ROBERTUS STAPYLTONIUS. EQVES AURATUS 〈…〉 TAMEN ENERVATVS SED INTEGER PARQ▪ SIBI, MODESTIAM SATYRARUM ET 〈…〉 DEBET: DEBET ETIAM ET DE●VS ET ●NCREMENTV    

Moors Hominum.  
THE MANNERS OF MEN, Described in sixteen Satyrs, BY JUVENAL: As he is published in his most AUTHENTIC COPY, lately printed by command of the KING of FRANCE.  
Whereunto is added the Invention of seventeen Designs in Picture: With Arguments to the Satyrs.  
As also Explanations to the Designs in English and Latin.  
Together with a large Comment, clearing the Author in every place, wherein he seemed obscure, out of the Laws and Customs of the Romans, And The LATIN and GREEK Histories.  
By Sir ROBERT STAPYLTON, Knight.  
Published by Authority.  
LONDON Printed by R. Hodgkinson, in the Year 1660.   


The Frontispiece.  
FAME, having filled her Trumpet with the praise  
Of JUVENAL, flies from a grove of Bays,  
And holds a Wreath to crown his Statue, set  
Where all his Satyrs, to act Men, are met.  
A ¹ Porter, to give rich men alms, attends.  
A Goat ², most gravely, Wantoness reprehends.  
The Country ³ whips the City. The Court-Fish ⁴,  
Is dear. The Poor are mocked with a proud ⁵ Dish.  
Th' old ⁶ Suitor. Learning's woeful period  
The ⁷ Pedant shows, makes for himself a Rod.  
Ancestors Arms he ⁸ boasts, that never fought.  
The lustful ⁹ Ranter is to spoon-meat brought.  
How vainly prays ¹⁰ Self-interest? Such ¹¹ fruit  
Crowned th' Author's Table. Please you to recruite  
A Shipwrecked ¹² Merchant? Strange Temptations lie  
In friends full Bags ¹³, then, ere you trust Sir, try.  
What Glutton left Male-issue, but he proved,  
A ¹⁴ Master-cook? When was a People moved  
To shoot ¹⁵ their poisoned Arrows with more gall  
Then for Religion? The Spear ¹⁶ governs all.  
These heads, digested by a matchless pen,  
Express the Manners both of Rome and Men.   

  

Libri Hypotypôsis.  
PLenam FAMA tubam Juvenalis laudibus inflat,  
E Luco Phoebi volitans; & cingere gestit  
Subjectam statuam merito diademate lauri.  
Adsunt, turba procax, Satyri; praeludia MORUM.  
Divitibus paucos quadrantes sportula ¹ praebet.  
Lascivos gravitas capri ² arguit. Vrget honesti  
Nequam urbem agricolae flagrum ³. Sex millia squamae ⁴  
Aulicus impendit. Patinâ ⁵ luduntur egeni.  
Turpe senex ⁶ procus est. Perituras cum docet artes  
Grammaticus ⁷, propriis ferulâ virgísque feritur.  
Degener ex proavis insignia ⁸ ventilat haeres.  
Quod reficit lasso vires, sorbillat adulter. ⁹  
In voto ¹⁰ quibus est sua res, quam vana petuntur!  
Apponunt fruges ¹¹ mensae Juvenalis inemtas.  
Naufrago ¹² in auxilium quis adest? quam dulce fruenti  
Depositum ¹³ locuples! cui credas ergo, probetur  
Ante fidem. Haeredem nullum, nisi forte magirum, ¹⁴  
Insignis generat gulo. Quando ferociùs arcum ¹⁵  
Gens tendit, quam cum furiosam in praelia nomen  
Relligionis agit? lex terrae est cuspis ¹⁶ acuta.  
Haec magni librum praecedit summula Vatis,  
Qui Romanorum mores depingit, & Orbis.    

The Life and Character of Juvenal.  
DECIUS' JUNIUS JUVENAL was born at Aquinum in Campania; his father (some say his foster-father) a rich freedman of that town, bred him a Scholar, and designed him for a Lawyer. In order whereunto, he heard the Orator Quintilian, declaiming under him (according to Divaeus) till he was of middle age. Then, being Heir to a Fortune, therefore not necessitated to make Law his Profession, he wholly applied himself to the study of Moral Philosophy; and by that rule measuring the actions of his Countrymen the Romans, which then gave as well the Example, as the Law to all Nations, he found nothing so needful for the corrupted World, as Reformation of Manners. This he resolved to make his business, not by inflicting a penalty like the Censor, but by showing the ugliness of Vice as a Satirist, in Imitation of Lucilius: yet so far outdoing his Pattern, that he read his Satyrs publicly, not alone with the general applause of the people of Rome, but even Quintilian himself (as we may probably collect from the tenth book of his Institutions) became his hearer and admirer. Yet Paris, another of his Auditors, was not so taken with his seventh, though it sets forth his high and mighty Munificence to the Poets, in this manner,  
Many to honour in the wars He brings;  
Puts Summer-Annulets and Winter-Rings  
On Tragic Poet's fingers; what, there lives  
No Lord that will bestow, this Player gives.  
Dost thou attend the Camerini then,  
And Bareae? a fig for Noble men,  
Write Tragedies; 'tis Pelopea takes,  
She Praefects; Philomela Tribunes makes.  
It seems, the word Player was more than Paris could digest; who, to revenge himself upon the Satirist, moved his great Master Domitian Caesar, to bestow upon Juvenal a Regiment of Foot in Egypt. This was a pretty handsome return formed by Paris out of the very subject of his anger, bandying, as well as he could, satire for satire, by making Juvenal one of his Tribunes, or Poet-Colonels. An old Manuscript relates it thus, The Emperor Domitian displeased with Juvenal, for touching upon his favours to the Player Paris; yet not thinking it fit to put any public affront upon a man of that integrity of life, banished him, under the name of an honourable employment in his service, making him Praefect of a Cohort in Egypt. A Commentator says, this Employment broke the heart of Juvenal, but sure he dreamt it; for, Juvenal (no more troubled at his Colonel-ship than I express him in the 16th design) outlived his backfriend Paris and likewise Domitian himself, as plainly appears in the close of his fourth satire,  
But He was lost; when once the Clown began  
To fear him, he revenged the Noble man.  
How many years he survived his banishment, may be easily calculated from these words Sat. 13.  
Is this news to one born when Capito  
Was Consul, above threescore years ago?  
Now reckon threescore years from the Consulship of L. Fonteius Capito Colleague with C. Vipsanius in the year from the foundation of Rome, eight hundred and twelve, you shall find, that not only Domitian was dead, and the short reign of Nerva ended, but also the 21 years of Trajan; and in the second of Hadrian, a. u D. CCC.LXX.II. he writ the 13th satire to Calvinus, dying afterwards in the bosom of his Country, crowned with white hairs and Laurel, Emblems of mortality common to all men, and eternity of Fame, the consequent of his peculiar deserts.  
And here, I know it will be wished, that Juvenal, from whose hands we have the Characters of men of all conditions, had left us his own; and I believe he would have done it, if he might have commended himself: to which (in that case) truth would have obliged him. But, this not befitting him and well becoming me; I shall shall deliver my Author, as his Life, his own Works, and others of unquestioned authority, represent him to me.  
He was born or made heir to a good Estate, but deserved a better, for using the gifts of fortune with such moderation, as that he neither lived poor, in hope to die rich, nor exceeded the measure of his purse, either at his Feasts or Sacrifices. He was bred up a Rhetorician, and arrived to that perfection in his Art, that where he writes of any thing handled by former Orators, he adds new matter and form, more delightful and more useful to the world: but where he ends, it will be hard to show another, since his time, that ever raised upon his grounds any considerable superstructure. He is an Author of so clear and supreme a Judgement, that no other did ever make choice of nobler Arguments, nor writ so many Maxims or Sentences, that, like the laws of nature, are held sacred by all Nations.  
He was a Judge of manners, so incorrupted, that his Enemy, though favourite to Caesar and the Court-Informer, could not find matter against him for a charge of defamation. In short, he was a Politician for the benefit of Mankind, disguising Morality under the vizard of a satire; for which he had his warrant from Plato in these words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, It is the highest point of Science, to be, yet not to seem a Philosopher, and to do serious things in jest. Thus divine Plato, the scourge of Hypocrites, that calls it the greatest injustice, when a man seems just, and is not so, approves of this Philosophical dissimulation; whereby the vulgar, laughing at Vice and Folly, are cozened into Wisdom and Virtue; in this Mystery no Artist ever came near to Juvenal▪ that, with the bitter-sweetnesse of his Satyrs, not like Philip's Apprentice, but like Galen himself, cures the most desperate Patients, by pleasure opening the way to recovery.  
To justify this Character I could bring a Catalogue of witnesses, all great Authors of his time, or ours▪ but, that I may not detain you too long in the Portico of his work, these out of many shall suffice. In the first place, his Rhetorick-Master Quintilian, enumerating the Latin Satirists, admires Lucilius, praises Horace, honours Persius, then adds, but after all these we have Juvenal; a greater elegancy I observe not in all the works of that learned Orator, marshalling his Scholar, then living, in his true place among the Satirysts, last in time, and first in merit. The next is Martial, that sends him a present of nuts with this Epigram, the monument of his Eloquence,  
De nostro facunde tibi Juvenalis agello,  
Saturnalicias mittimus ecce nuces!  
Caetera lascivis donavit poma puellis  
Mentula custodis luxuriosa dei.  
Eloquent Juvenal, I send to thee  
Saturnalitian Nuts: my store you see;  
The wanton God, my Ortyard-keeper, trades  
With fruit, and gave the Apples to the Maids.  
To come from the Romans to the best of our modern Censors, Julius Caesar Scaliger sets his mark upon PERSIUS for an affected and fantastic writer, boasting an aguish kind of Learning, ambitious to be read, yet not desirous to be understood, though now deciphered to a tittle: whereas Juvenal is eloquent and clear, absolutely the Prince of Satirists, so exact in all he writes, that nothing is censurable by the Critics. Then comparing him with Horace, he calls him a jeerer, content to give his Satyrs the title Sermons, Discourses, inserting some loose sentences as it were in common talk, yet studied: not regarding how his Verses ran; but so that he spoke pure Latin, his work was done: In Juvenal, all things are quite contrary, when he is in fury, he assaults and kills; his style is extreme handsome, wherein together with the purest Latin, he hath the happiness of incomparable Transitions: his Verse is far better than Horace, his sentences nobler, he speaks things more to life; and (comparing the Roman Satirists) Scaliger concludes, that Juvenal is to be preferred before Horace, by as many degrees as Horace is to be preferred before Lucilius. To which Censure J. Lipsius makes these additionals, Who can be displeased, to see Juvenal preferred before Horace by Scaliger the Father? that, in my opinion, among the many excellent judgements he hath given, never pronounced a greater truth: certainly he passed a just sentence for Juvenal; in heat, sublimity, and freedom (which are essential to a satire) he goes far beyond Horace: He searches Vice to the quick, reproves, cries out upon it, now and then he makes us laugh, but very often mixes bitter jests: and writing to M. Muretus, Lipsius tells him; that in the public reading of Juvenal, he did well seasonably; for if any Times ever needed a satire, ours do: and in satire, none so fit as Juvenal to rectify the Manners of Men.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE MY VERY GOOD LORD HENRY, Lord marquis of DORCHESTER, Earl of KINGSTON, Viscount NEWARK, Lord PIERREPONT and MAUNVERS.  
MY LORD,  
WHen your Lordship laid your commands upon me, to interpret JUVENAL, it was an honour I beheld with fear; for, though I knew him to be one of the greatest Classic Authors, yet I doubted, I should not find him the easiest: because I then 
1638.  heard of no man that had attempted to put him into any other language: But Obedience to your Lordship, carried me through all the difficulties of my first Translation, and from the good success of that (answerable to the event of all things acted according to your Lordship's judgement) I was encouraged to copy him anew, out of his exactest Edition, printed 
1644.  afterwards at PARIS: to which I have added a large Comment, and the Design of every satire in Picture. Thus restored to himself, and illustrated, I presume to bring JUVENAL once more to kiss your Lordship's hand: from which I received him, like an old ROMAN Coin, hard to be read, but worthy to be studied by our ablest Antiquaries.  
Truly, my LORD, if my abilities could have reached the height of my ambition, I would have dedicated, out of the learning of the GREEKS and ROMANS (wherein your Lordship is so great a Master) not my interpretation of another; but some work that should have owned me for the Author, and treated of such subjects as your Lordship daily reads: but since I cannot what I would, I acquiesce in what I can: it shall be happiness enough for me, after the learned Authors of Sciences, and Commentators upon Laws, have taken up your more reserved time, if my Author may entertain your hours of recreation: which I would not promise to myself, but that he DELIGHTS with PROFIT: For, your Lp's divertisements are more serious than most men's studies, your very mirth being observations upon Men and Business, which your Lordship knows was the end that JUVENAL aimed at: and undoubtedly MOORS HOMINUM should at first have been the Title to his SATYRS, if his modesty could have prefixed, what I have done, out of his own words, QUICQUID AGUNT HOMINES.  
But sooner may the Sun let fall his beams upon a solid body, without making a shadow, than Merit can exist without Detraction: No marvel, therefore, if Envy or Follie have stirred up Enemies against this incomparable Satirist, in several Ages. In his time, his Country was exasperated by too great a CLEARNESS of his stile, made (for the most part) by their own self-reflexions: for, guilty men are shrewdly apprehensive. Afterwards, to remoter parts, and strangers to the ROMAN Customs, he appeared OBSCURE, and was looked upon, like the Moon in an Eclipse, as drowned in the shadow of a foreign clime. Lastly, though the greatest Scholars have made use of JUVENAL'S authority, as CUJACIUS in the civil Law; DE LA CERDA to explain TERTULLIAN; and GROTIUS to assert the Rights of Peace and War; yet, in our seed-plots of Learning, there sprung up a Sect of little formal Stoics, that for a few wanton words (all they could make sense of) cast JUVENAL out of their hands: just as if Pygmyes should throw away Diamonds, set in Tablets bigger than themselves, only because their foils were black.  
My Copy will not (I hope) be liable to these exceptions: The first falls to ground of itself, for, the bitterness of these Satyrs, being only PERSONAL to the ROMANS, cannot touch the ENGLISH: therefore, I have made it my business, to clear them from all OBSCURITY, which is the second charge. To perspicuity, I have added language so well-qualitied, that (I am confident) the third sort of accusers will never inform against this JUVENAL for Immodesty. And if when I took off his obscenity, I could have set on the full perfections of his Pen, my industry had been crowned to my wish.  
But though I am too much composed of earth, to ascend to my desires: I know your Lordship participates so much of Heaven, as to descend to the acceptance of intentions. Yet when your name (now flying in the breath of every University) shall be the Protection of such learned Pieces as I cannot SHOW, but only can CONCEIVE: thus far my present Dedication will be happiest, as being first authorised by your Lordship, which I look upon as the earnest of a general approbation; for, the noble follow your opinion; all your example. But if there should be some one that dislikes my way, because I go not his; such an Adversary I shall not think considerable, since the Judge (from whom no Scholar will appeal) gives sentence for  
Your Lordship's Most humble Servant, ROBERT STAPYLTON.   

THE PREFACE.  
AGathocles, that being Son to a Potter, 
Plutarch in Apophth.  raised himself by military virtue to be King of Sicily, commanded earthen pots to be set upon his Cupboard of gold-plate, and pointing to them, when he would encourage his young Soldiers, said, Look friends, from these, I am come to this. It may as much encourage the Youth of England, if they consider, how high this Nation is in prosperity and honour, purchased by the industry and valour of their Ancestors, from the low beginnings of the Britons, mentioned in these Satyrs. Juvenal takes notice of one great Soldier here, Arviragus, 
Sat. 4.  and names him as the terror of Domitian Caesar: but this only shows the Gallantry of our Countrymen; what was then their Art of War, their Fortifications? poor huts: 
Sat. 14.  what their Manufacture? baskets: what their Erudition? Lawyer's Rhetoric, 
Sat. 12. Sat. 15.  taught them by the French: what their Breeding? to be ranked with the Scythian Picts, the Agathyrsians; But now, if Juvenal could live to review the World, 
ibid.  he would find, that the spirit of Arviragus is diffused into thousands of our Soldiers, every one of them able to lead an Army against his Romans, That our Island is famous for the noblest Merchants, the greatest Scholars: and the civilest persons living; which I have a particular engagement to acknowledge, for the acceptance of my first Translation: wherein they not only pardoned mine and the Printer's Errors, but likewise the corruptions of those Copies which I then steered by. Therefore, when the most perfect and authentic Impression came to my hands from Paris, I thought myself obliged to render it in English; as well in Gratitude to, as for the Benefit of, the public. Yet I could not rest altogether satisfied, without making some (as I conceive necessary) Additions of my own. In the first place, from the subject-matter of Juvenal, I have given a Title to his Satyrs, viz. Mores Hominum, The Manners of Men, not without the warrant of a precedent from Horace, that calls his own Satyrs, Sermons. Withal, I have invented a Frontispiece containing in one Picture my Author's general Design, together with sixteen other Pieces, expressing the particular of every satire, whereunto I have writ Explanations in English, and also in Latin; that foreiners, if they please, may understand the Cuts, and our Countrymen make use of their interpretation, as my former Arguments enlarged. Lastly, that nothing within my power might be wanting, I have taken care, in a new Comment, to set down clearly, though briefly, every Grecian and Roman Custom, Law, and History; for all which I quote my Authors: yet I am not ignorant, that our new Mode of writing will no more allow of quotations in the body of a Work, then in the beginning of a Preface; but I shall desire to be excused in both; for I humbly conceive, that reason is never out of fashion: and in matter of weight or controversy, he cannot justly hope for credit, that shows not authority, and he that doth it well, makes a Book a Library. By the way, I must give you this caution, that you will find the History of the Ante-Trojan Times more pleasant than true, being wrapped up by the Greeks in Allegories, in whose respective Mythology, I have endeavoured to unfold the mysterious Wisdom of the Ancients. How this will be taken, I know not; but I am sure, 'tis not conclusive, from a former favour to infer the necessity of a second: Howsoever, I am no Alcibiades, for I dare trust my Country with my Life, much more with my Book.  
I shall conclude with a Request to my Reader, that he will not charge upon me the literal or other coincident errors of the Printer, which for the most part (if not totally) are corrected in the Table.   


Figura Prima,  
OCcurrunt oculis ¹ Capitolia, Regia Romae,  
Clara, uti Sol novus in terris, splendore triumphi  
Elicito ex captis Armis, ² Regumque Coronis;  
Roma tamen, propiùs spectata, videbitur atra:  
Area lata patet ³ Circi, pugnaeque theatrum  
Multiplicis; coràm saevi dux femina ludi  
Tuscum figit aprum, in proprium magis effera sexum.  
Furtiva uxoris benè potus Leno ⁴ maritus  
Oscula dissimulans, vigili sibi munera somno  
Augurat. Insumpsit bona qui praesepibus, haeres,  
E Româ impellens currus ad Caesaris aedes,  
⁵ Flaminiam laceransque viam, contemnit avorum  
Oppositas Statuas, majorum & transvolat Vrnas.  
Alea ubi ⁶ Dominos, exercent praelia servos.  
Obnubit pompam Latialem ⁷ sportula; sordes  
Ecce trahit Procerum! Libertinusque Tribuno  
Se dives praefert; lecticam, aulaeque ministros  
Summovet exclusos, qui magnum limen adorant.  
" Dicite jam, servi quid nomine dignius, Orbis  
" A Româ victus, vitiis an Roma subacta?  
" Dicite, cum cives agitet manifesta phrenesis,  
" Nonnè opus est Satyrâ mediā pertundere venā?   

  

The first Design.  
THE Court of Rome, the ¹ Capitol looks bright,  
A new day breaking with triumphant light,  
Struck out of Arms ² and Crowns of Kings subdued:  
But Rome itself looks foul, if strictly viewed.  
Behold, in the ³ Circensian Lists, a Boar  
Encountered by a Woman; that much more  
Defies her Sex, than her Antagonist.  
The tippling ⁴ Husband sees not his Wife kissed:  
He dreams of Deeds of Gift. An Heir's undone  
With keeping Chariots, from Rome to run  
To Caesar's House in the ⁵ Flaminian Way:  
Where his Forefathers might their Son dismay,  
Their Urns and Statues standing in his sight.  
Insatiate ⁶ Gamesters play, their Servants fight.  
Note lastly, what the Roman splendour clouds,  
The Money-basket ⁷, where a Freedman crowds  
Before Sedans, braves Officers of State  
Served like base Beggars at a lock'd-up Gate.  
Then tell me; Which should Most a Slave be called,  
The conquered World? or Rome, to Vice enthralled?  
Tell me, if Towns, where Luxury thus reigns,  
Need not a SATYR'S Whip to breathe their veins?    

The Manners of Men. THE FIRST satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The Author, by the Wits, engaged  
To hear long Poems, is enraged:  
And to revenge himself, reads that  
Which they will be more angry at.  
For, no Romançes he presents:  
No Fables of the Gods invents.  
His Subject is Rome's horrid Crimes;  
His End, to disabuse the Times,  
SHall I but hear still? never pay that Score?  
Vexed with hoarse CODR'S Theseiss o'er and o'er?  
Shall he, unpunished, read me tedious Plays?  
He Elegies? huge TELEPHUS whole days  
Unpunished spend me? or ORESTES, writ  
Margin and outside, but not finished yet?  
None knows his own house better than I do  
The grove of MARS, and VULCAN'S Grotto too  
Near to th' AEOLIAN Rocks: winds how they roll:  
What Souls Judge AEACUS torments: who stole  
The Golden-Fleece: what Ash-trees Centaurs fling:  
With these Themes JULIUS FRONTOS' Plane-trees ring,  
And marble Pillars, by fierce Readers burst.  
These our best Poets write of, and our worst.  
We from the Grammar-ferula have took  
Our hand too, and the Rhet'rick-school forsook;  
Where we have counselled SCYLLA to lay down  
The Sword, and sleep securely in the Gown.  
'Tis foolish pity, now so many are  
Turned Poets, Paper which they spoil to spare.  
But why we run in that Satiric Chase,  
Where great LUCILIUS rid his Chariot-race;  
If you have leisure, and are pleased to hear  
My Reasons stated, the account I'll clear.  
When th' Eunuch marries; When, her Spear all gore,  
Bare-breasted MAEVIA foils the Tuscan Boar;  
When all the Senate's not so rich as one  
That with his Sissers played a tune upon  
My youthful Beard, when it was grown too grave;  
When, part of Nile's slime, the Canopian slave  
CRISPINUS flaunts it in his Tyrian cloak;  
Which, falling off, his shoulders still revoke:  
A Sommer-hoop his sweaty fingers swing,  
Nor brooks a greater Stone should load his Ring;  
'Tis hard not to write Satyrs: For who hath  
Spirits so mild, that will not be in wrath  
At this base City? or so ribbed about  
With Iron, to be held from flying out?  
When, filled with's own bulk, in his new Sedan  
MATHO the Lawyer comes; and then the man  
That's great friend peached, and will soon fleece the few  
Poor Lords yet left; Prince of th' informing Crew,  
Whom MASSA fears, CARUS with gifts attends:  
To whom his wife trembling LATINUS sends.  
When they shall out thee of thy legall-right  
That labour for their Legacies by night:  
Whom th'old rich Lady lifts with ease to heaven,  
Leaves PROCULEIUS one Ounce, GILL eleven:  
Each hath his weight according to his measure,  
And heirs her wealth, as he advanced her pleasure:  
The price of blood, so wasted, let him take,  
Turn pale, as stepping barefoot on a Snake:  
Or as the Rhetor that in his sad strife,  
Speaks at the Bar in LIONS for his life.  
What rage inflames me, when the people's pressed  
With crowds attending him that dispossessed  
The Orphan, now a Prostitute? When this  
Condemned to exile, but not punished is:  
For, what's the hurt rich infamy can do?  
Here MARIUS dined at three, drinks there from two;  
The angry Gods He hath, by losing, won:  
But Thou, victorious Province, art undone.  
Are, not these worthy HORACE? not write these?  
What then? Romances? Tales of HERCULES,  
Or DIOMEDES, or what a bellowing  
Was in the Labyrinth, or shall I sing  
The flying Architect and Sea-drowned Boy?  
When that which Law lets not the Wife enjoy,  
Her Husband takes, that's expert at the sleight  
Of measuring, with's eye, the Chambers height;  
And, nodding o'er his liquor, subtly shows  
The trick of sleeping with a waking nose.  
When to be Captain of the Guard he stands,  
Whose stables eat up his Forefathers Lands,  
Whilst he by their Flaminian Urns drives on:  
For, when he was the Boy AUTOMEDON,  
He held the reins: and to his mantled Love  
Bragged what a Charioteer he hoped to prove.  
Who would not write vast Satyrs in the streets,  
When there the forger of a Will he meets,  
That in his Chair, transparent on both sides,  
On six men's shoulders carried, proudly rides  
Bolt-upright, like MAECENAS: a strange rise;  
Moist wax and parchment made him in a trice?  
Then comes the Lady, that, for rich wine, brought  
Her thirsty husband Poison: she that taught  
Beyond LOCUSTA'S art, rude neighbours how,  
Through Fame and Men, to bear black corpses now.  
Do what short GYARUS, or chains deserves,  
If thou wilt prosper: Virtue's praised, but starves.  
'Tis Vice to which their Palaces they owe  
Their Gardens, Tables; and that goodly show  
Of Plate, which on their Side-boards they set up;  
And silver-Goat inbossed without the Cup.  
For covetous Daughters which Step-fathers' keep,  
Men-Brides, and lose young Gallants, who can sleep?  
If Nature will not write a verse, Scorn may:  
Like me, or CLUVIENUS, any way.  
Ere since DEUCALION sailed the showre-swoln Flood  
To th' Oracle that on PARNASSUS stood:  
Since through soft stones a warm Soul gently flowed,  
And PYRRHA to their Males Maids naked showed:  
What men do, their hopes, fears, distastes, contents,  
Sports, plots: this rhapsody our book presents,  
And when was known a higher flood of vice?  
When minds more avaricious? When the Dice  
So madly flung? Our Gamesters will not let  
Their Purses now be brought, their Trunks they set.  
How their armes-bearing Steward's fight, you see.  
And less than mad can you think him to be,  
That casts at once eight hundred pounds away,  
Nor to his shivering man a coat will pay?  
Who built so many Villas? When was't known  
Our fathers with seven Courses supped alone?  
The Sportula now hangs before the door,  
A little Basket for the scrambling Poor.  
But first the Porter viwes you, lest you own  
Another's name: you shall be served if known.  
Our TROJAN Lords this Crier calls aloud;  
(For they as well as we the threshold crowd,)  
Give to the Praetor, give the Tribune; hold,  
The Freedman, I came first, and will be bold  
To keep my place; why should I ROMANS fear,  
Though by EUPHRATES born, which in my ear  
The loophole would confess, should I deny?  
Five Houses worth three thousand pounds have I,  
To make a ROMAN Knight, What more's required?  
Is not Right Worshipful CORVINUS hired  
To keep sheep near LAURENTUM? at my rate  
The Freedman PALLAS lived not: my estate  
Exceeds the LICINI: then TRIBUNE stay;  
Let Riches carry it; nor he give way  
To sacred Honour, whose bare chalky feet  
At ROME first kissed the stones that pave the street:  
For here to money's Majesty we yield  
Divine respect; though, fatal Gold, we build  
To thee no Temples yet: though Silver hath  
No Altars like to Victory, Peace, Faith,  
Virtue, and Concord, where the Storks nest creaks,  
When that young Brood the old one's welcome speaks.  
But in their year's Accounts, when our great men  
Sum up the Basket; What get Clients then,  
Whose old shoes hang here, there a kind of cloak,  
All a poor house affords, but bread and smoke?  
Sedans full for these hundred Farthings throng  
Big-bellyed or sick Wives are brought along:  
He begs for th' absent, a sly trick now common,  
Holds forth the close-chair empty, for the woman:  
My GALLA'S here, Dispatch, Why this delay?  
Let's see her; she sleeps; vex her not I pray.  
The day itself's in handsome order spent,  
First at the Sportula we compliment:  
Our business in the Forum next we follow,  
Visit the learned in the Law, APOLLO;  
And our triumphal Marbles, one I mark  
Inscribed EGYPTIAN and ARABARCH:  
Of which all I can say, is only this,  
You may against that Statue more than piss.  
Old Clients weary leave their Patron's Gate  
And their own hope, though it had made them wait  
Long for a supper: 'twas a vain desire.  
Poor wretches, they must now buy roots and fire.  
Mean time their Prince hath, served up to his board,  
All rarities the Seas and Woods afford:  
On's empty beds, his ease he only takes?  
And of so man'y old, fair, large Tables, makes  
His choice of one, to hold his various meats,  
And there alone his Patrimony eats.  
He'll not allow the Parasite a place:  
Who can endure a Luxury so base?  
Huge Ravine, to engross whole boars, a beast  
That only seems created for a feast.  
But swift's thy plague, when swelling and undressed  
Thou bath'st crude Peacock, which will ne'er digest.  
Thus Youth untimely, Age intestate dies:  
The laugh'd-at news to every table flies:  
And at these Funerals, their angry friends  
Applaud the justice of such fearful ends.  
Posterity can no new Vices frame;  
Our Nephews will but wish and act the same:  
All Crimes are at the height. My Muse, away;  
Hoist Sail; spread all thy canvas. Poet, stay,  
Here's Work; Where's Wit and Freedom? as we list  
To whip Vice, like th' AURUNCANE Satirist?  
That simple Freedom I dare hardly name:  
All's one, if his poor MUTIUS like or blame;  
Touch TIGELLINUS, and thou shalt expire  
Wrapped up in pitch and flax, and set on fire,  
Like those with propt-up throats, that smoking stand,  
And dragged to execution, ploughed the sand:  
Whilst he, that poisoned his three Uncles, born  
In's pendent-Couch, thy death shall laugh to scorn:  
If he come, lay thy finger o'er thy lips;  
Th' Informer catches the least word that slips.  
AENAEAS now, without endangering  
Thyself, to fight fierce TURNUS thou mayst bring:  
None vexes that ACHILLES feels his wound,  
Or grieves for HYLAS with his pitcher drowned.  
But when LUCILIUS like a sword draws out  
Hot fury; he that feels cold guilt about  
The heart, his crimes laid open blushing hairs:  
His entrails sweat: from hence springs rage and tears.  
These things, before the trumpet sounds, debate:  
The plumed Combatant reputes too late.  
Well then, I'll try, what I of those may say,  
Urned in the LATIN and FLAMINIAN Way.  

