, and being brought into the highest and the most conspicuous place of the City, he did admit them all into his presence, and gave them his right hand to kiss. When they all wept, he was seen to be not only without tears himself, but without the least show of a troubled mind, and comforted some who impatiently did lament; he gave to others his instructions to deliver from him to their Parents; so invincible was his courage now against death, as it was before against his Enemies. The Soldiers being dismissed, he demanded of his friends who stood round about him, if they thought they should find another King that was like unto him? they all holding their peace, he said, that as he himself was ignorant of that, so he was confident of this, and did presage it, and did almost with his eyes behold how much blood Macedonia should lose in this contention, and with how many slaughters she would parentate to him being dead: At the last, he commanded his body to be buried in the Temple of Hammon. When his friends beheld him to faint away, they demanded whom he would make heir of his Empire? he made answer, The most worthy. So great was the magnitude of his mind, that when he had left behind him his Son Hercules, his brother Aridaeus, and his wife Roxane great with child, forgetting those obligations, he did nominate the most worthy to be his heir; as if it were a sin, that any but a valiant man should succeed a valiant man, or the wealth of so great an Empire should be left to any but to approved resolutions: With these words as if he had sounded into his friends ears a charge unto the battle, or had sent the evil spirit of discord amongst them, they all grew immediately jealous of one another, and in a popular ambition, did all tacitly seek the favour of the Soldiers. On the sixth day, being speechless, having taken his Ring from his finger he delivered it to Perdiccas, which for the present did pacify a little the growing dissension of his friends; for although he was not named Heir by voice, yet by choice he seemed to be elected. Alexander deceased being three and thirty years of age and one month, a man endued with a mightiness of spirit above the capacity of men. On that night when his Mother Olympias did conceive him, she seemed in her sleep to have commerce with a great Serpent, neither was she deceived in her dream, which by God was presented to her; for undoubtedly she had in her womb a burden above the condition of mortality; and although the generation of the Aeacidans from the first memory of Ages, and the Kingdoms of her Father, brother, and husband, and of her Ancestors before them, did render his mother most illustrious, yet she was not more famous by any Title, then by the name of her Son. There appeared also many presages of his greatness on the day of his birth; for two Eagles flying all that day round about the place, did perch at last upon the Battlements of his Father's Court, prognosticating unto him, the two Empires of Europe and Asia, and on the same day his Father received the glad tidings of two Victories, the one in Illyria, and the other in the Olympic race, to which places he sent some Chariots drawn all with four horses, which portented to the Infant the victory of the whole World. He was of an admirable apprehension in the study of letters, and having passed his minority, he for the space of five years had his education under Aristotle, the most excellent of all the Philosophers. Being invested in his Father's Kingdom, he commanded that in his Title he should be called King of all Lands and Lord of the World. So great a confidence had his Soldiers in him that he being present they feared not, though unarmed, the arms of any Enemy. He therefore never encountered any Enemy whom he did not overcome, nor besieged any City which he did not take, nor invaded any Nation over whom he did not triumph. At the last, he was overcome not by any prowess of the Enemy but by Treason and the Civil fraud of his own Subjects.   

THE Thirteenth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
ALexander the Great being deceased in the flower of his Age and the height of his Victories, a sad silence there was over all Babylon and over all men. The conquered and barbarous Nations would not believe the report, who believed him to be as immortal as he was invincible; They called to mind how often he had been plucked from sudden death, how often his sword being broke, and his buckler slipped from his hand, he on a sudden presented himself to his Soldiers not only safe but a Conqueror. But as soon as it was believed that he was dead, all the barbarous Nations, whom not long before he overcame, did leave him not as an Enemy but a Father. The mother also of Darius (who her son being lost, yet repented not by the indulgence of the Conqueror that she lived that day, although reduced from the height of Majesty into Captivity) having heard of the death of Alexander, she wilfully ended her own life, not that she preferred an Enemy above her Son, but because she found the piety of a Son in him whom she had feared as an Enemy. On the other side the Macedons did rejoice as if they had lost rather an Enemy than a Citizen and a King of so great a Majesty, condemning his great severity, and the daily dangers of the war. To this you may add that the Princes looked after the Sovereignty of command, the common Soldiers after the treasure and the heavy and great weight of gold as an unexpected booty, those bending their thoughts to the succession of his Kingdom, and these to the inheritance of his riches; for you are to understand that there was in the treasury one hundred thousand, and in the office of the yearly revenues by tributes three hundred thousand Talents; But the friends of Alexander did not undeservedly expect the Kingdom; for they were of that virtue and veneration that you would have believed every one of them to be a King, such a graceful beauty of countenance, such a tall straightness of body, such a greatness and vigour of strength and wisdom were in them all, that they who did not know them, would have judged them not to be selected out of one people, but out of all the Nations in the Earth. For never Macedonia before, nor any other Nation did flourish in the production of such famous men, whom Philip first of all, and after him Alexander did select with so much care, that they seemed not so much to be chosen into the society of the war, as into the succession of the Kingdom. Who would therefore wonder that the world should be conquered by such ministrators, when the Army of the Macedons was governed rather by so many Kings than Captains, who never had found any equal to them, if they had not fallen out amongst themselves; and Macedonia in the room of one should have had many Alexanders, if Fortune had not armed them by the emulation of their virtue into their mutual destruction.  
But Alexander being deceased, they were neither secure nor joyful, drawing both their persons and competitions into one place, neither were the common Soldiers less solicitous, whose liberty was more dissolute, and whose favour more uncertain: Their equality did increase their discord, not one of them all so excelling another▪ that any one of them should submit unto him. Therefore putting on their Arms, they came all unto the Court to form a new State according to the emergency of the present affairs. Perdiccas was of judgement, that they should attend the Issue of Roxanes womb, who being eight Months with child, was almost ready to be delivered, & if she brought forth a Boy, that he should be his Successor in the Kingdom. Meleager denied that the Counsels ought to be delayed to the doubtful events of the birth of the child, neither ought they to attend when Kings should be born unto them, when they might make choice of those who were born already; for if they would have a child, there was at Pergamus the Son of Alexander, begotten on Arsine; or if they would rather have a young man, there was in the Camp Aridaeus the brother and companion of Alexander, and most acceptable to all, though not in his own, yet in the name and notion of Philip his Father. He alleged that Roxane received her original from the Persians, neither was it lawful that Kings should be derived to the Macedons from those whose Kingdoms they destroyed, and that Alexander himself was against it, who dying made no mention of him. Ptolemy refused Aridaeus to be King, not only by reason of his Mother's infamy, being begot on Larissaea the Danceress, but also by reason of his own incapacity, lest he having the Title only, another should govern the Empire; it was therefore better he said to make choice of those who in regard of their virtue were next unto the King, who might govern the Provinces, and might command war or peace, then to subject themselves to the command of unworthy men under the pretence of a King.  
The opinion of Perdiccas was approved by the consent of all: It was therefore agreed upon, that they should attend until Roxane was delivered of her child, and if it were a Male, that Leonatus, Perdiccas, Craterus and Antipater should be his Guardians, and immediately they every one did take their oaths to perform the office of a Guardian. When all the horsemen did the like, the foot being offended, that they were not assumed into the participation of their Counsels, did choose Aridaeus the brother of Alexander to be their King, and did provide him with a Guard out of their own Companies, and commanded that he should be called Philip after the name of his Father, which when it was reporred unto the Horsemen, they sent two of the Nobility, Attalus and Meleager to pacify their minds, who seeking a new power to themselves by a compliance with the people, omitting their legation, did accord with them. On this the sedition did increase, and it began now to have both head and Counsel. The foot being all in arms did break into the Court to destroy their Cavalry, which being understood, the Horse surprised with fear, did abandon the City, and having encamped not far from it, the Foot themselves were startled at it. But the contestation of the Nobility ceased not: Attalus did send to kill Perdiccas who was Captain of the other party, to whom, being armed and out-daring them, when the Executioner durst not approach, Perdiccas was of so great a resolution, that of his own accord he came unto them, and admonished them to look back upon the crime which they were about to commit, and consider against whom they had taken arms, not Persians, but Macedons, not enemies, but Citizens, and most of them their nearest kinsmen, certainly their fellow Soldiers, and companions in the same Tents and dangers; it would be a gallant spectacle he said unto their Enemies, who would rejoice in their mutual slaughter, by whose arms they were overcome, and to see them with their own blood to parentate to the ghosts of their Enemies whom they had slain. When Perdiccas had spoken this according to that excellent eloquence which was natural in him, he so prevailed upon the Footmen, that his Counsels being approved, he was chosen General by them all. The Horse at the same time being reduced into concord with the Footmen, did chose Aridaeus for their King▪ But a portion of the Empire was reserved for the Son of Alexander, if a Son were born unto him: When this was done, the dead body of Alexander was placed in the midst of them, that the Majesty of it should be a witness to their Decrees: These things being composed, Antipater was made Governor of Macedonia and of Greece. The custody of the Treasure was committed to Craterus: The care of the Army and of all Military affairs was assigned to Meleager and Perdiccas; And Aridaeus was commanded to convey the body of Alexander unto the Temple of Ammon. Perdiccas' being incensed against the Authors of the sedition, did on a sudden (his Colleague being ignorant of it) command that there should be a lustration of the Army for the death of the King; and having brought the Army into the Field, all men agreeing to it, he privately commanded that the seditious persons should be called out of every Band, and delivered to punishment. Being returned, the Provinces were by him divided amongst the Princes, that at once he might remove the Emulators, and make the allotments in the Empire the benefit of his bounty. Egypt in the first place and a part of Africa and Arabia did come by lot to Ptolemy, whom Alexander from an ordinary Soldier had advanced for his Chivalry, Cleomenes, who builded Alexandria, was commanded to deliver that Province to him: Laomedon the Mitylaenean received Syria which bounded on it; Philotas with his Son received Cilicia and Illyria; Acropatus was Governor of Media the greater, and Alcetes the brother of Perdiccas was set over Media the less: Susia and the not on thereabouts was assigned to Synus; and Phrygia the greater was assigned to Antigonus the Son of Philip: Learchus obtained Lycia and Pamphilia; Cassander was to command Caria, and Menander Lydia; Thracia and the Country's n●er to the Pontic Sea were given to Lysimachus, and Cappadocia and Paphlagonia to Eumenes.  
The chief Tribunalship of the Camp was given to Seleuchus the Son of Antiochus; Cassander the Son of Antipater was set over the Lifeguard of the King: The former Lieutenants were retained in the further Bactria, and the Kingdoms of India; but Taxiles commanded all betwixt the two Rivers Hydaspes and Indus; Phiton the Son of Ag●nor was sent into the Colonies planted amongst the Indians; Axiarches was to command the Parapomeni, and bounds of the Mountain Caucasus; Statanor was set over the Dracans and Argaeans, and Amyntas the Bractrians; Sythaeus obtained the Sogdians, Nicanor the Parthians, Philip the Hyrcanians, Phratafarnes the Armenians, Neoptolemus the Persians, Peucestes the Babylonians, Arthous the Pelasgians, and Arche●ilaus the Mesopotamians.  
This division of the Empire, which was as a fatal gift to every one, did prove unto many a subject of great additions; for not long after as if they had divided Kingdoms, and not Lieutenantships, being made Kings of Lieutenants, they purchased great wealth for themselves, and dying, left it to their posterity. When this was done in the East, the Athenians and Aetolians with all their power did proceed in the war which they undertook Alexander being alive. The occasion of the war was, That Alexander returning out of India did send letters into Greece, by which the banished of all Cities were restored, those only excepted who were guilty of murder. These Letters being read all Greece being present at the Olympic Fair, a great combustion did arise, because many of the banished men were driven from their Country, not by the Laws, but by the faction of the Princes, who feared that being called back, they might grow more powerful than themselves in the Commonwealth. Many Cities d●d therefore openly murmur, and declared that their liberty was to be vindicated by war. The Athenians and Aetolians were the chief sticklers in it: Which when it was reported to Alexander, he commanded that a Fleet of one thousand ships should be in readiness, with which he would prosecute war in the West, resolving with a strong power to levelly Athens to the ground.  
The Athenians therefore having drawn an Army together of thirty thousand Soldiers, and two hundred ships, did make war against Antipater, who by lot was Governor of Greece, and delaying the battle, and protecting himself within the Walls of Heraclea, the Athenians did close besiege him. At the same time Demosthenes the Athenian Orator, who was driven from his Country, being condemned for bribery, having received a sum of gold from Harpalus, and who fled from the cruelty of Alexander, having persuaded the City to war against him, did lead a banished life at Megarae, who when he understood that the Athenians had sent Hyperides their Ambassador to solicit the Pelopennensians to join in war with them, having followed him to Syceon, he by his Eloquence joined Argos, & Corinth, and other Cities to the Athenians: For which he was called back from banishment, the Athenians having sent a ship to meet him in the way. In the mean time, Antipater being besieged in Heraclea, Leosthenes the Captain of the Athenians was slain with a dart from the Wall as he came to give some directions in the Leaguer, which so encouraged Antipater, that he sallied forth and possessed himself of some of the works of the Enemies. After that, he by his Ambassadors desired help of Leonatus, who when he marched to his assistance, the Athenians meeting▪ him with a gallant Army, and having given him battle on horseback, he received a grievous wound, of which he died: Antipater, although he beheld his Auxiliaries were overcome, yet he in wardly rejoiced at the death of Leonatus; for he gratulated himself that his emulator was taken from him, and that the remainder of his forts was come unto him: Therefore with this addition to his Army, when he appeared to be equal to his Enemy in strength, having raised the siege, he marched into Macedonia▪ Whereupon the Forces of the Grecians, the Enemy being driven from their Confines, did steal away into their own Cities: In the mean time, Perdiccas having made an unjust war on Ariarathes the King of the Cappadocians, and being Conqueror in the battle, did bring nothing from him but wounds & danger; for the Cappadocians flying from the fight into the City, having slain their own wives and children, did set their own houses on fire with all the Forces which they had; and having brought thither all their wealth, they threw both it and themselves into the flame, so that their Enemies, the Conquerors of them & their Possessions, did enjoy nothing but only the spectacle of the fire. After this, that by his power he might arrive to royal Authority, he pretended to the marriage of Cleopatra sister to Alexander the Great, and Wife to Alexander late King of Epirus, Olympias her Mother seeming inclined to it. But he resolved first to overreach Antipater under this pretence of affinity; he therefore dissembled to desire his daughter in marriage, to the end that he might the sooner obtain of him a recruit of young men out of Macedonia, which deceit Antipater foresaw, and whiles Perdiccas courted two Ladies at the same time, he obtained neither.  
After this, there did arise a war betwixt him and Antigonus: Craterus and Antipater assisted Antigonus in their own persons, and having made a Peace with the Athenians, did substitute Polypercon in the Government of Greece and Macedonia. The affairs of Perdiccas being in some difficulty, he came into Cappadocia, and he took into Counsel with him Aridaeus, and the Son of Alexander the Great, the charge of whom was committed to him to debate there concerning the carrying on of the war.  
It was the opinion of some that the war should be translated into Macedonia, the head and original of the Kingdom, and where Olympias the Mother of Alexander lived, who would bring no small moment to their party, besides the favour of the Inhabitants in their respect to the names of Alexander and Philip.  
Others differed in judgement from it, and it was concluded that it was better for the present to begin with Egypt, lest whiles they were withdrawn into Macedonia, Asia might be seized on by Ptolemy. In the mean time, Paphlagonia, Caria, Lycia and Phrygia were added to the Provinces of which Eumenes was Governor: It was appointed that they should there attend the coming of Antipater and Craterus: Alcetas the brother of Perdiccas and Neoptolemus, did join themselves with their Armies to the Armies of Perdiccas: The charge of the Navy was committed to Clitus; Cilicia was taken from Philotas, and given to Philoxenus: Perdiccas himself with a formidable Army did march into Egypt; And thus the Macedons, their Captains being divided into two parties, were armed against their own bowels, and turning their swords from an hostile war, they covered themselves with civil blood, after the example of mad men who themselves do tear their own hands and members. Ptolemy in Egypt with wise industry did lay up great riches; for with singular moderation of government he attracted the Egyptians to him, and obliged the neighbouring Kings with benefits and all civil respects: He also enlarged the bounds of his Empire, having possessed himself of the City Cyrene, and was now so great, that he feared not so much his Enemies as he himself was become terrible to them. The City of Cyrene was builded by Aristaeus, who being tongue-tied, was called Battus. Cyrenus his Father King of the Island of Thera, when he came to the Oracle of Delphos to implore the god to take away the disgrace from his Son who could not speak, he received an answer by which his Son Battus was commanded to go to Africa, and to build there the City Cyrene, which being done, he should enjoy the use of his tongue: When the answer seemed like a jeer, by reason of the similitude of the Island Theramenis, from which they were commanded to travel so great a journey to build a City in Africa, the Oracle was was not obeyed: Not long after, having their contumaciousness punished with a Pestilence, they were enforced to be obedient to the Oracle, their number being so few, that all of them could scarce fill one ship; when they came into Africa, having driven away the Inhabitants, they seated themselves on the Hill Cyra, delighted both with the pleasantness of the place, and the abundance of the water. There Battus their Captain, the knots of his tongue being undyed, did begin to speak, which encouraged them (the promises of the god being in some part fulfilled) to proceed in the building of the City; Having there pitched their Tents, they received the opinion of the ancient Fable, that Cyrene, a Virgin of an excellent beauty, being forced from the Hill Pelion to Thessaly by Apollo, and brought to the cliffs of the same Hill which they did inhabit, being bid by the god, did bring forth four Children, Nomius, Aristaeus, Eurocus and Agaeus; those who were sent by their Father Hypsaeus King of Thessaly to seek out the Virgin, did reside in the same place with her, being taken with the pleasure of the place. Three of the Boys being grown unto age, did return afterwards into Thessaly, where they enjoyed their Father's Kingdom; Aristaeus did reign in Arcadia, and first delivered unto men the use of Bees, and Honey, and Milk, and Curds, and the knowledge of the Solstices, and the motion of the Stars: Which being understood, Battus (the name of the Virgin being known by the Oracle) did build the City Cyrene.  
Ptolemy being increased with the strength of this City, did make ready for war against the coming of Perdiccas: But the hatred contracted by his arrogance, did more hurt Perdiccas then all the Forces of his Enemies, insomuch that his Companions not enduring him, did fly away in Troops unto Antipater. Neoptolemus being left for the assistance of Eumenes, would not only fly away, but also attempted to betray the Army, which when Eumenes perceived, he held it necessary to fight with the Traitor, and Neoptolemus being overcome did fly unto Antipater, and Polypercon did persuade them by continual marches to advance against Eumenes, and to fall upon him, being proud of the Victory, and grown secure by reason of his flight; But Eumenes had notice of it, and the treacheries were turned against the Traitors, who thinking to have assaulted him, unsuspecting their advance, and unprepared to receive them, they were assaulted themselves, not thinking of his approach, and wearied withal by their watching and their travels in the night. In that fight Polypercon was slain and Neoptolemus fight hand to hand a long time with Eumenes (both of them being wounded) was at the last overcome and killed by him. Eumenes being Conqueror in two battles, did a little support the afflicted parties of his Companions. And Perdiccas at last being slain, he was saluted as King by the Army of the Enemy with Phython, and Illyrius, and Alcetas the brother of Perdiccas, and war was decreed against them by Antigonus.   

THE Fourteenth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Eumenes having understood that Perdiccas was slain, and himself adjudged as an Enemy by the Macedoniaens, and that war was denounced against him by Antigonus, did of his own accord declare it to his Soldiers, lest fame should make it greater than it was, or affright the minds of the Soldiers with the novelty of the danger, and withal that he might take new counsels from their motions, if he found that they were animated against him; He therefore constantly professed, that if these things were a terror unto any of them, he would willingly grant him leave to depart: By which words he so inflamed the minds of all to adhere unto him, that of their own accord they did exhort him to the war, affirming that with their swords they would cut in pieces the Decrees of the Macedons. Being advanced with his Army into Aetolia, he commanded the Cities to pay him contribution, and violently forced it from those who refused it. Afterwards he marched unto Sardis, to Cleopatra the sister of Alexander the Great, that by her voice the chief Officers and Centurions might be confirmed, concieving that regal Majesty would turn all to that side for which she stood.  
Such was the veneration of the greatness of Alexander, that even by the addresses of women, the favour of his sacred name was implored. On his return, Letters were found dispersed over all the Camp, in which great rewards were promised to those who should bring the Head of Eumenes to Antigonus; Eumenes having understood it, and called the Soldiers to an Assembly, did in the first place give thanks that there was not any found amongst them who preferred the hope of a bloody reward above the Oath of his fidelity, and craftily concluded that these Letters were contrived and scattered by his directions, thereby to make a trial of their resolutions: He declared that his safety consisted in the power of them all, and that none of the Generals would so overcome, as to decree that such a most wicked act should be determined against him. By this means he confirmed the staggering resolutions of his Soldiers for the present, and provided for the future, that if any such thing should happen again, his Soldiers might believe that it was no corruption of their Enemy, but the temptation of their General: They therefore all by throngs did offer themselves and their endeavours for the preservation of his person.  
In the mean time Antigonus came upon them with his Army, and having encamped close unto him, did on the next day set his Army in Array to give him battle. Eumenes also with great care marshaled the Field, and made no delay of the encounter; but being overcome, he fled into a Castle that was fortified, where when he saw that he must undergo the fortune of a siege, he disbanded the greater part of his Army, lest he should be delivered to the enemy by the consent of the multitude, or the siege should be oppressed by their numbers. After this, in a most humble manner he sent Ambassadors to Antipater, who only was equal in power to Antigonus, who when he found that considerable aids were sent unto him by Antipater, he raised the siege. Eumenes was now delivered from the fear of death, but not from the fear of danger, having before disbanded a great part of his Army. Therefore looking round about him to provide for his safety, it seemed most expedient to him to have recourse to the Argyraspides of Alexander the Great, an invincible Army, and shining with the glory of so great and so many Victories.  
But Alexander being deceased, the Argyraspides disdained to be commanded by any, conceiving that the Militia under others would be but disgraceful after the memory of so great a King. Eumenes therefore did court them with alluring words, and full of submissive respects, did compliment with every one of them, sometimes calling them his fellow-soldiers, sometimes his Patrons, sometimes the Companions of his dangers in the great labours of the East, sometimes his Supporters, and the only Refuges of his safety; they (he said) were the only men by whose valour the East was overcome, the only men who exceeded the wars of Bacchus, and the Monuments of Hercules, by whom Alexander was made great, by whom he obtained divine honours and immortal glory; He besought them to receive him, not as their General, but as their fellow-soldier, and to be admitted as a member of their body. Being on this condition entertained, he not long after by admonishing all of them, and by gently correcting what was done amiss amongst them, did by degrees usurp the Sovereignty of Command; nothing was done in the Camp without him, nothing could be contrived or determined without his Policy. At the last, when it was declared that Antigonus came against him with an Army, he enforced them to come down and to give him battle, where when they despised the Commands of their General, they were overcome by the valour of their Enemies. In that battle, they did not only lose their glory gained in so many wars, but their booty also, with their wives and children. But Eumenes, who was the Author of their overthrow, and had no other hope of safety, did encourage the conquered, affirming that they were superior to their Enemies in courage; for they slew five thousand of them, and if they would but continue the war, he assured them that the Enemy of their own accord would desire peace of them. He informed them that their losses (by which they thought themselves overcome) were but two thousand women, and a few children and slaves, which were but the luggage, & the lumber of the war, and to be repaired by fight and prosecuting, and not by forsaking the Victory. But the Argyraspides made answer that they would neither fly, after the damages of Matrimony, and the losses of their wives, nor would they make war against their own children. Moreover, they did torment him with reproaches, that in their returning home after so many years of their pay dearly earned with the rewards of so many Victories, he recalled them (being discharged) into new wars and battles as lasting as they were dangerous, and had with vain promises deceived them, being almost at their journey's end in the very entrance of their Country, and the sight of their household gods, and now having lost all the booty which they gained in their happy warfare, he would not permit them in the penury of their old age to rest, being overcome: Immediately upon this, their Captains not knowing of it, they sent Ambassadors to Antigonus, demanding that what they had lost, might be restored to them: He promised that all things should be returned, if they would deliver up Eumenes unto him; which being understood, Eumenes with a few men did attempt to fl●e, but being brought back, and his affairs altogether desperate, there being a great concourse of the multitude, he desired to have the liberty to speak unto the Army, which being readily granted by them all, silence being made, and his handcuffs of steel taken off, he stretched forth his hand unto the people, having yet some other chains upon him, and said: Soldiers, Behold here, the habits and the ornaments of your General, which none of the Enemies have imposed upon me, for that would be my comfort: I● is you, who of a Conqueror have made me conquered, and of a General a Captive; four times within this one year have you obliged yourselves unto me in an Oath of fidelity, but that I do omit, for it becomes nor the miserable to be reproachful: One thing I entreat of you, that if Antigonus be resolved to take away my life, that you will give me the leave to die amongst you. For it concerns not him at all, where or in what manner I shall fall; and I shall by this means be delivered from the ignominy of death. This, if I shall obtain, I will disoblige you all of the Oath, by which you have so often devoted yourselves unto me; or if you are ashamed to lay violent hands upon me, desiring it, give me a sword, and permit your General to do that for you without any Oath, which you have so often sworn, that you would act for your General. When he could not obtain it of them, he turned his entreaties into curses, and in a great passion: But you (he said) O devoted Heads, may the gods, the Revengers of perjury, look down in judgements on you, and give unto you such ends as you have given to your Generals▪ It is you who have imbrued your guilty hands in the blood of Perdiccas; It is you who attempted the murder of Antipater; It is you (which is the worst of all) who would have killed Alexander himself, if it were possible for him to have fallen by a mortal hand, having so often tormented him with your seditions; I now the last sacrifice of such perfidious wretches, do fix these curses and imprecations on you: May you live all your lives Vagabonds & desolate in Tents and in banishment: May your own Arms devour you, by which you have destroyed more Captains of your own then of your enemies. Being full of passion, he commanded his keepers to go before to the Camp of Antigonus: The Army followed, having betrayed their General, & he himself a Captive, did bring the triumph of himself to the Tents of his Conqueror: They delivered all the Trophies, all the Palms and Laurels of King Alexander, together with themselves unto the Conqueror; and that nothing of the pomp might be wanting, their Elephants, and the Auxiliaries of the East did follow. Much more honourable was this for Antigonus, then so many Victories were for Alexander; for though Alexander conquered the East, Antigonus conquered those by whom the East was overcome. Antigonus therefore divided amongst his Army these Conquerors of the World, having restored all things to them which he took from them in the former victory. After this, he did set a Guard upon Eumenes, being not admitted to come into his presence, in respect of the familiarity of their former friendship▪ In the mean time, Eurydice the wife of Aridaeus, the King of the Macedons, as soon as she heard that Polypercon was returned out of Greece into Macedonia, and that Olympias was since for by him, being possessed with a female emulation, and abusing the weakness of her Husband, whose Offices she challenged to herself, she did write to Polypercon in the name of the King to deliver the Arms to Cassander to whom the King had transferred the administration of the Kingdom; she sent also Letters to Antigonus to the same effect in Asia, by which benefit Cassander being obliged, did perform all things which the boldness of the Queen did prompt him to; Having marched into Greece, he made war there on many Cities, by the destruction whereof the Spartans' being affrighted, as by a fire in a neighbour's house, distrusting to their arms, they did enclose their City with a Wall, contrary to the answer of the Oracles, and the ancient glory of their Predecessors, whose honourable custom always it was to defend it with their arms and not with their Walls; So much they degenerated from their Ancestors, that when for many years, the wall of their City was the virtue and the valour of their Citizens, they now conceived they could not be safe unless they lay h●d under the protection of a Wall. Whiles these things were thus managed, the troubled Estate of Macedonia did call back Cassander out of Greece; for Olympias the Mother of Alexander the Great, being come from Epirus towards Macedonia, Aeacidas the King of the Molossi following her, she was forbidden by Eurydice and King Aridaeus to enter into the Confines of that Kingdom, which so incensed the Macedons, both in the regard of the memory of her Husband, the greatness of her Son, and the indignity of the act, that they all sided with Olympias, by whose command both Eurydice and King Aridaeus were both slain, having reigned six years after the decease of Alexander. But Olympias enjoyed not the Kingdom long afterwards; for having committed many great slaughters of the Princes after a womanish, rather than a manly way, she turned the love of her Subjects into hatred. Therefore having heard of the approach of Cassander, distrusting to the Macedons, she fled with Roxane her daughter-in-law, and Hercules her grandchild, into the City of Pictua. In her journey Dardamia the daughter of King Aeacidas, and Thessalonice her kinswoman (being also famous herself by the name of Philip her Father) and many other Ladies of royal blood, a gallant rather than a profitable company, did attend her.  
When Cassander was informed of it, in a swift match he came to Pictua, and laid a close siege unto the City; Which when it was oppressed with the sword and famine, Olympias being no longer able to endure the tediousness of the siege, having Articles for her life, did deliver herself to the Conqueror. But Cassander having called the people to an Assembly to understand what they would have done in relation to Olympias, he suborned the Parents and kindred of the noble men whom she had put to death, who having put on mourning habits, did accuse the cruelty of the woman, by whom the Macedons were so much instigated, that without any respect to her former Majesty, they did decree that she should be put to death, being altogether unmindful that by her Son and Husband, they not only enjoyed their lives with safety amongst their neighbours, but also became masters of such great wealth, as also of the Empire of the world. But Olympias, when she beheld the armed men to come resolutely towards her, being clothed in royal habiliaments, and leaning on her two Maids, she did go to meet them: The Executioners beholding her, were amazed, and stood still, startled at the Majesty of her presence, and the names of so many of their Kings which came at once into their memory: At the last, they were commanded by Cassander to run her through with a sword; she drew not back from the sword, nor at the thrust that was made, nor gave any shrike like a woman, but submitted unto death after the manner of valiant men, and for the glory of her ancient family; insomuch that you might have seen Alexander again in his dying mother; Moreover, she covered her face with her hair, and the neither parts of her body with her garments, that nothing unseemly might be discovered.  
After this Cassender did take to wife Thessalonice the daughter of King Aridaeus, and sent the Son of Alexander with the Mother to be kept prisoners in the Tower of Amphipolis.   

THE Fifteenth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Perdiccas' and his brother Alcetas, Eumenes and Polypercon, and divers Captains of the other party being slain, the contention betwixt the Successors of Alexander the Great did seem to be at an end, when on the sudden a new discord did arise betwixt the Conquerors themselves: For Ptolemy, Cassander & Lysimachus, requiring that the Provinces and the booty of the money that was taken should be divided; Antigonus denied to admit any Companions in the booty, having undertaken all the danger himself; And that he might seem to make an honest war against his Companions, he declared that he would revenge the death of Olympias, slain by Cassander, and deliver the Son of Alexander with his Mother from their imprisonment at Amphipolis.  
This understood, Ptolemy and Cassander having entered into a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, did with great industry provide for the war both by Sea and Land; Ptolemy had in his possession Egypt with a greater part of afric, and Cyprus, and Ph●nicia. Macedonia and Greece obeyed Cassander; Antigonus had all Asia and a part of the East, whose Son Demetrius in the first encounter of the battle was overcome by Ptolemy at Calama: In which fight, the glory of the moderation of Ptolemy was greater than his victory; for he dismissed the friends of Demetrius, not only with their own goods, but also honoured them with the additions of great presents, and restored to Demetrius all his private treasure and family▪ and dismissed him with an honourable compliment, that he undertook the war not for booty, but for dignity, being displeased that Antigonus, having overcome the Captains of the other party, would reserve entirely to himself the rewards of the common victory. Whiles these things were in agitation, Cassander returning from Apollonia, did fall upon the Abderitae, who having left their Country by reason of the abundance of Frogs and Mice, did seek out new places of habitation; wherefore fearing lest they should come into Macedonia, he made peace with them and received them into the society of his friendship, having assigned lands unto them in the furthest borders of Macedonia: After this, fearing lest Hercules the Son of Alexander, who was now fourteen years of age, in the favour of his Father's name should be called into the Kingdom of Macedonia, he commanded him privately to be killed with his mother Arsine, and that their bodies should be covered with Earth, lest the murder of them should be betrayed by their Sepulture; and as if he had committed but a small crime, first in the poisoning of the King, afterwards in the murder of his mother Olympias, and then in the murder of his wife Arsine and her Son, he killed also by the same deceit the other Son of Alexander with Roxane her mother, as if he could not otherwise then by villainy obtain the Kingdom of Macedonia, which he so inordinately affected. In the mean time Ptolemy did fight again with Demetrius at Sea; and having lost his Navy, and yielded the victory to his Enemy, he fled into Egypt. Demetrius sent back Leuticus the Son of Ptolemy, and his brother Menelaus and their friends, with all that did belong unto them, being provoked before to the same remuneration by Ptolemy: And that it might appear that they were not inflamed with hatred, but the glory of Dignity and Domination, they did contend who should exceed each other in gifts and presents in the heat of the wars; so much more honourably were wars managed then, than friendships are professed now: Antigonus being puffed up with the victory, commanded that the people should give him, and his Son Demetrius, the Title of a King; And Ptolemy, that he might be of no less Authority amongst his Soldiers, was also saluted as King by the Army, which being understood, Cassander and Lysimachus did challenge to themselves the regal Majesty: They abstained from the Ornaments of this honour as long as the Sons of their King were alive; and so great was their modesty, that when they had the Estates of Kings, they were well contented to abstain from the Titles of a King, as long as Alexander had any Heir remaining: But Ptolemy and Cassander, and the Captains of the other faction, when they perceived they were all reproached by Antigonus▪ whiles they made a private war of every one, and not a common war of all, and were unwilling to assist one another, as if the victory were only for one, and not for all; confirming themselves jointly by Letters, they did appoint a time and place to meet together, and provide for the war with united Forces. At which, when Cassander could not be present by reason of the war with his Neighbours, he sent Lysimachus to his aid with a formidable power: This Lysimachus was famous in Macedonia by the Nobility of his descent, but more famous by his virtue then his Nobility, which was so eminent in him, that in the greatness of his mind, in the knowledge of Philosophy, and in the glory of strength he excelled all by whom the East was overcome; For when Alexander the Great did falsely accuse Calisthenes the Philosopher of the Treason that was contrived against him, being indeed angry because he did forbear to worship him according to the custom of Persia, and had rendered him a lamentable and deformed spectacle by cruelty, dismembering his body, and cutting off his nose and lips, and carrying him shut up in a kennel with a Dog to be a terror to the rest; Lysimachus would then repair unto him, and hear and take instructions from him, and in compassion of so great a man, suffering forhis liberty, and not for any crime, he gave him poison to put a period to his miseries, to which Alexander did give so heinous an Interpretation, that he commanded him to be objected to a hungry and an enraged Lion, who when at the first sight with a swift and eager violence he did run upon him to devour him, Lysimachus having wrapped his hand in a cloth, did thrust it into the mouth of the beast, and plucked out at once both the tongue and the life of the Lion, which when it was reported to Alexander, the admiration was turned into satisfaction, and always afterwards he had him in an higher respect for the constancy of so great a virtue; and Lysimachus with great patience induced the contumely of the King, as the contumely of his Father; And at last, the memory of this act being banished from his mind, the King in India being in the pursuit of some routed Enemies, and his Guard not able to overtake him by reason of the swiftness of his horse, he only was his Companion through the vast Deserts of the Sands, which when his brother Philip did before endeavour to perform, he expired in the Arms of the King; but Alexander alighting from his horse, did wound Lysimachus in the forehead so deeply with the point of his Spear, that his blood could not be staunched, before the King having taken the Diadem from his own head, did impose it on his to bind the wound, which was an earnest to Lysimachus of the royal Majesty to come; And after the death of Alexander, when the Provinces were divided amongst his Successors, the most fierce of all the▪ Nations were assigned to him as the most valiant of them all, so much he did exceed the rest by the approbation of them all. But before the war was carried on betwixt Ptolemy and his Associates against Antigonus, Seleucus marched down from Asia the greater, being a new Enemy unto him; famous also was the virtue of Seleucus, and his Original admirable; for his mother Laodice being married to Antiochus a great Commander in the Army of Philip, did seem in her sleep to have conceived with child by Apollo, and to have received a Ring from him, the reward for the use of her body; In this Ring, there was a Gem, and an Anchor engraven on it; which she dreamt she was commanded at her delivery to give to her Son for a gift. This apparition was truly wonderful; for on the next day, the Ring with the Anchor engraven on it was found in the bed, and the figure of an Anchor was apparently to be seen on the thigh of Seleucus when he was born. Seleucus going afterwards into the Persian war with Alexander the Great, Laodice did give that Ring unto him, having first taught him the original of his pedigree. After the death of Alexander, having possessed himself of the Kingdom of the East, he did build a City, and consecrated it to the memory of the Gem of his original; for he called the City Antiochia after the memory of Antiochus his Father, and consecrated to Apollo the Fields adjoining to it. The argument of his original did remain to his posterity; for his Sons and Grandson● had all of them the impression of an Anchor on their thighs as a natural mark o● their Family. He made many wars in the East, after the division of the Macedonian Empire betwixt him and his Companions.  
In the first place he surprised Babylon, an● having increased his strength by the victory he overcame the Bactrians, and marched into India, which after the death of Alexander, ha● killed his Lieutenants, and shaken off from their necks the yoke of servitude. Sandrocottu● was the Author of this liberty, which afterwards he turned into slavery; for having possessed himself of the Kingdom, he by tyranny oppressed the people whom he ha● delivered from sorraign domination: He was born of ignoble parentage, but enforced to take upon him the Government of thi● Kingdom by the Majesty and providence of God. For having offended Alexander by his petulance, and being commanded to be killed, he purchased his safety by the swiftness of his feet; And being drowsy and weary by the length of his travel, a Lion of a great bigness did approach unto him in his sleep, and with his tongue wiped away the sweat which did run down his face, and did gently leave him, being awakened. Being by this prodigy advanced to the hope of the Kingdom, he solicited the Indians to rebellion, having drawn a company of Thiefs to his assistance.  
In the beginning of the war against the Lieutenants of Alexander, an Elephant of an infinite bulk, did of his own accord draw near unto him, and as if he had been tame by discipline, did receive him on his back; Sandrocottus became afterwards a great Leader, and a famous master of the war; and having thus gained the Kingdom, he had possessed himself of all India at that time when Seleucus did lay the foundations of his future greatness, who having made peace with Sandrocottus, and settled his affairs in the East, did march down to the war against Antigonus; And the Armies of all the Associates being united, the battle was fought, in which Antigonus was slain, and Demetrius his Son put to flight. But the Associates, the war with Antigonus being ended, did again turn their arms upon themselves, and not agreeing upon the booty, were divided again into Factions. Seleucus was joined with Demetrius, and Ptolemy with Lysimachus, and Cassander being dead, his Son Philip did succeed him, and thus new wars did arise in Macedonia.   

THE Sixteenth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
AFfter the death of King Cassander and his Son Philip, Queen Thessalonica the wife of Cassander was slain not long afterwards by her Son Antipater, she having besought and conjured him by her breasts that gave him suck to spare her life. The cause of the Parricide, was, that after the death of her Husband, she seemed to be more inclined to Alexander in the division of the Kingdom amongst the brothers. This wicked act appeared to all men to be so much the more grievous, there being not the least evidence of any deceit in the Mother, although in parricide no cause can be pretended to be just enough to defend the wickedness. Alexander resolving to make war with his brother in the revenge of his Mother's death, desired aid of Demetrius; and Demetrius in hope to obtain the Kingdom, made n● delay to advance to his assistance; and Lysimachus fearing his coming, did persuade his Son-in-law Antipater to be reconciled to his brother▪ and not permit the Enemy of his Father to enter into Macedonia; when Demetrius had understood that there was an agreement made betwixt the brothers, he killed Alexander by treacheries, and having possessed himself of the Kingdom of Macedonia, he called the Army to an Assembly to excuse the murder. He alleged that Alexander had first of all a design upon him, and that for his own part, he rather prevented then committed treachery. As for the Kingdom of Macedonia, he said, it was more due to him, both for the experience of his age, and for other considerations; for his Father was Companion to King Philip, and to Alexander the Great in all their wars, and he was afterwards Governor of the children of Alexander, and a General in their wars to prosecute those who revolted from them. On the other side, Antipater the Grandfather of these young men was always a more inexorable minister of the Kingdom than the Kings themselves; and Cassander their Father was the destroyer of the Royal Family, who put to death both the wives and children of Alexander, and ceased not till he had utterly destroyed the whole Progeny of him: and because he could not light upon Cassander, the revenge of these horrid murders was translated to his Sons, for which cause Philip and Alexander (if the spirits of the departed have any sense) had rather that their Revengers, than the Murderers of them and their Posterity should enjoy the Kingdom of Macedonia.  
The people being pacified with these words, he was saluted King of Macedonia. But Lysimachus when he was oppressed with the war of Dromiches' King of the Thracians, lest at the same▪ time also he might be enforced to fight with Demetrius, he made a peace with him, having delivered to him the other part of Macedonia which belonged to his Son-in-law Antipater. Therefore Demetrius being possessed with all the strength of the Kingdom of Macedonia, did resolve to seize upon Asia, when Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Lysimachus having made a proof before of what force was Concord, did enter into a League together, and having amassed their Forces into one body, they 〈◊〉 the war against Demetrius into Europe. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, did join himself unto them as their Companion in the war, hoping that Demetrius could lose Macedonia as easily and as suddenly as he obtained it; neither was he deceived in his expectation. For his Army being corrupted, and himself put to flight, he left his Kingdom to the Conquerors. In the mean time, Lysimachus killed his Son-in-law Antipater, complaining that the Kingdom was taken from him by his deceit, and committed into Custody his own Daughter Eurydice, the companion of his complaints; And thus all the Family of Antipater, partly by slaughter, partly by punishment, became so many sacrifices to satisfy the revenge of the Ghost of Alexander, both for his own death, and for the destruction of all his offspring. Demetrius also being surrounded by so many Armies, when it was in his power to die honourably, chose shamefully rather to deliver himself to Seleucus.  
The war being ended, Ptolemy died full of the glory of his achievements: He against the law of Nations delivered the Kingdom to his youngest Son, not long before the last infirmity of his Age, and afterwards did give a reason of it to the people; the favour which the young man gained, was no less in receiving, then was his Fathers in delivering the Sceptre; Amongst other Examples of mutual piety betwixt the Father and the Son, it procured the young man many respects of love amongst the people, that his Father having publicly delivered his Kingdom to him, did privately attend upon him amongst the Guard, affirming that to be the Father of a King, was more honourable then to enjoy any Kingdom whatsoever. But discord, an assiduous evil amongst equals, had moved a new war betwixt Lysimachus & King Pyrrhus, Associates▪ not long before against Demetrius. Lysimachus being the Conqueror, having routed Pyrrhus, did possess himself of Macedonia: He afterwards did make war against the Thracians, and not long after against the Heraclians, the beginning and the ending of whose City was admirable; For the pestilence raging in Boeotia, the Oracle at Delphos answered that they should plant a Colony in the Country of Pontus, which they should dedicate to Hercules. When it was omitted by reason of the fear of the long and dangerous voyage by Sea, every man desiring rather to die in his own Country, the Phocensians made war against them, and being after vanquished by them, they again had recourse to the Oracle, which answered, That the remedy was the same both for the war and the pestilence. Therefore a considerable Colony being drawn together, and brought to Metapontus, they builded the City of Heraclea, and because they were brought thither by the Ordinance of the Destinies in a short time, they obtained grea● possessions.  
This City afterwards maintained many wars against their Neighbours, and much they suffered by dissensions at home: Amongst other passages of magnificence, this one is memorable. When the Athenians were masters of all, and the Persians were overcome, it was ordered by the Athenians that the tribute of Asia and of Greece should be for the maintenance of their Navy; all other Cities readily submitting for their own safety, the Heraclians only refused by reason of their ancient friendship with the Kings of Persia. Mala●tus therefore being sent with an Army to force them to Contribution which they were resolved not to pay, whiles he was plundering their Country, having left his ships in their Harbour, there did arise on a sudden so great a tempest that he lost all his Fleet with the greatest part of his Army; therefore when they could not return by Sea, having lost all their ships, nor durst adventure to return by Land with so small an Army amongst so many warlike Nations, the Heraclians thinking it more honourable to confer a benefit then to revenge a discourtesy, did send them home furnished both with Seamen and Provisions, believing that herein they had provided well for themselves, and for their Fields, having by this act confirmed those to be their friends who were before their Enemies. Amongst many other calamities they also endured the heavy burden of Tyranny; for when the common people did too impotently demand new tables and a levelling proportion to be shared amongst them in the Fields of those who were rich, the business being often debated in the Senate, when it could not be determined, the Senate desired aid of Timotheus General of the Athenians, and not long after of Epaminondas General of the Thebans: but both of them refusing it, they had recourse to Clearchus whom they themselves had forced into banishment: So great was the necessity of their calamities, that they called him back to the defence of their Country, whom they had commanded never to return unto it. But Clearchus returning more wicked from his banishment, conceiving this dissension of the people to be a prompt occasion offered to him to exercise his tyranny, he had first a conference with Mithridates the Enemy of his Citizens, and having entered into a League, he compounded with him to be made his Lieutenant, and to betray the City to him as soon as he was called back into his Country. Afterwards he turned the treachery which he had prepared for the Citizens against Mithridates' himself: For being returned from banishment, as the Arbitrator of the civil discord, the time being appointed in which he should deliver the City to Mithridates, he took him Prisoner with his friends, and having received a vast sum of money for his ransom, he delivered him being taken. And as to Mithrdates he suddenly made himself an Enemy of a friend, so being called back to defend the cause of the Senate, he immediately became the Patron of the people, and not only incensed the people against the Authors of the power, by whom he was called back into his Country, and by whom he was placed at the helm of Government, but exercised his usurped power in the highest demonstrations of Cruelty and Tyranny. The people therefore being called to an Assembly, he declared that he would be no longer present nor assist the Senate in their rage against the people, but would take their parts if they persevered in their former cruelty; and if they conceived themselves to be equal in strength to deal with them, he would depart with his Soldiers, nor have any hand in their civil discords; but if they disinherited in their own strengths, he would not be wanting to be a Protector to in them. He desired them therefore to ask counsel of themselves, whether they would command him to be gone or to remain their Companion in the common cause. The people being excited with these words did transfer into his power the chief Government of all, & whiles they were incensed at the power of the Senate, they delivered themselves, their wives, and children, unto the domination of a Tyrant. Clearchus having seized upon threescore of the Senators (for the rest were fled away) did throw them into prison, being laden with Irons. The people rejoiced especially that the Senate were overthrown by the Captain General of the Senators, and that their aid was converted into their destruction; and Clearchus threatened sudden death to every one of them on purpose to raise the market of them to a higher rate. For under the pretence of withdrawing them from the fury of the people, having received from them great sums of money, and despoiled them of their fortunes, he not long after did despoil them of their lives; And having understood that war was made against him by those Senators who fled away, the Cities prompted to compassion being come to their assistance, he did set free their Servants: and that no affliction should be wanting in these potent Families, he enforced their wives and their daughters to marry their own Servants, death being proposed to every one that should refuse it; by this means he thought to render the Servants more faithful to him, and more unreconcilable to their masters. But these sad Nuptials were made more grievous by the sudden Funerals of the Matrons; for many of them before their Nuptials, and some on the very day in which they were married, having first killed their husbands, did afterwards kill themselves, and delivered themselves from their increasing calamities by the virtue of an ingenious shame.  
Not long after this, the battle was fought, in which the Tyrant being Conqueror, he in the way of triumph did drag the conquered Senators before the faces of Citizens, and being returned into the City, he bound some of them, he racked others, and slew many; there was no place free from his cruelty; insolence was added to his savageness, and arrogance to his fury. And now by the success of his continual felicity he did forget himself to be a man, and did call himself the Son of Jupiter. When he would be seen in public, a golden Eagle was born before him in the honour of his descent: His body was clothed with a garment of Purple; he did wear buskins on his feet after the custom of Tragic Kings, and a Crown of Gold upon his Head: He also called his Son Ceraunus, that he might delude the gods not only with lies, but also with names. Two of the most noble of the young men, Chion and Leonides, complaining at these things with indignation, and resolved to deliver their Country, did conspire the death of the Tyrant. These two were the Scholars of Plato the Philosopher, who desiring to exhibit that virtue to their Country to which they daily were instructed by the precepts of their Master, they did prepare an Ambush of fifty of their kindred, as if they were all their Clients, and repairing themselves to the Tower to the Kings, as two in great contestation, being admitted by the right of Familiarity, whiles the Tyrant intentively heard the former of them pleading his cause, he was killed by the other; but their friends coming in not timely enough to their assistance, they were both cut in pieces by the Guard, by which it came to pass that the Tyrant indeed was killed, but their Country was not delivered; For Satyrus the brother of Clearchus did the same way invade the Tyranny, and Heraclia for many years by degrees of succession was possessed by Tyrants.   