The Comment UPON THE FIRST satire.  
VErse 2. Theseis.] A Heroic Poem (writ in imitation of Virgil's Aeneis, but not by so good a Hand) magnifying Theseus that built Athens, for encountering with Monsters, killing of Giants, and such Herculean Knight-errantry, as had been fathered upon the valour of his Youth, by fabulous Antiquity: For, the first Historians described valiant Persons, as the old Geographers did the unknown parts of the World, fancying impossibilities in Nature, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Shores without waters, or guarded by wild Beasts; as Plutarch observes in his preamble to the Life of Theseus. The Author of this Latin Poem was Codrus; you have an account of him Sat. 3.  
Shorter then's Dwarf-wife, Codrus had a Bed.  
Item, six little Juggs on's Cupboard's head.  
Item, beneath it stood a two-eared Pot  
By Chiron's Herbal. Lastly he had got  
A Chest with some Greek Authors▪ where the fierce  
Barbarous Mice gnawed never-dying Verse.  
To this Miserable Inventory of his Goods, might well have been annexed the Schedule of this pitiful Poem, wherewith he had so often tormented the Ear of Juvenal.  
Verse 4. Huge Telephus.] The Tragicomedy of Telephus, base Son to Hercules, by Auge the Daughter of Alaeus▪ from whose eyes, when she could no longer conceal the shame within her, it put him into such a fury, that he resolved never to see her more. In pursuance of this resolution, he committed her to a Master of a Ship, commanding him to set her ashore in some far distant Country, where her dishonour could not have arrived: but his private instructions were, that when he had her at Sea, he should drown her. Before she came aboard him, in a Forest of Mysia, she fell in labour, and was delivered of a Boy, that by the Midwife was conveyed away, and hid among the bushes. Fortune having thus rescued the Child, Beauty pleaded in behalf of the Mother; and so far the Master's cruel heart was melted, that he landed her in Caria, and there sold her to Theutrantes, who in a short time raised her from his Slave to be his Queen. Mean time some Mysian Shepherds, driving their flocks through the Forest, saw a Hind (singled from the Herd) that never offered to stir till they came up to her, where they found her giving suck to a newborn Babe, which they took up and carried home to one of their Wives. The news of the Child's strange preservation flying through the Kingdom of Mysia, came to the King's ear, who sent for the Infant, and was so taken with his beauty, that he eased the Shepherds of their care, and bred him up as his own. In short, the King being Childless, upon his deathbed, adopted this Child of fortune, to whom he then gave his Crown, as he had formerly given him the name of Telephus in memory of his Nurse the Hind. Telephus succeeding to the Kingdom, was courted by the Greeks, in their march to Troy, for a passage through his Dominions; which he denying, and with an Army of his own endeavouring to give a stop to theirs, he was by Achilles wounded in the left thigh with a Spear; and when all the art of Chiurgery failed to give him ease, the Oracle being consulted, answered, that no humane help would save his life, unless he could receive it from the hand that wounded him: whereupon he reconciled himself to Achilles, who, it seems, made the first experiment of the weapon-salve upon Telephus, healing his wound (saith Pliny) with the rust of the Spear that made it.  Ovid. 
Telephus aeterna consumptus tabe perisset,  
Si non quae nocuit dextra tulisset opem.  
Consumed for ever Telephus had died,  
Had not the wounding hand the Cure applied.  
Others say that Achilles did this cure by virtue of certain herbs taught him by his Singing-master the Centaur. Chiron.  Claud. 
Sanus Achilleis remeavit Telephus herbis,  
Cujus pertulerat vires; & sensit in uno  
Lethalem placidamque manum: medicamen ab host  
Contigit, & pepulit quos fecerat ipse dolores.  
Achilles, that gave Telephus his wound,  
Cured him with herbs: from one hand death he found  
And life: his Enemy his Surgeon proved,  
And he that caused the pain, the pain removed.  
Here was plot enough to make a Play, like the Thanks in Terence that were to be sent to Thais, more than Great, Huge.  
Verse 5. Orestes] The Tragedy of Orestes, Son to Agamemnon, and Clytaemnestra, that having murdered the King her Husband, to make way for her second marriage with Aegistus; her next resolution was (in order to a settlement) to take the life of her young Son Orestes. But she was prevented in this design by the vigilant care of her Daughter, Princess Electra, by whom her Brother, with his Governor, was privately sent to his Uncle by the Father, Strophius, Prince of the Phocians; in whose Court Orestes was educated with the Prince's Son Pylades, inseparable Friend and Companion to him in all the sad changes of his fortune. When for some years he had remained with his Uncle, Orestes sickened & died, as the world was made believe: the colourable Ceremonies of his Funeral being over, Ambassadors from the Prince were sent to Aegistus and Clytaemnestra, to condole (that was to congratulate) for the death of Orestes, who (attended by his Cousin Pylades) went himself in their train disguised, shrinking his shoulders to disguise his height; and being admitted to the presence of his Mother and Father in law, Orestes slew them both in revenge of his own Father's murder. With the horror of this committed matricide, he fell distracted, imagining that his Mother's ghost, with a guard of Furies, haunted him. He likewise slew Pyrrhus, the Son of Achilles in the Temple of Apollo, for ravishing his Betrothed, the fair Herimone, the Daughter of Helen by Menelaus: and wandered with Pylades into Taurica Chersonesus; where the barbarous Custom of the European Sarmatians was, to offer up to Diana the blood of Strangers, especially Grecians, which of all the World they hated. The King of the Country Thoas, receiving intelligence that one of the Stranger-Princes was Orestes, commanded that he, as the better man, should be sacrificed: but no discovery could be made which of the two was he; for Pylades took upon him the name of Orestes, and Orestes owned himself; their friendship being so strict, as they refused not to die for one another. Cicero de Amicitia. These bloody Rites were superintended by the Lady Iphiginia, one that before the Trojan War, (when the Grecian Fleet lay winde-bound, for Agamemnon's offence of killing a Stag in Aulis) was brought thither to appease the wrath of Diana as a Sacrifice: but the goddess pitying her innocence sent a Hind to supply her place at the Altar, and conveyed away the Princess to be her Priestesse in Taurica; where she now coming to the knowledge of her Brother Orestes, saved his life by joining with him to kill Thoas King of Taurica; from whence they fled into Italy, carrying along the Image of Diana hid in a Faggot; and therefore called Fascilides by the Romans, and adored by that Title in the Aricine Wood, where the figure was left by these Wanderers. Lastly, Orestes being told that he should find rest, and be dispossessed of the Furies in Arcadia, directed his course thither; and there died, bit by a Viper. His body was afterwards digged up by command from the Oracle, and found to be be ten foot and a half high. Pliny lib. 7.  
Verse 8. The Grove of Mars,] Several Groves were consecrated to Mars, one in Pontus, another at Athens, a third in Alba, where the Wolf gave suck to the Twins of Mars, Romulus and Rhemus. This last, I conceive, my Author means, as a subject on which his Countrymen, the Romans, used to exercise their Muses.  
Verse 8. Vulcan's Grotto near to the Aeolian Rocks.] By Vulcan's Grotto is meant the concave of the burning Mountain Aetna, where Vulcan the god of fire hammered out Thunderbolts, as the old World was made believe; when the truth of Histories was wrapped up in Fables by the wisdom of the Ancients. Right against Aetna lie the 7. Liparen Islands, Liparis, Tremessa, Ericusa, Phenicusa, Evonyma, Hiera, and Strongyle, the greatest of the seven; where Aeolus reigned, that was believed to be god of the Winds, and blew from his Aeolian Rocks, as the bellows to Vulcan's great Forge in Aetna; who had likewise a little Forge in Hiera, the least of these 7. Islands, called the Vulcanian Isle, and his Liparen Workhouse, Sat. 13. 
— But Vulcan poured  
Nectar himself, and his own fingers scoured,  
Fouled in his Liparen Workhouse.—  The cause why this Isle was dedicated to Vulcan, was, from a little stony Hill therein, continually vomiting up fire.  
Verse 10. What Souls Judge Aeacus torments.] The three Infernal Judges were Rhadamantus, Minos, and Aeacus: The first commissioned to hear the Charge, and judge of matter of fact. Virg. Aeneid. lib. 5. 
Gnosius haec Rhadamantus habet durissima regna,  
Castigatque, auditque dolos, subigitque fateri.  
Here strictest Rhadamant the Gnosian reigns,  
Hears Crimes, makes Souls confess and suffer pains.  The second pronounced Sentence. Horace. 
Cum semel occideris, & de te splendida Minos  
Fecerit arbitria  
No sooner shalt thou die, and Minos pass  
Clear sentence on thee.  The third saw Judgement executed; as in the words here commented upon.  What Souls Judge Aeacus torments. 
Verse. 11. Who stole the Golden Fleece.] The Thief was Jason: his Fable Ovid gives you; the History of the Fleece, Justin lib. 24. Phryxus Prince of Thebes, after the death of his Mother Queen Ino, when he durst no longer trust his life to the madness of his Father Athamas, and the malice of his Stepmother Mephele, committed himself to the mercy of the Sea, and desperately attempted to pass the Pontic Straits upon the back of the Golden-Ram, his Sister Helle riding behind him: but she, poor Lady, frighted with the roaring of the waves, let go her hold, and was drowned in that narrow Sea, afterwards called Hellespont. Phryxus himself came safe to Aeta King of Cholcos', where he sacrificed the golden-Ram to Jupiter; some say to Mars. The Ram swifter than he stemd the Straits, flew up to heaven, and was made a Star, retaining his former figure. The Golden-fleece hung up in the Temple, until Medea charmed the Guards for Jason to steal both it and her.  
Verse 11. What Ash-trees Centaurs fling.] Ixion had issue the Centaurs by the cloud, which he imagined to be Juno: by his own Wife he had Pirithous Prince of the Lapiths, married to Hippodame, the Daughter of Oenomaus, King of Elis. At this Wedding the Centaur's having drunk hard, nothing would content them but the Bride; attempting to carry her away by force, they were fought with, and defeated by the Lapiths, under the command of Piriibous, assisted by his Friend (that afterwards went with him down to Hell) Theseus. In the fight the Centaur Rhetus plucked up by the roots, and flung at the Lapiths, such wild Ash-trees as Boreas in a storm could hardly blow down. The expression is Lucan's: The battle Ovid most rarely describes.  
Verse. 12. Julius Fronto.] A Tribune, by Galba discharged out of the City Cohorts, Tacit. lib. 16. After this exauctoration Fronto lived in Rome most nobly, his House and Gardens being free for all that would read their works, as well for meanest Poetasters, Codrus and Cluvienus, as for the noblest Poets, Juvenal, Statius: and Martial, that in an Epigram to Fronto styles him, 
Clarum militiae Fronto togaeque decus.  
Fronto thou Ornament of war and peace.   
Verse 13. We have counselled Sylla to lay down the Sword.] To advise Sylla that he should lay down his Commission for Dictator or supreme Magistrate, was a Theme or Exercise as common in the Rhetoric Schools, when the Scholars were to learn the point of persuasion, as it was for their Master to make them deliberate for Hannibal, Sat. 7.  
After the fatal day at Cannae won,  
If he directly should to Rome march on;  
Or, to gets weatherbeaten forces out  
Of storms and lightning, wisely wheel about.  
A hard task it would be for the best Rhetorician living, to persuade Sylla, if he were now alive (for that was the case) to resign the sovereign power, unless he were such an Orator as could bring arguments to raise the love of Pleasure above that of Ambition and Revenge: to all which Sylla was passionately given, as you will find in this Summary of his life. Sylla or Silvius was nobly born; but till the time of his Questorship, he much dishonoured the Patrician Family, from which he was descended, with drinking, wenching, and acting in private among Stage-players, his wit making him an excellent Comedian; for it was quick and sharp, as you may note from his animadversion upon the letter writ him by Caphis the Phocian, advising him not to meddle with the sacred treasure of Delphos, because he was told for certain that the God was heard to strike his Lute in the Sanctuary. To this Sylla answered, That he wondered Caphis understood the god no better; for one that is really sad will have no mind to play Tunes: and therefore Caphis should not fear to receive that which Apollo parted with so merrily. But Sylla was not happier in his jests, than he was in serious concerns; wherein he had been without a Parallel, if his Cruelty had not blemished his Fortune. He fettered King Jugurth, defeated Marius, destroyed the Government of Cinna, proscribed Sulpitius; and commanded that Sulpitius his Slave, for betraying of his Master, should have his neck broken from the Tarpeian rock. He beat Mithrydates out of all Europe, and Euboea, confining him within the limits of his hereditary Kingdom of Pontus. At the walls of Rome, near to the Collen Gate, he fought a battle, where the number of the slain was said to be 80000. Then he entered the City, where he gave quarter to 4000 men; and when they had delivered up their weapons, ordered them to be put to the sword, he himself (as Seneca reports) then sitting in Senate within the Temple of Bellona; where the Lords being frighted with the shrieks of the dying men, he cried, To the business of the day, these (my Lords) are a few seditious Rogues slain by my command. He likewise put to death of his own party above 9000. In his first Roll of Proscription he writ down 80000 names: in his second List 5000. By his order M. Marius, Brother to C. Marius, had his eyes digged out, and was then cut to pieces limb by limb: He also slew Carinates' Praetor to Marius. In short, he made not only Rome, but all Italy, a Slaughter-house. He did ill valiantly: and was cautious enough to secure himself He knew no fear of Heaven; had no Faith; no Mercy. Four Marian Legions confiding in his false promise, and imploring the pity that never dwelled in him, were slain to a man. Five thousand Praenestines, that had his word for their indemnity, he caused to be slain and cast into the fields, denying burial to their bodies. He drew his sword against women. He commanded men's heads to be brought him only to make sport withal. The ashes of Marius were dis-urned by his barbarity. From the time that he resigned the Dictatorship, until the very hour of his death, he recreated himself with Players, Fools and Fiddlers. The day before his death, hearing that Granius the Praetor deferred the payment of his vast debts in expectation of Sylla's death, he sent for the Praetor to his Chamber, and there, after he had Rogued and Rascaled him, commanded him to be strangled: But the fury wherewith he ranted, put his body into so violent an agitation, that his Imposthume (the bed of his lousy disease) broke; and all that night struggling for life in his own blood, next morning he gave up the Ghost. His Epitaph writ by his own hand was to this effect.  
Here lies Sylla, the greatest Friend, and the heaviest Enemy.  Plutarch. 
Verse 22. Lucilius.] The first Latin Poet that writ Satyrs, born at Aurunca in Italy, a Town famous for Satirists, Lenius, Silius and Turnus being all three Auruncanes; whereof the last was a Person of great quality, and gracious with the two Vespasian Caesar's, Titus and Domitian. In the six and fourtieth year of his age Lucilius died at Naples, and was buried at the public charge.  
Verse 26. Bare-breasted Maevia foils the Tuscan Boar.] This may with great reason have the second place among the motives that prevailed with Juvenal to write Satyrs, and is as much against nature as the first. What a prodigious sight it was for the Romans, in their great Show-place, the Circus, to see a Woman fight with a Boar, and of all Italian Boars the Tuscan Boar was the wildest: But, it seems, Maevia was a fiercer Creature: and no doubt but Rome would have been astonished, if such a Prize had been played in King Numa's days; when a woman but coming into the Senate-house to plead in her own Cause, they sent to the Oracle to know, what it portended to the State. Plutarch in the life of Numa.  
Verse 28. That with his Sissers.] Cynnamus the Barber, whose Fortunes were raised by his Mistresses, to the quality of a Roman Knight, with a vast Estate, as Juvenal tells us, Sat. 10. 
Sooner might my Arithmetic avow,  
How many Manors he is Lord of now:  
That when my youthful beard was grown too grave,  
Correction with his nimble Sissers gave.  He was at last forced to fly from Rome into Sicily. Martial.  
Qui Tonsor fueras tota notissimus urbe:  
Et posthac Dominae munere factus eques.  
Sicanias Vrbes, Aetnaeaque regna petisti  
Cynname, cum fugeres tristia Jura Fori.  
Qua nunc arte graves tolerabis inutilis annos?  
Quid facit infaelix & fugitiva quies?  
Non Rhetor, non Grammaticus Ludive Magister,  
Non Cynnicus, non tu Stoicus esse potes,  
Vendere nec vocem Siculis plausumque Theatris:  
Quod superest? iterum Cynname Tonsor eris.  
All Rome knew thee a Barber; and then made  
Knight- Cynnamus, for which thy Mistress paid.  
Thy next trick was the Forum to beguile,  
And fly from Justice into Aetna's Isle.  
What Art shall now thy useless age maintain?  
What can, unhappy fugitive, Quiet gain?  
No Rhetorician can be made of thee,  
No Pedant, Cynnick, Stoic canst thou be;  
Nor Actor in Cicilian Plays; what then?  
Cynnamus, even turn Barber once again.  
Verse 31. 
— The Canopian Slave.  
Crispinus flaunts it in his Tyrian Cloak]  Crispinus, Freedman to Nero, was born in Egypt, at Canopus the lewdest Town in all that Kingdom, and he as lewd a Knave as ever came from thence, but a man of a most insatiable pride and curiosity. See the beginning of Sat. 4. Of his Cloak thus Martial, 
Nescit cui dederit Tyriam Crispinus abollam,  
Dum mutat cultus induiturque togam:  
Quisquis habes humeris sua munera redde precamur:  
Non hoc Crispinus te sed abolla rogat.  
Non quicunque capit saturatas murice vestes,  
Nec nisi deliciis convenit iste colour.  
Si te praeda juvat faedique insania lucri,  
Quo possis melius fallere sume togam  
Who had's Cloak Crispin knew not, but 'twas gone  
When he changed habits and his Gown put on.  
Prithee, good Friend, restore his Tyrian riches:  
This not Crispinus, but his Cloak beseeches.  
Purple of Tyre is not for every wear,  
Great persons only in such Cloaks appear.  
If thou be'st thievish, take a Gown, that over  
Thy knavery thou may'st have a better Cover.   
Verse 40. 
— Filled with's own bulk, in his new Sedan  
Matho the Lawyer comes.—]  From a poor Advocate Matho grew so rich an Informer, that he went in his Sedan, and filled it, he was so fat with taking his ease: of whom Martial 
Declamas in febre Mathon, hanc esse phrenesim  
Si nescis, non es sanus amice Mathon.  
Declamas aeger, declamas hemitriteus,  
Si sudare aliter non potes, est ratio.  
Magna tamen res est: erras, cum viscera febris  
Exurit, res est magna tacere Mathon.  
Matho in's Ague pleads; a Frenzy 'tis,  
thouart mad, Friend Matho, if thou knowst not this.  
Plead in a double Tertian? put the case  
Thou couldst not sweat else thou mightst talk apace;  
'Twill do me good: No, better hold thy peace  
In hot fits, Matho, lest thou melt thy grease.   
Verse. 41. 
— And then the man  
That's great Friend peached.—]  This arch Rogue some think to be Cassius, Tutor and Impeacher of Silanus. Tacitus lib. 13. But an old Commentator affirms the man to be Heliodorus the Stoic, Nero's Informer-General. This grand Knave might well be called Prince of Informers, unto whom the petty Informers, the Players, Massa, Carus, and Latinus, were such obedient Subjects, that the two first presented him their wealth, & the last his wife: yet were these Player's Valets of the Chamber to Nero, and such as he much delighted in. Bebius Massa is remembered by Tacitus at the death of Piso. Pliny saith, That by Carus a Libel was given to Domitian Caesar, that would (if the Emperor had lived) have cost Pliny his life. As for Latinus, he was put to death by Claudius, for being Pander to his Empress Messalina.  
Verse 48. Leaves Proculeius one ounce, Gill eleven.] The Civil Law accounts the whole Estate as a Pound, or As. An absolute Heir is called Haeres ex ass. The first named in a Will, Haeres primae Cerae; A Legatee, Haeres in ima Cera. The twelfth part of a Pound or As, is an Ounce: so that he who is Heir to eleven Ounces, carrieth away eleven parts of the Estate; and he that is Heir to an Ounce, only one poor part.  
Verse 53. 
— As the Rhetor, that in his sad strife  
Speaks at the Bar in Lions—] Sueton.  At Lions in France Caligula instituted Exercises for Rhetoricians: the Victors had an Imperial donative: the conditions of the vanquished were, That they should satisfy the Victors either by writing of their praises, or with a sum of money, or lick out the Orations they themselves had written, or be beaten with Ferula's, or drowned in the next river, at the discretion of the Judges. No marvel then if the poor Orators looked as pale as consumptive Wenchers.  
Verse 60. Marius.] Marius Priscus Proconsul of Africa, accused and prosecuted by the Africans for poling of their Country, was banished and condemned by Cornutus in the sum of 7000 nummi or sestertii: but this small sum (not ten pound more than Crispinus paid for his Mullet) was paid in to the Exchequer: the Province lost the charges of the Suit wherein they overthrew him; and the vast remainder of the money which he had extorted from them, enabled him in his banishment to live more riotously than he had done in Rome; for there he eat at their ninth hour, which is our three of the clock in the afternoon; but in his exile he drank from their eighth hour, which is our two of the clock in the afternoon, being the time when the Romans bathed to prepare their bodies for dinner; and so Marius by his banishment clearly got an hour of earlier riot. And though his own Country Gods were offended, it seems the foreign Gods were better pleased.  
Verse 64. Hercules.] Son to Jupiter by Alcmene. The twelve Labours imposed upon him by Juno, was a subject much handled by the Romançe Poets. Panyasis writ the Heraculea, fourteen books of Hercules.  
Verse 65. Diomed.] The tale of Diomedes is this: In a duel with Aeneas he wounded Venus, that assisted his Antagonist her Son; and to revenge herself of him, she sent her other Son Cupid to his wife Aegialia, that struck her in love with Sthenelus; who set on by his Mistress, lay in ambush for her Husband as he returned from the siege of Troy, routed him, his men flying to the Sea side; where, their legs not being able to carry them farther, they found wings, and were transformed into birds. See Lycophron and Solinus.  
Verse 66. Labyrinth.] Thus runs the Fable of the Labyrinth. Pasiphae, Wife to Minos' King of the Cretans, was taken with a preternatural and nefarious love to a Bull; and by the art of Daedalus, she was enclosed in a Cow of wood; so attaining her desire, she conceived and brought forth the Minotaur, half Man half Bull. The Instruments of her wickedness being discovered by Minos, he shut up Daedalus with his Son Icarus in that very Labyrinth made by his Master Builder Daedalus: But he got out with another invention of Wings, and flew to Cumae in Italy, where he laid them down. Sat. 3. But his Son Icarus flying too high, the wax that fastened on his Wings, was melted by the Sun, and the Boy drowned in the Sea.  
Verse 68 When that which Law lets not the Wife enjoy.] Domitian Caesar made a Law, that Adulteresses should be uncapable of inheriting and of using close Chairs or Sedans. Sueton.  
Verse 72. Waking nose.] The Pimp to his own Wife counterfeited sleep so artificially, that with snoring he made such a noise, as if his nose had been awake.  
Verse 73. To be Captain of the Guard he stands.] Fuscus (afterwards General against the Dacians) had consumed all the Estate left him by his noble Progenitors, with keeping a Stable of Chariot-horses to follow the Court from Rome to Caesar's Countryhouse, whether he himself used to drive his Chariot along the Flaminian way, where the Statues and Urns of his Ancestors stood in his sight, which might well have deterred him from spending prodigally the fortunes they had left him, acquired by their Noble Industry. But, it seems, that which flattered him to this expense, was a hope that Caesar would make him Praefect or Captain of his Praetorian Guards.  
Verse 76. Automedon] was Coachman to Achilles. It appears that Fuscus, besides his expectation to be Captain of the Guard, had a natural inclination to be a Chariotier; for, when he was the Boy Automedon, that is, before he was able to drive the horses like a man, he used to sit with the Chariot-driver, and to hold the rains, to show his affection to that Art, and withal to commend himself to his young Mistresses that were so much taken with Chariotiers.  
Verse 80. Forger of a Will.] The Author means Tigellinus, that poisoned three of his Uncles (as you may read towards the end of this satire) and forged Wills, wherein he made himself Heir to them all.  
Verse 83. Maecenas.] That great Patron of the Poets Maecenas, was known to be likewise so great a Voluptuary, that Juvenal never useth his name but in this sense, as here, and Sat. 12.  Purple for soft Maecenases to wear. 
Verse 87. Locusta.] One of Nero's Court-Instruments, that being chid for dallying with Britannicus, gave him a dose that wrought so nimbly, he died before the bowl could be taken from his hand.  
Verse 89. Gyarus.] The least Island of the Cycladeses, to which the Romans banished highest offenders.  
Verse 96. Lose young Gallants.] The Praetextati, or young Nobility of Rome, that wore the Praetexta or Gown bordered with Purple, of which they were divested before they could be arraigned by Law.  
Verse 98. Cluvienus.] Such another pitiful Poet as Codrus was.  
Verse 99 Since Deucalion] That is since the World began again after Deucalion's Flood; when he landing upon the top of the Mountain Parnassus, consulted the Oracle of Themis about the restoration of Mankind, and was answered, It might be done by him and his Wife Pyrrha, if they would cast stones over their shoulders, which should be mollified into flesh and blood, and inanimated with a rational Soul; and (if we believe the Greek Historians or Fabulists) they did so, and it succeeded accordingly; to which Juvenal adds, that Pyrrha put the Males and Females together.  
Verse 113. Villas.] Country-houses.  
Verse 115. The Sportula.] When the Romans were grown so proud in their Luxury, that a great man scorned to admit his Friends to his Table; instead of a Supper they were entertained by a Porter at the Gate, with the Sportula, a little Basket that held 100 farthings, as in this place: but sometimes the Sportula was enlarged, and the Porter treated the Guests with variety of meats. Vid. Sat. 3.  Seest not what smoke the Sportula breathes out. 
Verse 119. Our Trojan Lords.] The Romans derived themselves from Trojan Aeneas.  
Verse 121. The Praetor.] The Praetor Urbanus was an Officer in the nature of our L. chief Justice, attended by the Lictor, or Officer of Death, that carried on his shoulder an Axe within a bundle of rods, signifying the different punishments of petty and capital offenders; those being only whipped, these beheaded. To the Urbanus or great Praetor were added at last 17. Praetors more, whereof two were Praetores Fidei Commissarii, in the nature of Lord Chancellors or Keepers. Fenest. de mag. Rom. c. 10.  
Verse. 121. The Tribune.] The Tribunes of the People, from the number of two in their first Institution, came afterward to be ten. These were Protectors of the Commonalty; they sat at the door of the Senate; they were the Grand-jury to inform the Lords: No Act could pass unless they subscribed it with the letter T. but they themselves had not authority to make an Act at first; yet in process of time they usurped such a power. Pomp. Laet. Stadius in Flor. Pigh. Rosin.  
Verse. 122. The Freedman.] Was an Enfranchised Slave; and this might be Crispinus by his taking place of the Praetor and Tribune, or it might be any other Enfranchised Slave, that was a Native of Capadocia, Mesapotamia, Assyria, or Arabia; for the river Euphrates runs through all these Countries.  
Verse 127. A Roman Knight.] The Census Equestris, or that Estate which made the Eques Romanus, (a dignity answering that of Knight with us) was 400 sestertia, about 3125 l. of our money. A Freedman worth so much might claim the Privileges of a Knight, and a Knight that had less could not sit upon the Benches and Cushions at a Play by Otho's Law. Sat. 3.  
Vers. 128. Corvinus.] One of the noble Family of the Corvinoes, but grown so wretchedly poor, that he was enforced to serve a Shepherd, and keep his Flocks near to the Town of Laurentum in his own native Country.  
Verse 130. Pallas.] He was the wealthy Freedman of Claudius Caesar, that suffered him, together with Narcissus his fellow Freedman, to have, not only great Estates conferred by Decree of Senate upon them, but likewise the Dignities of Quaestor and Praetor; and let them extort and monopolise so much, that when he complained of the emptiness of his Exchequer, one answered, It would be full enough if his two Freedmen might refund. See Sueton and Tacitus.  
Verse 131. The Licini.] Licinus, Caesar's Freedman, was by Augustus made Governor of Gaul, which he pillaged, and so got a mass of wealth. It seems there were more Freedmen of that name, because it is put in the plural number.  
Verse 134. Chalky Feet.] A Slave that from foreign parts was brought to Rome to be sold in the Market, had his feet marked with Chalk. So Pliny and Tibullus.  
Verse 139. Concord, where the Storks nest creaks.] The Stork built in the Temple of Concord, erected by the Senate in the Forum. App. lib. 1. and therefore when the old Stork returned to feed her young ones, they would be sure to salute her with a creaking noise. If it were not for the word creaking, I should have inclined to Politian's opinion, that in his Miscellanies interprets this to be a nest of Quails, the Emblem of Concord.  
Verse. 142. Clients.] A Client had relation to some Noble man as his Patron. The Patron was obliged in honour to protect his Client; the Client, besides his attendance in public, was bound by Law to contribute towards his Patron's assessments and Daughters marriages. If any Client could be proved unfaithful to his Patron, to have informed, made oath, or given his vote against him, or for his Enemy, he was for such disloyalty devoted to the Infernal Gods, and not only accursed by the Priest, but outlawed by the Criminal Judge; so that it was lawful for any man to kill him. Lazius de Repub. Rom. lib. 12. c. 3.  
Verse 153. The Forum.] The great Roman Piazza, where the Courts of Justice sat, to which the Client, after he had complemented his Friends at the Sportula, waited upon his Patron. Martial 
Prima salutantes atque altera continet hora,  
Exercet raucos tertia causidicos.  
The first hour and the second we salute,  
And in the third hoarse Advocates dispute.   
Verse 154. The learned in the Law, Apollo.] The reason of this expression was occasioned by the Library of Civil-law-books, made by Augustus Caesar, in the Temple of Apollo-Pallatine▪ where the Judges also heard Causes, as appears by Horace's delivery from the prating Fellow that was arrested and carried before the Judge sitting in that Temple. Horace 
Sic me servavit Apollo.  
Thus Apollo saved me.   
Verse 156. Egyptian and Arabarch.] Crispinus the Egyptian, that by his Master was privileged to have triumphal Titles, Ornaments and a Statue, in the pedestal or basis whereof was engraven the style of Arabarch, which Crispinus might conceive the Reader would take to be Arabian Prince. Some take Arabarch for a Customer in Egypt, that received toll for Cattle brought thither out of Arabia; but Juvenal seems to use the Word for an Arch-rogue.  
Verse 161. A Supper.] The Supper which the Patron was ordered by Domitian Caesar to bestow upon his Clients, was called Caena recta, a plain Supper, to distinguish it from the Patrons Caena dubia, or Supper of varieties, such as puzzled the Guests to know where they should begin. But at this time the Sportula was not by Domitian reduced to the Caena recta, of which Martial 
Centum miselli jam valete quadrantes.  
Poor hundred Farthings now farewell.   
Verse 171. Whole Boars.] The first that brought in fashion the having of a Boar served up whole to his Table was Servilius Tullus. Pliny.  
Verse 174. Crude Peacock.] Peacock's flesh never putrifieth. St. Augustine. Then well it might be raw upon a Gluttons stomach, when he bathed before his next meal. Hortentius the Augur, was the first that brought this meat in request at Rome.  
Verse 177. Angry Friends.] Near relations must needs be vexed at the death of a Friend, by gluttony so surprised, as not to have time to make a Will. Yet even they could not but laugh at such a Comical disaster, though they lost their Legacies by it.  
Verse 186. Mutius.] A great Knave but a poor man; so that when the Auruncane Satirist, Lucilius, published his knavery, he had not a purse to see Advocates in a cause of Defamation: but if Tigellinus, the Emperor's Favourite, had been the man so defamed, he would have followed the Law, which was, Ne licet carmen fieri ad alterius injuriam. Cicer. lib. 4. Tusc. Be it unlawful for any man to make verse to the injury of another. And in favour of so eminent a Courtier, Juvenal thinks it probable that the Judge would have sentenced the Offender to die as cruel a death as was inflicted upon Christians; of which barbarous cruelty read Tacitus lib. 15. Yet that very Judge might in his conscience know that Tigellinus was a thousand times the greater Villain. M. Tigellinus Ophonius poisoned three of his Father's Brothers, and forging their Wills came to a vast Estate most villainously. Probus.  
Verse 189. Like those.] Christians, of whose living bodies Nero made bonfires, using them as he had done Rome, with the firing whereof, he charged them. Note that Juvenal, speaking here of the Christians Martyrdoms, writes nothing disparageable to the Religion itself, as he doth to that of the Jews in Sat. 3. and 14. from whence it may with reason be inferred, that because he scoffs not at Christianity, he reverenced it.  
Verse 195. Aeneas.] Anchises his Son, that when Troy was fired, took his Father upon his shoulders, carried him through the flames, and brought him safe to Drepa●um, a Town in Sicily, where the old man died, that in his youth begot this Pious Son upon the Goddess Venus at the Trojan river Simois. Virgil Aeneid. 1. He was King of the Latins, and reigned eleven years after the death of Latinus, in the right of his Wife Lavinia, Daughter and Heir to King Latinus; and the Widow of Turnus slain by his hand. Aeneid 12. Eutropius. In his voyage from Troy to Italy, he lost his Wife Creusa, buried his Father (as you heard before) in Sicily, but never touched upon the Coast of Africa; and therefore could not have seen Dido, if she had been then living. After a tedious passage at Sea, he landed safe with his Son Ascanius in Italy; there conquered and settled: and from him Julius Caesar derived himself.  
Verse. 196. Turnus.] General of the Rutilians in their war against Aeneas, with whom he fought single, and was very angry with Juno that she would not let him stay to end the Combat. See Virgil Aeneid. lib. 6.  
Verse 197. Achilles.] Son to Peleus and Thetis, that in his Infancy washed him in the Stygian water, whereby he was made invulnerable in any part of his body but only the foot, by which his Mother held him when he was dipped. His Tutor was Chiron the Centaur, of whom he learned Horsemanship, Music, and Physic. His Mother understanding by the Oracle, that he should perish in the Trojan Expedition, concealed him in a woman's habit in the Court of King Lycomedes, where he got the King's Daughter Deidamia with child of Pyrrhus. At last discovered by the subtlety of Ulysses, he was drawn into the war, because Troy could not be taken by the Grecians until they had the assistance of Achilles. To prevent the Fate which Thetis knew him to be in danger of, she prevailed with Vulcan to make him arms that were impenetrable. After he had shown much valour in the war, he was in such a rage with Agamemnon for taking from him his beloved Prisoner, fair Briseis, that he resolved (notwithstanding all the Prayers and importunities of his Countrymen) never more to draw his Sword against the Trojans: But hearing that Hector had slain Patroclus, his fury for the death of that Friend made him forget his rage against his enemy, King Agamemnon, and dispensing with his solemn resolution, he fought again more furiously than ever, slew Hector, and in his Friends revenge tied the dead body to his Chariot, and dragged it three times about the walls of Troy; at last sold it to King Priam. Finally, when he was to be married to Polixena in the Temple of Apollo, Paris, Hector's effeminate Brother, to prevent his Sister's marriage, concealed himself behind the Image of the God, and with an arrow hit Achilles in the heel, where he was only capable of a wound. See Pliny, Homer, and Gellius.  
Verse 198. Hylas.] A most delicate Boy, Favourite to Hercules, that having slain his Father Theodamant, fell in love with the Boy; and in his voyage with the Argonauts to Colchos, when his Oar was broken and he forced to land, that he might get another in the Mysian Woods; the day being extremely hot, he sent Hylas with a pitcher for water to the river Ascanius▪ but the bank being so high above water that he could not stand and fill his Pitcher, the Boy lay down upon his breast and hung over the stream, running with such a violence, that from his hand it carried away the Pitcher, which he suddenly striving to recover, the Pitcher and Hylas were both drowned together. This occasioned the Fable that the Nymphs had ravished Hylas. But Hercules, when he heard no more news of the Boy, was so madded, that leaving the Argonauts, he searched Mysia for him, call aloud upon his name. Virg. 
Vt Littus Hyla Hyla omne sonaret.  
That all the Shoar with Hylas Hylas rung.   
Verse 206. Latin and Flaminian way.] Highways from Rome full of dead-men's Monuments. The Flaminian way, Arc and Forum were so called from the Consul Flaminius, that fight Hannibal was slain at Thrasimene, where his body was by Hannibal searched for amongst the dead, but not found. Livi. lib. 22. The Latin way, formerly called the Ferentian way, the Ausonian by Martial, not far from the Latin Port, fell into the via Appia, that reached as far as Capua.    


The second Design.  
REad this good Book, sweet Lady, study fame,  
Leave gadding, hide your naked breasts for shame,  
The ¹ Stoic cries; whom by the sleeve she takes,  
And out of it Glasses of Essence shakes  
And Civet-boxes, that perfume the Knave:  
Which of the two conceive you the more grave?  
Or which shows lightest, the bare-shouldered Wench  
At Bar, or ² Judge in sarsenet on the Bench?  
Yet these are modest, if you ³ men compare,  
That fillet up with holy rites their hair,  
And pearl their necks with oriental charms.  
Then what's an ⁴ Emperor, that in his arms,  
Paints his pale Cheek before a Lookingglass?  
Here's yet a ⁵ Lord whose face is tougher Brass,  
That (when ⁶ the Consul like a King attired 
Sat. 10.   
Comes to the Circus in a Crown) is hired,  
A Trident in's right hand, the Stage to tread;  
In's left a Float-net, raised to catch his Head  
That follows with a Falchion to invade  
This Lord borne, but a Rogue by breeding made.  
So Grapes, that grow upon the richest Vines  
Vnpruned, degenerate to poorest Wines.   

  

Figura Secunda.  
Hunclege, pulcra, librum; pereunti consule famae;  
Nè vaga transcurras vicos; sit pectus opertum,  
¹ Stoicus exclamat: vulsâ quem mollitèr ausa  
Solicitare togâ, tristi sub veste latentes  
Prodit suffitus, secretáque aromata spargit.  
Quemnam ex his, morum censes praeferre pudorem?  
Aut uter est levior, quae coram ² Judice mammas  
Denudat moecha, an bysso pellucidus Ipse?  
Illa modesta quidem, fictum dum respicis, aras  
Ant, ³ Sacerdotem redimicula longa trahentem,  
Feminea orantis jactante monilia collo.  
Quid video? galeâ spectabilis ⁴ Induperator  
(Proh Deus!) ad speculum pallentia purpuratora.  
⁵ Monstrum succedit majus; septemplicis aeris  
Frons illi, longo qui stemmate cretus avorum  
Se locat ad Circum (hic Trabeae fert ⁶ Consul honores, 
Sat. 10.   
Regalémque, manu quem portet Publicus, orbem)  
Retibus in laeuâ libratis, lustrat arenam;  
Dum dextra appensos effundit fuscina casses:  
Mirmillo insequitur, si non cavet, ense paratus  
Caedere degenerem. Vitis neglecta labascit  
Nobilis, atque abeunt in vilem Massica vappam.    

The Manners of Men. THE SECOND satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
Men are not what their looks aver.  
Vice taints the grave Philosopher;  
The Judge the Bench'es honour stains:  
The Mock-Priest holy Rites profanes:  
The armed General paints his face;  
The Nobly-borne foul Acts debase.  
The Reason Babes that speak may tell▪  
For, none but they believe a Hell.  
BEyond SARMATIA and the Frozen Sea,  
I could fly hence; when to teach Manners they  
Presume, that CURIAN Temperance profess:  
And live like Bacchanals, in lewd excess.  
Th' unlearned first, though you CRYSIPPUS see  
Carved in all Studies: for, a great man's he  
That can buy ARISTOTLE'S Counterfeit,  
Or Pittacus'es' Statue copied get;  
And bids CLEANTHES, done by ' a Master's hand,  
There, as his grave Library-keeper, stand.  
No trust to faces: for, what streets but fill  
With reverend vices? thou sayest, we are ill,  
When thou thyself art known to be so right,  
So perfect a SOCRATIC Catamite.  
Indeed, rough hairy limbs, and arms that bear  
Stiff bristles, promise minds extreme severe:  
But, from their smooth posteriors when he files  
Unnatural tumours off, the Surgeon smiles.  
They dote on silence, speech with them is rare,  
Shorter than eyebrows too they wear their hair.  
More ingenuity PERIBONIUS shows:  
In such a man whose face and mien disclose  
His foul deboshery, I hold it fate:  
Simplicity we should commiserate,  
Plain madness speaks in his excuse: but them  
As infinitely base I contemn  
That with HERCULEAN language vice assail,  
And magnifying virtue, wag the tail.  
Shall I, says infamous VARILLUS, fear  
Thee bouger SEXTUS? make the odds appear?  
The Straight may Cripples, White-men Negroes, jeer.  
But who'll endure to hear a Mutineer  
Complained of by the GRACCHIS? Who'd not cry  
Till earth confused the sea, the sea the sky;  
If MILO should a Murderer reprove:  
VERRES a Thief, CLODIUS Adulterous love:  
CATILINE treason in CETHEGUS blame:  
SULLA'S three Scholars against his Roll declaim?  
One lately married his own Niece, and then  
Revived a Law, a bitter Law to Men,  
That might have frighted MARS and VENUS too:  
Whilst JULIA with abortives did undo  
Her fruitful womb: lump after lump she teemed  
That even the pictures of her Uncle seemed.  
Such SCAURAN counterfeits, who would not slight  
Though ne'er so bad, and rated turn and bite?  
Where's now the JULIAN Law a sow'r-Sir cried,  
Sleeps it? LARONIA with a smile replied,  
Blessed times, that make thee Censor, chastely given  
ROME now'll be, a third CATO'S dropped from Heaven:  
But Sir, your hairy neck's perfumed, let's know  
Whence th' Essence comes? blush not, your Drugster show.  
If you'll needs wake the Statutes, reinforce  
The Law Scantinian, note men, you do worse.  
But your strong Phalanx multitude defends  
And close-joynd shields: loose livers are fast friends;  
Our sex hath none of your detested tricks,  
TEDIA, CLUVIA: FLORA never licks  
CATULLA: HISPO passive pleasure knows,  
And pale with doing and with suffering grows.  
Do we plead? study we your Civil Laws?  
Shake we your Courts with bawling in a cause?  
Some few of us fence, diet-bread some use,  
You spin wool, and in baskets bear your clews:  
Thread from the pregnant spindle you can twine  
More nimble than ARACHNE, and more fine  
Then chaste PENELOPE; or she that spins,  
shivering ' i'th' stocks, a penance for her sins.  
'Tis known why HISTER made his Freedman heir,  
And living gave his wife so large a share:  
She's rich that in a great man's bed lies third.  
Secrets bring jewels: marry, not a word.  
Yet for a Law that's death to us, you move.  
Censure acquits the Crow, condemns the Dove.  
Shamed by LARONIA our soft Stoics fly;  
For what delivered she, they could deny?  
But what in others can deformed appear,  
When thou, grave Judge, dost mingled sarsenet wear?  
Nay sittest in those thin silks, amazing ROME,  
And dost our PROCULA'S and POLLINEA'S doom?  
FABULLA will the deed you wot of do:  
Let her be punished for't; CARFINIA too:  
Against her be, what ere thou wilt, decreed,  
She will not, though condemned, wear such a weed:  
But july's hot, I sweat: then naked go,  
For madness will not half disgrace thee so.  
This Robe had our victorious Fathers seen  
Thee passing Laws in, when their wounds were green;  
Or had our Mountaineers beheld it, how  
Would they have heard thee when they came from plough?  
Heaven! that a Judge should put on such a Vest:  
Were't handsome if a Witness were so dressed?  
Stern Legislative CRETAN, thou art now  
Transparent, this disease was caught; and thou  
Wilt spread it further: as the scab but got  
By one sheep, the whole flock will have the rot:  
Hogs catch the measles; and the grape, that sees  
A tainted grape, sucks poison by degrees.  
This shameless habit will not be thy worst,  
In time: none ever was stark-naught at first.  
Thou wilt ere long turn hedge-Priest: join with them  
That Fillets wear, whose necks are all one Gem;  
That with great Bolls, and Sows fat Paunches pray  
To our Good Goddess the contrary way:  
For, Men perform these Rites, no Female by:  
You profane Women, get you gone, they cry;  
None sounds a Call with her loud Cornet here.  
At ATHENS such the BAPTISTS Orgies were,  
When they their private Torches did advance,  
And tired out their COTYTUS in a dance.  
He with an oblique steel his eyebrows dies,  
Touched with moist soot: & paints his trembling eyes.  
A glass-Priapus one man's wine must hold,  
Another's huge long locks a Cawl of gold;  
Blue shield-work this, or razed white satin wears:  
His Man too by his Masters JUNO swears.  
He holds the Mirror Pathic OTHO bore  
(AURUNCANE ACTOR'S spoils) that when he wore  
His arms he viewed himself in; when he gave  
The battle's signal, and bid the Ensigns wave.  
A gallant subject! for new Annals fit,  
And should in our-times History be writ.  
A Looking-glass did load the Generals Car,  
And was the Baggage of a Civil-warre.  
O 'twas done like a General to kill  
Old GALBA; like a ROMAN pleits to fill;  
To hope spoils from the BEDRIACK field would grace  
The Capitol; to grease and paint the Face:  
Which proud SEMIRAMIS, when she put on  
Her Quiver, would not do at BABYLON:  
Nor did the pensive CLEOPATRA dip  
Her Pencil, when aboard her ACTIAN-Ship:  
Here's lewd discourse; at Table no respect,  
Foul PHRYGIAN talk, the lisping Dialect  
Taught by th' old white haired Man, the Man of note  
For his so spacious and authentic Throat,  
The Chief-Priest, most fanatickly inspired,  
A Master for the gusto to be hired.  
Why do not these with PHRYGIAN Razors take  
That flesh away, of which no use they make?  
A Piper, or a Trumpeter, had four  
Hundred sestertia: GRACCHUS, for thy Dower  
Deeds were drawn, joy given, a great Supper made,  
The Bride was in his Bridegroom's bosom laid.  
Do we the Censor or the Aruspex need  
You Lords? Do not these horrid sights exceed  
All Monsters, though a woman should be Dam  
Unto a Calf, or a Cow calve a Lamb?  
The Priest that in Procession sweeting heaved  
Th' ANCILIAN shields by leathers unperceived,  
Now wears a Bride's gown, petticoat and vail.  
O God of War! whence did these crimes assail  
Thy Latian Shepherds? how, Rome's Father, sprung  
These nettles up, that have thy children stung?  
Behold, a man great both in wealth and birth,  
Marries a man! yet thou into the earth  
Runnest not thy spear, nor thy plumed helmet shak'st,  
Nor a complaint to JOVE thy Father mak'st.  
Go MARS, and to some other God assign  
Those sacred Fields not looked upon as thine.  
To morrow morning early on my friend  
I, in the Quirine valley, must attend.  
Why thither? cannot your own Guests decide  
That question? my He-friend's to be a Bride.  
They bid few now, but notice they will give  
To all men, and record it if they live.  
Mean time, the Female's troubled much, she can  
No issue have, so to oblige the man.  
The best is, Nature to such minds denies  
Power to change sexes: the wife barren dies:  
Swollen LYDE'S salve-box helps not: nor to stand  
Where th' active LUPERCI may clap her hand.  
More monstrous Fencer-GRACCHUS did appear  
In's Cassock, armed with his three-forked spear:  
And viewed the Lists round, as he fled the Chase;  
Borne Nobler than the whole Capitoline Race,  
MARCELLI, CATULI, the FABIAN name,  
Those who their Pedigree from PAULUS claim,  
And all that from the scaffolds saw the sport  
He made: not bating that paid him for't.  
That there be ghosts and regions under ground  
And th' oar, and black toads in the Stygian Sound;  
And thousands rowed in one boat; finds not faith  
With boys, but such as pay not for their bath.  
Believe thou. What CAMILLUS, what now knows  
FABRITIUS, CURIUS, both the SCIPIO'S:  
The Legion that fell upon the train  
At CREMERA: the youth at CANNAE slain,  
Souls of so many battles? ever when  
Our ghosts descend, the spirits of these men  
Would purify themselves, if they could get  
Sulphur and torches, and a laurel wet.  
To them poor we must go: indeed we boast  
Our conquests, stretched beyond the Irish coast  
And th' ORCADESES, which lately we have seized,  
And BRITAIN with no night in summer pleased:  
But what we do, that make the world our own,  
The conquered do not: ZALATES alone,  
One of th' Armenian Youths, more lewd (they say)  
Then all ours, to the Tribun's flame gave way.  
See how commerce with ROME breeds our Allies!  
He came a Hostage: men we womanise:  
For had these boys stayed, all had lovers took,  
Their Countrey-cloths, whips, bridles, knives forsaken;  
Thus back to their Artaxata they bear  
The manners, of the loose young Gentry here.  

The Comment UPON THE SECOND satire.  
VErse 1. Beyond Sarmatia, and the Frozen Sea I could fly hence—] Juvenal was so moved at the impudence of pretenders to Philosophy, base Hypocrites, that took upon them to reform the manners of the Romans; That, rather than stay in Rome with such Knaves, he could be contented (if wings were to be got) to fly beyond Sarmatia, that is, to trust himself with the most barbarous Russians, Laplanders, Finlanders, and inhuman Cannibals; and so passing the River Tanais (that divides the two Sarmatia's, parting the European Tartars from the Asiatic) to fly over the Frozen Sea, which was then believed to be innavigable; but the Hollanders have lately sailed so far in the North-east passage, that they have discovered Nova Zembla within the Arctic Circle, but twelve degrees from the Pole.  
Verse 3. Curian Temperance.] The Curian Family was ennobled by the Temperance and Valour of Marcus Curius, that triumphed over the Sabines, Samnites, and Leucanians, and beat King Pyrrhus out of Italy; but his greatest triumph was over himself and his affections, as appears by his answer to the Samnite Ambassadors, that finding his Table covered by the fireside, furnished only with earthen dishes, and Curius himself roasting of roots for his supper, beseeched him to better his poor condition, by accepting a great sum of money from their hands; to which he answered, that he had rather still eat in earth, and command the Samnites that were served in gold. Being accused for plundering, he produced a wooden vessel, which upon proof appeared to be all he had of the spoil. Liv.  
Verse 4. Bacchanals.] The Celebraters of the Bacchanalia or Dionysia, the libidinous Feasts of Bacchus, where virtue was death; for they that refused to sacrifice to Lust, were sacrificed by the fury of the Bacchanals. Of the abominable Ceremonies used at these Feasts, see Liv. & St. Augustine. They were at last as a Seminary of wickedness interdicted by the Senate.  
Verse 5. Chrysippus.] The Philosopher Chrysippus, the most ingenious Scholar to Zeno the first Stoic, and to his Successor Cleanthes; from both which Masters he only desired to know Doctrines, and bid them leave the Proofs to him; indeed he was so incomparable a Logician, that it grew to a Proverb, If the Gods would study Logic, they would read Chrysippus. He was Son to Apollonides (by some called Apollonius) of Tarsis, but he was born at Soli a City of Cilicia. Having spent what his father left him in following a King's Court, he was compelled to study Philosophy, as being capable of no other course that might buoy up his fortunes: but after he was an eminent Philosopher, he never dedicated any of his books, as others did theirs, to Kings; and therefore was thought to be a great despiser of Honours, Laertius. But it is more probable, that he following his studies to enrich himself, would neglect no good Medium to a fortune; and I rather believe, that he having smarted so much by attendance at Court, would never apply himself to Princes any more. He died of a violent laughter, with seeing an Ass eat figs, as some say, but of a Vertigo, according to Hermippus, in the 143 Olympiad, having lived seventy three years.  
Verse. 7. Aristotle] Was born at Stagyra, a City of Thrace, seated upon the river Strymon; his Father was Nicomachus the Physician, the Son of Macaon, famed by Homer for his skill in Physic, which it seems came to him extraduce, for Micaon was the Son of Aesculapius. Phaestias, Mother to Aristotle, was descended likewise from Aesculapius, as some affirm; but others say, she was Daughter to one of the Planters sent from Chalcis to Stagyra. He was a slender man, crumpshouldered, and stuttered naturally very much: but, for his incomparable erudition, Philip of Macedon sought to him to be his Son Alexander's Tutor; and Alexander made him his Secretary. He was 18 years old when he came to Athens, and there for 20 years he heard Plato. The City of Stagyra, from its ruins, was for his sake re-edified by his Pupil, Alexander the great. When Alexander marched into Asia, Aristotle returned to Athens, and read Philosophy in the Lyceum thirteen years, from whence his Scholars were properly called Peripatetics of the Lyceum, (to distinguish them from the Peripatetics of the Academy, the Platonists,) yet afterwards they were known by the name of Peripatetics only, whereof he himself is deservedly styled the Prince. After all the benefits received from him by Athens, the return made, was an impeachment drawn up against him, that he was no true worshipper of the Gods. But this (as you shall presently see) had formerly been the case of Socrates, by the sad example of whose death, Aristotle learned to decline the envy and fury of that unthankful City; from whence he went to Chalcis in Eubaea, and there died in the sixty third year of his age, and the 114 Olympiad, when Philocles was Archon: the very same year Demosthenes also died in Calauria, both being forced to fly their Countries. Aristotle was the first that made a Library, Strabo lib. 3. which together with his School, he left to Theophrastus, that taught the Kings of Egypt how to order their Library, by disposing of their Books into several Classes.  
Verse 8. Pittacus.] Pittacus, one of the seven Sages of Greece, assisted by the brethren of Alcaeus the Poet, slew Melancrus Tyrant of Lesbos, in the chief City whereof, viz. Mytelene, Pittacus was born. A war breaking out between the Athenians and Mytelenians about the Achilleian fields, he was chosen General for his Country, and finding his Army too weak to dispute that Title in the field, he challenged Phryno, General of the Athenians, to a single combat, and met him like a Fisherman, his visible arms being a Trident, Dagger, and Shield; but under it was a Net, which, in the Duel, he cast over the head of Phryno, and so conquered him by stratagem that had been Victor by his Giantly strength in the Olympic Games. Strabo. Laert. This Duel Lips. saith, was the original of those kind of prizes played by the Roman Gladiators, called the Retiarius, and Secutor, or Mirmillo, described in this satire, to the shame of so noble a person as one of the Gracchis was, that for a poor salary was hired by the Praetor to venture his life as a Retiarius or Net-bearer, against the Secutor's Falchion. You may see their figures (as they acted in the Circus) in the Design before this satire. So long as his Country needed him to manage the wars, so long Pittacus held the Sovereign power as an absolute Prince. But when the war was ended, he like an absolute Philosopher, put an end to his own authority; and after a voluntary resignation of his power continued for ten years, he lived ten years more a private person, Laert. Val Max. being about fourscore, he died in the third year of the 52 Olympiad, Aristomenes being Archon.  
Verse 9 Cleanthes.] Cleanthes the Stoic was Scholar to Crates, and Successor to Zeno Founder of the Stoics; his Father was Phanius of Assus; by his first profession he was a Wrestler, but it brought him in no great revenue; for all he had was but four Drachmas when he came to hear Crates: and to get a livelihood under him and Zeno, he was forced to work by night, to keep himself from hunger and scorn in the day time. The Court of Areopagus citing him to clear the suspicion of Felony, and give an account how he lived, he produced a Woman, for whom he ground meal; and a Gardener that paid him for drawing of water; and showed Zeno's Dictates writ in shells and Ox's shoulderblades, for want of money to buy Paper. He succeeded Zeno in his School, lived above fourscore years, and died voluntarily; for his Physicians enjoining him to fast two days; for the cure of an ulcer under his tongue; when they would have had him eat again, he would not, but took it unkindly that they would offer to bring him back, being two days onward on his journey; so continuing his fast for other two days, he came to his last home.  
Verse. 14. Socratic Catomite.] Socrates was son to the Statuary Sophroniscus, and the Midwife Phaenareta, and husband first to Myrto the Daughter of Aristides the Just, afterwards to Xanthippe, the arrantest Scold that ever thundered with a tongue. He first reduced Philosophy from natural to moral (that is) from contemplation to practise, it being his constant Maxim, Quae supra nos nihil ad nos, We are not at all concerned in things above us. Anytus the Orator, indeed the leather-Dresser, for that Trade enriched him; though he was ashamed to own it, and therefore having been upon that score (reproached by Socrates) to satisfy his spleen, he got Melitus the Poet and Lycon his fellow Orator, to join in drawing up an Impeachment against Socrates, as no true worshipper of the Gods, and a corrupter of youth, having first made him a scorn to the people, by hiring Aristophanes to bring him upon the Stage in a Comedy. From the abuse put upon him in this Comedy, others, many ages after, took occasion to abuse Socrates; especially Porphyrius observed by Nicephorus to be more malicious than were his Accusers, Anytus and Melitus. But I do not believe that my Author intended to cast dirt upon him in this place; where Socratic Catamite cannot be otherwise interpreted, than one of those censorious persons, that would be thought as learned and virtuous as Socrates, when they really were as vicious as men could be, and as unlearned as the very Statues of the Philosophers, the purchase whereof was all the proof they could make of their learning. Some there are that imitate their folly in our days, as appears by the instance Lubine makes in a Scholar, his Contemporary, whom he forbears to name, that gave 3000 drachmas for the earthen-lamp, that Epictetus used, hoping, that if it burned all night by his bedside, it would infuse into him the wisdom of Epictetus in a dream. If he bought the lamp for this reason (as Lubine conceives he did) than he was guilty of the vanity of Juvenal's Philosophasters but if he bestowed so much money upon a piece of Antiquity, that might be useful to the present and succeeding times; in that case I should honour him for his expense, as I do the memory of Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surrey, (Grandchild and Heir to the last Duke of Norfolk) for the vast sums those Statues cost him, from which Mr. Selden hath picked out so many learned notions; as you may find in his book entitled Marmora Arundeliana: among which Statues is the inscription that proves Laches to be Archon at the death of Socrates, which is to be made use of in this very place. As for Epictetus his lamp, it might have been of great advantage to Fortunius Licetas, when he writ De Lucernis absconditis. To return to our account of Socrates, He was convicted of impiety and improbity by the false oaths of his Accusers, and the testiness of his Judges, for being asked at the Bar, What in his own judgement he deserved, he answered, To be maintained by you the great Council or Prytanaeum, at the public charge; which so enraged the Senate, that the major part, by above 80. voted him to death, and accordingly execution was done, the Officer of death presenting him a draught of Hemlock, which he cheerfully took off; and so Laches, as aforesaid, being Archon, in the first year of the ninety fifth Olympiad, he was poisoned by that ingrateful City of Athens, which as Juvenal says Sat 7.  
— to Scholars now,  
Except cold Hemlock, nothing dare allow.  
Verse 21. Peribonius.] The Archigallus or chief Priest of Cybele, Principal of an Order of Rogues so infamous for drunkenness and debauchery, that it was not lawful for a freeborn Roman to be one of the number. The original of their institution was this, Cybele the daughter of King Minos, being in her infancy exposed upon the Hill Cybelus in Phrygia, from which Hill she had her name, and there nourished by the wild beasts, to whose mercy she was left, was found by a Shepherd's wife, bred up as her own Child, and grew to be both a great Beauty, and a Lady of most excellent natural parts; for the Greeks from her invention had the Taber, Pipe, and cimbals. She was married to Saturn, and therefore Mother of the Gods, her highest title. She was also called Rhea, from her flowing or abundant goodness: styled likewise Pessinuntia, from Pessinus a Mart-town in Phrygia; and Berecynthia, from Berecynthus a Mountain in the same Country, where her Ceremonies were begun; and Atis, a handsome young Phrygian, by her appointed superintendent over them, upon condition that he would promise chastity during life: but not long after he deflowered a Nymph: for which offence Cybele took away his understanding; and in one of his mad fits, by his own hand he was gelt, and after that, he attempted to kill himself; but it seems the Compassionate Gods prevented him, and turned the youth into a Pinetree, Ovid. Met. By his example, the Phrygian Priests ever after gelded themselves with the shell of a fish. Their Vest was particoloured, called Synthesis, or amictus variegatus; they carried the picture of their Goddess through the streets of Rome in their hands, and striking their breasts, kept tune with their Tabers Pipes, and Cymbals, called Aera Corybantia: as they were named Corybantes, from Corybantus, one of Cybele's first Votaries, they wore Mitres fastened under their chins, Sat. 6. 
— Cybel's Priest, the tall  
Grave half-man (with no obscene part of all,  
A Fish-shell long since cut off that) comes in,  
A Phrygian Mitre tied beneath his chin.  In this manner dancing about the streets, they begged money of the people, from whence the Romans termed them Circulatores Cybelei, Cybel's Jugglers, or Collectors; they were common Bawds, as appears by this place, and Master-Gluttons and Drunkards, as you may see in the following part of this satire; and where the young Consul Damasippus lays the chief Priest of Cybele dead drunk, Sat. 8.  With Cybel's Priest on's back, his bells at rest: 
Verse 27. Herculean language.] This refers to Xenophons' Dialogue between Hercules Virtue and Vice; where Hercules confutes the monster Vice with arguments, as he had done other monsters with his club.  
Ver. 29. Varillus.] A poor Rogue, that will acknowledge no difference or odds in point of goodness between himself & the wicked great man Sextus.  
Verse 33. To hear a Mutineer complained of by the Gracchis,] Signifies the same with our English Proverb, To hear Vice correct Sin. Caius and Tiberius Gracchus (Sons to that excellent pattern of modesty, Cornelia Daughter to Scipio Africanus, that conquered Hannibal) were young men of incomparable wit and elocution, but too much addicted to popularity. This made them relinquish the Lords, and court the People, with whom to ingratiate themselves, they passed the Lex Agraria, for division of the public lands between the Lords and Commons, which Law, though grounded upon a fundamental Right, was the firebrand to a sedition quenched in the blood of these two Brothers; Tiberius being slain, as he was making a Speech to the people, by the hand of Publius Nassica the Pontifex Maximus; and Caius, when he had fortified the Capitoline Mount, by the command of the Consul Opimius. Plutarch in Caio & Tiberio.  
Verse 35. Milo.] T. Annius Milo from the Papian Family adopted by T. Annius his maternal Grandfather, slew Clodius Tribune of the People, that had many seditions and dangerous designs against the Republic, for which reason Cicero intended to make the people favourable to the Murderer, and spoke in his behalf, but not that Oration which is at this day to be seen among his works; and that afterwards coming to the hand of Milo, then banished to Masilia, where he lived in extreme want: Oh, says Milo, if Cicero had spoke this, I had not gathered worms in Masilia, Nonn. in Romanorum Historiam.  
Verse 36. Verres.] Caius Verres was first Quaestor to Cneius Carbo, than Legate and Proquestor to Cneius Dolabella, both which he betrayed. When Lucullus and Cotta were Consuls, he was made Praetor Urbanus, or Lord chief Justice of Rome; and after the discharge of that office, Praetor of Sicily, where he exercised his authority with so much lust, avarice and cruelty, that the Sicilians sued him upon the Law De pecuniis repetundis, to make him refund: and in their favour, Cicero managed the accusation against him with so much vigour and art, that when Verres saw how his Patron Hortensius was over matched, he withdrew into voluntary exile, where, after he had rested free from any further molestation for twenty six years, he was by the Triumvirs proscribed and slain. Plin. lib. 34. The cause of his proscription, was for denying to Mark Antony certain antique pieces of Corinthian plate, which that Triumvir much desired. Seneca says he died like a stout man; but it seems he had lived like a thief, one that rob not one man, not one City, but all Sicily. See Cicero in Verrinis, Asconius Pedianus and Lactautius lib. 2.  
Verse 36. Clodius.] Clodius, Cicero's capital enemy, made himself be adopted by a Plebeian, only that he might be one of the body of the people, to vote Cicero out of Rome, Cicero ad Atticum lib. 1. He was an Adulterer most impudent and sacrilegious, for he came to the solemnity of the Good Goddess (where it was unlawful for any man to be present) in the habit of a singing-Woman, Sat. 6. to meet Julius Caesar's wife, Plutarch. which occasioned the Julian Law, that made adultery death. He married his own Niece, enjoyed three Sisters, and corrupted Metella Daughter to the religious Pontifex Maximus, that lost his eyes with zealous care to preserve the Temple of Pallas when it was on fire, Sat. 3.  Or he that saved our Pallas from the flame. 
Verse 37. Catiline.] A Roman, for his conspiracy against his Country, made famous by the pen of Cicero. Catiline's fellow Conspirators were Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, Ceparius: you may read their whole Plot at large in Sallust; and Cicero's Orat. against Catiline.  
Verse 38. Sylla 's three Scholars,] Caesar, Anthony, and Lepidus; imitating in the beginning of their Triumvirate, the bloody Roll of their Tutor in the Art of Government, Sylla. See Sylla in the Comment upon the first satire.  
Verse 39 One lately married his own Niece.] This might be Claudius Caesar, that after he had put to death his Empress Messalina, married Agrippina his own brother's Daughter, Mother to Nero, the Senate dispensing with the incestuous Marriage: and she (lest she might bring a Coheir to her Son Nero) took potions, and receipts to make her part with her conceptions: which deformed Embryos or Abortives could not choose but be very like her Uncle their Father; for he was (as the Mother of Antonius used to call him) a monster of men, a thing begun by nature but not finished. And after the violation of the Law, in this marriage with his Niece, he revived the Julian Law, which made adultery death; not only a terrible Law to Men, but that would have reached Mars and Venus too, if Vulcan's Counsel might have pleaded it. Others, to whose opinion I subscribe, understand this (One) to be Domitian Caesar, that was like wise very ugly, and married his own Niece Julia, here named, Daughter to the delight of mankind, his noble Brother Titus: forcing her to take so many drugs to prevent the danger of childbearing, that by seeking to preserve, he destroyed her.  
Verse 45. Scauran Counterfeits.] Aemilius Scaurus born of noble (but poor) parents, raised himself by his elocution to the dignity of Consul: He having once been so poor, that he was forced to trade in Charcoal for a livelihood. In his Consulship he triumphed for his victory over the Ligurians, and Cantisci: when he was Censor he made the Aemilian Way, and built the Aemilian Bridge: He commanded his Son Scaurus (for giving ground to an enemy) never to come into his sight again; the sense of which ignominy, made so deep an impression in the bashful youth that he slew himself, Plin. But as the best interpretation (of Scauran Counterfeits) Sallust in his Jugurthines gives this character of Aemilius Scaurus. He was a person noble, active, factious and bold, but he had the art of concealing his vices. After the expiration of his Consulship, when he was Consular, and Prince of the Senate: the House sent him Ambassador to King Jugurth to dissuade him from assaulting Cirra, and besieging Adherbal.  
Verse 48. Laronia.] A wanton, but a witty Lady, that tells the sour Philosophy-monger, that Cato Major, (Censor by his office) and his Nephew, whose constancy was admired by the Romans (being now in their ashes) it seems a third Cato was come from heaven, meaning this censorious Stoic; but whilst she thus looks upon him as upon a kind of God, she takes notice that he is in something less than a Man; for she finds that he wears a perfume, and desires to know his Drugster, that she might buy at the same Shop: such essences being as proper for her sex, as contrary to his severe profession.  
Verse. 54. The Law Scantinian.] Caius Scantinius, being accused by Caius Marcellus, for offering to force his Son; a Law passed in Senate, that set a Fine of 10000 H.S. upon the like attempt; and the foul Offender was either to pay the whole sum or his life.  
Verse 66. Arachne,] Idmon's Daughter, a Lydian Maid that had the vanity to challenge the Goddess Pallas to wove with her, and being disgraced by the Goddess, despaired: and had hanged herself but that Pallas as a monument of her own mercy and the Maid's presumption, saved her life and turned her into a Spider, that is still weaving to no purpose. Ovid Met. lib. 6. Pliny says Arachne was the Inventress of Lines and Nets▪ and that her Son Closter found out the Wheels and Spindle's for wool.  
Verse 67. Penelope,] Wife to Ulysses, that in the twenty years' absence of her Husband, could never be wrought upon, either by her Parents persuasions or the Courtship of her Suitors, to violate her faith in giving way to a second marriage▪ but when the libidinous pretenders were so pressing that she feared violence, she won them to a grant of so much time, for her to think upon it, as till the work which she had in hand (and was then in the Loom) should be wrought off: and she carried her design so politicly, that all which they saw her wove in the day time, she unwove in the night. Thus she staved off their fury, till her Husband returned, who coming home in a Beggar's habit, desired of his wife a night's lodging, and in that time made an end of all his Rivals. Homer in Odyss.  
Verse 80. Procula.] Procula, Pollinea, Carfinia, and Fabulla were famous Roman Courtesans in Juvenal's time.  
Verse 87. Victorious Fathers.] The ancient Romans; whose richest apparel was their wounds, their strongest fortifications the mountains, and their healthfullest exercise, the plough that maintained their Families: with what indignation would they have looked upon the effeminate impudence of these Sarsenet Judges.  
Verse 93. Legislative Cretan.] The silken Judges that would be thought as strict and just as Minos the Cretan Legislator.  
Verse 101. Hedge-Priest.] The word is now so proper for a Mock-Priest, that I rather choose it then my Author's expression, Qui longa domi redimicula sumunt, a House-Priest, one of those that wear fillets and jewels about their necks, which he calls House-Priests, to distinguish them from Priests belonging to the Temples, appointed to sacrifice by public Authority; to which he adds the wearing of fillets and jewels, to distinguish them from men, their effeminacy disowning of their sex. These Separatists he parallels with the Dippers or Baptists of Athens, that worshipped their Goddess Cotytus or Cotittus, with the like abominable Ceremonies, being diametrically opposite to those used by the Romans at the Feast of the Good Goddess; for there the Vestal Nuns were Superintendents. Cic. de Arusp. respons. no man admitted to the Sacrifice, not so much as a male picture, Sat. 6. (though it seems Clodius brought in a masculine substance;) nay, the very Myrtle was excluded, because it was consecrated to Venus: but here they had nothing appertaining to the Good Goddess, but that which made her thought to be Ceres, the paunches of fat Sows, and bolls or vessels of wine, which they called by the name of Amphoras of honey. Alex. Gen. Dier. lib. 6. c. 8. but they admitted no women, they themselves acting women's parts.  
Verse 116. Masters Juno.] It was the Roman mode for the man to protest by his Genius, and the woman by her Juno.  
Verse 117. Otho.] Otho Silvius descended from the Hetrurian or Tuscan Kings, came to be Emperor by treason, murdering his poor old Sovereign Galba. Tacitus lib. 1. cap. 7. says, that Otho's Soldiers as if they had marched against the Parthians, Vologeses, or Pacho, to unthrone them that had rooted out the Arsacean Line, and not to murder their own Emperor unarmed and aged, scattering the people, trampling upon the Senate, put spurs to their horses and charged into the place of Assembly; neither did the sight of the Capital, nor reverence of the Temples there, nor the memory of past Princes, or fear of those to come terrify them from committing that inhuman act, which the immediate Successor is obliged to revenge. Galba was slain by Camurius a Soldier of the fifteenth Legion. Tacit. Plut. But Otho that when he was conquered by Vitelius, painted his face before his great Looking-glass like an ordinary woman, (for it seems the two Queens Semiramis and Cleopatra did not so in their last battles) yet in his death, and only in his death, showed himself a man. Plut. Tacit.  
Verse 118. Auruncane Actors spoil.] It relates to Virgil's verse lib. 12. Actoris Aurunci spolium, Auruncane Actors spoil; being a massy spear won in fight from that great Soldier by Turnus: not greater for a spear than Otho's Trophy for a Looking-glass.  
Verse 127. Bedriack field.] The ground where Otho was defeated by Vitelius, in all other but the Lovure-copy written Bebriack.  
Verse 129. Semiramis.] Queen of Assyria, the Widow of King Ninus, that perceiving the Assyrians would not endure to be governed by a Woman, concealed his death, and took upon herself his person, till such time as her Son Ninus should grow up and be able to manage the Affairs of State. She walled the City of Babylon, Sat. 10. Brick-waled Babylon. Subduing her neighbour Princes, she very much extended the limits of her Empire, Valer. lib. 9 cap. 3. Once, when she was dressing herself, news came that the Babylonians had revolted, and one side of her hair being uncombed out, she put on her Quiver, and in that posture led up her Army against the Town, nor would she suffer the other side of her hair to be put in order till the City was rendered. But the end of her life answered not so glorious a beginning; for she fell in love with her Son Ninus, that having no other way to be rid of her nefarious importunity, slew her with his own hand.  
Verse 131. Cleopatra,] Queen of Egypt, Daughter of Ptolemy Auletus, Sister and Wife to Ptolemy the last: She was first Mistress to Julius Caesar, and had by him her Son Caesario: Afterwards Mark Antony lived with her as her Husband, divorcing himself from his own Lady the Sister of Augustus, which he so resented, that he declared a war against Antony, and defeated him at sea in the battle of Actium, where he fought and fled in obedience to Cleopatra; at last died upon his own sword, Plut. This example Cleopatra followed, that disdaining to be made a scorn to Rome, and to follow the triumphant Chariot of Augustus, procured a Country fellow to bring her in a basket of figs, a venomous Asp, which she angering, it sucked her arm, and so the poison struck her to the heart. Plut. in the life of Marc. Antony.  
Verse 134. Foul Phrygian talk.] A lascivious Lecture read at meal-times by the Archigallus, Peribonius, to his Scholars that exactly followed him in Trencher-doctrines, and point of gusto, but could not be brought to imitate him in the use of his Phrygian Razor (viz.) the Fish-shell wherewith he gelded himself.  
Verse 142. Gracchus for thy Dower.] This Gracchus a prodigy of that noble house of the Gracchis, that being descended from Gracchus Sempronius the Proconsul of Spain, to whom the Celtiberians rendered themselves, and from Scipio that defeated Hannibal, to the dishonour of his Family and Nation, basely married himself as a Bride to a Trumpeter; out of a mere wanton humour; for he was able to subsist of himself, as appears by the Dower which he brought to the Trumpeter, being 4000 Sestertia, about 3125 l. sterling, the Census Equestris or legal Estate of a Roman Knight: yet was this very Gracchus one of the four and twenty Salian Priests, of which were twelve, being the first number, instituted by Numa Pompilius in the honour of Mars, and were to dance in Procession through the streets of Rome, carrying in their hands the Ancile or brazen Shield that dropped from heaven into King Numa's hand, Plut. in Numa.  
Verse 145. Censor.] The Censors were two Officers chosen by the Consuls with consent of Senate, to Register men's names, and to assess or value their estates: in the second place they were capacitated to reform manners, by enquiring into men's lives and actings: and in this secondary sense, Juvenal asks whether it be not more necessary, that a Censor should set a Fine upon the head of Gracchus, or that an Aruspex should purify Rome, after the production of such a Monster.  
Verse 145. Aruspex,] A Soothsayer, that divined of things to come by inspection of the entrails of sacrificed beasts, part of whose office it was to lustrate or purge the place contaminated with any monstrous birth.  
Verse 148. A Cow calve a Lamb.] Be pleased to take notice that calve in this place is the proper action of a Cow in bringing forth a Lamb; and that in the precedent verse Dam is the denomination received by the woman, after she hath teemed a Calf. This I explain, lest my Reader, referring both the words to one action, I might be thought to transgress against the rules of proportion.  
Verse 150. Ancilian Shields.] The Ancile was a brazen Shield round at both ends, and half-mooned at the sides, which in King Numa's reign (as I said before) fell down from Heaven at the ceasing of a plague, a voice being heard (out of the cloud from whence it dropped, when Miracles were frequent at Rome) that promised health to the City so long as that Ancile should be kept safe; whereupon Mamurius was commanded by Numa to make eleven more such Shields, which he did, and made them all so like the first, as they were indistinguishable. These twelve Ancilia were delivered into the custody of twelve Priests of Mars, which number was afterwards increased to four and twenty, (one of whose College this Gracchus was, before he married the Trumpeter) called Salian or dancing Priests, because, as you have heard, their custom was to dance when they carried the Ancilia. This stupendious marriage of a Priest of Mars makes my Author cry out upon the God, that revenged not upon his Priest this profanation of his Deity; and that being the Father of Romulus, and therefore of the Romans, his Godheadship looked no better to his children, but suffered them to act these abominations even in the Campus Martius, the Fields of Mars, and in the Quirine Valley, which was likewise consecrated to him, that was in his fury called by the Romans Gradivus, but when he was amicable Quirinus, Ovid. 2. Fast.  
Verse 171. Swollen Lydes Salve-box.] A charm against barrenness worn by the superstitious Roman women, and sold by those Quack-salving Gossips of Lydia. About the understanding of this word Lyde there have been great controversies among the Critics: Junius will have Lyde to be the Lydian Maid Arachne, and so to signify a Spider, which (the Naturalists say) if it be worn about a woman, will make her fruitful. Politianus will have Lyde to signify one of those Lydian women that went about Rome to sell receipts to Ladies. Now do but suppose this Spider of Junius to be put into Politian's Salve-box, and to feed upon the unguent that imbalmed the inside thereof (as those Spiders do which at this day are worn in bags or walnut-shells against a Tertian Ague) and then either interpretation of Lyde may stand good; and so the Spider may be sold for a charm against barrenness by a Lydian woman, that should best know her nature, being her Countrywoman: and consequently the two Critics are reconciled, without the learned scruple, that if Lyde had signified a Spider, condita then must have been the nominative case, and so the verse would have wanted his true quantities. And thus much shall suffice for these kind of Criticisms, being difficiles nugae.  
Verse 172. Active Luperci.] The Lupercalia were Feasts and Games solemnised by the Romans in honour of God Pan, whom they called Inuus or Junus, Pomponius Laetus de Sacerd. cap. de Luper. The time of their celebration was upon the unfortunate days of February, a Februando, being the time of Purification; though the Feast itself was called Lupercale, the Feast of Wolves, in memory of the Wolf that nursed Romulus and Remus: and the Luperci, the Priests that ran the Course, set forth at the foot of Mount Palatine, where the Wolf gave suck to Romulus; likewise a Dog the Wolf's enemy was then sacrificed with two Goats. These were the Ceremonies, Plut. in Romul. after the Sacrifice, two young Lords waiting at the Altar, had their foreheads bloodied with the Popa's knife wherewith he killed the Goats: the blood was presently dried up with wool dipped in milk; and as soon as ever their foreheads were dry, it was their Cue to laugh: then the Goat's skins being cut into thongs, the youths took them in their hands, and only girding a napkin about their middles, ran stark naked through the streets, striking all they met with the thongs, and the wives that never had children, would be sure to stand in their way, because they believed there was a virtue in those touches that helped conception. The reason why they ran naked, was, because the Shepherd's God, Pan Licaeus, in whose honour the Arcadians first instituted such Games, was ever painted naked, Fenest. de Sacerd. cap. 1.  
Verse 173. Fencer Gracchus] Juvenal seems not to be so much offended with Gracchus the Salian Priest, as with Gracchus the Gladiator, because this dishonoured his illustrious Family in the sight of all Rome; fight upon the Stage as a Retiarius, or Jack-Pudding to the Clown the Myrmillo. The manner of their fight was this; the Retiarius and Myrmillo or Secutor being so armed as you see in the Design before this satire, and the whole City of Rome, as well the Senate as the People looking on; the Retiarius tried all the ways of his Art, to get the Myrmillo's head into his Cast-net, sometimes seeming not to mind himself, that the Secutor might think he lay open to his Sica or crooked sword, and whilst he cunningly gave him a blow at his leg or thigh, attempting with his Float-net to halter him: but if he miss, he was forced to fly round about the Lists till he could recover, and put himself into a posture of offence: in the mean time he kept off the Sica with his Fuscina or Trident: Sometimes they would come to a Parley, and the Net-bearer would act the Complementaster, telling the Follower, though he knew his blood was sought by him, and always carried a sponge in his pocket, Plin. lib. 31. to wipe away his fury, yet for his own part he meant no harm to the Follower himself, only he desired to catch his Fish. See Lipsius in Saturnal. & Juvenal, Sat. 8. where he describes this Gracchus in the Lists, not compelled by Nero to fight as a Gladiator: but voluntarily, after he had spent his fortunes, selling his honour, life and funeral to the Praetor, being a man of mean birth, in whose Show this Lord fought for money, in the presence of the greatest persons of Rome, but none of them, no not the Capitolini Marcelli, etc. so nobly born as himself.  
Verse 176. Capitoline Race.] Capitoline was the Cognomen or Surname of the Manlian Family, whose Founder Marcus Manlius, for affecting the Sovereign power, was adjudged to be cast down from the Tarpeian or Capitoline Rock.  
Verse 177. Marcellus] was the proper name of the gallant Roman that in a single combat killed the General of the Gauls, took Syracuse in Sicily, was five times Consul, and at last, circumvented by Hannibal in an ambush, perished.  
Verse 177. Catuli,] The honour of that name Qu. Luctatius Catulus, in the first Punic war, with three hundred sail of Romans, cutting of provisions from six hundred Carthaginian Ships under their Admiral Amilcar, and defeating their whole Fleet, put an end to the war: yet granted them at their humble suit peace, upon these conditions, That they should leave to the Romans Sicily and Sardinia, with the rest of the Isles between Italy and Africa, and withdraw their forces out of Spain that lies beyond Iberus, Liv.  
Verse 177. Fabian name.] The Fabii were those noble and potent Romans that took upon themselves the war against the Vientes, only drawing with them into the field their Clients and Slaves; and having worsted the Enemy in many light skirmishes, at last by a stratagem at the River Cremera they were all slain to a man, Ovid lib. 2. Fast. yet this sad calamity one of the Fabian Family survived, being left at Rome a Child, from whom by a long series of descents came that Fabius Maximus, created Dictator against Hannibal, whose dilatory prudence restored Rome to her former greatness, much impaired and almost quite lost by the temerity of other Generals.  Ennius. 
Vnus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem.  
One man by his demurs preserved our State.  
Verse 178. Paulus.] Paulus Aemilius the Consul, slain at the battle at Cannae in Apulia.  
Verse 180. Not bating him.] The Praetor that hired the Gladiator Gracchus.  
Verse 182. Stygian Sound.] The River Styx, over which Charon (with the Oar here mentioned) rowed thousands of souls at a Fare.  
Verse 184. Pay not for their bath.] No children at Rome were exempted from paying the Balneatick, or Bath-farthing, but only such Infants as were carried in their Nurse's arms; and it should seem that only such believed their Nurses, that told them of Hell and Hobgoblins.  
Verse 185. Camillus'] Was called a second Romulus, as a new Founder of Rome after the Gauls were Masters of it: ten years he held the Veians besieged, and then took the Town by a Mine: Soon after he was brought to his Trial by Apuleius Saturninus Tribune of the people, for riding in Triumph with white horses, and for an unequal distribution of the spoil: being condemned he withdrew into Ardea: but when the Gauls had possessed themselves of Rome, and straightly besieged the Capitol, he was in his absence chosen Dictator, and collecting the scattered Romans, surprised the Gauls that only busied their heads about weighing of Roman gold; and so restored his Country to their Liberty. After this, when the people of Rome would needs transplant themselves to Veii, he stayed them with a grave and eloquent Oration, which you may read in Livy, wherein you may see all the perfections and excellencies of the City of Rome. The third time that he was made Dictator, he preserved the City Satricum, confederate with the people of Rome, from the fury of the Latins. The fourth time that he was chosen Dictator to pacify a sedition of the people, he excused himself for want of health, and deputed another in his place. The fifth time that he was Dictator, the Gauls once again marching towards Rome, and quartering their Army near the River Aviene, were utterly defeated by him. Lastly, at 80 years of age he died in Rome of the plague.  
Verse 186. Fabricius.] The Censor, titled for his strictness Maximus, assisted by his Colleague Q. Aemilius Papus, fined Pub. Cornelius Ruffinus, who had been twice Consul, and put him out of the Senate, for having in his house a silver vessel of ten pound weight, Agel. lib. 4. Val. Max. See Juvenal. Sat 9 and 11: where he notes the like Censure passed by him upon his Colleague P. Decius▪  
Verse 186. Curius.] Of him in the beginning of the Comment upon this satire.  
Verse 186. Both the Scipio 's] Scipio Africanus and Scipio Aemilianus, or Africanus minor: the first when he was a boy used at certain hours of the day, to retire himself into a private part of the Temple, and was thought by the people to converse with Jove. At seventeen years of age his Father carried him into the field, in the beginning of the second Punic war; and even then he rescued his Father wounded and catched in one of Hannibal's traps, Liv. Plut. After he had taken new Carthage in Spain, he passed his Army into Africa, where conquering Hannibal, he made Carthage tributary, Liv. Where he died is uncertain; some say at Rome, and show a Monument at the Porta Capena with three Statues over it, two of P. and L. Scipio, the third of the Poet Ennius Scipio's friend, Cic. Others say he died at Linternum, and was there buried by his own appointment, declining his ingrateful Country, that would have condemned him for moneys received of King Antiochus, and not brought into the public Treasury. By this Scipio the other Scipio was adopted (for he was the Son of L. Aemilius Paulus) he utterly destroyed Carthage and Numantia, two Cities most inveterate enemies to the State of Rome. At last, living privately at his own house, he was there slain, for which murder the Gracchis were suspected, Liv.  
Verse 187. The Legion.] The three hundred and six Fabii before mentioned.  
Verse 188. The Youth at Cannae.] The flower of all the Roman Militia, upon whom the Carthaginians at the battle of Cannae did execution so long, till Hannibal himself cried out Soldiers no more blood.  
Verse 191. Purify themselves.] The Aruspex when he purified a place defiled with Monsters, used a Torch and Sulphur with water, and a Laurel sprinkle, Ovid.  
Verse 195. Th' Orcades] Claudius Caesar added the Islands of the Orcadeses to the Roman Empire.  
Verse 198. Zalates.] One of the Armenian Children sent Hostage to Rome, and there debauched by the Tribune, who had the custody and breeding of him.  
Verse 205. Artaxata,] A City in Armenia, Strab. lih. 11. built upon the River Araxes by Hannibal King of Artaxia.    


Figura Tertia.  
UMbricius ¹ migrans ² Juvenali narrat amico,  
Quorsùm tota domus rhedâ ponatur in unâ,  
Et cur matre senex cupiat decedere ³ Româ;  
Facta noverca pios quia pejùs tractat alumnos,  
quam si quis longis venit improbus hospes ab oris:  
Nam si tu fraudes ignoras artis, egenus  
Esto; ut ⁴ Judaeus Romae qui somnia vendit,  
Cui ⁵ Templun Egeriae, cui ⁶ fonsque ⁷ nemusque locantur,  
Arboribus populo mercedem pendere jussis.  
Umbricii sine dote ⁸ puellam candida virtus  
Agricolae jungat; lanam trahet otia ruris  
Nacta, magìs felix, quam serica Consulis uxor:  
Filia ⁹ dum civis, dotata an pauper, in urbe  
Cogitur infido miserè succumbere Graeco;  
Pharmaca qui miscet, cantûs choreaeque magister;  
Virginibusque legit, quae scripsit Achaia mendax.  
Ambulet Umbricii per noctem ¹⁰ filius, irâ  
Jam praetextati spretâ, contoque minantis;  
Dissimilis ¹¹ Romano inopi, qui basia dextrae  
Caedentis figens, abit uno laetus ocello.  
Quum virtus humilis magnas non incolat urbes,  
Currum age, perge ¹² Auriga, probis comes ibo colonis.   

  

The third Design.  
HEre from ¹ Umbritius ² Juvenal receives  
A full account why his old friend thus leaves  
His Mother ³ Rome, that treats the best of hers  
No better than the worst of Foreiners:  
For if no Cheats mean-fortuned Romans use,  
They grow as poor as fortune-telling ⁴ Jews,  
That farm Egeria's sacred ⁵ Tenement,  
Fountain ⁶, and ⁷ Grove, but fell it to make rend.  
His ⁸ Daughter, without dower, her virtue now  
May match to one that holds his father's plough,  
And she live happier than a Consul's wife,  
Crowned with the quiet of a Country life:  
Whilst, poor or rich, at Rome a handsome ⁹ Maid  
Will be to some sly Grecian's lust betrayed,  
That gives her Physic, teaches her to dance,  
To sing an Ode, or read a Greek Romançe;  
His ¹⁰ Son too may walk lighted by the Moon,  
And now fear no wild rambling youth's batoon;  
Like some poor ¹¹ Roman, that in case he miss  
But one eye, will the hand that struck him kiss.  
No living for poor virtue in great Towns.  
On ¹² Carter! Have among you honest Clowns.    