THE Seventeenth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
MUch about the same time there was a terrible Earthquake in the Countries of Hellespont and Chersonesus, in which though they trembled all over, yet the City only of Lysimachia erected by Lysimachus two and twenty years before, was utterly overthrown, which portended dismal things to come both to Lysimachus and to his Generation, and the ruin of the Kingdom with the desolation of the afflicted Countries round about him. Neither was belief wanting to the prodigy; for not long after, he killed his Son Agathocles by poison, having used therein the assistance of his Stepmother Arsyrice, it being the more horribly remarkable; for (having ordained him into the succession of the Kingdom, and made many prosperous wars under his Conduct) he now hated him not only beyond the obligation of a Father, but beyond the Example of Humanity. This was his first stain and the beginning of his growing ruin; For this parricide was attended with the slaughter of the Princes, who were punished to death because they lamented the death of the young man. Therefore those who were Commanders in his Army, did in great numbers fall away from him to Seleucus, & enforced him (being prone enough before out of the emulation of glory) to make war against Lysimachus.  
This was the last contestation betwixt the fellow- Soldiers of Alexander, and (as it were) reserved by Fortune to make the example of their parallel the more admirable. Lysimachus was seventy and four years of age, and Seleucus seventy and seven: But in this old age, they had both of them the resolutions of youth, and an insatiable desire to increase Sovereignty of Command; for when but these two did seem as it were to be masters of the whole world, they were shut up into too narrow bounds, and measured the end of their lives, not by the space of years but by this limits of their Empire. In that war Lysimachus having lost▪ before in divers charges fifteen sons, dying not uncouragiously, did descend into the Grave himself being the last Hearse of all his Family: Seleucus rejoicing in so great a victory, and which he conceived to be greater than the victory, that he was the last that lived of the cohort of Alexander, and a Conqueror of the Conquerors, did vaunt of his fortune, as if it had been a work of Divinity, and above the condition of man, being altogether ignorant, that not long afterwards he was to be an Example himself of the frailty of the condition of man; for at the end of seven Months he was slain, being circumvented by the treachery of Ptolemy, whose sister Lysimachus had married, and lost the Kingdom of Macedonia (which he took away from Lysimachus) together with his life. Therefore Ptolemy being ambitious to please the people, for the honour of the memory of Ptolemy the Great, and in the favour of the revenge of Lysimachus, did first resolve to reconcile unto him the children of Lysimachus, and desired the marriage of Arsinoe his own sister who was their Mother; having promised to adopt them his own Sons, thinking thereby that they would attempt nothing against him, being restrained by their duty to their mother, and by their calling of him Father. He desired also by letters the friendship of his brother the King of Egypt, professing that he would forget the offence of his succeeding in his Father's Kingdom, & would demand no more of him being his brother, the injury being received from his Father: With all his Art he flattered Eumenes and Antigonus the Sons of Demetrius, and Antiochus the Son of Seleucus, against whom he was to make war, for fear a third Enemy should arise unto him. Neither was Pyrrhus the King of Epirus omitted, it being of great concernment to what party he became a friend, who desiring himself to master them all, did labour to have an interest in every party. Therefore having promised to assist the Tarentines against the Romans, he desired ships of Antigonus to transport his Army; he desired moneys of Antiochus who was more considerable both in men and money; he desired of Ptolemy the aid of the Macedonian Soldiers; Ptolemy who made no delay to gratify him, having a numerous Army, did lend unto him for the space of two years, and no longer, five thousand foot, four thousand horse, and fifty Elephants, for which Pyrrhus having taken to marriage the daughter of Ptolemy, did leave him invested in the Kingdom.  
But because we are come to the mention of Epirus, we must deliver a few things concerning the Original of that Kingdom. In that Country was first of all the Kingdom of the Molossians: Afterwards, Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles having lost his Father's Kingdom by his long absence in the Trojan wars, did plant himself in this Country, the people being first called Pyrrhide, afterwards Epirotae: But Pyrrhus when he came to ask counsel in the Temple of Jupiter of Dodona, he there saw and by force took unto him Anassa the Niece of Hercules, by whom he had eight children: He married those who were Maids to the neighbouring Kings, and purchased to himself great Possessions by the aid of affinity: and gave unto Helenus the Son of King Priamus for his singular knowledge in Prophecy the Kingdom of Chaonia, and Andromache the relict of Hector to wife, whom in the division of the Trojan booty he took unto his own bed. Not long after he was slain at Delphos between the Altars of the god by the teachery of Orestes the Son of Agamemnon. Piales his Son succeeded him and by order of succession the Kingdom was devolved to Arymbas, who being of a tenderage, and the only child that remained of that Regal Family, had Guardians assigned him with great care, both for his preservation & his education: And being sent to Athens to be instructed there, he was so much the more acceptable to the people, as he was more learned than all his Predecessors▪ He first made Laws, and ordained a Senate and yearly Magistrates, and the form of a Commonwealth; and as the Country became more famous by Pyrrhus, so it was reduced to more humanity under the Government of Arymbas. His Son was named Neoptolomus, from whom Olympias was immediately descended, who was the Mother of Alexander the Great, and Alexander who after him enjoyed the Kingdom of Epirus, and having made war in Italy, he was slain amongst the Brutians. After his death, his brother Aeacides succeeded in the Kingdom, who by his daily wars against the Macedonians having too much wearied and exhausted the people, did contract the hatred of the Citizens, and being forced into banishment by them, he left his Son Pyrrhus a young child of two years of age to succeed him in the Kingdom, who when he was fought for by the people to be put to death by reason of the hatred which they did bear unto Father, he was privately conveyed to the Illyrians, and delivered to Beroe the daughter of King Glaucias to be nursed by her, who was himself of the Family of the Aeacidans; The King either in the compassion of his fortune, or delighted with his sportfulness, did not only protect him a long time against Cassander King of Macedonia, although he threatened to make war against him for detaining of him, but also did adopt him into the succession of the Kingdom, with which the Epirots were so overcome, that turning their Hatred into Pity, they called him back at eleven years of age, having set Guardians over him, who were to govern the Kingdom until he arrived to maturity of age. Being a young man, he made many wats, and began to be so great in the success thereof, that he seemed alone to be able to defend the Tarentines against the Romans▪   

THE Eighteenth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Pyrrhus' therefore King of Epirus, being again wearied by a new Embassy of the Tarentines, and by the Petitions of the Lucanians and Samnites who also needed aid against the Romans, was not much induced by the Petitions of the Suppliants, as by the hope of invading the Empire of Italy, and did promise that he would assist them with his Army. The E●▪ amples of his Ancestors did carry him on m violently to it, being well inclined to it of himself, that he might not seem to be inferior to his Uncle Alexander, whom the same Tarantines used as their Protector against the Brutians, or to have less resolution than Alexander the Great, who in a war so remote from his own Country had subdued the East: Therefore having left his Son Ptolemy about the fifteenth year of his age to be the Keeper of his Kingdom, he landed his Army in the Haven of Tarentum, having taken with him his two young Sons Alexander and Helenus, to be some solace to him in so remote an Expedition.  
Valerius Levinus the Roman Consul, having heard of his arrival, did march towards him with all speed, with a resolution to give him battle before his Auxiliaries could be drawn together; And having put his Army in array, the King though inferior in the number of Soldiers, made no delay to encounter him: The Romans being Conquerors, at first were amazed, and enforced to forsake the battle at the unusual sight and charge of the Elephants; these strange monsters of the Macedonians did on a sudden conquer the Conquerors, neither had their Enemies an unbloody victory: For Pyrrhus himself was grievously wounded, and 〈◊〉 great part of his Soldiers being slain, he 〈◊〉 a greater glory than a joy of the Victory. Many of the Cities of Italy following the event of this battle, did deliver themselves to Pyrrhus; Amongst the rest, the Locri having betrayed the Roman Garrison did submit to Pyrrhus: Pyrrhus out of the booty which he took, sent back to Rome two hundred Soldiers whom he had taken Prisoners without any ransom, that the Romans might take notice as well of his liberality as of his valour: Some time being passed, when the Army of the Associates were drawn altogether, he joined in battle again with the Romans, in which his fortune was the same as in the former.  
In the mean time, Mago the General of the Carthaginians, being sent with one hundred and twenty ships to bring Auxiliaries to the Romans, did address himself to the Senate, affirming that the Carthaginians did deeply resent that in Italy they should suffer the calamity of war from a foreign King: For which cause he was sent, that the Romans being enfested by a foreign Enemy, they should also be relieved by a foreign Enemy.  
The Senate having returned their hearty thanks to the Carthaginians, did send back their Auxiliaries. But Mago after the fine subtlety of the Punic wit, after a few days did repair privately to Pyrrhus as a peacemaker from the Carthaginians, to dive into his Counsels concerning Sicily, to which place Fame reported that he was designed. And indeed, that was the cause why the Romans sent back the Carthaginians aid, lest Pyrrhus in the war with Rome, being detained in Italy, should not have the liberty to transport his Army and the war into Sicily.  
Whiles these things were in agitation, Fabricius Lucinus being sent Ambassador from the Senate of Rome, did conclude a peace with Pyrrhus; to confirm which, Cyneas being sent to Rome with great presents from Pyrrhus, found not any whose hand was open to entertain them: There was almost at the same time, another Example of the same continuance of the Romans; for an Embassy being sent from the Senate into Egypt, when they had refused great gifts offered to them by King Ptolemy, some few days after being invited to a supper, they had Crowns of Gold sent to them, which having received in a compliment of an honour, the next day they imposed them on the Statues of the King. Cyneas when he brought back word that the Peace with the Romans was disturbed by Appius Claudius, Pyrrhus demanded of him what manner of City Rome was; He made answer, That it seemed to him to be a City all of Kings.  
After this, the Ambassadors of Sicily came to Pyrrhus, delivering to him the command of the whole Island, which was extremely harrassed with the daily wars of the Carthaginians. Therefore having left his Son Alexander at Locri, and put strong Garrisons into the Cities, he passed over with his Army into Sicily.  
And because mention hath been made of the Carthaginians, we will speak something of their original, the Genealogy of the Tyrians being to be extracted from many generations, whose conditions also were much to be lamented. The Nation of the Tyrians descended from the Phoenicians; who being shaken with an Earthquake, having abandoned their Country, did first inhabit the Assyrian marsh, and not long afterwards the shore next unto the Sea where they builded a City and called it Sidon, from the abundance that was there of fishes; for the Phoenicians call a fish Sidon; After the process of many years, being overcome by King Ascalon, they took shipping again, and did build the City of Tyre in the year before the destruction of Troy; and being long and variously wearied with the wars of the Persians, they were Conqueros at the last; but their Forces being exhausted, they endured unworthy punishments by their own Servants at that time abounding in their multitudes, who having made a conspiracy, did kill all the free people and their masters with them; and possessing themselves of the City, they enjoyed the Houses of their Masters, they invaded the Commonwealth, they married wives and begat children.  
One amongst so many thousands of the slaves, being of a better disposition, and prompted to take compassion on the old man his Master and his little Son, did not kill them with cruelty, but looked upon them with pious pity and humanity; therefore when he had removed them out of the way, as if they had been slain, the slaves taking into consideration the present condition of their Republic, they thought it expedient to have a King created out of their own Corporation, and to make choice of him as most acceptable to the gods, who first could discover the rising Sun. This design he acquainted Strato with, for so his Master's name was called whom he had privately concealed: and being by him instructed of the place of the Randezvous, when at midnight they came all forth into one Field, the others looking towards the East, he alone did turn himself towards the West; It appeared unto them a madness to look for the rising of the Sun in the Hemiphere of the West: But when the day broke forth, and the Sun began to shine on the highest tops of all their Cities; others expecting that they should in the East behold the rising of the Sun, he showed them in the West the fulgor of it, where it did gild the Pinnacles of their Temples. The device appeared to exceed the apprehension of a slave; and Strato being examined, he confessed that he had been one of their Masters: Then they understood how much ingenious understandings were superior to the servile, and that slaves may overcome in numbers and malice, but not in wisdom; pardon therefore was granted to the old man and his Son; and as if they had been preserved by Providence, they immediately created Strato their King; after whose death the Kingdom passed to his Son, and afterwards to his Grandsons. This outrageous villainy of the slaves, was everywhere reported as an Example to be feared over all the World: Therefore in the process of time, when Alexander the Great made war in the East, having sacked the City of the Tyrians, he lastned all to the Cross who remained alive, as the Revenger of the public security in the remembrance of this their ancient slaughter; But he preserved the Family of Strato inviolate, and restored the Kingdom to his posterity; ingenuous and innocent Inhabitants being commanded to inhabit that City, and so the servile race being utterly extirpated, a new generation of Citizens was erected. The Tyrians being thus founded by the auspication of Alexander, did soon grow rich by thrift and industry: But before the murders committed on their Masters, when they abounded both in wealth & numbers, having sent a Colony into Africa, they builded the City of Utica: In the mean time, the King of Tyrus deceased, having left Heirs Pygmalion his Son, and Eliza his daughter, a Virgin of an excellent beauty; The people delivered the Kingdom to Pygmalion a boy of a very tender age. Eliza married her Uncle Sichaeus the Priest of Hercules, which was an honour next unto the King. He had great but concealed treasures, and for fear of the King he did hide his gold, not in Houses or Coffers, but in the Earth, which though it was unknown to men, yet Fame revealed it to Pygmalion, who being transported with an insatiable desire of it, and forgetting all respects of nature and humanity, did impiously kill his Uncle, who was also his brother-in-law. Eliza for a long time could not endure the presence of Pygmalion by reason of the horrid murder he had committed; at the last, having dissembled her hatred, and made more smooth her brow, she privately attempted to fly away, and having taken into her society some of the Princes who were equally exasperated against the King, she truly conceived that they had the same desire to make an escape with her. After this she made her deceitful addresses to her brother, and represented to him that she had a desire to live in his Court, that the house of her Husband might no longer renew any subject of grief unto her, she being desirous to forget him, and that no longer the imagination of him might reflect so sad upon her. Pygmalion did give no unwilling ear to these words of his sister, thinking that with her the gold of Sychaeus would come along unto him. But Eliza in the dusk of the evening, did put into the ships not only the goods but the servants of the King, who were sent by him to attend her in his removal to the Court: and being carried into the main, she commanded them to throw into the Sea some great bags and sacks of sand, which she said were all bags of gold, and so made up and corded, that by their handling they could not discover what the heavy burden was. Then she melting into tears, did implore Sichaeus with a mournful voice, that favourably he would receive his own wealth which he left, and take those as sacrifices to his grave which were the cause of his death: After this, she sent for the servants of the King, and declared to them, that for her part, she wished for death many years ago, but grievous and dismal torments did hang over their own heads, who had taken to satisfy the avarice of the Tyrant, the wealth of Sychaeus, for the hope of which the King had murdered him. These words having shot a general fear into them, she took them along with her as the companions of her flight, and on that night also a prepared company of Senators did unite themselves unto her, and under pretence of renewing the Sacrifices in the honour of Hercules, whose Priest Sichaeus was, they sought new habitations by a wilful banishment. Sailing along the Coast, they were first driven into the I'll of Cyprus, where the Priest of Jupiter by the admonition of the god, did offer himself a companion to Eliza, with his wife and children, to be a partaker of her fortune, having agreed with her to have for himself and his posterity the perpetual honour of the Priesthood. The condition was taken for a manifest token of a good fortune to come. It was the custom of the Cyprians to send their Virgins on set days before their marriage to the Seashore, to provide themselves a Dowry by the use of their bodies, and to offer sacrifice afterwards to Venus for the rest of their chastity: Eliza commanded that fourscore of the youngest of them should be taken away and carried to her ships, that so both the young men she took with her might enjoy wives, and her City grew numerous by Posterity.  
In the mean time, Pygmalion having understood the flight of her sister, and resolving to prosecute her with an impious war, he was with much difficulty restrained by the entreaties of his Mother, and by the threatenings of the gods, the Prophets by inspirations presaging to him, that he should not go unpunished, if he hindered the beginnings of a City, which promised to be the most flourishing one in the World; by this means Eliza and those who fled with her, had leave to breathe; therefore being brought into the Coasts of Africa, she solicited the Inhabitants, rejoicing at the arrival of Strangers▪ and the Commerce of Traffic with them, to make friendship with her: Having then bought a place no larger than what might be encompassed with the Hide of an Ox, in which she might refresh her Associates, weary with their long travel, until she advanced further; she divided and did cut the Hide into long and thin thongs, by which artifice she gained a far larger extent of ground than she seemed to desire, by reason whereof the place was afterwards called, The Burss. The Neighbours out of every Country in a short time, did in great numbers resort thither, and in hope of gain brought many things to be bought by their new Guests, and making Booths to vent their Commodities, it appeared by the frequency of the people, like a new City. The Ambassadors also of the Vticensians did bring presents to them as to their kindred, and did exhort them to build a City where they had made their mansion.  
The Africans also had a great desire to entertain these new Inhabitants; therefore Carthage was builded by the general consent of all the Tyrians, paying a yearly Tribute for the ground on which the City was builded: In the first foundations of the City, there was found the head of a Bullock, which was the token indeed of a fruitful Earth, but of a laborious and a servile City; wherefore they translated the City into another place; There the head of an horse, (portending that they should be a warlike and powerful people) did give a happy auspication to the original of their City. The Nations coming in throngs to give their judgement on this new City, in a short time, both the people and the City were greatly enlarged. The affairs of the Carthaginians flourishing thus in continual success, Hiarbas King of the Mauritanians having sent ten of his Princes to them, he demanded Eliza for wife, and threatened to make war upon them if they should deny him: The Ambassadors fearing to declare their Message to the Queen, they dealed with her according to the capritiousness of the Punic apprehension, and expressed to her that the King desired to have one who should teach the Africans more refined Arts and manners; but none of their own consanguinity could be found who would come unto them living like Barbarians, and not to be distinguished from the manners of beasts▪ Being then reproved by the Queen if they themselves would refuse any difficulty or travel for the improvement of their Country, to which if necessity did require, they did owe their lives, they delivered to the Queen the mandates of the King, alleging that if she intended well to her own City, she must do that herself which she prescribed unto others. Being circumvented by this deceit, having with many tears and great lamentation invoked the name of Sichaeus, she at last made answer, That she would go whether her own stubborn fortunes and the destinies of her City did call her. For which having taken the space of three Months, she at the end thereof, erected a huge pile of wood in the Suburbs of her City, and as she would appease the ghost of her Husband, she slew many sacrifices; and having a drawn sword in her had, she did ascend the funeral pile, and looking back on her people, she told them that she would go to her Husband accordingly as he had enjoined her, and ended her life with the sword: As long as Carthage was unconquered, she was afterwards honoured for a Goddess. This City was builded before Rome threescore and twelve years, and as it was famous for war, so the state thereof at home was troubled with much contention. When amongst many other calamities, they were afflicted also with the plague, they used the Religion of a most bloody devotion, & an abomination for their remedy, for they offered men in Sacrifice, and laid their children on their bloody Altars, whose Infancy would have provoked their Enemies to compassion, and with their blood they desired peace of the gods, for whose life the gods were accustomed by other Nations to be devoutly importuned. The gods therefore being averse to so horrid an impiety, when a long time they had fought unfortunately in Sicily, the war being translated into Sardina, they were overthrown in a great battle, having lost the best part of their Army, for which they commanded Macheus (under whose conduct they had subdued a part of Sicily, and performed great achievements against the Africans) to be banished with the part of the Army which remained: Which the Soldiers took so heavily, that they sent Ambassadors to Carthage, who in the first place were to desire the liberty to return into their Country, and a pardon for their unhappy warfare, and if not, to declare unto them, That if they could not obtain it by entreaties, they would command it by arms. When the threatenings as well as the Petitions of the Ambassadors were despised, they not long after having embarked themselves▪ did advance in arms unto the City. There having called both the gods and men to witness, that they came not to ruin, but to be restored to their Country, and to manifest to the Citizens, that in the managing of the former war, they wanted not valour, but fortune, having besieged the City, and cut off all provisions from coming to it, they brought the Carthaginians to the lowest desperation. In the mean time, Cartalo the Son of the banished Machaeus, when he was sent for by his Father, as he passed by the Leaguer in his return from Tyre (to which place he was sent by the Carthaginians to carry the Tenths to Hercules out of the Sicilian prey, which his Father took) he returned answer, That he would first discharge the obligations of public Religion before the duties of private piety; This answer, although it much troubled his Father, yet he durst not offer any violence to Religion; Not long after, the people having made Cartalo their Agent, to desire that Machaeus would suffer provisions to be brought with safety to the City, when he came unto his Father, being clothed in purple and the fillets of the Priesthood hanging down from his Mitre, his Father calling him aside did speak unto him; And how darest thou, wretch as thou art, to approach into the presence of so many miserable Citizens clothed in that purple & glistering with gold! How darest thou, as it were in triumph to enter into our sad mournful Tents, in such a slowing habit and ornaments of quiet felicity! Couldst thou find none else to whom to vaunt thyself? was there no place so fit for thee as this Camp, where is nothing to be represented, but the sordid condition of thy Father, and the reproaches of his unhappy banishment? Not many days since being sent for by me, thou didst not only proudly despise (I will not say) thy Father, but I am confident, the General of thy own Citizens; And what showest thou more in that purple, and those Crowns, than the titles of my Victories? Since therefore, thou wilt acknowledge nothing of a Father, but the title only of a banished man, I am resolved to show myself not like a Father but a Soldier, and I will make thee an Example that none hereafter shall be so bold as to scorn the unhappy miseries of his Father; having said this, he commanded him to be fastened to a most high Cross, in his gorgeous habiliments in the sight of the whole City. Some few days afterwards he surprised Carthage, and having called forth the people to an Assembly, he complained of the injury of his banishment, he excused the necessity of the war, he forgave the contempt of his former Victories, & having punished the chief Authors of the injurious banishment of the miserable Citizens, he pardoned all the rest; And having put to death ten of the Senators, he restored the City to her former Laws. And not long after being accused to have affected the Kingdom, he suffered double punishment, both for the murder of his Son, and for the violation of the liberties of his Country. In his place Mago was chosen General, by whose industry and courage the wealth of the Carthaginians, and the limits of their Empire, and their glory in the affairs of war increased.   

THE Nineteenth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
MAgo the General of the Carthaginians, having established their government by an orderly course of military Discipline, and confirmed the strength of that City, as well by the art of war as by his policy, deceased, having left behind him two Sons, Asdrubal and Amilcar, who treading in the paths of their Father's virtue, did succeed as well in the greatness, as in the genealogy of their Father. Under their conduct war made against the Illyrians: They fought also against the Africans, demanding the Tribute for the ground of their City, the payment whereof for many years was neglected: But as the cause of the Africans was more just, so their fortune was better; And the war was concluded with them not by Arms, but with the payment of the moneys: And Asdrubal being grievously wounded, died in Sardinia, having delivered up the Government to his brother Amilcar: The general lamentation in the City, and his eleven Dictatorships, and four Triumphs, did make his death the more remarkable. The courage also of the Enemy did increase, as if the Carthaginians had lost their Army with their Captain; The people therefore of Sicilia having addressed themselves to Leonidas brother of the King of the Spartans' (by reason of the daily injuries committed by the Carthanigians) the war between them continued long with various success. Whiles these things were in action, Ambassadors came to Carthage from Darius' King of the Persians, bringing an Edict with them, in which the Carthaginians were forbidden to sacrifice men upon their Altars, as also to eat the flesh of dogs, they were also commanded to burn, and not to bury in the ground the bodies of the dead; they desired also aid of the Carthaginians against the Grecians, on whom Darius was resolved to make war. But the Carthaginians refusing to send Auxiliaries by reason of the daily wars with their Neighbours, did readily obey him in the rest, lest that they might seem to be obstinate altogether. Amilcar in the mean time was killed in the Sicilian war, having left behind him three Sons, Hamilco, Hanno, and Gisco. Asdrubal also had the same number of Sons, Annibal, Asdrubal, and Sappho, by whom the affairs of the Carthaginians were governed in those times; they invaded the Mauritanians, and fought against the Numidians; and the Africans were compelled to remit the Tribute which was demanded for their City: Afterwards when so a great a Family of the chief Commanders began to be heavy to the City, because they did act and determine all things of themselves, the City made choice of one hundred of the Senators, unto whom the Generals (returning from the war) were to give an account of what they had done for the public service, that being under the power of this supreme Court, they might so in war dispose of their Commands, that they might have a regard to Justice and to the Laws at home. Amilco succeeded General in Sicily in the place of Amilcar, who when he made many successful encounters, both by Sea and Land, did at last on a sudden, lose all his Army by the rage of a pestilential Planet. Which when it was reported at Carthage, the City was so full of sorrow and lamentation, as if it had been taken itself: The shops and houses were shut up; so were the Temples of the gods; no public duties of religion were performed, and all Offices intermitted which belonged to the administration of justice. They all slocked in throngs to the Haven, and asked those few who came out of the ships (who escaped the fury of the mortality) how their Sons and kinsmen did; and when they were assured of their deaths, of which before they were uncertain, and were in some hopes that the Reports were false, they filled all the shore with their lamentations; nothing was heard but sighs and throbs, and the sad complaints of the unhappy Parents. In the mean time, the distressed General Amilco came down out of his own ship, raggedly clothed, and in the habit of a servant; the multitudes of the mourners pressed round about him to behold him; And he amongst the rest lifting up his hands to Heaven, sometimes bewailed his own, and sometimes the public fortune; sometime he accused the gods who took from them so many Ornaments and Trophies of the war, and of the victories which they had given them, and had destroyed the victorious Army, not by war but pestilence, so many Cities being taken, and the Enemies so often overcome in the battles both by Sea and Land; Howsoever, he said, he brought some comfort to the Citizens, that the Enemies though they might rejoice, yet they could not glory in their calamity, for they could neither say, that those who were dead were killed, or that those who returned, were routed by them. The booty he said, which the Enemy found in their abandoned Tents, was not such as they could boast to be the spoils of a conquered Enemy, but such as by the casual deaths of their Masters, they had seized upon, being poor and transitory things, which no body was left to own; & that in relation to their enemies, they departed Conquerors, but in the relation to the plagues, they departed conquered: Howsoever, he affirmed that he took nothing more near unto his heart, then that he could not die himself amongst so many most valiant men, and was preserved not for any delight which he took in life, but only to be the sport of calamity; yet nevertheless, having brought the miserable relics of his Army to Carthage, he would follow also himself his deceased Soldiers, and would make it apparent to his Country, that he did not continue to that day, because he had a mind to live, but that he would not by his death, betray these whom the direful pestilence had spared, by leaving them amongst the Armies of their Enemies. With this Resolution and complaint, having entered the City, as he came to the threshold of his own door, he dismissed the multitude that followed him with his last Farewell unto them, and having locked the door, with his sword he put a period to his own life, not admitting any, not so much as his own Sons to come unto him.   

THE Twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
THe Carthaginians being driven out of Sicily, Dionysius seized upon the command of the whole Island, and thinking so great an Army without action would be prejudicial to his Kingdom, he transported his forces into Italy, that the Soldiers should be both exercised with continual labour, and the bounds of his Kingdom enlarged; His first war there was amongst the Grecians who inhabited the next Coasts of the Italian Sea, who beings overcome, he assaulted all their Neighbours, and destined to himself all the Grecians that possessed Italy, who at that time enjoyed not only a part but almost all Italy; for many Cities after so great a Tract of Antiquity, do to this day demonstrate that they received their original from the Grecians. For the people of Tuscany, who inhabit the Coast of the lower Sea, did come from Lydia; And Troy being taken and sacked, did send forth the Venetians, who are the Inhabitants on the Coasts of the upper Sea under Antenor their Commander; Adria also which is washed by the Illyrian Sea, is a Greek City which gives a name to the Adriatic, and so is Arpos which (Troy being overthrown) Diomedes builded, being brought by shipwreck into that place; Pisca also amongst the Ligurians, is beholding to the Grecians for her original. And amongst the Tuscans, Tarquinia derives her beginning from the Thessalians, and the Spinambrians and Perusians from the Achaians; What shall I speak of the City Cere, and the Latin people who seem to be planted by Aeneas? And are not the Falicians, Japigians, Nolans, Abelans, Plantations from Calcedo in Greece? What shall I speak of all the Provinces of Campania? What shall I speak of the Brutians, Sabinians, and the Samnites? what of the Tarentins which we have read did come from Lacedaemon, and were called Spurii. It is recorded that Philoctetes did build the City of the Thurins, whose Monument is yet to be seen in that place; As also the Arrows of Hercules which were the first ruin of Troy, are to be seen in the Temple of Apollo. The Metapontins also do show in the Temple of Minerva those Tools of Iron with which Epeus, from whom they are derived, did build the Trojan horse; by reason of these Inhabitants, all that part of Italy is called Graecia major.  
But in the beginning of these Originals, the Metapontins with the Sybarits and Crotonians, did resolve to drive all the other Grecians out of Italy; and having first of all taken by force the City of Syris, they killed fifty young men, embracing the Image of Minerva, and the Priestess herself amongst the Altars of the Goddess, having on her the Sacerdotial ornaments. Wherefore when they were punished with pestilence and sedition; the Crotonians first of all repaired to the Oracle at Delphos for a remedy, to whom it was answered, That an end to their calamity would ensue, if they would pacify the violated power of Minerva, and the ghosts of the slaughtered young men: Therefore when they began in the first place to erect the Statue of Minerva; and afterwards of the young men according to the just proportion of their bodies, the Metapontins' having understood the Oracle of the gods, did resolve to be as forward in the Religion as they, and erected small Images of stone to the young men, and pacified the goddess with Manufactures of Wool. And thus the Plague was ceased in both places, the one striving who should exceed in magnificence, and the other in swiftness: The Crotonians being recovered to their health, were not long quiet. But being discontented, that in the taking of the City of Syris, the Locrensians did send Auxiliaries against them, they made war upon them, which so troubled the Locrensians, that they besought aid of the Lacedæmonians; The Lacedæmonians being unwilling to employ their forces into so remote a war, did advise them to crave aid of Castor & Pollux; Neither did the Ambassadors despise the counsel of their friends; And departing to the next Temple, having offered sacrifice, they implored the assistance of the gods, and having obtained as they thought what they desired, and being as joyful as if they should carry the gods themselves with them, they placed Cushions for them in the ship, and by a fortunate adventure they brought home comfort to their distressed Army in the stead of help. This being known, the Crotonians themselves did send Ambassadors to the Oracle at Delphos, imploring the grant of victory, and prosperous events in th● wars to come. It was answered, that the Enemies were first to be overcome by Votes, and afterwards by Arms.  
Hereupon the Locrensians devoted to Apollo the Tithes or Tenths of their booty, having understood that the Crotonians had devoted but the ninth part, which they reserved with great privacy, lest the answer of the god being known, they should be overcome in their Votes. Therefore when both Armies were drawn into battle-array, and there were marshaled in the Field one hundred and twenty thousand armed men of the Crotonians, the Locrensians looking upon their own Musters, which could not at the most amount to above fifteen thousand men, having abandoned all hope of Victory, they did destinate themselves to a certain death; and so honourable an heat did grow upon them all out of this desperation, that in the battle they thought themselves to be Conquerors, if they died not unrevenged. Thus whiles they desired to die honourably, they overcame happily; and their despair was the original of their Victory. In the heat and height of the labour of their sword, an Eagle constantly appeared to fly in the front of the Locrensian Army, and sometimes wheeling about the wings of the Army, she would immediately return and be seen again to hover over them, until they were become Masters of the Field. In the wings of their battle there were also seen two young men to fight in Armour far different from others, and remarkable by the height and greatness of their bodies, and by their white horses, and co●cineous paludaments; neither did they appear any longer than whiles the battles were fight.  
The incredible swiftness of the report of the victory did increase the wonder of it: For on the same day on which the Battle was fought in Italy, the Victory of the Locrensians was reported at Corinth and Athens, and at Lacedaemon. After this, the Crotonians delighted themselves, neither in the exercises of honour, nor in the use of Arms, for they hated what so unhappily they undertook, and had changed their lives into luxury, had it not been for the documents of Pythagoras the Philosopher, who being born at Samos, was the Son of Demaratus a rich Merchant; he was endued with excellent gifts of wisdom and understanding, and traveled first into Egypt, and afterwards to Babylon to learn the motion of the Stars, and to understand the beginning of the World; And having therein attained to the perfection of knowledge, he returned to Crect and Lacedaemon, to instruct himself in the Laws of Minos and Ly●urgus, with which (their Laws being the most famous of all in those days) he reduced the people of Crotona from the abuse of riot by his example, to the use of temperance and frugality. He daily extolled virtue, and cried down the vices of luxury, and did number to them how many Cities were destroyed by this devouring sin; and at last he was so much followed by the multitude, that what was thought almost incredible, even some of the most riotous of those people were converted into the manners and principles of the most thrifty of men. He had several Schools and several Auditories, and distinctly taught the Matrons from the men, & the children from their Parents: He taught the Matron's chastity, and obsequiousness towards their husbands; and he taught their husband's temperance, and to be lovers of Learning. He always prompted both unto frugality, as if it were the mother of all virtues, and by his daily disputation he so prevailed that the Matrons did leave off their Garments of gold, and other ornaments of their dignity, as the instruments of luxury; and these ornaments being brought them into the Temple of Juno, they were by these Matrons consecrated to the goddess herself, professing that the best ornaments of Matrons was chastity and not gorgeous apparel: How much also he prevailed by conquest on the young men, the conquered spirits of the contumacious women ●id declare. But when three hundred of the young men having obliged themselves by oath, through the Interest of their society, did like Separatists segregate themselves from the rest of their Citizens, being suspected to hold a clandestine Conspirary, they exasperated the Citizens against them, who would have burned them altogether being convened in one house. In this tumult there perished about threescore of them; the rest were condemned to banishment. Pythagoras' having lived twenty years at Crotona, did remove himself to Metapontum, in which City he died; they had there so great an admiration of him, that they made of his house a Temple, and did worship him as a god.  
Dionysius the Tyrant having (as before we mentioned) transported his Army out of Sicily into Italy, and made war upon the Grecians who there inhabited, he overcame the Locrians, and did assault the Crotonians through a long respite scarce resuming new strength, so great was their overthrow of their former war; they now more valiantly resisted with a few men the powerful Army of Dionysius, then heretofore with many thousands they resisted the inconsiderable number of the Locrensians: So much virtue hath poverty against insolent riches, and sometimes so much more certain is a dispaired then a presumed Victory.  
In the mean time, the Ambassadors of the Gauls, who not many Months before had burned Rome, did address themselves to Dionysius making wars in Italy, and desired a league and friendship of him, they affirmed that their Nation was now seated between his Enemies, and would be of great concernment to him, both to attend him in the Van▪ or to defend him if his Enemies should take the advantage to press upon him in the Rear.  
This Embassy was acceptable to Dionysius; wherefore having entered into a league with them, and reinforced his Army with Auxiliaries from them, he did begin the war again. The cause which brought these Gauls to seek new habitations in Italy, was civil discord and daily dissensions at home, being weary with the tediousness whereof, when they came in multitudes into Italy, they did drive the Tuscans from their possessions, and builded Milan, Comum, Brixia, Verona, Bergomum, Tridentum, and Vincentia. The Tuscans at the same time under the command of Rhetus, having lost their ancient habitations, did possess themselves of the Alps, and called the Country which they commanded Rhetia, after the name of their Commander.  
Not long afterwards, Dionysius was called back into Sicily by the Carthaginians, who having recovered themselves by the aggregation of new Forces, did begin the war again which they had abandoned by reason of the Pestilence. Hanno was chosen General of the war, whose Enemy Suniator the most powerful at that time of all the Carthaginians, when in hatred to him he had frequently in the Greek Tongue acquainted Dionysius of the approach of the Army, and of the temper and sloth of the General, the letters being intercepted, he was accused of Treason, and condemned for it, and an Act was passed by the Senate, that no Carthaginian should afterwards either speak or write in the Greek Tongue, that they might hold no discourse, nor write unto the Enemy without an Interpreter: Not long after Dionysius, whom neither Sicily nor Italy could contain, being overcome and wearied out with the daily encounters in the war, was slain by the treachery of his own Soldiers.   

THE One and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
DIonysius the Tyrant being slain in Sicily, the Soldiers did substitute in his place his eldest Son, who was called after his Father's Name, both for the maturity of his Age, and that the Kingdom might be more firmly united, if it continued in the power of one man, then if it should be by parts divided amongst many of his children. But Dionysius in the beginning of his reign had a desire to take away his Uncles as those who would be partakers with him in his Kingdom, and be the persuaders of his brothers to have it divided amongst them. And the better to dissemble his design, he thought it requisite in the first place to assure himself of the good opinion of the people, being more excusedly to perform what he had determined, if he stood fast in the approbation of them all. He delivered therefore out of prison three thousand that lay there in chains together, and for three years dismissed the payment of all tributes, and by all Artifices solicited the affections of all men to him.  
Then resolving to put in practice his contrived villainy, he put to the sword not only the kinsmen of his brothers, but even his brothers themselves, beginning his tyranny first in his own Family before he exercised it in others, and left not so much as the spirit of fraternal consortment to those to whom he owed a consortment in his Kingdom. His emulators being thus taken away, and falling into sloth, he became unwieldy in his body by too much riot, and contracted so great a weakeness in his eyes, that he could not endure the Sun or Dust, or any splendour of light: By reason of which, believing that he began to become despicable, he committed outrageous cruelties, and filled not as his Father the prisons with enchained Citizens, but filled the City with the murders of them, by which he grew both contemptible and hateful unto all. Therefore when the Syracusians had determined war against him, he was in a great suspense whether he should lay down his royal Authority, or make resistance in war against them; but his Soldiers propounding to themselves a great booty, and the plundering of the City, he was enforced by them to try it out in battle with them. Being overcome, when not long after he had the same ill fortune in the fight again, he sent Ambassadors to Syracuse, promising to lay down his tyranny, if they would send some to him to agree upon Articles for a peace.  
The Syracusians sending some of the most eminent in their City to him, he commanded them to prison, and brought his Army to overthrow their City, which at that present feared no assault, nor the approach of any Enemy at all: The fight was a long time doubtful in the City, but the Citizens overcoming with their multitudes, Dionysius was routed and beaten out of it. And fearing to be besieged in the Tower, he fled privately into Italy with all his Princely furniture: Being there as a banished man, he was received by the Locrensians, who were in friendship with him, and he possessed himself of their Tower, where he exercised his accustomed cruelties: He commanded the wives of the chiefest of the City to be deflowered; He took away the Virgins by force, and having ravished them, he returned them to those who were to espouse them: The most wealthy of all the City he commanded to be expelled, or to be slain, and did confiscate their goods; And when there was not the least occasion for any further rapine, he circumvented the whole City by this studied project. When the Locrensians were oppressed by the war of Leophron Tyrant of Rhegium, they vowed if they were Conquerors, they would prostitute their Virgins on a day dedicated to Venus. This vow being unperformed, when they made unfortunate wars against the Lucanians, Dionysius called them to a public Assembly, and did exhort them to send their wives and daughters into the Temple of Venus, dressed in the richest clothes they could put on, and that one hundred of them, chosen by lot, might perform the public vow, and that for Religion's sake, they might stand one whole Month in the open Stews, all men having before taken an Oath not to defile any of them▪ And that the Virgins might not be deceived, performing the Vows of the City, he ordained that not a Maid should be married until husbands were first provided for them: This counsel being approved, in which provision was made both for the superstition and the chastity of the Virgins, the women adorned in the most sumptuous manner did come in throngs to the Temple of Venus, every one of whom Dionysius despoiled, having sent in Soldiers to the Temple, and converted the Ornaments of the Matrons into his own Wardrobe. He killed also some of the Husbands of the richest of them: and some women he tormented to betray their Husband's wealth; when by these arts he reigned six years, being driven from the City by the Confederacy of the Citizens, he returned into Sicily, and after a long peace, all men being secure, he became Master of Syracuse by treachery.  
Whiles these things were thus managed in Sicily, Hanno the General of the Carthaginians in Africa employed his own treasure, in which he exceeded the bank of the Commonwealth, to become absolute Sovereign of all, and attempted having first killed the Senate, to usurp the Kingdom. For the acting of this wickedness, he set apart a solemn day for the marriage of his Daughter, that by the religion of his Vows, he might both the better commit and conceal his abominable design. He prepared a Feast for the people in the public places, and for the Senate in his own house, that with Cups infected with poison, he might more secretly and without any witnesses destroy them, and the more easily invade the Commonwealth deprived of her Magistrates. This being betrayed to the Senators by his servants, the wicked plot was declined but not revenged, lest in a man so powerful the plot should prove more prejudicial being known then concealed. Being therefore contended by a decree to put a measure to the charges of marriages, they commanded it not to be observed by one or some few, burr by all in general, that the person might not seem to be pointed at, but the vice corrected. Being prevented by this Counsel, he again incited the slaves to a Rebellion; and having appointed another day for the slaughter of the Senators, when he found that he was the second time prevented, fearing to be called into judgement, he possessed himself of a fortified Castle having armed twenty thousand slaves.  
There whiles he incited the Africans and the King of Mauritania to make war on the Carthaginians, he was taken, and being scourged with rods, his eyes pulled out, and his hands and legs broken, that a due punishment might be exacted of every one of his members, he was put to death in the sight of the people, and his body torn with rods, was fastened on a Cross. His Sons also, and all his kindred though innocent were delivered to the Executioner, that not ●one of so nefarious a Family should remain either to imitate his wickedness, or to revenge his death.  
In the mean time, Dionysius being received by the Syracusians, when he grew every day more grievous and cruel to the City, was besieged by a new conspiracy, and having at last laid down both his Tyranny and his Army, he delivered the Tower to the Syracusians, and taking with him some necessaries for a private fortune, he betook himself to a banished life in Carinth, and there conceiving things most humble to be most safe, he descended into a most sordid condition of life, for being not contented to foot it up and down in public, but to drink also, and not only to be seen in Taverns and Houses of wantonness, but to continue in them many days together, he would quarrel with the vilest scum upon the basest subject, and be seen all in rags and squalid, and rather give an occasion of laughter to others then receive it from them; he would stand in the Shambles and devour with his eyes what he was not able to buy; he would complain of the Bawds and Whores before the Aediles, and do all things in such an importunate rudeness, that he seemed rather to be despised then to be feared. At last, he professed himself to be a Schoolmaster, and taught children in open places, that he might either be seen always in public by those that feared him, or more readily be despised by those that feared him not. And although he abounded with the vices of a Tyrant, yet this dissembling of his vices was not by nature, but by art he counterfeited to have lost all royal shame, being not ignorant how hateful was the very name of Tyrants without their revenues. He endeavoured also to take away the envy of things passed by the contempt of things present, and made use not of honest, but of safe counsel. Nevertheless, amongst those arts of his dissimulation, he was thrice accused to affect the Tyranny again, and his best protection was the despicableness of his person and his fortunes.  
In the mean time the Carthaginians being amazed at the great success of Alexander the Great, fearing that he would add Africa to the Empire of Asia, sent Amilcar, surnamed Rhodanus (a man famous above the rest for eloquence and policy) to discover his intents: Their fear was increased by the taking of the City of Tyre, the mother to their City, and by the building of Alexandria, a City emulous of Carthage on the bounds of afric and Egypt, and by the perpetual felicity of the King, whose desires and whose fortune could not any ways be bounded: Amilcar having obtained access to the King by the means of Parmenio, he dissembled to the King that he fled unto him, being banished from his own Country, and offered himself to serve him in his expedition against it. And having dived into his Counsels, he wrote all things to the Carthaginians in wooden Tables, the Letters being covered with wax. Howsoever, after the death of Alexander, the Carthaginians did put him to death, being returned into his own Country, not only by an ungrateful but with a cruel sentence▪ alleging that he would have betrayed their City unto Alexander the Great.   

THE Two and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
AGathocles the Tyrant of Sicily, who arose to the height and greatness of the former Dionysius, from a base and sordid pedigree did advance himself unto royal Majesty. He was born in Sicily, his Father was a Potter; nor had he a more honest childhood than he had Original; for being admirable in beauty, and the lineaments of his body, he a long time lived by the passive prostitution of his body: And being come to sixteen years of age, he transferred his lust from men to women. Afterwards being infamous with both Sexes, he changed his course of life, and committed Robberies. In process of time he traveled to Syracuse, and was sent for into the City by the Inhabitants, where he lived a long time without reputation; for he had nothing more in fortune to lose, nor in chastity to defile. Being at last an ordinary Soldier, he was as prone to any villainy by a seditious, as he was before by a dissolute life. He was resolute and active, and very eloquent in discourse. In a short time he was made a Centurion & not long afterwards Tribune of the Soldiers. In the first war against the Aetnaeans, he showed the Syracusians excellent demonstrations of his Chivalty. In the following war against the Companions, the opinion which all had of him was so great, that he was chosen General in the place of Damascen deceased, whose wife (having known her first by adultery) he did take unto him in marriage after the death of her husband. And being not contented that of a poor man he suddenly grew rich, he at last turned Pirate against his own Country: It was his safety, that his Companions being taken, and tormented, denied that he had any any interest amongst them. Twice he endeavoured to possess himself of Syracuse, and twice he was driven into banishment for it. In the hatred to the Syracusians he was made first Praetor, and afterwards General by the Murgantins, amongst whom he did lead a banished life: In that war he took the City of the leontin's, and began to besiege the City of Syracuse, to the defence whereof when Amilcar General of the Carthaginians was desired to march, having laid aside all hostile hatred, he sent considerable Forces to relieve it. In one and the same time, the City of Syracuse was defended by her Enemies in a civil love, and was besieged by her Citizens in a civil hatred; But Agathocles when he perceived that the City was more gallantly defended then beleaguered, did by his Messengers Petition to Amilcar, that he would undertake the arbitration for a peace betwixt him and the Syracusians, promising on his part the assured peculiar return of all good Offices that he could expect. Amilcar being possessed with this hope, did enter into a league with him, being induced to it by the fear of his power, considering that what strength by this confederacy he gave to Agathocles against the Syracusians, he added as much to himself for the enlargement of his private fortunes. Therefore Peace was not only made with Agathocles, but he was also made Praetor of Syracuse: After this tapers of wax, being brought forth and lighted, he did swear to Amilcar to be careful upon all occasions to advance the Interests of Carthage. Having then received of him a Garrison of five thousand Africans, he killed all those of greatest power in the City; and intending as it were to form a new Government in the Commonwealth, he commanded the people to be called forth into the Theatre, the Senate being disposed of into another place, as if he would consult with them concerning something before hand; and thus having ordered his affairs, and brought in the Soldiers, he besieged the people, and put the Senators to the sword; and having finished the slaughter of them, he killed those that were most rich, and most forward of the people. This being done, he levied more men, and form an Army, with which he assaulted the neighbouring Cities, fearing no Enemy at all. He also perfidiously provoked with injuries the Associates of the Carthaginians, Amilcar permitting it. Of which the Confederate Cities did complain at Carthage, not only of Agathocles but of Hamilcar: of the one as a domineering Tyrant, and of the other as a Traitor, by whom the fortunes of the Confederates were given to a most deadly Enemy, by the making of a peace with him, and by delivering Syracuse to him as the pledge of their Society, (a City always at enmity with the Carthaginians, and the Rival of Carthage for the command of Sicily) and now at last by delivering up the Cities of their Confederates to the same Agothocles under the title of a friendship, they did declare that those things would suddenly redound to the Carthaginians themselves, and they should suddenly perceive how much evil they brought not only to Sicily but to Africa also. With those complaints the Senate was incensed against Amilcar: But because he had the Command of the Army, they passed silent suffrages on him, and commanded that before they were reported, they should be cast into an urn and sealed up, until another Amilcar, the Son of Gisco, should return from Sicily: But the death of Amilcar prevented these close contrivances, and the dumb suffrages of the Carthaginians, who being injuriously condemned by his own Citizens, his cause unheard, was delivered from them by the friendship of death. This administered a subject to Agathocles to make war against the Carthaginians.  
The first encounter of the war was with Amilcar the Son of Gisco, by whom being overcome, he retreated to Syracuse to renew the war with greater Force; But the fortune of the second battle was the same as of the former; wherefore, when the conquering Carthaginians had laid a close siege to Syracuse, Agathocles finding himself neither equal to them in strength, nor any ways prepared to endure the fury of the siege, and withal (by reason of his cruelty and other offences) that he was forsaken of his Confederates, he resolved to carry the war into Africa. A wonderful boldness it was, that he who was inferior to his Enemy in his own Land and Cities, should translate the war into their Country, and advance to encounter with them abroad, being not able at home to descend himself, and that being overcome he should insult over the Conquerors. The silence of this counsel was no less admirable than was the design he undertook▪ professing only to the people that he had found them out a way to victory: He desired them that they would arm themselves with a resolution patiently for a while to endure the difficulties of the siege; or if the condition of their present fortune was grievous to any of them, he gave them free leave to depart where they pleased; when one thousand and six hundred of them did go away, he provided the rest with corn and money for the necessity of the siege; he only took with him fifty Talents for his present use, being to provide himself with other things rather from his Enemy then his Companions; Having then granted freedom to all the servants that were of age to bear arms, he did oblige them by Oath to be faithful to him, and afterwards shipped them and the greatest part of his Army; and having made equal the condition both of bond and free, he conceived that there would be betwixt them a mutual emulation of virtue. All the rest were left for the defence of his Country.  
In the seventh year of his reign (none of his Soldiers knowing whether they were to be transported) he directed his course to Africa, taking with him his two Sons, who were then of age, Archagathus and Heraclidas; when they all believed that they were imbraked either to plunder Italy or Sardinia, having landed them on the shore of Africa, he declared his design unto them, and informed them in what condition Syracuse was, to whom there was no other help remaining then to do unto their Enemies what they suffered themselves. The war, he said, was managed otherwise at home than it was abroad; Those were only the aids at home, which the strength and Forces of the Country did administer: but abroad the Enemy was often overcome with his own strength, their associates revolting from them, and in the hatred of continued Sovereignty looking after innovation and foreign aids. To this he added that the Cities and Castles of Africa were not encompassed with Walls not builded on the tops of Hills, but lay open in the Champain without any defence, and these might easily be brought to join in society with him to prevent their utter ruin. The war, he said, would be more grievous to the Carthaginians in Africa itself then in Sicily, where they would all join their Forces together against one City more famous by her name then her by strength; and what strength he brought not with him, he would take it there. Neither would the sudden fear of the Carthaginians be of a small moment to the victory, who undoubtedly would tremble, amazed at the gallant confidence of their Enemies; And this terror of theirs would be increased by the firing of their Towns, and the plundering of their Castles and contumacious Cities, and by the spoils of Carthage itself: By all which they should perceive, that war not only lay open to them against others, but to others also against them; and by this means that the Carthaginians might not only be overcome, but Sicily be delivered from the burden of their Forces; for the Enemies would never continue in the besieging of Syracuse, when they were put so hard to it at home. The war he alleged, could never be carried on more easily, nor the booty be more abundant; for Carthage being taken, all Africa and Sicily would be the reward of the Conquerors; Moreover, the glory of this honourable warfare was so great, that it would continue through all Ages, and be determined by no measure of time, it being recorded that they were the only men in the world, who translated to their Enemies the wars which they could not themselves sustain at home, and of their own accord followed the Conquerors, and besieged the besiegers of their own City: He concluded that the war therefore was to be carried on by them all with a gallant & joyful resolution, there being no reward more abundant for the Conquerors, nor any monument more honourable for the conquered. By these exhortations the courages of the Soldiers were erected; but they were amazed again at the portent they beheld, which was that being under Sail the Sun was eclipsed; of which the King gave an account with no less care than was his preparation for the war, he affirmed that if it had happened before they had set forth, it might be believed that it persaged loss unto them, but it coming to pass after they had launched forth, it did portend ill to those against whom they did advance. Moreover, that the natural defect of the Stars did always persage some present change of State, and it was most certain that the condition of Carthage being then in their height of flourish, there was a change persaged by it, and calamity to come.  
The Soldiers being thus comforted, he commanded all the ships to be burned, that they might all understand that the means of their flight being taken away, they must either overcome or fall by the sword. Afterwards having born down all before them wheresoever they did march, and set on fire the Towns and Castles, Hanno General of the Carthaginians did advance to give them battle with an Army of thirty thousand men: The battle being fought, two thousand of the Sicilians, and three thousand of the Carthaginians were slain with the General himself; with this Victory the courages of the Sicilians were erected, and the spirits of the Carthaginians fainted.  
Agathocles, his Enemies being overcome, did sack and raze their Towns and Castles, driving away great booties, and killing many thousands of his Enemies. He afterwards pitched his Tents within five miles of Carthage, that they themselves from the Walls of their Cities might behold the loss of those things which were most precious to them, together with the wasting of their Fields, and the burning of their Towns. In the mean time the great Fame over all Africa of the Army of the Carthaginians being overthrown, and of the taking of their Cities being divulged, a sudden wonder and amazement did invade them from whence should arise so great an overthrow in so potent an Estate, especially from an Enemy overcome: And not long after, not only all Africa, but the most noble of the Cities having followed the novelty, did revolt to Agathocles, and assisted the Conqueror both with corn and money.  
To this calamity of the Carthaginians the news of their Army in Sicily overthrown with their General, did arrive to make up the height of their affliction: For after the deparure of Agathocles out of Sicily, the Carthaginians, being become the more secure in their Leaguer before Syracuse were utterly routed, and cut in pieces by Antander the brother of Agathocles: Therefore when the fortune of the Carthaginians was the same both at home and abroad, not only their tributary Cities, but the Kings who were their Confederates revolted from them, weighing the interests of friendship not by fidelity but success: Amongst others, Offellas King of the Cyrene, who entertained a vain hope to be master of all Africa did by his Ambassadors enter into a League with Agathocles, and accorded with him, that the Carthaginians being overcome, the one should obtain the command of Sicily, and the other of Africa: Therefore Offellas came with a formidable Army into the society of the war; having often dined together, Agathocles who always entertained him with humble submissions and flattering compliments, because Offella had adopted his eldest Son to succeed him in the Kingdom, did at the last kill him, and having possessed himself of his Army, the Carthaginians renewing the war with all their might, were overcome again in a great battle, not without much effusion of blood on both sides. By this overthrow the Carthaginians were brought to so great a desperation, that (if there had not been an insurrection in the Army of Agathocles) Bomilcar who was General of the Carthaginians, had revolted to him with the remainder of his Army: For which offence he was fastened to a Cross in the middle of the Marketplace, to make the same place the monument of his punishment which before was famous for the Installation of his honours. But Bomilcar with so great resolution endured this cruelty of the Citizens, that he declaimed against the wickedness of the Carthaginians from the height of the Cross, as from the height of a judgement-seat: Sometimes he objected how Hanno was circumvented by them with false accusation that he aspired to the Kingdom; sometimes he did call into their memory the banishment of innocent Gisco; sometimes the silent suffrages against his Uncle Amilcar; sometimes he alleged the nature of his own offence, which was that he had rather make Agathocles a friend unto them then an Enemy: After he had roared out this in a great Assembly of the people, he expired. In the mean time, Agathocles having overcome all in Africa, did deliver his Army to his eldest Son Archagathus, and returned into Sicily, conceiving that nothing had been performed in Africa, if Syracuse in Sicily was any longer besieged: For after the slaughter of Amilcar the Son of Gisco, the Carthaginians had sent a new Army thither: Therefore on his first approach, all the Cities of Sicily, having heard of his achievements in Africa, did strive (as if in emulation) which first should surrender itself unto him; and by this means the Carthaginians being driven out of Sicily, he became the absolute Master of the whole Island; And returning afterwards to Africa, he was received by an insurrection of his Soldiers; for his Son had deferred the payment of the Army until his Father returned. Having therefore called them to an Assembly, he stroaked them with fair words, and told them that their Pay was not to be demanded of him, but to be sought for from their Enemy, and that a common victory would produce a common booty: He desired them to be patient but a little until the relics of the war were ended, and when Carthage was taken, he would satisfy all their hopes. The military tumult being thus pacified, some few days afterwards, he did bring his Army to the Camp of his Enemies, and inconsiderately engaging with them, he lost the greatest part of his Army. Therefore when he was fled into his Tents, and saw the envy and blame of the ill managed war turned upon himself, and feared withal the former offence of having not paid his Army, he fled away about midnight, having not any with him but his Son Archagathus, which when his Soldiers understood, they were struck with so great a fear, as if they had been all taken by their Enemies. They declared that they were twice abandoned by their King in the midst of all their Enemies, and that their safety was forsaken by him who ought by the Law of Arms to take care of their burial. When they would have purchased their King who was received by the Numidians, they were enforced to fly back unto their Tents; but Archagathus was taken by them, who had lost his Father in the error of the night. In the mean time, Agathocles had embarked himself for Syracuse in the same ships which brought him from Sicily. He was a singular Example; a King, and yet the forsaker of his Army; and a Father, and yet the betrayer of his children: But his Soldiers having articled for an agreement in Africa, after the flight of the King, did deliver themselves to the Carthaginians, having first killed the Sons of Agathocles. Archagathus being commanded to be slain by Archesilaus' his Father's old friend, demanded of him, what he thought that Agothocles would do by his children by whom he was made childless: To whom he answered, That it was enough for him to understand that they outlived the children of Agathocles. After this the Carthaginians sent Commanders into Sicily●, to prosecute the relics of the war, with whom on equal conditions Agathocles did conclude a peace.   

THE Three and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
AGathocles King of Sicily, having made peace with the Carthaginians, subdued part of the Cities dissenting from him through confidence of their own strength. Afterwards, as if he had been confined too closely in the bounds of one Island, a part whereof in his first beginnings he could not presume so much as to hope for, he transported his Army into Italy, following the example of Dionysius who subdued many Cities in that Nation. His first Enemies were the Brutii, who appeared to him to be the most valiant and the most rich, and by their situation most prompt to be injured by their neighbours; for they had driven from Italy the Inhabitants of many Cities, who had been Grecians, and in war had overcome the Lucanians from whom they had derived their Original, and had afterwards made peace with them on equal terms: So great was the wildness of their nature, that they would not spare their own Original. For the Lucanians were accustomed to institute their children in the same Laws as the Lacedæmonians did: For in their beginning to be striplings, they were bred up in the Woods amongst the Shepherds without any to attend them, and without any garment to put on, or to lie down in, that so in their first years they might inure themselves to hardness and frugality without any accommodation of the City: Their food was what they got by Hunting; their drink, honey and milk, and the crystal of the Fountain; And thus they by degrees were hardened to the labours of the war. Fifty of their number were first accustomed to plunder the Fields of their neighbours, their multitude increasing, and solicited by the prey, they troubled all the Countries round about them.  
Therefore Dionysius the Tyrant of Sicily, being wearied with the complaints of his Confederates, did send six hundred Africans to suppress them, whose Castle (it being betrayed to them by a woman called Brutia they surprised and planted there a City; the Shepherd's flocking thither to behold and inhabit the new City, called themselves Bruti●, after the name of the woman. Their first war was with the Lucanians, the au horse of their original; and being elevated with the victory over them, when they had made a peace on equal terms, they subdued the rest of their Neighbours, and in a short time purchased so much wealth, that they seemed formidable even unto Kings. At last, Alexander King of Epirus, when he came with a great Army to the assistance of the Grecian Cities, was destroyed by them with all his Forces; whereupon, the resolutions of them being inflamed by the success of their felicity, they became terrible to their own Neighbours. At last, Agathocles being implored to invade them, in the hope of enlarging his Territories, he passed from Sicily into I aly. The Brutians being startled at the noise 〈◊〉 his approach, did send Ambassadors into Sicily to him, desiring his society and right ●and of friendship, whom Agothocles deluded; for having invited them to supper, he promised them audience the next day, and on the morning following he embarked his Army for Italy, the Ambassadors suspecting no such thing: But the event of the deceit was not fortunate; for not long after the violence of his disease did enforce him to return into Sicily, and being taken over all his body (the pestiferous humour raging in all his nerves and every joint) he was assaulted as it were with an inward war of every member. By this desperation of his Recovery, a war began betwixt his Son and his Nephew, both challenging the Kingdom, as if he had been dead; in this war his Son being slain, his Nephew possessed himself of the Kingdom. Agathocles, when the painfulness of his disease, and the difficulty of the cure and the anguish of his mind did daily increase, and one malady did grow upon and strive to overtake and exceed the former, despairing of his life, did by Sea send back his wife Theogena to Egypt from whence he fetched her, and two small children which he begot of her, with all his money, family, and Princely moveables, in which none of the Kings then living did exceed him; fearing lest the fury of his Enemy, who usurped and plundered his Kingdom, should se●●e on them also. Nevertheless his wife would not be a● long 〈…〉 me plucked from the embraces of her sick husband, and did beseech him, That her departure might not be added to the cruelty of his Nephew, and she might seem as unconscionably to forsake her husband, as he to have made war against his Uncle; she affirmed that when she married him, she not only undertaken to be a partaker in his prosperities, but in all fortunes whatsoever, and would willingly purchase with the danger of her own life the sad happiness to receive the last breath of her husband, and perform his funeral Rights, in which (she being gone) there was none left to succeed her with that obsequiousness of piety which was due unto him. His little children departing, did hang upon their father, and embraced him with many doleful complaints. On the other part, his wife who should see her husband no more, did weary him with her kisses; and no less miserable were the tears of the old man: The Mother and Children bewailed the dying Father, the Father bewailed his banished wife and children. They at their departure lamented the melancholy estate of the old and sick man their Father: he lamented the condition of his children, and that they should be left in misery whom he had brought up unto the hope of a Kingdom. Amongst these complaints all the Court resounded with the lamentations of the Standards, to behold this so sad a departure; at length the necessity of their Journey, did impose an end to their tears; and the death of the King did follow his travelling Family.  
Whiles these things were in agitation, the Carthaginians understanding how the affairs were carried in Sicily, conceiving that an occasion was offered to them to become Masters of the whole Island, they passed thither with a great Army, and subdued many Cities. At the same time, Pyrrhus made war against the Romans, and being desired by the Sicilians to assist them (as hath been mentioned heretofore) when he came to Syracuse, and had there conquered many places, he was called as well King of Sicily as of Epirus. In which felicity rejoicing, he bestowed on his Son Helenus, whom he begat on the daughter of Agathocles, the Kingdom of Sicily, as descending to him by the privilege of Inheritance, and gave to his Son Alexander the Kingdom of Italy: After this he made many prosperous battles with the Carthaginians. In the process of time, there came Ambassadors from his Confederates in Italy, reporting that they could not resist the Romans, and that they must surrender all unto them unless they were relieved with sudden supplies. Being perplexed with this doubtful danger, and uncertain what to determine, or whom first to assist, he providently consulted for the safefy of both. For the Carthaginians pressing him on this side, and the Romans on the other, it appeared dangerous unto him not to transport his Army into Italy, but far more dangerous to abandon Sicily, lest that the one should not appear forsaken, nor the other lost for the want of Recruits. In this tempest of growing dangers, the safest haven of Counsels did appear to fight it out in Sicily with all the powers he could make; and the Carthaginians being beaten, to carry his conquering Army into Italy. The battles therefore being joined, although he overcame his Enemies, yet because he withdrew his Army from Sicily, he was interpreted to be overcome, and his Confederates revolting from him, he lost speedily the Kingdom of Sicily, as he easily did obtain it. But having found no better fortune in Italy, he returned into Epirus: His fortune in both these places was as admirable as exemplar; For as before in his prosperity, the happiness of his affairs flowing above and beyond his desires, he added the command of Italy to Sicily, and grew glorious by many victories against the Romans: ●so now in his adversity, his Fortune having destroyed what she had builded, and made him an example of humane frailty, she added to the loss of Sicily the ruin of his Navy at Sea; and the disgraceful battle against the Romans, and his dishonourable departure from Italy.  
After his departure from Sicily also, Hiero was made chief Magistrate, whose moderation was so great, that with the approbation of all the Citizens, he was created General against the Carthaginians, and not long afterwards King. His infant Education was a Prophetess of his future Majesty; for he was the Son of Hieroclytus a noble man, who derived his original from Gelus an ancient Tyrant of Sicily, but his birth on the Mother's side was sordidly ignominious: For he was begotten on a Maydservant, who was his mother; and therefore it was commanded by his Father, that he should be exposed as the disgrace and dishonour of his Family. But the Bees having laid honey round about him where he was left, did nourish him, being very young, and wanting all humane comfort for many days; by reason of which his Father being admonished by the South▪ sayers, who persaged in their songs that the Kingdom was portended to him, did cause him to be brought home, and with all his care and endeavour, did instruct and bring up to that hope of Majesty which was promised; being but a boy at Shool amongst his companions, a Wolf suddenly appearing, took his book from him; and being a young man, and learning his first rudiments in the art of war, an Eagle parched on his buckler, and on Owl on his Spear; which did presage, that he should be wary in Counsel, high in courage, and be crowned a King at last. He often fought with those that challenged him, and always returned a Conqueror; he was rewarded by King Pyrrhus with many Military gifts; he was as admirable for his strength as for the beauty of his body; pleasing in discourse, just in employment, moderate in command, and nothing could be seen that was wanting in him of a King, but the Kingdom only.   

THE Four and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
WHile these things were thus managed in Sicily, King Ptolemy surnamed Ceraunicus, and Antiochus and Antigonus dissenting in Greece and making war amongst themselves, almost all the Cities of Greece being encouraged by it, as if an occasion were offered them to recover their liberty, did send to one another; and by their Ambassadors having obliged themselves into a league of friendship, they did break forth into an apparent war; & that they might not seem to make war with Antigonus, they assaulted the Aetolians his Confederates, pretending that the cause of the war was because they had by force possessed themselves of the Cyrean Fields, which by the consent of all Greece, were dedicated to Apollo.  
To this war, they made choice of Arras for their General, who with a prepared Army▪ did spoil both the Cities and wrecks of Corn which was laid up in those Fields, and what they could not take, they did set on fire: Which when the Aetolian Shepherds beheld from the tops of the Mountains, having drawn themselves together into a body of five hundred, they pursued their scattered Enemies, not knowing how numerous they were, because the amazement of the sudden assault, and the smoke of the fire had taken from them the full discovery of their Enemies, and having killed nine thousand of them, they put the residue to fight.  
After this the Spartans' beginning the war again, many of the Cities denied them aid, conceiving that they sought not after liberty, but the sovereign command of Greece. In the mean time, the wars amongst the Kings were ended; for Ptolemy having beaten away Antigonus, and possessed himself of the Kingdom of all Macedonia, did make peace with Antiochus, and joined in affinity with Pyrrhus, his daughter being given to him in marriage; and being safe from all fear of a foreign Enemy, he turned his unrighteous mind to commit domestic wickedness, and by treachery prepared the destruction of Arsinoe his sister, that he might both deprive her Sons of life, and herself of the possession of the City of Cassandria. His first artifice was by dissembling his love to convert his sister in the way of marriage; for he could not otherwise then by the pretence of love find access to the Sons of his sister whose Kingdom he would enjoy. But this wicked design of Ptolemy was made known unto her; but he did send her word (not giving any belief unto him) that he would come and join with her Sons in the fellowship of the Kingdom, with whom he would not contend in arms to force the Kingdom from them, but because he would more confirm it on them by his presence and assistance. To this effect, he desired that she would send one to be the Attestator of his oath, before whom he would oblige himself with what obsecrations she would desire in the presence of the gods of his Country. Arsinoe was uncertain what to resolve upon, fearing, if she should send, she should be deceived by perjury: and if she should not send, she should pull upon her the fury of her brother's cruelty. But more careful for her children then for herself, whom she thought she should be the better able to protect by her marriage with her brother, she sent Dione one of her friends, who being brought into the most holy Temple of Jupiter (a Temple of the ancient Religion of the Macedons) Ptolemy having laid his hands on the Altars and touching the Images and Cushions of the gods, did swear by unheard of and devoted imprecations, that he most sincerely did desire the marriage of his sister, and that he would call her his Queen, neither would he ever in the disgrace of her take any other wife, or own any other children but her Sons. Arsinoe after she was delivered from fear, and became pregnant with hope, and had conference with her brother, whose countenance and flattering eyes promised no less belief than did his Oaths, although Ptolemy his Son did apparently dissuade her, and informed her of the deceit, yet she consented to marry with her Brother. The Nuptials were celebrated with great solemnity, and with the public joy of the people. And Ptolemy having that day called forth the Army to an Assembly, he there imposed a Diadem on the head of his sister, and called her his Queen; with which title Arsinoe being transported with joy (because she had now regained that which she had lo●t before by the death of her former husband Lysimachus) did of her own accord invite her husband to her City of Cassandria, for the desire of which the deceit was contrived: And going before to complete the preparations, she commanded that a holiday should be observed in the City for the approach of her Husband, and that the Houses, Temples and the streets should be adorned, and that Altars should be erected everywhere, and that sacrifices should be in a readiness. She also commanded her two Sons, Lysimachus of sixteen years of Age, and Philip three years younger, being both of an excellent feature and complexion, to meet him with Crowns on their heads. Ptolemy the better to conceal his deceit, having greedily embraced them both (and beyond the measure of true affection) did a long time even smother them with his kisses. When he approached to the Gate of the City, he commanded the Citadel to be seized on, and the two boys to be slain, who when they fled to their Mother, they were killed in her very lap as she was kissing them; Arsinoe exclaiming that Ptolemy had committed so abominable a crime under the pretence of marriage, and offered herself to the Executioners for her children, and oftentimes with her own body she protected the embraced bodies of her children, and would willingly receive the wounds which were intended to them: At the last being denied to be present at the funerals of her children, she was brought out of the City with two handmaids only, her garments torn, and her hair dishevelled, to lead a banished life in Samothracia, being so much the more miserable, that it could not be permitted to her to die with her own children.  
But this wickedness of Ptolemy was not unrevenged; for the immortal gods revenging so many perjures and cruel Parricides, he was not long after despoiled of his Kingdom by the Gauls, and being taken, he lost his life by the sword as he deserved. For the Gauls (their multitudes abounding, when the Land ●n which they were born could not contain them) did send as it were like vagabond sojourners three hundred thousand men to look out new habitations: Part of them sat down in Italy, who took and set on fire the City of Rome; part of them (through the Armies of the Barbarians who opposed them) did out their way into the Coasts of Illyria, and inhabited Pannonia, following the auspication of the birds, in which Art the Gauls excel above all others; a hardy, bold, and warlike Nation, who first after Hercules (to whom this attempt gave an admiration for his virtue, and a belief of immortality) did pass over the unconquered H l of the Alps, and places intractible by the extremity of cold, where having overcome the Pannonians, they for many years made sundry wars with their Neighbours. Afterwards by the temptations of success, having divided their strength, some of them advanced as far as Greece, some as far as Macedonia, laying all things waste before them. So great was the terror of their Name, that Kings not provoked by them would of their own accords buy their p ace with vast sums of money: Only Ptolemy King of Macedonia d●● without ●e●r at end the arrival of the Gauls, and with a few S●u●d●ers, and those disordered (s if wars were managed with no less d fficulty then parricides were committed) e did advance to meet them being tormented with the furies of his bloody Acts. He despised also the Embassage of the Dardanians, offering him twenty thousand armed men to aid him, adding this to their contumely, that Macedonia was in a sad condition, if when they alone overcame all the East, they should now stand in need of the Dardanian Citizens to be revenged of their Enemies: He boasted that he had the Sons of those in his Army, who being Conquerors under Alexander the Great, made all the World tributary to him.  
Which when it was reported to King Dardanus, he said that the renowned Kingdom of Macedonia would shortly fall by the rashness of one heady young man. But the Gauls under the command of Belgius, did send Ambassadors to Ptolemy, to try the Resolutions of the Macedons, offering him peace if he would purchase it with money; But Ptolemy vaunted to his Subjects, that the Gauls did supplicate to him to have peace for fear of the war, and did speak as insolently to the Ambassadors as to his Subjects; He assured them that he would grant them no peace, unless they should give him their Princes for Hostages, and deliver up their Arms; for he would not believe them unless they were disarmed.  
This answer being returned, The Gauls laughed outright, crying out on every side that he should shortly perceive whether they offered peace unto him for his advantage or their own. Some few days after, the battle was fought; and the Macedons being overcome, were beaten down: Ptolemy having received many wounds was taken, his head was cut off, and being fixed on the point of a Lance, it was carried all about the Army to the terror of the Macedons: So fatal was this overthrow, and so great the rout, that few of them were preserved by flight, the rest were either all slain or taken Prisoners. When this was reported throughout all Macedonia, the Gates of the Cities were shut, all places were filled with mourning; sometimes they lamented the loss of their children, sometimes they feared the destruction of their Cities, they called upon the names of Alexander and Philip, as if their Kings had been their gods, and emplored their assistance under whom they were safe, not only against their Enemies, but also Conquerors of the World; they emplored them that they would defend their Country, which by the glory of their achievements, they had made second unto Heaven, and to relieve those now in their distress, whom the fury and rashness of King Ptolemy had destroyed. All men despairing, Sosthenes one of the Princes of the Macedons, thinking that in this extremity they must use deeds as well as prayers, having drawn the youth of the Macedons into a body, he both restrained the Gauls growing insolent with their Victory, and defended the Macedons from the plunderings of their Enemies; for which benefit of his conduct and valour (many of the Noble men of Macedonia affecting the Kingdom) he by his birth although ignoble, was advanced above them all▪ and being saluted King by the Army, he compelled the Soldiers to take the Oath of Allegiance, not in name of the King, but of the General.  
In the mean time, Brennus under whose command one part of the Gauls had poured themselves into Greece, having understood of the victory of his Associates, who under Belgiu had overcome the Macedons, disdaining that so rich a booty and laden with the spoils of the East, should so easily be abandoned, having amassed a body of one hundred and fifty thousand foot, and fifteen thousand horse, did break into Macedonia: and having plundered the Towns, and preyed the Fields, Sosthenes did advance against him with a gallant Army of the Macedons, but being not so numerous, they were overcome by the multitude, and the weaker by the stronger. The Macedonians being overcome, did hide themselves within the Walls of their Cities, and Brennus being Conqueror, did plunder up and down the Country of all Macedonia no man opposing him; And as if those spoils were too unworthy of his avarice, he turned his mind to the Temples of the immortal gods, profanely asserting that the gods being rich, ought out of their abundance to contribute unto the poverty of men. He presently therefore marched to Delphos, preferring gold, the temptation of Religion, above the violation of the immortal gods, who he affirmed did stand in no need of riches, it being their custom to bestow them upon men.  
The Temple of Apollo is placed at Delphos on the Hill of Parnassus, a rock everywhere hanging over it, in which place the frequent confluence of men did erect a City, who coming thither in great numbers, to the confirmation of the Majesty of the god did inhabit on that Rock. The Temple and City is not defended by Walls, but by precipices not made by hands, but made strong and guarded by Nature; so that it is hard to say, whether the strength of the place, or the majesty of the god be more to be admired: The middle of the Rock doth open itself into the form of a Theatre, by reason whereof, the clamour of men, and the clangor of the Trumpets when they are sounded (the hollowness of the Rocks returning and banding the sound from one to another and playing with it amongst themselves) the sound is heard more multiplied by the reboation, and appears greater far than when at first it was delivered. This is that which striketh a greater terror of Majesty into those who are ignorant of the cause, and adds a reverend amazement to the admiration; much about this hollow of the Rock on the middle of the height of the Hill, there is a little plain, and in it a deep hole, out of which the Oracle proceeds, which being a cold breath driven up as it were by a wind, doth possess the minds of the Priests with a madness, who being filled with god, he doth enforce them to give answers to those who do demand them: By reason of this, there were to be seen many and very rich gifts, both of Kings and others, who do manifest by their magnificence both the gratititudes of the Givers, and the Answers of the gods.  
Brennus when he beheld the Temple, did make a halt with his Army, debating whither he should presently assault it, or give his weary Soldiers the respite of one night, to refresh themselves. Euridanus and Tessalonus two Commanders, who joined themselves unto him in hope of the booty, did counsel him to cut off all delays, whiles the Enemies were unprepared, and his new approach had struck a terror into them; but they affirmed that if they should give them the deliberation of one night, the Enemies might put on new resolutions by the access of new supplies, and the ways which now lay open might be obstructed. But the common Soldiers of the Gauls out of their long want, when they found the Country to abound with wines, and all manner of provision, did disperse themselves about the Fields, being no less joyful with the abundance they found, then with their victory; and forsaking their Ensigns, they did range up and down as Conquerors to seize on all things; which gave some respite to the Delphians; for on the first report of the coming of the Gauls, the Country people were prohibited by the Oracle to bring their Vintage and Harvest into their Towns: which saving counsel was not understood until the abundance of wine and other provisions being left as a temptation and delay to the Gauls, the Auxiliaries of the neighbouring Countries had the leisure to draw together; and the Delphians being increased by the access of their Forces, did fortify their City, before the Gauls falling to their swill of Wine as to their prey, could be called to their Standards.  
Brennus out of all his Army made choice for this service of threescore and five thousand foot. The Army of the Delphians and their Associates did not amount to above fourteen thousand, in contempt of whom, Brennus the more to encourage his men, did show them the greatness of the booty, and the Statues drawn with four horse (of which a vast number were seen afar off) all with solid gold; moreover he affirmed to them that the booty was far more considerable in the weight then in the show. With this information the Gauls being as much inflamed as with their last night's Wine, did fall upon the onset without respect of danger. The Delphians on the other side, putting their confidence in their god, and not in their own strength, did with contempt oppose their Enemies, and from the top of the Hill, some of them with Arms, and some with stones did overwhelm and repel the Gauls in their Scalado. In the heat of this encounter, on a sudden the Priests of all the Temples, & the Prophets themselves with their hair dishevelled in their most solemn habits and fillets did tremble all with indignation, & did run forth mad into the Front of the Army: where the fight most violently was maintained, They cried out that their god was come down, & that they beheld him leaping into the Temple, laughing from the opened Roofs thereof; for whiles they most humbly emplored his help, a young man as admirable in his beauty as the tall proportion of his body, with two armed Virgins who were his Companions did appear, and did meet them out of the two adjoining Temples of Diana and Minerva; neither did they only behold them with their eyes, but they heard also the twang of his Bow, and the clashing of his Armour; they therefore conjured them by the utmost Imprecations, that they would not delay to make a thorow-dispatch upon their Enemies, the gods being their Leaders, and to join themselves Companions with them in the Victory; with these words being inflamed, they did all throw themselves upon the points of their Enemy's swords, and immediately they perceived the presence of their god; For part of the Hill (being torn off by an Earthquake) did overwhelm the Army of the Gauls, and the most thick and pointed wedges did fall to the ground not without some wounds to the Delphians. Immediately there followed a great Tempest of hail, lightning, & thunder which devoured those who fainted by reason of their wounds. Brennus' their General, when he could not endure the anguish of his wounds, did end his life with his Poynedo. Belgius' the other of their Generals, the Authors of this war being punished, departed in a flying march out of Greece with ten thousand of his Associates: But Fortune was not more propitious to them flying; for fearful as they were, there was no night without rain or cold, nor day without labour and danger, but daily storms and snow concrete with Ice, and hunger, and weariness, and above all the great evil of too much watching did consume the miserable Relics of the unhappy war. The people also and Nations through which they marched, did pursue them flying before them as a prey; By which means it came to pass, that not one of so great an Army, who not long before being too confident in their strength and numbers presumed to plunder the gods, did now remain to witness the remembrance of so great an overthrow.   

THE Five and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
PEace being concluded betwixt the two Kings, Antigonus and Antiochus; when Antigonus returned into Macedonia, a new Enemy did on a sudden arise unto him; for the Gauls who were left by Brennus to defend the bounds of the Nation, when he advanced into Greece (that they alone might not seem idle) having armed fifteen thousand foot, and three thousand horse, did invade the Geteses and Tribals, and having overcome them, they did hang like a dark cloud over Macedonia, and sent their Ambassadors to King Antigonus to offer him a mercenary Peace, and to discover his strength. Antigonus with royal magnificence did invite them to a stately Banquet, set forth in the highest manner that could be devised. The Gauls admiring the vast weights of gold and silver, which on purpose were laid open to their observations, and being provoked by the abundance and variety of the booty, returned more greedy of war, then when they came forth. The King also commanded that the Elephants should be showed unto them for a terror, it being a sight unaccustomed to them, and that they should see the ships laden with Soldiers, and gallantly equipped, being ignorant that he did hereby tempt them by the rlchness of the booty, whom he thought to have affrighted by the greatness of his power.  
The Ambassadors being returned, made all things greater than they were, and declared both the wealth and the security of the King; his Tents, they said, were covered with gold and silver, and defended neither by works nor ditches: and as if their riches were defence enough, they neglected all Military duties, thinking (belike) that they needed not the defence of Iron, because they abounded with gold: By this relation the desires of the greedy Nation were the more provoked to the prey. The Example of Belgius did the more excite them, who not long before had overthrown the Army of the Macedons, and killed the King himself. With the general consent of all, they in the night did invade the Tents of the King, who foreseeing this tempest, did give order the day before to take away all the precious moveables, and privately to hide themselves in the adjoining woods; neither was the Camp otherwise preserved, then that it was thus abandoned; For the Gauls when they saw all things forsaken and not only without Defenders, but also without a Guard, conceiving it to be rather an Ambush than a flight, they did forbear for a while, to enter into the Ports thereof. At last, they possessed themselves of them, rather examining and searching then plundering them, and not long afterwards, taking away what they found, they did carry it to the shore; There when too rashly they thought to seize upon the ships, they were killed by the Seamen, and by a part of the Land Army, who fled thither with their Wives and children suspecting no such danger: And so great was the slaughter of the Gauls, that the report and opinion of this Victory procured peace to Antigonus, not from the Gauls, but some other stubborn Enemies who were his Neghbors.  
The young men of the Gauls at that time were so numerous that they swarmed all over Asia, neither did the Kings of the East manage any wars without the mercenary Army of the Gauls; neither did those who were banished or beaten from their Kingdoms, address themselves unto any but to the Gauls only. So great was the terror of their name, or the invincible happiness of their Arms, that the King believed their Majesty was not safe, nor could they recover it being lost, unless they were assisted by the valour of the Gauls: Being therefore called by the King of Bythinia to his help, and the Victory obtained, they divided the Kingdom with him, and called that Country Gallograecia; Whiles these things were performed in Asia, Phyrrus being overcome by the Carthaginians in a battle at Sea, desired aid of Antigonus King of Macedonia, declaring that if he assisted him not, he must be enforced to return into his Kingdom, and seek the advancement of his Fortunes from the Romans. Which when his Ambassadors brought him word was denied, (having dissembled the reason) he pretended a sudden departure.  
In the mean time, he commanded hls Confederates to provide for the war, and delivered the Government of the Tower of Tarentum to Helenus his Son and Milo his friend. Being returned into Epirus, he immediately invaded the bounds of Macedonia, where Antigonus did meet him with an Army, and being overcome by him, was put to flight; Pyrrhus hereupon did take Macedonia into his power, and as if he had balanced the loss of Italy and Sicily with the regaining of the Kingdom of Macedonia, he did send both for his Son and for his friend, which he did leave at Tarentum. Antigonus with a few horsemen the Companions of his flight, being on a sudden forsaken of all the ornaments of his dignity, did repair to Thessalonica, to behold the events of his lost Kingdom, hiring a mercenary Army of the Gauls to renew the war; And being again utterly overthrown by Ptolemy the Son of Pyrrhus, and in his flight attended but with seven men, he not only lost all hope of the recovery of his Kingdom, but fled into solitary places and made them the best procurers of his safety.  
Pyrrhus being now advanced to so great a height of sovereignty, was not content with that which with modesty he durst not aspire unto in his hopes, but propounded unto himself the Empire both of Greece and Asia; he took a felicity and pride in his wars as in his Sovereignty; for no man could resist him whithersoever he turned his power; but as he was esteemed invincible in adding Kingdom unto Kingdom, so having overcome them and obtained them, he quickly lost them, being more fortunate to obtain then to preserve; having afterwards transported his forces on the other side of Chersonesus, he was received by the Embassies of the Athenians, Achaians, and Messenians; And all Greece amazed at the glory of his name, and at the wonders of his Achievements against the Romans and Carthaginians, did with a labouring expectation attend his arrival.  
His first war in Greece was against the Lacedæmonians, where he was opposed more by the valour of the women than the men: There he lost his Son Ptolemy, and the ablest and the choicest men in his Army: For so great a multitude of women did press in throngs upon him for the defence of their Country, as he was besieging Sparta, that he was enforced to retreat from them, being not more valiantly than modesty overcome. Moreover, it is affirmed that his Son Ptolemy was so able a man of his hands, that he took the City of Corcyra being followed only with threescore men. In a battle at Sea, there being but seven men with him, he leapt out of his boat into the ship of his Enemies, and did enforce it to obedience. And at the assault of the City of Sparta he galloped into the middle of the City, and was there killed by the concourse of the multitude, whose body, when it was brought unto his Father, it is reported that Pyrrhus said that he was slain a great while later than he feared or then his rashness did deserve. Pyrrhus being beaten back by the Spartans', did march to Argos, where when he endeavoured to besiege Antigonus shut up in that City, he (fight most violently amongst the thickest and the foremost) was slain with a stone thrown from the Walls; his head was brought unto Antigonus, who using the victory with gentleness, did dismiss his Son Helenus delivered to him with Epirus, and gave him leave to depart to his own Kingdom, and delivered him the body of his unburied Father to be interred in his own Country. Amongst all Authors the Fame is constant and clear enough, that no King either of that or the former Age, was to be compared to Pyrrhus; and that not only amongst Kings, but other personages, there was seldom any to be found of a more just or a more Religious life. So great was his knowledge in Military affairs, that although he made war with so great Kings, as Lysimachus, Demetrius, and Antigonus, yet he always remained unconquered. In the war also of the Illyrians and Sicilians, and of the Romans, and Carthaginians, he was never inferior to them, and oftentimes a Conqueror, who though his Country was but narrow, and before ignoble, by the Fame of his achievements and the uprightness of his conversation he did renown it over all the World.   

THE Six and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
AFter the death of Pyrrhus there were great motions and tumults of war, not only in Macedonia but in Asia also and in Greece, for the Pelopennesians were by treachery betrayed to Antigonus, and according to the several inclinations of the Inhabitants, partaking either of joy or grief, as the several Cities either hoped for aid from Pyrrhus, or were afraid of his power; so now they either entered into league with Antigonus, or flung themselves upon a war by the mutual hatred amongst themselves.  
In this commotion of the troubled Provinces, the City also of Epirus was by tyranny invaded by Aristotimus the Prince; by whom when many of the Rulers of the City were slain, and more of them driven into banishment, the Aetolians desiring of him by their Ambassadors, that the Exuls might be permitted to have their wives and children come unto them, he at the first denied it, and afterwards as if he had repent of what he had denied, he gave all the Matrons leave to repair unto their banished husbands, and appointed a day for their departure. They as if they should for ever suffer banishment with their husbands, taking with them their richest moveables, when they had met at the gate of the City to travel all in one troup, they were apprehended and committed to prison, and plundered of all their goods, the little children being slain in the laps of their Mothers, and the Virgins their daughters ravished. All men being amazed at this domineering cruelty, one of their Rulers Helemat by name, an old man, and destitute of children, and one that feared not the respect of age, being not obliged to the respect of pledges, having called to his house the most faithul of his friends did exhort them to the revenge of their Country.  
They all debating on a way to conclude the public with their private danger, and desiring a time for deliberation, he sending for his servants, did command them to lock the doors, withal to go unto the Tyrant, and desire him to send some of his Guard to apprehend the Conspirators assembled in his house, objecting to every one of them, that because he could not be the Author of delivering his Country, he would be the revenger of it being forsaken by them. Hereupon they being surprised with a doubtful danger, choosing the more honourable way of the two, they conspired to kill the Tyrant, and Aristotimus by this means was slain in the fifth Month of ere he had usurped the Tyranny.  
In the mean time, Antigonus being oppressed with several wars, which he made against King Ptolemy and the Lacedæmonians, and a new Army of Enemies from Gallograecia, having left in his Camp some few Companies to defend it against the other Enemies, he marched with his chief power against the Gauls: Which being understood, the better to prepare themselves to the fight, they did offer sacrifices for the good event of the battle; And a great slaughter and utter destruction, being persaged to them by the entrails of the beasts, they desperately turning their fear into a fury, hoping that the threatenings and the anger of the gods could be expiated by the slaughter of their Families, they killed their wives and children, beginning the auspications of the war with such a detestable Parricide: So great was the barbarousness of their savage minds, that they did not forbear their Infants and the tenderness of that age which even their Enemies would have spared, but made a natalitious and an intrinsic war with their own bowels their children, and with the mothers of their children, for whom others are accustomed to undertake wars: Therefore as if they had redeemed the Victory and their lives by the barbarous cruelty, (bloody as they were from the streaming murders of their wives and children) they joined in battle with their Enemies with no better event than the auspication promised; for fight, the furies of their own consciences did surround them before their Enemies, and the Ghosts of those whom they had murdered, ptesenting themselves always before their eyes, they fell upon a final desolation. So great was the slaughter, that the gods did seem to have combined with men for their utter destruction.  
After the event of this battle, Ptolemy and the Lacedæmonians declining the conquering Army of Antigonus, did retreat into more safe places: Antigonus when he perceived that they were departed, the courage of his Soldiers being flushed with the former Victory, did make war upon the Athenians: In which, when he was engaged, Alexander King of Epirus desiring to revenge his Father's death, did plunder the borders of Macedonia; against whom when Antigonus marched, being returned out of Greece, he was forsaken by his Soldiers who revolted from him, and did lose with his Army the Kingdom of Macedonia. His Son Demetrius being in his minority having levied a new Army in his Father's absence, did not only recover Macedonia that was lost, but dis-invested Alexander of his Kingdom of Epirus. So great was the inconstancy of the Soldiers, or the variety of Fortune, that Kings were even now but banished men, and by and by they were Kings again. Alexander when he fled as a banished man into Arcadia, was not long after restored into his Kingdoms with as great an applause of the Epirots as with the help of their Confederates.  
At that time Agas King of the Cyrenians died who before his sickness (to compose all strifes with his brother Ptolemy) had espoused his only daughter Beronioe to his Son. But after the death of King Antigonus, Arsinoe the Mother of the young Lady, that she might dissolve the marriage contracted without her consent, did send for Demetrius the brother of King Antigonus from Macedonia, not only to the marriage of Beronice, but to the Kingdom of Cyrene; Demetrius being born himself of the daughter of Ptolemy, made not the least delay; but having a forewind to his own desires, arrived suddenly at Cyrene, and by the confidence of the comeliness of his personage, endeavouring to endeer himself to his Mother-in-law Arsinoe, he began to deport himself very proudly to the royal Family, and to domineer over the Soldiery, and to translate his affections and his Courtship from the daughter to the mother, which was first discovered by the daughter, and afterwards abominated both by the people and the Soldiers: Therefore all of them having changed their affections, a plot was laid for Demetrius, to whom Executioners were sent being in bed with his Mother-in-law: But Arsinoe having heard the voice of her daughter standing at the door, and giving order to spare her Mother, did for a while with her own body protect the adulterer, who being slain, Beronice with the preservation of her piety, revenged the incontinency of her Mother; and in the choice of her husband did follow the judgement of her Father.   

THE Seven and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Antiochus' King of Syria being dead, when Seleucus his Son succeeded in his place, he began his reign with Parricide, his mother persuading him to it, who ought to have deterred him from it; for he killed his Stepmother Beronice with his little brother begotten on her: Which horrible crime being committed, he was not only tainted with Infamy, but withal he involved himself in a war with Ptolemy. Moreover, Beronice when she understood that Executioners were sent to take away her life, she shut up herself in her Father's Daphne, where when it was reported to the Cities of Asia, that she was besieged with her little child, they calling to their minds the dignity of her Father, and of her Ancestors, and prompted to compassion at the indignity of her Fortune, they all sent aid unto her: Her brother Ptolemy being also startled at the danger of his sister, having left his own Kingdom, did advance to her relief with all the speed that could be. But before the arrival of any aid, Beronice when she could not be taken by force, was killed by treachery: It was conceived by all to be a subject most worthy of lamentation. Therefore when all the Cities who had revolted from her, had provided a very great Fleet, being amazed at this example of horrid cruelty, they did offer themselves and their ships to Ptolemy, who if he had not been called back into Egypt by some intestine sedition, had possessed himself of all the Kingdom of Seleucus; This parricidial guilt had brought upon him so much hatred; or the unworthy death of his sister had purchased to Ptolemy's much affection. After the death of Ptolemy, when Seleucus had set forth a great Navy against the Cities which revolted, immediately a great tempest arising, as if the gods themselves would revenge this parricide, he lost them all by Tempest, neither had he any thing left of so great a preparation, but his naked body, & some few Companions of his shipwreck whom Fortune had preserved alive; A lamentable thing it was, and yet acceptable to him; for the Cities, which in hatred of him had revolted to Seleucus (as if the gods were satisfied in his punishment, themselves being the Arbitrators) by a sudden change of their mind, being touched with compassion for his shipwreck, they did restore themselves unto the Authority of his command: Rejoicing therefore in his calamity, and made more rich by loss, he made war upon Ptolemy, conceiving himself now equal in strength unto him: But as if he was born to be the sport of fortune, and had only received his Kingdom again but to lose it again, being various in battle, and not much more accompanied then after his shipwrark, he fled in great fear to Antiochia: from whence he sent Letters to his Brother Antiochus, in which he did implore his aid, and in recompense thereof did offer to him all that part of Asia which lieth on the bounds of the Hill Taurus.  
Antiochus being but fourteen years of age, and greedy of Sovereignty above his years, took hold of the occasion, but not with that pious mind as it was offered; but desiring like an Oppressor, to force all from his brother, he armed himself being but a boy with a wicked but a manly boldness; from his ravenous disposition he was called Hierax, because in snatching away the goods from other men he followed not the life of a man, but of a Bird of prey.  
In the mean time, Ptolemy, when he understood that King Antiochus did advance to the aid and help of Selencus, made peace with Seleucus for ten years, that he might not fight at once against two: But peace being granted by the Enemy, it was reversed by the Brother, who having drawn unto him a mercenary Army of the Gauls, in the stead of a Brother did render himself an Enemy. In that war by the prowess of the Gauls, Antiochus was Conqueror; but the Gauls believing that Seleucus was slain in the battle, did turn their swords against Antiochus himself, believing they should plunder Asia with more freedom, if they had destroyed all the Royal Progeny. Which when Antiochus perceived, he ransomed himself from them as from highway men with gold, and not long after entered into a league with his own mercenaries.  
In the mean time, Eumenes King of Bythinia, his Brothers being dispersed and consumed with civil discords (being as it were to invade the uncertain possession of Asia) assaulted the Gauls, and the Conqueror Antiochus at once, who being weary, etc. many of them wounded in the former encounter, it was not difficult for him to overcome them. In that time, all the wars were designed for the destruction of Asia, and as one was more powerful than another, he always seized upon Asia as a prey. The two Brothers, Seleucus and Antiochus did wage war for Asia; Ptolemy King of Egypt in pretence to revenge his sister, did also greedily covet the Empire of Asia; on this side Eumenes of Bythinia, on the other side the Gauls being always a mercenary Army, did make a prey of Asia; and amongst so manythere was no man found to be a Defender of it. Antiochus being overcome, when Eumenes had possessed the greatest part thereof, the two Brothers, (the booty being lost for which they made war) could not yet agree amongst themselves, but, the foreign Enemy being neglected, they did drive on a war for the mutual destruction of themselves: In which Antiochus being overcome the second time, and wearied with flying, which continued many days, he at last directed his course to Artamenes his Father-in-law, who was King of Cappodocia: He having nobly entertained him at first, did not long after contrive to take away his life by treachery, which Antiochus having understood, did provide for his safety by flight. And when wand'ring up and down, he could find no place in which he might reside with safety, he repaired to Ptolemy his Enemy, conceiving his assurance to be more safe than his Brothers, being either conscious what he intended to him, or what he had deserved of him; But Ptolemy being not to be reconciled to him, did command him to be kept in close imprisonment, from whence by the endeavours of a woman whom familiarly he knew, he made an escape, having deceived his Keepers, and flying away, he was seized upon and killed by Thiefs. Much at the same time, Seleucus having lost his Kingdom (being thrown from his horse) did lose his life; and thus these two brothers, being Brothers also in banishment, after the loss of their Kingdoms, did suffer the punishment of their transgressions.   