The Manners of Men. THE THIRD satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
Umbritius, with his Wagon load  
Of household goods, upon the road  
Meets Juvenal, and lays him down  
The reasons why he leaves the Town;  
Compares the Country's safe delights  
With Rome's dear Rates, ill-Arts and Frights;  
And saying on, is put in mind  
Of parting, by the Sun declined.  
THough grieved for my old friend's remove, I'm glad  
He will at empty Cumae fix, and add  
One Dweller to that Sybil's Town, the door  
To Baiae, sweet retirement's pleasant shore.  
I would plant Prochyta your petty Isle,  
Ere dwell in our Suburras goodly Pile:  
For what so desolate, sad, horrid there,  
As frights of fire, still falling houses here,  
And thousand dangers which at Rome we dread,  
Besides the Poets that in August read?  
The Wagon, wherein all his house was laid,  
At th' ancient Arc by moist Capena stayed,  
Where NUMA every night his Goddess met,  
Whose Temple, Spring, and Grove the People let  
Now to the Jews, and all their stock to pay  
Their Landlords, is a Basket and some Hay;  
Yet out of every tree the rent is made,  
'Tis Beggars-bush, no more the Muse's shade.  
Into EGERIA'S valley we descend,  
To those fair Wells, which Art presumed to mend.  
How much diviner had the waters been,  
If with a border of eternal green,  
The grass about the spring had still remained,  
Nor marble had the native stone profaned?  
Here thus UMBRICIUS says, since for our pains  
In honest Arts, the City yields no gains:  
My stock's less this day than the day before,  
Yet will to morrow shrink that little more:  
I mean to go and settle in the Town,  
Where DAEDALUS his wearied wings laid down;  
Whilst age strait-shouldered hath some youth in it,  
Whilst my hair's grey; whilst there's a remnant yet  
For LACHESIS to spin; whilst I walk on  
My own legs, need no staff to lean upon;  
I bid the place where I was born, farewell.  
There let ARTURIUS and CATULUS dwell,  
Men that turn black to white, that can with ease  
Farm holy earth, our rivers, and our seas,  
Be Scavengers, bodies to burning bear,  
And sell slaves under the commanding spear.  
These Village-known cheeks, that in Country lists  
Were Fencers men, these sometimes Flutenists,  
Now sword-play Masters, with reversed thumbs kill,  
The people shouting, what-poor Rogue they will.  
Returning thence, hire the gold-finders place,  
Indeed what not? since they are of that race  
Which rises to high office, from mean birth,  
As oft as fortune is disposed to mirth.  
What should I do at Rome? I cannot lie,  
Nor when a book is vilely writ, comply  
And beg a copy. How your Planet runs  
I know not; promise father's deaths to sons  
Nor can, nor will I; I did ne'er dissect  
Toads entrails; what commands lewd friends direct  
To others wives, conveyed by others be:  
No Thief shall his Receiver make of me.  
I therefore go lame, no companion left,  
An useless member, my right hand bereft.  
Who's now beloved, but he that can reveal  
Foul trusts, which he for ever should conceal:  
He owes thee nothing, nothing will bestow,  
That lets thee but an honest secret know.  
Great VERRES with respect will that man use  
That when he pleases VERRES can accuse.  
Let not dark TAGUS buy thee from thy sleep,  
Nor all the gold that rolls unto the deep;  
Take not base bribes, which thy sad soul rejects:  
Whilst thy great friend the faith, he hires, suspects.  
Now what they are our rich men love so well,  
I loathe so much, I haste, nor blush, to tell,  
I cannot, Romans, this Greek Town abide;  
Nor's all Greek filth; for long since with the tide  
To Tiber, Syrian Orontes flowed,  
Their oblique strings and Fiddlers, language, mode,  
Their Country Cymbals too they brought aland,  
And hackney-Sluts that in the Circus stand.  
Walk thither you that do a fancy bear  
To Courtesans that painted Mitres wear.  
Our anointed Clown, prize-playing ornaments,  
Or a poor basket-scambling gown contents:  
There's born at Andros, Samos, Amidon,  
Alaband, Trallos, or high Sicyon:  
Have th' honour in mount Esquiline to live,  
Or that, to which a name the wickers give.  
Now servants in great houses, some years hence  
Their Lords; thanks to their desperate impudence,  
Quick wit, and volubility of tongue;  
ISAEUS had not his so smoothly hung.  
Tell me, what's he in whom comes every man?  
A Rhetorician, a Grammarian,  
A Painter, Nointer, Augur, Geometrician,  
A Dancer o'the ropes too, a Physician,  
Magician, he knows all things: bid him so,  
To heaven the hungry little Greek will go.  
In short, wings were not by a Thracian worn,  
Tartar, or Moor: but one at Athens born.  
Should I not fly from these great Lords? shall he  
Seal first, and at a feast take place of me,  
That hath by that wind wafted hither been  
Which brings us Syrian figs, and sea-coal in?  
Is it no privilege that we were bred  
In Roman air, with Sabine olives fed?  
The wise Greek Parasite will the speech commend  
Of his unlearned, the face of is ugly friend:  
His long weak neck with HERCULES compare,  
Holding earthborn ANTAEUS in the air:  
Admire his clear voice, sounding harsher than  
The Cock that treading bites his love the Hen.  
We flatter thus, but they're believed, for they  
Act better: when upon the Stage they play  
A naked Sea-Nymph, or a modest Wife,  
Or Courtesan, they do it to the life,  
The woman seen, 'tis not the Player speaks;  
All's plain beneath the waste, and gently breaks;  
Nor should their Mimics be in that esteem:  
ANTIOCHUS', STRATOCLES, DEMETRIUS seem  
Such wonders: soft-tongued HAEMUS such a man:  
Their very Nation's a Comedian;  
Smile you? a louder laughter shakes him: weep,  
He his friend company in tears will keep,  
But grieves not: if you say the winter's cold  
And call for fire, he'll in a Rug be rolled:  
Cry out 'tis hot, he sweats: can ours then match  
His wit, that still lies at the nimbler catch?  
That night and day put's on another's look:  
Praises his friend's new Suit, as strangely took:  
Flourishing of his hands before his face  
If he belch well, or piss with a good grace:  
Or if, the gilt boll's bottom turning up,  
He take the froth off, with a gallant sup.  
Then nothing's safe from's lust, or unprofaned:  
Not your chaste Wife, your Son till then unstained,  
The yet smooth Bridegroom, or your virgin-child.  
Hast none of these? thy Grandmother's defiled.  
They will know Chamber-secrets, and be feared.  
And since some mention of the Greeks ye have heard,  
See their Gymnasium, where our Youth now learns,  
And hear a crime the reverend Gown concerns;  
The Stoic murdered BAREAS, a State-Rogue  
His Friend; his Pupil a grave Pedagogue:  
An old Informer, nursed upon the coast  
Where winged PEGASUS a feather lost.  
No place for any Roman here remains,  
Where ERIMANTUS or PROTOGENES reigns,  
Or DIPHILUS, that by's Nation's vice will own  
No Partner, but enjoys his friend alone:  
For if his clime's or nature's venom fall  
Into an easy ear, good night to all  
My tedious service, out a-doors I'm hurled;  
A Client's the least loss in all the world.  
But, not to soothe ourselves, though night by night  
We Clients run so hard, what gain we by't?  
When now the Praetor bids his Lictor fly  
To childless friends, that long since waking lie,  
For fear that his Colleague the Tribune may  
Wish MODIA, or ALBINA, first Good day?  
The rich man's Slave and the poor Freed-man's Son  
(That gives him th' upper hand) together run;  
The first whereof bestows what would have paid  
The Tribune for a Legion, to Trade  
With CATIENA, or pant once or twice  
Upon Calvina: frighted at her price,  
Thou tak'st poor whores; so much thou canst not spare  
As will hand CHIO from her lofty chair.  
At Rome produce a witness as sincere  
As CYBEL'S Host, though NUMA should appear,  
Or he that saved our PALLAS from the flame:  
First his estate's examined, last his fame:  
What servants keeps he? what's he worth in land?  
On's Board how great how many Chargers stand?  
As much coin as in's Coffers each man hath,  
So much is th' estimation of his faith.  
Shouldst thou make oath by all those sacred powers  
The Samothratians worship, and by ours:  
That poor men thunder and the Gods contemn,  
'Tis held; and that the Gods dispense with them.  
Then one's a common theme for mirth and scorn,  
If's Gown be sordid, his Cloak old and torn,  
His Shoe-sole gape, or in the stitcht-up wound  
The several scars by the new thread be found.  
In wretched beggary nothing's harder, then  
To see what laughingstocks it makes of men.  
Get ye out, whose means fall short of Law, one cries,  
For shame from off the noble Cushion rise:  
Let some Whore's issue, or the Cryer's Heir  
Sat down, and give his gallant plaudit there  
With fine young Fencers, basket-scramblers; thus  
It pleased vain OTHO to distinguish us,  
Who (here) to Sons-in-law with mean estates  
Gives portions? who the poor his Heir creates?  
When's he of th' Aediles Counsel? ere this day  
We meaner Romans should have trooped away:  
Men seldom rise where want keeps virtue down;  
But 'tis a miracle in this base Town.  
Here Servant's bellies your expense enlarge:  
A poor Room's dear, a slender Meal great charge.  
We blush to eat in earth, they do not so  
That hence removing to the Marsians go;  
That are contented with Sabellian food,  
And only wear a course Venetian hood:  
There's a great part of Italy where none  
But only dead men have a gown put on.  
Even in the majesty of some feast-day,  
When on the strewed Stage th' old Jig ends the Play,  
While the poor Country-Child in's Mother's arm  
Fears the pale gaping thing will do it harm:  
You see one habit worn, by all that sit  
As well in the Orchestra as the Pit.  
White garments serve the Aediles of the Town,  
And 'tis esteemed a robe of high renown.  
Here's gallantry beyond our means: Here's more  
Than needs, oft taken from another's store.  
Our common crime's proud beggary: not to hold  
Thee longer, all at Rome is bought and sold.  
What giv'st thou to have COSSUS deign a word,  
Or great VIENTO but a look afford?  
This mows down beards, he must the Favourite trim:  
The Patron's house is filled with gifts for him;  
This for yourself Sir: tribute we must pay  
To servants, and make them as rich as gay.  
Who fears, or ever feared in Country-Towns  
Their bane? at moist Praeneste: where wood crowns  
The Volsian cliffs: among the simple sort  
Of Gabians: or in bending Tibur's Fort?  
We fill a Town shoard-up with slender poles  
Brought by the Boor, who th' old wide-gaping holes  
Dawbs over, and then bids us sleep secure,  
When we to sleep for ever, may be sure.  
Let me live where no night-shreiks terrify,  
Here one, fire fire; here others water cry;  
UCALEGON tugs out his lumber there:  
Below they've chimneys therefore fire may fear;  
But thou three stories high unwarned art took,  
That couldst for no mischance but drowning look,  
The rain from thy Loft being kept away  
Only by tiles, where eggs soft pigeons lay.  
Shorter then's Dwarfe-wife CODRUS had a Bed,  
Item, six little Jugs on's Cupboards head;  
Item, beneath it stood a two-eared pot  
By CHIRON'S Herbal: Lastly he had got  
A Chest with some Greek-Authors, where the fierce  
Barbarous Mice, gnawed never-dying verse.  
Who knows not CODRUS nothing had? yet crossed  
By fire, poor wretch, he all that nothing lost:  
And to accumulate the beggar's grief  
None gave him houseroom, or a meal's relief.  
But when ACTURIUS his great house was burned  
The City drooped, the Conscript-fathers' mourned  
The Praetor strait adjourns the Court, the fate  
Of Rome we groan for, fire itself we hate;  
While's house burns, one sends marble and great sums,  
With milk-white naked Statues th' other comes:  
EUPHRANOR'S work, or POLYCLET'S rare piece  
This gives, old buskins of the Gods of Greece:  
Books, Shelves, MINERVA to the waste, he brings,  
A bushel full of silver he: more things  
And better, than he his could ever call,  
This Persian now receives, more rich than all  
Rome's childless men, suspected to conspire  
(Good cause) the setting his own house on fire.  
Could you be from the Circus weaned, you may  
Buy a neat house at Fabrateria,  
At Sora or Frusino; for what here  
You sit at, to hire darkness by the year.  
There your short Well no bucket needs, but wets  
With ease your little Garden's tender Sets:  
Live, love thy rake, and salads neatly dressed,  
Which may a hundred Pythagoreans feast:  
'Tis somewhat, be where 'twil, to be decreed  
Lord of so much as may one Lizard feed.  
Most sick men here with overwatching die;  
Such crudities breed meats that baking lie  
Upon the burning stomach. What ease get  
Poor Ttadesmen next the street? sleep's for the great.  
Hence spring diseases, when the wagons meet  
At th' oblique turning of some narrow street:  
The Carmen there, that stand and scold, would keep  
Dull DRUSUS or the Sea-calf from his sleep.  
When business calls, the crowed a rich man shun,  
Lest over them his huge Sedan should run,  
Which he Reads, writeth, or sleeps in as he goes;  
For sleep will come if he the curtains close.  
Yet he's there first: for as we haste, we find  
A stream before us and a tide behind:  
He shoves with's elbows, he with harder blocks,  
Our heads this cowl-staffe and that barrel knocks,  
Dirt 'noints our thighs: and then the great foot kicks,  
And in our fingers th' horsemans' rowel sticks.  
Seest thou what smoke the Sportula breathes out,  
A hundred Guests, their kitchen's lugged about?  
Scarce CORBULO could such huge Chargers lift  
And Chafing-dishes, as one Groom makes shift  
To bear on's steady head; and runs so fast  
He fans the coals, and tears his clothes with haste.  
Now meets he Carts wherein tall Fir-trees quake,  
Now some that Pinetrees at the people shake:  
Then breaks the Axletree whose Carriage bears  
Ligurian stones, and poured about his ears.  
That mountain thy unlucky Slave entombs:  
Of his beshattered Carcase what becomes?  
Where limbs or bones lie, who can find the holes?  
Poor men's whole bodies vanish like their souls.  
His Fellows safe at home the dishes wash,  
Blow with their mouths the fire, the Nointers' clash,  
And Boys do in their several places toil,  
To fold up napkins full of sweat and oil:  
Whilst Novice-Ghost, he sits upon the shore  
Afraid of CHARON, hopeless to get o'er  
Foul Styx, from's mouth not able to defray  
(Poor soul) that token, should his waftage pay.  
Note more dangers that attend the night:  
To batter out our brains, from what a height  
Pots are poured out which, cracked or slipping, print  
The pavement with their weight, and hurt the flint.  
Thou'lt be thought dull, senseless of casual ill,  
To sup abroad, and first not make thy Will:  
For with so many fates thou art to meet  
As waking windows open to the street:  
Wish therefore, wretch, and pray they may but crown  
Thy head with that foul sullage they cast down.  
The wild and drunken youth, unless he fight  
And kill his man, can take no rest that night,  
But like ACHILLES, when for's friend he mourns,  
Now on his face, then on his back he turns:  
His own he loses if Rom's peace he keep;  
A Quarrel still is prologue to his sleep.  
Yet though rash years and hotter wine provoke,  
He's subtle, and avoids the purple cloak,  
And his long train of Friends and Grooms, that pass  
With burning torches and with lamps of brass:  
But I, that have the Moon before me born,  
Or husband a short candle, am his scorn.  
Hear how we quarrelled, if a Quarrel 'twere,  
where he lays on, the blows I only bear:  
He stands before me, and commands me stand,  
And I must be obedient to's command:  
Alas! what would you have a man to do,  
In hands of one that's mad, and stronger too?  
Whence comest, he cries? whose beans have swelled thy gut?  
Whose vinegar hast drunk? what Cobbler put  
His purse to thine, some rare chopped leeks to buy,  
To eat with a fried Sheehead; thou'lt reply?  
Speak or I'll kick thee; say, where dwellest thou? what  
Proseucha shall I find thee begging at?  
Make answers, or say nothing, all's alike,  
He'll beat thee, and make oath that thou didst strike;  
A poor man's liberty is only this,  
He must the hand that bastinads him kiss:  
And give the cannoneer thanks, withal his heart,  
He'll let him with some few of's teeth depart.  
Nor is this all thy danger; he's not far  
Will rob thee, when their doors Shopkeepers bar,  
When every hinge is silent, Thieves then creep  
To cut thy throat: for when our Soldiers keep  
The Pontine Fens, and guard the Galline Wood,  
Rogues thence run hither for their livelihood.  
What forge? what anvil, but where chains are wrought?  
Such store of iron to make fetters bought,  
That shortly to want ploughshares we may fear,  
That pruning-hooks and mattocks will be dear.  
Our Great-grand-fathers' Grandfathers were blest,  
They under Kings and Tribunes lived the best,  
When throughout Rome one Prison served for all.  
I could say more: But see the cattle call;  
The Sun too is declining, I must go,  
The Carter cracks his whip, and tells me so.  
Farewell, think on me, and when Rome signs thee  
A Pass to thy sweet AQUINE, call on me;  
From Cumae we'll to Elvine CERES ride,  
To thy DIANA thou shalt be my guide.  
If us this shame not, booted I'll assist  
In your moist grounds my fellow-Satyrist.  

The Comment UPON THE THIRD SATYR·  
VErse 2. Cumae,] A City in Campania, upon the Sea-coast near to Puteoli, built by the Cumaeans, a people of Asia, whose General Hippocles joining with Megasthenes General for the Chalcidians, the Articles between them were so drawn, that Hippocles was to have the naming of the City, and Megasthenes the right of colony or plantation, Strabo lib. 5. Thus the Cumaeans of Aeolia gave the name to that Town, from which the Sibyl called Cumaea received hers.  
Verse 4. Baiae,] Another City of Campania, so named from Baius one of Ulysses his Mates there buried. Near to this City were the Baths, or that confluence of warm Springs whereunto the noblest Romans resorted both for pleasure and health, which made it flourish with many fair and Princely Buildings, Martial to Valerius Flaccus. 
Vt mille laudem Flacce versibus Baias,  
Laudabo dignè non satis tamen Baias.  
Should I with thousand verses Baiae praise,  
Her praises to her worth I could not raise.  As much in commendations of the place is said by Horace in his Epistles.  
Nullus in orbe locus Baiis praelucet amoenis.  
Sweet Baiae no place in the world excels.  
Verse 5. Prochyta,] A little desolate Island in the Tyrrhene Sea, one of those called the Aeolian Isles: some say it was a Mountain in the Isle of Enarime, which by an Earthquake was from thence poured out, and therefore by the Grecians called Prochyta. But Dionys Halicar, lib. 1. affirms the name to be derived from Prochyta Nurse to Aeneas.  
Verse 6. Suburra,] One of the fairest and most frequented Streets in Rome. Festus from the authority of Verrius saith it had the name a fuccurrendo, for as much as the Courts of Guard were there which relieved the Watch, when the Gavines besieged that part of the Town; and to show that the change of the letters came only by the vulgar error of pronouncing, he tells us that in his time the Tribe or Inhabitants of the Suburra was written Tribus Succurranea, not Suburrana; nor Suburana, as Varro would have it called, for being under the old Bulwark, sub muro terreo. Varro lib. 4. de ling. lat.  
Verse 10. Poets that in August read.] Among the sufferings of those that lived constantly in Rome, my Author reckons the torment they were put to by the Poets, whom they could not be rid of, even in the month of August, when the extremity of heat was enough to kill a man that, being pressed by their importunity, must stand in the open Street to hear their ridiculous Verses read; and Vmbricius seems the more sensible of the misery in regard it only fell upon the meaner sort; for all the great persons of Rome were then at their Country-houses, to which they removed upon the Calends or first day of July.  
Verse. 12. At the ancient Arc by moist Capena] An Arc was a Monument of stone raised like to the Arch of a Bridge in memory of some triumph or victory: and this Arc was built in honour of the Horatij: afterwards it was called the distilling or dropping Arc, because over it the pipes were laid that carried the water into Rome from Egeria's Fountain, Ovid Fast.  
Egeria est quae praebet aquas Dea grata Camenoe:  
Illa Numae Conjux consiliumque fuit.  
Egeria waters us, the Muses prise her:  
She was King Numa's Wife and his Adviser.  
Verse 13. Where Numa every night his Goddess met.] Numa Pompilius, second King of the Romans, was born at Cures a Town of the Sabines. He was famous for Justice and Piety: He pacified the fury of his Neighbours, and brought the Roman Soldiers (that were grown cruel and savage in their long War under King Romulus) to a love of peace and reverence of Religion. He built the Temple of Janus, which being opened signified war; being shut, times of Peace: and all the whole Reign of Numa it was shut, but stood open after his death for forty years together. He created the Dial Martial and Quirinal Flamens or Priests. He instituted a College of Twelve Salian Priests of Mars. He consecrated the Vestal Virgins: declared the Pontifex Maximus or Chief Bishop: distinguished the days Fasti and Nefasti, the Court-dayes, and Vacation or Justicium: divided the year into twelve months: and to strike a Veneration into the hearts of the Romans, and make them observe what he enjoined, out of an awful religious duty; he made them believe that every night he met a Goddess or Nymph which he called Egeria, from whose mouth he received his whole form of government: their place of meeting was in a Grove without the Porta Capena, called afterwards the Muse's Grove, wherein was a Temple consecrated to them and to the Goddess Egeria, whose Fountain waters the Grove. Ovid that calls her Numa's Wife saith likewise, that she grieving for his death, wept herself into a Fountain, Metamorph lib. 15. which Fountain, Grove and Temple at a yearly Rent were let out to the Jews, grown so poor after the Sack of Jerusalem, that all their Stock was a Basket for their own meat▪ and hay to give their Horses. Lastly King Numa, after he had reigned forty years beloved and honoured by his own People and all the neighbour-States, died, not having any struggle with nature, merely of old age. By his Will he commanded that his body should not be burned, but that two stone-Chests or Coffins should be made, in one of which they should put his Corpse, and in the other the Books he had written, Plutarch in Numa, where he saith (and quotes his Author Valerius Ansius) that the Coffin of Numa's Books contained four and twenty, twelve of Ceremonies, and twelve of Philosophy written in Greek. Four hundred years after, P. Cornelius and M. Baebius being Consuls, by a sudden inundation the earth was loosened, and the covers of the Coffins opened; but there was no part of his body found in the one, in the other all the Books entire, preserved by the earth and water: But Petilius (than Praetor) had the reading of them, which occasioned their destruction by fire; for he acquaniting the Senate with their Contents, it was not thought fit by the great Council of Rome, that secrets of such a nature should be divulged to the People; so the books were brought into Court and burned.  
Verse 25. Vmbricius.,] A man rare at divination by the entrails of sacrificed beasts, Pliny. He foretold the death of Galba, Tacit. but those honest Arts not bringing in sufficient to maintain Vmbricius in Rome, he scorned to use cozening Arts, by playing the Mountebank for a livelihood, as you see by his words. 
— How your Planet runs  
I know not; promise Father's deaths to Sons,  
Nor can, nor will I: I did ne'er dissect  
Toads entrails.—  Upon these Premises he concludes. What should I do at Rome?— From whence, contemning the vanities and baseness of the Town, with his whole household in a Wagon, this poor Aruspex went out in greater triumph at the Porta Capena or Triumphal Gate, than ever any Conqueror entered by it into Rome.  
Verse 30. Daedalus,] An Athenian Handicraft-man, Son of Mition, the most ingenious Artist of his time. From his invention we have the Saw, the Hatchet, the Plummet and Line, the Auger, Glue and Cement. He was the Inventor of Sails and Sail-yards, which undoubtedly occasioned the Fable of his invention of Wings. He set eyes in Statues, and by secret springs, wheels, and wires, gave motion to those men of marble so artificially as they appeared to be living: an Art revived, in the reign of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, by his Mathematician Janellus Turrianus. See. Strada in his Hist. Dec. 1. How Daedalus built the Labyrinth, was imprisoned in it, and escaped by the Wings he made himself; you have in the Comment upon Sat. 1. From thence flying to Sardinia, then as far as Cumae; there he laid down those Wings, the Wings of Sails, as Virgil calls them, and rested upon the Terra firma. Lucian lib. de Astrolo. tells us, that Daedalus was a Mathematician: and his Son Icarus taught Astrology, but being a young man full of fiery imaginations, he soared too high, pride bringing him into error, and so fell into a Sea of notions, whose depth was not to be sounded.  
Verse 33. Lachesis.] The three fatal Goddesses which the Heathens believed to dispose the thread of man's life, were Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, the Daughters of Erebus and Night. The first bore the Distaff, the second spun the Thread, and the third (when it came to the determined end) cut it off. Apuleius thinks the ternary number of the Destinies or Parcaes, to be derived from the number of three points of time; that the Flax wound about the Distaff signifies the time past, the Thread in spinning, the time present; and that which is not twisted, the time to come. The old Latins called these three Sisters Nona, Decima, and Morta.  
Verse 36. Arturius and Catulus.] These two from poor beginnings had raised themselves to great Estates and Offices, and made use of their wealth and authority to engross all good Bargains, and to monopolise all beneficial places and employments, even to those of the Scavenger and Gold-finder.  
Verse 40. Spear.] At Auctions or public sales of men's goods (partly whereof was their Slaves) the Romans ever stuck up a Spear, to give notice to the Town, Cic. Phil. and when they came in, there was upon the place an Affix posted up, which contained a Particular of the parcels to be sold, with their several prices Sig. de Jud. Under the Spear sat the Crier, ask who giveth most? and by him an Officer, some Arturius or Catulus, for Vourcher.  
Verse 43. Reversed Thumbs.] At any Sword-play, either in the Circus or upon theatres, it was in the power of the People to make the Gladiators or Fencers fight it out, and die upon the place: or to discharge them; and likewise to restore them to their liberty, lost by the baseness of their calling, for the present, and if they pleased for ever. The first was done by bowing down their Thumbs; the second (as by these words appears) with turning up their Thumbs; the third by giving them a Rod or Wand, called Rudis; the last by bestowing Caps upon them. Qui insigniori cuique homicidae Leonem poscit, idem Gladiatori atroci petat Rudem, & Pileum praemium conferat, He that will have a notorious Murderer exposed to the Lions, even he will give to the bloody Gladiator a Rudis, and reward him with a Cap, Tertul. de Spect. cap. 21.  
Verse 54. Toads Entrails.] The skilfullest Aruspex that ever divined by Toads Entrails was Locusta, much employed in that service by Agrippina, and by, the Son of her vicious Nature, Nero.  
Verse 65. Dark Tagus.] Tagus is a River of Lusitania rolling golden sands, Plin. by which my Author conceives the stream to be darkened. Near to this Spanish River (if we credit Pliny) Mares are horsed by the west-wind, and foal Ginnets infinite Fleet, but their time of life is swifter; for they never live to above three years old.  
Verse 71. Greek Town.] Rome, where Grecians (that were john's of all Trades, and could do every thing to please the humour of a Roman) carried away the men like ships, with a breath: and where the very women affected and spoke the Greek tongue, Sat. 6.  
— old Woman! fie, let Girls do so:  
Wilt thou fourscore and six be Greekish? chaste  
Greek is not when 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, thou sayest  
Life, soul: and fool'st thy husband in a crowd  
With words, for which thy Sheets were late a shroud.  
Verse 73. Orontes,] A River of Caelesyria, that springs up not far from Mount Lebanon and the City of Seleucia Pieria, where it sinks under ground, and riseth again in the Apemene Territorie, running by Antioch, and falling into the Sea near Seleucia. It was called Orontes by his name that first made a Bridge over it, for before they called it Tryphon, Strab.  
Verse 76. Circus,] The great Shew-place at Rome, near to that part of Mount Aventine where the Temple of Diana stood. Tarqvinius Priscus built Galleries about it, where the Senators and People of Rome, to the number of a hundred and fifty thousand, might see the running of great Horses at Lists, Fireworks, Tumbling, and baiting or chase of wild Beasts. In after Ages there was likewise to be seen Prizes played by the Fencers or Gladiators: and in Vaults underneath it stood women that would prostitute their bodies for money, Rosin. Antiq. and as you may see in this satire.  And hackney-Sluts, that in the Circus stand. 
Verse 79 Our anointed Clown] The meanest sort of Roman Fencers had their necks anointed with an artificial Clay made of oil and earth; and so that they were able to compass such a 'nointing, with a Trechedipna or a poor Poste-Gown, in which they might run to the Sportula (either to get a share in the hundred farthings, or in the Clients plain Supper) their ambition was satisfied. But the Greek Peasants, though far meaner (as subject to these) scorned such low thoughts, aiming to recover that by cozenage, which they had lost by fight with the Romans.  
Verse 81. Andros,] An Island in the Aegaean Sea, being the principal of the Cycladeses, where there is a Spring whose water every year upon the fifth day of January tastes like wine, Plin. lib. 2. Samos is an Island in the Icarian Sea right against jonia, Ptolemy. Amydon a City of Paeonia or Macedonia, that gave assistance to the Trojans. Alaband a City in Caria, Plin. Ptol. infamous for effeminate men and impudent singing women; only famous for the birth of Appolonius the Rhetor. Trallis a Town of Caria in the Lesser Asia, Plin. lib. 5. Sicyon an Island in the Aegean Sea, opposite to Epidaurum, very high and eminent, Plin. From this Isle Minerva was called Sicyonia, because Epopaeus there built a Temple to her for his victory against the Boeotians.  
Verse 83. Mount Esquiline.] The seven hills that Rome stood upon, were the Palatine, the Quirinal, the Aventine, the Caelian, the Esquiline, the Tarpeian or Capitoline, and the viminal; the last being so called from the Wickers or Oziers' growing upon it.  
Verse 88 Isaeus,] The fluent Orator, whose Scholar Demosthenes was.  
Verse 96. At Athens born.] Daedalus that put off his Wings at Cumae, as before.  
Verse 100 Syrian Figs] Syrian Figs, Sea-coal, and the Grecians came in with one wind and for one purpose, viz. to be sold in the Market at Rome.  
Verse 102. Sabine Olives.] Olives growing in the narrow, but long Country of the ancient Sabines, which reached from Tiber as far as the Vestines, and was bulwarkt on both sides by the Apennine Mountains, Plin.  
Verse 106. Antaeus,] A Giant, begot by Neptune upon the Earth, sixty four cubits high. He spent his youth in Libya at the Town of Lixus, afterwards called the Palace of Antaeus. Ever when he found himself weary or over-toyled, he recovered his strength and spirits by touching of the Earth his Mother; and therefore Hercules, when they two wrestled together, held him up in the air, that the earth should not refresh him. The great Roman Soldier Sertorius, at Tygaena a town of Libya, digged up the Sepulchre of Antaeus, and found his body, Plutarch.  
Verse 111. Doris,] A Sea Nymph, Daughter to Oceanus and Thetis, and Wife to her Brother Nereus, by whom she had an infinite number of Children, Sea-Nymphs, that from their Father's name were called Nereids. Her Picture was always drawn naked, and so it seems the Greek Players acted her.  
Verse 112. Thais,] A famous Courtesan born in Alexandria, that setting up for herself at Athens, drew the custom of all the noble Youth of that learned City. She was rarely charactered by Menander the Poet in a Comedy, which probably was acted in Rome by the rare Greek Comedians, Demetrius, Antiochus, Stratocles and Haemus.  
Verse 137. Gymnasium] is here taken for any Room wherein the Greek Philosophers read to their Roman Pupils.  
Verse 139. Bareas.] Bareas' Soranus was impeached of high Treason by his Friend and Tutor P. Egnatius, that took upon him the gravity of the Stoics in his habit and discourse, to express the Image of an honest Exercise, Tacit. but the Informer was paid in his own coin; for he that impiously and basely had murdered his Scholar in Nero's time, was himself in the reign of Vespasian condemned and executed upon the information of Musonius Rufus, Dio, Tacit.  
Verse 142. A feather fell.] In Cilicia P. Egnatius was born, at a Town as lying as himself; for there, as their History says, Bellerophon's Horse Pegasus (having stumbled in the air and sprained his Fetlock) dropped a feather from his heel, and ever since the Town was called Tarsus.  
Verse 144. Erimantus.] Erimantus, Protogenes, and Diphilus were Greeks, which the Great men of Rome trusted with the government of their Children.  
Verse 158. Lictor.] See Praetor Sat. 1. whose Officer the Lictor was.  
Verse 156. Modia] Modia and Albina were rich Ladies that had not any Children of their own, and therefore the Roman Lords courted them in as servile a manner as the Lords were attended by their Clients, Sat. 5.  
Trebius obliged, has that for which he must  
Break's sleep, and run ungartered and untrust,  
For fear lest his saluting rivals may  
Have filled the Ring by dawning of the day;  
Or at the time when the Seven-stars do roll  
Their cold and sluggish Wain about the Pole.  
Verse 160. The Tribune.] I conceive this Tribune to be the Military Tribune that commanded in chief with Consular power; not one of those six that had every of them a thousand men in a Legion, consisting of six thousand.  
Verse 161. Catiena.] Catiena, Calvina, and Chio were rich Courtesans, too dear for the Common sort of Romans; for mean people were hardly able to pay their Sedan-men or Chair-bearers.  
Verse 166. Cybel's Host.] Scipio Nasica, whom the Senate judged to be the best man; and therefore when Cybele Mother of the Gods was first brought to Rome, with advice from the Oracle, that she should be entertained by the best man, they voted her to be lodged in his House. When he found himself inauspiciously named for Consul by Gracchus, he resigned his Authority. When he was Censor, he made the Consul's Statues be pulled down, which had been set up in the Forum by every man's ambition. When he discharged the Office of Consul, he took the City of Deiminium in Dalmatia. His Army put upon him the name of Imperator, and the Senate decreed him a Triumph, but he refused both. He was very eloquent, very learned in the Law, and with an excellent wit, a most wise man; and in the esteem of all Rome, worthy his noble Ancestors the two Africani. He left not money enough to pay for his Funeral expenses; therefore they were defrayed by the People; and in every street through which the body passed they strewed flowers, Plin. lib. 22. cap. 3.  
Verse 166. Numa.] See the beginning of the Comment upon this satire.  
Verse 167. He that saved our Pallas.] L. Metellus the Pontifex Maximus before mentioned, that when the Temple of Vesta was burned down, rescued from the flame the Palladium or wooden Image of Pallas, brought from Troy: But his piety had a very sad success, for venturing too desperately into the fire, he lost both his eyes, Plin. lib. 7. cap. 44. This Metellus in the first Punic War, for his victories over the Carthaginians, had a most glorious triumph; for he led through Rome thirteen great Commanders of the Enemy, and sixscore Elephants.  
Verse 174. Samothracians.] Samothracia or Samothrace is an Island in the Aegaean Sea, near to that part of Thrace where the River Hebrus falls into the Sea, Stephan. It was anciently called Dardania, from Dardanus the Trojan, that is reported to have fled thither with the Palladium; but the first name of this Island was Leucosia, Aristot. in his Republic of Samothracia. The Gods worshipped by these Islanders, were Jupiter Juno Pallas, etc. from the Samothracians brought to the Romans, whose peculiar Deities were Mars and Romulus.  
Verse 188. Vain Otho.] L. Roscius Otho when he was Tribune passed a theatral Law, wherein he distinguished the Roman Knights from the Common people, assigning fourteen Benches in the Theatre only for the Knights, that is, for such as had an Estate worth four hundred Sestertia, being about three thousand one hundred twenty five pound of our money, by which Law they that were not worth so much incurred a penalty if they presumed to sit upon any of those Benches, Cic. Philip. 2. See likewise his Orat. for Muraen.  
Verse 191. Aediles.] The Romans had three sorts of Aediles. The first they called Aediles Curules, from the Chariot they rid in: these were chosen out of the Senate, Pilet. in lib. 2. Cic. epist. fam. 10. and had in charge the repairing both of Temples and private Houses. The second sort were Aediles Plebeii, chosen out of the People; and these came into Office when the Curules went out, they ruling several years by turns, Alex. Gen. Dier. lib. 4. c. 4. these were empowered (together with their charge of Temples and private Dwellings) to punish the falsifying of Weights and Measures, to look to the public Conduits, and to make provision for Festival Plays. The third sort were Clerks of the Market, looking to the Corn and Victuals sold in public, Alex. ibid. these were the Aediles Cerealis in ordinary: the extraordinaries were the Annonae praefecti, Rosin. Antiq. l. 7. c. 38.  
Verse 198. Marsians.] The Marsians were a poor but stout People of Italy, Neighbours to the Samnites, descended from Marsus Son to the Witch Circe: Men that with their spittle cured such as were bitten by Vipers, Plin.  
Verse 199. Sabellian Food.] Such pitiful poor meat as served the Sabellians, which inhabited that part of Italy lying upon the Mountains betwixt the Marsians and the Sabines. They were conquered by M. Curius the Dictator. Their ancient name was Samnites, Stephan lib. 3. cap. 12.  
Verse 206. The pale gaping thing.] The vizarded Fool in the Play.  
Verse 215. What giv'st thou] To the Lord Cossus his Chamber-keepers, to let thee in.  
Verse 216. Veiento] Fabricius Veiento, a Lord of the Senate: how proud he was of his honour and excessive wealth, may be gathered from hence, poor men not being able to get so much as the favour of a look from him, unless they bought it of his Servants: how politic a Courtier he was, you may see Sat. 4. and how unhappy in his Wife Hippia, in Sat. 6.  
Verse 222 Cold Praeneste] Thus, not moist Praeneste, it should have been printed in the satire, if the Transcriber had not mistaken. It is a Town of Latium fortified by nature, as standing very high: it was a Greek Plantation, as appears by the old name Polystaephanus. In this Town was the Temple of Fortune, which L. Sylla (the Fortunate) richly paved with square stones, Plin. l. 36. ca 25.  
Verse 223. The Volscian Cliffs.] Those that dwell upon the rocky Mountains in Latium. Camilla was a Volscian, she that assisted Aeneas against Turnus, Aeneid. 7. Of all the Volscians the poorest were those of Gabium.  
Verse 224. Tibur,] A City of the Sabines, sixteen miles from Rome, watered with many pure Springs, and seated in an excellent air, Ovid. 4. Fast. The three Sons of Amphiraus, Tiburnus, Catillus, and Chorax built the Town, to which the eldest Brother gave the name. Solin. Sextus the Grecian. The Fort of Tibur stood so very high, as to those that looked upon it at a distance it seemed to be bending and falling like Grantham-Steeple.  
Verse 233. Three stories high.] Poor Romans, such as Vcalegon, dwelled in Garrets, Sat 10.  
— but in that sad time,  
Seldom the Soldiers did poor Garrets climb.  
Verse 237. Codrus,] the Author of the lamentable Heroic Poem, entitled Theseis, Sat. 1. one that could neither make Friends nor money to buy a Bed long enough for his Dwarf-wife Procula.  
Verse 253. Euphranor,] A noble Picture-drawer, and as rare a Statuary, one that writ some Volumes of Symmetry and Colours. He flourished in the hundred and fourth Olympiad: many excellent pieces he likewise cut in brass, Plin. l. 34. ca 8.  
Verse 253. Polyclet.] Polycletus for his accuratness and the sweetness of his touches excelled all Statuaries, Quintilian. He did things in brass honoured with the commendations of great Writers, particularly that of his Gamesters playing at Dice was thought to be incomparable. He was a Sidonian and Scholar to Gelades. Two Statues he made of one and the same design; the first according to art, by his own judgement; the other following vulgar opinion, as any that came in desired him to alter it: when they were finished, he exposed them to the common view, and that which he did of himself was infinitely commended, the other thought to be nothing near it: But friends (said he) you must know, this which you cry up, is my work; that which you dislike, your own.  
Verse 261. Circus] See the former part of the Comment upon this satire, there you will find the reason why the Romans were so loath to leave the Circus for any other place, where they were not like to have such rare sport for nothing.  
Verse 262. Fabrateria,] A poor Town of Campania. Sora, another of the same Country, taken (and I suppose slighted) by the Romans, Plin. lib. 3 cap. 5. Frusino another neighbour Town in the Falern Territory, anciently called Frusinum, Ptolom.  
Verse 268. Pythagoreans,] The Disciples of Pythagoras, that first gave name to Philosophy, and made himself be called Philosophus, not Sophus, a Lover, not a Master of Wisdom, that title being proper to God alone, Laer. in prooem. l. 1. See Comment upon Sat. 15.  
Verse 278. Dull Drusus,] One that it seems was as drowsy for a Man▪ as the Seal or Sea-Calf for a Fish.  
Verse 291. Corbulo,] A man of a vast body, and that spoke high and mighty words, Tacit. lib. 13.  
Verse 298. Ligurian Stones,] Marble digged out of the Quarries in Liguria, upon the Apennine Mountains between France and Hetruria, now Florence.  
Verse 308. Charon,] Brother to the Destinies; the Ferryman of Hell, that carries no Souls in his Boat under farthings a piece.  
Verse 323. Achilles.] See the Comment upon Sat. 1. from whence you may fancy in what impatient postures the Players would act Achilles, when he was in fury for the death of his friend Patroclus.  
Verse 355. Pontine Fens.] The Volsian Fens near to Forum Appii, not far from Tarracina, twenty miles from Rome: they were drained by the Consul Cornelius Cethegus, to whom that Province fell, and turned into good Land, Liv. l. 47. After this it was overflowed again and a Trench for Thiefs, until the reign of Theodoric King of the Goths, by whose Command it was drained once more. The Gallin Wood stood near to the Cumaean Bay, and was another shelter for Thiefs.  
Verse 368. Aquine.] Aquinum a Town of the Latins, Plin. watered by the River Melpha, Strab. now called Aquino, famous for the birth of two men incomparable for their several kinds of Learning, my Author Juvenal the Satirist, and Thomas Aquinas the Schoolman, called by our Countrymen St. Thomas of Watering, a word expressing the moistness of the place, which may likewise appear by the adjacent Temple of Ceres, the Goddess of Husbandry, by the Title of Elvin Ceres, that is, Ceres of the Washeses or Marshes, from whence the Spring and River of Elvis took their names; yet there was dry ground near to Aquine in Juvenal's own Land, called Diana's Hill, Martial to Juvenal, lib. 2. Epig. 18.    


Figura Quarta.  
COnsedêre Patres, moderantes cuncta, Quirini:  
Ipse ¹ Nero calvus, solióque animóque superbus,  
Eminet: hinc claudit latus aegrae villicus urbis  
² Pegasus, interpres legum sanctissimus Idem:  
³ Crispus deinde senex octogenarius, annos  
Vix quadraginta numerans vultúque, jocísque:  
Proximus, haud adeò jucundus, ⁴ Acilius iram  
Caesaream in ⁵ natum metuit, quem saeva manebat  
Pro Christo, (ut fama est) mors designata Tyranno:  
Assidet huic ⁶ Rubrius tristis; ⁷ Montanus adestque  
Immenso luxu, parilíque abdomine tardus;  
Mollis ⁸ Crispinus; jugulos aperire susurro  
Doctus ⁹ Pompeius; meditans nova praelia villâ  
¹⁰ Fuscus; ¹¹ Veiento dives; captúsque ¹² Catullus  
Luminibus, nupérque exors, mendicus, & erro,  
Concilio procerum regnat, de ponte satelles:  
Conversus, cum dextra jaceret bellua caeco,  
¹³ Piscatorem ipsum pro pisce capítque tenétque,  
Astantem, & dubiè expectantem aequalia pisci  
Praemia praegrandi, qui summa est cura Senatûs.  
De patinâ post examen, sententia lata est,  
Hic Rhomborum grex hôc integer orbe coquatur.   

  

The fourth Design.  
THe Council sits that rules all Climates known;  
First, proud Domitian ¹ Caesar in the throne;  
Next ² Pegasus, on whose impartial doom  
Depends the Civil Government of Rome;  
Then sweet-tongued ³ Crispus, his years full fourscore,  
His mirth but forty, and his face no more.  
He's not so cheerful, but this Senator,  
Aged ⁴ Acilius looks as troubled, for  
The Prince's frown upon his ⁵ Son: become,  
Some say, a Christian marked for Martyrdom.  
There sits dejected ⁶ Rubrius: there the gust  
Of fat ⁷ Montanus: gluttony and lust;  
The Moor ⁸ Crispinus: whispering ⁹ Pompey there;  
There bookish ¹⁰ Fuscus; rich ¹¹ Veiento here;  
Catullus ¹² last, blind and a Beggar late,  
But now a bloody Minister of State:  
He magnifies, as much as flattery can,  
The Fish, for which he takes the ¹³ Fisherman,  
That waits in hope of the Imperial pay,  
For bringing-in the business of the day.  
Resolved upon the Question, that this shoal  
Of Turbots in one Monster, be boiled whole.    