THE Eight and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
OLympias the Daughter of Pyrrhus King of Epirus, having lost Alexander her husband, who was also her Brother when she took upon herself the guardianship of her two Sons Pyrrhus and Ptolemy begotten by him, and the Government also of the Kingdom; the Aetolians attempting to force from her part of Acarnania which her husband had purchased with his sword, she addressed herself to Demetrius' King of Macedonia, who having before espoused the sister of Antiochus King of Syria, she delivered him her own Daughter Phytia in marriage also, that so by the right of consanguinity she might obtain that assistance which she could not procure by Compassion: The Nuptials therefore were solemnised by which the favour of the new marriage was confirmed, and the offence for giving distaste to the old was contracted: But the first wife (as if she had been divorced) did of her own accord depart to her Brother Antiochus, and did by importunity enforce him to make war upon her husband. The Arcanians also distrusting the Epirots, did implore aid of the Romans against the Aetolians, and obtained of the Senate of Rome that Ambassadors should be sent who should command the Aetolians to withdraw their Garrisons from the Cities of Arcania, and permit those to be free who only heretofore refused to aid the Grecians against the Trojans the Authors of their Original. But the Aetolians returned a proud answer to the Ambassadors of Rome, upbraiding them with the Carthaginians and the Gauls, by whom they were oppressed with so many wars, and so often absolutely overcome; they told them that they must first open their Gates to fight against the Carthaginians, which the fear of the Punic war had shut, before they could translate their Army into Greece: They desired them also to call to mind who they were whom they threatened; the Romans (they said) could not defend their own City against the Gauls; and it being taken, they did not rescue it by the sword, but redeemed it with Gold; which Nation having invaded Greece with a far greater number, they without any Auxiliaries received from strangers or from their own Countrymen did totally overthrow, and gave them that seat for their Sepulchers which they propounded to themselves for their Armies and their Empire: On the other side, the Romans trembling at the burning of their City, did give the leisure to the Gauls to possess themselves of almost all Italy. They declared that the Gauls were first to be beaten out of Italy, before they should impose any command upon the Aetolians, and that they should first defend their own, before they should undertake to protect the interests of others; proceeded further in disdainful Interrogatories; and what men are these Romans? Shepherds who by robbery detained the Lands from their right Master; who through the infamy of their descent, could not provide themselves with Wives, unless they took them by violence; who erected their City by parricide, and mingled the matter of the foundation with brother's blood. They declared, that the Aetolians were always Princes of Greece, and exceeded others as much in dignity as in valour; They were the only men who always despised the Macedonians flourishing with the command and Sovereignty of the World, who feared not King Philip, who contemned the Edicts of Alexander the Great, after his conquest of the Persians and the Indians, when the world trembled under his Laws. They therefore admonished the Romans to be contented with their present fortune, nor provoke those Armies by whom they saw the Gauls were overthrown, and the Macedons made contemptible; And having thus dismissed the Roman Ambassadors, that they might not appear to have spoken more courageously than they resolved to have performed, they plundered that part of Acarnania which bordered on Epirus.  
Olympias had now delivered her Kingdoms to her sons, and Ptolemy succeeded in the place of Pyrrhus his deceased brother, who when he advanced against his Enemies with a gallant Army, being surprised by sickness, died in the way: And Olympias herself, her heart being pierced through and through for the loss of both her children, and her soul sick within her, did not long outlive them; and when of all the Royal Family there not any remained alive but only the young Lady Nereis with her sister Laodamia, Nereis married Gelon the Son of the King of Sicily; and Laodamia flying to the Altar of Diana, did there lose her life by the violence of the people; which facinorous act the Immortal Gods revenged with the continued slaughters, and almost the total destruction of all the people. For being punished with barrenness and hunger, and vexed with civil discords, they were at last almost utterly consumed by Foreign Wars. And Milo the executioner of Laodamia being possessed with a fury, attempting sometimes to kill himself with a sword, sometimes to beat out his brains with stones, at the last tearing out his bowels with his teeth died the twelfth day afterwards.  
These things being thus managed in Epirus, King Demetrius in the mean time deceased in Macedonia, leaving his Son Philip in his minority, to whom Antigonus being Tutor, having married his mother, did intend to possess himself of the Kingdom. In the process of time, when he was kept a prisoner in his own Court by the threats and sedition of the Macedons, he broke forth at last and adventured into the public without a Guard; and having thrown his Diadem and purple robe amongst the people, he commanded that they should be given to some other man who knew better to govern them, or they to obey him. For his part, he understood well enough the ringols' in that envied Crown, and the weight of it▪ not by his pleasures, but by his labours and his dangers. He did put them in mind of what he had done for them; how he revenged the revolt of their associates; how he suppressed the Dardanians and Thessalians, insulting at the death of King Demetrius; and at last, how he not only defended, but increased the dignity of the Lacedæmonians, of which since they did repent, he d●d lay down his command, and did return them their own gift, because they demanded a King over whom they might command.  
The people hearing this, were rebuked by their own shame, and commanded him ro receive again the sovereignty of Command, which he refused until the Authors of the sedition were delivered to him to be punished.  
After this he made war upon the Lacedæmonians, who alone in the Wars of Philip and Alexander, despised the command of the Macedons, and the Arms which were feared by all the world. Betwixt these two renowned Nations the War was carried on on both sides with the greatest resolutions: Those fight for the ancient glory of the Macedons, and the others not only for their unstained liberty, but for their certain safety.  
The Lacedæmonians being overcome, not themselves only, but their wives and children sustained their misfortune with them, with an invincible courage. In the Battle not any one of the men was indulgent to his own safety, nor any one of the women did afterwards bewail her lost husband: The old men extolled the honourable death of their sons, and the daughters did gratulate their Fathers slain in the field. They all lamented their own condition, that they died not themselves for the liberty of their Country. The Parents did receive into their houses all that were wounded, they comforted the sick, and refreshed all the weak and the weary. In so great an overthrow there was no complaint in the City, no sign of fear at all; they all lamented rather their public then their private fortunes: presently upon this Cleomenes their King (after a great slaughter of his enemies) being covered with his own blood, and with the blood of his Enemies, retreated to the City, and having entered into it, he fate not down to demand either meat or drink, nor eased himself by putting off the burden of his Armour, but leaning against the wall, when he beheld that there were but four thousand left of all his Army, he exhorted them to reserve themselves to a better opportunity to do their Country service; and taking his wife and children with him, he departed to Ptolemy in Egypt, by whom he was for a long time honourably entertained, and lived in the height of regal Majesty: And at last after the death of Ptolemy, he and all his Family were slain by his son. But Antigonus (the Lacedæmonians being utterly overthrown) did lament the fortune of so great a City, and strictly did inhibit his Soldiers to plunder; and moreover gave a free pardon to those who remained alive, alleging that he made War not with the Lacedæmonians, but with Cleomenes in whose flight all his anger was appeased; and it was more for his own glory that Lacedaemon was preserved by himself, then if it were taken and plundered by his forces. He therefore spared the City and the foundation of the walls because there were no men left to whom he might show indulgence. Not long after he died himself, and left his Kingdom to his Son Philip, being above fourteen years of Age.   

THE Nine and twentieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
MUch about the same time, the sovereign Commands of the whole world did suffer a change by the succession of new Kings; for Antigonus, the Tutor of Philip being dead, Philip reigned afterwards fourteen years in Macedonia, and Seleucus being in Asia, Antiochus was made King both of it and Syria before he was fifteen years of age: The Kingdom of Cappadocia was delivered by his Father to the child Ariathres. Ptolemy possessed himself of Egypt having slain his father and mother, and for this parricidial guilt was surnamed The Lover of his Father the clean contrary way. The Lacedæmonians constituted Lycurgus to be their King in the place of Cleomenes. And that in no place there should a change be wanting, Hannibal, being not yet of Age, was chosen General of the Carthaginians; not for the want of Commanders, but for his hatred to the Romans, which arose up from his childhood with him: A fatal disease he was not only to the Romans, but to Africa itself. These boys being kings, although there were no Governors of a greater age, yet every one of them being intent to follow the traces of their Predecessors, there shined forth a growing light of honour in them all. Only Ptolemy as he was nefarious in gaining the Kingdom, so he was slothful in the administration of the government of it. The Dardanians, and other neighbouring Nations, who carried an inveterate and a deadly hatred to the Kings of Macedonia, in the contempt of this young man's age, did daily provoke him. On the other side, his enemies being round, and he not contented only to defend his own Dominions, desired to make War against the Aetolians; and being full of the design, Demetrius King of the Illyrians being lately overcome by Paul the Roman Consul, did with an humble Petition address himself unto him, complaining of the injury of the Romans, who were not contented with the bounds of Italy, but in an aspiring hope, promising to themselves the Empire of all the World, did make War upon all Nations. Thus they affected the sovereignty of Sicily, Sardinia and Spain, and greedy after Africa made War with the Carthaginians, and with Hannibal himself. They also he said brought a war upon himself for no other cause, but that he was a neighbour unto Italy; as if it were a trespass for any King to Reign near the bounds of their Empire; but above all things he was to be an example of Admonition, whose Kingdom by how much it was more noble and more near unto them, by so much the Romans would be his more eager Enemies.  
He alleged that he would give a place to him in that Kingdom which the Romans had possessed, it being more graceful to him to see a friend and not an enemy to strive with him in the possession of the Sovereignty.  
With this speech he enforced Philip to forbear the Aetolians, and to make War upon the Romans, conceiving the business of the War to be the less, because he understood that they had been already beaten by Hannibal at the lake of Thrasimen. Therefore at the same time that he might not be infested with mutual War, he made peace with the Aetolians, not that he desired to translate the War into another place, but that he would take care for the safety of Greece, which he affirmed was never in a greater danger. For the Empires of the Carthaginians and of the Romans growing up to a great height in the West, to whom the Kingdom of Macedonia was only a delay from being Masters of Greece and Asia (they having tried amongst themselves for the superiority) the Conqueror would suddenly invade the East.  
He said, he beheld the cloud of that fierce and cruel War arising in Italy, and the storms already thundering and lightning from the West, which into whatsoever parts of the world the Tempest of the Victory should drive, it would pollute all things with a crimson shower of blood.  
Greece indeed he said had oftentimes endured vast motions of the Persians, sometimes of the Gauls, sometimes of the Macedons, but all this would appear no more than a sport, if that Army of the Romans which was now in Italy should pour itself into another Land.  
He beheld what cruel and bloody Wars both the Nations of the Romans and Carthaginians amongst themselves did make, being equal in the strength of their forces, and in the conduct of their Generals, which enmity could never be concluded with the destruction of one of the parties only, without the ruin of their neighbours.  
It was true indeed, that the fierce minds of the Conquerors were less to be feared by the Macedonians then by the Grecians; for they were more remote in their situation, and more strong in their power to exercise their revenge howsoever; he was confident moreover that those who now fought in Italy with so much might, would not content themselves with that victory, and they ought even in Macedonia to fear the approach of the Conquerors.  
With this pretence the War being ended with the Aetolians, Philip minding nothing more than the Wars against the Romans and Carthaginians, did weigh with himself the strength of both Armies. And the Romans themselves who were deeply engaged in the War with Hannibal, were not free from the fear of the Macedons, by reason of the ancient valour of the Macedons, and the glory of the conquered East; & young Philip being industrious & prompt to the War, & withal inflamed with an emulation to tread in the victorious steps of Alexander, did strike a new terror into them.  
Therefore Philip when he found that the Romans were overcome again by the Carthaginians in a second Battle, professing himself to be an Enemy openly to the Romans, he did begin to build ships to transport his Army into Italy. He sent afterwards an Ambassador to Hannibal with Letters, to enter into a League with him who being apprehended by the Romans, and brought unto the Senate, was dismissed without any prejudice, not in honour to the King, but that being yet but doubtful they might not make him an undoubted Enemy. When it was afterwards declared to the Romans, that Philip would pass his forces into Italy, they sent Levinus the Praetor with a Fleet well equipaged to hinder him in his passage, who when he arrived in Greece, he enforced the Aetolians with many promises to undertake a War against Philip.  
At the same time also Philip did solicit the Aetolians to make War against the Romans. In the mean time the Dardinians began to make spoil on the borders of Macedonia, and having taken thence twenty thousand Captives, they called back Philip from the Roman War to defend his own Kingdom. Whiles these things were thus in action, the Praetor Levinus having entered into a League with King Attalus did plunder Greece, with which the Cities being dismayed they wearied Philip with their Embasseys desiring aid of him; and the Kings of Illyria also with their daily supplications did importune him to perform his promise: but aboveall, the plundered Macedons desired revenge. He being besieged with so great and so many difficulties did deliberate with himself what War he should first undertake, and promised unto all, that he suddenly would send aid unto them, not that he was able to perform what he promised, but that having filled them with hope, he might still keep them obliged in the Indentures of their association. His first expedition was against the Dardanians, who attending to make an advantage of his absence did threaten to fall upon Macedonia with a greater weight of War. He made Peace also with the Romans, being content that they had deferred the Macedonian War. He had a design upon Philopemenes General of the Achaeans, who (as he had heard) did privately solicit the Romans, and the tempers of their associates, which being known and avoided, he by his authority commanded the Achaeans to depart from his service.   

THE Thirtyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
PHilip being intent on great atchivements in Macedonia, the manners of Ptolemy in Egypt were far different from him; for the Kingdom being obtained with the Parricide both of Father and Mother, and the slaughter of his Brother being added to the murder of his Parents, as if he had done very bravely in it, he afterwards delivered up himself to luxury, and the whole Country followed the dissolute manners of the King: Therefore not only his friends and Lieutenants, but all the Army having left off the Arts of War, were corrupted with the looseness of the Court, and became unarmed by sloth and riot. Which being understood, Antiochus the King of Syria (the ancient hatred betwixt both Kingdoms exciting him) in a sudden War did possess himself of many of his Cities, and did invade Egypt itself. On this, Ptolemy was surprised with fear, and by his Ambassadors desired Antiochus to forbear, until he could get his Army in a readiness. And having drawn very considerable Forces from Greece, he overcame Antiochus, and had despoiled him of his Kingdom if he had but a little helped Fortune and improved the advantage by his valour. But contented with the restauration of the Cities which he had lost, and having made a Peace, he greedily embraced a Subject for sloth, and being fallen into luxury, having slain his wife Eurydice, who was his own sister, he was overcome by the allurements of Agathocle● the Harlot, and forgetting the greatness of his Name and Majesty, he wasted the nights in wantonness, and the days in riot. Timbrels and Dances were added (the Instruments of Luxury) and he was not now looked upon as a King, but as a professed Master of looseness; he delighted himself with Minstrels and all the provocations of lust. This was the hidden disease, and the sad symptoms of the falling Court. Licentiousness afterwards increasing, the impudence of the incontinent woman could not be contained within the walls of the Palace, whom the daily and intermingled pollutons of the King with her Brother Agathocles, (a prostitute of an aspiring come●ness) did make more insolent. No little aggravation to this was the Mother Enanthe, who held more fast the King enthralled with the allurements of both her children: Therefore being not contented to possess the King, they did now also possess the Kingdom: Now they were seen in public, and saluted and attended. Agathocles the Prostitute being joined to the side of the King, did govern the City, and the women did dispose of the S●a●s of Judicature, of Lieutenantships, and places of Command; neither was there any man of less power in the Kingdom than the King himself. In the mean time, having left five sons by his sister Eurydice, he died. Thus whiles the women seized upon his Exchequer, and endeavoured to govern the Kingdom, by making a League with the deboystest and most dissolute persons, the business was a long time concealed; but it being discovered at last, Agathocles was killed in the first place by the concourse of the multitude, and the women (to revenge the death of Eurydice) were fastened upon crosses.  
The King being dead, and the infamy of the Kingdom being as it were expiated by the punishment of the Harlots, the Alexandrians did send their Ambassadors to Rome entreating them that they would undertake the Guardianship of the young Prince, and protect the Kingdom of Egypt which (they said) Philip and Antiochus having made a League together, had divided amongst themselves. The Embassy was grateful to the Romans at that time seeking an occasion to make War against Philip, who lay in wait to entrap them in the time of the Carthaginian War. To this may be added, that the Carthaginians and Hannibal being overcome, the Romans feared the Arms of no man more; Considering with themselves, how great a commotion Pyrrhus with a few Bands of the Macedonians had made in Italy, and what great achievements they had performed in the East; Ambassadors were therefore sent to require Philip and Antiochus to refrain from the Kingdoms of Egypt. Marcus Lepidus was also sent into Egypt to be protector of the Kingdom in the behalf of the young Prince. Whiles these things were in action, the Ambassadors of Attalus King of Pergamus and of Rhodes did address themselves to Rome, complaining of the injuries of King Philip, which complaint took away all the delay of the War against Macedonia. Immediately in pretence of bringing aid to their associates, War was denounced against Philip, and many Legions were sent with the Consul into Macedonia: And not long afterwards all Greece in confidence of the Romans success against Philip (being erected into a hope of their former liberty) did make War upon him; so that the King being urged on every side was compelled to desire peace, the conditions whereof when they were expounded by the Romans, King Attalus began to redemand his privileges, the Rhodians demanded theirs, the Achaeans and Aetolians theirs.  
On the other side Philip did grant that he could be induced to obey the Romans, but it would be an unworthy part of him if he should condescend that the Grecians being overcome by Philip and Alexander his Predecessors, and brought under the yoke of the Macedonian Empire, should like Conquerors impose Laws of peace on him, who ought rather to give an account of their subje●●ion then lay a claim to liberty.  
At the last Philip being importunate, a Truce was made for two months, and the peace which could not be concluded in Macedonia, was to be concluded on by the Senate at Rome.  
In the same year between the two Lands of Theramenes and Therasia in the midst betwixt both banks and the Sea, there was a great Earthquake. In which to the wonder of those who sailed by, the waters growing suddenly hot, there arose an Island out of the Deeps: And on the same day an Earthquake in Asia did shake Rhodes and many other Cities, and bringing a great ruin with in, did wholly devour others. All men being affrighted at the prodigy, the prophets presaged that the rising Empire of the Romans should devour the ancient one of the Greeks and Macedons. The Senate in the mean time having refused to make any Peace with Philip, he solicited the Tyrant Nabis into the society of the War; and having brought his Army into the field, and marshaled them to encounter their enemies who were prepared to receive them, he did exhort them by declaring to them that the Persians, Bactrians, and the Indians, and all Asia, even to the end of the East was overcome by the Macedons, and that this war ought so much the more courageously to be sustained by them, as Liberty is more noble than subjection.  
But Flaminius the Roman Consul did excite his Soldiers unto Battle by the Commemoration of their late Achievements, demonstrating that Carthage and Sicily on this side, and that Italy & Spain on the other side were conquered by the Roman valour; and that Hannibal was not to be ranked below Alexander the great, who being beaten out of Italy, they had subdued Africa itself, the third part of the world. Moreover the Macedons were not to be esteemed according to their ancient fame, but by their present strength; for now they waged not war with Alexander the great, whom perchance they heard to be invincible, neirher with his Army who subdued the East, but with Philip a boy not yet grown up to maturity of Age, who hardly was able to maintain the bounds of his own Kingdom; and with those Macedons who not long ago became a prey to the Dardanians. They did only boast of the honours of their Ancestors, but the Romans were renowned for the present courage of their Soldiers; for Hannibal, and the Carthaginians, and almost all the West were not overcome by any other Army but by those Soldiers who were then in the field with him. The Soldiers on both sides being stirred up with those exhortations, they joined in Battle; the one glorying in the conquest of the East, the other of the West; these carrying into the fight the ancient and obsolete Honours of their Ancestors, and the others the flower of their Chivalry, flourishing in the height of the present examples. But the Roman fortune overcame the Macedonians: And Philip having lost the battle, desired Peace of the Consul Flaminius; which being obtained, he preserved still the name of a King, and all the Cities of Thrace being lost (as Members that had no interest in the ancient possession of the Kingdom) he only reserved the title of King of Macedonia; but the Aetolians being offended, because Macedonia was not taken from the King, and given to them for a reward of their service, did send Ambassadors to Antiochus, who by flattering him with his greatness, did persuade him to make War with Rome, promising him that all Greece would be ready to assist him.   

THE One and Thirtieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
PTolomy surnamed Philopater, King of Egypt, being dead, the tender age of his Son, who was left to inherit the Kingdom, being despised, he became a prey to his own Subjects; moreover, Antiochus King of Syria had a design to dispossess him of Egypt; Therefore when he had invaded Phoenicia, and other Cities of Syria, which belonged to the principality of Egypt, the Senate of Rome did send Ambassadors to him to declare unto him that he should abstain from the Kingdom of the young Prince, which was bequeathed to their trust by the last Will of his Father. But these Ambassadors being neglected by Antiochus, not long after there was sent from Rome another Embassy, who making no mention of their Ward at all, commanded that the Cities (which by the right of War were under the People of Rome) should wholly be restored to them. Antiochus refusing it, War was denounced against him, which he as hastily did undertake as unfortunately he did manage. At the same time Nabis the Tyrant did seize upon many Cities of Greece. Whereupon the Senate (that the Roman forces should not at the same time be detained in a double War) did write unto Flaminius, that if he thought good, he should first free Greece from Nabis as he had delivered Macedonia from Philip. For this cause his Commission was prolonged. The name of Hannibal did also make the war of Antiochus more terrible, against whom his adversaries (who envied his name in Arms) did in private accusations complain unto the Romans that he had entered into a League with Antiochus, alleging that he being accustomed to military Commands and the arbitrary power of the sword, would never be content to live under Laws, and that he being weary of the peace of the City, would be always looking after new causes of War, which accusations, although they were falsely reported, yet amongst the fearful they passed for truth. The Senate being surprised with the fear of him, did send Servilius Ambassador into Africa to discover his Designs, and gave him private Instructions, that if possibly he could, he might kill him by his emulators, and free the Roman people from the fear of so hated a Name. But Hannibal was not long ignorant of the design, being a man experienced both to foresee and to prevent dangers, and preparing for adverse fortune in prosperity, as thinking of prosperous fortune in adversity. Therefore after he had the whole day presented himself in public before the face of the Senate of Carthage, and of the Roman Ambassador, the evening approaching, he took horse and repaired to his Countryhouse, which he had near to the Sea-Coast, his servants not knowing of it; and being commanded to attend him at the gate of the City. He had there ships with Mariners in a readiness, which lay hid in a Creek, and vast sums of money, that when occasion required, neither want nor inconveniency should delay him. With the choicest youth of his Servants, whose number the prisoners which he had taken in Italy did increase, he embarked himself, and directed his course to Antiochus. On the next morning the City expected their Commander in chief, and at that time Consul, in the place of public Assembly, whom when they found to be departed, they were possessed with as great a fear, as if the City itself had been taken. And the Roman Ambassador, as if a new War already was brought by Hannibal upon Italy, returned in a private silence unto Rome, and brought along with him the melancholy tidings. In the mean time Flaminius (having with him some of the associated Cities of Greece) did in two battles overcome Nabys the tyrant, and left him, as it were, unnerved and fainting in his Kingdom: But liberty being restored to Greece, and the Garrisons drawn off from the Cities, when the Roman Army was commanded back into Italy, Nabys being incensed at the nothingness of his empty fortunes, did in a sudden War invade again many of the Cities, with which the Achaians being affrighted (that the neighbouring Evil might not creep unto them) they constituted their Praetor Philopemenes to be their General, a man of admirable industry, whose courage, and whose conduct in that War was so apparent, that in the Judgement of all he might be compared to Flaminius the Roman General.  
At the same time Hannibal came to Antiochus, and was received as a gift from the gods, and by his arrival the King was possessed with so great a heat of resolution, that he thought not so much on the war itself as on the rewards of the victory. But Hannibal who had experience of the Roman valour, affirmed that the Romans could not be suppressed but in Italy itself. For the performance of which service he desired one hundred ships, ten thousand foot, and one thousand horse, promising with those unconsiderable forces to make as great a War in Italy as he did ever heretofore, and bring unto the King sitting in his throne in Asia, either a victory over the Romans, or the equal conditions of a peace; for he said, that there was wanting only a General to the Spaniards inflamed with a desire to commence the War against the Romans; and Italy moreover was now more known unto him then heretofore; neither would Carthage be quiet, but without delay would send Auxiliaries to him. These counsels being acceptable to the King, one of the Confidents of Hannibal was sent to Carthage to exhort them to the War, being too covetous of it, before he represented to them that Hannibal would immediately be present with his forces, and did not communicate to either of the Factions any thing at all, but only that nothing was wanting to carry on this War but the resolutions of the Carthaginians; for Asia would defray the charges, and lend them men enough for the War. When these things were reported to the Carthaginians, the Messenger himself was apprehendrd by the Enemies of Hannibal, and being brought into the Sentate (according to the subtlety of the Carthaginian wit) he made answer, that he was sent to the whole Senate; for his business did not belong to this man or that man in particular, but did concern them altogether. Whiles they debated many days in the Senate to send him to Rome to purge the public conscience, he privately took shipping and returned to Hannibal; which was no sooner discovered, but the Carthaginians sent presently an Ambassador to Rome. The Romans also sent Ambassadors to Antiochus, who under that pretence might discover the preparations of the King, and either reconcile Hannibal to the Romans, or by their daily conversation with him might render him suspected and hated by the King. The Ambassadors therefore when they came unto Antiochus at Ephesus, they delivered to him the desires of the Senate; and whiles they attended for an answer from him, they miss not a day to give a visitation unto Hannibal, and informed him that unadvisedly he departed from his Country when the Romans with great fidelity did observe the peace, not made so much with the Commonwealth of Carthage; as with himself; for they found that he made War not so much out of any hatred that he did bear unto the Romans, as for the love to his own Country, to which the best of men do owe their lives. These they said were the public causes of War amongst the People, but not of private ones amongst Commanders. They afterwards began to extol his achievements, by the discourse whereof he being delighted, did more often and more greedily converse with the Ambassadors, being ignorant that he should procure hatred with the King by his familiarity with the Romans: For Antiochus suspecting that he had reconciled himself to the Romans by his often discourse with them, did refer nothing to him as heretofore he was accustomed, nor made him partaker of any of his Counsels, but did begin to hate him as his Enemy and Betrayer: Thus suspicion did corrupt all the preparations for the War, there appearing no General in the field, either to take the Musters, or to exercise the Soldiers. The substance of the Roman Embassy to Antiochus was, that he should be contented with the Borders and Frontiers of Asia, and not impose upon the Romans a necessity to enter into Asia with an Army: which Message being despised by Antiochus, he made answer that it became his Royalty and resolution not to attend a War, but to give it. The Council of War being often called afterwards, and Hannibal never sitting amongst them, Antiochus at last commanded that he should be summoned, not that he should act any thing which he propounded, but that he might not appear to have neglected him altogether; and the Council of every one being asked, at the last he demanded his advice, which being observed by Hannibal, he professed that he sufficiently understood that he was called by him to the Council of War, not that he wanted advice, but to fill up the number of the Sentences; howsoever out of his inveterate hatred to the Romans, and his love unto the King, with whom alone he enjoyed a safe banishment, he was resolved, he said, to declare unto him the best way of making War against the Romans. Desiring then to be excused for his boldness, he professed that he approved not of any thing of the present Counsels or Enterprises, neither did it seem good in his Judgement that Greece should be the seat of the War, when Italy afforded a far more plentiful subject for it. For the Romans, he said, could not be overcome but by their own Arms, nor Italy be subdued but by the Italian Forces: for in them both the manner of the War and the People did differ much from other sorts of men. It was of great importance in other Wars to take the first advantages of place and time, to lay waste the fields, and to plunder the Cities of the Enemies; but with a Roman, if you first either plunder them of their goods, or overcome them in Battle, you must also wrestle and tug with them when they are subdued and lying on the ground. Wherefore if any shall provoke them in their own Country, they may be overcome by their own wealth, by their own strength, and by their own Arms, as he himself had done: But if any shall draw them out of Italy▪ which is the fountain of their strength, he shall be as much deceived, as he who would dry up the Rivers, should attempt it not at the head of the Fountain, but further off by some new works and dams which he should make.  
This he said was his Judgement, which he had a long time reserved in private to himself, and freely before did offer it unto them, and did now again repeat it, that they might all understand the way of making War with the Romans, and that although invincible abroad, they are easy to be conquered at home: For you may sooner, said he, deprive them of their City then their Empire, and sooner dispoyl them of Italy then of the Provinces: they were taken by the Gauls, and almost utterly overthrown by myself; neither was I or my Army ever overcome until we departed from them. But when we returned to Carthage, the fortune of the War was suddenly changed with the place. The Friends of the King were the Contradictors of this Counsel, not reflecting on the profit of it, but fearing lest his advice being approved, he should have the first place of respect with the King. But Antiochus was not so much displeased with the Council as with the Author, and feared lest the glory of the Victory should be Hannibal's and not his own; all things therefore were corrupted with the various informations of the flatterers; nothing was undertaken either according to Judgement or to Reason. The King himself being fallen into Luxury, was given all the Winter to new Marriages.  
On the other side, Attilius the Roman Consul, who was sent into this War, did with elaborate ca●e and industry, muster his Armies, and provide Arms and other necessaries for the war; he confirmed the associated Cities, he alured the doubtful ones, the event of the war consisting in the preparations of either side. The King therefore beholding his men to give back at the first charge, he brought no succour to them in distress, but was the foremost in the flight, and left his Tents full of Riches for the Conquerors; and the Romans being intent on the plundering of them, he fled into Asia, where he began to repent of the Council he neglected, and having called back Hannibal, he promised to act all things according to his counsel.  
In the mean time it was reported to him that Livius Menemus, the Roman Admiral, did approach, being sent by the Senate with fourscore Brazen-beaked ships to make a war by Sea. Therefore, before that his associated Cities should revolt to the Enemies, he resolved to encounter with the Enemy by Sea, hoping by a new Victory to abolish the Infamy of the overthrow lately received in Greece. The Navy being committed to the charge of Hannibal, the Battle was fought. But neither were the Asian Soldiers comparable to the Romans, nor their Ships to theirs, which were armed with brass on their sterns; howsoever the overthrow was the less by the policy of the General.  
The report of the Victory had not as yet arrived at Rome, and the City was therefore in suspense concerning the creating of Consuls. But who could be a better Commander against Hannibal▪ then the brother of Africanus, it being the business of the Scipio's to overcome the Carthaginians? Lucius Scipio therefore was created Consul, and his brother Africanus was given as Legate to him, that Antiochus might understand that he placed not a greater confidence in conquered Hannibal, than they did in the conquering Scipio's. The Scipio's being busy in the transporting of their Army into Asia, it was reported to them that the War was everywhere already brought to a period, and accordingly they found Antiochus overcome in a fight by Land, and Hannibal in a fight by Sea. Therefore at their first arrival, Antiochus sent Ambassadors to them to desire peace, and as a peculiar gift to Africanus, they brought him his Son, whom Antiochus had taken, as he was transporting himself in a small Bark into Asia. But Africanus returned answer, that private benefit ought to be distinguished from public, and that the offices due unto him as a Father were of one Nature, and the Offices due unto his Country were of another, which ought to be preferred not only above children, but also above life itself. Howsoever he declared, that he very thankfully accepted the gift, and out of his own Fortunes would answer the munificence of the King. As for that which belonged either to Peace or War; he made answer, that he could contribute nothing by way of thankfulness, neither could he fall in any punctilio from the rights of his Country; for his son being taken, he never treated with the King concerning his ransom, nor suffered the Senate to make mention of it, but as it was worthy of the Majesty of his resolution, he professed that he would recover him by arms. After this the Articles of the Agreement were drawn up, That Asia should be surrendered to the Romans, and Antiochus be contented only with the Kingdom of Syria; that he should deliver to the Romans all his Ships, Prisoners and Renegadoes, and give full satisfaction to the Romans for their Charges in the War. Which when it was reported to Antiochus, he made answer, that he was not so overcome as to be content to be despoiled of his Kingdom; and alleged, that what the Romans had propounded to him, were rather provocations to war then any inducements unto peace. Great preparations therefore were made for war on both sides; the Romans having invaded Asia, and entered into Ilium, there was a mutual gratulation between the Inhabitants of Ilium and them; the inhabitants of Ilium declared that Aeneas and other of their Captains proceeded from them; and the Romans acknowledged that they received their Original of them. Such&●o general was the joy, as after a long absence is accustomed to be seen betwixt Fathers and Children. It delighted the Inhabitants of Ilium▪ that their Nephews having overcome Africa and the West, did challenge Asia as their Hereditary Kingdom, and they said the ruin of Troy was not to be lamented, which was revived again in a happy race of such Noble successors. On the other side, the Romans with an unsatisfied desire did behold the Household Gods, and the Cradles of their Ancestors, and the Temples and Images of the Gods. The Romans being departed from Ilium, King Eumenes did march with Auxiliaries to them; And not long after the Battle was fought with Antiochus, when in the right wing a Roman Legion being beaten, did fly back to the Camp with more disgrace than danger; one of the Tribunes of the Soldiers, Marcus Aemilius by name, being left for the defence of the Camp, commanded his Soldiers immediately to buckle on their Arms, which being done, he did lead them out of the works, and with drawn swords did threaten those that fled back, and declared that there should not a man of them be left alive, unless they returned to the Battle, and that their own Tents should be more fatal to them then their Enemy's swords. The Legion being amazed at so great a danger, the Soldiers Armed by the Tribune, accompanying them, they returned into the Battle, and having made a great slaughter of their Enemies, it was the beginning of the Victory. There were fifty thousand of the Enemies slain, and eleven thousand taken. Antiochus again desiring peace, there was nothing added to the former conditions. Africanus declared that the Romans did neither abate their courage being overcome, neither grew they insolent with the success of Victory. They divided the Cities they had taken amongst their Associates, judging glory more proper for the Romans than possessions; For the glory of the Victory was to be owned by the Roman Name, and the luxury of wealth was left to their Associates.   

THE Two and thirtieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Antiochus' being overcome, the Aetolians who enforced him to make wars against the Romans, remained alone being unequal to them in strength, and destitute of all help. And not long after being overcome, they lost their liberty which they alone amongst so many Cities of Greece had preserved unviolate, against the Dominations of the Lacedæmonians and Athenians; which condition was so much the more afflicting as it arrived the more late unto them: They computing with themselves those times, in which with their own strength they resisted such numerous Forces of the Persians, and those when in the Delphian war they broke the violence of the Gauls, terrible both to Asia and Italy; which glorious commemoration did the more increase the desire of their liberty. As these things were in action, in the mean time there arose first a contention, and afterwards a war betwixt the Messenians, and Achaians, concerning the honour of pre-eminence, in which Philopemenes the Noble General of the Achaians was taken, not that in the fight he spared his life, but that as he called back his Soldiers to the Battle, being thrown from his horse as he leapt a ditch, he was invironned and oppressed by the multitude of his Enemies. As he lay on the ground, the Messenians durst not kill him, either through the fear of his courage, or the consciousness of his dignity. Therefore as they had dispatched all the war in him alone, they did lead him Captive round about Greece in the way of Triumph, the People thronging in multitudes to behold him, as if he was their own, and not the General of their Enemies approached. Neither did ever the Achaians with a more greedy eye behold him being a Conqueror, than the Messenians did now being conquered. Therefore they commanded him to be brought into the Theatre, that they might all have a full view of him, whom every one conceived to be impossible to be taken. Being brought afterwards unto the Dungeon, in the respect to his greatness, they gave him poison: which he took as cheerfully as if he had conquered death, as he had heretofore his Enemies; He demanded afterwards if his Lieutenant General Lycortal, whom he knew to be second to him in the affairs of war, had escaped, and having understood that he was alive, and in safety, he said, Then it goes not altogether so ill with the Achaians; and speaking those words he died. Not long after the war being renewed, the Messenians were overcome, and they endured the punishment for the death of Philopemenes. In the mean time Antiochus King of Syria, when he was oppressed by the Romans with too great a Tribute, and groaned under the burden of it (either enforced by the want of money, or solicited by avarice, by which under the pretence of a necessitated Tribute, he hoped that he more excusedly should commit Sacrilege) having drawn an Army together, did by night assault the Temple of Dindymaean Jove. Which being discovered, he was slain with all his Army by a concourse of the Inhabitants. When many Cities of Greece ●ame to Rome to complain of the Injuries of Philip King of the Macedons; And there was a great dispute in the Senate between Demetrius the Son of Philip, whom his father had sent to satisfy the Senate, and the Ambassadors of the Cities; the young man being confused with the multitude of complaints made against his Father, did on a sudden hold his peace; The Senate being moved with his shamefacedness (by which in a private condition he before endeared himself to all when he was an Hostage at Rome) did give him the cause: and thus Demetrius by his modesty obtained pardon for his Father, not by the right or plea of defence, but by the patronage of his modesty, which was signified by the Decree of the Senate, that it might appear that the King was not absolved, but the Father rather was given to the Son; Which procured to Demetrius not the grace of an Ambassador, but the hatred of obtrectation. It pulled upon him the emulation and envy of his brother Philip, and the cause of the pardon being known to his Father who was pardoned, it became an offence, Philip disdaining that the person of his Son was of more moment with the Senate then the Authority of the Father, or the dignity of regal Majesty. Perseus therefore having observed the sickness of his Father, did bring daily complaint unto him against Demetrius being absent; and at first did cause him to be hated, and afterwards to be suspected by him; sometimes he did object against him the friendship of the Romans, and sometimes treason against his Father. At the last he counterfeited that treacheries were prepared by him against his person to be put suddenly in Execution, to the trial and proof whereof the Judges were sent for, the suborned witnesses examined, and the Charge was proved which was objected against him. By those unjust proceedings the Father being compelled to parricide, did make sad all the Court with the execution of his Son. Demetrius being slain, Perseus grew not more dutiful but more contumatious against his Father, and carried himself not as an heir of the Kingdom, but as the King himself, with which Philip being offended, did daily more impatiently lament the death of Demetrius: and suspecting that he was circumvented by the Treachery of Perseus, he caused the witnesses and the Judges to be tormented; And having by this means discovered the deceit, he was no less afflicted with the wickedness of Perseus, then with the innocent death of Demetrius; which he was resolved to have revenged if he had not been prevented by death; For not long after his disease increasing by the Melancholy and perplexedness of his spirit, he deceased, having left great preparations of war against the Romans, which Perseus afterwards employed; For he enforced the Gauls, called Scordisci, to join in league with him, and he had made a great war against the Romans if he had not died. For the Gauls, the war against the Delphians being unfortunately managed, in which they found the power of God to be more great and present then the power of their Enemies, having lost Brennus their General, some part of them did fly into Asia, and some part did wander up and down in Thracia; From whence in the same path in which they marched forth, they returned to their ancient Country. Of these a considerable number did sit down in the Confluent of the River Danubius, and called themselves by the name of Scordisci. But the Tectosagis when they arrived at their ancient Country of Tholouse, were there visited by the Pestilence, and recovered not their health until being admonished by the answers of the Diviners, they had drowned all their Gold and Silver which they had got by Sacrilege in the Lake of Tholouse, all which Coepio the Roman Consul did a long time afterwards take away. There was in all one hundred and twenty thousand weight of Gold, and five millions of Silver, which Sacrilege was the cause afterwards of the destruction of Coepio and all his Army.  
The tumult also of the Cambrian war did follow the Romans, as the revenge of the violation of the consecrated money. Not a small number of the Nation of the Tectosagis did seat themselves in Illyricum, being delighted with the sweetness of the Air and the Prey, and having spoilt the Istrians, they did inhabit Pannonia. Fame reports that the Nation of the Istrians do derive their Original from Colchos, being sent by King Aetus to the Argonauts to pursue the ravisher of his daughter, who as soon as they entered into Ister out of Pontus, having sailed far into the Channel of the River Sais, following the steps of the Argonauts, they carried their ships on their shoulders over the cliffs of the hills, until they came to the shore of the Adriatic Sea; having understood that the Argonauts by reason of the length of their Ship had done the same before them, whom when the Colchians did not receive, they either through fear of their King, or the tediousness of their long Navigation, did sit down at last near to Aquileia, and were called Istrians, after the Name of the River, into the which from the Sea they sailed.  
The Dacians also are a Generation of the Geteses, who when they fought unfortunately under Olor their King against the Bastarnians, were commanded, that when they were in bed, they should, to expiate their sloth, lay their feet where they should rest their heads, and perform those household offices and services to their wives, which their wives before were accustomed to do to them. Neither was this custom changed, until by their courage they had wiped away the old Ignominy which they had received in the war. Perseus when he succeeded in the Kingdom of Philip his Father, did excite all these Nations to join in assistance with him against the Romans. In the mean time there did arise a war betwixt King Prusias, to whom Annibal fled after the peace granted to Antiochus by the Romans, and Eumenes; Which war Prusias first began having broken the League through the confidence he had in Annibal; For Annibal (when amongst other of the Articles of the Treaty, the Romans did demand of Antiochus that he should deliver him up unto them) being advertised by Antiochus of it, did fly to Crete; Where having lived for many years a quiet life, and found himself envied by reason of his excessive wealth, he deposed in the Temple of Diana pitchers filled with Lead, as the safeguard of his fortune; and the City being no ways jealous of him, because they had his fortunes with them as his, he repaired to King Prusias, his Gold which he carried with him being melted and poured into hollow Statues, lest his riches being discovered should be a hindrance to his life. Prusias being overcome by King Eumenes by land, and intending to try the fortune of a Battle by Sea, Annibal by a new invention was the Author of the Victory; For he commanded that all kinds of Serpents stored into earthen Vessels in the middle of the Battle should be thrown into the Ships of their Enemies. It seemed ridiculous to the Enemies at first, that they should Arm themselves and fight with earthen Pots, who could not encounter their Enemies with swords; But when their Ships began to be filled with the Serpents, they were circumvented with a doubtful and double danger, and yielded the Victory to their Enemies. When these things were declared at Rome, Ambassadors were sent by the Senate to make a reconciliation betwixt both Kings, and to demand the person of Annibal; but Annibal having notice of it, did take poison and prevented the Embassy by death. This year was remarkable by the death of three of the most famous Generals in the world; Annibal, Philopemenes, and Scipio Africanus; Most certain it is that Annibal when Italy trembled at the thunder of his Arms, did never sit down when he did eat, nor did ever drink more at once than one pint of wine; and so great was his chastity amongst so many Captives, that who would deny that he was born in Africa? It was undoubtedly a great Argument of his moderation, that when he commanded an Army of divers Nations, he was never set upon by any treachery of his own men, nor betrayed by the deceit of others, when his Enemies had oftentimes attempted both against him.   

THE Three and Thirtieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
THe Romans managed the Macedonian war with less noise and trouble than they did the Carhaginian; But with so much the more honour, as the Macedons in fame did exceed the Carthaginians; For the Macedonians were not only encouraged with the glory of the conquered East, but assisted with the Auxiliaries of all Kings. Therefore the Romans sent more Embassies to their Associates, and received Auxiliaries from Messanissa King of the Numidians, and from others of their Confederates; And amessage was sent to Eumenes' King of the Bithynians to contribute to the war with all his powers. And (besides the opinion that the Army of the Macedons was invincible) Perseus had provision for ten years' war laid up byhis Father, both in his Exchequer, and his Granaries, with which being growng insolent, & forgetful of his Father's fortune, he commanded his Soldiers to call to mind the Ancient glory of Alexander. The first encounter was of the horse only, in which Perseus being Conqueror made all men begin to doubt, and to incline to his side. Howsoever he sent Ambassadors to the Consul to desire that peace which the Romans had given to his Father being overcome, offering to defray the charges of the war as if he had been overcome himself. But Sulpitius the Consul did give him no other conditions then what the conquered were accustomed to receive. In the mean time, through the fear of so dangerous a war, the Romans made Aemylius Paulus Consul, and decreed unto him contrary to custom, the Macedonian war; who when he came unto the Army, did make no long delay of the battle. On the night before there was an Eclipse of the Moon. All men judged that it was a sad portent for Perseus, and that the end of the Macedonian Empire was thereby presaged. In that Battle Marcus Cato the Son of Cato the Orator, when amongst the thickest of his Enemies he gave admirable Demonstrations of his valour, having fallen from his horse did fight on foot; For a band of the Enemies with a horrid cry did stand round about him, falling on him as if they would have killed him lying on the ground. By'r he having suddenly recollected himself, did get upon his feet, and made a great slaughter of his Enemies, the Macedons did surround him on every side, and did throw themselves upon him to take away his life, but he striking at one of the Commanders, his sword flying from his hand did fall into the midst of a cohort of his Enemies, to recover which (protecting himself with his Buckler, both Armies looking on) he was covered with the swords of his Enemies, & having gained his sword, and received many wounds, he returned with a general acclamation to the Army; his fellows imitating his valour obtained the Victory. Perseus' the King fled to Samothracia carrying with him ten thousand talents; And Cneus Octavius being sent by the Consul to pursue him, did take him prisoner with his two Sons Alexander and Philip, and brought them to the Consul. Macedonia had from her first King Caranus to Perseus, thirty Kings; But she was not famous for Sovereignty above one hundred and ninty three years; when she came into the power of the Romans she was made free, Magistrates being constituted through the several Cities, and she received those Laws from Aemylius Paulus which to this day she doth observe. The Senates of all the Cities of the Aetolians (because they were uncertain in their fidelity) were sent with their wives and children unto Rome, and were a long time detained there, that they might make no innovation in their Countries; but the City being wearied with the importunities of many Ambassadors, they were hardly, after many years, suffered to return into their Countries.   

THE Four and thirtyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
THe Carthaginians and Macedonians being subdued, and the strength of th● Aetolians being weakened by the Captivity of their Princes; the Achaians only of all Greece did seem at that time most powerful to the Romans, not by the excessive wealth of every one of their particular Cities, but by the combination of them all; for although the Achaians be divided by their Cities as by so many members, yet they have one Body and one Command; they beat off the dangers which threaten particular Cities, with their mutual strength. The Romans therefore seeking out an occasion of the war, fortune did luckily present them with the complaints of the Lacedæmonians, whose Fields in mutual hatred the Achaians had laid waste.  
The Senare answered the Lacedæmonians, that they would send Ambassadors into Greece, to look upon the affairs of their Associates, and to take away the suspicions of all injury; but instructions were privily given to the Ambassadors that they should dissolve this entire Body of the Achaians, and make every City to subsist by her own privileges, that so they might more easily be enforced to obedience; and if any appeared to be stubborn, that they should be broken: The Princes therefore of all the Cities being called to Corinth, the Ambassadors did recite the Decree of the Senate▪ and declared what was the Counsel which was given to them: They declared, that it was expedient for all, that every City should have her own Laws, and her own privileges; which the Achaians no sooner understood, but in a fury they presently killed all that were strangers; and had violated the Roman Ambassadors themselves, if upon notice of the tumult, they had not fled away in a great fear. When this was declared at Rome, the Senate did immediately Decree that the Achaean war should be undertaken by Mummius the Consul; who not long after, having transported his Army into Greece, and all things with great care being provided for, did provoke his Enemies to battle. But the Achaians (as if it had been no trouble at all to conquer the Romans) had nothing in a readiness for War, but thinking more of the booty then the fight, they brought their Carriages into the Field to draw from thence the spoils of their Enemies, and placed their Wives and Children on the adjacent Hills to behold the pleasure of the Battle, which was no sooner begun, but being slain before the eyes of their Wives and Children, they became a sad spectacle to them for the present, and left them a grievous remembrance of it for the future; and their Wives and Children being made Captives of Spectators, were an easy prey unto their Enemies: The City of Corinth itself was pulled down, and all the people sold in the most ignominious manner that in those times was practised, that this Example might strike a fear into the other Cities to take ●eed of Innovations for the time to come.  
Whiles these things were in action, Antiochus King of Syria made War upon Ptolemy King of Egypt, the Son of his elder Sister, but ● slow man, and so consumed with daily luxury, that he not only neglected the Offices of Regal Majesty, but was deprived also of the sense of an ordinary man: Being therefore beaten out of his Kingdom, he fled to Alexandria to his younger brother Ptolemy, and having made him a partaker in his Kingdom, they jointly sent Ambassadors to the Senate at Rome, by whom they desired their help and implored the Faith of their Society; The supplications of the Brothers did move the Senate: Therefore Publius Popilius was sent Ambassador to Antiochus to command him not to invade Egypt; or if he was already in it, to withdraw from it. The Ambassador having found him in Egypt, the King kissed him; for Antiochus above the rest did respect Popilius when he was a Hostage at Rome; Popilius desired him to forbear all private friendship, when the Mandates and the Interests of his Country intervened; and having produced the Decree of the Senate, he delivered it to the King; when he found the King to demur upon it, and to say that he would refer it to the Consultation of his friends; Popilius with a rod which he had in his hand, having enclosed him in a spacious Circle, that it might contain his friends with him, did require him to counsel with them in the Precinct of that Round, and not to move out of it before he had given an Answer to the Senate, Whether he would have peace or War with the Romans. This sharp proposition did so blunt the mind of the King, that he answered that he would obey the Senate. After this, Antiochus returning to his Kingdom, died, having left behind him a son very young, to whom when Guardians were assigned by the people, his Uncle Demetrius (who was then a Hostage at Rome) having understood of the death of his brother Antiochus, addressed himself unto the Senate, and alleged that his brother being alive, he came to Rome as a Hostage for him: but being dead, he did not now know whose Hostage he might be; therefore he pleaded that it was just he should be dismissed from Rome to be invested in his Kingdom, which as it was due by the law of Nations to his elder brother, so it was now due unto himself who must have the precedency of the Pupil by the privilege of Age; When he observed that the Senate (silently presuming that the Kingdom would be more safe unto them under the Pupil, then under him) were un willing to grant him leave to depart. Having secretly departed to Hostia, under the pretence of hunting, he there took shipping with the Companions of his flight; and being brought into Syria, he was received with the applause of all men; and the young Prince being put to death, the Kingdom by his Guardians was delivered unto him.  
Much about the same time, Prusias King of Bithynia contrived how to put to death his son Nicomedes, endeavouring to provide for his younger sons whom he had by Nicomede's Stepmother, and who were then at Rome: But the plot was betrayed by those who undertook to perform it; they exhorted the young man (being provoked by the cruelty of his Father) to prevent the deceit, and return the wicked act upon the Author of it; nor was it hard to persuade him to it, therefore (being sent for) when he came into the Kingdom of his Father, he was saluted as King, and Prusias his Father being dis-invested of his Kingdom, became as a private man, and was forsaken of his own servants. When he concealed himself in corners, he was discovered and commanded to be killed by his son, with no less wickedness than he commanded his son to be killed.   