The Manners of Men. THE FOURTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The Mullet by Crispinus bought  
Sets off the Turbot that was brought  
To Court: a Rhombus, only for  
The palate of an Emperor.  
The Senate's called, and charactered;  
The Fathers, to the Fish preferred,  
In Caesar's Alban Palace sit,  
And pass a Vote for boiling it.  
BEhold CRISPINUS once again held forth;  
And oft I'll show him, Monster, whom no worth  
Redeems from vice; weak, only strong in lust,  
Who merely does the Widow's sweets disgust.  
What matter then how many Porticos  
Tyre his Coach, through what Groves in's Chair he goes?  
Of what land, of what houses he's possessed  
Near to the Forum? No bad man is blessed;  
Much less a Villain that corrupts the good,  
One that with incest cools his sunburned blood;  
For, not long since, a Vestal he deflowered,  
That was alive by th' earth to be devoured.  
But these are his sleight faults: had they been thine,  
The Censor on thy head had set a Fine.  
But what would prove TITIUS and SEIUS base,  
Or brand another, must CRISPINUS grace:  
His person's fouler than his crimes: the Slave  
Who can describe? he for a Mullet gave,  
Of six ounce weight six thousand it is said,  
From those by whom great things, are greater made.  
I should commend him, had it been his drift  
To win th' old childless man, with such a gift,  
To write his name first, when he seals his Will:  
There might be further reason in it still,  
Should he this Present for's great Friend prepare,  
Borne in her closely and large glasse-windowed Chair:  
But no such matter, for himself 'twas bought:  
We now see feasts that make APICIUS thought  
Frugal and poor: CRISPIN, was fish thus dear,  
When thou didst thine own Country Canvas wear?  
He might have bought for less (I dare well say)  
The Fisher than the fish: a Lordship may  
Be purchased in a Province at that rate;  
In Italy a competent Estate.  
What rarities may we think CAESAR eats,  
When this poor dish, scarce missed among his meats,  
Had so many Sestertia given for't?  
Belched by the purple Buffoon of the Court,  
Now Master of the Horse; that cried of old  
Stale broken ware, and fish of Nilus sold.  
Begin CALLIOPE, let's sit, but sing  
We may not, this is truth, no feigned thing:  
Then speak Pierian Girls; your patronage  
Give me, that call you Girls in your old age.  
When our last FLAVIUS the cowed world disturbed,  
When great Rome, as his Slave, bald NERO curbed:  
A strange vast Adriatic Turbot lands  
Where VENUS Fane in Greek Ancona stands:  
It filled the Wharfe, and stuck ashore like those  
The Sun pours from Maeotis, where they froze,  
Into the Pontic Sea's dull mouth; which grow  
With lying bound in Ice, huge, fat and slow.  
This Monster th' owner of the Boat and Lines  
For our chief Bishop craftily designs:  
For, such a Rhombus who dare sell or buy?  
Along the coast Spies thick as Grass-wrack lie,  
Informers, that would sue the naked man  
For taking up a Fugitive, that ran  
From CAESAR'S Vivaries, the Ponds that bred  
The Prodigy, where it had long been fed:  
And aught to be returned to its old Lord.  
For if PALFURIUS credit we afford,  
Or ARMILLATUS, 'tis Imperial food,  
If it be rare and excellently good,  
On whatsoever Billow it be tossed:  
This fish was therefore to be given, or lost.  
Now sickly Autumn froze, the Patient feared  
A Quartan; Winter foul and stiff appeared:  
What he had caught would keep, the Fisher knew;  
Yet he makes haste, as if the south-wind blew,  
The Lake past, at robbed Alba he arrives,  
Where still poor Vesta's Trojan fire survives.  
The wondering crowd first stopped him; but when they  
Their admiration satisfied, gave way:  
The Presence-hinges nimbly turned about;  
The fish goes in, the Senate wait without;  
'Tis brought to CAESAR; thus the Fisher says,  
Great Sir, what is so huge it would amaze  
A private Kitchen, graciously accept:  
Be this day to thy Genius sacred kept;  
With speed thy stomach clear of common meat,  
And this untill-thy-time-kept-Turbot eat:  
'Twould needs be caught. Could any Rascal gloze  
More plainly? yet his Peacock's feathers rose.  
Nothing so gross but will belief incline,  
When that powers praised, equals the powers Divine:  
But there's no Boiler big enough; his States  
He therefore calls to Council, them he hates,  
Whilst their looks show the paleness of a great  
Sad friendship; th' Usher cries, make haste, he's set.  
First PEGASUS whips on his purple Gown,  
Who was the Bailiff of th' amazed Town,  
What then were Prefects more? whereof the best,  
He was, and of our Judges, th' honestest:  
And yet his uncorrupted tongue was charmed,  
In those base times when Justice was disarmed.  
There likewise did old pleasant CRISPUS meet,  
Whose nature, like his eloquence, was sweet.  
Could he, that Rules th' Earth Seas and People, choose  
A friend he might with more advantage use:  
If when his thoughts to blood and vengeance move,  
He'd suffer him his cruelty reprove,  
And that he would his honest Council hear?  
But what's more violent than a Tyrant's ear?  
With whom, of Spring-windes Rain or Heat, his friends  
Discoursing, on a word a Life depends.  
He therefore never swum a stroke to break  
The Torrent; nor durst any Roman speak  
The truth his soul thought; or in doing good  
Employ his time: he many Winters stood;  
And saw his eighti'th Solstice: in this sort,  
At this Guard too lay safely in that Court  
As old ACILIUS, that did next attend  
With his young Son, unworthy of an end  
So cruel, now designed him by the Prince;  
But old Lords showed like Prodigies long since:  
Let me be, rather than a man of birth,  
The giant's brother, th' offspring of the Earth;  
Poor youth, he scap't not though he naked threw,  
His Javelin in the Alban lists, and slew  
NUMIDIAN Lions: that Patrician art  
Who knows not? who admires th' old subtle part  
That BRUTUS' acted? 'twas an easy thing  
To put a trick upon a bearded King.  
Ignoble RUBRIUS looks no better, shamed  
With guilt of a disgrace not to be named:  
Yet was our Pathic Satirist less base;  
MONTANUS his Guts waddle a slow pace;  
CRISPINUS enters sweeting Easterne-Gums,  
Enough to serve two Funerals: POMPEY comes,  
A neater cutthroat from whose lips death creeps  
In whispers: FUSCUS, that his bowels keeps;  
For DACIAN vultures, making war his study  
In's Marble-villa: wise VEIENTO bloody  
CATULUS follows, that the Lover played,  
And had a passion for the unseen Maid,  
Our times great Monster, a blind flatterer,  
Whom highway begging did to Court prefer,  
Fit to run after ARICINE Horses heels,  
And seems to kiss the tumbling Waggon-wheeles;  
None more admired the Fish, much he did say  
To's left hand turned, when that on's right hand lay;  
So the Cilicians Sword-play he commended,  
And th' Engine when the Boys in Clouds ascended:  
VEIENTO came not short of him; for he  
Divined, BELLONA, as inspired by thee;  
A mighty Omen, Sir, this Fish must bring,  
Of some great triumph, or some captive King;  
Or from the Pole of's British Chariot  
ARVIRAGUS shall fall; perceive you not,  
It is a foreign Monster, by the Scales  
Prickt-up on's back: VEIENTO only fails,  
In that he is not able to presage  
The Turbot's native climate and his age.  
Shall's cut him; speak? MONTANUS cries, oh no,  
'twere a dishonour, Sir, to use him so;  
Let's have a thin-walled earthen vessel made,  
Wherein his whole circumf'rence may be laid,  
Some rare PROMETHEUS now should mould the pot;  
With all speed let the wheel and clay be got;  
Henceforth the Potters, CAESAR'S Fish to fit,  
His Court may follow. This Vote carried it,  
Worthy the man, who th' old Court Riot knew,  
And NERO'S midnights, and a hunger new  
When Falern wine inflamed the lungs: in all  
My time, his taste was most authentical:  
If Lucrin Rocks or Circe's th' Oysters bred,  
Or were they with Richborough-water fed,  
He found at the first taste: and by the look  
Of Crabfish, told upon what Coast 'twas took.  
The Council rises; and the Lords receive  
Commands, the Room and th' Alban Tower to leave;  
To which in such haste and astonishment  
For them our mighty General had sent,  
As if he'd treat of something which the stern  
SICAMBRI, or the CATTIS did concern;  
Or had received out of far distant Coasts  
Distracted Letters, brought by flying Posts.  
And would to heaven he had spent all that time  
Thus innocently, when he robbed our Clime  
Of many a gallant and illustrious soul,  
Unpunished, or without the least control:  
But he was lost when once the Clown began  
To fear him, he revenged the Nobleman.  

The Comment UPON THE FOURTH satire.  
VErse 1. Crispinus'] In the beginning of Sat 1. he is only mentioned as Freedman to Nero; but before this satire was written Nero had raised him to be Master or General of his Horse Guards; and at this time the Moor Crispinus was one of the Lords of the Council to Domitian Caesar.  
Verse 5. Porticos.] When the Romans were at the height of wealth and pride, they expended vast sums of money in building ground-Galleries, standing upon Marble Pillars, of the form (as I suppose) of our Piazzas but longer and higher, as made to ride in, both for their Coaches, as here, and for their horses, Sat. 7.  
His House costs much, his Portico costs more  
Wherein he rides until the shower be o'er.  
Verse 8. Forum.] The City of Rome had six Forums or great Piazza's; The first was the Forum Romanum or Vetus, and in it the Comitium or their Westminster Hall, where their Courts of Justice sat; there was also the Rostra or Pulpits for Orations, and their old Exchange or Tabernae built about it, with the Basilicae Pauli and other noble Buildings, Hen. Salmuth in Pancirol. lib. rerum deperdit. cap. de Basil. & Tabern. The second was the Forum Julium, built by Julius Caesar. The third was built by Aug. Caesar, and from him named Augusti Forum. The fourth Domitian began, and Nerva finished: this they called Transitorium, being a Transitus or Thoroughfare into their Market-places: Martial calleth it Forum Palladium, because in the midst of it was the Temple of Pallas: Lips. de magnitud. Rom. l. 3. c. 7. The fifth was built by Trajan, where the Senate erected that Imperial Monument of Trajan's Column, a Pillar that was a hundred and forty cubits high, wherein was carved all the battles and actions of the Emperor Trajan, which was finished two years after Juvenal writ the thirteenth satire; and therefore you see only a part of it in the Design or brass-Cut before the second satire. The last was Forum Salustii, opening into the goodly fair Garden, called the Horti Salustini.  
Verse 11. A Vestal he deflowered.] The House that was dedicated to the Goddess Vesta stood near to the Temple of Castor. In this House at first four Virgins were cloistered, afterwards six: their Charge was to keep the sacred fire of Vesta, which if it went out would portend evil to the Romans, as they believed: their penalty for such neglect, was to be stripped naked as far as the waste, and then to be whipped by their Lady-superintendent: as for the fire, it was only to be kindled again from the beams of the Sun, which was done by a kind of Burning-glass. They were admitted between six and eleven years of age, and were to remain in the Cloister thirty years; the first ten to learn mysterious Ceremonies, the next ten to practise them, and the last ten to instruct others. If in all these thirty years any Vestal was convicted of inchastity, she was led to the Campus Sceleratus or Field of Execution, lying within the walls of Rome near to the Colline Gate: Munster in sua Cosmog. there in her closely Chair let down into a Vault, wherein was a Couch, a Lamp burning, and a little meat: the hole they put her in was presently stopped up: Plutarch in Numa, and so this poor deflowered Vestal like an Anchorite lived and died in her grave. The reason of this kind of death and burial, was because they held it unlawful to lay violent hands upon a Vestal, and unfit to burn her body, who had kept the sacred fire with no more sanctity.  
Verse 14. The Censor.] Domitian Caesar, that acting the Censor, had executed Cornelia a deflowered Vestal according to the letter of the Law, and commanded Adulterers to be whipped to death in the Comitium, where the Judges sat.  
Verse 15. Titius.] Titius and Seius are the John a Nokes and John a Styles of the Civil Law.  
Verse 19 Six thousand.] Six thousand Nummi or Sestertii made six Sestertia, being near upon fifty pound sterling; and the Mullet weighed six pound, equal to the number of the Sestertia.  
Verse 28. Apicius,] The most noted Glutton that was ever recorded in History, he writ a volume yet extant of the art of Cookery. Seneca in his book of Consolation to Albina tells us, that Apicius lived in his time, and hanged himself, because when he took his accounts of an infinite sum of money which he had laid up only to maintain his Kitchen, he found the remainder to be but the tenth part.  
Verse 33. Province.] Provinces were all Countries out of Italy, to which the Romans sent a Praefect, Proconsul, or any other Governor.  
Verse 40. Nilus,] The seven-channeled River of Egypt, enclosing the City of Canopus where Crispin was born.  
Verse 41. Calliope,] One of the Muses, Mother to the Poet Orpheus, taken to be the Inventress of Heroic Verse: Virg. in Epigram.  
Verse 43. Speak you Pierian Girls.] The nine Muses were called Pierian, because Pierius begot them of Antiopa: Cic. 2. de natura deorum; but the Poets say they were so styled from a rich Macedonian, that by his Wife Evippe had nine Daughters turned into Magpies by the nine victorious Muses, whom they had challenged to sing: Ovid. 5. Metam. Now when they sung, the subject-mattter was still feigned, and therefore Juvenal says they must speak, because the story is true.  
Verse 45. Our last Flavius] The Flavian Family, as it was Imperial, began in Vespasian and ended in Domitian, that by way of jeer was called bald Nero, for that he had all the ill qualities of his Predecessor Nero, and would have looked like him if he had not wanted his head of hair.  
Verse 47. Adriatic,] The Sea that parts Italy from Dalmatia, and is now called the Gulf of Venice.  
Verse 48. Greek Ancona,] The chief City of the Pisans, built by the Sicilians upon the Adriatic shore, where the Emperor Trajan was at the charge of making a commodious Haven a work of great magnificence: Plin. lib. 3. cap. 13. The name of the City is Greek, showing the figure of the place to be like a bended Elbow, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Verse 50. Maeotis,] A Scythian Lake or Sea freezing in Winter, that in Summer dischargeth itself into the Euxine Sea by the Cimmerian Bosphorus. The fish there bred (as of a greater size than any other) is called Maeotick fish: Stephan. These straits of Bosphorus are to the South, at the North is another Bosphorus (or Straits, where cattle have adventured to swim over) called Thracius, which openeth into the Propontis, the South end whereof is called Hellespont, from whence to the Mediterranean, it bears the name of the Aegaean Sea.  
Verse 54. Chief Bishop.] There was in Rome a College of Pontifices or Bishops, consisting of four, the number appointed by Numa, chosen out of the Nobility, whereunto were added four more out of the Commons: Fenest. de Sacerd. These eight were the Major Bishops, to which Sylla added seven Minor Bishops: Rosin. Ant. lib. 3. cap. 22. This College of fifteen was exempted from all temporal Jurisdiction, and commissioned in their own Court of Judicature, to hear and determine the Causes of Priests and private Persons: the Precedent of this College was styled Chief Bishop or Pontifex Maximus, a title that after the Inauguration of the Roman Emperors, devolved to the Crown.  
Verse 60. Caesar's Vivaries.] The Emperor's Fishponds, where the great Turbot had been formerly enclosed, and from thence made an escape into the Adriatic Sea, as the Informers Palfurius and Armillatus would pretend, to avoid the Law, knowing very well that by the Civil Law any man to his own use may take fishes which never belonged to any Pond, as ferae naturae, the wild creatures of nature.  
Verse 71. Lake.] Alban Lake.  
Verse 71. Robbed Alba,] A City in Latium built by Ascanius' Son to Aeneas, and by King Tullus Hostilius taken, slighted, and robbed of all the Treasure and Relics which the Trojans had there placed in the Temple of Vesta: only her fire was left, out of a superstitious fear that it boded ill luck to have the Vestal fire extinguished in any place. Alba took its name from the white Sow with thirty Pigs sucking her, being the first living thing the Trojans saw at their landing in Italy, Sat. 12.  
— Our white Landmark then.  
The Alban Mountain came within their ken,  
That seat where young Julus pleased his mind,  
(Lavinium to his Stepmother assigned)  
By th' o'erjoyed Trojans, from the white Sow named,  
That from her thirty ne're-seen paps was famed.  
Verse 77. Caesar.] The word Caesar is put in upon my own account, for that used by my Author is Atrides, Agamemnon: So Juvenal here calls Domitian scoptically, as in the end of this satire he calls him our mighty General; and in the beginning of this satire, Chief Bishop, Pontifex Maximus; because in his Feasts he exceeded the Pontifices, from whom a great Supper was called Caena Pontifica by the Italians, that have now varied the phrase to buccone per Cardinale, a Morsel for a Cardinal.  
Verse 80. Genius.] The ancient Heathens called God Genius; afterwards they took Genius for a subordinate Spirit, and thought every man at his nativity to have a good and a bad Genius assigned him: but some conceived a Genius to be the Spirit that stirs up men to pleasure▪ therefore amongst the Romans the time of feasting were called Genial days; and when they made great treatments, it was grown into a Proverb among them, that they met to indulge the Genius.  
Verse 92. Bailiff.] Pegasus a great Civil Lawyer born in Alba, (where the great Turbot was brought to Domitian) now Praefectus Vrbis or Chancellor of Rome, all Causes of what nature soever within a hundred miles of Rome being heard in his Court, Fenestell. Alexand. Neopl. Sigon. But in the reign of the Tyrant Domitian this great Judge stood only for a cipher; and to be Praefect of Rome, was no more than to be Bailiff of a Village.  
Verse 97. Crispus.] Vibius Crispus, a rich subtle and smooth-tongued Orator, but his abilities were more in private causes then in public business: Quintil. He was born at Placentia: Tacit. and lived to be fourscore years old, in the several Courts of evil Emperors; yet he still kept in favour, by being (as the Marquis of Winchester in the like case said of himself) a Willow and not an Oak. In a Progress-time he followed Caesar's Chariot on foot. When he was a Youth, Nero whispered him in the ear, and asked him, Crispus, hast thou ever enjoyed thy own Sister? he answered, not yet Sir: a cautious and a handsome return from one that would not own a crime he never committed, and yet durst not find fault with any that should offend in the same kind, it being Nero's Case. In Domitian's time, being asked if any one were with the Emperor, Crispus answered, not a fly Sir: Sueton. This was a pleasant but a sharp reply; for Domitian in the beginning of his Empire, used every day to withdraw for an hour only to kill flies. Crispus was twice Consul, twice married, and left an Estate of 00 H. S.  
Verse 113. Acilius.] Acilius Glabrio, a Man of singular prudence and fidelity: Plin. He was Consul with Vlp. Trajan eight hundred forty five years after Rome was built, at the very time when Domitian commanded himself to be called Lord and God: Eutrop. lib. 9 Sueton in Domit. That Acilius lived to be fourscore years old, and then sat in Council about the Turbot, we have Juvenal's authority; but after this he was charged with designs of innovation; so was the Youth that came to the Council with him, his Son Domitius, and both of them were condemned; yet was the old man's Sentence changed into Banishment, not out of the Emperor's mercy, but cruelty, that he might afflict himself with remembrance of the untimely death of his Son: who knowing his life was sought by Domitian at this time, soon after counterfeited madness, in hope that would take off the Tyrant, in whose sight he fought naked with Lions in the Alban Theatre, where Domitian at his own charge brought wild beasts to be slain, and killed a hundred with his own hands: Sueton. This Impeachment against the Father and Son pretended to be for innovation in the State, was really upon suspicion that the Son had been converted to the Christian Faith; as I was told in Oxford by a Gentleman of worth, assuring me that he had the authority of a great Author for it, which I thought to be Eusebius or Baronius, but having searched them both, I find not Domitius recorded for a Martyr by either of them; and therefore in the Design before this satire I only tell you, that some say he was a Christian.  
Verse 116. Old Lords showed like Prodigies long since.] Long before Domitian reigned, it was news in Rome to see an old Lord, for this bald Nero took his Pattern from Nero himself, qui nobilissimo cuique exitium destinabat, that singled out the noblest persons for destruction.  
Verse 124. A bearded King.] Tarqvinius Superbus, whom Brutus beguiled, wore his beard long; for in his time the Barbers were not come over to Rome from Sicily.  
Verse 125. Rubrius,] That in his youth committed some such foul crime as pathic Nero did, and being come to man's Estate, was as bold a Writer of Satyrs against others, as Nero was against Quintinian a notorious Pathic: Lub.  
Verse 128. Montanus. Curtius' Montanus (mentioned by Tacitus) a huge fat Glutton, and a great Master in the Art of Cookery, whose belly Juvenal here only takes notice of, but leaves him not so; you will meet him again in this satire.  
Verse 130. Pompey.] Pompeius Ruffus, not so gallant and fine a Courtier as the Arabarch Crispinus in his Oriental perfumes; yet was Pompey the subtler in whispering of accusations.  
Verse 132. Fuscus.] Cornelius Fuscus, that having only heard of battles, and studied stratagems of War within the marble walls of his Villa or Countryhouse, was sent General by Domitian against the Dacians, where his Army and Fuscus himself was lost.  
Verse 134. Veiento.] See the Comment upon the third satire.  
Verse 135. Catullus.] Catullus Messalinus a blind man and a bloody Villain, whose informations cost many men their lives: Domitian used to cast him at great persons like a blind dart that will spare no man: Plin. He was by this Emperor raised from begging at the foot of the Aricine Hill in the Via Appia, to be one of his Councillors of State, Domitian taking it for granted, that the tongue which begged so well would urge an accusation better.  
Verse 143. Cilicians.] Sword-players of Silicia whose art in fencing this blnde Parasite had commended upon the theatres; as he had likewise praised the Engine (such as we have in Masks and Plays) that hoist up the Boys to the Clouds, or the blue Canvas which they called the Velaria, covering the top of the Theatre: Xiphilin.  
Verse 146. Bellona.] Minerva Goddess of War, (Sister to Mars) styled likewise Enyo and Pallas, whose Priests sacrificed their own blood to her, and immediately she so inspired them as to explain things present and foretell the future: before her Temple stood a Pillar called the Collumna Bellica, whereon lay the Spear which the Faecealis or Herald took in his hand when he denounced war: Alexander ab Alexandro, lib 2. cap. 12.  
Verse 150. Arviragus.] King of the South Britain's youngest Son to Kymbeline, a great Enemy to the Romans in this Island, both in Domitian's reign (when it seems he flourished) and in Claudius Caesar's, whose Daughter Genissa (if we may believe our British Historians that he had such a one) Arviragus married.  
Verse 159. Prometheus,] Son to Japet by his Wife Asia; an excellent Potter he must needs be, for he was the first (according to the Poets) that made a man of clay: thus runs the Fable. Minerva, extremely taken with his ingenious workmanship, promised to give him any thing the Gods had that would conduce to the perfection of his Art; and when Prometheus answered, that he could not conjecture how Celestial things would advantage him unless he took a view of them, Minerva carried him up to heaven, where finding all the heavenly bodies to be animated by fire, he thought that would be most instrumental, and therefore with a Rule which he had in his hand he touched a wheel of the Sun's Chariot, and so with his Rule burning, he brought down to the Earth fire wherewith he made his man of clay. Jupiter, enraged at this presumptuous theft, gave a Box to Pandora to be delivered to her Husband Epimetheus (Brother to Prometheus) which being opened by him, filled the world with innumerable diseases and calamities; as for Prometheus, Mercury was commanded to bind him to the Mountain Caucasus, where an Eagle continually fed upon his heart: but afterwards, when Jupiter fell in love with Thetis, and declared that he would marry her, Prometheus, skilful in future events, deterred him from the Match, because he said it was decreed by the Fate, that the Son born of Thetis should be a greater Person than his Father; and Jupiter remembering how he had deposed his own Father Saturn, feared the same measure from his Son; and therefore chose to lose Thetis rather than his possession of the Heavens. In recompense of the service done him in this discovery, Jupiter sent Hercules to Caucasus, where he killed the Eagle and unchained Prometheus. If I have trespassed upon your patience with this tedious Fable, I doubt not but to please you again with the Mythology of it. Prometheus was the first that taught the Assyrians Astrology, which he had studied upon the top of the high Mountain Caucasus, not far from Assyria and near to the Heavens, from whence he could the easier discover the magnitude rising and setting of the Stars. An Eagle was said to tyre upon his heart, because it was consumed with care, and watching the motions of the celestial bodies: and being these were the acts of Prudence and Reason, Mercury, the God of both, was said to have chained him to the Mountain: moreover for that he showed to men how thunder and lightning was generated, it was reported that he brought fire down from Heaven: N. Comes Mythol. lib. 4. c. 6.  
Verse 165. Falerne Wine.] That the Grapes growing upon the Falerne Mountains in Campania made a rare Wine in Juvenal's time, you may know by his frequent use of the word Falern, and at this day it is the absolute best Wine in Italy, as they say that have met with it where it is pure, which is only in the Cardinals or some great Princes Cellars.  
Verse 167. Lucrin Rocks or Circe's.] The Lucrin Rocks were in the Bay of Lucrinum in Campania; the Rocks of Circe were about Cajeta, where was a Temple dedicated to Circe, and a Mountain that bore her name.  
Verse 168. Richborough] in Kent.  
Verse 176. Sicambri,] The People of Gelderland, between the Rivers of the Mose and the Rhine.  
Verse 176. Cattis,] Germans, now Subjects to the Landgrave of Hessen called Hassi, against whom Domitian made one voluntary expedition, as he did another of necessity against the Dacians, now the Hungarians, where his whole Legion was overthrown, and the General Fuscus slain, ut supr.  
Verse 178. Flying Posts] Some conceive that Juvenal meant Carrier-Pigeons; but he calls them not flying Posts either for the speed of bird or man; but because in Packets of Overthrows or Insurrections, the Romans used to stick a Feather: in expresses of victory, a Laurel: M. V. C. quoted by Lubin.    


Figura Quinta.  
Montanus, dubiae solvens aenigmata coenae,  
Hunc figi narraret ¹ Aprum Calydonis in agris;  
jonio ² Mullum, tot abhinc per saecula, nasci  
Aequore; ³ Muraenam grandem Scyllae que caninos  
Rictus & stomachum Siculo irritâsse profundo:  
Alite multiplici ⁴ septum Jecur éque tonitru  
Natis tuberibus, Judaeus & altor, & anser,  
Dictetur: ⁵ Squillâ ⁶ Virronem noverit emptum:  
Has, unde hoc oleum, Venafri produxit olivas  
Campus; & Albanae ⁷ succus praenobilis uvae  
Spumanti flagrat paterâ, ⁸ Ganymede ministro.  
Depascit panes Libycos ⁹ Conviva superbus,  
Cui datur ad primos locupleti accumbere lectos.  
Narratu facile est, quid mordeat ultimus hospes;  
¹⁰ Frusta, & relliquias anguillae rodit, & unguem  
¹¹ Cammare parve tuum, putres qui spirat amurcas:  
Aut potat faeces, medio quas territus haustu  
Dejicit, attonitus ¹² Maurum spectare ferentem.  
Virro & ¹³ Virrones solùm poma aurea gustant:  
cum Trebio & ¹⁴ Trebiis, quae projiciuntur, acescant.  
Sic verè coenat dives, ridetur egenus;  
Neglectúsque Cliens macer est, epulante Patrono.   

  

The fifth Design.  
Montanus' that, but tasting any dish,  
Knew th' age and climate of the flesh or fish;  
Would tell you, Calidonia fed this ¹ Boar;  
That ² Mullet was upon th' Ionian shore  
Spawned ten years since; and that this huge ³ Lamprey  
Made Scylla bark in the Sicilian Sea.  
This great ⁴ Goose-liver, with fowls circumscribed,  
The Jews crammed; and that ⁵ Squil rich Virro bribed.  
He would pronounce, 'twas the Venafrian soil  
Where th' Olives grew which made this precious ⁶ oil;  
That here old juice pressed out of Alban ⁷ Grapes  
Is filled by Asian ⁸ Boys with lovely shapes.  
No ⁹ Loaf but of the purest Libyan bread,  
Standing before the first ¹⁰ and second Bed:  
But no man needs interpret what he gnaws  
On the third Bed, Crusts, Eel-bones, ¹¹ Crayfish claws  
Dipped in Lamp-oil; or that he spilt his draught  
Of ¹² dregs, scared at the Moor by whom 'twas brought.  
Great Virro's stomach golden ¹³ Pipins close,  
Green Crabs the Butler to mean Trebius ¹⁴ throws.  
The Rich in earnest dine, the Poor in jest,  
The Client's Fast sets off the Patron's Feast.    

The Manners of Men. THE FIFTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The Client Trebius is reproved,  
That will with no affront be moved  
His Patron's Table to forbear:  
Where he but seldom must appear;  
And then, poor Creature, only sees  
The precious Wine, but drinks the Lees;  
At Virro's Feast eats scraps, or starves:  
Nor better, who brooks this, deserves.  
ARt thou not yet ashamed? dost thou intend  
Thy Life, thy SUMMUM BONUM, should depend  
Upon another's Trencher? art thou able  
To take more scoffs than were at CAESAR'S Table,  
By servile GALBA, or SARMENTUS borne?  
I'd scarce believe't, were't thou a witness sworn,  
I know the belly's cheaply fed; put case  
Thou hadst not to fill up that empty space:  
Is there no Hole, no Bridge, no Cottage-nook?  
Art thou with a meal's injury so took,  
So pleased with hunger? more gentile it were  
To shrug thy shoulders and gnaw dog-crusts there.  
First, when to supper thou art bid, thou hast  
The full reward of all thy service past;  
A great friends bounty, meat; he thinks so, though  
He bids thee seldom, yet he thinks it so:  
After some Month's neglect, if he admit  
A Client, lest there should want one to sit  
On's third bed, he says, we'll together eat:  
What wouldst thou more? thy wishes are complete.  
TREBIUS obliged, has that for which he must  
Break sleep, and run ungartered and untrust,  
For fear lest his saluting rivals may  
Have filled the ring by dawning of the day;  
Or at the time when the Sev'n-starres do roll  
Their cold and sluggish Wain about the Pole.  
But then, what kind of supper is't? thy cup  
Is filled with wine moist wool would scarce drink up;  
The Guests transformed to CYBEL'S Priests you see:  
Made with foul words their first encounters be;  
Anon the cups, they drink in, fly about,  
And thou thy wound wipest with a crimson clout:  
How often do the Libertines and You  
Pots of Saguntum furiously imbrue?  
What th' untrimed Consuls saw, his servant skinks:  
The grape pressed in the Civil Wars he drinks;  
Nor with one little Taster-full would part,  
To's friend, that has the trembling of the heart.  
From th' Alban or the Setine hills, next day,  
He something drinks, whose age hath took away  
The dusty hogshead's date, and climate; such  
As THRASEAS and HELVIDIUS would touch,  
When they drank Crowned, on the Nativities  
Of CASSIUS and both the BRUTUSES.  
VIRRO'S own wine's into large Amber put,  
Or sea-green Berill into fascets cut:  
They trust not thee with Gold, or if they do't  
Sometimes, a Keeper is annexed unto't,  
That counts the Gems, marks where thy sharp nail aims;  
Excuse him, there the precious Jasper flames;  
For VIRRO, to be a la mode, now brings  
These stones into his Bolls out of his Rings:  
Which in his Hilts the youth, preferred before  
The jealous-spirited HIARBAS, wore:  
Thou drainst a foul four-snouted glass, that's called  
The Beneventine Cobbler, old and galled;  
And going to the Glass-house every day  
For scraps of brimstone to be trucked away.  
With wine or meat if thy Lord's stomach glow,  
Boiled water's brought him, cooled in Scythian snow:  
Did I complain none of the same wine came  
To your share, alas your water's not the same?  
Thy Cup is filled by the Getulian Boor;  
Or raw-boned fingers of the Blackamoor,  
Whom i'th' rough Latin way, at dead of night,  
To meet by th' Urns, would put thee in a fright.  
The flower of Asia on thy Patron waits,  
Bought at a price would purchase the Estates  
Of TULLUS, warlike ANCUS: To such Boys,  
In few words, all our Kings had were but toys;  
Thou therefore when (th' art dry) must call to thee  
Thy black Getulian Ganymede; can he,  
He that cost thousands, wine for poor men fill?  
High looks become his form and youth; when will  
This serve thee? or that Lord of cold and hot,  
The Yeoman of the mouth, brew thee a pot?  
He scorns th' old Client should his pains command,  
And is not pleased thou sittest, when he must stand;  
Great houses with proud Servants swarm. How those  
Grumble to reach thee bread, a knife would pose:  
Hard mouldy Crusts, which do the Grinders spoil,  
And yet are hardly entered with long toil?  
Thy Lord's loaus are of soft and snow-white flower,  
Keepin thy hand, reverence the Butler's power:  
Shouldst thou be bold with it in jest, a Clown  
Stands o'er thee, that will make thee lay it down;  
Remember, saucy Sir, where you were bred,  
And know the colour of your household bread:  
Was 't this for which I left (so man'y a time)  
My Wife, the cold Mount Esquiline to climb,  
When Winter-JOVE poured down his cruel rain,  
And my fur'd Coat did rain it o'er again?  
See how thy Lord's long Squill bears down the dish  
Garnished with sparagus; and how the fish,  
With his proud tail, the Table seems to scorn,  
When in the hands of the tall Servant born.  
Thy Crab, with half an egg about it shred,  
Comes in a Plate: a Supper for the dead.  
Upon his Fish Venafrian oil he pours,  
Lamp-oil dawbs over thy pale Coliflowers:  
For, stuff brought in MICIPSA'S picked cane  
Thy Saucer fills; for which all Rome refrain  
The Bath, stunk up by BOCHAR, to come nigh;  
From which the very Lybian Serpents fly.  
Thy Patron's Mullet CORSICA sends in;  
Or Tauromenian Rocks, when ours begin  
To fail: when we, our luxury to please,  
Have for the Shambles robbed the neighbouring Seas,  
Plundered the Tyrrhene Fishes, spoilt our fry;  
The Provinces our riot must supply;  
Thence LENAS' sends AURELIA Donatives  
Wherewith she serves the Market; but he gives  
To VIRRO a huge Lamprey from the Straits  
Of Sicily: for when the south-wind waits  
For's Goal-delivery, and his moist wings dries:  
Carybdis our bold Fishermen despise.  
Thy Eel is Cousin to the slender Snake,  
Which th' Ice of Tiber did so spotted make:  
That fed with mud, and in the Kennel kept,  
Through the Suburras Common-shore oft crept.  
I'd speak a word in VIRRO'S ear; none crave  
What SENECA, brave PISO, COTTA gave  
To their poor friends (for great as Fasces then  
Or Titles, bounty shined in Noblemen;)  
Only a civil usage we entreat,  
Let's eat, at the same Table, the same meat:  
Do this and be (what most to be contend)  
Rich to thyself, poor only to thy friend.  
To VIRRO a great Goose's liver's set,  
Girt with crammed Fowl, or rarities as great:  
A wild Boar foaming lies upon his board,  
Worthy the fair-haired Meleager's sword:  
Then, if't be Spring time, the pared Mushroms dressed,  
If wished-for thunder make a greater feast:  
ALLEDIUS cries, your Corn you Lybians spend;  
Unyoke your Oxen, so you Mushrooms send.  
Mean time, lest any thing omitted be,  
To put thee out of patience; thou shalt see  
The Carver, flourishing his knife, begin,  
As if he were to dance a Matakin:  
Nor ends till all his Master's tricks are done,  
Till over all the dishes he hath run,  
And showed you what the different postures are  
Of cutting up a Pullet and a Hare.  
But thou, as HERCULES dragged CACUS, must  
Drawn by the heels out of the doors be thrust,  
Sold'st thou, as if thou hadst three names, repine;  
To thee when offers VIRRO his own wine,  
Or pledges in thy dregs? which of you are  
So rash, so lost, that to your Monarch dare  
Say, drink Sir: many words may not be spoke  
By a poor Fellow in a tattered Cloak.  
But should some God, or Godlike man then fate  
More kind, give thee a Gentleman's estate;  
Poor Rogue, how high from nothing wouldst thou rise?  
How gracious wouldst thou be in VIRRO'S eyes?  
Give TREBIUS this, set TREBIUS that meat:  
Wilt please you (Brother) of these entrails eat?  
Oh money! he this honour does to thee:  
'Tis VIRRO and thyself that Brothers be.  
But wouldst thou be one of the better sort,  
A Lord, and thy Lord's Prince, about thy Court  
There must no young AENEAS playing run;  
Nor daughter, more a darling than a son?  
A barren wife makes a friend sweet and dear.  
Yet if thy MYGALE should children bear  
Now thou art rich, set on thy knee three boys:  
Even in thy pretty Parrat-Babes he joys.  
For the green Stomacher his Servant goes;  
The small nuts, and the penny he bestows,  
That's asked him, when this Beggar of small sums,  
This little Parasite to his table comes.  
To poor friends poisonous Toad-stools they afford;  
The Mushrooms are served only to the Lord:  
Pure Fungoes, such as CLAUDIUS' eat: before  
His wife's came: after which he ne'er eat more.  
VIRRO, and all the VIRRO'S apples taste,  
Whose smell alone to feed upon thou hast:  
You'd think perpetual Autumn sent-in these  
From the robbed Orchard of th' Hesperideses.  
Thou eatest Crabs, such as he gnaws in the Works,  
That under's shield and in his helmet lurks:  
And fears the whip still when he learns the art,  
Out of the hairy Kid to cast his dart.  
That VIRRO spares his purse thou mayst believe;  
But he does this only to make thee grieve.  
What Comedy, what Mimic can excite  
More laughter than the cozened appetite?  
Know, 'tis his aim in tears to see thee wash  
Thy rage, to hear thy longing grinders gnash.  
Your Lord's Guests, Freemen you yourselves do think:  
He thinks you Slaves, took with his kitchen's stink;  
And he thinks right; for, what poor man that had  
Hetrurian golden bubbles, when a Lad,  
Or wore their figure, with a poor devise  
In Leather made, that can endure it twice?  
Oh, but a hopeful supper fails us now;  
You'll see another time he will allow  
Some part of the reversions of a Hare;  
We shall a Chick, or the Boar's haunches share.  
This makes you watch his eye with untouched bread.  
he's wise that lets thee be no better fed;  
For if thou canst with all these scorns sit down,  
In time thou'lt let him shave and crack thy Crown;  
And take a good sound whipping in the end:  
Worthy of such a Feast, and such a Friend.  