THE Five and thirtyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Demetrius' having possessed himself of the Kingdom of Syria, conceiving that the common hatred by this Innovation would prove ruinous to himself, he determined to enlarge the bounds of his Sovereignty, and to increase his Revenues by making War upon his Neighbours. Therefore being become an Enemy to Ariathes' King of Cappadocia, because he refused to marry his Sister, he received his suppliant Brother Holofernes injustly driven from the Kingdom; and rejoicing that he had offered to him an honest Title of the War, he determined to restore to him his Kingdom: But Holofernes having ungratefully made a League with the Antiochians, and growing into enmity with Demetrius, he took counsel to expel him from the Kingdom, by whom he was restored to it; which although Demetrius understood, yet he spared his life, that Ariathes might not be freed from the War which his brother Demetrius threatened to bring upon him; howsoever having apprehended him, he commanded him to be kept bound at Seleucia; nevertheless the Antiochians being no ways terrified at it, did continue in their rebellion against him. Therefore Ptolemy King of Egypt, Attalus King of Asia, and Ariathes King of Cappadocia being all provoked by him to war, they suborned one Prompalus a young man, but of a most sordid birth and condition to challenge the Kingdom of Syria, as if derived to him from his Father; and if denied, to recover it by force of Arms; And that nothing should be wanting to the pretence, he was called by the name of Alexander, and reported to be the Son of Antiochus. So general a hatred they did bear to Demetrius, that not only Kingly powers, but the Nobility of birth also by the consent of all was bestowed on this counterfeit: Alexander therefore forgetting the baseness of his former condition through the wonderful variety of events being attended with the Forces of all the East, did make war upon Demetrius: and having overcome him, did deprive him at once both of his life and Kingdom: Howsoever Demetrius wanted neither care nor courage to provide for the War; for in the first encounter he routed his Adversary, and the King again renewing the War, he killed afterwards in battle many thousands of his Enemies; At last, with an invincible courage, he fell fight most gallantly amongst the thickest of his Enemies. In the beginning of the War, Demetrius commended both his Sons with a vast sum of Gold to his Guest Gnidius, both that they should be exempted from the dangers of the War; and if fortune so ordained it, that they should be preserved to revenge their Father's death. The eldest of these, Demetrius by name, being about the sixteenth year of his age (having heard of the luxury of Alexander, whom such unlooked for possessions, and the royal ornaments belonging to another did keep a Prisoner in his own Court, amongst throngs of Concubines) the Cretians helping him, did set upon him secure, and fearing no Enemy at all: The Antiochians also recompensing their old offence committed against his Father with new deservings, did surrender themselves unto him; and his Father's old Soldiers in favour of the young man (preferring the Religion of their old oath of fidelity above the pride of this new King) did translate both themselves and their Ensigns to Demetrius; And thus Alexander being forsaken by no less impetuousness of fortune than he was advanced, was overcome and killed in the first encounter, and by his punishment satisfied the Ghost both of Demetrius whom he killed, and of Antiochus whose original he did counterfeit.   

THE Six and thirtyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Demetrius' having recovered his Father's Kingdom, and (by the success of affairs) being corrupted himself, did fall through the vice of his youth into sloth and riot, and contracted as much contempt by his sloth, as his Father had hatred by his pride. Therefore when the Cities did everywhere revolt from his Command, to wipe away the blemish of his idleness, he made War upon the Parthians. The Eastern Nations did not unwillingly behold his approach both for the cruelty of Arsacidas King of the Parthians, and for that being accustomed to the ancient Command of the Macedonians, they did with indignation endure the arrogance of this new people: Therefore being assisted with the Auxiliaries of the Persians, Elamites, and the Brastrians, he overthrew the Parthians in many battles. At last, being circumvented by the pretence of a peace, he was taken; and being led in triumph through the Cities, he was showed (as a mock of their favour) to the people that revolted; and being afterwards sent into Hyrcania, he was honourably entreated according to the dignity of his former Fortune. Whiles those things thus passed, Trifo who laboured in Syria to be constituted by the people to be the Guardian of Antiochus, the privign of Demetrius, having slain the young Prince, did invade the Kingdom of Syria, which having a long time enjoyed, the favour of his new Command growing out of date, at last he was overcome by Antiochus the Brother of Demetrius, a very young man who was bred up in the Wars of Asia; and thus the Kingdom of Syria was again devolved to the Issue of Demetrius.  
This Antiochus being mindful that both his Father was hated for his pride, and his Brother made contemptible by his sloth, that he might not fall into the same vices, having first married Cleopatra his Brother's wife, he followed the War with great resolution against the Cities which revolted in the beginning of his Brother's reign, which being subdued, he added them to the bounds of his Empire. He also overcame the Jews, who under his Father Demetrius in the Macedonian Empire had by their arms redeemed themselves into liberty: So great was their power, that after him, they would not endure any King of the Macedons, and using their own Governors, they infested Syria with great Wars.  
The Jews derive their Original from Damascus, which is the most noble of the Cities of Syria; and the Syrian Kings do boast their descent in a direct line from Queen Semiramis: The name of Damascus was given to the City by Damascus who was King of it, in the honour of whom the Syrians have worshipped the Sepulchre of his wife Arathes as a Temple, and esteemed her a Goddess in the height of their most Religious devotions; After Damascus, Abraham, Moses and Israel were Kings: But the happy Issue of ten children made Israel more famous than the rest of his Ancestors; he delivered to his Sons the people divided into ten Tribes or Kingdoms, and commanded▪ that they should be all called Jews, after the name Judah who died not long after the division of the Kingdoms, whose memory he commanded should be reverenced by them. His portion was distributed amongst them all, and Joseph was the youngest of the brethren, who fearing his excellent wit, having privately intercepted him, they sold him to foreign Merchants, by whom being brought into Egypt, when by the sharpness of his apprehension he had learned there the Magic Arts, he became in a short time most gracious with the King; for he was most sagacious in the discovery of wonderful events, and was the first of all who found out the understanding of dreams; and there seemed nothing unknown unto him which belonged to the Laws either of God or men, insomuch that (many years before it came to pass) he foresaw the barrenness of the Fields; and Egypt had been destroyed by Famine, if the King by his admonition had not given command that the fruits of the Earth should for many years together be preserved; And so great was his Experience, that his Answers seemed to be given not from a man, but God. Moses was his Son, whom besides his hereditary knowledge, the excellency of his beauty did commend. But when the Egyptians were plagued with itch and scabs, they were admonished by the Oracle to expel him with the sick from the bounds of Egypt, lest the contagion of the disease should spread over all. Being therefore made Captain of the banished persons, he took away by stealth the sacred things of the Egyptians, which they attempting to recover by arms, were enforced to return back by Tempests. Moses therefore on his return to his ancient Country of Damascus did possess himself of Mount Sinai, where he and his people being afflicted with seven days continued fast, in the Deserts of Arabia, when he arrived to his journey's end, he by a fast consecrated the seventh day to all Posterity, and according to the language of his Nation did call it the Sabbath, because that day did put a period both to their fasting and their travel: And (in remembrance that they were driven from Egypt for fear of the contagion) lest for the same cause they might be hated by the Inhabitants, they provided by a Law that they should not communicate with strangers, which beginning first from Policy, was by degrees turned afterwards into Discipline and Religion.  
After the death of Moses, his Son Arvas who was a Priest also in the Egyptians Religion, was created King; and it was always afterwards a Custom amongst the Jews that they had the same men both for Kings and Priests; whose justice being mixed with Religion, it is incredible how greatly they did prosper. The weath of the Nation did arise from the profits of the Opobalsamum which doth only grow in those Countries; for it is a Valley like a Garden which is environed with continual Hills, and a● it were enclosed with a Wall: The space of the Valley containeth two hundred thousand Acres, and it is called Jericho. In that Valley there is a Wood as admirable for its fruitfulness as for its delight; for it is intermingled with Palm-Trees and Opobalsamum: The Trees of the Opobalsamum have a resemblance like to Firr-Trees, but that they are lower, and are planted and husbanded after the manner of Vines: On a set season of the year they do sweat Balsom; The darkness of of the place, is besides as wonderful as the fruitfulness of it: For although the Sun shines nowhere hotter in the World, there is naturally a moderate and a perpetual darkness of the Air: There is a Lake also in that Country, which by reason of its greatness and unmoveableness of the water, is called the dead Sea; for it is neither stirred with the Winds, the glutinous substance (with which all the water is covered) resisting their violence, neither is it patient of Navigation; for all things wanting life, do presently sink into the bottom, neither doth it sustain any matter, unless it be washed over with Roch-Allum dissolved.  
Xerxes' King of the Persians did first overcome the Jews, they came afterwards with the Persians themselves into the power of Alexander the great, and a long time they continued in subjection to the Macedonian Empire; when they revolted from Demetrius, and desired the friendship of the Romans, they first of all the East did receive their liberty, the Romans at that time giving freely out of other men's possessions. In the same time in which the change of Government in Syria was alternately managed by the new Kings, Attalus King of Asia polluted that most flourishing Kingdom received from his Uncle Eumenes, with the slaughters of his friends, and the punishments of his nearest kindred; feigning sometimes that the old woman his Mother, sometimes that his wife Beronice were slain by their treasonable practices. After the fury of this most wicked violence, he did put on ragged clothes, and made short his beard, and the hair of his head after the manner of the guilty; he would not be seen in public, nor show himself to the people, he would have no feasts of mirth at home, or any appearance of a sober man▪ as if he would altogether by taking punishment on himself, give satisfaction to the Ghosts of the slain. At the last having forborn the administration of his Kingdom, he digged in gardens, sowed seeds, and mingled the good with the hurtful, and having steeped them all in the juice of poison, he sent them as a peculiar gift unto his friends. From this study, he gave himself to the Art of making of brass, and in the invention of tools and things belonging to it, and much delighted himself with the melting and the minting of pieces in Brass. After this, he bent all his endeavours and design to make a Tomb for his Mother, at which work being too intent, he contracted a disease by the immoderate heat of the Sun, and died the seventh day afterwards. By his Testament the People of Rome were made Heirs: But there was one Aristonicus descended from Eumenes, not by lawful marriage, but born of an Ephesian Strumpet, the Daughter of a Fiddler, who after the death of Attalus did invade Asia as his Father's Kingdom: And having made many happy encounters against the Cities, which for fear of the Romans would not deliver themselves unto him, he seemed now to be a King in earnest; wherefore Asia was decreed to Licinus Crassus the Consul, who being more intent to the Attalick booty then to the war, when in the end of the year he entered into Battle with the Enemy with a disordered Army, being overcome, he with his own blood suffered for his inconsiderate avarice. The Consul Perpenna being sent to supply his place, at the first encounter did overcome Aristonicus, and brought him under subjection, and carried with him unto Rome the hereditary treasures of Attalus; which his successor the Consul Marcus Aquilius repining at, did make all possible haste to snatch away Aristonicus from Perpenna, to become the gift and honour of his Triumph. But the death of Perpenna did end the difference of the Consuls; and thus Asia being made the Romans, she sent also, with her wealth, her vices unto Rome.   

THE Seven and thirtieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
ARistonicus being taken, the Massilians sent Ambassadors to Rome, humbly entreating for the Phocensians their Founders, whose City, and the memory of whose Name, because they were always implacable Enemies to the people of Rome, both at that time, and before, in the war of Antiochus, the Senate commanded should be utterly extinguished, but a pardon was granted by the importunity of the Ambassadors. After this, the rewards were given to those Kings who brought in their Auxiliary forces against Aristonicus Syria the less was bestowed on Mithridates of Pontus; Lycaonia and Cilicia were given to the sons of Ariarathes, who fell himself in that war; and the people of Rome were more faithful to the sons of their Confederate Ariarathes, than the Mother was to her own children; for they increased the Dominions of his son in his nonage, and she took away his life from him: For Laodice having in number six sons by King Ariarathes, fearing that they growing into years, she should no longer enjoy the administration of the Kingdom, did destroy five of them by poison. The care of his Kindred did preserve the youngest from the violence of the Mother, who after the death of Laodice (for the people did cut her off by reason of her cruelty) did enjoy the Kingdom alone. Mithridates also being taken away by a sudden death, did leave his Kingdom to his son, who was also called Mithridates, whose Greatness afterwards was such, that he excelled in Majesty, not only all the Kings of his time, but of the former age, and with various victory held war with the Romans for the space of six and forty years: whom the most famous Generals, Sylla, Lucullus and others at the first, and Cneius Pompeius at the last did so overcome, that he arose always more great and famous in renewing of the war, and became more terrible by his losses; and at last being overcome by no hostile force, he died a voluntary death in his own Kingdom, being a very old man, and leaving a Son to succeed him, many signs from Heaven did presage his greatness to come; for both on that day in which he was born, and on that in which he began his Reign, at both times there did appear a Comet, which for seventy nights did shine so brightly, as all Heaven did seem to be in a flame; for by the greatness of it, it took up the fourth part of Heaven, and by its splendour it overcame the light of the Sun; and when it did either rise or set, it took up the space of four hours.  
Being in his minority, he lay open to, and did endure the treachery of his tutors, for they did put him upon a wild and an unmanaged horse, and did command him not only to ride him, but to exercise his horsemanship, and to throw darts from him; but Mithridates deluding their design, by governing the horse beyond the expectation of his age, they conspired against him by poison, which he suspecting, did oftentimes drink Antidotes, and with such exquisite remedies did so prepare his body against it, that being an old man, he could not die by poison, though attempting it. Fearing afterwards, that his enemies would perform with the sword what they could not dispatch with poison, he pretended he would solace himself with the recreation of hunting; wherefore for the space of four years, he neither entered into City, nor came in the Country within the roof of any house, but wandered in the woods, and took up his lodging on the tops of several hills, no man knowing in what place he was, being accustomed by his swiftness of foot, either to pursue wild beasts, or to fly from them, and sometimes by main force to grapple with them. By which means he both eschewed all treason that was designed against him, and hardened his body to all endurance of virtue. When afterwards he came to the management of the Kingdom, he immediately contrived not so much how to rule it, as how to enlarge it, and by an incomparable felicity overcame the Scythians, who were before invincible, for they had overthrown Zopyro the Lieutenant of Alexander the great, with thirty thousand armed men, and killed Cyrus' King of the Persians, with two hundred thousand Soldiers, and routed Philip King of the Macedons. Being increased in his power, he possessed himself of Pontus, and not long afterwards of Cappadocia; and going privately out of his Kingdom, he sojourned over all Asia with a few friends, and thereby gained a perfect knowledge of all the Country, and of the situation of every City. After that, he travailed higher over all Bythinia, and being already, as it were Lord of Asia, he contrived where to lay his best opportunities for his following victories. After this he returned into his Kingdom, where it being generally noised abroad that he was dead, he found a young child, which in his absence Laodice, who was both his sister and his wife, had brought forth. But after his long travels, amidst the gratulations both of his safe arrival, and of the birth of his son, he was in danger of being poisoned; for his sister Laod ce believing he had been dead, did fall into an incontinent life, and attempting to conceal one sin by committing a greater, did resolve to welcome him with poison; which when Mithridates understood by her maid, he revenged the treason which was plotted, on the author of it. And winter drawing on, he spent his time, not at the banquet, but in the field, not in sloth, but in exercise, not amongst his companions, but with King's equal to him, either in the horse-race, or the foot-race, or by trying the strength of body. He also by daily exercise hardened his Army to the same patience of labour, and being unconquered himself, he by these acts made his Army invincible. Having afterwards made a league with Nicomedes, he invaded Paphlagonia, and having overcome it, he did share it with his companion Nicomedes. The Senate being informed that Paphlagonia was again in the possession of Kings, they sent Ambassadors to them both, to command them to restore the Nation to her former condition. Mithridates when he believed that he was equal to the Roman Greatness, did return a proud answer, which was, that he received his Kingdom by inheritance, and did much wonder that they should trouble themselves with a Controversy which did not belong unto them; and being nothing terrified with their threatenings, he seized upon Galatia. Nicomedes, because he could not defend himself by right, made answer▪ that he would restore his part to a lawful King, and (having changed his Name) he called his own Son Philomenos, after the name of the Kings of Paphlagonia, and in a false name and title enjoied the Kingdom, as if he had restored it to the true Royal Progeny: And thus the Ambassadors being deluded, did return to Rome.   

THE Eight and thirtyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Mithridates' having begun his parricides by the murder of his own wife, determined with himself to put to death the Sons of his other sister Laodice, whose husband Ariarathes King of Cappadocia he had treacherously murdered by Gordius, thinking he had done nothing in murdering of the father, if the young men still enjoyed their father's Kingdom, with a desire whereof he was violently transported. Whiles he was busy on his design, Nicomedes King of Bythinia did invade Cappadocia, destitute of a King; which when Mithridates understood, in a counterfeit piety he sent assistance to his sister to drive Nicomedes out of the Kingdom; but in the mean time a contract being made, Laodice had espoused herself to Nicomedes. At which Mithridates being much troubled, he drove the Garrison-Souldiers and others of the Army of Nicomedes out of Bythinia, and restored the Kingdom to his sister's son, which was an honourable act indeed, if it had not been attended by deceit; for not long after, he pretended that he would call back Gordius from banishment, whom he used as his minister in the murder of Ariarathes, and restore him to his Country, hoping if the young man should not give way to it, there would arise from thence a sufficient cause of the war, or if he should permit it, that the Son might be destroyed by thesame man who killed his father, which when young Ariarathes did understand to be attempted by Mithridates, taking it deeply to heart, that the murderer of his father should be called from banishment by his Uncle, he embodied a mighty Army; Mithridates brought into the field four score thousand foot, and ten thousand horse, and six hundred Chariots armed with hooks of steel, and Ariarathes was altogether as powerful, the neighbouring Kings assisting him. Mithridates' fearing the uncertain chance of the war, did alter his counsels, by causing them to degenerate into treachery; & having by his Agents courted the young man into a conference, and hid a naked sword in the plates of his garment, the Searcher being sent to do his office according to the manner then of Kings, with great curiosity examined about the bottom of his belly; whereupon he desired him to take heed, lest he found another weapon then that he sought for; the treachery being thus protected by the jest, Mithridates having called him aside from his friends, as if he would confer in private with him, did kill him, both the armies being the spectators of it. This being done, he delivered the Kingdom of Cappadocia to Ariarathes his Son, being but eight years of age, having made Gordius Tutor over him, and calling him by the name of Ariarathes. But the Cappadocians being incensed at the cruelty and the lust of Mithridates, his Lieutenants revolted from him, and called back the brother of the slaughtered King from Asia, where he was bred up, and whose name was Ariarathes also, with whom Mithridates renewed the war, and having overcome him, did expel him the Kingdom of Cappadocia; and not long after the young man (having contracted an infirmity by his melancholy) died; after his death Nicomedes fearing lest by the addition of Cappadocia, Mithridates should also invade Bythinia that bordered on it, did suborn a boy, as remarkable for his stature as his countenance, to demand of the Senate of Rome his father's Kingdom, as if old Ariarathes had three, and not two Sons born unto him. He also sent his wife Laodice to Rome to be a witness of the three Sons begotten by Ariarathes. Which when Mithridates understood, he with the like impudence, sent Gordius to Rome, to assure unto the Senate, that the Boy to whom he delivered Cappadocia, was begotten of that Ariarathes who died in the war of Aristonicus, bringing his Auxiliaries to the Roman Army▪ But the Senate being prepossessed with the designs of the Kings, would not give to false Names the Kingdoms of others, but took Cappadocia from Mithridates, and that he should not be alone in discontent, they took away also Paphlagonia from Nicomedes. And that it should not be any contumely to the Kings, that the Kingdoms which were taken from them should be given unto others, both people received the Donation of their liberty. But the Cappadocians refused their gift of freedom, affirming that their Nation could not subsist without a King. Therefore the Senate did constitute Ariobarzenes to be their King. At that time Tigranes was King of Armenia, not long before given as a pledge to the Parthians, and now lately dismissed and sent by them home to his Father's Kingdom. Mithridates had a great desire to join him with him in the war against the Romans, which he had before determined with himself. Tigranes' thinking nothing what an offence it would be against the Romans, was by Gordius excited to make war against Ariobarzenes, a man of a heavy temper & not able to oppose him; and that there should be no suspicion of any injury to be contrived by deceit, Mithridates did give him his Daughter Cleopatra into marriage. Therefore on the first approach of Tigranes, Ariobarzenes having taken all things with him that he could call his own, did repair to Rome; and thus by the means of Tigranes, Cappadocia became again under the power of Mithridates. At the same time Nicomedes being deceased, his son, who was also called Nicomedes, was by the force of Arms beaten by Mithridates from his father's Kingdom; who when he came a suppliant to Rome, it was decreed in the Senate, that they should both be restored into their Kingdoms; to the effecting of which, Aquilius Manlius, and Malthinius were sent Ambassadors. This being made known in Asia, Mithridates being to make war against the Romans, did enter into a league with Tigranes, and articled with him, that the Cities and the fields should be the part of Mithridates, but the Captives and all the moveables should be the portion of Tigranes.  
And Mithridates having pondered with himself how great a war he had raised, sent some Ambassadors to the Cymbrians, and others to the Gallogrecians, to the Sarmatians and Bastarnians, to desire assistance of them. For heretofore when he had determined with himself to make war against the Romans, he obliged to him all these Nations with variety of gifts and benefits. He also sent for an Army out of Scythia, and armed all the East against the Romans: therefore with no great difficulty he overthrew Aquilius and Malthinius, who commanded the Asiatic Army, who being routed and driven out of the field with Nicomedes, he wasreceived with an extraordinary great applause of the Cities. In those he found great store both of Gold laid up by the thrifty providence of the former Kings; he found also great store of Arms and Provision for the war, with which being furnished, he remitted to the Cities their public and private debts, and for five years did free them from all Impositions. After this, having called his soldiers to a general Assembly, with several exhortations he did excite them to the Roman, or rather the Asiatic Wars. The Copy of his Speech I have thought worthy to insert into the narrow compass of this work, which Pompeius Trogus did interpret to be indirect, and reprehended both Livy▪ and Sallust, that (inserting set speeches into their writings as the orations of the parties interested) they did exceed the bounds of History. Mithridates' said, that it was to be wished that he might have leave to take Counsel, whether war or peace were to be had with the Romans; since we are bound to resist those who do oppose us; and those are not to be in doubt what to determine on, who are without hope of Victory: For against thiefs, though we cannot for our safety, yet we all do draw our sword for revenge; but because that is not in question whether we ought to set down, being looked upon not only with hostile minds, but assaulted also with hostile arms; the present Counsel to be demanded is, upon what hope and account we may maintain the wars begun? For his own part, he affirmed he had a confidence of the Victory, if they had a generous Resolution to fight: and it was known as much to his soldiers as to himself, that the Romans that were to be overcome, were they who overthrew Aquilius in Bythinia, and Malthinus in Cappadocia; But if other examples would persuade more than his own Experience, he had heard that Pyrrhus King of Epirus commanding an Army of not above five thousand Macedons, did in three battles overthrow the Romans. He had heard that Annibal had continued a Conqueror in Italy for the space of sixteen years together, and that he might have taken the City itself, were he not hindered by a faction of emulating and envious spirits at home, and not by any power of the Romans. He had heard he said, how the people of Transalpine Gaul had invaded Italy, and possessed themselves of the most and greatest Cities therein, and had there larger territories than they enjoyed in Asia, which was said to be but weak in comparison of Rome, neither was Rome only overcome by the Gauls, but it was taken also by them, and nothing was left them but only the top of one hill, from whence they were removed not by war, but by money. But as for the Gauls (whose Name was so terrible to the Romans) he had a great part of them amongst his own Auxiliaries; for the Gauls he said, who do inhabit Asia, do only differ from those in Italy by the distance of place, but had the same original, the same courage, and the same manner of fight; who had so much the more clear and apprehensive wits, as they had adventured a more long and difficult march through Illyricum and Thracia, who have their residence in other places. As for Italy itself, did they never hear how, and by whom Rome was builded? which though now at peace with itself, yet some of them daily for their liberty, and others for the power of Command have persevered in continual wars; How many Armies of the Romans have been overthrown by the Cities of Italy, and some of them by a new way of Contumely thrust under the yoke: And that we may not dwell on old Examples, all Italy is now in Arms excited by the Marsick war, demanding now not liberty, but to be partakers in the Empire, and of the freedom of the City of Rome▪ neither is the City more oppressed with the neighbouring war of Italy, then with the domestic faction of the Governors, & ● war even with their own Citizens doth grow upon them far more dangerous than the war with Italy. The Cymbrians also from Germany like a vast deluge of wild and ungoverned people, do at this present overwhelm all Italy. And although the Romans peradventure could maintain the several wars one after another, yet they must needs now suffer, so many wars coming all at once upon them, insomuch that they cannot be at leisure to follow this very war that they do make upon us; we make use therefore of this present occasion, and pluck from them the increase of their strength, and not give them leave to rest, being so deeply engaged, lest hereat they might find more work, being quiet at home, and without another enemy; for the question is not to be put, whether we should take arms or no, but whether of ourselves, or provoked by the Romans.  
But the war he said was indeed begun against him by them, when in his nonage they took the greater Phrygia from him, which they granted should be given to his father, as a reward for the aid he brought against Aristonicus, it being the same Country which Seleucus Callimacus gave in Dowry to his Grandfather Mithridates. And what shall I say to the command laid upon me to depart from Paphlagonia; was not that another motive of the war? espeeially since Paphlagonia came not by the power of the sword, but descended to my Father by inheritance, by adoption in Will, and by the death of successive Kings; and in giving obedience to their violent Decrees, I have no ways mitigated them, but they have still deported themselves more violently against me. For he said, what obsequiousness was not afforded to them by him? was not Phrygia and Paphlagonia taken from him? was not his Son forced from Cappadocia? which by the Law of Nations he seized upon being Conqueror; but his victory was ravished from him by them, who have nothing at all but what they have purchased by the sword. Was not Crestos the King of Bythinia (against whom the Senate had denounced war) cut off by him to do them a favour? yet in whatsoever Gordius or Tigranes had offended, it must be reckoned all on his account. He alleged also that in the ignominy of him, the Senate of their own accord offered that liberty to Cappadocia, which they took from other Nations▪ and that people instead of their proffered liberty, desiring Gordius to be their king, it could not be granted because Gordius was his friend. Nicomedes also by their command had made war upon him, and was assisted by them, because Mithridates did pass unrevenged; and now they find the same cause of war with Mithridates, because he would not tamely yield himself to be torn in pieces by Nicomedes the Son of a vaulting woman; for they did not so much pursue the faults of Kings, as their Power and their Majesty, neither did they with so much violence exercise his art on him alone, but on all other Kings also; so his Grandfather Pharnaces was by their arbitration delivered up to Eumenes' King of Pergamus; So Eumenes again, in whose Ships they were first transported into Asia, by whose Army rather than by their own, they overcame both Antiochus the great, and the Gauls in Asia; and not long after King Perseus in Macedonia, was at the last censured by them as their Enemy, and forbidden to come into Italy; and because they thought it would render them odious to make war with him in his own person, they deferred it for a while, to carry it on with more violence against his Son Aristonicus. They professed that no man deserved better of them, than Masinissa King of the Numidians; to him they imputed the Conquest of Annibal, the Captivity of Syphax▪ and the destruction of Carthage; to him as well as unto the two Scipios, called Africani, the title was ascribed of Preserver of the City; and yet the war waged but the other day in Africa with his Son, was so inexpiable, that having overcome him, they would give no respect in him to the memory of his Father, but he must endure both imprisonment, and become the spectacle of the Triumph. This condition and height of hatred was imposed by them on all Kings, because their own Kings were such, at whose very names they might blush, being either Stepherds of the Aborigines, or Soothsayers of the Sabins, or Exiles of the Corinthians, or slaves and varlets of the Tuscans, or (whose name is most honourable amongst them, and as they themselves assert are their founders) those who were nourished with the Milk of a She▪ Wolf; accordingly all their people have the minds of Wolves, insatiate of blood, and greedy and hungry after riches and sovereignty. But if he would descend to compare himself in his Nobility with them, he was far more famous he said, than that litter of mongrels▪ deriving his Ancestors on his father's side, from Cyrus and Darius, the founders of the Persian Empire, and on his mother's side from Alexander the great, and Nicanor Seleucus, the Erectors of the Macedonian Empire; or if he should compare his people to theirs, they were of those Nations who are not only equal to the Roman Empire, but opposed the Macedonian; no Nation that is subject unto him, did ever stoop to the commands of a foreign Potentate, and obeyed none but their own Domestic Kings; would they have him to make mention of Cappadocia or Paphlagonia, of Pontus or Bythinia, or of Armenia, the greater or the less, none of which Nations, neither Alexander the great, who subdued all Asia, nor any of his Successors or Posterity ever touched. As for Scythia, it is true indeed, that two Kings before him adventured not so much to subdue as to invade it; Darius by name, and Philip, who had much to do to escape from thence by flight, from whence he shall receive the greatest part of his strength against the Romans. He affirmed he undertook the Pontic wars, with far more fear and diffidence than this, he being then but a young man, and unexperienced in the Discipline of war. The Scythians▪ howsoever than his enemies, (besides their Arms, and courage of their minds) were fortified with the solitude and inhospitable coldness of their climate, by which, their great labour in war, and their contempt of dangers was the more declared; amongst which difficulties, there could not be any hope of reward expected from a wand'ring enemy, and destitute not only of money, but of habitations; but he now undertook another way of war; for there is no climate more temperate than the Air of Asia, nor any place more fruitful of soil, nor more pleasant in the multitude of Cities; and they should consume the greatest part of their time, not as it were in war, but in keeping of holidays; and it is hard to say, in a service more easy or more abundant, whether they are to march to the neighbouring possessions of the Attalick Kingdoms, or to the ancient Cities of Lydia & Jonia, which they should not go to overcome, but to possess. And Asia itself, desirous of his approach, doth so much expect him, that she seemeth even to court his presence, and to call upon him with her voice; so hateful had the Romans made themselves unto her, by the ravenous avarice of their Proconsul's, the exactions of their Publicans, and the calumny of their contentions. Let them therefore (he concluded) follow him with resolution, and collect to themselves what so great an Army might achieve under his command, whom without the aid of any Soldier, they saw with his own strength to have taken in Cappadocia, and to have slain the King thereof, who the first of all mankind subdued Pontus and all Scythia, which no man before him could with safety pass by, much less invade. Nor could his Soldiers be ignorant, he said, of his Justice and liberality, having those demonstrations of it, that alone of all Kings he possessed not only his Father's Kingdoms, but had added other Kingdoms to them, by reason of his munificence, as Colchos, Paphlagonia, and Bosp●orus. Having with this Oration excited his Soldiers, in the three and thirtieth year of his Reign he descended to the wars with Rome. At the same time King Ptolemy being dead in Egypt, his Kingdom and his sister Queen Cleopatra, who was his wife also, was by Ambassadors presented to that Ptolemy, who was King of Cyrene. At which Ptolemy much rejoiced, but especially that without contestation he should be possessed in his Brother's Kingdom, to which he knew that the Son of his Brother was appointed both by his mother Cleopatra, and by the favour of the Princes. Not long after (all being displeased with him) he no sooner entered into Alexandria, and commanded all the favourers of the young child to be put to death; and on that very day in which he married his mother, he killed the young Prince in the mother's embraces of him, in the midst of the Banquet and the solemnity of this marriage; and thus he ascended his sister's bed, bloody with the slaughter of her Son. Afterwards, he was not more mild unto the people who called him unto the succession of the Kingdom; for licentiousness being given to the foreign Soldiers, all things did daily flow with blood, and at last (having by force ravished her daughter, and taken her afterwards into marriage) he divorced himself from his sister. With which cruelty the people being affrighted, they stole away into several places, and having wilfully banished themselves, they forsook their Country for the fear of death. Ptolemy therefore with his own servants being left alone in so great a City, when he perceived himself to be a King not of men, but of empty houses, did publish a declaration, soliciting all Strangers to inhabit the City, who coming in great numbers to him, he not long after did go himself to meet Scipio Africanus, Spurius Mummius, and Lucius Metellus the Ambassadors of the Romans, who made a visitation into those parts to observe the condition and kingdoms of their Confederates.  
But he appeared as ridiculous to the Romans, as bloody to all the Citizens; for he was deformed in countenance, and short in stature, and by the obeseness of his strutting belly, more like unto a Beast then to a man; which filthiness, his tiffanies and light garments which he had on did increase, as if those parts offered themselves to be seen as through a vail, which Modesty commands us with diligence to conceal.  
After the departure of the Ambassadors, amongst whom while Africanus walked forth to behold the City, he became a spectacle of honour himself to the Alexandrians; Ptolemy (being hated by the Strangers also that were become Citizens) did silently for fear of treachery, depart into banishment, having taken with him his son which he had begotten on his sister, and his new wife whom he had married, having put away her mother, and having with money contracted a mercenary army, be made war at once on his Sister, and his Country; After this, having sent for his eldest son from Cyrene, that the Alexandrians should not make him their King against him, he put him to death; whereupon the people pulled down his Statues and Images, which he conceiving to be done in favour of his Sister, he slow that Son also whom he begot on her, and having divided his Body into several parts, and put it into a Coffin, he sent it to his Mother on that day whereon she made yearly a great feast for the solemnity of his Birth; which was a sight not only grievous and much lamented by the Mother, but by all the City also, and brought so much grief in the height of all their mirth at the banquet, that all the Court was filled with a great and a sudden lamentation.  
The Inclinations of the Princes being therefore turned from feasting into mourning, they showed to the people the dismembered body of the young Prince, and by the murder of his own son did declare what they ought themselves to expect of their King. Cleopatra having ended the days of her mourning for the death of her son, when she perceived that she was oppressed by a war also from her late husband her brother, she by her Ambassadors demanded aid of Demetrius King of Syria, whose own fortunes were as various as they were memorable; For when Demetrius made war against the Parthians, as mention hath been made before, and in many encounters overcame them, being on a sudden surrounded by an Ambuscado, having lost his Army, he was taken himself.  
Arsacides King of the Parthians, in the greatness of his royal spirit having sent him into Hyrcania, did not only honour him with the Respect due unto a King, but gave him his daughter also in marriage, and promised to restore unto him the Kingdom of Syria, which in his absence Trypho became Master of. After his death, Demetrius despairing of return, and not enduring Captivity, and loathing a private life, although a fat one and a wealthy, did contrive with himself how he might escape into his own Kingdom. His friend Calamander was both his Companion, and his persuader to undertake this journey, who after his Captivity in Syria, having hired a guide, did bring him disguized in a Parthians habit through the deserts of Arabia into Babylon; But Phrahartes who succeeded Arsacides, by the swiftness of his horses did cause him to be brought back, being overtaken by the compendiousness of their goings; Being brought unto the King, he not only pardoned Calamander, but gave him a reward for his fidelity to his friend; but having very roundly checked Demetrius, he sent him to his wife in Hyrcania, and commanded that he should be observed by a stricter guard: In process of time, when the children which he had by his wife, did seem to be a stronger obligation on him for his fidelity, he did endeavour to make his escape again, having the same friend to be his Companion▪ but by the same infelicity he was taken again near unto the bounds of his own Kingdom▪ and being the second time brought unto the King, he was looked upon as a hated man, and not suffered to come into his presence. But being then also dismissed to his wife and children, he was sent back into Hyrcania and confined to a City, upon a penalty not to go out of it, and in the reproach of his childish levity, was laden with golden shackles. But no compassion of the Parthians, nor respect of any consanguinity was the occasion of this their clemency towards Demetrius, but because the Parthians affected the Kingdom of Syria, they determined to make use of Demetrius against his brother Antiochus, as the opportunity of time or the fortune of the war should require. This being understood, Antiochus thinking it discretion to take the advantage to begin the war, did conduct his Army, which he had hardened with many neighbouring wars against the Parthians; But his preparation for luxury, was no less than for the carrying on of the war, for three thousand of his black guard followed eight thousand of the armed men; amongst whom also, a great number were Cooks, Bakers and Players▪ and all of them so abounding with Gold and Silver, that the common Soldiers had their shoes interlaced with Gold, and trod upon that metal; for the love of which all other Nations do fight with steel. In their Kitchings also their instruments were of silver, as if they advanced rather to keep some great feast, then to prosecute a war.  
Anticohus approaching, many Kings of the East did meet him, who in detestation of the Parthian Pride, delivered themselves and their kingdoms to him. Not long after the battle began, and Antiochus having overthrown his Enemies in three several fields, and possessed himself of Babylon, he was called Antiochus the great; And the people in all the neighbouring Nations revolting to him, there was nothing left to the Parthians but their own Country, and the boundaries of it. At the same time Phrahartes sent Demetrius into Syria with a considerable Army of the Parthians, to possess himself of his own Kingdom, that upon that account Antiochus should be called off from Parthia to defend his own Interests. And because he could not overcome him by strength, he did every where attempt him by Stratagems. The Army of Antiochus abounding with multitudes, the winter coming on, he quartered his Army in several Cities, which was the cause of his destruction; For when the Cities beheld themselves oppressed with the billeting▪ & the injuries of the soldiers, they revolted to their old Masters the Parthians and on a prefixed day, by treacheries they did all assault the divided Army, that thereby one might be disabled to bring assistance unto the other. Which when Antiochus understood, being resolved to relieve those who were next unto him, he advanced with that party which with him had their winter quarters.  
In his way, he encountered with the King of the Parthians, against whom in his person he fought more courageously than all his Army. At last when he had overcome his enemies by fine force, being abandoned of his own Soldiers through the treachery of their fear, he was slain. Phrahartes did bestow upon him the solemnity of magnificent funerals, after the manner of Kings, and (being taken with the love of the Virgin) did marry the daughter of Demetrius, which Antiochus had brought along with him, and began to repent that ever he suffered Demetrius to go away; and having sent in full speed several troops of horse to fetch him back, they found him in safety in his own Kingdom, fearing the same design of Phrahartes, and having in vain attempted all things to reduce him, they returned to their own King.   

THE Nine and thirtyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
Antiochus' being overthrown in Parthia with his Army, his Brother Demetrius being delivered from the Captivity of the Parthians and restored to his own Kingdom, when all Syria was in lamentation by reason of the loss of the Army, as if he had happily managed his own and his Brother's wars with Parthia, in which the one of them was taken, and the other slain, he was resolved to make another war in Egypt, his mother in law Cleopatra having promised him that Kingdom as the reward of his assistance against her Brother. But whiles he affected the possessions of other men (as oftentimes it comes to pass) he lost his own by the revolt of Syria; for the Antiochians first of all under the command of their General Trypho, having in detestation the pride of their King which became intolerable by the exercise of his Parthian cruelty, and after them the Apamenians and other Cities following their examples, did revolt from King Demetrius in his absence. But Ptolemy King of Egypt, having his Kingdom invaded by him, when he understood that his sister Cleopatra having taken with her the wealth of Egypt, was fled unto her Daughter and to Demetrius her Son in law, did suborn a young man of Egypt the son of Protarchus a Merchant, who by arms should demand the Kingdom of Syria; and the plot was laid as if he had been received into the Royal Family by the adoption of King Antiochus; and the Syrians despising not any who was imposed upon them to be their King, the name of this their King that they might no longer endure the arrogance of Demetrius) was called Alexander, and great aides were sent him out of Egypt▪ In the mean time, the body of Antiochus slain by the King of the Parthians, was brought in a silver Coffin, being sent by him to be buried in Syria, which was received with infinite solemnity, both from all the Cities and from King Alexander himself, to leave a fairer gloss upon the fable; and this procured him the general favour and acclamations of the people, all men believing that his tears came as much from his heart as from his eyes. But Demetrius being overcome by Alexander, when he was besieged round with calamities, he was at last forsaken by his own wife and children. Being therefore le●t with a few poor servants when he repaired to Tyrus, to defend himself there by the religion of the Temple, going out of the Ships, he was killed by the commandment of the Lieutenant. Seleucus, one of his Sons, because he assumed the Diadem without the Authority of his mother, was slain by her▪ the other (whose Name▪ by reason of the greatness of his Nose was Gryphus) was ordained King as yet by the mother, that the Name of the King might be with the Son, but all the command of Sovereignty with the mother. But Alexander having seized upon the Kingdom of Syria, being puffed up with the vanity of his present success, did begin now by a contumelious arrogance to despise Ptolemy himself by whom he was advanced into the Kngdom. Ptolemy therefore having reconciled himself unto his sister, did endeavour with all his power to destroy the Kingdom of Alexander, which in the hatred to Demetrius he had procured to him by his own power; To which purpose he sent Auxiliaries into Greece to Gryphus, and his daughter Gryphina to be espoused to him, that he might solicit the people to the aid of his Nephew, not only by his affinity to him, but by the society of the war. Neither was it in vain; for when all perceived Gryphus recruited with the Egyptian forces, they did by degrees begin to revolt from Alexander. Not long after the battle was ●ought, in which Alexander being conquered, did fly to Antiochia. Being there destitute of money, and the Soldiers complaining for want of pay he commanded the Effigies of VICTORY being all of solid Gold, to be taken away from the Temple of Jupiter, laughing at the Sacrilege with this scorn of prophaner wit● for VICTORY he said was lent him by Jupiter. Not long after, when he commanded ●●e Effigies of Jupiter himself, being all of beaten Gold, and of an infinite weight to be taken away, he was met with in the Sacrilege and enforced to fly, by reason of the concourse of the multitude, and a great Tempest following him, he was taken by Thiefs, being forsaken of his own men, and was by them▪ brought unto Gryphus, who did put him to death. Gryphus having recovered his father's Kingdom, and being delivered from all foreign dangers, was set upon by the Son of his own Mother, who in her immoderate desire of Sovereignty, having betrayed her Husband Demetrius, and killed one of her Sons, and complaining that her Dignity suffered Diminution by the greatness and the Victories of her Son, she offered him a Bowl of poison as he came hot from hunting. But Gryphus having notice of this treason, as if he would contend with his mother in compliment, desired her to drink first herself; but she refusing it, he grew importunate upon her; at the jast the witness being produced, did convict her, and affirmed that she had nothing left to defend herself, but only to drink that which she offered to her Son. The Queen being thus overcome, her wickedness being turned upon herself, she died by the same poison which she had prepared for another. Gryphus having obtained security for his Kingdom, did live for the space of eight years secure himself. At the last he found a Rival in his Kingdom; it was his Brother Cyricaenus born of the same mother, but begotten of his Uncle Antiochus, whom when he endeavoured to take away by poison, he exasperated him to contend with him the sooner in Arms for his establishment in the Kingdom.  
Amongst these parricidial discords in the kingdom of Syria, Ptolemy King of Egypt died, the kingdom of Egypt being left to his wife and to one of his Sons, whom she should make choice of to succeed him; as if the State of Egypt should be more quiet than the Kingdom of Syria, when the mother having elected one of her Sons to be her successor, should have the other to be her enemy. Therefore when she was more inclined to her younger Son, she was compelled by the people to make choice of the elder, to whom before she would give the Kingdom, she took away his wife, and enforced him to divorce from his bed his most dear sister Cleopatra, and to marry his yonnger sister Seleuce, not with the impartial●tie of a motherly affection to her two daughters, having taken a husband from one of them and given him unto the other. But Cleopatra being not so much forsaken by her husband, as dismissed from him by the wilfulness of her mother, was married afterwards to Cyricaenus in Syria; and that she should not bring him the bare and empty name only of a wife, she solicited the Army of Cyprus, and having engaged them to her▪ she brought them as a Dowry to her husband. Cirycaenus being now equal to him in strength, the battle was fought, and Cyricaenus being overcome was put to flight and came to Antioch, which was presently besieged by Gryphus, in which City was also Cleopatra the wife of Cyricaenus; the City being taken, Gryphina the wife of Gryphus commanded nothing more earnestly than that her sister Cleopatra should be sought out, not to assist her in her Captivity, but to be sure that she might not escape the calamity of it, because that in the emulation of her, she did come into that Kingdom, and by marrying the enemy of her sister, did make herself an enemy unto her; she accused her for drawing foreign Armies into the contestation of the Brothers, and that it was not for nothing that she was divorced from her Brother, and that she married another without the Kingdom of Egypt, against the will of her mother. On the other side, Gryphus did desire her that she would not compel him to commit so foul a crime, and that never any of his Ancestors after so many wars both at home and abroad, having overcome their enemies, did offer any violence to the women, whom their sex did exempt from the danger of the war, and from the cruelty of the Conqueror; but to plead for her, besides the Laws of war, there was also the contiguity of blood, she being her own sister, against whom so bloodily she raged, and his own cousin German, and the mother of children betwixt them; to this near relation of consanguinity, he added the superstition of the Temple to which she fled to protect herself, and that the gods were so much the more religiously to be worshipped, as they were more propitious and favourable to him in his conquest; besides, she being slain, nothing was diminished of the strength and power of Cyricaenus. But by how much Gryphus was the more unwilling, by so much her sister was inflamed with a female pertinatiousness, conceiving those words of his proceeded from love and not from pity. Therefore having called the Soldiers to her, she sent them herself to kill her sister, who entering into the Temple, when they could not drag her out of it, they cut off her hands, holding fast on the Image of the goddess, and in her last words having cursed the Author of the Parricide, the gods besides being violated, she died but to revenge herself; for not long after, another battle being fought, and Cyricaenus Conqueror, he took Gryphina the wife of Gryphus prisoner, who killed her sister, and by her death did parentate to the Ghosts of his wife. But Cleopatra in Egypt, when she was offended that her Son Ptolemy was her companion in the Kingdom, she excited the people against him, and having taken from him his Wife Seleuce, and so much the more unworthily because he had two children by her, she compelled him to live a banished life, having sent for her younger Son Alexander, and crowned him King in the place of his Brother; and being not content to have banished him out of the Kingdom, she prosecuted a War against him in Cyprus, and having driven him from thence also, she killed the General of her own Army, because he permitted him to escape alive out of his hands: although Ptolemy being no ways inferior to him in strength, did willingly depart out of the Island, that he might not be engaged in a War against his own Mother.  
Alexander being terrified with this cruelty of his Mother, did also himself forsake her, preferring a safe and quiet life above a dangerous Kingdom.  
But Cleopatra fearing that her eldest Son Ptolemy should be assisted by Cyricaenus to be by him restored into Egypt, did send great Aids to Gryphus, and Seleuce to be his wife, who must now be espoused to the Enemy of her former husband, and by Ambassadors called back Alexander her Son into the Kingdom, whose life when by treachery she contrived to take away, being prevented by him, she was killed herself, and yielded up her spirit not by fate but parricide. Worthy she was of this infamy of death, who drove her own Mother from the bed of her husband, and possessed her room in it, and successively made her two Daughters Widows after their alternate marriage with their own Brothers, who banished one of them, & afterwards made war against him, and having taken the Kingdom also from the other, did endeavour to put him to death by treachery.  
But Alexander had the leisure to repent of this horrible act; for when ever it was known that the Mother was slain by the violence of the Son, he was forced into banishment by the people, and Ptolemy being called back, the Kingdom was restored to him, who would neither make War with his Mother, nor take away by Arms from his brother what he himself did first possess. Whiles these things were thus carried, his brother begotten on a Concubine, to whom his Father in his Will did leave the Kingdom of Cyrene, did decease, having made the people of Rome his Heir; for now the fortune of Rome being not content with the bounds of Italy, did begin to extend itself to the Kingdoms of the East. Therefore that part of Lybia was made a Province, and afterwards Crete and Cilicia being subdued in the Piratic War, were reduced into the form of a Province, by which means the Kingdoms of Syria and Egypt being straightened by the Roman neighbourhood, and accustomed heretofore to raise advantages to themselves by Wars, with those who were next unto them, the power of wand'ring abroad being taken away, they turned their own strength into their own bowels, insomuch that consuming themselves with daily encounters, they grew into contempt with their neighbours, and became a prey to the Nation of the Arabians but weak and contemptible before; whose King Herotimus in the confidence of six hundred Sons begotten on divers Concubines, with divided Armies did sometimes invade and plunder Egypt, and sometimes Syria, and advanced the name of the Arabians, making it great by the weakness of the neighbouring Princes.   