The Comment UPON THE FIFTH satire.  
VErse 5. Galba.] Apicius Galba, an excellent Droll in Tiberius Caesar's time: Martial in his Epigrams names him very often. Sarmentus was such another piece of impudence, in the reign of Augustus Caesar, and often came to his Table, where he (being a Roman Knight) to the dishonour of his quality endured all manner of affronts and scorns, yet at length by good drolling insinuated himself into the Emperor's favour. The Scuffle between Sarmentus and Messius Cicerra is described by Horace in his Journal, lib. 1. Sat. 5.  
Verse 7. The belly's cheaply fed.] A little contents nature: Senec. in his Epistles. Nature requires bread and water, no man as to these is poor. Wherein a man can limit his desires he may boast himself to be as happy as Jove. Again he saith, Nature appoints but a little, and is contented with it: the belly hears no Precepts; it asks and calls, but is no troublesome Creditor, if you pay what you owe, not what it covets. Again, it is a high pleasure if you can be content with such food as you can never be deprived of by the iniquity of Fortune.  
Verse 19 On's third Bed.] In the Triclinium or Roman Dining-room, was a Table in fashion of a halfmoon or Hemicycle, against the round part whereof they set three Beds, every one containing three persons when they had their full number; the Hemicycle being left for the Waiters.  
Verse 22. Saluting Rivals.] His fellow Clients, that put on their cursory Gowns to bid good morrow, sometimes by break of day, to their Patrons; or Patronesses, I mean rich Ladies that were Childless, such as Modia and Albina: Sat. 3. 
For fear lest his Colleague the Tribune may  
Wish Modia or Albina first good day.  Sometimes at midnight, as here. 
— When the Sev'n-starres do roll  
Their cold and sluggish Wain about the Pole.  Both times are taken notice of by Martial: 
Mane vel 'a media nocte togatus ero.  
By daybreak or at midnight I'll be gowned.   
Verse 29. Cybel's Priests.] See the Comment upon the second satire, where you will find the Priests of Cybele to be an Order of Rogues, Drunkards and Gluttons, therefore very likely to quarrel and fight about their victuals.  
Verse 33. Libertines.] A Libertine was properly the Issue of a Freedman and a Freed-woman, and the Son whose Father and Mother were both Libertines; nay, if the Mother only were freeborn, was called Ingenuus: but after the Censorship of Appius Caecus, Liberti and Libertini signified the same degree of freedom, and Ingenuus was taken for one born free, whether their Parents were Freedmen or the Sons of Freedmen: Justin Inst. l. 1. tit. de Ingenuis: See Franc. Sylu. in Catilinar. 4.  
Verse 34. Pots of Saguntum.] Course earthen Pots made in Spain at Saguntum, a City famous for holding out against Hannibal: See Sat. 15.  
Verse 35. Vntrimed Consuls,] That wore beards like their Kings.  
Verse 39 Alban.] The Alban Hills bore a very pleasant Grape: Plin. and the Vines there growing have not yet degenerated; for, the Vino Albano is now the best meat-wine in Rome.  
Verse 39 Setine Hills.] Setia the City that denominates these Hills, lies not far from Tarracina in Campania: Martial lib. 13. 
Pendula Pampineos quae spectat Setia campos.  
Setia that hangs o'er the Pampinian Medes.  The Wine that came from these Mountains was in great esteem with Augustus Caesar, and Regis ad Exemplum with Juvenal: Sat. 10.  
— When thou rich Setine Wine dost hold  
Sparkling midst Diamonds in a Boll of Gold.  
Verse 41. Date, and Climate.] The Romans writ upon the Vessels in their Cellars (as the Officres of our English Kings set down in their accounts) where the wine grew, and what day of the Month it came in.  
Verse 42. Thraseas and Helvidius.] Thraseas Paetus was Son in Law to Helvidius Priscus; both would as gladly have laid down their lives to preserve Rome from the tyranny of Nero, as D. Junius Brutus ventured his to free the Romans from Tarquin; or M. Brutus and Cassius theirs to deliver their Country from the encroachment of I. Caesar. Tharseas was a Stoic, and accordingly he behaved himself at his death; for when the Officer told him from Nero, that he must die, with great constancy he repressed the tears of his Family, and cheerfully holding forth his arm, when the floor was full of his blood, turning to Demetrius the Cynic, with the courage of Socrates, he said, This blood we offer as a Libation to Jove the deliverer: Tacit. lib. 16. Helvidius Priscus, suspected upon the same account, was banished Italy by Nero; and after his death repealed by Galba: See Tacit.  
Verse 43. Drank Crowned.] When the Romans indulged or sacrificed to the Genius (which was, as aforesaid, either at the Nativities or Marriages of themselves, or those they honoured) it was their custom to crown their heads with cooling flowers to allay the heat of the wine, and by binding of their foreheads to suppress the fumes then ascending.  
Verse 46. Beril.] A Precious-stone often mentioned in sacred Scripture.  
Verse 53. 
— The Youth preferred before  
The jealous spirited Hiarbas.—]  Aeneas, (See Sat. 1.) in whose time, when fight was in fashion, the Hilts of Swords were set with pretious-stones: Virg. Aeneid lib. 4. 
— Stellatus Jaspide fulva  
Ensis erat.—  
— Bright Jasper sparkled in his Hilts.  but in Juvenal's days, when fight in the field was out of date in Rome, and eating and drinking only in request, it was the mode to take out the Gems from their Hilts, and set them in their Bolls.  
Verse 56. Beneventine Cobbler,] An ugly Glass that bore the name of Vatinius the Drunken Cobbler of Beneventum; and the four noses of it were studed and bossed like his nose: Martial.  
Verse 63. Getulian Boor.] A Negro of Getulia in Africa.  
Verse 67. Flower of Asia.] My Author means not the whole, but that part of Asia (properly so called) within the Trojan Dominions, which took this name from Asius the Philosopher: Suid. After the Romans were made Lords of those Territories, by the gift of King Attalus, when they had brought them into the form of a Province, they called it Asia: Strab. lib. 13. so that the Flower of Asia signifies the loveliest Boys or Ganymeds' of the Country about Troy, where Ganymed himself was born, as you will see in the third Note following.  
Verse 69. Tullus.] Tullus Hostilius, the third King of Rome, that took, sacked, and demolished the City of Alba, as in the Comment upon the fourth satire; a Prince no less active than Romulus. He revived the Roman courage buried in sloth, and the arts of peace: and lest they should want employment, took occasion to quarrel with his Neighbours: Liv. He first reduced Coin to certain rates: He brought in the Consul's Chariot-chair, or Sella Curulis or Eburnea, so called, because it was made of Ivory, and carried about in a Chariot. The Lictors were his Officers. He invented the Toga Picta and Praetexta; the first being a Gown embroidered in figures, was worn in Triumph, the other (guarded with purple Silk) by noble men's Sons: and from Hetruria (now the Duchy of Florence) he brought the golden Bullas or Bubbles, which in their infancy they wore about their Necks: See Macrob. lib. 1. Saturn.  
Verse 69. Warlike Ancus] Ancus Martius fourth King of the Romans, Numa's Daughters Son; he subdued the Latins, enlarged the City of Rome, took-in the Aventine and Martial Mounts, and with a wooden Bridge joined the Janiculum to Rome. He extended the Roman Limits to the Sea-coast, where he built the City of Ostium. He made the first Prison that ever was in Rome, and the number of that one Prison was not multiplied in the Reigns of the three Kings his Successors, nor a long while after; as you may see in the end of Sat. 3.  
Verse 72. Getulian Ganymed.] Ganymed was Son to Tros King of Troy, so sweet a Boy that Jupiter fell in love with him; and, as he was hunting upon the Mountain Ida, made his Eagle seize and carry him to Heaven: where for his sake Jupiter put off Hebe, Juno's Daughter, that till then filled his Nectar; and gave his Cupbearer's place to Ganymed. The Mythological sense of this Fable is, that the divine Wisdom loves a wise man, and that he only comes nearest to the nature of God: Cicer. lib. 2. Tusculan: But this Negro, this Getulian Ganymed, came nearest the nature of Pluto, and might have been the Devil's Cupbearer.  
Verse 87. Remember.] These are the words of a proud controlling Waiter at the Table, answered (in the next verse but one) by the poor upbraided Client.  
Verse 90. Mount Esquiline,] Where many Patricians had houses; so had some Greek Mountebanks: See the Comment upon the third satire.  
Verse 98. A Supper for the Dead.] The Romans used to bring to a dead man's Monument a little Milk, Honey, Wine, Water, and an Olive: Apulei. thus they appeased the Manes or Ghosts: See Lips. l. 7. Tacit.  
Verse 99 Venafrian Oil.] The Oil made at Venafrum (a City of Campania) the purest in all Italy, mentioned likewise by Horace and Martial.  
Verse 101. Micipsa.] Micipsa and Bochar were the names of two Kings, this of Egypt, that of Numidia. It seems the Oil that came from their Countries was so fulsome, as the very African Serpents would not endure the smell of that which their own Countrymen used in the Baths at Rome.  
Verse 105. Corsica,] An Island in the Ligustick Sea, lying North and South between Italy and Sardinia, from which it is 60 furlongs distant: Plin. lib. 3. cap. 4. it is environed West and North by the Ligustick Sea, on the East it hath the Tyrrhene Sea, on the South the Pelagus or main Sea: Ptol. c. 5. l. 2.  
Verse 106. Tauromenian Rocks.] The Sea coast near Tauromenium in Sicily.  
Verse 111. Lenas',] One of the Haeredipitae or Fishers for Legacies, that bought up the Cream of the Market to present to Childless persons: This was a rooking compliment in fashion with the Romans: Sat. 6.  
But Ursid likes the Julian Law, intends  
To get an heir, and lose the gifts he sends,  
That courts him with the Shamble's rarest things,  
The Mullet, and great Turtle without Wings.  
Verse 111. Aurelia,] A rich childless woman presented by Lenas' with so many Shambles-rarities, more than she could spend in her house, that with the overplus she served the Market.  
Verse 120. Suburra.] See the beginning of the third satire.  
Verse 122. Seneca,] A Spaniard, born at Corduba, he was a Stoic and Tutor to the Emperor Nero, that having raised him to so vast an Estate, that the calling in of his bank of money in Britain, caused a Rebellion; at last, suspected to be one of the Plotters in Piso's conspiracy, Nero commanded that he should bleed to death: His works are extant which show his excellence of Learning in Moral and Natural Philosophy: and though some have aspersed him, as a covetous wretch, I think him to be fully vindicated in the noble mention here made of him by my Author.  
Verse 122. Piso.] C. Piso Calfurnius lived in the reign of Claudius Caesar: Prob. he was adopted by Galba; magnificent in his bounty both to friends and strangers: Tacit. At his Countryhouse Nero often recreated himself: idem.  
Verse 122. Cotta.] Aurelius Cotta a munificent person contemporary with Seneca and Piso.  
Verse 132. Meleager,] Son to Oeneus, King of Calidonia, by his Wife Althaea; that as soon as she was delivered of him, imagined she saw the three fatal Sisters holding in their hands a Brand, and that she heard them say, when that firestick should be burned out the Child should die: The Destinies then vanishing, the Brand was left, which Althaea extinguished, and kept it with great care. Meleager being now grown a man, it fortuned that his Father, sacrificing to the Gods, offered of his fruits to all the Deities, Diana only omitted; this neglect so incensed her, that she sent a wild Boar which destroyed the whole Country of Aetolia. Meleager with his Mistress Atalanta (followed by all the gallant Youth of Greece) hunted this Boar, and slew him, presenting his head to Atalanta (the Daughter of Jasius King of Argos) that first hit the Monster with an arrow. This Present was resented with such a strange animosity by his Mother's Brothers Plexippus and Toxeus (they as well as she having ventured their lives in the Chase) that they attempted to take her head; which so enraged her Servant Meleager, that he slew them both, and immediately married Atalanta. The news flying to Althaea, that both her Brothers were slain by her Son's hand; in her fury she threw the Brand into the fire, and as it burned so did the bowels of Meleager, the Brand and he in the same instant dying: Ovid Metam. lib. 8. Althaea to revenge herself upon her Son with fearful execrations prayed for his death to Pluto and Proserpina: Hom. therefore the story of the Brand only signifies her curses and the Magic which she practised: Sabin.  
Verse 133. Springtime.] The best Mushrooms grow in Africa, in the Spring of the year, immediately after thunder; which though it blast the Corn, is notwithstanding wished-for by such Voluptuaries as Alledius, that had rather have the Lybians to send their Mushrooms to Rome then their Corn.  
Verse 145. Cacus,] The Aventine Shepherd (the great Gandfather of the Bandits or Italian Outlaws) from whose robberies the Latins could secure neither their own nor strangers goods; so that when Hercules passed through Latium with droves of cattle which he had got from Geryon in Spain; at Midnight Cacus took them out of the Pasture; and lest he should be tracked by the Beasts feet, he dragged them by the tails into his Den. Hercules rising by daybreak, and finding by his eye that he wanted some of his number, took a view of the Rocks and Caves about the place, to discover by the footing, if any of his cattle had straggled thither; but when he saw by the print of their hoofs that they all went from the Caves, not towards them, he knew not what to think of it; and being about to remove, his Oxen (that wanted their fellows) began to bellow, and were answered by those in Cacus his Den: thither went Hercules, and was resisted by Cacus; that endeavouring to obstruct his entry, was knocked down dead with his Club (and it seems dragged out by the heels) Liv. lib. 1. Virg. Aeneid. lib. 8.  
Verse 163. Aeneas'] Juvenal tells the Client Trebius, that if he should grow rich, and have a Court like Queen Dido's, yet (if he mean that his Patron Virro shall be one of his Courtiers) he must not wish as she did to have a young Aeneas; for A barren Wife makes a Friend sweet and dear. Notwithstanding if Mygale, the Wife of Trebius, should bring him three young Aeneases, Virro would make much of them all, as he did of their rich Father, and for the same consideration, Viz. 
Oh money! he this honour does to thee:  
'Tis Virro and thyself that Brothers be.   
Verse 171. Claudius.] Claudius' Caesar, whose Army brought into his obedience the Isles of the Orcadeses: He was a dull sottish Prince, which his Empress Messalina presumed upon, or else she had not dared in his life time to marry herself publicly to C. Silius: Tacit. Annal. lib. 11. Juvenal Sat. 10. This was told him by his Freedman Narcissus, that governed him in chief, and commanded him to take off her head, Sat. 14. After her death, his Freedmen Narcissus, Calistus and Pallas held a Council about another Wife in her place, and the last carried it for his dear Mistress Agrippina. She was Niece to Claudius, and confidently, before she was his Empress, took upon her the Authority of a Wife: Tacit. Annal. lib. 12. c. 1. When he had married her, she made him betroath his Daughter Octavia to her Son Domitius; and soon after, by the help of her Favourite Pallas, got him to adopt her Son Domitius by the name of Nero; and then she had no further service to command him in this world; therefore (making Locusta poison one of his beloved Mushrooms, Sat. 5.) she sent him into the next world, and so he descended into Heaven, Sat 6. See Seneca in his Drollery upon the death of Claudius Caesar, where he says he went up to Heaven, but by a Decree of the Gods was thrust down to Hell.  
Verse 180. Hesperideses.] The three Daughters of Hesperus Brother to King Atlas their names were Eagle, Arethusa and Hesperethusa. The Poets tell us these Sisters had an Orchard where the trees bore golden fruit, which was guarded by a Dragon, till Hercules slew him and carried the golden Apples for a Present to his Stepfather Eurysttheus. Some say this Dragon was only the doubling of a point at Sea (the shore winding and foaming like a Dragon) which landed Hercules in a Country full of Olive trees with fruit upon them as yellow as Gold: Plin. Solin. See Vir. and N. Comes lib. 7. Mythol. cap. 7.  
Verse 194. Hetrurian Bubbles.] Golden Bullaes or Bubbles, worn about the necks of Nobleman's Children, by the appointment of Tullus Hostilius: imitating the great Persons in this fashion, poor people hung about their children's necks a leathern Bubble.    


Figura Sexta.  
POsthume, ¹ dic, quid agis? seris an ineptus in annis  
Ambis tu teneram juvenili in flore puellam,  
Quae lasciva fugit, ducens hâc fraude sequacem?  
At tu, si sapias, ² Juvenali attende monenti:  
En Capitolinus stat ³ mons ibi, cautibus horrens;  
Ind fluit ⁴ Tiber, hinc abituram cernis ⁵ Amicam:  
Elige de tribus hisce tibi, vel saxa, vel undas,  
Et te praecipitans canorum consule famae:  
Credêris demens, nisi vincla jugalia vites,  
⁶ Urbicus emulget cum vaccam pauperis Aeliae,  
Et cantat Mimus; ⁷ Paris irritátque Tragoedus  
Troiadas, Proceres ubi magno agit histrio plausu.  
Adde quod ad Phariam, (lippum comitata ⁸ Lanistam  
Nupta Senatoris) properaverit ⁹ Hippia cymbam.  
" Ursidium exemplis absterret talibus Autor,  
" Conjugii vetulus nè porrigat ora capistro:  
" Non quod femineum Satyrâ perstringat honorem  
" Paucarum ob maculas, quas ipso in sole notâris,  
" Nec tamen eclipsin faciunt hae; sed neque splendet,  
" Vt radiat coelo muliebris fama Latino;  
" Astruit Vxorum Lucretia morte pudorem;  
" Portiá que abserptis Viduarum est gloria flammis.   

  

The sixth Design.  
HOW ¹ Posthumus? thou wilt not sure engage  
To this young Beauty in thy drooping age?  
She's coy, and shuns thee only to entice:  
But follow thy friend ² Juvenals advice.  
Here hangs the steep ³ Tarpeian Rock: here flows  
Swift ⁴ Tiber: there thy ⁵ Iberina goes:  
Choose two of three, a precipice, or wave;  
Casting thyself away, thy credit save:  
We shall conclude thee mad, to marry now  
When ⁶ Urbicus the Clown milks Aelia's Cow;  
And ⁷ Paris the young Player gains the hearts  
Of Ladies, How? with acting great men's parts:  
Whilst th' ill-looked Fencer ⁸ Sergius steals aboard  
Fair ⁹ Hippia, married to an ancient Lord.  
By th' Author such examples are picked out  
To cross her marriage, whom th' old man's about:  
Not to defame her sex, for these few blots;  
Even in the Sun we have discovered spots,  
Yet still he shines in heaven, and not more fair  
Than Ladies fames fly in the Roman air;  
Where Lucrece sealed the faith of Wives in blood,  
Portia the constancy of Widowhood.    

The Manners of Men. THE six satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The Roman Women full of Taints  
And Blemishes, the Poet paints;  
And sends them represented thus  
To old Ursidius Posthumus:  
Of whom he does compassion take,  
And counsels him his choice to make  
Of any death, ere such a Life  
As he must look for with a Wife.  
I Grant that Chastity when SATURN reigned  
Was seen on earth, when one cold Cave contained  
A little Household fire, and Lar; and made  
For Shepherds and their Flocks a common Shade;  
When first the Mountain-wife leaves sedges spread,  
And skins of neighbouring beasts, to make her bed:  
Not like thee CYNTHIA; nor her, that cried  
And swelled her fair eyes when her Sparrow died:  
But whilst man Acorns belched, his wife (more wild)  
Had her full breasts drunk up by her great child.  
For in th' earth's nonage, under heavn's new Frame  
No vice they knew that from th' Oak's rupture came,  
Or clay-born had no Parents; and yet much  
Old virtue might remain, at least some touch  
Even under JOVE: but ere JOVE had a beard,  
Ere Greeks by others heads swore; when none feared  
A thief would rob him of his herbs or trees,  
But lived without enclosure; by degrees  
To Heaven then Chastity ASTRAEA led;  
And so together the two Sisters fled.  
POSTHUME, 'tis old to steal another's sweets,  
To slight the Genius of the sacred sheets:  
The Iron Age brought forth all other crimes,  
Adultery was in the Silver times:  
Yet Meetings, Contracts, Jointures motion'st thou  
In our Age? Nay, the Master-barber now  
Trims thee; perhaps thy Pledge her finger fits.  
Wilt thou wive POSTHUME? sure thou hadst thy wits?  
What snake-haired Fury haunts thee? canst obey  
A Wife, so many halters in thy way?  
So many windows open, those so high;  
The opportune Aemilian Bridge so nigh?  
If in this choice of deaths none pleasing be,  
Think, is't not better thy Boy sleep with thee,  
Thy Boy that reads no curtain-Lecture, feigns  
No coyness, till presented; nor complains  
Because thou sparest thy back, or that so oft  
As he commands thou dost not come aloft?  
But URSID likes the Julian Law, intends  
To get an Heir; and lose the gifts he sends,  
That courts him with the Shambles rarest things,  
The Mullet, and great Turtle without wings;  
What is not possible if URSID wed?  
If this old Stallion thrust his foolish head  
Into the Marriage halter, that lay pressed  
So oft, half smothered, in LATINU'S Chest?  
Besides his Wife must be of th' old chaste strain:  
He's mad, good Surgeon, strike his median vein.  
Adore JOVE prostrate on's Tarpeian hill  
Nice man; to JUNO a guilt Heifer kill,  
If thou hast luck to Nun's flesh: so few are  
Fit to touch CERE'S Veil, their Fathers dare  
Not kiss them. Thy dore-posts with Garlands crown,  
Thick Ivy to thy threshold hanging down:  
One man thy IBERINA satisfy?  
She'll sooner be contented with one eye.  
But she's cried up, lives at her Father's Grange;  
Let her live next a Village-maid, then change  
To be a Town-maid; and the Grange may pass.  
But who swears nothing done in Mountains was,  
Or Caves? are JOVE and MARS so wondrous old?  
In all our Gardens dost one Maid behold  
Worthy thy choice? our Playhouse Boxes prove,  
Canst pick out one thou mayst securely love?  
BATHYLLUS acting LEDA, THUSCIA leaks  
At's Gambols; APULA as tickled squeaks.  
THYMELE the long thing-before discerns,  
Then Country-THYMELE the Town-trick learns:  
The rest will pout when, th' Arras taken down,  
Noise leaves the Stage the Courts of Law to drown.  
And when in CYBEL'S Games men act not, they  
ACTIUS with's Wizard, Thyrs, and Codpiece, play  
AUTONOE'S loose Jig, that laughter moves,  
Sings URBICUS, him the poor AELIA loves:  
These spoil the singing Boy; at high rates those  
Do buy th' unbutt'ning the Comedian's hose.  
HISPULLA the Tragedian doth affect:  
That these should love QUINTILIAN can ye expect?  
The Lutenist ECHION, if not he,  
The Fiddler GLAPHYRUS shall Cocold thee:  
Or she that for a Wife thou meanest to take  
Will AMBROSE Piper thy Child's Father make.  
To straiten the large Streets long Scaffolds raise,  
Adorn thy Gates and Posts with solemn bays,  
LENTULUS, that thy canopied noble Heir,  
May look like Rogue-EURIALUS the Sword-play'r.  
The Lord VEIENTO'S Lady, HIPPIA,  
With a base Gladiator ran away,  
Following SERGIUS to the Pharian Isle,  
Lewd Alexandria, and the banks of Nile:  
Even dissolute CANOPUS crying down  
The impudence of this prodigious Town.  
Regardless of her Husband's reputation,  
The honour of her Sister, House, and Nation;  
She left her crying Babes; what may amaze  
Thee yet more, she left PARIS and the Plays.  
And she that richly by her Father kept,  
Had in his down and deep-fringed Cradles slept,  
Scorned rocking waves; fame she long since did slight,  
Whose loss upon a Bed of down weighs light:  
She therefore Tyrrhene waves, th' Ionian roar,  
And various Seas with constant courage bore;  
For danger let but some just cause appear;  
Their frozen hearts do honest actions fear,  
Their trembling feet, too weak to bear them are;  
They bring strong souls to things they foully dare.  
She that her Husband takes aboard will swoon,  
Then how the Pump stinks! how the air turns round!  
She with her Knave's not sea-sick, that bespues  
Her Husband; this eats such as Sailors use,  
Runs on the Decks, to pull hard ropes delights:  
But HIPPIA what Youth what Form invites?  
What did she see to dote upon the stile  
Of Gladiatress? her Gallant a while  
Had shaved; his cut arm craved a Writ of Ease:  
And so deformed a face could hardly please,  
Worn bald with's Helmet, on his nose a Wen,  
His eyes sharp Rheum still dropped: but he was then  
A Swordman, this makes HYACINTHS; this to her  
Lord, Sister, Country, Babes, she did prefer:  
'Tis Steel they love; had SERGIUS for his Sword  
Took up the Wand, she had horned him like her Lord.  
But what's a private house? what HIPPIA'S name?  
See the God's rivals, CLAUDIUS CAESAR'S shame,  
Whose daring wife, when sleep had drowsed his head,  
Preferred a Mat before his royal Bed.  
Th' Imperial Strumpet with one Maid, stole out  
In her Night-hoods, and having put about  
Her black hair a red Periwig, she got  
Into the Stews, where th' old rug still was hot:  
In a spare room, kept for her, there gold-chained,  
Bare-breasted stood, her name LYCISCA feigned:  
Highborn BRITANNICUS thy womb displayed;  
Smiled upon all that came, her bargain made;  
And when the Wenches were dismissed, she last  
('Twas all she could) sadly the door made fast;  
And many thirsted-for encounters tried,  
Departed tired with men, not satisfied:  
And fouled with candle-smoak, her cheeks smeared o'er,  
The Brothel-steam to CAESAR'S pillow 〈…〉  
Their love-draughts, charms, & drugs 〈…〉  
Brewed for the Son in law, that drinks his fate.  
Their sex kept under swells their vices so,  
That lust appears a Peccadillio.  
But why's CESENNIA by her husband graced?  
She brought ten thousand, at that rate she's chaste:  
Love's bow or torch, nor wounds, nor burns his heart;  
Hence comes the flame, the Portion casts the dart.  
Her freedom's bought; he by, she'll write, or kiss:  
A covetous man's rich Wife a Widow is.  
How is't SERTORIUS BIBULA approves?  
The truth discussed, the face, not Wife he loves.  
Let but three wrinkles grow, her dry skin shrink,  
Her teeth look rusty, her eyes deeper sink;  
Pack up his Freedman bids her, and be gone;  
The art now a burden, thy nose drops, jog on,  
Quick; let another that's dry nosed succeed.  
Whilst fair she reigns, her Lord's Canusian breed  
Of sheep and Shepherds, Falern Vine-yards craves:  
That's nothing: all fine Boys, all Jails for Slaves:  
What neighbours have, she wants, his purse must buy;  
In Winter, when ashore the Merchants lie;  
When th' icy Tower the Pilot's art controls,  
Great Crystals he brings home, huge Myrrhine Bolls;  
And the rich Diamond, that fairer showed  
On BERENICE'S finger: this bestowed  
The barbarous AGRIPPA, he to his  
Incestuous Sister once presented this,  
Where barefoot Kings the Sabbath sacred hold,  
And ancient pity lets the Hogs grow old.  
Is one of all these worthy thy embrace?  
Be she fair, rich, neat, fruitful; though she place  
The Statues of her Ancestors to guard  
Her walks: and be herself then those loose-haired  
Peacemaking Sabines more unknown to man:  
A bird as rare on earth as a black Swan.  
Who'll brook her if she be all this? give me  
A Country-Maid, CORNELIA, before thee  
The GRACCHI'S Mother: if as proud as great  
Thou, as thy dowry, thy triumphs dost repeat:  
Thy HANNIBAL, thy conquered SYPHAX, pry'thee  
Take and be gone, and take all Carthage with thee?  
Hold PHOEBE; PHOEBUS, in my Children lies  
No fault, their Mother kill, AMPHYON cries:  
But PHOEBUS shoots; thus NIOBE, whilst her place  
She boasts to be above LATONA'S race,  
And fruitfuller than the white Sow her womb:  
Did all her Children, and her Lord entomb.  
What's modesty, what's beauty, that she should  
Upbraid thee with them? there's in that rare good  
No pleasure: when corrupted by proud hearts,  
More Aloes than Honey it imparts.  
Yet who so fond a Lover, but he may  
Abhor his Paragon seven hours a day?  
Some trivial things, no Husband's patience brooks,  
For what's more base? none thinks she handsome looks,  
Till she her Tuscan can in Greek express,  
And turns pure Attic from a Sulmoness.  
When they want native Latin (more their shame)  
They speak all Greek, vex, tremble, laugh, proclaim  
Their soul's deep secrets: what more? to't they go  
In Greek: Old-woman, fie, let Girls do so;  
Wilt thou fourscore and six be Greekish? chaste  
Greek is not when 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thou sayest,  
My life, my soul: and usest in a crowd  
Those words, for which thy sheets were late a shroud.  
What will not this Provocative command?  
There's in a smooth and petulant tongue a hand;  
Speak thou more soft than HAEMUS, charm our ears  
CARPOPH'RUS like: thy face sums up thy years.  
If thou'lt not love thy Wife, 'tis to no end  
To seal the Contract, and in vain to spend  
A Supper, and those Jellies made to give  
High spirits; or that first-night's donative,  
When, shining in rich Plate, she must behold  
Dacian and Germane CAESAR cut in Gold:  
If thou'lt uxoriously to one adhere,  
Submit thy willing neck the yoke to bear:  
There's none will spare her Lover, though she burn  
His spoils and torments to her sport she'll turn;  
To marry therefore him 'twill less behoove  
That would a kind and noble Husband prove.  
Thou shalt give nothing when she's not content,  
Buy or sell nothing but with her consent:  
She'll rule thy soul: that friend must be expelled  
Now old, whose growing beard thy gates beheld.  
The privilege of Law when Fencers take,  
And Bawds are free their Testaments to make,  
Thou must to Rivals thy estate bequeath.  
Hang up thy Slave: how merits my Slave death?  
Who's witness? who informs? hear what he'll say?  
On man's life never was too long delay.  
Fool, is a Slave a man? he's clear: be't so,  
We will, and our Will shall for reason go.  
Thus she her husband awes; straight quits her reign,  
Shifts house, tears her bright Veil, returns again  
To some scorned Bed: leavs the new wreathed door,  
The rooms fresh hanged, green boughs upon the floor;  
Thus numbers she eight husbands in five years:  
How rare th' Inscription on her Tomb appears.  
Despair of peace whilst thy wife's mother lives;  
She how to rob a husband precepts gives;  
She to a servant no rude lines rescribes,  
No simple stuff: the guard she cheats or bribes:  
Then, her Child well, for the Physician sends;  
Casts off the rug; whilst the hid Knave attends,  
And mastuprates mad to be so delayed:  
Why, think you, can a Mother of the Trade  
chaste thoughts, or other than her own, imprint?  
Besides, a Bawd's loose Daughter is her Mint.  
Most Lawsuits women cause: MANILIA will,  
If not Defendant, be the Plaintiff still:  
Themselves draw Bills, they do Exordiums frame,  
Give hints, teach learned CELSUS to declaim.  
Their Tyrian Cassocks nointings for the field,  
Who knows not? sees not how with spear and shield  
The wounded post is charged by Maids at arms,  
And rarely well-trained Matrons: whose alarms  
May Florall Trumpets claim; unless some Prize  
They mean to play, and therefore exercise?  
Where's her chaste blush that puts her helmet on  
And her sex off? that, though she dote upon  
Man's strength, would not be man; for, but compare  
Our pleasures, alas how little is our share?  
'Twere fine if one should thy wife's Wardrobe cry,  
Her Gauntlets, Belt, Plumes, Tases her left thigh  
Half-cov'ring: or if for all fights she be  
Thou blest may'st sell her armour cap-a-pe.  
These are the Dames that in thin holland sweat,  
Whose silks too much their tender body's heat.  
Behold how fiercely the taught thrust she takes;  
See what a blow her helmet bows, and makes  
Her Hips spread, and thick folds in her short Gown:  
But smile when she disarmed to th' pot squats down.  
Tell me, you Nieces to great LEPIDUS,  
To blind METELLUS, spendthrift FABIUS,  
What Fencer's Trull thus armed was ever known,  
When did ASYLU'S wife thus fight groan.  
Debates, alternate brawlings ever were  
In Marriage-beds, no thought of sleeping there.  
Fierce as a Tigress robbed she then begins  
To chide, or sigh, when guilty of close sins:  
Or her own Children hates; or swears he keeps  
A Wench, and as she did believe it, weeps.  
Her tears in troops still ambushed, wait to know  
What's her design, how she'll command them flow.  
That 'tis pure love thou pleased hedge-sparrow think'st,  
And from her lips the briny moisture drinkest:  
What Letters mightst thou read, if thou couldst get  
Into the jealous Strumpet's Cabinet?  
But she's caught with this Slave, that Gallant. Come  
Plead her excuse QUINTILIAN? We are dumb.  
Speak woman? 'Twas agreed, she doth reply:  
Thou shouldst do what thou list, and so should I.  
Out-storm a tempest, th' air with clamour fill,  
A woman will be found a woman still;  
If once surprised, th' earth hath not bolder things:  
Even from their crimes their spleen & courage springs.  
But from what Lerna have these Monsters crept?  
Their once-low fortunes chaste the Latins kept;  
And vice out of poor houses labour barred,  
Short sleep, and hands with Tuscan wool made hard:  
HANNIBAL at our Gates with all his powers,  
Their Husbands standing on the Colline Towers.  
Long peace undoes us. Lust, than War more fierce,  
Revenges now the conquered Universe.  
When poverty left Rome, no horrid sin  
But entered; then to our seven hills flowed in  
Rhodes, Malta, Sibaris; Tarentum crowned  
With flowers, and still in wine and women drowned.  
That Bawd Coin first strange fashions hither brought:  
Wealth to the weakened world foul riot taught.  
For what cares VENUS drunk? she does not know  
Her upper Region from her Coast below:  
She now at midnight her great Oysters eats,  
When Falerne wine with foamy Essence sweats;  
When off the Flagons, round the Chamber goes,  
The Table rises, each Light double shows.  
Go now, why TULLIA snorts a doubt propose;  
When she so snuffs the air up with her nose?  
Or what COLLATIA to her MAURA talks,  
When she by Chastity's old Altar walks?  
There their Sedans wait; they do there distil,  
And the carved Goddess with long spouting fill:  
They mount by courses in the Moon's chaste sight,  
And so ride home; the morning scarcely bright,  
Thou spatter'st thy wife's water, as thou go'st  
To bid those friends good day thou honour'st most.  
Now the Good Goddess hath her secrets blazed,  
When to the Pipe they frisk, and running mazed  
With Wine and Cornets, their hair wildly roll;  
Like Priapaean MAENADES they howl:  
Then how they long for't! when it comes, what cries,  
What torrents of old wine flow down their thighs!  
LAUFELLA Wenches at the nimble heave  
Dares challenge, and the Garland does receive:  
Then she, whilst MEDULLINA lifts, knelt down:  
And they call her their Queen that gets this Crown.  
No Girles-play here; all's done that may allure  
Cold PRIAM'S heart, or NESTOR'S Hernia cure.  
Then lust grows rampant, she's pure woman then,  
And the whole Vault cries, now let in the men;  
Sleeps th' old adulterer? bid the younger blood  
Run nimbly hither, dressed up in my hood.  
Comes none? she'll meet her slaves; those out oth'way,  
The Tankard-bearer for his pains she'll pay:  
He absent; no Man found; e'er she'll abide  
Delay, she'll let an Ass get up and ride.  
Would public rites might this abuse eschew.  
But Moors and Indians a she-Singer knew,  
That could a more sufficient Roll have shown  
Then CAESAR'S Anti-CATO'S both in one:  
And brought it in, whence not a Mouse, that fears  
His stones, but flies, where veils man's picture wears.  
What saucy Atheist durst of old despise  
NUMA'S black Boll, the Urn for sacrifice,  
Or Vatican frail Plate that earthen was?  
Now where's an Altar that no CLODIUS has?  
Hang on a lock I hear old friends advise,  
Appoint a guard: but who shall watch the spies?  
Her art first draws them in. To one degree  
Of lust all now are come; no chaster she  
By whose rough hobnails the black flints are worn,  
Then she that's on tall Syrians shoulders born.  
To see a prize OGULNIA hires a Man,  
Gown, Clients, Nurse, a Cushion, a Sedan,  
A red-haird Maid, on her commands to wait;  
And all her Father's goods, with her last plate,  
To active Wrestlers prodigally gives:  
At home in great strait's many, but none lives  
In moderation that befits the poor.  
Yet Man sometimes weighs profit, looks before,  
Provides for cold and hunger, fears to want,  
Taught by th' example of the frugal Ant:  
Vain Woman sees not how the Stock consumes,  
That Gold will grow in empty bags presumes,  
And still to take from full heaps: never measures  
At what excessive rates she buys her pleasures.  
Some our soft Evnuches still smooth kisses love,  
And mere despair of beard; no fear to prove,  
A need abortion: yet the pleasure's great,  
Because the Surgeon in ripe youth and heat  
Their dowcets cuts, the black Down newly grown:  
These, when they come to weigh a pound a stone,  
He takes off, leaves the remnant at full size,  
And only the poor Barber damnifies.  
Into the Bath this goodly Eunuch goes,  
And there, no doubt, so huge a bauble shows,  
As may with BACCHUS or PRIAPUS vie:  
His Lady's Eunuch, with her let him lie;  
But POSTHUMUS I would not wish you trust  
Your Minion BROMIUS to this Evnuch's lust.  
If she love Music, let no voice that's sold  
To Praetors, hope to make his button hold:  
Her hands are still on th' Organs, her Lute stuck  
With gems, the strings with a rich quill are struck:  
The young HYDEMELE'S Lute takes her, this  
She hugs, and gives the loved wood man'y a kiss.  
One of the Lamian house and Appian name  
With Cakes and Wine to VESTA ' and JANUS came,  
To know if POLLIO'S Lyre would music breath,  
To win him the Capitoline oaken Wreath.  
Should her Lord sicken, what could she do more?  
Or had the Doctors her young Son given o'er?  
She stood at th' Altar, as the manner is,  
And spoke the prompted words of sacrifice,  
Nor for a Fiddler shamed her face to veil:  
And when the Lamb was opened she turned pale.  
Thou old God, Father JANUS, can Heaven hear  
These prayers? I see ye have little business there;  
She must for Buskins, she for Socks procure  
Thy aid: th' Aruspex will grow crooked sure.  
But let her sing, ere ramble to invite  
The Wits; and parley, in her Husband's sight,  
With men of paludated Generals, face to beard,  
And naked breasted: this is she that heard  
All news, knows what's in Thrace and Scythia done,  
The secret of the Stepmother and Son;  
Can tell, who loves, what Wencher was beguiled,  
And who 'twas got the Dowager with child,  
What day o'th' Month; knows every Lady's phrase  
She sports in, and how many several ways:  
She first the Comet saw, th' Armenian State  
And Parthian threatening: at the City-gate  
She way-layes fame; NIPHATES she gives out  
Hath drowned the Men and Countries round about;  
That th' Earth shakes, City's nod: in all our streets  
She prattles this, to every one she meets.  
Yet this is by a base vice outstripped;  
Poor Neighbours must entreat they may be whipped:  
For if a barking Dog disturb her sleep,  
She calls out to the Varlets she doth keep,  
Take your batoons along without demur,  
Brain the Dog's Master first, and then the Cur.  
She frowning goes into her Bath by night,  
Pots, Pans; the Camp's removed by candlelight:  
She loves to sweat in Crowds, till each arm falls,  
Tired with the weight of her two leaden balls:  
Then her Bath-keeper a Knave's trick hath found,  
To make his Lady's anointed thigh resound.  
Mean time her Clients, starved and hungry, droop:  
At length she comes red-cheeked, and longs to swoop  
A Roundlet off, laid at her feet, and poured  
From a full Ewer; whence th' other Pint devoured,  
To force an appetite; she in her way  
To supper, does o'th' ground her stomach lay:  
The Marble floor swift Rivers interline,  
Or her broad Basin smells of Falerne wine:  
Like a long Snake into a Winefat cast,  
She sucks it in, and spews it out as fast;  
A sight that makes her Husband's stomach rise,  
Who to avoid the object shuts his eyes.  
She's worse, that VIRGIL at her board commends,  
And DIDO'S killing of herself defends;  
And then compares the Poets, VIRGIL lays  
In one scale, in the other HOMER weighs:  
Gramarians, Rhetoricians, the whole crowd  
She drowns; Lawyer nor Crier speaks so loud,  
Nor other Woman; words burst from her tongue,  
you'd swear so many Bells and Basins rung:  
Let none sound Trumpets, or brass Kettles grieve,  
She can alone the labouring Moon relieve.  
Her wisdom th' End to honest acts sets down.  
If she'll show learned, let her gird her gown  
Above her knee, to God SILVANUS slay  
A hog, and for her bathe a farthing pay.  
Let not thy wife to speak high things affect,  
Nor nimbly the short Enthymem project;  
Nor know all Histories: she may have got  
A little, so she understand it not.  
I hate her that PALAEMON'S art revives,  
That to discourse, by rule, or method strives:  
That as an Antiquary Verses quotes  
Unknown to me; and in her Gossip notes  
A fault in Grammar, which Men scarce regard:  
Pray let her Husband's solaesism be spared.  
A woman thinks all's lawful, when she wears  
Those mighty Pear-pearls that weigh-down her ears,  
And th' Emerald Necklace: nothing makes man's life  
Unhappier, than a fortune with a wife.  
Boiled flower like mortar's in her wrinkles laid,  
Or that Pomatum which POPPAEA made.  
Her poor fool's lips she bird-limes, but comes in  
To her adulterer with a clean-washt skin.  
When goes she neat at home? she meets her friend  
In all perfumes that meager Indians send.  
At last she's seen undaw'bd; then first she's known,  
And nursed with Ass' milk, whose breeds her own,  
And still took with her, lest she be sent forth  
An Exile, like POPPAEA, to the North.  
But what's thus poulticed, and thus plastered o'er,  
Is it a face, or may't be called a sore?  
'Tis worth your knowledge what they do by day:  
If in the night her Husband turned away,  
Her chief Maid's dead: her Dresser ready stripped;  
Too late comes her Chair-bearer, and is whipped,  
Because another fell asleep: his head  
Breaks her tough cane; him rods, him cords die red.  
There are that pay the Beadles by the year:  
She beats, then paints; then does her Gossips hear,  
Or her fair gold-embroidered Garment views;  
Beats on, and does the day's accounts peruse;  
Which took; and beating till the Beadle's groan:  
Be gone, she thunders in a horrid tone;  
In the Sicilian Court a milder doom  
Offenders had, then in her House at Rome.  
For, if some neater dress she meditates,  
Or hastes to the Religious Bawd, that waits  
In ISIS Fane; or some i'th' walks expect:  
Poor PSECAS still bare-breasted, naked-neckt,  
Her hair torn, combs her Lady's; Why's this lock  
So high? strait her Bull-pizle gives a knock.  
What hath your Woman done deserves these blows?  
Is 't her fault Madam you dislike your nose?  
Another o'th' left hand unties the strings,  
Opens her hair, and curls it into Rings.  
The Matron of the Wheel in Council sits,  
Whose needle now her Lady manumits;  
She gives her vote i'th' first place, as most sage,  
Then her inferiors in art and age.  
As if that fame and life were both at stake:  
So great a care they of their beauty take.  
Her hair she doth in that rare method tie,  
And builds her head so many stories high,  
You see ANDROMACHE before: behind  
She's less; you there another woman find;  
'Tis she; for, you by her short waste may see  
A Virgin-Pigmey needs must taller be;  
If her Chiopines her Ladyship should miss,  
She sure must stand a tiptoe for a kiss.  
Mean time, she to her Husband's profit gives  
Just no regard, but as his Neighbour lives;  
In this more near, that she his friends will hate  
And servants, and consume his fair estate.  
Behold BELLONA'S CYBEL'S Priest, the tall  
Grave half-man (with no obscene part at all;  
A Fish-shell, long since, cut off that) comes in,  
A Phrygian Mitre tied beneath his chin.  
Plebeian bells the hoarse Choir stilled; his mouth  
Sounds loud, beware September and the South,  
Unless she purge her with a hundred eggs:  
With these her Fieulamort old Gowns he begs,  
Which clothes must all great sudden crosses bear,  
And be an expiation for that year.  
She wades in Winter through the broken ice,  
And baths in Tiber every morning thrice;  
In that fierce stream her timorous head she steeps:  
O'er TARQUIN'S fields then naked and trembling creeps  
On bloody knees: If't be white IO'S will,  
She'll go to Egypt, and at Meroe fill  
Warm drops to sprinkle ISIS-Temple, near  
Th' old Sheep-coat built: the Goddess she dare swear  
Speaks to her. See the spirit of a Saint,  
Whom with their minds by night the Gods acquaint.  
This then's her darling Priest, that's followed by  
The linnen-cloathed bald crew, that howl and cry  
After his God ANUBIS, whom he jeers:  
He prays for her that not the sport forbears  
On solemn days: great punishment remains  
Due to the Wife that her clean smock profanes;  
The silver Snake to move its head appears,  
Won with his studied murmurs and his tears  
Her sin to pardon: a great Goose, no doubt,  
Or a thin Wafer bribe's OSIRIS to't.  
He gone; her hay and basket left, with fear  
The poor she-Jew begs in my Lady's ear:  
This Grove's High-priestess, heavens true Messenger,  
Hierusalems' old Laws expounds to her  
That fills her hand but thinly, yet 'twill hire  
Your Jew to sell what Dreams you can desire.  
A Childless rich man's Legac'y, a young Love,  
Found in the lights of a warm trembling Dove,  
The Commagenian Aruspex views  
A Chicken's breast: a trick th' Armenians use,  
Dog's entrails they dissect, and sometimes reach  
To cut a Child up; do it, and then peach.  
But the Caldaean's more believed; the things  
Th' ginger speaks, flow from JOVE'S secret springs:  
Since Delphian Oracles no more exist,  
And man hath lost the future in a mistress  
But th' oftest exiles chief, whose Scheme foretold  
OTHO'S great Rival's death, for love and gold.  
His Art finds faith, that hath had both hands chained,  
And in the Camp a Prisoner long remained:  
No Math'matician a rare man is thought,  
But that's condemned, and even to ruin brought;  
That scarce got to the Cyclads to be sent,  
And not to be in close Seriphus penned.  
These she consults, when the slow jaundice will  
Dispatch her Mother; but thy TANAQUIL  
Asks if thou shalt not die before her Mother?  
And when her Sister? and her Father's Brother?  
And if her Servant shall herself out live?  
For can the Gods a greater blessing give?  
Yet knows not she what SATURN'S frowns portend,  
Nor in what Aspect VENUS smiles befriend;  
Nor is so much an Artist, as to say  
When 'tis a lucky, when a dismal day.  
But eat her, in whose hands thou seest so soiled  
An Ephemerideses as if 'twere oiled;  
That asks not hers, but can thy fortune show;  
That if into the field her Husband go,  
Or, the wars ended, for his Country come,  
THRASYLLUS figures keep her still at home;  
Or if she move eight furlongs, th' hour is took  
For riding of that mile out of her book:  
That will, if her rubbed eye but itch, endure,  
Till her nativity be cast, no cure;  
And though she lie sick, yet will take no meat  
Till th' hour that PETOSIRIS bids her eat;  
If poor, she to the Fortune-teller shows  
Her hand and forehead, and a kiss bestows:  
Casts lots, first hall'wing both ends of the lists.  
The Phrygian Augurs and Gymnosophists,  
In both the Globes versed, the Patricians hire:  
Or those old Priests that watch heavens winged fire.  
Plebeian fate the Mount and Circus bounds;  
Bare-neckt at th' oval-Tow'r, before the rounds  
Oth' Dolphin pillars, in her Gold-chain stands  
A Prostitute, that answers the demands  
Of Goody-Ale-wife, if she may forsake  
Mine Host her Husband, and a Broker take.  
Yet these the Childbed pangs and dangers know,  
And all a Nurse's labours undergo:  
But in a rich wrought-Bed scarce one lies in;  
So prevalent have arts and medicines been,  
Which unborn Babes destroy. Rejoice thou wretch,  
And for thy Wife thyself the potion fetch:  
For should a Boy spring in her pregnant womb,  
Thou Father to an Aethiop wouldst become;  
Strait this black thing pretends to all thou hast:  
ne'er to be seen before thou break'st thy fast.  
Suppositious children, Bishops pulled  
From the foul Lake, I mention not: Joy gulled,  
Religion, Honour mocked, whilst false Heirs claim  
The Salian Priesthood, and great Scauran name:  
Sly fortune o'er sweet Babes does nightly stand,  
Which in her bosom warmed, by slight of hand  
She into great men's houses doth convey,  
Then laughs in secret at the parts they play:  
She is the Mother of their second birth,  
And brings them forth to be her scene of mirth.  
This Charms, Thessalian Philters sells that Witch;  
So powerful, she may clap her husband's breech  
With his own slippers: thus thy soul grows blind,  
And things, but now done, slide out of thy mind.  
Yet, were this well, would she not scru thee up  
To NERO'S Uncle's rage, into whose cup  
CAESONIA did a Colt's whole front infuse:  
And what the Prince his Wife does, who'll not use?  
All went to wrack in that disjointed State,  
As JUNO should her JOVE intoxicate.  
'Las! AGRIPPINA'S gentler Mushroom sped  
One old man, and but made his shaking head  
And driv'ling mouth descend to heaven: this drench  
Not vulgar, mixed with noble blood can quench:  
Fire, steel, and whips this calls for. Could one foal  
Thus much? then what could she that brewed the bowl?  
They do, they may, hate Bastards, none denies,  
But now their Sons-in-law they sacrifice:  
You richer Orphans stand upon your guard,  
No dainties touch, pale poisons are prepared  
By your own Mothers; get you Tasters; pray  
Let your wise Guardians, ere you drink, take Say.  
This sure we fain, no precedent appears.  
Our newer satire lofty buskins wears;  
We rant in Sophoclean lines, too high  
For our Italian hills, and Latin sky?  
Would we feigned, but hear PONTIA confess,  
My Sons I would have poisoned: Viperess!  
What two? at one meal two? had I to seven  
Been Mother, I'd have sent them all to heaven.  
MEDEA'S PROGNE'S tragic scenes we may  
Believe and pardon; women durst essay  
Things monstrous in those days, but not for gain:  
'Tis far less strange when in an angry vein  
Their sex proves mischievous: when rage, once crossed,  
Inflames their livers, they are headlong tossed  
Like stones from Precipices, when th' earth slides  
And leaves to the rock-head no mountain-sides:  
But I hate her that studies and commits  
A foul crime, being in her perfect wits.  
They look upon ALCESTIS on the Stage,  
And see her for her Lord her life engage:  
Were such a change now offered to a Wife,  
She would prefer her little Bitche's life:  
BELIDES ERIPHYLES you may meet,  
And CLYTAEMNESTRA, daily, in each street,  
But diff'renced thus, th' old CLYTAEMNESTRA held  
A foolish gouty Axe she scarce could wield:  
Now with a red Toad's Lungs the feat they do;  
Yet have their fine Steelettoes ready too,  
Lest wary AGAMEMNON should have got,  
The thrice-foiled Monarch's Pontic Antidote.  

The Comment UPON THE six satire.  
VErse 1. Saturn,] Son to Coelum and Vesta. He married his Sister Ops, and cut off his Father's generative parts, casting them into the Sea, where they begot Venus, therefore called Aphrodite. His elder brother was Titan, that perceiving his Mother and Sisters stood affected to Saturn, resigned his birthright, conditioned that Saturn's male-issue should be destroyed, that so the Crown might return to Titan's Children. In pursuance of these Articles Saturn devoured his Sons. Now Ops, being delivered of Jupiter and Juno at one birth, made the Midwife carry Juno to Saturn, but Jupiter she concealed, and had him privately nursed in the house, sending for the Corybantes to play to her upon their Cymbals, that the noise of their bells might drown the crying of the Child. Then she brought forth Neptune and put him to Nurse: to her Husband showing (wrapped up in swaddling clouts) a stone, which he devoured. In her third Childbed she had Twins again, Pluto and Glauca, and, as before, concealing the Boy, showed only the Girl to Saturn. All this being at last discovered to Titan; when he saw that his Brother's Sons would come between him and the Crown, he mustered his own Sons the Titans, defied his Brother Saturn, fought him, had the victory; and pursuing his Brother and Sister, Saturn and Ops, took them both, and imprisoned them till such time as Jupiter, being grown a man, defeated the Titans, setting at liberty his Father and Mother. Afterwards Saturn (hearing from the Oracle that his Son should dispossess him of his Kingdom) sought the life of Jupiter: whereof he had intelligence, and by way of prevention, seized the government of Crect into his own hands. Saturn fled into Italy, where in the Dominions of King Janus for some time he lurked; and from his Latitat that part of Italy was called Latium. Under the Reign of Saturn the Fabulists place the Golden Age, when the earth not forced by the Plough and Harrow, afforded of itself all kinds of grain and fruit, the whole terrestrial Globe being then a Common, not so much as one Acre enclosed. The natural Philosophers reduce this Fable of Saturn and Coelum to the motion of Time and the Heavens: the Astrologers apply it to the course of the Planets: See Lucian. de Astrol. Ovid. Metam. The Mythology of it you may have from the Chemists, and Nat Comes lib. 2. & 10.  
Verse 3. Lar.] A Spirit or God to which the Romans ascribed the guarding of their houses; painting him like a Dog, because they wished to have him like a Dog that keeps the house, gentle to the household, fierce only towards strangers. The Lar and the Dog are compared by Ovid. Fast. 5. 
Servat uterque domum, domino quoque fidus uterque est:  
Compita grata deo, compita grata cani.  
Exagitant & Lar & turba Diania fures;  
Pervigilantque Lares, pervigilantque Canes.  
Both guard the house, to th' owner both are right:  
The Highway is the Lar's and Dog's delight.  
The Lar and Dog from Thiefs the house will keep:  
The God and Dog wake when the household sleep.  The Temple of this God was the House, the smoke his incense, and his Altar the Hearth, which was therefore accounted sacred, as appears by C. M. Coriolanus, taking sanctuary in the Chimney of his Enemy Tullus Attius: Plutarch in Coriol.  
Verse 5. Mountain-Wife.] before such time as men durst venture, for fear of wild beasts, to carry their Wives down with them from the tops of the Mountains.  
Verse 7. Cynthia,] Mistress to the Poet Propertius, that confesseth his captivity in these words.  
Cynthia sola suis miserum me coepit ocellis,  
Et captum nullis ante cupidinibus.  
Cynthia's eyes set my poor heart on fire,  
Which till that instant never knew desire.  
Verse 7. Nor her.] Lesbian, Mistress to Catullus, that writ upon the death of her Sparrow: the Elegy begins thus: 
Passer, deliciae meae puellae,  
The Sparrow, play-Mate to my Love,   
Verse 10. Great Child.] Before the debaucheries of Parents had lessened the Statures of their Children, cum robora Parentum Liberi magni referebant, when goodly strong Children showed the strength of their Parents.  
Verse 12. Th' Oak's rupture.] Men as they grew more civilised, lodged a-nights in hollow trees, which made the wilder People believe that trees brought forth men.  
Verse 13. Had no Parents,] Whose evil manners they might inherit by example.  
Verse 15. Ere Jove had a beard.] Jupiter or Jove was, as aforesaid, Son to Saturn and Ops, delivered of him and Juno at one birth in the Isle of Crect, where he was bred up by the Curetes or Corybantes, the Priests of Cybele, that concealed him from his devouring Father. But after he had released Saturn from imprisonment, and found that his Father had a plot upon his life, he outed him of his Kingdoms which he divided with his brethren by lot: Sat. 3. Heaven and earth fell to himself, the Sea to Neptune, to Pluto Hell. Then he married his Sister Juno, by whom he had Vulcan. There were four Jupiter's, two Arcadians; one Son to Aether and Father to Proserpina and Bacchus; the other Son to Coelum and Father to Minerva, the Inventress of War: the third was Son to Saturn, born in Crect, where his Tomb was to be seen: Cic. 3. de Natura Deor. The naturalists interpret Jove to be the Element of fire, and will have Jupiter to signify adjutor, because nothing helps and cherishes nature so much as fire: sometimes Jove is taken for the two superior Elements, when they act upon the two inferior Elements for generation and corruption. The Ethnic Poets by the several adulteries and thefts of Jove, under the shadow of a Fable, give us the character of a Tyrant. The time of his reign they call the Silver Age, in reference to the Golden Age under his Father Saturn; for as much as Silver participates more of Earth, and consequently of rust and corruption, than Gold doth: Hierocl. The purest of the Silver Age was ere Jove had a beard; for when Down once grew upon his chin, you see what reaks he played with Ladies in Ovid's Metamorphosis, iron bars and locks could not hold out against his golden key: Horace, 
Inclusiam Danaen turris ahenia,  
Robustaeque fores, & vigilum canum  
Tristes excubiae munierant satis  
Nocturnis ab adulteris:  
Si non Acrysium, virgins abditae  
Custodem pavidum, Jupiter & Venus  
Risissent; fore enim tutum iter & patens  
Converso in pretium Deo.  
Aurum per medios ire satellites,  
Et perrumpere amat saxa, potentius  
Ictu fulmineo.  
The brazen Tower, gates strongly barred,  
The Mastiff Dogs fierce Court of guard,  
From midnight-Ravishers immured,  
Fair Danae had well secured:  
Yet pale Acrysius, that locked  
Her up, by amorous Jove was mocked:  
Needs must the way be uncontrolled  
And safe, the God being turned to Gold.  
Gold passes Sentries, batters Walls,  
And with more force than thunder falls.   
Verse 16. E'er Greeks by others heads swore.] The Grecians swore by the heads of the Heroes, as the Egyptians did by the lives of their Kings, and the Irish by their Governors' hands.  
Verse 19 Astraea,] Daughter to Astraeus, one of the Titans, who is said to have begot her upon Aurora, by whom he had likewise all the Winds, which he armed to fight for his Brothers in their war against heaven. She abhorring the iniquity and falsehood of men, flew up to heaven, and was made one of the twelve Signs, Libra: and there, as Justice aught to do, she weighs the intents and actings of men in the celestial Scales. That her Sister Chastity fled to heaven with her, is Juvenal's opinion.  
Verse 26. In our Age.] Sat. 13.  
— Worse than the Iron times:  
Nature no mettle breeds to name our crimes.  
Verse 27. Thy Pledge.] It was the Roman mode for the Bridegroom upon his Wedding day before he carried his Bride to the Temple, to present her with a Ring as a Pledge of his endless affection: Macrob. lib. 7. A. Gell. This Ring she wore upon her middle finger, because from it there passeth an Artery to the heart, and therefore the Ancients judged the middle finger only fit to be crowned in Matrimony.  
Verse 32. Aemilian Bridge,] A mile from Rome, built over the River Tiber by Aemilius Scaurus, as in the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 39 Julian Law.] Now that Vrsidius Posthumus means to marry and live honest, he would have Adultery punishable by death; and therefore magnifies the Julian Law for making it a capital crime: See the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 40. Lose the Gifts.] How childless persons were courted with gifts out of the Shambles: read Sat. 5.  
Verse 46. Latinus Chest] The Comedian Latinus mentioned Sat. 1. played upon the Stage the Gallant to an Adultress, that upon the unexpected return of her Husband, locked him up in her Chest: a part that had, as it seems, been really acted by Vrsidius in his younger days.  
Verse 49. Tarpeian Jove.] From Jupiter's Temple in the Tarpeian or Capitoline Mount he was called Tarpeian Jove; the Mount had the name of Capitoline from the head of one Tolus, found as they digged for the foundation of the Tower built upon that hill formerly called Tarpeian, from Tarpeia the Vestal Virgin (Virg. l. 9) that betrayed the place (where her Father commanded in chief) to the Sabines, upon their promise to gratify her with all they wore on their left arms, she meant their Gold-Bracelets; but they gave her all indeed, Bracelets and Shields; so the Traitress perished: Varr.  
Verse 50. Juno,] Daughter of Saturn and Ops, Sister and Wife to Jupiter, Goddess of Kingdoms and Riches, Patroness of Marriage, from whence she was called Pronuba; the Helper of women in their labour, which gave her the title of Lucina. Hebe was her Daughter, conceived, as Poets tell us, by eating of wild lettuce, of which she surfeited at a Treatment made her by Apollo. She had Vulcan and Mars by Jove, though Ovid would have her to conceive Mars only by the touch of a flower. The Naturalists make Juno to be the Air, and therefore Sister and Wife to Jove: for that between the Air and the Sky there is the nearest relation. The name of Juno is derived like to that of Jupiter, a juvando, from helping: Cic. 2. de Natura dear. Vrsidius at his marriage might very well afford to gild the horns of the Heifer which he sacrificed to Juno, if she would help him to an honest Wife, and in that nick of time purge the Town of Wenches for his sake.  
Verse 52. Ceres,] Daughter to Saturn and Ops, inventress of Husbandry: Virg. Georg. 
Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terram  
Instituit.—  
To break the Earth with Ploughshares Ceres first  
Taught men.—  Rosin. Ant. lib. 2. cap. 11. She is pictured sometimes in a Matron's habit, wearing a Garland of Corn with a handful of Poppy or a Sheaf in one hand, and a Sickle in the other, as you may see upon the top of her Temple in the Design before the twelfth satire: sometimes she is drawn with a sad look, as if she were seeking her Daughter Proserpina, stolen away by Pluto as she gathered flowers in the Vale of Aetna, where Ceres lighting a Lamp to search for her, fired the Mountain, which is like to burn for ever. In her travel to find Proserpina, Ceres came to the Court of King Eleusius in Attica, where she was made Governess to his Son Triptolemus, and tried to make the Child immortal, suckling him in the day time, but all night long she put him in the fire. Eleusius, wondering at the strange growth of his Son, set Spies upon the Nurse, which bringing him no discovery of any extraordinary means used by her in the day time, the King hid himself in her Chamber to watch her in the night, where seeing her thrust his son into the fire, the sudden fright made him call out to her to hold her hand. Ceres' offended with the King's curiosity, punished it with death. To the Child she taught the art of sowing seed, and put him into a Chariot drawn with flying Dragons, that he might ride through the whole world and teach Husbandry to all Nations. The Nymph Arethusa giving intelligence to Ceres that Proserpina was in Hell, Ceres went to Heaven and expostulated with Jupiter of the injury done her by their Brother Pluto, demanding restitution of her Daughter, which was granted in case that Proserpina had eat nothing while she was in Hell. But Ascalaphus testifying that he had seen her eat some of a pomegranate which she plucked from the tree, as she walked in Pluto's Gardens, her return was obstructed for ever. For this testimony Ceres turned the Witness into an Owl. At last, to qualify the grief of his Sister, Jupiter consented that her Daughter Proserpina should be in Hell the one half of the year, and the other half-year upon the Earth. The Roman Sacrifices to the Goddess Ceres were called sacra Graeca, Grecian Sacrifices, and the chief Priestesse Sacerdos Graeca, because those Ceremonies were brought to Rome out of Greece by Evander. The time of her Solemnities was at daybreak, the Rites only performed by Women, that ran up and down with Lamps in their hands, helping Ceres to seek her Daughter. They that officiated in her Mysteries were enjoined silence; and therefore Wine was forbidden at that time, which was upon the 27. of March, being the fifth of the Calends of April. For this reason the Romans called a Feast without Wine Cereris sacrificium, a Sacrifice to Ceres: Plaut. in Aulular. Into the Temple of Ceres no person durst presume to come that knew him or herself guilty of the least crime, much less they that had to answer for so great a sin as lasciviousness, which is the sense of Juvenal in this place.  
Verse 53. Crown thy doors.] On wedding days the common sort of people crowned their doors and dore-posts with Ivy; the leaves, branches and berries covering their very thresholds; but persons of honour instead of Ivy had Laurel, and builded Scaffolds in the streets for the people to behold the Nuptial Solemnity, as you will see in the following Verses, when Lentulus is named.  
Verse 55. Iberina,] Vrsidius Posthumus his Bride that was to be.  
Verse 65. Bathyllus,] A Pantomime, that acted with his hands the wanton Mien of the Dancing-Mistress Laena, with whose postures, imitated by a man, the Country Ladies, Thuscia, Appula, and Thymele were much taken.  
Verse 70. The Courts of Law,] That sat in the Forum Romanum.  
Verse 71. In Cybel's Games.] The Megalesian Games were Shows made in honour of the Goddess Cybele, the magna Mater; they began upon the fourth day of April, and were continued for six days after, during which time the common Playhouses were shut up. M. Junius Brutus dedicated those sports to the Mother of the Gods.  
Verse 72. Thyrse.] The Thyrsus was a Spear wreathed about with Vine-leaves and grapes, proper to Bacchus, which his Priests the Bacchanals carried in their hands when they were possessed with their God; therefore in the seventh satire Juvenal says 
— soft airs to chant,  
Or reach a Thyrsus, suits not with sad want.  that is, a poor man can never come to be possessed with a Poetical fury, as high as a Bacchanalian rage, because he wants money to buy wine.  
Verse 73. Autonoe's loose Jig.] Autonoe, Daughter to Cadmus' King of Thebes by his Wife Hermione: she was married to Aristaeus, and by him had Actaeon, called the Autonoeian Heros: Ovid Metam. l. 3. Hesiod. in Theog. It seems that some Attelan or ridiculous jeering rhymes were made upon Autonoe, that used to be sung on the Stage after the acting of a Tragedy, to make the Spectators merry again. For rehearsing of this Jig the poor beggarly Aelia falls in love with Vrbicus, the Fool in the Play.  
Verse 78. Quintilian,] The grave Rhetorician born at Calaguris in Spain; he therefore called the Spaniards his Countrymen. He came to Rome with Galba, and was Governor to Domitian's Nephews. He first taught Rhetoric in Rome, was Tutor to Juvenal, had a Pension out of the Exchequer, and writ Rhetorical Institutions and Declamations.  
Verse 87. Hippia,] The unworthy Wife to the great Lord of the Senate, Frabricius Veiento.  
Verse 89. Pharian Isle.] Pharos was a little oblong Isle of Egypt; a day's sail from the Continent, if we believe the authority of Homer; but now it is joined by a Bridge to Alexandria: the change is ascribed to the River Nilus, whose seven channels cast up an infinite quantity of mud upon the Foards adjoining: Ovid Metam. lib. 15. 
Fluctibus ambitae fuerant Antissa Pharósque,  
Et Phoenissa Tyros: quarum nunc insula nulla est.  
Antissa, Tyre and Pharos lay erewhile  
Within the Sea: now none of them's an Isle.  See Plin. lib. 2. cap. 85. This Isle had a Tower of white Marble built upon a Rock, which cost Ptolomey Philadelphus eight hundred talents, Sostratus Gnidius being his Architect. The Tower bore the name of Pharos: and in the night hung forth a Lantern, by which the Ships at Sea sailed into the Haven. In this Isle Alexander the great resolved to build a City, but finding the place too narrow for his Model, right against it he built the City of Alexandria, not far from the Canopian mouth of Nilus: the ground was laid out by the rare Architect Dinocrates' fifteen miles in compass, cast into the fashion of a Macedonian Cloak. Here Lagus lived that was Father of Ptolomey, successor to Alexander in the Kingdom of Egypt; therefore Juvenal calls Alexandria the lewd walls of Lagus.  
Verse 90. Nile,] A great Egyptian River: some say the name of it was derived from King Nilus, others from the new slime or mud which it works up continually. It springs from a Mountain in the lower Mauritania, not far from the Ocean, in a Lake, which is called Nilis; then for some day's journeys it runs underground; and again bursts forth within a greater Lake in Caesarian Mauritania, and again, swallowed up in the sands, for twenty day's journeys it passeth through the Deserts to the Aethiopians; at last spouts out of a Fountain called Nigris: then dividing Africa from Aethiopia, it makes divers Islands, the noblest whereof is Meroe. After it hath received all recruits from confederate Rivers, it takes the name of Nilus, and dischargeth itself into the Sea by seven mouths, viz. the Canopian, Bolbitic, Sebennitic, Pharmitic, Mendesic, Tanic and Pelusiac. Nile embraceth the lower parts of Egypt, divided by her right and left arms: by the Canopian from Africa; from Asia by the Pelusiac: Plin. lib. 5. cap. 9 so that some have set down Egypt in the list of Islands, the River Nilus cutting it into a Triangle; and from that figure many have called Egypt by the name of the Greek letter Δ Delta.  
Verse 91 Dissolute Canopus,] Another City of Egypt, distant from Alexandria 120 furlongs, so named from Canobus Amyclaeus, Master of Menelaus his Ship, that carried Helen from Sparta, and by a storm was driven upon that coast, where the Master died, bit by the Serpent Haemorrhoida. In memory of him Menelaus built the City, wherein he left all his men that were unfit for any further Sea-service. Who can enumerate the superstitious wickednesses of the City of Canopus: Ruff. lib. 11. cap. 26. this of all Egyptian Towns was the lewdest, as you may see here and Sat. 15.  
Verse 96. Paris,] A handsome young Player, Favourite both to the Emperor Domitian and to his Empress; but his Imperial Mistress lost him his Master and his life: for upon that account Domitian put him to death. So long as he was in favour he did many gallant things: Sat. 7. 
Many to honour in the wars he brings;  
With Summer-annulets and Winter-rings  
He binds the Poet's fingers: what there lives  
No Lord that will bestow, a Player gives.  
Why dost thou court the Camerini then  
And Bareae? a fig for Noblemen:  
Write Tragedies; 'tis Pelopea takes,  
She Praefects, Philomela Tribunes makes.  Though Paris was highly commended in these verses, yet the satire of them (that touched his quality of a Player) so stung him, that he procured a command of foot for the Author, and sent him with his Regiment as far as Egypt: See the life of Juvenal, and the Design before Sat. 16.  
Verse 101. Tyrrhene waves.] The Tyrrhene Sea is part of the Mediterranean, lying beneath Italy (called therefore Mare inferum) between Corsica and Sicily: the Ionian is part of the Mediterranean, above the Adriatic Straits, between Sicily and Crect; through both which Seas they must needs pass that sail from Rome to Egypt.  
Verse 119. This makes Hyacinths.] Hyacinthus was Son to Amyclas, and beloved at the same time by Apollo and Zephyrus; but Hyacinth inclining more to Apollo, his Rival Zephyrus was so enraged, that his love turned to hatred, and watching his time when Apollo played at Pall-mall with his Minion, Zephyrus blew the Iron Ball (which Apollo struck) full upon the head of Hyacinth; so the fine Boy was slain: and though sad Apollo had not power to quicken him again into a man, yet he revived him into a purple flower, that still bears the name of Hyacinth: Palaeph. in tract. de fabul. See the same story told, with some alterations by Ovid. Metam. lib. 10.  
Verse 125. Whose daring Wife.] Messalina, that taking her opportunity when her Husband Claudius was asleep, went to the common Stews in a red Periwig, then in fashion with common Prostitutes; which also wore Gold-chains about their necks.  
Verse 131. Lycisca,] The most famous Courtesan of those times, whose name was chalked over the Chamber-dore where Messalina entertained her Customers.  
Verse 133. Highborn Britannicus.] Britannicus was Son to the Emperor Claudius by Messalina, at least so reputed. He was first tituled Germanicus. When he was an Infant his Father carried him into the Camp, and commended him to the Army: yet notwithstanding all that care, by the contrivance of Nero he was poisoned: Tacit. lib. 13.  
Verse 162. Canusian Breed.] Canusium was a Town of the Apulian Daunia, upon the River Aufidus: Ptol. Plin. Pompon. Canusium afforded the best Sheep of Italy, and the finest wool, which nature had died with an Eye of red: they that wore it in a Garment were called Canusinati: Martial. lib. 9  
Verse 159. Falerne Vine-yards.] Falernus was a part of Campania (yielding incomparable wine) anciently called Amineum. Aminean Vines: Virg.  
Verse 166. Berenice,] That after the death of King Herod was the Concubine of her first Husband's Brother, incestuous Agrippa: Joseph.  
Verse 175. Peacemaking Sabines.] The Sabine Women; they came to Rome to see the solemnity of the Consualia, Shows made in honour of Neptune, God of secret Counsels: Tertul. de spect. cap. 5. as he was also the Inventor of horsemanship. These Shows were the original of the Circensian Games, begun by Evander, Dion. Hal. lib. and revived by Romulus purposely to entrap the Sabine Maids, whose curiosity he knew would bring them to the Show; and then, he resolved, that his new Plantation of Romans should not want Wives, which they could have amongst their Neighbours by fair means; therefore he got these by stratagem, and detained them by force. A war growing about it between Tatius and Romulus, these late chaste Maids, now virtuous Wives, with their hair scattered about their shoulders (as at a Funeral) came betwixt the two Armies, bearing their young Children in their arms, and made a Peace between their Fathers and their Husbands: Plutarc. in Romul. Liv. Ovid Fast. 3.  
Verse 178. Cornelia,] Mother to those two (formerly named) valiant but mutinous Tribunes, Caius and Tiberius Gracchus; Daughter to Scipio Africanus that conquered Hannibal, and Syphax King of Numidia, and subjected Carthage to the power of Rome. She was not only noble by extraction, but exceeding handsome, chaste, rich, and prolific, glorying much in her Children; for, being entreated by a Campanian Lady to honour her with the sight of her richest Ornaments, she brought her out neither Gold, Jewels, nor glorious apparel, only showed her Sons: Val. Max.  
Verse 184. Amphion,] Son to Jupiter, by Antiope the Daughter of Nycteus, and Wife to Lycus King of Thebes, that finding her to have lost her Maidenhead, circumvented by K. Epaphus, or as others say, Epopeus, divorced himself from her, and married Dirce. In the widowhood of Antiope Jupiter got her with Child; but Dirce suspecting her Husband to have done it, clapped her up in prison. Jupiter, pitying her sufferings for his sake, delivered her from imprisonment when she was almost at downlying. She fled to the Mountain Cithaeron, and there at the crossing of two highways was brought to bed of Male-twins, which the Shepherds took up, and called the one Zethus, the other Amphion. These two, coming to be men, were called in by the Thebans; and when they knew how Dirce had used their Mother, they tied her to the tail of a wild Bull that dragged her through briers and bushes, miserably tearing her, till Bacchus put an end to her torture, by turning her into a Fountain of her name. Amphion was so great a Master of Music, that it was said Mercury gave him the Lute, which he playing upon made the stones dance at the building of Thebes till they had walled it about. Amphion married Niobe Sister to Pelops, and Daughter to Tantalus King of Phrygia, Son to Jupiter by the Nymph Plore: She had by him fourteen Sons and seven Daughters: but being proud of her great birth, her marriage, and fruitfulness, Niobe scorned the Theban Matrons for sacrificing to Latona that had but two Children. But those two, Apollo and Diana, sensible of this affront offered to their Mother, in one day shot to death all the Children which Niobe had bragged of: not sparing Amphion, only because he was her Husband. As for Niobe, she was taken up in a whirlwind that carried her from Greece into Asia, and near to the Town of Sipylus, where she was born, transformed into a Marble Statue: Ovid. Metamorph. 6. That Amphion with his Lute made the stones dance after him, only signifies the music of his Elocution, winning the hearts of rude ignorant people, that dwelled at distance, to meet and live in a body, that they all might defend one City. This power of persuasion was the Lute, which he received from Mercury the God of Eloquence: See Alberic. Rocat. N. Com. Mythol. lib. 9 cap. 15. By the Marble Statue into which Niobe wept herself, is understood the effects of immoderate grief, which at last converts to stupidity, and makes us insensible of grief. Thus was Niobe petrified into Marble, the only Monument she could raise to herself, after her Children were destroyed: Paleph.  
Verse 197. Till she her Tuscan.] Till she changes her Tuscan or Italian Mother-tongue into Greek, nay even the barbarous Latin of Sulmo into pure Attic Greek.  
Verse 209. Haemus,] A smooth-tongued Greek Comedian, mentioned Sat 3. Carpophorus was another of the Company.  
Verse 216. Dacian and Germane Caesar.] Domitian's Picture cut in Gold, or rather the Sculpture of Trajan, a Prince that deserved the Inscription of Dacian and Germane Caesar. Such Coins were usually by the Bridegroom presented in a massy piece of Plate, as a gratification for his first night's lodging.  
Verse 236. Her bright Veil.] The Bride's yellow Veil, or the Flammeum, in which they brought her (with her face covered) to the Bridegroom: Plin. lib. 21. cap. 8. This Ceremony the Romans used, to put the Woman in remembrance that she ought to preserve, what she then covered, the blushes of a Bride.  
Verse 251. Manilia,] A subtle Courtesan, that being accused to the Senate by Hostilius Mancinus, than the Aediles Curulis, for having by night wounded him with a stone, appealed to the Tribunes, and pleaded that Mancinus would violently have entered her house at an unseasonable hour, but was beat back with stones: no marvel my Author uses her name for a she-wrangler in the Law: A. Gel. lib. 4. cap. 4.  
Verse 254. Celsus.] Junius Celsus, a great Orator that writ seven Books of Rhetorical institutions.  
Verse 255. Tyrian Cassocks.] The Roman Fencers always played their Prizes in their Endromides or short Coats: this was the reason why the Retiarii were called Tunicati: and no doubt but the Retiarius (described Sat. 2. and 8.) fought in a purple Cassock of the right Tyrian die, he being a Nobleman, descended from the Gracchis and Africani. This fashion was followed by the wanton Roman Dames, that likewise imitated the poorer sort of Fencers, 'nointing themselves with their Ceromatick composition of oil and clay, being exercised and trained as Tyrones or young Soldiers in the Campus Martius.  
Verse 259. Florall Trumpets.] The Florall Games were celebrated in honour of Flora, Goddess of Gardens and Meadows, upon the four last days of April, and the first of May: Ovid. Fast. 5. 
Incipis Aprili, transis in tempora Maii,  
Alter te fugiens, cum venit alter, abit.  
In April thou beginnest and end'st in May:  
As one comes towards thee, th' other runs away.  The Institution of this Feast was, to pray that the earth might seasonably bring forth flowers and fruits: but the Show was of impudent Strumpets, dancing naked through the streets to the sound of the Trumpet. The Beasts hunted in these Games, were Goats, Hares, and such mild creatures: Hosp. de Orig. Fest. There also were showed tame Elephants taught to walk upon the ropes: Suet. in Gal.  
Verse 275. Great Lepidus.] M. Aemilius Lepidus the Censor, that upon his deathbed enjoined his Sons to cast a linen Cloth over his body, and so to carry it, upon the Bed he died in, to the Pile to be burned, without embalming, Purples, Trumpets, waxen Images, common Mourners, or any other Funeral pomp at all.  
Verse 276. Blind Metellus,] The Censor and Pontifex Maximus, that lost his eyes with saving the Image of Minerva when her Temple was on fire: See the Comment upon Sat. 13.  
Verse 276. Spendthrift Fabius,] Son to Fabius Maximus; in his youth he had consumed his Estate, which surnamed him the Gulf or Spendthrift: but afterwards he grew to be a stayed man, and a great example of virtue, in particular of Frugality and Abstinence  
Verse 279. Assylus,] A Gladiator or common Fencer.  
Verse 292. We are dumb] Juvenal would have his Tutor, that incomparable Rhetorician Quintilian, out of all the colours, flowers, or fallacies of his art, to say something in excuse of a woman taken in the manner; but all he can answer is for himself, That he is dumb, and his Oratory nonplussed: he cannot for shame be of Counsel or open his mouth in so plain a Case. Then the Judge of manners, the Censor Juvenal, turns to the Woman, and bids her speak in her own Cause: She no sooner looks upon her Apron-strings, but she justifies the act, as grounded upon a Contract parole, or Articles of Agreement before marriage, wherein it was mutually covenanted, consented and agreed by and between her and her Servant (now her Husband) that after the subsequent solemnisation of their marriage, it should be lawful for them, or either of them (as if no such marriage had been solemnised) severally and respectively to do or act whatsoever should best please them, or either of them; and this whereof she is accused, is her several and respective pleasure: Can a Judge then have power to call her to an account for doing what she had liberty and right to do?  
Verse 299. Lerna.] Lerna, or Lernes, is a Lake near Argos, where Hercules ended one of his twelve labours, by killing the Serpent Hydra, whose heads, still as he cut them off, were multiplied. This many-headed Monster had laid waste the whole Country of the Argives, insomuch as it grew to a Proverb with the Greeks, when one mischief came upon the neck of another, to call their present condition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Lerna of evils.  
Verse 309. Rhodes,] An Island in the Carpathian Sea, where Homer was born; so named from Rhodia, one of Apollo's Mistresses: Diodor. lib. 5. In this Isle was a Gymnasium or School of Asiatic eloquence, and the Mathematics; so that when Aristippus, the great Socratic Philosopher, was shipwrackt upon the coast of Rhodes, and found there some Geometrical Schemes, he cried, Cheerly my Mates, I see the footsteps of men. Vitru. lib. 7. Here stood one of the Wonders of the World, that huge Colossus 70 cubits high (built by the famous Statuary Cares) from which some think the Inhabitants to have been called Colossians. This Island held by the Knights of Rhodes, was taken by Solyman the Magnificent in the year 1522.  
Verse 309. Malta.] Malta, or Melita, is an Isle lying near to that part of Sicily which looks towards Africa: Plin. lib. 3. cap 8. From hence came the breed of fine little Dogs that so please the great Ladies: Strab. lib 6. This Island afforded very precious Roses and delicate soft Vests: Cicer. and is now inhabited by the Knights of Rhodes, called Knights of Malta.  
Verse 309. Sybaris,] A Town of Magna Graecia, seated between the Rivers Crathis and Sybaris: Steph. It was built by the Trojans, that after the sack of their City, were driven upon the place by extremity of weather. This Town was once so potent that it governed four great Countries, subdued 25. Cities, and armed 300000. men in their war against the Crotonians: Strab. lib 6. But prosperity made them wanton; no such Gluttons in the world, witness the Proverb, A Sybaritick Sow.  
Verse 309. Tarentum] A great City of Magna Graecia; the founder of it was Tarentes' Son to Neptune, after whose time it was enlarged by the Lacedæmonians, that, led by their General Phalantus, took the place (almost impregnable, as lying between two Seas in the form of an oblong Isle) and outed the Inhabitants: Justin▪ lib. 3. From this Spartan Colony descended those Tarentines that for a long time maintained a War with the Romans; at last, finding themselves overmatcht, called in Pyrrhus K. of Epire to assist them. Some say that Tarentum had the name from the Sabine word Tarentum, signifying soft; and the Tarentines were a very soft and effeminate People, madly debauched, and jeering all other Nations; but a sad just Judgement fell upon them; for when, without any ground of quarrel, they had surprised a City from their Neighbours the Japygians (now Calabrians) and for a whole day exposed the young men and Maids, their Prisoners, to the libidinous fury of the Soldier, it was revenged from heaven, their whole Army being instantly consumed with lightning: Leonic. Thom. lib. 3. cap. 38. Near to this Town breeds the Snake called Tarentula, that if he bites any one, makes the party bitten die laughing: the cure for it is a present sweat, which they take in a dance, physic proper for the constitutions of such Voluptuaries.  
Verse 322. Chastity's old Altar.] The Wantoness of Rome in spite and contempt of the Goddess of Chastity, profaned the ruins of her Image, at her antiquated and neglected Altar.  
Verse 329. Now the Good Goddess.] That which the Romans in Juvenal's time called the Good Goddess, was by the Ancients named Fauna, Fatua, and Senta; she was one of the 5. Daughters to Faunus, a Lady of that strict modesty, that after she was married, no man but her Husband ever set eye upon her; therefore, by her example, no man was admitted to her Sacrifices: See the Comment upon Sat. 2. and Alexand. ab Alexandro, lib. 6. cap. 8.  
Verse 332. Priapaean Maenades.] The Maenades, otherwise called Bacchaes, Bassarides and Thyades, sacrificed to Bacchus, every second year, upon the Mountain Parnassus in the night time, with torches in their hands, and their hair about their ears, crying Yew, Ho, sounds that employed the wishes of good fortune, for which they prayed in their Drink. These two sounds being joined in one word, gave to Bacchus the name of Evoeus or Evan. This company of mad women had likewise a tumultuous meeting, once in three years, upon the Mountain Cithaeron, whether they came every one bearing in her hand a Thyrsus (being a Spear wrapped about with Ivy) and there, with strange howling, celebrated the Orgies of Bacchus. The Ceremonies of the Good Goddess had a great resemblance to these Bacchanalian Rites, in dancing to Pipes, singing (which brought in the Priapaean Singing-woman Clodius) and forbidding of men to be present at the Sacrifice: See Plutarch in Caesare.  
Verse 340. Priam,] King of Troy, who lived to be so old that nothing could put outward heat into him, but such an accident as firing of his City by the Greeks; nor could any thing inflame his spirit, unless it were such a sight as this: See the Comment upon Sat. 10.  
Verse 340. Hernia,] A rupture that spoilt the Courtship of Nestor: See likewise the Comment upon Sat. 10.  
Verse 352. Caesar's Anti-Cato's.] Caesar hearing that Cato Major was dead (whose virtues Cicero had commended in his Dialogue titled Cato) to disparage his life and manners, writ two Books which he called Anti-Cato's; and when they were rolled up in the form of a Cylinder, as all Books than were (you may see it in the figure of the Tragedy pawned by the Poet Lappa, in the Design before Sat. 7.) no doubt but they made a pretty bulk; yet my Author conceives that something of a larger size was brought in to Caesar's Wife, when she danced in the private Feast of the Good Goddess, by Clodius, that came into the assembly of Ladies like a Singing-woman, and was discovered by Caesar's Mother, Aurelia.  
Verse 357. Earthen.] The earthen vessels used in the first Roman Sacrifices by King Numa (the Inventor of their Ceremonies) were never so profaned as their Vessels of Gold have been.  
Verse 364. Tall Syrians shoulders.] These Syrians were Slaves of a gigantic stature, which in Juvenal's time the Roman Ladies kept, as they now keep Swissers, one to carry their Segetta's or Sedans.  
Verse 365. Ogulnia,] A Wanton of a miserable poor fortune, but one that made a show as if she were some great Lady.  
Verse 389. With Bacchus or Priapus.] The naked Statues of Bacchus and Priapus, Gods of the Vines and Orchards, which very much resembled the goodly Eunuch when he came to his Lady in the Bath.  
Verse 394. To Praetors.] Part of the Praetor's office was to hire Music and Voices at the setting forth of public Plays or Games.  
Verse 399. The Lamian house and Appian name.] She must needs be a great person by extraction and marriage, that was descended from Lamus, Father to Antiphates King of the Laestrygons, by Horace called the ancient Lamu's, Ode 17. and married to one of the noble Appian Family, which took that surname from the Crown won by L. Appius in Achaia. Who would imagine this Lady could have a passion for the poor mercenary Lutenist, Pollio? much less, that as a Sacrificer she would stand veiled, repeat the Priests words: turn pale for fear of some unlucky sign, when the Aruspex looked into the entrails of the sacrificed beast; and bring to the Altar an Offering of barley-cakes and wine: all this to make the Gods propitious to her Servant, that when the Musick-prize was played in the Capitol, he might bear away that oaken Wreath given to the best Musician Poet and Player by the Judges, which Domitian Caesar had appointed in the Capitoline Games.  
Verse 400. Vesta and Janus.] There were two Vesta's, Ops or Vesta Wife to Coelum, and her Daughter the Virgin Vesta, in whose honour the vestal Virgins were consecrated by Numa at Rome, her Rites anciently having been performed, and her sacred fire kept in Alba, Sat. 4. Liv. These two Vesta's are taken for one another in the Poets, but when they are distinguished: by Vesta the Mother is understood the Earth, by the Daughter the Fire.  
Janus was the most ancient King of Italy, that, as I have formerly told you, protected Saturn (when he fled out of Crect from his Son Jupiter:) and these two Kings entered into so strict a league of friendship, that Saturn imparted to Janus the secret of Agriculture, and in requital Janus admitted Saturn into a partnership of government. They built two Towns which bore their names, one called Saturnium, the other Janiculum. They first coined brass money: Macrob. lib. 1. stamped on the one side with the beak of a Galley, on the other side with the picture of Janus graved with two faces, because Janus was held to be so prudent a Prince, that looking backward he remembered all things past, and looking forward, foresaw and provided for the future. After his death Janus was reputed a God; and King Numa built a Temple to him (as aforesaid) which stood open when the Romans were in wars, and was shut in times of peace. This Temple gave him the attributes of Patuleius and Clusius: Seru. Three times he was Clusius; for his Temple was shut thrice; first, during the reign of Numa, then at the end of the second Punic War, and lastly after the Battle of Actium. Janus and Ogyges are the same. It is agreed, by the common consent of ancient Writers, that Janus, who is likewise Ogyges, came into Italy in the Golden times, when men were just. He taught his Subjects to plant Vineyards, to sow their grounds, and of their fruits first to make Offerings to the Divine power; then to use the remainder with moderation: Munster, lib. 2. Cos. Janus was a Priest, a religious man, a learned Philosopher, and a Theologue: He was, I say, the Father of Gods and men, the first Head and Governor of mankind; of whom depended the management of this vast World: Fab. Pict. Juvenal calls him thou old God Father Janus▪ and so old a God his Children the Romans thought him to be, that some of them conceived he was the Chaos: Ovid. in Fast.  
Me Chaos antiqui, nam sum res prisca, vocabant.  
The Ancients called me Chaos, I'm so old.  
Verse 412. Th' Aruspex will grow crooked sure] With stooping to look into the entrails of sacrifices made by great Ladies, for Fiddlers and Players.  
Verse 425. Niphates,] A great River of Armenia the less, tumbling down from the Mountain Niphates, that divides the lesser Armenia from Assyria, and gives the name to the River: Strab. lib. 11. which name of Niphates comes a nivibus, from snow: Stephan. and therefore upon a violent sudden Thaw, the gossipping great Lady (that holds conference with Generals, palludated in their embroidered riding-Coats, as being ready to march into the field) might very well report that Niphates had drowned all the Countries about it.  
Verse 438. Two Leaden Balls.] They that sweat before they bathed▪ swung two Leaden Balls, in each hand one, (and then were anointed:) Senec. Epist. 57  
Verse 462. The labouring Moon.] When the Moon was in eclipse, the simple superstition of the Romans made them believe that she was bewitched with charms and incantations, for which there was no Counter-spell but only a sound of brass, from Trumpets, Basins, Kettles, and the like: Tibull. Eleg. 8.  
Cantus & è cursu Lunam deducere tentat,  
Et faceret, si non aera repulsa sonent.  
Songs would, and sure might make the Moon retreat:  
Were not, for Counter-charms, Brass-kettles beat.  
Verse 465. Sylvanus.] God of the Woods, Son to his Grandfather and Sister, in this manner: Venus being offended with Valeria Tusculanaria, made her fall in love with her own Father. She opened the wicked secret to her Nurse, and the old Bawd trepand her Master into his Daughter's Bed, telling him there was a Neighbour's Daughter, a very pretty young Maid, that had a month's mind to him, but durst not speak for herself, no nor look upon so reverend a person. After enjoyment, when the old man was tippled, he took a light in his hand, which the Nurse seeing, prevented his fury, and casting herself out of the Window broke her neck: a Precedent shortly after followed by the old man; but Valeria, trusting to her nimble feet, overran her Father Valerius, got into the Woods, and was delivered of Sylvanus, called by the Grecians Aegypanes, from his figure, being a man with Goat's feet. This Phantasm was by the Greeks and Romans believed to be God of the Woods and cattle; also that he had the power to transform Cyparissus, the Boy whom he doted upon, into a Cypress tree. To this God men offered up a Hog; but women never sacrificed to Sylvanus, nor did any of their sex pay a farthing to the Bath-keeper; as the Stoic did, that imagined himself a King, for which Horace laughs at him: neither was it the fashion for women to wear short Coats: all which my Author thinks fit they should take upon them as well as the understanding of great Authors, which is proper only to men.  
Verse 468. Enthymem,] An imperfect Syllogism, wanting one proposition.  
Verse 471. Palaemon.] Remmius Palaemon, born at Vincentia, by Plin. and Ptol. called Vicentia. He lived at Rome, in the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius Caesar; he was an excellent Grammarian, and Tutor to M. Fabius Quintilian: but such a pride his Art put into him, that he said, Learning was born and would die with him; and used to call M. Varro a litterate Hog, whom Quintilian (not learning to make a Judgement from his Tutor) called the most learned of the Romans: and says, he writ many learned books, was a Master of the Latin tongue, and skilful in all Antiquity both of the Romans and Greeks. One of Palaemon's brags was, That Virgil in his Bucolics prophesied of him, as the only competent Judge of all Orators and Poets. He repoted, that when Thiefs had taken him, after he had named himself, they let him go: but Poverty proved not so kind; for she never let go her hold when she had catched him; after his expensive vanity of bathing many times a day, to which his fortunes were not answerable: Suet.  
Verse 482. Poppaea,] Nero's Empress: she invented a rare Pomatum: and was so elegant, so careful to preserve her beauty, that when she was banished Rome, she carried fifty she-Asses along with her, for their milk to wash herself in. She died by a sudden rage of her Husband, kicking her when she was with child: Tacit.  
Verse 205. The Sicilian Court.] In the reigns of, the cruelest Tyrants of Sicily, Phalaris and the Dionisii.  
Verse 509. Isis.] Her first name was Io: she was Daughter to the River Inachus, and one of Jove's Mistresses. For fear of Juno, Jupiter metamorphosed her into a white Cow; but Juno's jealousy found her out in that shape, and begged the Cow of her Husband, which he had not the courage to deny her. Then she made Argos with his 100 eyes her Cowkeeper, whereat Jupiter was so enraged, that he slew him by the hand of Mercury: Juno, to revenge herself upon his Love, made her mad, and so grievously tormented her, that Jove was forced to reconcile himself to his Wife; and then won her to consent that Io might be restored to her former shape. Afterwards she married Osiris, and changed her name to Isis; and after her death the Egyptians, in memory of benefits received from her, by whom they were taught the use of Letters, deified her, and called her Priests Isaici: See Plutarc. in his Morals. Near to the Palace of Romulus, by Juvenal here called the old Sheep-coat, stood her Roman Temple, which was the meeting place for Wenches, Pimps and Bawds, as appears in this and the ninth satire, where it is pictured in the Design: Ovid.  
Multas Io facit quod fuit illa Jovi.  
Io makes many what she was to Jove?  
Verse 510. Psecas,] The Woman or Dresser to a tyrannical Lady.  
Verse 517. The Matron of the Wheel,] That being very old, was in favour of her eyesight, spared from needlework, set to spinning, and made one of her Lady's Council.  
Verse 525. Andromache,] Wife to Hector, Daughter to Eetion King of Thebes in Cilicia: Hom. lib. 12. Iliad. and Mother to Astyanax. In her widowhood Pyrrhus carried her into Greece, and had by her a Son called Molossus; afterwards (falling in love with Hermione, that was betrothed to Orestes) he gave her in Dower part of his Kingdom, and married her to the Prophet Helenus, Son to Priam, Volater. Her name imports a Virago or a masculine woman, and a tall one she was; you may take Juvenal's word.  
Verse 535. Bellona,] The Goddess Pallas, or Minerva formerly described, whose fanatic Priests sacrificed to her their own blood, and were therefore highly reverenced by the superstitious Roman Dames.  
Verse 535. Cybele.] Vid. Sat. 2. where the Goddess Cybele and her Priests are set out at large.  
Verse 548. Tarquin's Fields.] The Fields consecrated to Mars, called Campus Martius and Tiberinus (in regard they lay near the River Tiber) were bestowed upon the people of Rome by the Vestal Caja Tarratia. These Juvenal calls Tarquin's Fields, because Tarquin the Proud converted all that ground to his own use, sowing it with corn: but when Brutus had freed Rome from his Yoke, the Fields were restored to their Martial use, and the sacrilegious crop of Corn flung into the River; the Romans judging it to be impious for any man to make a benefit of holy ground. The infinite number of Sheaus, clotted with the River-mud, in time became firm ground, and was called the Isle of Aesculapius, or the holy Island: Rosin. antiq. lib. 6. cap. 11. In the Campus Martius were to be seen the Statues of many Roman Generals, and the rarities which the Capitol had not room for. There the Tyrones or young Soldiers exercised their arms, and the Romans ran Horse-races and Foot-races, Wrestled, Fenced, cast the Bowl, Sledge and Dart, learned how to use the Sling and Bow, and to vault from the back of one horse to another: Coel. Rhod. l. 21. cap. 29.30. Here was also a Mount paved with Marble, tarressed about with Galleries, and in the midst of it a Tribunal or Seat of Justice, about which the Assemblies of the people many times gave their votes at the election of Magistrates: Seru. in Buc. Eclog. 1.  
Verse 549. White Io.] See the preceding Comment upon Isis: yet I cannot but take notice that Juvenal makes her only a white Cow, where Suidas tells us she was sometimes white, sometimes black, and sometimes of a Violet colour.  
Verse 550. Meroe.] Of all the Islands made by the River Nilus, Meroe (as aforesaid) is the greatest: it is in length 3000 furlongs and 1000 in breadth. The Chief City bears the name of the Island, and was built by Cambyses, that gave it the name of his deceased Sister Meroe. The Isle is inhabited by Shepherds, good Huntsmen and Husbandmen; as also industrious Miners, digging for Gold, Silver, Brass, Iron, divers sorts of Stones, and the precious Ebone-tree: Herod.  
Verse 555. Her darling Priest.] The Priest of Isis at Rome.  
Verse 556. Bald Crew.] They that celebrated the mysteries of Isis, shaved all the hair off their heads: Apulei. Plin.  
Verse 557. Anubis,] Son to Osiris and Io or Isis: he was worshipped in the form of a Dog, as his Brother Macedo was in the figure of a Wolf, because in their Shields the one bore a Dog, the other a Wolf: Diodor. Coel. Rhod. lib. 3 ca 12. After this Dog the Romans, in imitation of the Egyptians, went crying and howling, as if they followed him in quest of his Father Osiris' King of Egypt, that was murdered privately by his Brother Typhon: and the body having been long sought for by Queen Isis, was at last found cut in pieces near to Syene: after his deification they still mourned for him with this Ceremony, and adored him in the form of a Bull, by the name of Apis, which in the Egyptian tongue signifies a Bull; accordingly his offering was Hay: and if he took it, it betokened prosperous success; if he took it not, it was ominous: Strab. lib. ult. Plin. lib. 8. cap. 16.  
Verse 461. Silver Snake.] That Silver Snake, which in the Temple of Isis and Osiris twined itself about the Images of the Dog and Wolf.  
Verse 566. The poor she-Jew,] That durst not beg in public, because she was an alien, but more especially, because she begged in the name of one God, not of the many Gods of Rome.  
Verse 573. Commagenian.] The Commagenian or Syrian Aruspex, and the Armenian Soothsayer told fortunes to Ladies, by inspecting the entrails of Pigeons, Chickens and Dogs; now and then they would steal a Child and dissect it; afterwards they would inform the Magistrate, and leave their good Dames to the mercy of the Law.  
Verse 576. Chaldaean] The Chaldaeans lived about Babylon, and had among them an Oracle like that of Delphos in Greece. They were the most ancient Babylonians, their office in the Commonwealth was to manage the government of Religion, their study Philosophy and Astrology, wherein they were great Masters: the reason was, they studied not all Arts and Sciences like the Grecians; but laying aside the care of worldly business, only applied themselves to Philosophy, whereby they came to be most learned: Diodor. Sicul. lib. 3. Cicer.  
Verse 578. Jove's secret Springs,] Spoken by my Author in scorn of Astrologers; as if Jupiter should now whisper them in the ear, with knowledge of future events, ever since Apollo had lost his voice at Delphos, where the Oracle was silenced at the birth of our Saviour Christ.  
Verse 581. Th' oftest Exiles chief.] The Ladies of Rome had the highest opinion of such an ginger as either by exile or imprisonment suffered most, for predicting against great persons, and had been upon the accomplishment of his prediction repealed or set at liberty; as he was, who foretold that Otho should be Successor to his great Rival the Emperor Galba.  
Verse 589. Seriphus,] A very little Island in the Aegean Sea; it is one of the Cycladeses, to which the Romans confined Informers, Astrologers, and great offenders, whose sentence ran, In Insulam deportari, to be carried into an Isle: See Plin. Panegyr.  
Verse 590. Tanaquil.] Wife to Tarqvinius Priscus King of Rome: Liv. This Queen was much given to the study of Astrology and Mathematics.  
Verse 595. Saturn's frowns] Are here balanced, in antithesi, with the smiles of Venus: he being the most sullen, cold, and malignant Planet; she the most benign and fortunate, especially in conjunction.  
Verse 604. Thrasyllus,] A Platonist, and a very great Mathematician, once in high esteem with Tiberius Caesar, afterwards by his command cast into the Sea at Rhodes.  
Verse 610. Petosyris,] A famous Egyptian ginger or Mathematician (for so was an ginger called by the Romans) Plin. l. 7. c. 28. Suid.  
Verse 614. Phrygian Augurs.] The Phrygians, Cilicians and Arabians were marvellous skilful Augurs or Diviners by the flight of Birds.  
Verse 614. Gymnosophists.] Indian Philosophers, so called because they were wise and naked. From the rising to setting of the Sun they would look upon him with fixed eyes; and stand in the hot boiling sands, first upon one leg, then upon the other: Plin. lib. 7. cap. 2. some say they could endure heat and cold without any sense of pain. When Alexander the great came among them, he bid them ask of him whatsoever they had a mind to, and he would grant it: they prayed him to bestow upon them what they infinitely thirsted for, immortality: He replied, How can you expect immortality from me that am mortal? Do you know yourself to be mortal, said they; why are you not then contented with your patrimonial Kingdom, but trouble mandkinde thus to bring the world into subjection? Cic. Tusc. quaest. lib. 5. Augustinus lib. 5. de Civ. Dei.  
Verse 615. Patricians,] The Roman Nobility.  
Verse 116. heavens winged-fire.] The lightning, watched by certain old Priests appointed for that purpose; and where they imagined a thunderbolt to fall, a hedge was made about the place, lest the people should come upon defiled ground, which they purified by sacrificing their Bidentes, a pair of young Heifers; and from them the place itself was called Bidental.  
Vers. 617. Plebeian.] The Plebeians were the common people of Rome.  
Verse 617. Circus,] the great Shew-place, described in the Comment upon Sat. 3.  
Verse 618. Th' Oval Tower.] A wooden Tower, of the form of an Egg, built by Agrippa for the Judges of the Circensian Games, to view the course. This Tower was supported with pillars carved like Dolphines'; before them upon a Mount stood a Courtesan, dressed up as Juvenal describes her, that told poor women their fortunes.  
Verse 632. Before thou break'st thy fast.] The Romans held it ominous, and looked for a black day, if they saw a Negro next their hearts in a morning.  
Verse 634. The foul Lake.] The Velabrian Lake, where fruitful poor women exposed those children they were not able to maintain; and Midwives took them up for rich barren Ladies, that counterfeited lying-in, and trepand their Husbands with these Sons of the earth, that by this means inherited the greatest honours and fortunes in Rome, viz. The Salian Priesthood and great Scauran name. Of both which I have spoken in the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 643. Thessalian Philters.] Thessaly is a Country of Greece, having Boeotia upon the one hand, on the other Macedonia: it lies to the Sea between the River Peneus and the Mountains of Thermopylae: and was first called Aemonia of King Haemon: Plin. lib. 4. cap. 7. There are in Thessaly 24 Mountains, whereof the noblest is Olympus, Palace of the Gods; then Pierus, the Seat of the Muses; Peleus and Ossa, memorable for the Giants war; Pindus and Othrys, inhabited by the Lapiths: but neither the Mountains nor the many fair Rivers of this Region rendered it so famous, as it was made by the rare Simples that grew there, rare both for the use and destruction of men, for medicine and poison; so that not only Physicians, but also Witches came thither to furnish themselves of ingredients for Philters or Love-potions. It was in Thessaly where Medea gathered all those herbs which restored old Aeson to his youth: Apul. lib. 1. Flor.  
Verse 649. Nero's uncle.] Caesar Caligula, who had this surname à caligis, from his military Boots, which he wore set full of Pretious-stones. His Wife Caesonia wrought upon his affections with such powerful love-potions, that in his dotage he would often (like to the Lydian King Candaules) show her naked to his friends: yet still when he kissed her neck, he would say, This fair neck, if I please, may be cut off. Once in a humour he professed that he would send to be resolved, by what means he was brought to that excessive dotage: then Caesonia, fearing to be discovered, put into her Philter more of her powder of sympathy, which made Caligula stark mad, and turned him from a Prince to a Tyrant.  
Verse 650. A Colt's whole front.] The Hippomenes, a caruncula or bunch of flesh growing upon the forehead of a Colt; some say the Mare eats it in her very foaling time, as grudging so great a benefit to man, in regard it makes him, that wears it, be beloved of all his acquaintance. This Hippomenes, snatched from the teeth of the foaling Mare and infused in wine, makes the drinker enamoured of the Cupbearer; Caligula found it so.  
Verse 653. Mushroom] Claudius Caesar, above all other Table-rarities, loved to eat Mushrooms: Sat. 5.  
— before  
His Wife's came, after which he ne'er eat more.  
Verse 669. Pontia.] Juvenal supposes that his Readers may question the truth of some crimes charged upon Ladies, and take them to be stories feigned for heightening of his Satyrs, in imitation of Sophocles when he writ his Greek Tragedies. Now my Author, to clear himself, quotes the Case of Pontia Daughter to P. Petronius, and Wife to Vectius Bolanus, that after her Husband's death, poisoned the two Sons which she had by him, that she might come with a full fortune to him, that was her Servant before Nero put her Husband to bleed his last. Pontia, being arraigned, was convicted from her own mouth, confessing the fact, and her inclination, not only to poison her two Sons, but many more, if her first Husband had begot them; so the words import. 
— hear Pontia confess,  
My Sons I poisoned. Cruel Viperess,  
What both? at one meal two? had I to seven  
Been Mother, I had sent them all to heaven.  When sentence was passed upon her, after a great Supper and a Banquet, she called for Music, danced a while, then made her veins be cut; and yet at the same time took a draught of poison for expedition: See Jan. Parrasius Papin. Stat. 5. Sylu.  Mart. 
O mater, qua nec Pontia deterior.  
O mother, Pontia was not worse.  
Verse 673. Medea,] Daughter to Aeta King of Colchos by Queen Ipsea, or, as some call her, Ida. When Jason, with the rest of the Argonauts, arrived at Colchos, Medea won her Father to give them a reception in his Court: Then for fear of losing her beloved Jason (that attempted to carry her from many rival Princes, which daily lost their lives upon the same account) she taught him how to overcome all intervenient dangers, by taming and yoking the brazen-footed Bulls, by charming into a dead sleep the everwaking Dragon; then killing him and stealing the Golden Fleece, which he guarded. This done, Medea fled away with Jason, carrying along her little Brother Absyrtus. King Aeta pursued them; and when he drew so near, that Medea and Jason gave themselves for lost: to retard his march, she cut in pieces the young Child her Brother; and whilst her father gathered up his scattered limbs, she and her Servant saved themselves by flight. At last, after a tedious voyage, they came to Thessaly, where Jason (that could not move her in vain) made it his suit, now they were in the World's great Physick-garden, that she would try her art upon his old decrepit Father; whom she restored to his strength and youth. Diogenes said that Medea was no Witch, but a wise woman, that by Gymnastick exercises, and sweeting in Stoves, brought effeminate persons, which had prejudiced their health by idleness, to as good a habit of body as at first. This made the Poets invent their Fable of her boiling of men till their old age was consumed. Trusting to this example of Aeson, the Daughters of his Brother Peleas were cozened into the murder of their Father, Medea making them believe she would restore their Father to his youth, as she had restored her Husband's Father: Ou. Met. lib. 7. Lastly Jason put her away, and married Creusa, Daughter to Creon King of Corinth. Medea (mad to be thus used) by the hand of her Servant presented to Creusa a rich Cabinet full of wildfire, which she opening, burned herself and fired the whole Palace. Jason, resolving to kill Medea for this fact, broke open her Chamber-dore: just as if she had bewitched him thither, only to be an eye witness to the death of those Children which he had by her; for, as soon as ever he came in, she catcht them up and strangled them all, but saved herself by the power of Magic. Her next appearance she made at Athens, where she married Aegaeus: and though he was then very aged, she had a Son by him, called after her own name, Medus, that gave name to the Country of the Medes: Justin. lib. 42. After all this (no body knows how) Jason and she were reconciled; probably it was for her own ends, because she forthwith carried him to Colchos, where he reestablished her old banished Father in his Kingdom: See Diodor. Sicul. and N. Comes that learnedly interprets the Fable of Medea.  
Verse 673. Progne,] Daughter to Pandion King of Athens, Wife to Tereus' King of Thrace, of all Thracians the most barbarous: for, under pretence of waiting upon Pandion's other Daughter, that made a visit to her Sister Progne at his Court by the way he ravished Philomela, cutting out her tongue, that she might not tell. But Philomela, being an excellent Workwoman, drew her sad story with her needle in such lively colours, that her Sister Progne knew the whole circumstance of the Rape: and to revenge herself of her cruel Husband, by the advice of the Maenades, she feasted him with the limbs of his and her Son Itys, which being known by the Child's head that was served-in for the second course; Tereus in his fury would have killed his Wife; but whilst he was drawing out his Sword he saw her turned into a Swallow: Philomela was transformed into a Nightingale, Itys into a Pheasant: Tereus himself, admiring at their metamorphosis, was turned into a Lapwing, that still bears upon his head the crest of a fierce Thracian Soldier: See Ovid. Met. 6.  
Verse 683. Alcestis,] Wife to Admetus' King of Thessaly, whose Cattle-keeper Jove himself had been; and therefore, as it seems, when his old Master was sick to death, Jove was contented with an exchange; so that if any one would die for Admetus, he might live. But this being an office distasteful to his whole Court and Kingdom, all excused themselves, only Queen Alcestis cheerfully embraced the offer, and served her Husband with her life. Her Tragedy you may read in the works of Euripides.  
Verse 687. Belides.] The Belides or Danaides were fifty Daughters of Danaus' Son to Belus. To these Ladies Aegyptus (Danaus' his Brother) desired to marry his fifty Sons; but Danaus would not give way to the Treaty of a marriage with all or any of them, because the Oracle had foretell him that he should die by the hand of a Son in Law: but Aegyptus moving it once again in the head of a strong Army (brought to force the consent of Danaus and his Daughters) the match was concluded. Upon the wedding night the Brides were instructed by their Father to kill their Husbands when they saw their opportunity: In obedience to him all these Ladies slew their Husbands, but only Hypermnestra, that preserved the life of her Husband Lyceus: He afterwards verified the Oracle, and to secure himself slew his Father in Law Danaus, and succeeded him in the Kingdom of Argos. The sentence pronounced against these Sisters by Minos, the just Judge of Hell, was, to pour water into a Tub that was split, until they filled it, which could never be, and therefore their punishment must be endless. Some think this Fable signifies the Spring and Autumn, that every year pour out new varieties of flowers and fruits, yet never satisfy our expectations: See Lucret. lib. 5. Others take it to bear proportion to the whole life of man, and of all things in the world: which as they come in, go out, not leaving any long continued monument of what they were. There are that apply it to benefits conferred upon ingrateful persons, which vanish in the doing. Plato compares the split Tubs of the Beleides to the mind of an intemperate man, which is insatiable. Terence hath one that saith he is very like them, plenus rimarum sum, I am full of Leaks: But whosoever he was that writ the following Epigram, he fixes Plato's sense, from an universal to a particular, exceeding well.  
Belidas fingunt pertusa in dolia Vates  
Mox effundendas fundere semper aquas.  
Nomine mutato, narratur fabula de te  
Ebrie, qui meias quae sine fine bibis.  
Quinetiam hoc in te quadrat turba ebria; quod sint  
Corpora quae fuerant, dolia facta tibi.  
Tubs split, say Poets, the Belides fill  
With water: which, still poured in, runs out still.  
Change names, to thee the Fable comes about  
Drunkard, that all thou pourest in pissest out:  
In this too it concerns your bousing Crew,  
Those, that were Bodies, are made Tubs by you.  
Verse 687. Eriphyle,] Daughter to Thelaon, Sister to Adrastus, and Wife to Amphiaraus. She was bribed with a Ring by Polynices to make discovery of her Husband, that lay hid for fear of being forced to march to the siege of Troy, where he and she knew that it was his fate to die. For this treachery of his Wife, Alcmaeon had in charge from his Father Amphiaraus, that as soon as ever the breath was out of his body, she that betrayed him to death should not live a minute: accordingly, when the news was brought, Alcmaeon slew his Mother.  
Verse 689. Clytaemnestra.] See the Comment upon Sat. 1. Hom. lib. 11. Odyss. Senec. in Agam. Eurip. in Orest. Sophocles in Elect.  
Verse 695. The thrice foiled Monarch.] Mithridates' King of Pontus, that by the strength of his arm could rule six pair of horses in a Chariot: and by the strength of his brain two and twenty Nations, every one of them speaking a several tongue, and he all their languages. When the Romans were taken up with their civil wars, he beat Nicomedes out of Bithynia, and Ariobarzanes out of Cappadocia: possessing himself of Greece, and all the Greek Islands, only Rhodes excepted. The Merchants of Rome that trafficked in Asia, by his contrivance were slain in one night: the Proconsul Q. Opius and his Legate Apuleius were his Prisoners. But Mithridates was thrice defeated by the Romans: First (as you have heard by Sylla at Dardanum: then by Lucullus at Cyzicum: from whence he fled for refuge to Tigranes' King of Armenia, that suffered him to make new levies within his Dominions; but that vast Army was totally routed by Pompey. Finally, Pharnaces besieged him in his Palace, and Mithridates despairing, attempted to poison himself; but had brought his body to such a habit by long and constant use of Antidotes to prevent impoisoning, that when poison should have done him service, it would not work: Nor had he then lost the Majesty of his looks; for the man, sent to kill him, found Mithridates unwillingly alive, yet still so undaunted and like himself, that the Murderer shaked and trembled at his presence; nor was able to do his office, till Mithridates guided the Executioners hand to his own heart. But first this King slew all his Royal Family: Laodice his Wife, his Sister, Mother, Brother, three young Sons, and as many Daughters.    