THE Fortyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
THe mutual hatreds of the Brothers, and not long afterwards the enmity of the Sons succeeding the hatred of their Parents, when both the Kings and Kingdom of Syria was consumed by an inexpiable War, the people were enforced to seek foreign Aid, and began to look upon the Kings that were strangers to them; Therefore when one part of them were of opinion that Mithridates should be sent for out of Pontus, and another part thought that Ptolemy should be sent for out of Egypt, it being advertised that Mithridates was involved in the Roman War, and that Ptolemy was an Enemy unto Syria, they all agreed upon Tigranes' King of Armenia who was supplied (besides his own strength) with the Society of the Parthians, and the affinity of Mithridates. Tigranes' being therefore sent for into the Kingdom of Syria, for the space of eighteen years most peaceably enjoyed the Kingdom, neither did he provoke any by War, neither being provoked did he conceive it necessary to make war against any other. But as Syria was safe from the in vasion of Enemies, so it was made desolate by an Earthquake, in which one hundred and seventy thousand persons, and many Cities were destroyed: The Soothsayers being consulted, did make answer, that this Prodigy did portend the change of affairs in the Kingdoms of the East.  
Tigranes therefore being overcome by Lucullus, Antiochus the Son of Cyricaenus was made King of Syria by him. But what Lucullus gave, Pompey afterwards did take away; for he demanding the Kingdom of him, he made answer, That he would not make him King of Syria, either desiring or refusing it, having for the space of eighteen years, during which Tigranes possessed Syria, dishonourably concealed himself in a corner of Cilicia; but Tigranes being overcome, he now desired of the Romans the reward of another man's labour; Therefore as he did not dispossess him of the Kingdom when he had it; so because he gave way to Tigranes, he would not grant him that which he could not defend, lest he should render Syria again obnoxious to the robberies of the Arabians and the Jews: He therefore reduced it into the form of a Province, and thus by the discord of the consanguineous Kings, the East by degrees became under the power of the Romans.   

THE One and fortyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
THe Parthians in whose power (as if they had made a division of the World with the Romans) the Empire of the East is at this time resident, were the banished men of Sythia; which by their own language is interpreted; for in the Sythian tongue, a Parthian doth signify a banished man. In the time of the Medes and Assyrians, they were the most obscure of all the Nations in the East; and afterwards when the Empire of the East was translated from the Medes unto the Persians, like people without a name they became always he pray of the Conquerors. At last the Macedons having triumphed over all the East, did make them their servants: And indeed it may appear wonderful, that by their courage they were advanced to so great a happiness, as to reign over those Nations under whose command they were accounted before but as a servile Generation: And being provoked by the Romans by their greatest Generals in their most flourishing estate of the Empire, they were of all Nations not only their equals but their Conquerors: Howsoever, it is more their glory to rise and grow up amongst hose Empires of Assyria, Media, and Persia, (before remembered) and the most renowned Bactrian Dominion of one thousand Cities, then to be famous in the Conquests of a Nation so remote: Moreover it is remarkable, that when they were daily vexed with the great Wars against the Sythians and their nearer Enemies, and were oppressed round with all manner of dangers, they did not only possess themselves of the solitary and waste places betwixt Hyrcania and the Dacans, but privily became masters of the Borders of the Areans, Spartans', and Majans: Afterwards their neighbours not permitting but opposing them, they did so far advance themselves, that they inhabited as well the cliffs and tops of the Rocks and Mountains, as the low and spacious plains: By which means it comes to pass, that either the excess of cold or heat doth give bounds to the greatest part of Parthia; for the snow doth possess the Mountains, and the heat doth afflict the Valleys. The Government of the Nation after their revolt from the Empire of the Macedons was under Kings. The order or estate of the Commons is next to the Majesty of Kings; from hence they derive both Generals in War, and Magistrates in peace: Their speech is mixed betwixt the Sythian language and the Median; They are clothed after their old Custom; and if their fortunes do grow high, they are apparelled like the Medes, with a garment translucently thin and fluent; In their Wars, they use both their own and the Sythian Discipline; They have not as other Nations, an Army composed of freemen, but the greatest part of it doth consist of servants; the Communality of whom (they being never to be made free) doth daily increase as more are daily born: They bring up these with as great care as they do their own children, and teach them both to ride and shoot with great industry: As every one is more rich, so in the service of the War he brings in more Horses to the King. When fifty thousand of their Cavalry did meet Mark Anthony in the Field, making war upon them, there were not above four hundred and fifty of them that were free born: They are not used to fight hand to hand, or to maintain a league before a City: They fight always with their Horses either charging or wheeling about; they also oftentimes do counterfeit themselves to be routed, that they may return with the greater advantage, whereby they both find their pursuers to lie open to their swords, and unprepared to receive the second impression of their Charge; their sound unto the Battle is not given by a Trumpet, but by a Drum; neither do they long hold out in fight; for they were not to be endured, if they had as much perseverance in the fight, as impetuousness in the first shock of the charge. Oftentimes in the very heat of the first charge they forsake their battle, and after their fight they will immediately rally and renew the fight again, and when you think you are most sure of Conquest, the greatest difficulty and danger of the Battle is to come; Their defence for themselves and for their Horses, are plumed Coats of Mail, on which are such waving Plumes ●at they do cover all the bodies of both; They have no use either of Gold or Silver, but only on their Armour; through the delight of various lust, they have every one several Wives; neither is there any crime amongst them which is prosecuted with a greater punishment than adultery; Wherefore they forbid their women not only the company of men at their Banquets, but also the sight of them; they eat no flesh but what they procure by hunting; they are always carried on Horses; on those they manage their Wars, on chose they celebrate their Feasts, and perform all public and private Offices; on those they ever move, or stand still, on those they constantly trade and discourse. This is the greatest difference betwixt their Slaves and their Freeborn, that the Servants in times of no War do go on foot, the Freemen do always ride on horseback; their common burial is no other than to be devoured by birds or dogs; their bones being all that is left, are covered with the Earth; as for their Religion, they are most devout in the worship of their gods; the d sp●sitions of the Nation are lofty, seditious, deceitful, petulant; they command boldness in men, and courtesy in women; they are always apt to rise at any commotion either Foreign or Domestic, they are more prompt to act then to speak; therefore they cover all things with silence whether good or bad; they are prone unto lust, frugal in their diet, and with us faith either in their words or promises, unless it complies with their advantage; they obey their Princes, not for reverence, but for fear.  
After the death of Alexander the Great, when the Kingdoms of the East were divided amongst his Successors, none of the Macedons vouchsafing to command over so poor a Nation as they were, delivered it to Stratagenor, one of their Associates in their wars. The Parthians therefore, the Macedonians being divided and exercised in civil Wars, did follow Eumenes with the other Nations of Upper Asia, who being overcome, they came unto Antigonus: Afterwards they followed the Ensigns of Nicanor Seleucus, and (he being dead) of Antiochus and his Successors, from whose Nephews Son Seleucus they first of all revolted. In the first Carthaginian War, Lucius Manlius Piso and Attilius Regulus being Consuls, the discord of the two Brothers Seleucus and Antiochus did give them an impunity for this desertion; for the two brothers contending to pluck the Kingdom from one another, they did forbear to prosecute against the Revolters. At the same time Theodotus the Lieutenant of the thousand Cities of the Bactrians revolted also, and commanded himself to be called King, whose Example all the people of the East following, there was a general revolt from the Macedons.  
There was in those times a man called Arsaces, of an uncertain birth, but of an undoubted courage, who being accustomed to live by theft, and upon the spoil, having understood that Seleucus was overcome by the Gauls, being delivered from the fear & the danger of him, having invaded the Parthians with a company of Thiefs, he suppressed Andragores their Lieutenant, and not long after having killed him, he usurped the Empire of that Nation: After that he possessed himself of the Kingdom of the Hyrcanians; and having thus invested himself with the command of two Cities, he prepared a great Army for the fear of Seleucus and Theodotus King of the Bactrians; but being quickly delivered from his fear by the death of Theodotus, he entered into a League and Covenant with his Son, whose name was Theodotus also; and not long after he encountering with King Seleucus, who advanced with his Army to make War against the Revolters, he overcame him; the day of which Conquest the Parthians observe in their Almanacs as an Holiday, it being the beginning of their liberty.  
Seleucus being called back, and some intermission of time being given to the new troubles in Asia, he founded and form the Parthian Kingdom, and made choice of a Militia; he fortified the Castles, and confimed the Cities, and erected the City Clara on the Mount of Thabor; such is the condition of that place, that there is nothing more secure or more delightful; for it is so environed with Rocks and Cliffs, that the safety of the place needs no Defe●ders; and so great is the fruitfulness of the adjacent plains, that it is almost oppressed with its own abundance: Such a variety there is also both of Fountains and Forests, that copiously it is watered, and attracteth the neighbouring people with the delight of hunting. Arsaces' in this manner having both attempted and obtained a Kingdom, became no less famous amongst the Parthians, than Cyrus amongst the Persians, or Alexander amongst the Macedons, or Romulus amongst the Romans, and deceased in a ripe old Age. To whose memory the Parthians have ascribed this honour, that they have ever since called all their succeeding Kings by the name of Arsaces. His Son and Successor was also himself called Arsaces, who commanding an Army of one hundred thousand foot, and twenty thousand horse, did with admirable prowess fight against Antiochus the Son of Seleucus, with one hundred thousand foot, & twenty thousand horse, and at last he entered into a Confederary with him.  
Pampatius was the third King of the P rthians, and he also was called Arsaces; for as I have mentioned heretofore, the Parthians by that name called all their Kings, as the Romans do call every Emperor Caesar and Augustus. He having reigned twelve years, deceased, having left behind him two Sons, Mithridates and Pharnaces; Pharnaces being the elder did inherit the Kingdom after the Custom of the Nation, and having overcome the valiant Nation of the Mardi, he not long after died, having left behind him many Sons, who being all rejected by him, he left the Kingdom to his brother Mithridates, a man admirable for his Virtue, thinking that he owed more to his Kingdom then to the name of a Father, and was more obliged to provide for his Country then his children.  
At the same time almost as Mithridates began his Reign in Parthia, Eucratides was invested in the Kingdom of Bactria, being both of them men of excellent Spirits. But the fortune of the Parthians being more happy, that Nation was advanced under the reign of Mithridates to the height of all their glory; but the Bactrians being distressed by several Wars, did at the last not only lose their Kingdom, but their liberty: For being wearied with the Wars of the Sogdians, the Dranganits, and the Indians, they were at last as men without spirit or blood, suppressed by an inconsiderable number of the Parthians. Howsoever Eucratides managed many Wars with great resolution, being much wasted, with which when he was at last beleaguered by Demetirus King of the Indians, he by daily sallies with three thousand men did overcome threescore thousand of his Enemies: and having raised the siege in the fifth Month after it was begun, he made India stoop in obedience to him, from whence when he withdrew his Army, he was killed in the march homewards, by his own Son, whom he made partner with him in the Kingdom, who not dissembling the murder of his Father (as if he had killed an Enemy, rather than a Father) caused his Chariot to be hurried over the place where his blood was spilt, and commanded that his body should be thrown away, as unworthy to be buried. Whiles these things thus passed amongst the Bactrians, a new War did arise amongst the Parthians and the Medes, and the fortune of both Nations being a long time various, the Bactrians were at last overcome by the Parthians; Mithridates being more formidable by this access of new power, did make Bacasus his Lieutenant in the Kingdom of Media, and marched himself into Hyrcania; From whence being returned, he waged War with the King of the Elamits, who being overcome, he also added that Nation to his Kingdom; and many Nations being subdued, he extended the Empire of the Parthians from Mount Caucasus to the River of Euphrates, and being at last visited with sickness, he died in an old age, no less glorious than Arsaces his Grandfather.   

THE Two and fortyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
AFter the death of Mithridates King of the Parthians, Phrahartes his Son was made King, who when he determined to make War on Syria, to be revenged on Antiochus, who attempted the Parthians Kingdom, he was called back by the commotion of the Scythians to defend his own possessions; for the Scythians being solicited with the promise of great rewards to help the Parthians against King Antiochus, they came with their Auxiliaries just when the War was ended; when they were denied their pay, to reproach them for their assistance which came so late, the Scythians grieving that they had made so great a march to so little purpose, when they desired that either their pay should be given them for their travel, or an Enemy with whom they might encounter, they had a proud answer returned them, whereat being incensed, they began to plunder the Borders of the Parthians. Phrahartes therefore advancing against the Scythians, did leave one Hymerus for the defence of his Kingdom, having obliged him by his love from the flower of his youth, who unmindful of the courtesies received, and whose substitute he was, did afflict the Babylonians and many other Cities with tyrannical cruelty. Phrahartes himself in this War did proudly and insolently deport himself towards the Army of the Grecians, whom he had then with him (having taken them prisoners in the War which he made against Antiochus) being altogether unmindful that no Captivity could abate their spirits, and that the indignity of new injuries did more exasperate them. Therefore in the battle when they perceived the Army of the Parthians deeply engaged, they revolted to the Enemy, and executed their long desired revenge on the Parthian Army, by their slaughter of them, and by the death of their King Phrahartes himself: In his place his Uncle Artabanus was chosen King. The Scythians being contented with the Victory, having plundered their Country, return home. But Artabanus having made War upon the Inhabitants of Colchos, and received a wound in his arm, not long after deceased by the anguish of it.  
His Son Mithridates did succeed him, whose Achievements did gain him the same name of GREAT; for being inflamed with the emulation of the Acts of his Predecessors, he excelled their glories by the greatness of his virtues; he made many Wars with his neighbours, where he showed great demonstrations of his valour, and added many Nations to the Parthian Kingdom, and having made many prosperous Wars against the Scythians, he revenged the injuries of his Predecessors, and made War at last upon Artoadistes' King of the Armenians.  
But because we have here a passage opened to Armenia, we will in the first place derive its original from the first beginning; neither is it fit that it should be passed by in silence, it being so great a Kingdom, whose bounds, Parthia being excepted, doth exceed the magnitude of any Kingdom whatsoever; for Armenia lies open from Cappadocia towards the Caspian Sea eleven hundred miles in length; the latitude of it containeth but seven hundred only: It was founded by Armenius the Companion of Jason the Thessalian, whom when King Pelias desired to have destroyed by reason of his excellent valour, thinking him dangerous to his Kingdom, he was commanded to be one of the adventurers into Colchos, to bring home the Fleece of the Ram, so famous amongst all Nations; the King hoping that he would be destroyed either by the length of the Expedition, or by war amongst the most barbarous of the Nations. Jason therefore, the report being spread abroad of that glorious expedition, when the most noble of the youth of the whole world did strive who first should come into that service, did compose an Army of most excellent men, who were called Argonautae, whom after great achievements, when he had brought back safe into Greece, they were with great force beaten from Thessaly by the Sons of Pelias; Jason therefore with a great multitude (who on the report of his glory, came daily out of all Nations to him) his Wife Medea being his companion (whom having repudiated, he again in the commiseration of her banishment did take into the participation of his Bed) and Medius his Stepson, begotten by Aegeus King of the Athenians, did return to Colchos, and restored there his Father-in-law driven from the Kingdom.  
After that he made great Wars against the neighbours, and added to the Kingdom of his Father-in-law, divers Cities that were taken, to take away the injury of the former War, in which he both took by force his daughter Medea, and killed Aeg●alus the Son of Aetas, and part of them he distributed to the people whom he had brought with him to serve him in his Wars: He was the first of all men who subdued that part of the world, Hercules and Bacchus excepted, who were said to be the Conquerors and the Kings of all the East. To some of the people he assigned Phrygius and Ansistratus to be their Generals, who were the drivers of the Chariot of Castor and Pollux; he made a league also with the Albanians, who having followed Hercules out of the Mount Albania in Italy after he had slain Geryon, did drive his cattle through Italy, and who being mindful from whence they derived their Original, did in the War of Mithridates salute the Army of Cneius Pompeius by the name of brethren. All the East therefore did erect Temples and constitute Divine Honours to him, which many years afterwards, Parmenio Lieutenant General under Alexander the Great did command to be pulled down and abolished, that no name in the East should be of more veneration than the name of Alexander himself.  
After the death of Jason, Medus was the emulator of his virtues, who in the honour of his Mother Medea, did build a City, and called it after her name, and founded the Kingdom of the Medes after his own name, in the Majesty whereof the Empire afterwards did a long time flourish. The Amazonians are near unto the Albanians whose Queen Thalestris desired for generation to have the carnal knowledge of Alexander the Great, as we find it asserted by several Authors. Armenius also being himself a Thessalian, and one in the number of Jason's Captains, having recollected a considerable party that wandered up and down after the death of Jason, did plant Armenia, from whose Hills the River Tigris doth first flow but with small beginnings, and after some space she hides herself under Earth, through which running undiscovered for the space of five and twenty miles, she showeth again herself, and appears a great and violent River in the Country of Sophone, from whence falling down, is received into the waters of Euphrates.  
But Mithridates King of the Parthians, after the war of Armenia, was expelled by the Senate from the Parthian Kingdom, by reason of his cruelty: His brother Horodes having possessed himself of the vacant Kingdom, did for a long time besiege Babylonia, whither Mithridates fled, and at last compelled the Inhabitants, being oppressed by famine, to surrender themselves; and Mithridates of his own accord in confidence of the contiguity of his blood, did deliver himself unto the power of Horodes. But Horodes taking him to be rather an enemy than his brother, did in his own presence command him to be slain. After this he made War upon the Romans, and overthrew Crassus the Roman General, with his Son, and all the Roman Army. His Son Pacocus having performed great achievements in Syria, and being sent to pursue the relics of the Roman Army, was called back into Parthia, being suspected by his Father, in whose absence the Army of the Parthians being left in Syria, were slain by Cassius the Quaestor of Crassus, with all their Captains.  
This being performed, not long after there did arise the Civil Wars of the Romans betwixt Caesar and Pompey, in which the Parthians took the part of Pompey, both by reason of their association with him in the war with Mithridates, & because of the death of Crassus, whose Son they heard did side with Caesar, and who they doubted not would thoroughly revenge his Father's death, if Caesar were the Conqueror; Therefore Pompey and all his party being overcome, they afterwards sent their Auxiliaries to Cassius and Brutus against Augustus and Antonius; and after the end of that war, having entered into a league with Labienus, they made desolate with their Armies both Syria and Asia, and being as high in their resolutions as their numbers, they assaulted the Camp of Ventidius; who after Cassius, in the absence of Pacorus did overthrow the Parthian Army; but Ventidius having dissembled a fear, did a long time contain himself within the Camp, and permitted the Parthians for a while to insult; who being insolent and secure, he at the last did send forth one part of the legions against them, who charging upon them with great courage, did utterly rout them; Pacorus conceiving that his flying men had drawn along after them the Roman legions to pursue them, did set upon the Camp of Ventidius, supposing it to be destitute of defenders; whereupon Ventidius sallying forth with the other part of the legions, did cut off the whole Army of the Parthians, with the King Pacorus himself; neither did the Parthians in any war receive a greater wound then in that battle.  
When these things were reported in Parthia, Horodes the father of Pacorus, who not long before had understood that all Syria was plundered, and Asia seized upon by the Parthians, and who did glory▪ that his Son Pacorus was a Conqueror of the Romans, being on a sudden informed both of the death of his Son, and the total destruction of the Army, his grief was heightened into fury. For the space of many days he would not speak to any, nor take any sustenance, nor utter any words at all, insomuch that he seemed to be a dumb man. After many days, when grief had opened the passage of his voice, he called upon nothing but Pacorus; he seemed as if he both heard and saw Pacorus, and would stand still and speak as if he discoursed with him, and sometimes would lamentably condole him, being slain.  
After a long time of sorrow, another affliction did invade the miserable old man, which was to determine with himself, which of his thirty Sons he should make King in the place of Pacorus.  
He had many Concubines, on whom so great a number of children were begotten, and every one of them was importunate with him to make choice of her own Son; but the fate of Parthia did so ordain, (it being there a solemn custom to have Kings to be parricides) that the most wicked of them all, Phrahartes by name, should be elected King, who no soo●ner was invested in his royalty, but (as if he would not die a natural death, and when he would have him) did kill his father, and afterwards put to death his thirty Brothers; neither did his guilt cease here; for perceiving that the Peers of the Kingdom were much incensed against him for his daily cruelties, he commanded his own Son, being almost of age, to be killed, that there should not one remain who might bear the name of a King.  
Mark Antony made war upon him with sixteen gallant Legions, because he brought aid to Pompey and his party, against Caesar and himself; but his Army being sorely weakened by many encounters, he retreated from Parthia; by which victory, Phrahartes being grown more insolent, when he determined many things cruelly against the people, he was driven into banishment by them; and having with repeated importunities for a long time wearied the neighbouring Cities, and last of all the Scythians, he was by their great assistance restored unto his Kingdom.  
In his absence the Parthians had constituted one Tyridates to be their King, who understanding of the advance of the Scythians, did fly with a great number of his friends to Caesar, making war at the same time in Spain, carrying with him as a pledge to Caesar, the youngest Son of Phrahartes, whom he took away by force, being too negligently guarded. Which being understood, Phrahartes sent presently Ambassadors to Caesar, demanding that his servant Tyridates and his Son should be restored to him.  
Caesar having understood the Embassy of Phrahartes, and the desires of Tyridates, (for he desired also to be restored to the Kingdom) affirming that the Romans would have a Right to Parthia, if the Kingdom thereof should be at his disposing, did make answer, That he would neither deliver Tyridates to the Parthians, neither would he aid Tyridates against them.  
And that it might appear that Caesar was not of that sullen temper, that they could prevail nothing at all upon him, he sent Phrahartes his Son without ransom, and allowed Tyridates a large exhibition as long as he would continue with the Romans.  
After this, the war in Spain being ended, when he came into Syria to compose the State of the East, Phrahartes was possessed with a great fear that he would make war against him.  
Therefore the Captains over all Parthia, that were taken Prisoners in the Armies of Crassus, or of Antony, were recollected, and the Ensigns that were taken, were also sent back to Augustus; with them the Sons and Nephews also of Phrahartes were given as pledges to Augustus; and Caesar prevailed more with the greatness of his Name, than another Emperor could have done by Arms.   

THE Three & fortyeth BOOK OF JUSTINE  
THe affairs of Parthia, and the East, and almost of all the world, being described; Trogus, as after a long pilgrimage, doth return home, thinking it the part of an ungrateful Citizen, if having illustrated the actions of all Nations, he should conceal the affairs only of his own Country. He briefly therefore toucheth upon the beginning of the Roman Empire, that he might not exceed the measure of his propounded work, and not in silence to pass by the original of that City which is the head of the whole World.  
The Inhabitants of Italy were first the Aborigines, whose King Saturn was reported to be of so great Justice, that no man served under him, neither had he any thing private to himself, but all things were undivided and common unto all as one patrimony to them. In the memory of which example, it was provided that in the Saturnalia, the Interests of every one being made equal, the servants did everywhere in their banquets, lie down along with their masters. Therefore Italy was called Saturnia, after the Name of their King; and the Hill where Saturn did inhabit, being by Jupiter driven from his own Seat, is called the Capitol.  
The third King who Reigned in Italy after him, was Faunus, in whose time Evander came into Italy from Pallantheum, a City of Arcadia, with a small Retinue, to whom Faunus did bountifully assign certain fields and a Hill, which he afterwards called the Hill Palatine. At the foot of this Hill he errected a Temple to Lycaeus, whom the Greeks call Pan, and the Romans Lupercus. The Effigies of the god is clothed with the skin of a Goat, in which habit they rnn up and down in Rome at the Lupercals. Faunus had a wife whose name was Fatua, who being daily filled with a divine Spirit, did as it were in a fury presage of things to come, from whence those that to this day are inspired, are said to fatuate, or to foretell the events of Fates to come. Latinus conceived in whoredom, was the son of the daughter of Faunus, and of Hercules, who at that time having killed Geryon, did drive his Cattle through Italy, the rewards of his Victory. In the Reign of Latinus, Aeneas came from Ilium into Italy, Troy being sacked and destroyed by the Greeks. He was immediately entertained with war, and drawing forth his Army to battle, Latinus sending a Trumpet to parley with him, was possessed with such an admiration of him, that he received him into the society of the Kingdom, and Lavinia being given him in marriage, he was the son in law to Latinus. After this they had both war with Turnus' King of the Rutilians, because Lavinia who before the arrival of Aeneas was betrothed to him, was denied him in marriage. In this war both Turnus and Latinus perished; therefore when Aeneas by the Law of Arms commanded over both people, he builded a City after the name of his wife Lavinia. He afterwards made war against Mezentius King of the Tuscans, in which dying himself, his Son Ascanius did succeed him, who having abandoned the City Lavinium, did build long Alba, which for three hundred years was the Metropolis of the Kingdom. After the Reign of many Kings of that City, at the last Numitor and Amulius did enjoy the Kingdom▪ but when Amulius had disenthroned Numitor, who was the more respected by reason of his age, he politicly devoted his Daughter Rhea to a perpetual Virginity, that there should be no more children out of the race of Numitor, to take revenge on him for the usurpation of the Kingdom; and the better to conceal his design, a pretence of honour was added to the injury, and she seemed not so much to be a person condemned, as a Voteress elected. Therefore being shut up in a Wood sacred to Mars, she brought forth two children at one birth; it is uncertain whether begotten by Mars or by incontinence with another. Amulius his fear being multiplied by the birth of the two boys, did command them to be exposed, and laded Rhea with chains, by the injury and burden whereof she not long after died. But fortune prospicient to the Original of Rome, did provide a Wolf to give suck to the children, who having lost her whelps, and desiring to empty her teats, did offer herself as a Nurse to the Infants, and returning often to the children, as to her own young ones; Faustulus the Shepherd observed it, and having taken them from the Wolf, he brought them up amongst the flocks in a rural life. It is by manifest arguments believed, that the boys were begotten by Mars, both because they were born in his Grove, and were nursed also by a Wolf, which is a creature under the protection of Mars. One of the boys was called Remus▪ and the other Romulus; being at man's estate, in their daily exercises amongst the Shepherds, they did increase their strength and swiftness, and did oftentimes with prompt industry drive away the Thiefs that came to steal the Cattle. It so fell out that Remus at last was taken by them, and as if he was himself the same which he did forbid in another, he was brought unto the King, and accused to have been accustomed to rob the flocks of Numitor; wherefore the King did deliver him to Numitor to be revenged of him. But Numitor being moved with the flourish of his youth, and his suspicion calling to his mind his Nephew exposed, when the similitude of the savour of his daughter, and the time at which he was exposed, did agree with his age▪ and held him very doubtful: Behold then Faustulus came unexpectedly with Romulus, by whom the Original of the ●oys being understood, the plot immediatey was contrived; the young men were armed or the revenge of their mother's death, and Numitor for his Kingdom taken from him. Amulius being slain, the Kingdom was retored to Numitor, and the City of Rome was built by the young men; the Senate then was constituted, consisting of one hundred Seniors, who were called Fathers. The Neighbours also disdaining that their daughters should be married unto Shepherds, the Sabin Virgins were taken away by violence, and the Nations about them being overcome by Arms, they first obtained the Empire of Italy, and afterwards of the world.  
In those times it was the custom of Kings, instead of Diadems, to use Spears, which the Greeks call Sceptres; for in the beginning of time, the Ancients worshipped Spears for the immortal Gods; in the memory whereof, Spears at this day are added to the Images of the gods. In the times of King Tarquin, the youth of the Phocensians being brought into the mouth of Tiber; did enter into friendship with the Romans; and sailing from thence into the furthest parts of France, they builded Massilia betwixt the Ligurians and other fierce Nations of the Gauls, and performed great achievements, whiles by Arms they either protected themselves against their barbarous insolence, o● whiles of their own accord they did provoke them, of whom they were provoked heretofore.  
For the Phocensians (being compelled by the barrenness of their soil) did live with more industry and alacrity on the Seas, then on the Land, and did lead their lives sometimes by fishing, sometimes by trading, but for the most part by Piracy, which at that time was accounted honourable. Therefore having sailed into the farthest Coasts of all the Ocean, they came into a harbour at the mouth of the River of Rhone, and being delighted with the pleasure of the place, on their return to their own Country, discovering to others what they had seen themselves, they stirred up many men to undertake that voyage. Furius and Peranus were the Admiral and Vice-Admiral of their Fleet. They came to the King of the Segoregians, S●●anus by name, in whose Territories they desired to build their City, desiring his friendship. It so fell out, that the King on th●● day was employed in the preparations for the marriage of his daughter Gyptis; for whom according to the custom of that Nation, he intended to provide a husband, who was to be chosen by herself, at a great and solemn feast prepared for that purpose. Therefore all the Suitors being invited to the ●inner, the Grecian Guests were also intreatd to be present at it. The Virgin then (according to the custom being brought in) and eing commanded by her father to give waer unto him whom she would make choice of ●o be her husband, she passing by all the Gauls, did turn towards the Greeks, and gave the water to Peranus, who being made of a guest a Son in law, had a place assigned to him wherein to build his City. Mas●ilia therefore was builded near unto the mouth of the River of Rhone on a remote Bay, as it were an angle of the Sea. But the Ligurians envying the prosperity and increase of the City, did weary the Grecians with daily wars, who in beating back the dangers from them, became so glorious, that their enemies being overthrown, they sent forth many Colonies into the neighbouring Countries; from these the Gauls being instructed, their barbarous manners being either quite laid aside, or more civilised, they learned the use of a more refined course of life; as to exercise and mitigate the field s with ploughs, and to environ and to defend their Cities with Walls. They then began to live not only by Arms, but Laws; they learned to prune the Vine, and to plant the Olive. And so great a beauty and order was observed both in disposing of the things and men; that Greece did not seem to come into Gallia, but Gallia to be translated into Greece. Senanus King of the Segoregians being dead, from whom the place was received to build the City, his Son Commanus did succeed him in the Kingdom, and a certain King affirming that the time would come, when Massilia should be the destruction of the neighbouring people; did argue that it might be suppressed in the Original, lest growing strong by degrees, it might at last suppress him, who gave both an Original and an increase unto it; to the performance whereof he inserted this following Fable.  
A Bitch great with whelp, did petition to a Shepherd to give her room in which to bring forth her young ones; which being obtained, she petitioned to him again to grant her the same room to bring up her young ones; at the last her whelps growing into age, and she being supported with her Domestic numbers, did challenge the propriety of the place unto herself.  
So the Massilians who do now appear to be but strangers, may in a short time become Lords of the Country.  
The King being incited by the application of this story, did attempt by deceits to destroy the Massilians. Therefore on the Holiday dedicated to Flora, he sent many lusty and able men into the City, to be entertained as guests, and gave order that many more should be brought in Carts, in which they should be covered with green leaves, whiles he himself with his Army lay hid in the next hills, that they might be present when the opportunity served for their Ambush, and the Gates in the night being opened to receive their Carts, they might with armed men invade the City drowned in wine and sleep.  
But a woman, who by the contiguity of blood had near relation to the King, being accustomed to play the wanton with one of the Grecians, pitying the loveliness of the young man in her embraces of him, did betray the deceit unto him, and desired him to decline the danger. He immediately informed the Magistrates with it; and the prepared treacheries being discovered, the Ligurians were apprehended, and lying hid were drawn out of the Carts, and being all put to death, deceits were prepared for the deceitful King, and seven thousand of the Ligurians were slain with the King himself.  
After this, the Massilians did always upon their Holidays keep their Gates shut, and observed a strict watch, and had Sentinels to walk their Rounds on the walls, and to take notice of strangers, and to demand the word; and thus, as if they were environed with war, they managed their City in the times of peace; so punctually good Instructions are observed there▪ not so much by the necessity of the times, as by the custom of doing well.  
After this the Massilians had for many years great wars with the Ligurians and the Gauls, which both increased the glory of the City, and amongst the neighbouring Countries, made famous the valour of the Greeks by their multiplied Victories.  
And when a new war arose from Carthage, they having surprised the Busses of their Fishermen▪ they often overthrew the Army of the Carthaginians, and gave peace unto them, being conquered. They entered into a league with the Spaniards; and almost from the first foundation of their City, they observed their friendship with the Romans with great fidelity, and in all their wars industriously assisted their associates, which both increased the confidence of their strength, and purchased them peace from their enemies.  
When Massilia flourished therefore with the same of their achievements, the abundance of their wealth, and the glory of their strength, the neighbouring people in conspiring multitudes did gather themselves together to root out the name of the Massilians, as to extinguish a common fire. By the consent of all, Caramandus was chosen General, who when he besieged the City with a powerful Army of chosen men, being affrighted in his sleep with the vision of a hard favoured woman, who called herself a goddess, he offered peace of his own accord to the Massilians, and having desired that he might be allowed the liberty to enter into their City, and to worship their gods, when he came unto the Temple of Minerva, and beheld in the portals of it, the image of the goddess which he beheld before in his sleep, he immediately cried out, that that was she who did affright him in the night, and commanded him to raise the siege; and having gratulated the Massilians, that the immortal gods had care of them, he entered into a perpetual league with them, having recompensed the goddess with a chain of Gold.  
Peace being obtained, and their security established, the Ambassadors of the Marsilians having returned from Delphos, to which place being sent, they had brought gifts unto Apollo, did inform them that they heard in the way that the City of Rome was taken by the Gauls and set on fire; they seemed to be much afflicted at the loss, and did prosecute it with a public funeral, and sent their Gold, both what they had in private as well as public, to make up the sum, having understood that they had redeemed their City and their peace with money from the Gauls. For which benefit, it was decreed by the Senate, that they should be made free of Rome, and a place allowed them in the public Spectacles, and a solemn league was again confirmed perpetually to be observed with equal Interests on both sides. In his last book Trogus affirms that his Ancestors derived their original from the Volscians, that his Grandfather Trogus Pompeius was made free of the City, at what time Cneius Pompeius made war against Sertorius in Spain; he affirmeth also, that his Uncle under the same Pompey, was Colonel of a Regiment of horse, in the war against Mithridates, and that his father served in the wars under Caius Caesar, and that he was both his Secretary, the master of the Compliments, and had the office of the Seal.   

THE Four and Fortieth BOOK OF JUSTINE.  
SPain, as it is she doth shut up the limits of Europe, so it is the conclusion of this Work. The Ancients called it first Hyberia, from the River Hyberus, and after Spain ●om Hispanus. It is situated betwixt afric and France, and enclosed with the main ●cean and the Pyrenaean mountains; and as is less than either Africa or France, so it more fruitful then either; for it is not scorched with the violence of the Sun as Africa, neither is it troubled with daily winds as France, but enjoys a mean betwixt both, and by its temperate heat, and seasonable and pregnant showers, it produceth all variety of fruits, insomuch that it sufficeth not only the Inhabitants, but sendeth forth abundance of all things to Italy and the City of Rome; neither is there in it only great store of Corn, but also of wine, honey▪ and oil. There is in it also, an abundance of steel, and of swift horses; and it is not only to be praised for the outward goods of the earth, and which are on the superfiices of it, but for the many Mines, and richness of the metals in the bowels of it. There is also abundance of Flax and Spartus, and no Country in the world undoubtedly, is more full of minion.  
In this Kingdom, the courses of the Rivers are not now so violent as to bring any hurt by their swiftness, but smooth and gentle, and water both the fields and Vine-yards, and by the high tides from the Ocean, very full of fish.  
Many of their Rivers are rich in Gold, which are celebrated by the praises of many writers; It only joins to France by one ridge of the Pyrenaean hills; on all other parts of it, like to a circle, it is surrounded by the Sea. The Form of the Country is almost four square, unless when it is shut in by the Pyrenaean Hills, the Sea shores being there more strait and narrow.  
The space of the Pyrenaean Hills doth contain six hundred miles. The salubrity of the air and the equal temper of it throughout all Spain is not infected with any hea●ie mists from the marshes; to this may be added the cool airs from the Sea, and the gentle and daily whisper of the winds, which piercing through all the Country, is an occasion of a great and general health to all.  
The bodies of the men are prepared for hunger and labour, and their resolutions for death. They are all and altogether given to frugality, and covet war rather than sloth; if they want an enemy abroad, they will seek him at home. They have been oftentimes tormented to death, for the concealing of things committed to their trust; so much more strong is the care of their taciturnity then of their life.  
The patience of that servant is made famous in the Carthaginian war, who having revenged his master, did insult with loud laughter on the rack, and in an unclouded and pure joy, overcame the horror of death, and the cruelty of his tormentors.  
The Nation are swift of feet, they have for the most part active spirits; Horses for service in war, and good swords are more dear unto them than their own blood. They have no feasts there but on holidays.  
After the second Carthaginian war, they learned of the Romans to be bathed in hot water. In a long course of time they had never any famous General besides Veriatus, who for the space of ten years, wearied the Romans with various victory, (so much the more near to beasts then unto men are their dispositions) Neither was he elected by the suffrages of the people, but they followed him as a wary man, and expert to decline dangers; and so great was his valour, and his continence, that though oftentimes he overthrew the Armies of the Consuls, and was renowned for great achievements, yet he never changed his arms nor his habit, no not so much as his diet, and continued in the same fashion of clothes and Arms in which at first he began to fight, insomuch that every common Soldier did seem more gallant than the General himself.  
In Portugal, near unto the River of Tagus, it is affirmed by divers Authors, that Mares do conceive by the wind, which fables received their original by the fruitfulness and abundance of them, who are found to be so swift in Galizia, and in Portugal, that not undeservedly they seem to be conceived by the wind.  
The Galizians do derive their pedigree from the Grecians; for after the end of the Trojan war, Teucer being hated by his father Telamonius, and not received into the Kingdom by reason of the death of his Brother Ajax, sailed unto Cyprus, and builded there the City Salamina, after the Name of his ancient Country; to which place (having understood of the death of his father) he not long afterwards returned; But when Eurix the Son of Ajax would not suffer him to land; he launched forth into the Deeps again, and by rough winds was driven to the Coasts of Spain; where he possessed himself of that place on which new Carthage now doth stand; from thence he sailed to Galizia, and having planted there a Colony, he gave a name unto that Nation. Howsoever Galizia is said to be the portion of Amphilochus.  
The Country doth abound with Lead, and Brass, and with Minion also, which giveth a Name to the neighbouring River. And it is so rich in Gold, that oftentimes in ploughing the ground, they do turn up the Oar of Gold with it.  
On the bounds of this Nation, is a consecrated Hill, and which it is accounted a great sin to violate with Iron, but when the earth is cleaved with thunder▪ Bolts, which is usual in those places; it is permitted to any to collect the detected Oar as the gift of God.  
The women do exercise themselves in household affairs, and in manuring of the ground; the men do live by their swords and by their plunder. Steel with them is a principal commodity, but their water is more violent than Steel itself, for the Steel being extinguished in it, is made more sharp & hard; neither do they approve of any weapon which is not dipped in the River of Bilbo, or in Chalybs, from whence the Inhabitants who live near unto this River are called Chalybes, & are said to excel all others in the commodity of Steel. But the Curetians do inhabit the Forests of the Tertesians, in which it is reported that the Titanian Giants made war against the gods.  
The most ancient of their Kings was Gargoris, who did first find out the use of honey. He, when a Nephew was born unto him by the incontinence of his own Daughter, being ashamed at the dishonour of the act, he commanded that the little one, by several varieties of death should be destroyed; but being preserved by fortune, through so many chances, he at the last, even by the compassion of the dangers themselves, did arrive unto the Kingdom. First of all, when he commanded him to be exposed, he after certain days did send to inquire after his Body, and found that he was wonderfully preserved, and nourished by the milk of several wild beasts; Being brought home, he commanded him to be cast into a narrow path in which the droves and heads of cattle were accustomed to pass; too cruel he was in this, to have the young child rather to be trod upon by the mui●tude of the Beasts, then to perish by a single death; and remaining untouched by them, and not wanting nourishment, he commanded that he should be cast to fierce bandogs, impatient by the abstinence of many days; and they also forbearing him, he not long afterwards commanded that he should be cast unto the hogs, who did not only not hurt him, but some of the Sows did nourish him, with their milk; whereupon at the last, he commanded that he should be cast into the Ocean. Then by the present power of Providence, as if he was carried rather in a Ship then on the waves, by a gentle tide he was brought to the land safe, betwixt the raging sands and the reciprocating Billows: And not long after there did appear a Hind, who did offer her strutting dugs unto the little one, who by his daily conversation with his nurse, became of a wonderful swiftness of body, and a long time wandered on the Mountains and the Valleys amongst the herds of the Dear, being no ways inferior in his swiftness to them: At the last, he was taken in a snare, and given as a great present to the King, and being discovered to be his Nephew by the similitude of his lineaments, and by the marks of his body, which presently after his birth were burned on it; in the admiration of the deliverances from so many chances and dangers, he was ordained by the King to be his Successor in the Kingdom; his name was called Habis, and no sooner was he invested in the Kingdom, but he showed such proofs of nobility and greatness, that it appeared he was not in vain delivered from so many dangers by the Majesty of God; for by Laws he did unite the barbarous people, and taught them how to yoke the Oxen, and to plough and sow the ground, and enforced them to feed on better nourishment than what the trees or Plants provided, belike in the hate of those things which he himself had endured. The education of this Prince would seem fabulous, but that it is recorded, that the Builders of Rome were nourished by a Wolf, and that a Bitch did give suck unto Cyrus' King of Persia: The people were by him forbidden to exercise any servile labour, and they were distributed by him into seven Cities.  
Habis being dead, the Kingdom for many Generations continued amongst his Successors. But in another part of Spain which consisteth most of Lands, the Kingdom was in the power of Geryon. In this place there is such abundance of grass, and withal so pleasant, that if by the providence of the herdsmen the cattle were not enforced to discontinue feeding, their bodies would break by the excess. From hence the Droves of Geryon, in those times accounted the only wealth of the world, were of that fame amongst the Nations, that by the greatness of the booty, they alured Hercules out of Asia. It is recorded in Story, that Geryon was not a Giant of three bodies, as the Fables do make mention, but that there were three brothers of so fast a concord, that all three seemed to be governed by one mind, and that Hercules did not of his own accord make War upon them, but having observed that his own droves of Cattle were forced from him, he regained of them what he had lost by the sword.  
After the Succession of many Kings in Spain, the Carthaginians first of all possessed themselves of it; for when the Inhabitants of the Gades being obedient to the vision, had translated into Spain the holy things of Hercules from Tyre, from which place the Carthaginians also do derive their Original, and had builded them there a City, the neighbouring people of Spain envying the growing happiness of the new City, and upon that account provoking them to War, the Carthaginians being of the same kindred, did send relief unto them, and by a happy Expedition they both vindicated the Gaditans from injury, and added the greatest part of Spain to the Empire of their command: And afterwards being incited by the fortune of their first Expedition, they sent Amilcar their General, with a great Army to make themselves masters of all the Province, who having performed great achievements, whiles he followed his fortune too inconsiderately, he was betrayed in an Ambush and slain. Asdrubal his Son-in-law was sent to supply his plae who was slain himself by the servant of a Spaniard, in the revenge of the unjust death of his Master.  
Annibal the Son of Amilcar did succeed him, and was a greater General than them both; for having excelled them in his achievements, he subdued all Spain, and having afterwards made war on the Romans, he afflicted Italy with several losses and overthrows for the space of 16 years. The Romans in the mean time having sent the Scipios into Spain, did first of all drive the Carthaginians out of that Province; afterwards they had great Wars with the Spaniards themselves, neither could they be conquered to an absolute obedience, until Augustus Caesar, having subdued all the world, did carry thither his conquering swords, and having by Laws brought the barbarous and rude people into a more civil course of life, he reduced all Spain into the form of a Province.  
The End of the Books of JUSTINE the HISTORIAN.   

Collections taken from the Books of Sextus Aurelius Victor, on the lives and manners of the Roman Emperors, from the time of Caesar Augustus, to the Emperor Theodosius.  

Octavianus Augustus Caesar.  
IN the seven hundred and two and twentyeth year after the City of Rome was built, but in the four hundred and eightieth year after the expulsion of the Kings, the custom was renewed at Rome to obey only one person, not entitled a King, but an Emperor, or by a more reverend Name Augustus. Octavianus was the Son of Octavius a Senator by the Mother's side; he derived his descent from Aeneas by the Julian Family; and by the adoption of Caius Caesar his great Uncle, he was called Caius Caesar, and by reason of his victories surnamed Augustus: Being established in the Empire, he exercised the Tribunitian power of himself; He reduced the Country of Egypt, being before unpassable by reason of the Marshes and the inundation of Nilus, into the form of a Province, which that he might make serviceable to the City by the transportation of Corn, he caused with the great labour of his Soldiers, all the deep ditches to be opened, which the negligence of Antiquity had covered with mud. In his time four hundred Millions of measures of Corn were brought yearly out of Egypt unto Rome. To the number of the Provinces of the people of Rome he added the Cantabrians and Aquanians, the Rhoetians, Vindelicans, Vandals, and Dalmatians; he overthrew the Swedes, and the Cattans, and translated the Sycambrians into France, and enforced the Pannonians to be tributary to Rome, and compelled the people of the Goths and Bastarnians to a peace, having first provoked them to feel his power by War. The Persians presented their Hostages unto him, and granted him the permission to choose them a King. The Indians moreover and the Scythians, the Garamants and Ethiopians did send their Ambassadors with Presents to him: He so much abhorred all Wars, troubles, or division, that he would never denounce War upon any Nation, unless for great and just causes; alleging that it showed a vainglorious and most unconstant mind, either in the immoderate desire of triumph, and for a few unfruitful leaves in a Laurel Garland, rashly to throw the safety of the Citizens into the danger of doubtful war. He affirmed that nothing was more incongruous to a good Emperor than precipitation, and that every thing is done soon enough that is well done; and that Arms are never to be undertaken unless for some necessary cause, lest the Victory being obtained by a great loss, and accompanied but with small advantage, it may resemble those who do fish with a golden hook, the which being lost or broken off, the loss cannot be recompensed with any gain of fish that can be taken. In his time, the Roman Army that was beyond the Rhine was destroyed, and the Tribunes and the Propraetor slain; which he so deeply resented, that in the height of lamentation, he would beat his head against the wall, and did put on mourning apparel, and was known by all the Liveries of sorrow and deformity; he much reproved the practice of his Uncle, who too much flattering the common Soldiers, and calling them his companions, whiles he sought to become dearer to them, he lessened the Authority of a Prince; he deported himself with great clemency towards the Citizens; he was most faithful to his friends; the chiefest whereof was Maecenas, whom he loved for his secrecy, as he did Agrippa for his modesty and patience in enduring of labour; he also loved Virgil; he was very careful whom he entertained into his friendship; but having once acknowledged them, he was most constant to preserve them; he applied himself much to the study of the liberal Arts, but most of all to Eloquence, so that no day did pass in which he did not write, read and declaim; he made some new Laws, and others he corrected, and inserted his own name to them; he increased and adorned Rome with many Structures, glorying with these words, I found the City made with Brick, but I leave it made of Marble; he was mild, grateful, of a civil and a pleasant nature, beautiful over all his body, but most in the lustre of his eyes, which did dart forth their beams after the manner of the brightest Stars, and therefore he gladly did give way, that those who looked steadfastly upon him should draw off their eyes, as being dazzled with the glory of his own. A certain Soldier having turned himself from beholding his face, and being demanded wherefore he did so; He made Answer, because I cannot endure the lightning flying from your eyes. Howsoever so great a man was not without his faults; for he was angry, but not immoderately, privately envious, and openly ambitious, and beyond all measure desirous of Sovereignty; a great player at dice, and although much given to wine and high food, he did sleep but little; he was inclined to lust, even to the reproach of common Fame; for he was accustomed to lie betwixt twelve prostitute Boys, and as many maids; being divorced from his wife Scribonia, he fell in love with Livia the wife of another man, and married her, her husband giving way unto it; she had at that time two Sons, Tiberius and Drusus; Augustus although he was a slave unto his lust, yet he was a great punisher of it in others, after the manner of men, who are severe in chastising those crimes which they themselves with greediness commit: For he condemned Ovid to banishment because he composed three Books of the Art of Love; he was much taken with all manner of spectacles, especially with the strange shapes, and the numbers of wild beasts; having lived seventy and seven years he died of a sickness at Nola, although some do write that he was poisoned by the treachery of Livia, who because in a Stepmother's hatred, she had caused Agrippa to be condemned into an Island, and found he was to be recalled, did fear that when he was constituted Emperor, he would call her to strict account for it, what she had made him to endure; but howsoever it was, whether he fell by the treachery of Livia, or died a natural death, the Senate decreed to prosecute him being dead, with many and new honours: For having before given him the little of the Father of his Country, they now consecrated semples unto him, not only in Rome, but in all the most famous Cities of the Empire, all men commonly saying, I would he had never been born, or had never died The Government of the whole World in the hands of one man being of a dangerous beginning, was of an excellent ending. For in obtaining the Empire, he was accounted an Oppressor of the liberty, and yet in the management thereof he so loved the Citizens, that but three day's provision of Corn being found in the Granaries of Rome, he had resolved to die himself by poison, it in the mean time the Fleet laden with Corn had not returned from the Provinces; which being arrived, the safety of his Country was imputed to his Felicity; he reigned six and fifty years, twelve with Mark Anthony, and four and forty alone; certainly he could never have contracted to himself the whole power of the Commonwealth, nor so long have enjoyed it, had he not abounded with most excellent gifts both of Art and Nature.   

Claudius' Tiberius.  
Claudius' Tiberius the Son of Livia, and Step-son to Augustus Caesar, did reign four and twenty years: He was called Claudius Tiberius Nero, and by the wits of Rome, by reason of his great love to Wine, Caldiu, Biberius Mero: He was expert enough in all the Arts of War, and fortunate withal under Augustus, before he was made Emperor, so that the Government of the Commonwealth did not seem unworthily to be committed to him: He had the knowledge of good Letters, and was more excellent in his elocution, then candid in his apprehension; for he was of a cruel, covetous, and treacherous disposition, pretending to do those things, to which he had not the least inclination; he seemed to be offended with those whose counsel he did follow, and to bear good will to those whom he most hated; he was better in sudden Answers then those that were deliberated; he feignedly refused the Government of the Empire, which was offered him by the Senate, and found out thereby what every man did say or think of him, which was the occasion of the death of many excellent men, who conceiving that according to the sense of his long Speeches he did decline the burden of the Empire, whiles they delivered their opinions therein, and as they thought according to his own desires, they incurred the greatest danger, and met with a certain ruin. He reduced the Cappadocians into the form of a Province, and deposed their King Archelaus; he suppressed the great Robberies of the Getulians, and finely cajoled Marabodunus King of the Swissers; having with incredible fury lived in the height of cruelty and injustice, punishing both the guiltless and the guilty, and as well his friends as strangers; all discipline of War being neglected, Armenia was spoilt by the Parthians, Moesia by the Dacians, Pannonia by the Sarmatians, and France by the neighbouring Nations; having lived seventy eight years he was destroyed by the treachery of Caligula.   

Caius Caesar Caligula.  
CAligula reigned four years; he was the Son of Germanicus; and because he was born in the Army, he took his name according to the shoe the Soldiers do wear, which the Latins call Caligula. Before he was made Emperor, he was dear and acceptable to all, but after he was invested with the Empire, he was such a one that not undeservedly it was said of him, That there was never a more cruel Lord than himself, He defiled his three sisters, and did wear that manner of habit in which his gods were clothed; he affirmed himself to be Jupiter for his incest, and amongst the roaring Boys he called himself Bacchus. I know not well whether it be expedient to commit his name to memory: but because we delight to know all things concerning Princes, and that wicked men might decline such bad Examples for the fear of infamy, I have inserted his name in this Catalogue; he caused noble Matrons to be prostituted in his Palace unto public lust, and was the first, who having set the Diadem on his head, did command himself to be called Lord. In the space of three miles in the Bay of Puteoli, having cast up the sand, and made the ground firm and passable, being clothed in habiliaments wrought all over with gold, and having on his head a Crown of Brass, he did ride as triumphant in a Chariot drawn with two horses richly entrapped; not long afterwards he was killed by his own Soldiers.   

Claudius' Tiberius.  
Claudius' Tiberius, the Son of Drusus, the Brother of Tiberius, and Uncle to Caligula, did Reign fourteen years. He when the Senate had decreed, that the stock of the Caesars should be rooted out, being found by the Soldiers where he lay hid in a blind hole, because he seemed to them to be a modest and a tame thing, they having no knowledge at all of him, was made Emperor. He was much addicted unto drunkenness, glutrony, and lust, cowardly, and almost stupid, slothful and timorous, and a slave to the commands of his servants and his wife.  
In his time Scribonianus Carmillus being made Emperor amongst the Dalmatians, was immediately put to death. The Moors were expelled from their Provinces, and the Army of the Masulamians was overthrown, and the water called Aqua Claudia was brought unto Rome.  
His wife Messalina, at the first privately, and afterwards openly, and as it were by Authority, did pollute herself with adulteries; and many for fear abstaining to join with her, were put to death.  
Afterwards being inflamed with a more desperate lust, she commanded the most noble of the Matrons and the Virgins to go along with her and to do as she did; and men were compelled to be present, and if any one did refuse, he was immediately accused of one capital crime or other, and he and his whole Family were condemned to suffer all the tormen's that cruelty could invent, insomuch that she seemed to command all herself, rather than to be subject to the Emperor her husband. And her servants made free, being preferred to the places of the chiefest Authority, they did pollute all things with their whoredoms and murders, and banishments and proscriptions; amongst whom she made Felix Governor of the Legions in judaea. At the triumph over the Britain's, she gave unto Possidius the Eunuch, a gallant suit of Arms, as a partaker of this victory amongst the most valiant of the Soldiers; in the mean time Polybus in gre● state did walk in the midst of the two Consuls. Narcissus the Secretary did surpass them all, and seemed to be his master's master. Pallas being honoured with the Robes of a Praetor, was grown so rich, that he being the cause of the great Dehaust of moneys in the Exchequer, it was wittily divulged in the Libel, that the Emperor might have supplies of money enough if he might be received by his two slaves into their society. In this time a Phoenix was seen in Egypt, which bird they say did fly out of Arabia in the five hundred year of its age, to some memorable places thereabouts; An Island did suddenly rise up out of the Aegean Sea. This Claudius married Agrippina the daughter of his own Brother Germanicus, who procured the Empire for her Son, and first made away her step-son by manifold treacheries, and afterwards her own husband by poison. He lived threescore and four years, whose Funeral (as sometimes the Funeral of Tarqvinius Priscus) was a long time concealed; whilst the Guard, corrupted by the craft and largesses of this woman, did dissemble that he was but sick; Nero his step-son did take upon him the Government of the Empire.   

Domitian Nero.  
DOmitian Nero, the Son of Domitian Aenobarbus and Agrippina, reigned sixteen years. He for the space of five years seemed tolerable, whereupon some have delivered, that the Emperor Trajan was accustomed to say, That all Princes do differ much from the first five years of Nero. He builded in the City an Amphitheatre, and places to bathe in. By the permission of Polemon Regulus, he reduced Pontus into the form of a Province, whereupon it was called Pontus Polemoniacus; he also reduced the Cottian Alps, Cottius the King thereof being dead; the rest of his life he did lead with such infamy and dishonour, that any one might be ashamed but to make mention of it; for he made such a progress in all wickedness, that he spared not either his own or any others modesty, and at the last being clothed in the habit of Virgins when they are to be married, the Senate openly being called, and the Dowry named, the people flocked round about as to a wedding; and being covered with the skin of a wild beast, he showed to both sexes many proofs of abhorred lust. He defiled his own mother, and afterwards killed her; he married Octavia, and Sabina, surnamed Poppea, their husbands being slain. Not long afterwards, Galba in Spain, and Caius Julius did attempt to dispossess him of the Empire; when he understood of the approach of Galba, and that it was decreed by the Senate, that his neck being put into a fork, (after the ancient manner) he should be whipped to death with rods, being forsaken on all sides, he did steal out of the City about midnight, and none following him but Phaon, Epaphroditus, Nephitus, and the Eunuch Sporus, whom sometimes Nero had assayed in the spite of nature to turn into a woman, he did thrust himself through with a sword, the impure Eunuch Sporus helping his trembling hand, and when he found that there was none of them that would kill him outright, he cried out; Is it so! have I neither a friend left me, nor an enemy? I have lived wickedly, and shall die as wretchedly. He died in the two and thirtieth year of his age; the Persians so much did love him, that they sent Ambassadors to desire leave that they might be permitted to build a Monument for him. But all the Provinces and the City of Rome so much rejoiced at his death, that the people having on their heads the Caps of manumission, did triumph as if they had been delivered from a cruel master.   

Sergius Galba.  
GAlba derived of the noble Family of the Sulpitii, Reigned seven months, and as many days. He being infamous in his youth, was intemperate in his diet, and ordered all things according to the counsel of his three friends, Junius, Cornelius, and Caelius, insomuch that as well amongst the common people as the Courtiers, they were called his Schoolmasters. Before he did take upon him the Government of the Empire, he ruled many Provinces excellently well, and was so severe unto Soldiers, that as soon as he came into the Camp, it was in all the mouths of the Soldiers, Soldiers stand to your Arms, Galba is here, and not Getulicus. Being seventy three years of age, whiles in his coislet he endeavoured to appease the Legions stirred up by the sedition of Otho, he was slain at the Lake of Curtius.   

Otho Salvius.  
SAlvius Otho, derived of noble parentage, in the City of Terentinum, Reigned four months; he was dishonest in all his life, but especially in his youth. Being overcome by Vitellius first at Placontia, and afterwards at Bebriacum; he did run himself through with his own sword, in the seven and thirtieth year of his age. He was so beloved by his own Soldiers, that many of them having seen his dead body, did with their own hands become their own Executioners.   

Aulus Vitellius.  
VItellius was born of a noble Family, and Reigned but eight months, his father was Lucius Vitellius, who was the third time Consul; he was cruel of mind, extremely covetous, and extremely prodigal. In his time Vespasian did possess himself of the Government in the East, by whose Soldiers Vitellius being overcome in a batta●l under the Walls of the City of Rome, and plucked out of his Palace where he had hid himself, he was dragged about the City with his hands bound behind him, as a spectacle for all to look upon. And lest the impudent man, in the consciousness of the evils he had committed, should for shame hold down his head, a sword was put under his chin; and being half naked, many casting dirt, and others more filthy excrements in his face, he was drawn to the Gemonian Ladders, where he caused Sabinus the Brother of Vespasian to be slain; and falling by many wounds which he received from several swords, he there died himself; He lived seven and fifty years. All those of whom I have here spoken, especially those of the Cesarian race, were of such learning and eloquence, insomuch that abounding with all manner of vices (Augustus only excepted) they had nothing else to commend them.   

Vespasian.  
VEspasian Reigned ten years. Amongst other virtues of this man, this was the most remarkable, that he would forget all enmities, insomuch that he married to a most honourable man, the daughter of Vitellius, having a very great dowry. He patiently endured the insurrections of his friends, answering their reproaches (as he was the most witty man in the world) with sharp and innocent conceits of mirth. He so prevailed upon Licinius Mutianus, presuming too much upon his own merit, because by his assistance he obtained the Empire, that a third friend being called in, and familiar to them both, he did pacify him with these few words, You know me to be a man▪ But what shall we speak of friends, since he despised also the taunt of the Lawyers, and the reproaches of the Philosophers. In a short time he refreshed the world, wearied and exhausted with war; for he had rather overcome by persuasions then by torment, or to put to death the ministers of tyranny, unless it were those who had been found to be too bloody instruments, thinking most wisely, that wicked deeds are in many restrained only by fear. Moreover, he abolished many vices in admonishing the offenders by most just Laws, and which is more effectual, by the Example of his own life. Nevertheless there are some who do accuse him of covetousness, when it is manifest enough that through the want of money and the re-edification of so many ruined Cities, he was enforced to impose those Taxes which were not known before his time, nor after it: He re-edified Rome wasted with former fires, and gave free leave to any to build the houses again, if the old masters of them were not to be found; he repaired the Capitol, the House of Peace, and the Monuments of Claudius, and builded many new Cities in all Lands which were under the Roman jurisdiction; the Cities were renewed with excellent Art and Elegance, and the Avenues unto them fortified with great industry. The Flaminian Mountains were made hollow and cut down on both sides, and a way made to pass through them, which way is how commonly called The Rock Pertuse; he new form and established a thousand Nations who hardly before were reckoned to be two hundred, the greatest part of them being extinguished by the cruelty of Tyrants. Vologese King of the Parthians was through fear constrained to seek peace of him. By his virtue Syria, which is also called Palestine, Curaminia, Tracheta, and Comagine, which at this day we call Augustophratensis, were reduced to the Roman Provinces; Judaea also was added to them; his friends advising him to beware of Mutius Pomposianus who aspired to the Empire, he made him Consul, with this allusion, That the time might come he would be mindful of so great a benefit; he governed the Empire with great uniformity; he watched much in the night, and the great affairs of the Commonwealth being over, he permitted his friends to come unto him, putting on his Princely habiliments whiles he was saluted; The first thing that he did, was to exercise his body, afterwards he rested, and having washed, he fell to his meat with a better stomach; The love unto this good Emperor hath caused me to speak so much of him, whom the Roman Commonwealth for the space of 56 years after the death of Augustus, being almost breathless and spent by the cruelty of Tyrants, by Providence enjoyed that it might not altogether fall into decay; he lived threescore and ten years wanting but one, and died; with his most serious studies, he always mingled jests with which he was much delighted. I find that a blazing Star appearing formidable by his fiery train, This (saith he) pertains to the King of the Parthians who doth wear a long bush of hair. At the last, being tormented with the repletion of the belly, he rising from his bed, did say, That it becomes an Emperor standing on his feet to depart out of the world.   

Titus.  
Titus' called Vespasian after his Father's name, born of Domicilla a Freewoman, reigned two years, two months and twenty days. He from a child most diligently applied himself to the excellent studies of Virtue and Military Discipline, and above all to learning, which he afterwards showed by the gifts both of his mind and body; taking upon him the Government of the Empire, it is incredible how much he excelled those who were before him, especially in clemency, liberality, magnificene, and in the contempt of money; all which graces were so much the more esteemed in him, because many thought that being descended of a private man, he would be more cruel to private men himself, and be given to avarice and to riot; For having gotten the office of the Praetor in the reign of his Father, he oppressed many of his opposites, having his Emissaries in the theatres and in the Army who did cast forth envious and railing accusations against them, and as if they had been convicted of the crimes of which they were accused, he did demand them unto punishment, amongst whom he commanded that Cecinna a Consulary man, whom he had invited to supper, should be put to death upon suspicion that he had defiled his wife Berenice, and all men took very grievously the quarrels which he revenged in the time of his Father, alleging that he was greedy of spoils, and that he would be another Nero when he had got the Empire into his hands. But these things falling out better, did procure him such immortal Glory, that he was called The Delight and the Love of mankind. As soon as he was invested with the Government of the Empire, he sent Berenice home, and commanded the Companies of the eunuchs to depart, which was a good sign that he had changed his intemperate life; And the succeeding Emperors being accustomed to confirm the Donations and Grants made by the former Emperors, he as soon as he took upon him the Government, in the first place, of his own accord did ratify them. One day calling to mind in the Evening, that he had performed no good office to any man that day, in a reverend and celestial Speech he thus expressed himself, O my friends, we have lost a day; of such a magnificent liberality he was. He so famous made his Clemency, that when two men of great Honour had conspired against him, and could not deny the intended Treason, he first admonished them, and afterwards having brought them into the public Spectacles, he did place them on each side of himself, and having sent for a sword from the Fencers being present, whose exercises were that day to be seen, he did give it first to the one and afterwards to the other, who being amazed at it, and wondering at his constancy, See you not (said he) that power is given by Providence, and that it is in vain to attempt a villainy either in hope to commit it, or through fear to be disappointed of it? He also with tears in his eyes did oftentimes request his brother Domitian, who solicited the Soldiers against him, that he would not seek to obtain that by parricide which would come unto him in course and with his own consent, nay, which he had already, since he was his partner in the Empire. In his time, the Mountain of Vesuvius in Campania did begin to burn, and there was a great fire in Rome which burned night and day for three days together; there was also one of the greatest plagues that was ever known, with which calamity many being afflicted, with his own money he provided all kind of remedies, and in his own person would visit and relieve the sick, and comfort those who mourned for the death of their friends. He lived one and forty years, and died of a fever in the same place amongst the Sabines where his Father died. It can hardly be believed how great a lamentation there was for his death, both in the City and the Provinces, who calling him Their public Delight, did so bewail him as if the whole world had been deprived of a perpetual preserver.   

Domitian.  
DOmitian the Son of Domicilla a free woman, the Brother of Titus, reigned fifteen years; he at the first pretended clemency, and seemed to be more tolerable both at home and abroad, and not to be so cowardly as indeed he was: He overcame the C●ttuns and the Germans, and administered the Law most justly: He builded many houses in Rome, either begun before, or also anew from the foundation: He restored the Library consumed with the fire, Copies everywhere being sent for, but especially from Alexandria. He was so skilful an Archer, that standing far off, he would shoot Arrows betwixt the fingers of a man's hand stretched forth: Afterwards growing cruel and outrageous, he exacted unjust punishments by the murders of good men, and after the manners of Caligula he commanded men to call him Lord and God, and sending off his Attendants, he ridiculously would pursue swarms of flies: He raged with that lust, the filthy exercise whereof the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; from his pursuing the flies it came to pass that a certain man ask who was in the Palace, Answer was made, Not so much as a fly; with those cruelties of his, and especially with the injury of words (by which an aspersion of lust was laid upon him,) Anthony being incensed did invade the Empire, having at that time the command of the Upper Germany; but he being slain in a battle by Normanus Appius, Domitian growing more furious against all kind of men did prosecute even his own friends with the utmost cruelty; Therefore many in fear of his unbounded rage did conspire against him, Parthenius the Groom of his Chamber, and Stephanus inciting them, to whom was added one Clodian fearing to be punished for the sums of money he had intercepted, Domitia also the wife of the tyrant fearing to be tormented by him for the love she did bear to Paris the Stage-Player, was one of the Conspiracy; Domitian by their instigation having his Body printed full of wounds died in the five and fortieth year of his life. The Senate decreed that there should be no more honour done unto him at his funeral then was allowed to a common Ruffian, and that his name should be razed out of the Registers of Honour. In his time the secular Plays were celebrated.   

Cocceius Nerva.  
HItherto such as were born in Rome or in Italy did govern the Empire; Strangers afterwards were advanced to the Government of it, by whose virtue the City was much strengthened; For, who was there more wise or more moderate than Nerva? who more divine than Trajan? who more excellent than Adrian? Cocceius Nerva was born in the Town of Narnia, he reigned thirteen Months and ten days; Having taken upon him the Empire, a rumour being raised that Domitian was still a live & approaching, he was surprised with so great a fear, that his countenance being changed, and his voice lost, he was hardly able to stand upon his legs; but being afterwards assured to the contrary by Parthenius, he returned to his former temper: Being joyfully received by the whole Senate, Arrius Antonius, a Gentlemen of a high spirit, and his greatest friend, wisely observing the estate of those who did bear rule before him, did embrace him saying, That he did gratulate the Senate, the People, and the Provinces, but he could not gratulate him; It having been better for him always to suppress ill Princes, then taking upon him so great a burden to be subject not only to the troubles and the dangers, but also to the reports of all as well enemies as friends, who when they presume that they have deserved all things, if they cannot extort any thing from him, will be more cruel than the greatest Enemies: He forgave all the penalties due at that time for not paying the Tributes; he relieved the afflicted Cities, he commanded that Boys and Girls born of poor Parents should be brought up throughout all the Towns of Italy at the charge of the Commonwealth: He (that he might not be terrified by the access of Malignants) was then advertised by the saying of Mauritius a grave and an ingenious man, who being his familiar friend and at Supper with him, when he beheld Veientones, who had been Consul to be present, who had brought many private informations to Domitian against him: mention being made in the time of Supper of Catulus, who was the chief informer; What would he have done (said Nerva) if he had outlived Domitian? Why? he would have supped with us too (said Mauritius;) He was a most knowing and frequent reconciler of all differences. He removed Calphurnius Crassus with his Wife to Tarentum for soliciting the Soldiers with great promises against him, the Senators reproving him for his too much lenity. When the Murderers of Domitian were demanded to be put to death, he was so much amazed at it, that he could not forbear to vomit or defer the forced burden of his belly; howsoever, he did vehemently oppose the Vote of the Senate, saying, That it were better to die, then to injure the power of the Empire, and to betray those by whose means he assumed the Authority which he had. But the Soldiers letting alone their Prince, did kill Petronius with a sword, but the privy members of Parthenius were first cut off and thrown in his face: Gusperius redeemed his life with great sums of money, and grown more insolent, he constrained Nerva to give thanks to the Soldiers before the people because they had destroyed the worst & the most wicked of all men: He adopted Trajan into the place of a Son, with whom he lived three noneths; and one night exclaiming against ●ne Regulus with a very loud voice, being in a great choler against him, he fell into an extreme sweat▪ and died not long afterwards on the same day wherein there was an Eclipse of the Sun.   

Vlpius Trajanus.  
VLpius Trajanus born in the City of Tudertum was called Vlpius of his Grandfather, and Trajanus of Trajus who was the first of his Father's stock, or else he was so called after the name of Trajane his Father; he reigned twenty years: He did demonstrate himself to be so brave a man, and of such admirable parts, that the great wits of the most excellent Writers are hardly able to express them: He took upon him the Empire at Agrippine a noble Colony in France: In the affairs of War he used industry; in the affairs of peace, lenity; and in relieving the distressed Cities, liberality. And seeing there are too things which are expected in great Princes, Religion at home, and Fortitude in Arms abroad, and Wisdom in both; he was endued with so great a measure of the noblest gifts, that he seemed to enjoy a transcendent temperature of all Virtues; only he was a little too much addicted to meat and wine; he was liberal towards his friends, and did use the society of them as if he enjoyed with them the same society of life; He builded certain Baths in the honour of Sura, by whose means he attained to the Empire. It would appear superfluous to give you an exact account of him in particulars; it is sufficient that he wss absolute in all things; He was patient of labour, studious to do the Soldiers good, and all good men; he loved the most candid wits & the most learned men, although he himself was not much indebted unto Learning, and but a little Eloquent; He was a great lover of Justice, and as well a finder out of new Rights both Humane and Divine as an observer of the Ancient: All which in him seemed so much the greater, because the splendour of the Roman State being as it were quite destroyed and leveled to the ground by many cruel Tyrants, he was thought to have been sent by Providence for the redress of such great calamities, and many wonders did presage his coming to the Empire: Amongst the rest a Chough from the top of all the Capitol was heard to speak in the Greek tongue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is by Interpretation, It shall be well. The Ashes of his Body being burned, were brought to Rome, and buried under his Pillar in the Marketplace of Trajan. His Image (as those who did come in triumph were accustomed) was brought into the City, the Senate and the Army going before it. In his time, the River of Tiber overflowed more dangerously by far then in the reign of Nerva, and covered very many Houses; There was also a great Earthquake in many of the Provinces attended with a devouring Pestilence, and the calamities of consuming fires, all which he much helped by exquisite remedies, and ordained for the time to come that no House should be higher than threescore foot, because of the vast ruins and expenses when such fires did happen, whereupon he was deservedly called A Father of his Country: He lived six and forty years.   

Aelius Adrianus.  
AELius Adrianus of Italian Parentage, and cousin-germane to Trajan the Emperor, was born at Adria, which Town standing in the Country of the Piceni, did give a name to the Adriatic Sea; He reigned twelve years; he was so entirely addicted to the Greek Tongue, that by many in derision he was called Graeculus: He augmented the Attic Studies and manners, not only with Poetry, but with the faculty o singing, and with the art of healing, and with Music and Geometry; He was an excellent Painter and Carver, and a rare workman in Brass or Marble, and next to Polycletus or Euphranor; a man would have thought that he had been only made for those Arts; for they never received so exquisite an elegancy as by the work of his hands; He had a memory beyond belief, and could remember all places, businesses, Soldiers, and call them all by their own names, although he had been long absent from them; He traveled on foot over all the Provinces, and in that Expedition was the foremost by far of all that were with him; in the way he restored many Cities, and established them by sundry Orders; For after the discipline of the Legions, he had many Bands by Hundreds together of Smiths, Carpenters, Engineers, and all manner of workmen either for the building the walls or for the adorning them. In all causes he was a most absolute Judge, being born as it were to be an Arbitrator betwixt Vice and Virtue; He governed his affections with great Artifice, and cunningly covered his insolent, envious, sullen and wanton disposition; In the ostentation of himself, he counterfeited chastity, clemency, and attraction, and closely carried his Ambition with which he wholly was inflamed; He was most ingenious either at Questions or at Answers, whither it were in earnest or in jest; he would ex tempore give you verse for verse, & sentence for sentence, insomuch that you would think he used premeditation in whatsoever he did speak. His wife Sabina being used by him more like a slave then a wife, was compelled with her own hands to be her own Executioner; she reported what an inhuman disposition of her husband she endured; and endeavoured (she said) that she might not prove with child by him to the ruin of mankind. Being overcome with the pain of a dropsy which a long time he patiently endured, he caused many of the Senators to be slain. Divers Kings having sent rich presents to him to purchase their Peace, he boasted openly, That he had gained more by ease, than others had obtained by Arms. He established the Palatine and public Offices, and reduced them and the Militia into that form in which it continues unto this day, some few things since being changed by Constantine; He lived threescore and two years, and died most miserably, being so tormented in all the members of his body, that he desired the most faithful of his servants to dispatch him, but was kept by the care of his dearest friends from doing violence on himself.   

Antonius Pius.  
Antonius' called Fulvius or Bonnonius, was afterwards surnamed Pius; he reigned three and twenty years; He was adopted by Adrian being his Son-in-Law; he showed so much goodness in his reign, that he lived above all Example, although that Age in which he lived did compare him unto Numa; Without making any war at all, he ruled the World three and twenty years by his own Authority, insomuch that all Kings, Nations, and people, did stand in awe of him, and loving him withal, they rather esteemed him to be their Father and Patron, than their Lord and Emperor, and with one consent they all desired his determination of all their Controversies, looking on him as if he had slid down from Heaven. The Indians, Bactrians, and Hyrcanians did send their Ambassadors to him, being moved with the justice of so great an Emperor, which he adorned with a fair and pleasant countenance, being tall in stature, and strong of limbs: Before he did go out of his chamber to salute any man, his manner was to eat a morsel of bread, lest by the cooling of the blood about his heart he might lose his strength, and be rendered unable in the performance of Public Affairs, which he executed with incredible diligence (like a good Master of a Family) without any appearance of vain glory or ostentation: He was so meek, that when the Senators did earnestly persuade him to punish them with death who had conspired against him, he made Answer, That it was not necessary too strictly to search them out who had a hand in it; for if they should be found to be many in number, he well understood how much hatred he might contract unto himself thereby. Having reigned three and twenty years, he died of a fever, twelve miles from Rome, at a Town of his own called Lorium. Temples, Priests, and infinite other things were decreed in the Honour of him. His meekness was such, that when on a time the people of Rome would have stoned him for want of bread, he did choose rather to satisfy them by giving them the reason of it, then to revenge the sedition.   

Marcus Antonius.  
MArcus Antonius reigned eighteen years; he was a man of a Celestial spirit●, a sincere maintainer of virtue, and a protector of Rome in the public calamities; and truly, if he had not been born for that time, all the glory of the Empire had fallen at once. There was no respite at all from Wars, which most of all raged in the East through Illyria, Italy and France. Many Cities were buried in the ruins which the Earthquakes made, there were great inundations of waters and much pestilence, and swarms of Locusts that devoured the grass of the fields, insomuch that there was almost no judgement by which men can be said or thought to be afflicted, which in his reign did not exercise its greatest vengeance. I do believe it was ordained by Providence, that when Nature produceth such evils as are unknown to men, the counsels of such righteous Princes should be present to assuage and redress the calamity. In a new way of Benevolence he made Antoninus Verus his kinsman partaker with him in the Empire, who afterwards in the eleventh year of his reign, travelling betwixt Altinum and Concordia, did die by a percussion of blood in the head, which Disease the Greeks call the Apoplexy; this Verus was of a sharp but a wanton wit, a great lover of Verses, especially those which are called Tragical.   

Marcus Antoninus.  
AFter his decease Marcus Antoninus reigned alone, being from his Infancy a man of a quiet spirit; It is observable, that neither joy nor sorrow did ever make any change in his countenance; he was much addicted to the study of Philosophy, and was exactly learned in the Greek Tongue. He permitted the more apparent of the Nobility to Feast in the same manner, and to have such Attendants as he himself was accustomed unto. When his treasury was exhausted, and money was wanting to give the Soldiers their promised largesses, being unwilling to impose any Taxes upon the Senate or the Provinces, he in the open Market of Trajanus for the space of two Months together, did set to sale all the Princely Furniture, the vessels of Gold, and Cups of Crystal and of Myrrh, his Wife's Wardrobe, and his own, in which were many Garments of Silk, of Gold, and many Ornaments of Pearls and Precious Stones, whereby he gathered together a great mass of Gold. The War being ended, and the Victory obtained, he restored the money again to so many of the Merchants as would return their bargains, and troubled not any of them who refused to part with that which they had bought. In his reign, Cassius endeavouring to play the Tyrant, was put to death; in the nine and fiftieth year of his age he died of a disease at Bendobona: When the news thereof was brought to Rome, the City made a great lamentation for him, and the Senators weeping, and clad all in mourning, did meet in the Senate House, and what was hardly believed of Romulus, was with one consent confidently presumed of Marcus Antoninus, that he was received into Heaven, and in the Honour of him they erected Temples, Columns, and many other Monuments.   

Commodus.  
AVrelius Commodus, the Son of Antoninus called also Antoninus, reigned thirteen years: At his first inauguration it was suspected what an Emperor he would prove; for being counselled by his Father on his death bed, not to suffer the Barbarians to grow in strength, He made Answer, That men in health and safety might perform some actions by leisure, but of dead men nothing could be expected. He was extremely addicted to lust, avarice, and cruelty, and kept promise with none; he was most cruel to those whom he had before advanced unto the greatest honours, and enriched with most vast rewards. He was so deboyst that very often he would challenge the Fencers at their own weapons, and play with them openly in the Amphitheatre. Martia, a woman of a sordid birth, but excelling in beauty and in light and wanton arts, was altogether the mistress of his heart, and as he came out of the Bath, she did give him a Cup of poisoned drink: At the last, in the two and thirtieth year of his age, a most stout and strong Wrestler being sent unto him, did overthrow him, and held his Chaps so fast together, that he died.   

Helvius Pertinax.  
HElvius Pertinax reigned but eight and fifty days, and against his will too; for he was enforced to be Emperor, and for that cause was surnamed Pertinax; he was but of obscure and sordid Parentage, and from the Praetorship of the City was advanced to be the Emperor of the World; He sell by the wickedness of Julian; having received many wounds, in the threescore and seventh year of his life, his head was cut off and carried all about the City: This end had this man, the example of humane inconstancy, who having known all fortunes, and endured all manner of labours, was so bandied from one extreme unto another, that he was called The Tennis Ball of Fortune; for his Father was at first but a slave to Lollius Gentianus, who lived in the fenny Country amongst the Ligurians, and he himself oftentimes did willingly confess himself to be a Retainer to him, during the time of his residence in that place; He was a Schoolmaster of the Grammar, and more affable than profitable, for which cause the Grecians called him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. An injury being received, he could never be induced to revenge it; He loved simplicity, and escape not other men either at Table, Conference, or in Habit; being dead, it was decreed, That he should be Deified: The people in the honour of him, with repeated applauses, cried out until they could speak no more, Pertinax being Emperor, we lived in safety, we feared no Enemy. A righteous Father he was, The Father of the Senate, the Father of all good men.   

Didius Julianus.  
DIdius Julianus being born in Milan, reigned seven Months, he was noble by his birth, an excellent Lawyer, but factious, heady, and ambitious of Government; In his reign Niger Piscennius at Antioch, and Septimius Severus in Pannonia were both created Augusti: By this Severus Julianus was led into the secret Baths of the Palace, and his neck being stretched forth, after the manner of those who were condemned, his Head was struck off, and afterwards set up in the Court where the Causes were pleaded.   

Septimius Severus.  
SEptimius Severus reigned eighteen years, he put to death that monster of men Priscennius, and afterwards Albinus, who made himself Caesar at Lions in France. Severus left his two Sons Bassianus and Geta to be his Successors; He made a wall in England quite cross the Land from Sea to Sea, containing at the least two and thirty thousand paces in length; He was the most warlike of all the Emperors that were before him, quick of apprehension, persevering to the end in all things which he determined, and where he inclined to favour, he was as admirable as he was constant, diligent in seeking out, and liberal in giving; he was equally vehement both towards friends and foes, as it appeared by his enriching of Lateranus, Chilo, Amilius, Bassus, and some others, as also in those great and memorable Houses of receipt which are called the Parthians and the Lateran's; he permitted no man in his Dominions to sell his Honours; he was sufficiently instructed in the Latin Tongue, but more prompt & eloquent in the Africa, being born at Leptis, in the Province of Africa; he was afflicted with so great a pain in all the members of his body, but especially in his feet, that being not able to endure the torment, he called for poison, which being denied, he with great greediness did so glut himself with gross and heavy meats, that being not able to digest it, he died of a surfeit in the sixtyeth year of his Age.   

Antonius Caracalla.  
AVrelius Antonius Bassianus Caracalla, the Son of Severus, was born at Lions, and reigned six years alone; he was called Bassianus, after the name of his Mother's Grandfather: Having brought with him a full and large Garment out of France, which was there called Caracalla, hanging down unto the ankle●, the people that came to salute him, seeing him arrayed in that Garment, did call him Caracalla, after the name thereof; He caused his brother Geta to be slain, for which cause vengeance followed him, and being troubled in his Conscience he did fall mad, of which madness he was afterwards recovered. Having seen the body of Alexander King of the Macedons, he commanded that his followers should call him Alexander the Great; and by the suggestion of his Flatterers, he was brought to such a fond conceit, that he would walk like Alexander, with an awful and threatening countenance, and bend his head to the left shoulder, and whatsoever he observed in the countenance of Alexander, he would imitate to the life, and did persuade himself that he had the same lineaments, and proportions: He was much addicted to lust, which was the cause that he married his own Mother-in-law. In his journey to Carrae, not far from Edessa, going out of the way to ease his body, he was slain by a Soldier, who followed him as a Guard to his person; He lived almost thirty years, his body afterwards was brought unto Rome.   

Oppilius Macrinus and Diadumenus.  
MAcrinus with his Son Diadumenus were created Emperors by the Army, and reigned but fourteen Months, and were killed by the same Army, because Macrinus did attempt to contract their pay, and suppress their luxury.   

Aurelius Heliogabalus.  
AVrelius Antonius Varius, who was also called Heliogabalus, was the Son of Caracalla by his cousin-german Semea; he was privately begotten in adultery, and reigned two years and eight Months; Bassianus Grandfather to his Mother Semea, was the Priest of the Sun; When Heliogabalus came to Rome with a great expectation both of the Senate and the Soldiery, he defiled himself with all manner of pollutions: So inordinate was his concupiscence, that nature not permitting him to that which his desires did prompt him unto, turning his lusts into himself, he did put on the name of a woman▪ and instead of Bassianus, commanded himself to be called Bassiana; He married himself to a Vestal Virgin, and having cut off his privy parts, he consecrated himself to the great Mother Cybele; He made his cousin-german Marcellus, who afterwards was called Alexander, a Caesar; and he himself was slain in a tumult by the Soldiers; His body was drawn by a Soldier through all the streets of Rome like the carcase of a dog, in a military Irony, calling him The Whelp of a ravening and an untamed lust; At the last▪ the bulk of his body being so great that it would not enter into the hollow seat of a Privy, they did drag it unto Tiber, and fastening a great weight unto it, that it might not rise again, they did cast it into the River. He lived sixteen years, and for these things which happened to him, was called Tiberinus and Tractisius.   

Severus Alexander.  
SEverus Alexander reigned thirteen years, he was destructive to the good of the Commonwealth: In his time Taurinus was made Augustus, who for fear did cast himself into the River Euphrates. At that time Mauritius did take upon him the Empire, having corrupted many of the Soldiers; but when Alexander did observe himself forsaken of the Soldiers, he cried out upon his Mother, alleging that she was the occasion of his death; and the Executioner coming to him, he covering his head, did with great confidence offer his neck unto him to be struck off. His Mother Mammea did carry so closely a hand over him, that if any thing at Dinner or at Supper was left, were it never so little, it was reserved for his next meal.   

Julius Maximinus.  
IVlius Maximinus a Soldier born in Thrace, governed three years, who while he prosecuted the rich men, as well innocent as guilty, was torn in pieces at Aquileia, and his Son with him by the sedition of the Soldiers, the Soldiers in derision crying out, Of a bad Sire they must not keep a whelp. Under his Government, Gordianus the Father, and Gordianus the Son, one after another did take upon them the Government, and one of them after another came to confusion. In the like manner, Pupianus and Balbinus affecting the Principality, were both put to death.   

Gordianus.  
GOrdianus, the Grandchild of Gordianus by his Mother, was born at Rome; he was the Son of a noble Father, and ruled six years; he was slain at Ctesiphon by Philip a Praetorian Commander, the Soldiers being stirred up into sedition; this was done in the twentyeth year of his life: His body being interred in the Confines of the Roman and Persian Empire, did afterwards give a name unto the place which was called The Sepulchre of Gordian.   

Philip.  
MArcus Julius Philippus ruled five years; he was slain by the Soldiers at Verona, his head being cleaved a sunder in the middle a little above the upper row of his teeth; his Son Gallus Julius Saturninus being about twelve years of age was slain at Rome, being of so melancholy a disposition, that after he was five years of age, he could by no sport or invention be moved to laughter, and in the secular Games seeing his Father to laugh profusely, although he was but a child (in dislike of it) he turned his face from him. This Philip was born but of mean Parentage, his Father being a Captain or Leader of Robbers.   

Decius.  
Decius' born in Pannonia Bubalia, reigned thirty Months, and made his Son a Caesar; he was a man well learned in all the Arts, addicted entirely unto virtue, pleasant and familiar at home, and a brave man at Arms. In a great tumult he was drowned amongst many others, in a place so full of Bogs and Fens that his body could never afterwards be found; His Son also was slain in War; He lived fifty years; In his time Valens Lucinianus was made Emperor.   

Virius Gallus.  
VIrius Gallus with his Son Volusio, reigned two years; In their time the Senate created Hostilianus Perpenna Emperor, who not long afterwards died of the Pestilence. In their time also Aemilianus was created Emperor in Maesia, against whom both the Father and the Son marched with an Army, and were slain by their own Soldiers at Interamnis, the Father being seven and forty years of Age; they were created Emperors in the Island of Meningis, now called Girba. Aemilian in the fourth year of his Government was slain at Spoletum, or Pontes which by reason of his death was afterwards called Sanguinarius, being a place in equal distance betwixt Ociculum, Narnia, and the City of Rome; He was by his birth a Moor, a man of a daring spirit, but not too rash; he lived seven and forty years.   

Licinius Valerianus.  
LIcinius Valerianus surnamed Colobius, reigned 15 years; he was descended of noble Parentage, but of a slow and stupid disposition, and not fit for any public place either in Counsel or of action; He made his Son Galienus, Augustus, and his Grandson Cornelius Valerianus, a Caesar: In their times, Religianus in Moesia, Cassius Labienus Posthumus in France, (the Son of Galienus being slain) were made Emperors: In the same manner Aelianus at Mentz, Aemilianus in Egypt, Valerius in Macedonia, and Aurelius at Milan, assumed the Imperial Title; But Valerianus making war in Mesopotamia, he was overcome by Sapores King of the Persians, and not long afterwards being taken, grew old amongst the Parthians, in an ignoble servitude; for as long as he lived, the King did set his foot upon his neck when he mounted on horseback.   

Galienus.  
GAlienus in the place of his Son Cornelius, did substitute his other Son Salonianus; he was addicted to the uncertain love of Concubines, Salonina and Pipa; but he coloured his love to Salonina with the pretence of marriage; and her Father the King of the Marcomans did grant him thereupon by covenant, one part of the upper Pannonia; At the last, he marched against Aureolus, whom he besieged at Pontus, and obtained it, which place afterwards was for that cause called Aureolus; he also besieged Milan, but by the contrivement of Aureolus, he was slain by his own Soldiers, after he had reigned fifteen years, seven with his Father, and eight by himself; he lived fifty years.   

Claudius.  
Claudius' reigned two years, some are of opinion that he was the Son of Gordianus; others say of the woman Licensa, by whom he was taught how to deport himself towards a wife; he was appointed Emperor by the last Will and Testament of Galienus, who sent unto him to Ticinum the Imperial Robes by Gallonins Basilius. Aureolus being slain by his own Soldiers, he received the Government of those Countries, and fight against the Almains, not far from the Lake of Benacum he cut in pieces such a multitude of them, that of their infinite numbers scarce a half part remained; In those days Victorius was made Emperor; And when Claudius understood by the Book of the Destinies, which he commanded to be looked into, that a principal man of the Senate must die, Pomponius Bassus who was then present, did offer himself to be a sacrifice for the public: but he not suffering the Oracles to be frustrated, did give his own life a free gift to the Commonwealth, having first expressed himself, that no man of that order could be intepreted to be the principal man, but the Emperor only. This was so acceptable to every one, that he was not only honoured with the Title of a Saint, but they also made him a Statue of Gold, and did place it near unto the Image of Jupiter, and the Nobles also in the Court in the remembrance of his piety, did consecrate unto him a Golden Image.   

Quintilius.  
HIs brother Quintilius did succeed him, who ruling but a few days, was slain.   

Aurelian.  
Aurelian born but of mean Parentage, for as some affirm, his Father was but a Farmer in the Country betwixt Dacia and Macedonia under Aurelian the most famous Senator; he ruled five years, & was not unlike either to Alexander the great, or to Caesar the Dictator; for he upheld the City of Rome, and in the space of three years delivered the Empire from all her Enemies, whereas Alexander was thirteen year making a way by his Victories into India, and Caesar was ten years in subduing France, and four years afterwards in a war with Pompey, and the Citizens of Rome. Aurelian in three great Battles was a Conqueror in Italy, at Placentia near unto the Ryne of Meutaurus, at the Temple of Fortune, and in the Fields of Ticini. In his time Septimius was proclaimed Emperor amongst the Dalmatians, but he was presently beheaded by his own Soldiers. In his time the Minters of money rebelled, whom he suppressed, using against them the utmost cruelty; He was the first man amongst the Romans who did wear a Diadem upon his Head; and arrayed himself in cloth of Gold made fast with Pearls and precious Stones, which before his time the Romans were not acquainted withal; He encompassed the City with stronger and larger walls than before, and made orders, that the people should eat Swins flesh; He advanced Tetricius, and made him Corrector of Lucania, having been before proclaimed Emperor by the Soldiers in Gallia, elegantly upbraiding him, that it was more majestical to rule some part of Italy, then to reign beyond the Alps. At the last, by the treachery of his servant, who showed unto some Commanders (the friends of Aurelian) their own names in a Book, as if Aurelian himself had set them down and designed them to destruction, ●e was slain himself by them in the midst of the way betwixt Constantinople and Heraclea: He was a fierce, cruel, and a bloody man all his time, and the Murderer of his own sisters Son. After his death there was no Emperor for the space of seven Months.   

Tacitus.  
TAcitus was the next who did take upon him the Empire, a man of an excellent temper, who in the two hundreth day of his reign died at Tarsus of a Fever.   

Florianus.  
FLorianus succeeded him, but when the greatest part of that Cavalry had chosen Probus, a man well experienced in the affairs of war, Florianus having as it were in sport but personated an Emperor for threescore days, did with a Lance open his own veins, out of which his blood issued so abundantly, that he died.   

Probus.  
PRobus a Dalmatian was begotten by a Father who was an husbandman, and a Gardener; He ruled six years, and overcame Saturninus in the East, and afterwards Proculus and Bonosus who were made Emperors at Agrippina; He permitted the Gauls and the Pannonians to have Vines, and by his Soldier's hands, he planted the Hill of Alma at Syrmius and Aureus in upper Moesia with Vines; He was afterwards killed at Syrmius in a Tower enclosed with Iron.   

Carus.  
CArus was born in Narbona, and reigned two years, he immediately created Carinus and Numerianus, Caesar's, and by a thunderbolt was slain at Ctesiphon. His Son Numerianus being afflicted with a pain in his eyes, and carried up and down in a little Litter, was slain by treachery, at the Instigation of Aper who was his Father-in-law; And when by contrivement, his death was cunningly concealed until Aper had got strength enough to invade the Empire, the Treason was discovered by the most noy some smell of the dead Corpse. Sabinus afterwards invading the Empire, was slain by Carinus in the fields of Verona: This Carinus did pollute himself with all manner of iniquities, he did put to death many innocent persons by pretended accusations; he defiled the the Marriage beds of many honourable Personages,; At the last, he was slain by the hand of that Tribune whose wife he was said to have defiled.   

Dioclesian.  
DIoclesian a Dalmatian, the servant heretofore of Amelinus the Senator; his Mother's name, and the name of the Town where he was born was called Dioclea, by reason whereof until he was made Emperor, he was called Dioclea, and having taken upon him the Government of the World, he changed his Grecian name into a Roman; he reigned five and twenty years; He made Maximianus Augustus, and created Constantine, Galerius, and Armamentarius, Caesar's; He gave Theodora the Step-daughter of Herculius Maximianus to wife to Constantinus, having caused him to put away his former wife. In his time Cerausio was made Emperor in France, Achilleus in Egypt; and Julian in Italy; but they all fell by several deaths; Amongst whom Julianus having a dagger thrust through his ribs into his Bowels, did throw himself into the fire: But Dioclesian of his own accord gave up the Empire in Nicomedia, and spent his old Age privately in his own possessions, and being afterwards desired by Herculius and Galerius to take upon him the Government of the Empire again, like a man flying from some great and dangerous evil, he made Answer, I would you could go to Salon to see the Plants which I have there planted with my own hands, you would then cer ainly judge that I am not to be tempted to so great a trouble: He lived threescore and eight years, the last nine years whereof he lived as a private man; He died (as it is apparent) by a voluntary fea●; for being invited by Constantinus and Licinius to their Marriage Feasts, and having excused himself, that by reason of his age he could not be present, they did write back unto him threatening Letters, in which he was charged to have favoured Maxentius, and to favour Maximinus, whereupon fearing some shameful death, he is said to have poisoned himself. In his time Constantius, the Father of Constantine, and Armamentarius, were called Caesar's August. When Severus was created Caesar for Italy, and the Sister's Son of Maximinus Galerius for the East; at the same time Constantius also was made Caesar. Maxentius was made Emperonr in a Village six miles from Rome in the way as you go to Lavicanum. Afterwards Licinius was made Augustus, and in the same manner was Alexander made Emperor at Carthage, and so was Valens also created Emperor; But Severus was slain by Herculius Maximinus at Rome amongst the Inns; and his Corpse was put into the Sepulchre of Galerius, distant from Rome by the way of Appius about nine miles.   

Galerius Maximianus.  
GAlerius Maximianus, his privy members being consumed, died; Maximianus Herculeus was besieged at Massilia by Constantine, and being there taken was strangled with a halter: Alexander had his throat cut by the Army of Constantine. Maxentius when he was to fight with Constantine, having made a Bridge with Boats a little above the Bridge Milvius, making haste on horseback to secure the Bridge, did fall with his horse into the River, and there perished, and through the weight of his Armour did sink so deep into the mud, that his body could hardly be found again. Maximianus died a natural death at Tarsus. Valens was put to death by Licinius. Having thus acquainted you with the manner of their deaths, I will now give you a Character of their dispositions; Herculeus Maximianus was by nature cruel, vehemently addicted to lust, and foolish in Counsel, of ordinary Parentage, being born in the wild parts of Pannonia; There is a place not far from Syrmius where now standeth a Palace wherein the Parents of Herculeus did follow mercenary labour; He died in the sixtyeth year of his age, having governed the Empire twenty year; He begot upon Eutropia the Syrian woman, Maxentius and Fausta the wife of Constantine, to whose Father Constantius he gave his Step-daughter Theodora; But some affirm that Maxentius by the imposture of the wife of Maximianus was brought from another place, because she knew that it would be most acceptable to her Husband to have a Son, whereas indeed he was not the Son of Maximianus. Howsoevet it was, Maximianus himself was never beloved of any, neither of his own Father, nor of his Father-in-Law Galerius.   

Galerius Armentarius.  
GAlerius, although rude and unexperienced in the way of Justice, was a man otherwise commendable enough; he was well made of body, an excellent and a successful Soldier: His parents were Country people, and keepers of Herds, from whence he had his name Armentarius; He was born in Ducia and there buried; the place where he was buried, he called Romulus, after the name of his Mother Romula; He would insolently affirm, that his Mother mingled with a Dragon when she conceived him, as did Olympias the Mother of Alexander the Great.   

Galerius Maximinus.  
GAlerius Maximinus was the Son of the Sister of Armentarius, and before he was made Emperor he was called Daza; He was Caesar four years, and called Augustus three years in the East: By his birth and education he was a Pastoral man, but a great lover of wise and learned men; of a quiet disposition, but much inclined to wine, in the excess whereof he commanded many unlawful things, of which afterwards he repented, and gave a charge to all his followers, that they should not execute his desires except he was sober, or gave them a commandment in the morning.   

Alexander.  
ALexander was by birth a Phrygian, fearful in his disposition, and by reason of his old Age not fit to endure labour, so that all these whom last of all I have named, being destroyed some one way, and some another, the Imperial Rights descended to Constantinus and Licinius.   

Constantinus.  
COnstantinus the Son of the Emperor Constantius, & of Helena, reigned thirty years: He being but a youth, the more religiously to observe the agreement made, was a pledge to Galerius in the City of Rome, from whence he made an escape, and to save himself from those who did pursue him, he killed all the horses and the beasts he did meet with, to block up the way, and came safe to his Father in Britain, who at that time was a dying man. After his death by the consent of all his friends that were present, and especially of Erocus King of the Alemen who with Auxiliarie Soldiers did assist his Father Constantius, and accompany him in his wars, he did possess himself of the Empire at Milan, and married his Sister Constantia to Licinius, and made his Sons, Crispus born of his Concubine Minervina, and his Son Constantius born much at the same time, and Licinius the Son of Licinius, being but twenty Months of age, Caesar's. But as Empires do hardly continue in concord, so there arose dissensions betwixt Constantine and Licinius, and first of all Constantine did fall upon the Army of Licinius at Cibalae near to the Lake Hiulca, taking the advantage of the time of night, whereupon Licinius did fly unto Byzantium where he created Martianus Caesar. Constantine having reinforced his Army, constrained Licinius at Bythinia to surrender to him by the hands of his wife, the Imperial Robes, upon condition to have only his own life saved. Not long afterwards he was sent to Thessalonica, where both he and Martinianus were strangled▪ Licinius was threescoce years of Age, and reigned fourteen years, he was extremely covetous, much addicted unto lust, sharp of apprehension, and not a little impatient; he was a great Enemy to learning, especially to the plead at the Bar, calling learning, through his ignorance, a poison, and a public plague; he was well affected to husbandry, and to the silly people in the Country, because among such he had his Education; he was a great observer of Martial Discipline and most supestitious in the Institution of former Ages. A great suppressor he was of Eunuches and Courtiers, calling them the Moths and Rats of the Palace. Constantine having possessed himself of the whole Empire, being as successful in his Government at home as in he wars abroad, did (as it is thought) by the instigation of his wife Fausta, put his Son Crispus to death; And afterwards being much condemned for it by his Mother, he caused his wife Fausta to be thrown into a Bath of scalding water, where she miserably died; He was himself most immoderately desirous of praise, and finding the name of Trajan to be written upon the Walls of many of the Palaces, he called him a Wall-flower; he builded a Bridge over the River of Danubius. He adorned the Imperial Robes with Pearls and precious Stones, and perpetually did wear a Diadem on his head; he was qualified and enabled for many things, as to suppress calumniations and tumults, and to nourish all good Arts, especially Learning; he himself would read, write, meditate, hear the Ambassies and the Complaints of the Provinces; He made his own Son and Dalmatius his Brother's Son, Caesar's; he lived threescore and three years, and governed the Empire almost half of them alone; He died of a disease, being addicted more in his life time to derision then affability, whereupon he commonly was called Tracalla. In his first ten years of his Government, he was called Excellent; In his next twelve years a Robber; and in his ten last, an ungoverned Pupil, by reason of his immoderate Expenses; his body was buried in Byzantium, which after his name was called Constantinople; after his death the Soldiers did kill Dalmatius, and the Roman Empire was divided into three parts, betwixt his three Sons, Constans, Constantius, and Constantinus: Constans ruled over all Italy, Illyricum, Africa, Dalmatia, Thracia, Macedonia and Achaia; the command of Constantius did begin at the Propontick Sea, and reached over all Asia and the East; And Constantinus did govern all beyond the Alps.   

Annibalianus, Constantius, and Constans.  
ANnibalianus the kinsman of Dalmatius Caesar, did govern Armenia, and the Nations adjoining to it; In the mean time Constantius and Constans fell at variance about the Dominions of Italy and Africa. Constantius a rash man, and living like a Plunderer, being filthily drunk, whiles he endeavoured to entrench upon his Brother's possessions, did lose his own, and being taken, was killed and thrown into the River of Alsa, not far from Aquileia. Constans given much to hunting, whiles he followed the game in the Forest, Chrestius, Marcellinus, and Magnentius, with some others of the Soldiery did conspire his death, and having agreed upon the day; Marcellinus amongst many others did invite him to Supper in pretence of celebrating the birth day of his Son; The Feast continuing late in the night, Magnentius arising (as he said) to ease his belly, did put on the venerable habit of the Emperor; which when Constans understood, he made means to fly away, but was over-taken and slain by Gaiso who with a select band of the Cavalry was sent after him. This was done at Helena a Town not far from Peirene in the thirteenth year of his Reign; he was made Caesar three years before, and he lived seven and twenty years; He was lame in his feet, and had the Gout also in the joints of his fingers. In the Division of his Dominion, he was fortunate in the temperature of the Air, in the abundance of fruits, and for not being annoyed by the Barbarians, which benefits had indeed been greater, if he had advanced his Lieutenants into the Government of the Provinces, not by money but by merit: His death being understood, Vetranius the General of the Army did take upon him the Empire in Pannonia, of which he was not long afterwards dispossed by Constantius; he lived to a great age, and in a voluptuous life, being foolish almost to Idotism itself.   

Constantius.  
COnstantius made Gallus his Uncle's son Caesar, and married him to his Sister Constantina. Magnentius also at that time beyond the Alps did create his kinsman Decentius, Caesar: And Nepotianus the Son of Eutrophia who was Constantine's sister, did assume the Government of the Empire at Rome, whom Magnentius in the eight and twentyeth day afterwards did suppress. In his time there was a great Battle fought at Marsia in which Constantius overcame Magnentius; The strength of Rome did never more suffer then in this War, and the Fortunes of the whole Empire were desperately shaken. Magnentius after this, having retreated into Italy, did kill at Thicanum many of his pursuing Enemies, who too improvidently did follow the chase, as it oftentimes falls out in Victories. Not long afterwards being shut up in Lions, with a prepared sword (the pommel of it being set to the Wall levelly to his breast,) with all his strength and the whole weight of his body he received the point, which running through him (being a man of a great bulk, pouring forth his blood not only at his wound, but as his mouth and his nose also) he expired, in the thirteenth Month of his Government, and the fiftyeth year of his Age; His Parents were of Gallia; he was a great Reader, acute in his Discourse, of a proud spirit, and yet immoderately fearful, but a great Artist to conceal his fear under bold pretences. Decentius no sooner heard of his death, but strangling himself with his own Garter he ended his life. Much about this time Gallus Caesar was slain by Constantius; he ruled four years.   

Silvanus.  
SIlvanus being made Emperor, was slain in the eight and twentyeth day of his Government; he was of a most pleasing and courtly wit, although begotten by a barbarous Father; he was sufficiently instructed in and prone enough to learn the Roman civilities.   

Constantius.  
COnstantius did honour Claudius Julianus the Brother of Gallus with the name of Caesar, being about three and twenty years of Age. He in the Fields of Argentoratum in France did slay an innumerable company of his Enemies. The bodies of the slain being piled up, did seem like so many Hills, and the blood that flowed from them did seem like so many Rivers; Their famous King Nodonarius was taken, all the Nobility were utterly overthrown, and the limits of the Roman Power were restored: At the last fight with the Almains, he took their most puissant King Badomarius Prisoner: By the Soldiers of Gallia he was proclaimed Augustus, but Constantius did urge him by his Ambassadors to abandon that honour, and to descend into his former name and condition.   

Julianus.  
IVlian by softer Mandates did make Answer, that he more officiously would obey, if the injunction laid upon him were confirmed by the Authority of the high Empire, whereat Constantius being greatly offended, being more and more inflamed with grief and choler, did contract a violent Fever at Mopsocrene being situated at the foot of the Mountain Taurus; His indignation and want of sleep did increase the malignancy of his disease, so that he died in the four & fortyeth years of his age, and the nine & thirtyeth of his Reign, having been Augustus four and twenty years, and reigned with Magnentius and his own brothers sixteen years, and eight years alone; He was fortunate in all his Civil Wars, but most unhappy in Foreign Wars; He was admirably expert in Archery, and much given to meat, wine and to sleep, very patient of labour, and desirous of eloquence, which not being able to obtain he envied others; He was much given to the love of his Attendants and Eunuches, and to the love of his Wives, with whom he lived very contented, not turning his lawful affections to any unnatural or filthy lusts. Amongst all his wives he loved Eus●lia best, who indeed was very beautiful, but by her Amantiae and Gordoniae, and other importunate services, she much blemished the Emperor's reputation, contrary to the custom of modest Ladies, whose saving Counsels do oftentimes much assist their Husbands. To omit other Examples, it is almost incredible how much Pompeia Plotina increased the glory of Trajan, whose procurators did so oppress the Provinces, that one of them is said in these words to salute every rich man he did meet, with, What hast thou on thy Table? From whence hast thou it? Deliver what thou hast. She understanding of it, did reprove her Husband, that he was so unmindful of his Honour, and caused him so much to detest such exactions, that he afterwards called his Exchequer the Milt, because that the Milt swelling too much, all the rest of the members do consume. Julianus having invested himself in the Government of the Roman Empire, being desirous of glory, did make War upon the Persians; where being deceived by a Fugitive sent by the Parthians for that purpose, who had round about enclosed him, and begun to fall upon his Camp, he armed only with his shield did run out of his Tent, and in too rash valour leading forth his Forces to the battle, he was run through with a Spear by one of his Enemies rising from the ground; being mortally wounded, he was carried into his Tent, and coming forth again to encourage his Soldiers to the fight, his blood so issued forth that he died about midnight, having first said that he would not (as the custom than was) give any order for the succession in the Empire, lest in the multitude of his friends present, who with different Counsels did seek that dignity, the envy or emulation of any of them through civil discord should procure any danger to the Army. There was in him a vast knowledge of Letters and of great affairs, which made him to give such a countetenance to Philosophers and the wisest men of Greece; He was but short of stature, and not strong, yet able through exercise. There were in him some things which did diminish the glory of his virtues, as his immoderate desire of praise, his superstitious worship of the gods, and a valour more rash and daring then became an Emperor, whose safety being the common good of all men, is diligently to be provided at all times, but especially in War. The ardent desire of glory did so much overcome him, that he could not be dissuaded by an Earthquake nor many other presages from his Expedition into Persia, no nor by seeing in the night a great Globe to fall down as if Heaven fell with it, could he be induced to appoint a more happy time for that War.   

Jovinian.  
Jovinian the Son of Varronianus in the I'll of Singidona in the Province of Pannonia, did reign eight Months: His Father having lost many children, was admonished in a dream to call that child of which his Mother was ready to be delivered, Jovinian; he was a man of a most gallant personage, pleasant of wit, and studious of Letters. In the midst of a sharp winter, travelling from Persia to Constantinople, he fell into a crudity of his stomach, and being oppressed by the management of new his dignity, he died suddenly, being almost forty years of age.   

Valentinian.  
VAlentinian ruled twelve years and about nine months; His Father Gratianus was meanly born, and among the Cibalae was called Funarius, because that carrying C●rds up and down to be sold, five Soldiers could not take one of them from him; for this he was called to be a Soldier, where by degrees he did ascend to the power of a Praetor. The Soldiers for his sake did bestow the Empire upon Valentinian his Son, who at the first did refuse to accept it; He made his cousin Valens Companion with him in the Empire, and afterwards his Son Gratianus, whom (by the persuasions of his Mother-in-law and his wife) being but a child, he created Augustus. This Valentinian was of a comely presence, of a sharp apprehension, and most eloquent in Speech, although he was not forward to express himself; He was severe, vehement, and an enemy to vices, especially to covetousness, of which he was a great punisher; and in all things which I have spoken of him, he was most like to Adrian; He was well versed in Antiquities, and invented new Arms and Utensils of War; He could draw the figures of men exactly in Earth or Clay; He wisely knew how to make use of place, time, and words. To conclude, he had been an absolute Prince, if he had not given too much credence unto Flatterers, or had followed the advice of his most approved & learned Counsellors. In his time Firmius was slain attempting the Empire in Mauritania. At the last, giving Audience to an Embassy of the Guardians at Bergentium, by a disease in the blood, he was struck speechless in the five and fiftieth year of his Age, and being of perfect sense and memory he expired: Some affirm that this disease fell upon him through intemperance of diet, his sinews being overstretched by too much saturity. He being dead, Valentinian his Son being but four years of Age, was with his Mother brought to Rome, and created Emperor by the procurement of Aequitius and Merobaudus.   

Valens.  
VAlens with his young Cousin Valentian reigned ten years, and five months. Valens making an unfortunate War with the Goths was wounded with arrows, and being brought into a most sordid Cottage, the Goths following the pursuit set fire on it, where he perished in the Flame; He was to be commended for these things. He was a good Counsellor, just in altering of judgements, trusty to his friends, not angry to any man's prejudice, and fearful enough when he saw cause for it. In his time Procopius the Tyrant was put to death.   

Gratianus.  
GRatianus was born at Syrmium, and reigned with his Father Valentinian eight years, with his Uncle and his brother three years, with the same Brother and Theodosius four years, and with them all, Arcadius also being inserted six months. He overthrew thirty thousand Alemen at Argentoratum in Gallia: Having understood that the Goths and Triballians, and the Huns and alan's, Nations more ruinous than destruction itself, had possessed Thrace and Dacia, as if those Country's had been theirs by Inheritance, finding that the Roman Name and State were in great danger to be utterly extinct, did send for Theodosius out of Spain, and in the three and thirtieth year of his Age he did resign the Government of the Empire to him. This Gratian was not meanly Learned; he could make a Verse, speak eloquently, and lay open a Cause like a perfect Orator. Night and day he made it his business to meditate on Archery, and the hurling of Darts, thinking it a faculty of the greatest pleasure, and which carried in it some divinity with it in it, with a steadfast dexterity to hit the mark assigned him; he was a conqueror of his lusts, wine, and luxury▪ And he had been good to all if he had addicted his mind to manage the Government of the Commonwealth, in which he was defective both in knowledge to rule, and in inclination to learn; for having neglected the Army, and preferred the Alani (whom with a vast sum of money he had drawn unto▪ him) and being become such a friend and companion of the Barbarians, that he would be seen in public with them, and walk in their habit, he drew upon him the hatred of the Roman Soldiery. In his time Maximius who rebelled in Brittany came into France, and being received by those Legions who were discontented with Gratian, they did put him to flight, and immediately afterwards he died, having lived eight and twenty years.   

Theodosius.  
THeodosius was the Son of Honorius, his Mother's name was Th●rmantia, he was a Spaniard by his birth, but deriving his original from the Emperor Trajan; He was made Emperor by Gratian at Syrmium▪ and ruled seven and twenty years; It is reported that his Parents were admonished in a dream to give him this Name whereby we might understand in Latin, that he was given us by God; There was an Oracle also famous over all Asia, that one should succeed Valens in the Empire, whose name should begin with the Greek letters, θ, ε, and ο, with a presumption whereof Theodorus being deceived, he was justly put to death for his ambitious and immoderate desire of Sovereignty. Theodosius was an illustrious Defender and an enlarger of the Commonwealth; for in divers memorable Battles he overthrew the Goths and the Huns who laid waste the Empire; and having invaded the Persians, he compelled them to seek for peace of him; he slew at Aquileia Maximius the Tyrant; who had killed Gratian, and challenged all France to himself; He caused also Victor his Son to be killed, whom his Father Maximius had proclaimed Augustus, when he was in the years of his Infancy; He overcame also Eugenius the Tyrant, and Arbogastes, ten thousand of their Army being cut in pieces; This Eugenius trusting to the forces of Arbogastes, after he had slain Valentinian at Vienna, called himself Emperor; but not long after he lost his life and Empire both togegether. Theodosius in body and conditions did much resemble the Emperor Trajan, as the writings of the Historians in those daye● and his Picture do declare; so tall he wa● in stature, such was the proportion of his limbs, such was the colour of his hair, the same face, unless his cheeks were a little more thin by often plucking out the hair by the roots; neither had he so great eyes; and I know not whether he had altogether so great a flourish of beauty in his face, and such a gracefulness in his gate; but I am sure their minds were most alike, so that nothing can be said or read in books of the one, which may not properly be translated to the other; He was gentle, merciful, and affable to all, & thought that only in his habit he did differ from other men; he was munificent to all, but magnificent to the good; he loved ordinary wits, and admired the great ones (provided they were harmless; with a great mind he gave great largesses, he loved the Citizens, and those most known unto him him by private acquaintance, & enriched them with honours, money, and other benefits, especially those whose good offices to him as towards a Father in the time of his adversity he had approved; but for loving of Wine, and the desire of triumphs, with which Trajan was aspersed, he so much detested them that he found Wars, but did make none; and by a Law did prohibit all wanton meetings, and to have Songs at Banquets, so much he did contribute to continence and modesty, that he did forbid the marriage of Cousin▪ germane as an unlawful thing: For learning, being compared to those who are absolute, he was not extraordinary, but wise and prudent he was, and very diligent to read men in their manners. He would hastily condemn the cruel deeds of the Ancients, and those Enemies to public liberty, Cinna, Marius, and Sylla, and he did bear an especial hatred to perfidious and ungrateful persons; He would suddenly be angry, but he was apt to return to his first temper, and after a little pause he would of himself be quickly appeased. Sometimes he would propound unto himself the severe precepts out of Livy, or what Augustus was taught by him who did read Philosophy unto him, that if he were angry at any time, before he attempted to revenge the displeasure, he should repeat the four and twenty Greek Letters, by means whereof the concitation of the spirit, which in a moment was raised (the mind being otherwise employed) might in a little respite of time be appeased. A brave man undoubtedly he was thus to exercise his patience, and which is a proof of a singular virtue, after the regal power confirmed by years, and much more after a civil Victory. What shall I speak of his solicitous care in providing of Corn, and to restore out of his own treasure the vast sums of gold & silver taken away by force & consumed by Tyrants, even when bountiful Princes do hardly give unto their Followers the reversion of a few unfruitful fields, or of a plundered Farm? Neither can those less things be forgotten, which being practised within the Court, do more attract the eyes and ears of all curious natures to behold them, as to reverence the Uncle like the Father, to bring up the children either of the dead Brother or Sister as his own, to embrace kindred and alliance with the affection of a Parent, to make a neat and a merry Feast, but not a sumptuous one, to frame the discourse to the quality of the persons, and observances to Dignities, to have a discourse pleasant with gravity, a tender Father and a loving Husband; He so exercised himself in sports, as to be neither thereby engaged or wearied, and when he had leisure, he refreshed his spirits with walking; He governed his bodily health with a good diet; And thus in the fiftyeth year of his Age he died in peace at Milan, leaving in a peaceable condition the two Commonwealths to his two Sons, Arcadius and Honorius; his body was the same year in which he died, conveyed to Constantinople, and there interred.   
FINIS.   

An Alphabetical TABLE, of those things which are most remarkable in this HISTORY.  

THe Abderits forced from their own Country by multitudes of Frogs and Mice, to seek new habitations, page 237  
Aborigines the first Inhabitants of Italy, p. 501  
The abrogation of the Custom for the sacrificing of men alive, p. 281  
Abydus, p. 52  
The Acarnanians alone aided not the Grecians against the Trojans, p. 364  
The Achaians fight with Nabis, p. 389  
Their combination, fidelity, and power, ibid.  
Adrian the Emperor, p. 555  
The Adriatic Sea, and why so called, p. 287  
Adultery most severely punished amongst the Parthians, p. 481  
Aeacides King of the Molossi, p. 232  
The greatest part of that Name dying about thirty years of Age, p. 202  
Their Original from Hercules, p. 157  
Aegeades from whence so called, p. 114  
Aegeus King of the Athenians, Father of Theseus, p. 137  
Egypt fortified at the vast expense of her King, p. 26  
Egypt the Granary of the Roman people, p. 526  
The Egyptians superstitious, p. 17  
The fruitfulness and temper of Egypt, p. 24  
Aemilius gave Law to the Macedons, p. 414  
Aeneas came into Italy, p. 502  
Aeneas died in the wars against Mezensius, ibid.  
Aeolus heretofore governed Sicily, p. 75  
The Aeolian Lands, p. 73  
Aetna Hill, and the perpetual burning of it, p. 74  
The Aetolians lost their liberty, p. 401  
The Africans send back their tribute to the Carthaginians, p. 282  
The excellent words of Africanus, p. 400  
His moderation in the receiving of his Son, p. 397, 398  
Agathocles twice a banished man, p. 306  
Agathocles of a base original, become tyrant of Sicily, ibid.  
Agathocles took away all hope of flight by burning the ships, p. 313  
Agathocles his death, p. 322  
Agesilaus lame in one foot, p. 101  
Agis King of the Lacedæmonians, p. 179  
Alcibiades of his own accord goes to banishment to Elis, p. 82  
Alcibiades his gallant courage, wit, and personage, p. 83  
Alcibiades called back from his command, to answer for his profaneness, p. 81  
Alcibiades knew the wife of Agis, p. 83  
Alcibiades goes again into banishment, p. 88  
Alcibiades burned alive in his Chamber, p. 93  
Alexander demands of the Athenians their Orators and Captains, p. 158  
Alexander in many battles having overthrown the Persians, doth put upon them the yoke of servitude, p. 274  
Alexander marryeth Statyra the daughter of Darius, p. 196  
Alexander would be worshipped as a God, and be called the Son of Jupiter Hammon, p. 169  
Alexander the Great, conspired against by Alexander Lyncestes, p. 161  
Alexander the revenger of his Father's death, p. 153  
Alexander determined to die of hunger, p. 188  
Alexander given to Wine and Choler, p. 146  
Alexander grievously wounded, p. 195  
Alexander his dangerous fever at the River Cydnus, p. 171  
Alexander's dead body to be conveyed to Hammon, by his own command, p. 202  
Alexander King of Epirus was dis-invested by Antigonus of his Kingdom, p. 354  
Alexander Caesar, p. 586  
Alexandria on Tanais builded by Alexander the Great, p. 140  
Alexandria in Egypt builded by him, p. 169  
The Original of the Amazons, p. 30  
The coming of their Queen Thalestris to Alexander the Great, p. 33  
Amilco succeeded Hamilcar, p. 282  
Amilco killed himself, p. 285  
Amphitryo dedicated Athens to Minerva, p. 36  
The justice of Anaxilaus, p. 75  
Annabal made Captain before he was at man's estate, p. 372.  
Annibal sixteen years a Conqueror in Italy, p. 447  
Annibals policy to avoid the envy and the danger that might attend his great wealth, p. 408.  
Annibals' stratagem to overcome by Serpents, p. 409  
Annibals death by poison, ibid.  
Annibalianus Caesar, p. 590  
Antigonus killed by Sandrocottus, p. 243  
Antigonus threw the Diadem from him, p. 367  
Antigonus War with Perdiccas, p. 217  
Antiochus killed by the Parthians, p. 461, 462  
Antiochus overcome and slain in banishment, p. 362  
Antiochus overcome by the Romans, p. 401  
Antiochus suspected Hannibal, p. 392  
Antiochus restored his Son to Africanus, p. 397  
Antiochia builded by Seleucus, p. 242  
Antipater killeth his Mother Thessalonice, p. 245  
All the Family of Antipater extinguished, p. 248  
Antoninus Caesar the Pious, p. 558  
Apollo revenging himself against Brennus, p. 341  
Appius Claudius breaking the Peace with Pyrrhus, p. 266  
The use of Honey and Runnet found out by Aristaeus, p 220  
The Arabians weak and impotent, 473  
Abdolominus made King of Sidon from the lowest degree of Fortune, 167  
Archidamus Commander of the Lacedæmonians, wounded, p. 108  
The Argonauts, p. 407, 492  
The Argyraspides overcome by Antigonus, p. 227  
Aridaeus the Son of Philip reigneth in Macedonia, p. 156  
Aristides, p. 57  
Aristotimus the Tyrant of the Epirots, his cruelty, p. 351  
Aristonicus overcome by the Consul Perpenna, p. 433  
Aristotle Tutor to Alexander the Great, p. 204  
The greatness of Armenia, and description of it, p. 490  
Armenius the companion of Jason, 491  
Ascanius succeeded his Father Aeneas, p. 503  
Arsaces the common name of the Parthian Kings, p 484  
Arsacides his mercy to conquered Demetrius, p. 458  
Arsinoës' departure into banishment, p. 332  
Artabanus killed Xerxes, and he himself slain by Artaxerxes, p▪ 52, 53  
Artaxerxes had one hundred and fifteen Sons, p. 148  
Artemisia that memorable and gallant Queen, p. 51  
Arymbas made Laws for the Epirots, p. 260  
Asia the cause of many Wars, reduced into the power of the people of Rome, p. 433  
Assyrians afterwards called Syrians, how long they held the Empire, p. 6  
Astyages of a King made Governor of the Hyrcanians, p. 13  
Athens one of the eyes of Greece, p. 92  
Athis the daughter of Cranaus gave a name unto it, p. 36  
The Athenians hated by all men, p. 82  
The great wars of the Athenians with the Lacedæmonians, p. 88  
The Athenians the inventors of Oil, Wine, and the manufactures of Wool, p. 36  
Attalus his Parricides, and death, p. 431  
Attilius his war against Antiochus, p. 403  
Augustus Caesar his life and death, p. 526, etc.  
Aurelian Caesar, and his gorgeous habiliments, p. 578   

B  
BAbylon builded by Semiramis, p. 5  
Bactrians lose their liberty, and all things, p. 485  
Barce builded by Alexander, p. 196  
Butti who so called, p. 219  
Belgius' Commander of the Gauls, p. 334  
Beronice having revenged the wrong offered to her, was killed by deceit, p. 358  
Bessus delivered by Alexander to the brother of Darius, p. 186  
The River Bilbilis in which the Spaniards dip their sleel, p. 518  
Bomilcar fastened to the Cross, p. 316  
Brennus Captain of the Gauls killed himself at Delphos, p. 341  
Brundisium builded by the Aetolians, p. 180  
The Brutians overthrew Alexander of Epirus, p. 181  
Bucephala builded by Alexander in the memory of his Horse so called, p. 192  
Byrsa the City of Carthage so called from the Hide of an Ox, p. 273  
Byzantium besieged by Pyrrhus, p. 134   

C  
CAepio the Roman Consul took away the Gold at Tholouzi, p. 406  
Caligula, why so called, p. 533  
Calimander his faithfulness to Demetrius, p. 459  
Calisthenes the Philosopher his lamentable end, because he would not adore Alexander the great, p. 190  
Cambyses demolished the Temple of Apis, and his Army overwhelmed afterwards at the Temple of Hammon, p. 17  
Candaules King of the Lydians, p. 14  
The Cappadocians overcome by Perdiccas, burns all their moveables, with themselves, p. 216  
Caracalla Caesar, p. 567  
Caranus the first King of Macedonia, by the Conduct and direction of Goats buildeth the City of Edyssa, p. 114  
Carthage builded before Rome seventy two years, p. 276  
The Carthaginians forbid to speak or write in Grerk, p. 295  
The Carthaginians war with the Sicilians, p. 75  
Carus Caesar, p. 580  
Cassander killeth Alexander with his Mother Arsinoe, p. 237  
Castor and Pollux propitious and present to the Locrensians, p. 289  
Cecrops King of the Athenians, p. 36  
Ceres her holy Mysteries, p. 81  
Charybdis that dangerous gulf, p. 74  
Chrestos killed by Mithridates, p. 450  
Chion and Leonides conspire against Clearchus, p. 254  
Cimon overcometh Xerxes by Sea and Land, and his piety to his Father, p. 57, 58  
Civil war betwixt Caesar and Pompey, p. 494  
Claudius Tiberius, p. 531  
Claudius Caesar, ibid.  
Clearchus' banished amongst the Heraclians, and his cruelty towards them, p. 255  
Cleopatra the daughter of Philip marrieth Alexander King of the Epirots, p. 141  
Cleopatra married her own brother Ptolemy, and the execrable murders committed by him, p. 455  
Cleophis redeemed her Kingdom by yielding to the lust of Alexander, p. 191  
Clitus killed by Alexander, p. 187  
Cocceius Nerva, p. 550  
Codoman made Governor of the Armenians, p. 151  
Codrus the last King of the Athenians, and his noble death, p. 37  
Commodus Caesar, p. 563  
Conon banished to Cyprus, p. 100  
Constans Caesar, p. 590  
Constantinus Caesar, p. 587  
Constantius Caesar, ibid.  
Corcyra taken by Ptolemy, p. 347  
Corinth demolished, p. 417  
Crassus with all his Army overthrown by Horodes, p. 432  
Critias and Hippolochus their just deaths, p. 95  
Croesus' King of the Lydians taken, p. 13  
Cyclops heretofore Inhabiting Sicily, p. 75  
Cynegyrus his great fortitude, p. 42  
The Cyprian Virgins provide them dowries by the prostitution of their bodies, p. 272  
Cyrini builded by Aristaeus, p. 219  
Cyricaenus killeth Gryphina, p. 470  
Cyrus maketh war on the Medes, p. 11  
Cyrus maketh war on the Sythians, p. 16  
Cyrus suckled by a Bitch, p. 8  
Cyrus destroyed by the Scythians with all his Army, p. 17   

D  
DAcians their Original from the Goths, p. 407  
Damascus a City of Syria, p. 427  
Darius his march against Lanthinus the Scythian, and against the Athenians, p. 35  
Darius in a great overthrow flying from Alexander, p. 161  
Darius offers his daughter in marriage to him, p. 170  
Darius bound by his own men in golden chains, p. 274  
Darius Mother, Wife and Daughters taken Captive, p. 166  
Darius (another of that name) made King by the neighing of his Horse, p. 20  
Decius Caesar, p. 573  
Diadamia the daughter of Aeacides, p. 233  
Delphos Temple, the description of it, p. 337  
Delos the Treasury of Greece, p. 68  
Demaratus King of the Lacedæmonians, p. 44  
Demetrius is slain, p. 356  
Demetrius King of Epirus dyeth, p. 367  
Demetrius delivereth himself to Seleucus, p. 248  
Demetrius fight against the Parthians, is taken, p. 426  
Demetrius unsuccess of all war against the Jews, p. 427  
Demophoon the Son of Theseus', p. 37  
Demosthenes kills himself, p. 80  
Demosthenes corrupted by the Persians, p. 154  
Deucalion wherefore believed to have restored mankind, p. 36  
Diadumenus Caesar, p. 568  
Didius Julian Caesar, p. 565  
Dido worshipped for a Goddess, p. 275  
The deluge in the time of Amphitryo, p. 36  
Dindimean Jupiter plundered by Antiochus, p. 403  
Dioclesian Caesar refused at first the Empire, p. 581  
Dionysius teaching a School at Corinth, p. 302  
Dionysius the Tyrant killed by Treachery, p. 295  
Dionysius his parricides and perfidiousness, p. 297  
Domitian, p. 548  
Domitius Nero defiles his own mother, p. 538   

E  
EPaminondas his moderation, learning, valour and death, p. 110, 111  
Ephesus builded by the Amazons, p. 31  
Ephestion most dear to Alexander, p. 199  
Epigoni their original, p. 185  
Epirus the original of it, etc. p. 199  
Evagorus King of Cyprus, p. 90  
Evander his coming into Italy, p. 501  
Eviratedes slain by his own Son, p. 486  
Eumenes overcome by Antigonus, p. 225  
Europus reigned in Europia, p. 114  
Eurydice her parricide, p. 119  
Eurymedon Captain of the Athenians, p. 79   

F  
Fabricius Lacinus makes peace with Pyrrhus, p. 266  
Fatua the wife of Faunus, p. 502  
Faunus King of Italy, p. 81  
Faustulus the King's shepherd, p. 504  
Florianus Caesar, p. 579  
Flaminius overcame the Macedons, p. 384  
Flaminius in two battles overcame Nabis, p. 389   

G  
GAlerius Maximinian Caesar, p. 583  
Galerius Armentarius Caesar, p. 585  
Galerius Maximinus, p. 586  
Gallienus Caesar, p. 575  
Gallus Caesar, p. 573  
The Gauls, deriving their humanity from whom, p. 507  
Gyptis her strange marriage, p. 506  
The Gauls invade Italy, and possess themselves of Rome, p. 332  
The Gauls overcome the Macedons, p. 334  
The Gauls Army utterly destroyed, p. 341  
Gallo-graecia from whence so called, p. 345  
Gargoris the most ancient King of the Spaniards, first found out the use of Honey, p. 518  
Geryon wherefore reported to have three bodies, p. 521  
Gobrias his gallant Achievement, p. 19  
Gordianus Caesar, p. 571  
Gordius made King, p. 162, his plough, p. 163, and the ends of his Cord discovered by the sword of Alexander, ibid.  
Gratianus Caesar, p. 601  
Gryphus so called by reason of his nose, p. 469 his forcing his mother to drink that poison which was prepared for him, p. 467  
Gryphina her cruelty 470, her death, ibid. and the just death of Cleopatra by her youngest Son Alexander, p. 471  
Gyges, p. 15  
Gylippus his Victories in Sicily, p. 78   

H  
HAbis first taught the Spaniards the use of the plough, p. 520  
Hamilcar wickedly killed by the Carthaginians, p. 304  
Hamilcar (another of that name) killed in Sicily, p. 282  
Hanno his great treachery and grievous punishment, p. 301  
Harpagus, p. 8  
Helenus the Son of Priamus, p. 260  
Helvius Pertinax, p. 564  
Heliogabulus Caesar, p. 569  
Heraclea the Seat of Tyrants, p. 255  
Hercules overthrew the Amazons, p. 32  
Hercules and Bacohus the first Conquerors of the East, p. 492  
Hercylides, p. 99  
Hiarbas King of Mauritania, p. 274  
Hierotimus had six hundred Sons, p. 473  
The description of Hiericho, commonly called Jericho, p. 430  
Hiero nourished by Bees, afterwards made King, p. 325  
Hippias the Tyrant of Athens killed, p. 42  
Hippolyte married by Theseus, p. 32   

I  
IAson in the East worshipped as a God, p. 492  
His expeditions with the Argonauts into Colchos, p. 491  
Iberia called Spain from the River Iberus, p. 513  
Joseph preserved Egypt from Famine, p. 428  
Joseph sold by his Brethren, ibid.  
Joseph an infallible Interpreter of Dreams, ibid.  
Jovinian the Emperor, p. 598  
Israel had ten Sons, p. 427  
Istrians their Original, p. 407  
Italy called Saturnia, p. 501  
Julian Caesaer, p. 595  
The Jews their Original, p. 428   

L  
Lacedæmonians overcome by the Athenians, p. 70, 71  
The Ledemonians Commonwealth, What? p. 62, 63  
Lamachus slain by Gylippus, p. 78  
Lampedo and Marthesia Queens of the Amazons, p. 31  
Laodice killed five of her Sons, p. 435  
The Latins founded by Aeneas, p. 287  
Leonidas his death and fortitude, p 47, 48  
Leosthenes General of the Athenians is slain, p. 215  
The Law being the Act of Oblivion for facts committed in the time of War, first instituted by the Athenians, p. 96  
Litterature had her Temple at Athens, p. 36  
Lucanians their Original, p. 319  
Lupercus the same with Pan and Lycaus, p. 501  
Lycurgus King of the Spartans', p. 371  
Lycurgus Laws, p. 62  
Lysander General of the Lacedæmonians, p. 88  
Lysimachus poisoneth his Son Agathocles, p. 257  
Lysimachus, another of that name, killed his Son-in-law Antipater, p. 248  
Lysimachus, the best of that name, objected to a Lion rampant with rage and hunger, p. 240   

M  
MAcedonia subjected to the Roman Empire, p. 415  
Machaeus crucified by his own Father, p. 278  
Mago made General of the Carthaginians, p. 279  
The Magis put to death, p. 19  
The Marathonian field, p. 41  
Marchus Antonius Caesar, p. 561  
Marcus Cato his undaunted gallantry, p. 413  
Mardonius overcome, p. 54  
Massilea builded by the Phocensians, p. 505  
Their Institutions, 507. Their love to the Romans, p. 511  
Matrimonies true Ornaments is modesty and shamefacedness, and not gorgeous apparel, p. 292  
Matheus King of the Scythians his policy, p. 135  
Maxentius made Emperor, p. 583  
The City Medea builded by Medea, the wife of Jason, p. 493  
Milan builded by the Gauls, p. 294  
The Empire of the Medes continued, 350 years, p. 13  
Mergis slain by Magus, p. 18  
The Messenians overcome by treachery, p. 66  
Midas instructed by Orpheus, filled all Phrygia with superstition and Ceremonies, p. 163  
Miltiades general of the Athenians, p. 41  
Mithridates war against the Romans for the space of six and forty years, 435. His parricides, 440. His excellent Speech to encourage the Romans to the war, p. 446  
Moses possessed himself of Mount Sinai, p. 429  
Mummius the Roman General overthroweth the Achaians, p. 417   

N  
NEoptolomur killed by Eumenes, p. 221  
Niceas taken by the Lecedemonians, p. 80  
Ninus first made war on his neighbours, p. 4  
He overcame all the East, ibid.  
Nisa the place where Bacchus was worshipped, p. 190  
Numitor and Amulius, p. 503   

O  
OCtavius takes Perseus with his two sons, p. 413  
Olympias guilty of her husband Philip's death, 144. Her great fortitude at her death, p. 234  
Olinthus sacked by Mardonius, p. 53  
Orthanes, p. 18  
Otho Salvius, p. 540  
Ovid banished by Augustus Caesar, p. 529   

P  
PArmenio and Philotas killed by Alexander, p. 185  
Parnassus Hill, p. 336  
The Parthians took Pompey's part. p. 497  
The Parthians war with the Romans, p. 495  
The Parthian Kings commonly parricides, p. 496  
Pacorus slain by the Romans, and his Father's immoderate lamentation for him, ibid.  
The Parthians Original and Name, p. 477  
Pausanias affecting the Kingdom, was condemned, p. 57  
Pausanias, another of that name, killed King Philip, p. 142  
Perdiccas his undaunted courage, p. 211  
Pericles gives his Fields to the Commonwealth, p. 70  
The Persians adore their Kings, p. 102  
The Persians God is the Sun, p. 20  
The end of the Persian Empire under Codeman, p. 151  
Pertinax Caesar called the Tennis Ball of Fortune, p. 564  
Phalantus love to his own people, p. 66  
Philip of Macedonia marryeth Olympias, p. 122  
Philip's perfidiousness and sacrilege, p. 127  
Philomenes overcame the Thebans, p. 125  
Ptolemy called Philopater, and wherefore, p. 371  
Philopaemenes general of the Achaians taken, p. 402  
The Phocensians seize upon the Temple at Delphos, p. 124  
A Phoenix seen in Egypt, p. 537  
Phrahartes his parricides, p. 496, 497  
Phrahartes driven into banishment by the the people, p. 497  
Pisistratus ruleth at Athens, p. 40  
Polipercon slain▪ p. 221  
Popilius with a rod in his hand doth circumscribe Antiochus, 418  
Porus King of the Indians taken, p. 192  
Probus Caesar, p. 580  
Philip Caesar, p. 572  
Prusias attempting to kill his Son, was killed killed by him, p. 420  
Ptolemy the Son of Pyrrhus utterly overthroweth Antigonus, p. 346  
Antigonus slain, p. 348  
The great Praise of Pyrrhus' Father to Antigonus, ibid.  
Ptolemy the elder flieth from his Kingdom of Egypt to Alexandria, to his brother Ptolemy the younger, p. 418  
Promptalus out of a sordid stock and fortune chosen King▪ p. 422  
The great luxury of Ptolemy of Egypt, p. 379  
The parricide of the Ptolemy's, p. 331, 455  
Pygmalion killeth his Uncle Sichaeus, p. 270  
The Pyrenaean Mountains, p. 514  
Pyrhus first of all brought Elephants into Italy, 264. His overthrowing the Roman Army, ibid.  
Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles killed by Orestes, p. 269  
Pyrrhus slain by a stone from the wall of his Enemies, p. 348  
Pythagoras bred up in the learning of the Egyptians, 291. Pythagoras' house esteemed as a Temple, p. 293   

Q  
QVintilius Caesar, p. 557   

R  
REligion protecteth better than Arms, p. 164  
Rhea a Vestal Virgin, p. 503  
Romulus and Remus nourished by a she Wolf, ibid.  
Rome builded by Romulus, p. 505  
The Romans would destroy Annibal by treachery, 388. The Arts of the Romans, and how they did arise unto the Sovereignty of the world, is excellently described in that speech of Mtthridates in the eight and thirtieth Book of this History.  
Roxane with her Son killed by Cassander, p. 237   

S  
THe Sabbath, and the Religion of the Day amongst the Jews, 429. Sandracottus from a mean Original advanced to the height of regal Majesty, p. 242  
Sardanapalus his effeminate life, and manly death, p. 6. 7  
The Scipios accustomed to overcome the Carthaginians, p. 396  
Scylla and Charybdis, p. 74  
The Scythians the most ancient of all Nations, 26. They founded the Parthian and Bactrian Kingdoms, 28. They subdued Asia, 31. And were subdued themselves by Alexander the Great, p. 186  
Seleucus and his Posterity after him had all the sign of an Anchor on their thighs, p. 241  
Seleucus slain by the treachery of Ptolemy, p. 258  
Seleucus (another of that name) slain by his own mother, p. 465  
Seleucus (another of that Name) killed by a fall from his horse, p. 362  
Semiramis killed by her own Son, p. 6  
Severus Caesar, p. 570  
Sergius Galba, p. 539  
Septimius Severus, p. 566  
Sicily, the Description of it, 73. No Land more fruitful of Tyrants, p. 75  
Sidon so called, from the abundance of fish, p. 267  
Silvanus Caesar, p. 593  
Solons Laws, p. 38  
Sophocles a Writer of Tragedies, the General of the Athenians, p. 69  
Sosthenes defends the Macedons against the Gauls, p. 335  
The courage of the women of Sparta, p. 347  
Strato King of the Tyrians, p. 268  
Sulpitius fights against Perseus, p. 412  
Sybares is by Cyrus made Governor of the Persians, p. 13  
The Syrian Kings derive their Original from Semiramis, p. 427   

T  
TAcitus Caesar, p. 579  
Tanais King of the Scythians, p. 4  
The Tarentins descended from the Lacedæmonians, p. 288  
Theodosius Caesar, p. 602  
Thrasibulus overcame the Tyrants, p. 95  
Tigranes overcome by Lucullus, p. 475  
Tigris a River in Armenia, p. 493  
In what place the Giants made their war against Heaven, p. 518  
Titus Vespasian, p. 545  
Trajan the Emperor, p. 553  
Titus Vespasian, the Father of Titus Vespasian, p. 542  
The Drum called in Latin Tympanum, the sign of fight amongst the Parthians, p. 480  
The Athenian Tyrants slain, p. 96  
Tyrus a City famous before the destruction of Troy, 267. Tyrus being taken by Alexander, the Citizens were all fastened to the Cross, and the reason of it, p. 269  
Triptolemus found out the use of corn, p. 36  
Tyrtaeus the lame Poet, with his Verses, incenseth the Lacedæmonians to the war, p. 67  
Tyssaphernes the Lieutenant of Darius, p. 83  
Theramenes killed, p. 93  
Turnus slain by Aeneas, p. 502  
Thomyris Queen of the Scythians overthrew Cyrus, p. 16   

V  
VAlentinian Caesar, p. 598  
Valens Caesar, p. 600  
Valerius Levinus overcome by Pyrrhus, p. 264  
The Venetians descended of the Trojans, p. 287  
Ventidius his two first happy encounters against the Parthians, p. 495  
Virgil beloved by Augustus, p. 528  
Verona builded by the Gauls, 294. So was also Vincentia, ibid.  
Virus Gallus Caesar, p. 573  
Vexores King of Egypt, p. 4  
Virgins to marry without portions by Lycurgus Law, p. 63   

X  
Xerxes' made King, p. 44  
Xerxes beaten at Thermopylae by Leonidas, p. 48  
Xerxes burned Athens, p. 49  
Xerxes makes war with the Gods, p. 49  
Xerxes first of all subdued the Jews, p. 430 431  
Xerxes flying from Greece in a Fishers-boat, p. 52   

Z  
ZOpyrus, his memorable Act, p. 21  
Zopyron the Lieuteant of Alexander the great, utterly overthrown by the Scythians, p. 182  
Zoroastres found out the Art of Magic, p. 4. He was King of the Bactrians, and overcome and slain by Ninus, ibid.   
The End of the Table.   

Errata.  
THe Errors committed in the Press may be thus corrected, p. 13, l. 21, r. back into, p. 15, l. 3, r. he showed, p. 26, l. 11, blot out either, p. 30, l. 6, r. the, p. 31, l. 2, r. whence, p. 38, l. 28, r. nightly, p. 41, l. 19, r. Author of not, p. 47, l. 13, r. stood to it, p. 51, l. 15, r. taken, p. 65, l. 1, blot out they, p. 78, l. 8, r. that, p. 88, l. 25, r. that, p. 91, l. 16, r. houses, p. 115, l. 12, r. in the same, l. 17, r. Sepulture, p. 122, l. 14, blot out now, p. 145, r. him, p. 46, l. 4, r. joyed in, p. 148, l. 2, r. one hundred and fifteen, p. 162, l. 25, blot out and, p. 165, l. 24, blot out of it, p. 166, l. 9, r. whom, p. 174, l. 25, r. gave him his, p. 180, l. 20, r. home, p. 193, l. 9, blot out their bodies, p. 200, l. 15, r. Bouse. p. 207, l. 2, r. lament, l. 6, r. lived until that, p. 220, l. 13, r. big, p. 252, l. 25, blot out in, p. 292, l. 16, blot out both, p. 318, l. 19, r. pursued, p. 321, l. 28, r. lest, p. 322, l. 24, r. standers by, p. 329, l. 10, r. Court, p. 331, l. 26, blot out and, p. 339, l. 22, r. begin, p. 340, l. 8, blot out laughing, p. 345, l. 7, r. Kings, p. 351, l. 28, r. of his age, p. 353, l. 19, r. this, p. 358, l. 25, r. so much, p. 359, l. 17, r. vanquished, p. 360, l. 30, r. and, p. 365, l. 19, r. they proceeded, p. 365, l. 26, r. mortar, p. 372, l. 22, r. round about, p. 375, l. 6, blot out howsoever, p. 397, l. 15, r. benefits, p. 409, l. 5, r. stowed, p. 414, l. 8, blot out hardly, p. 445, l. 4, blot out both, p. 447, l. 1, blot out that, ibid. r. for they, p. 447, l. 2, blot out who, p. 448, l. 6, r. then those who have, p. 455, l. 13, r. but he, p. 459, l. 3, r. way, p. 513, l. 1, blot out it is, p. 558, l. 1, r. Antoninus Pius, p. 514, l. 19, r. vermilion, ibid. l. 17, r. lead.