Figura Septima.  
PRimò praecipitem in vitium descripserat Autor  
Romam; dein rigidos aliena in crimina sontes;  
Rus praelatum Vrbi; vitandam rectiùs Aulam;  
Ad coenam & sannas simul, accubuisse Clientes;  
Ducenti Vetulo qualisque futura sit Vxor.  
Subjicit hîc, doctos qualis fortuna sequatur.  
Lappa ¹ Poëta togam, mox libros pignorat Atreo.  
Historicus ² scriptor ruris nemorisque recessum  
Eligit; attonitus mentem de pane parando,  
Et, cum turgescat millesima pagina, chartis.  
Causidico ³ macro & docto petasunculus & vas  
Pelamidum dantur: ditiaureus affluit amnis  
Indocto, ⁴ crassúmque premit lectica Mathonem.  
Rhetore ⁵, quis color & quae quaestio summa, magistro  
Scire volunt omnes; mercedem solvere nemo:  
Sed nostrum instituens, gallinae filius albae  
Quintilianus ⁶, habet miro tot praedia fato.  
Ars nihil Enceladi, claríque Palaemonis affert;  
Grammaticus ⁷, cui tetra haeret fuligo lucernae,  
In pueros oleum perdit: qui vimine Flaccum ⁸,  
Et qui Virgilium ⁹ docuit trepidare minores,  
Vapulat à magnis; unúsque est pluribus impar.   

  

The seventh Design.  
VIce at the height in Rome: And that cried down  
By Knaves: The Country better than the Town:  
The Court far worse: The feasted Client jeered:  
The City-Wanton whipped: these you have heard.  
Now see the Virtuosos how they fare,  
In what a sad condition Scholars are.  
Lean Poverty is in the Poet's looks:  
Lappa to ¹ Atreus pawns his Cloak and Books:  
The great ² Historian, sheltered in the wood,  
There meditates how he may compass food,  
And Reams of Paper, to write Tomes upon.  
The well-read ³ Lawyer gets, for fees, Poor John.  
Th' ⁴ unlearned feeds so high, he hardly can  
Crowd his fat sides into his large Sedan.  
The ⁵ Rhetorician pours on flowery Themes,  
Almost for nothing, all his golden streams:  
Yet th' Author's Rhet'rick-Master wealthy grows,  
Quintilians ⁶ one of Fortune's rare white Crows.  
The ⁷ Schoolmaster (so often like to choke,  
When Boys that con by Lamp-light smell of smoke;  
He that made young besmutted ⁸ Horace sweat  
And ⁹ Virgil shake) is by great Schoolboys beat.    

The Manners of Men. THE SEVENTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The Arts are fed by empty praise.  
The wanting Poet sells his Plays;  
Less the Historian's profit is;  
The Lawyer's gettings less than his;  
The Rhetoritian's yet more small;  
And the Grammarian's least of all.  
Yet Learning, scorned and almost starved,  
By Caesar's bounty is preserved.  
CAESAR is both our studies Cause and End,  
For he alone is the sad Muse's friend.  
Now, when our famous Poets strive to hire  
Poor Gabian baths, at Rome to make the fire:  
Nor to turn Criers some have held it base,  
But left in AGANIPPE'S Vale, their place,  
Whilst to large Courts the hungry CLIO goes;  
For, if thy learned purse no money shows,  
Get thee MACHAERA'S name and living, cry  
At public sales, What will you please to buy?  
Fine pots? threefooted stools? come choose yourselves  
Shelves for your Studies, Playbooks for your shelves:  
HALCIONE, PACCUS his tragic wit:  
TEREUS and OEDIPUS by FAUSTUS writ:  
'Tis better far, the Judge then swearing thee,  
To say I saw, what thou didst never see:  
Let them do so that come from th' Asian coast;  
Though Cappadocian Knights, Knights of the Post,  
And our Bithinian Knights too, do the same,  
Which through Gallo-Graecia barefoot came.  
None shall hereafter stoop to sordid pains  
That browse on Laurel, and write lofty strains:  
Youths study; CAESAR'S bounty spurs you on,  
That seeks but matter it may work upon.  
But if for help from others thou dost look,  
And therefore fill'st thy yellow Table-book,  
Borrow a Faggot (THELESIN) blow blow,  
And upon VULCAN what thou writ'st bestow;  
Or let the moths thy locked up works devour;  
Or break thy Pens, and thy Ink-bottle pour  
Upon those wars that did thy sleep expel,  
Those mighty lines writ in a little Cell;  
Only because thou didst for Ivy hope,  
And a lean Image: that's thy utmost scope.  
For rich Churls have learned only, in our days,  
To commend Poets as Boys Peacock's praise:  
Mean time Youth spends, that might with toil have made  
A fortune from War, Traffic, or the Spade:  
And eloquent poor Age begins too late  
Itself and its Terpsichore to hate.  
Now mark, to save his purse, what tricks devised,  
Thy Prince (the Muses and their God despised)  
Himself makes Verses, and admits no Peers  
But HOMER, merely for a thousand years,  
Caught with Fame's sweetness if thou'lt read, to lend  
His House will MACULONUS condescend;  
He will command his churlish iron grates  
To open faster than the City gates:  
His Freedmen he will marshal in the Pit,  
His Clients and his Friends great voices fit:  
But not a Prince thy Bench-hire will defray;  
Nor for the Beam, that bears the Scaffolds, pay:  
Nor so much as the Chairs return insure,  
Set for great men, th' Orchestra's furniture.  
Yet still we ply the brittle sands, and through  
The shore draw furrows with a barren plough:  
Nor, would we take our hands off, can we do't;  
Custom and vain Ambition ties us to 't.  
The Writing Evil poisons many so,  
That Years and their Disease together grow.  
But he that merits Bays to crown his head,  
That spins out nothing of a common thread;  
That, as his great Art's Master, scorns to print  
Poor trivial coins stamped at the public Mint:  
One that I cannot show, but only can  
Conceive, a mind untroubled makes that man,  
That feels no care, loves silent Groves, and brings  
A spirit fit to taste th' Aonian Springs.  
In the Pierian Caves soft airs to chant,  
Or reach a Thyrsus, suits not with sad Want,  
That pinches day and night: when HORACE writ  
His Oh, he was full of Wine and Wit.  
What place for wit, but where a man with Verse  
Is only troubled, and holds free commerce  
With BACCHUS and APOLLO? 'tis in vain  
To think one bosom can two cares contain.  
'Tis for great souls, not one that need besots  
And mends his Mat, to model Chariots  
For Gods, their Steeds and Looks: or how her Snakes  
ALLECTO, in confounding TURNUS, shakes.  
Had VIRGIL had nor houseroom, nor a Boy  
Whom he about his business might employ:  
The elfe-lockt Fury all her Snakes had shed,  
His Pipe played nothing rare, but flat and dead.  
We tragic Poets now would think it fair,  
If that, which kept th' old Buskins in repair,  
Might not from RUBREN LAPPA be with-drawn,  
Whose Cloak and Papers ATREUS hath in pawn.  
Poor NUMITOR has nothing for his Friend,  
But can rich presents to his Mistress send:  
Nor wants to buy a Lion, tamely bred,  
And with much flesh accustomed to be fed;  
Poets, belike, cost more than Lions do,  
And are conceived to eat more garbage too.  
In's Garden LUCAN pleased with fame may lie,  
With Marble Nymphs and Fountains in his eye:  
But BASSUS, poor SARRANUS, what to thee  
Is any glory, if't bore glory be?  
To their dear Thebais the People throng,  
And to the sound of his enchanting tongue,  
When STATIUS with the promise of a day  
O'er joys the Town; for in so sweet a way  
He reads his Poem, that to hear it spoke  
A lust affects the soul: yet when he broke  
The benches with strong lines, he must for bread  
To PARIS sell AGAVE'S Maidenhead.  
Many to honour in the wars He brings;  
Puts Summer Annulets and Winter Rings  
On Tragic Poet's fingers; what there lives  
No Lord that will bestow, this Player gives.  
Dost thou attend the Camerini then,  
And BAREA? a fig for Noblemen,  
Write Tragedies; 'tis PELOPEA takes,  
She praefects, PHILOMELA Tribunes makes.  
Nor envy Stage-raised Poets; where hast thou  
A PROCULEIUS, or MAECENAS now?  
A FABIUS, LENTULUS, or COTTA? Wit  
Had then Munificence to balance it.  
'Twas good for Poets then, pale faced to grow,  
And, all December long, no wine to know.  
But you Historians to more purpose toil,  
Your Works requiring both more time and oil;  
None short of the two thousandth page can fall,  
And mere expense in Paper breaks you all.  
The boundless matter upon which you go,  
And Laws of History will have it so.  
But what fruit reaps your labours? where is he  
Will give th' Historian an Attorney's fee?  
No, you are lazy people, either laid  
Upon your beds, or walking in the shade.  
Then tell me what do active Lawyers gain  
By Civil business, their great Books and Train?  
They bawl loud ever, but then deaf our ears,  
When the rich Creditor; that fees them, hears:  
Or by the sleeve he pulls them, that lays claim  
To some great fortune, by a dubious name;  
Then th' hollow Bellows breaths forth mighty lies,  
And on their breasts their eager spittle flies.  
To state their profits truly, set me here  
A hundred Lawyers, and LACERTA there;  
And that one Coachman's land shall buy th' estates  
Of all those hundred learned Advocates.  
They sit, that are the Grandees of the War,  
And thou poor AJAX standest at the Bar:  
And for litigious titles quot'st the Laws  
To a dull Herdsman, that must judge the Cause.  
Crack thy stretched lungs poor wretch, that when th' art tired,  
The Lawyer's Bayes, green Palms, may be acquired.  
What is the price at which thou settest thy tongue?  
A little Bacon-flitch, i'th' Chimney hung:  
Or Tunny, barrelled when 'tis mud not fish;  
Or stinking Onions, Aegypt's monthly dish;  
Or Wine our Tiber-Watermen transport,  
Five bottles, if thou hast pleaded four times for't?  
And if one piece of Gold come, which is rare,  
As your agreement was, the Judge must share.  
AEMYLIUS shall have what he demands:  
(Yet we plead better) for at's Gate there stands  
A Chariot, and four goodly Steeds of brass:  
And he, in's one-eyed Statue, makes a pass,  
On's fiery War-horse, with his bending spear,  
Putting the Foe, at distance, in a fear.  
Thus into debt hath PEDO vainly run,  
Thus MATHO breaks; TONGILLUS is undone,  
That from his great Rhinoceros took oil,  
And with his dirty train the Bath did soil;  
And his young Medians shoulders pressed so sore,  
When his Sedan they through the Forum bore,  
As he was going to buy silver plate,  
Fair Myrrhin bolls, fine boys, with an estate  
And Countryhouse; for all which, at the day,  
His Tyrian Purple promises to pay.  
And yet this gallantry with some does well:  
Purple and Violet Robes a Lawyer sell,  
A noise and face of wealth do him befriend;  
But lavish Rome puts to expense no end.  
Should our old Orators return and live,  
No one would now two hundred drachmas give  
To CICERO himself, unless there shone  
Upon his finger a great pretious-stone:  
He that begins a Suit, i'th' first place, marks  
If thou hast ten Companions, and eight Clarks;  
Whether a Closse-chair doth behind thee wait,  
And men in Gowns before thee walk in state.  
A Gem, to plead with, PAULUS therefore hires,  
And therefore PAULUS greater fees requires  
Then are by GALLUS or by BASIL took:  
For Eloquence in rags men seldom look.  
When's BASIL honoured, after his Report,  
To bring the weeping Mother into Court;  
Or who hears BASIL, plead he ne'er so well▪  
Away to France, or rather choose to dwell  
In Africa, the Nursery of Law:  
If from thy pleading thou wouldst profit draw.  
Thou teachest empiric; O the iron breast  
Of VETTUS, that can those hard Themes digest  
Which murder Tyrants! who the self same things  
He sitting reads, to others standing sings,  
And in the same tone the same verse instills:  
Poor Schoolmasters this twice boiled Cole-woort kills;  
The trope, the kind o'th' plea, the questions sum,  
What arrows from the adverse part may come  
All men would know, none for their knowledge pay;  
Pay wouldst thou have? what do I know I pray?  
The Master's taxed, that under the left breast  
There's nothing beats in's young Arcadian beast.  
That, every sixth day, makes my poor head ache  
With his dire HANNIBAL; what course he'll take  
After the fatal day at Cannae won;  
If he directly should to Rome march on,  
Or to gets weatherbeaten forces out  
Of storms and lightning, wisely wheel about.  
Ask what thou wilt, I'll give it thee, 'tis there,  
That his own Father him so oft would hear.  
But, with one mouth, at least six Lawyers plead  
For Men, and not as you do for the Dead:  
They from their plead HELEN'S Rape exclude,  
MEDEA'S Charms, the base Ingratitude  
Of JASON, and what kind of medicine might  
Bring old blind AESON to his youth and sight.  
The Rhetorician shall (if ruled by me)  
Take up his Rudis, and himself make free,  
Declaim in Law-Courts, and descending from  
The feigned shadow, to the substance come.  
Lest that small stock, which his one Loaf should buy,  
Be spent, which teaching School will ne'er supply.  
Do but CHRISOGONUS and POLLIO weigh,  
And for what miserable stipends they  
To great men's Sons their Rhetoric impart,  
Dissecting THEODORUS and his Art.  
His Bath costs much, his Portico costs more,  
Wherein he rides until the shower be o'er:  
Is't fit his Lordship for fair weather stay,  
And soil his handsome Beast with new-made clay?  
No, here his Mule's neat hoof unsullied shines.  
On that side he his Dining-room designs,  
Which on Numidian Pillars round must run,  
Where West and North cool th' East and Southern Sun.  
What ere his house cost, Artists he must take▪  
To marshal dishes, and rare sauces make;  
And when all these Sestertia thus are spent,  
Poor two, at most, QUINTILIAN must content.  
Nothing costs Fathers less than Sons. How got  
QUINTILIAN so much land then? Tell me not  
Of precedents that are with fortune rare;  
The Fortunate is valiant, and fair,  
The Fortunate's wise, generous, well born,  
On his black shoe a Silver-Cressent's worn;  
The Fortunate speaks handsomest, argues best;  
Though hoarse, sings well: for here the odds will rest,  
What Stars receive thee, when but newly come  
Crying to light, and blushing from the womb.  
If fortune will, poor Rhetorician, she  
Can raise thee, and thou shalt a Consul be:  
And from a Consul, if she will, she can,  
Make thee again a Rhetorician.  
What was VENTIDIUS? What TULLY too,  
But proofs of what the Stars and Fates could do?  
That Crowns for Servants, Bays for Slaves prepare:  
But Fortunate, white Crows are not so rare.  
Many repent that they played the fool  
In setting up a barren Rhet'rick-School;  
As in THRASIMACUS may be observed,  
And SECUNDUS CHARINAS almost starved  
I'th' midst of Athens, that to Scholars, now,  
Except cold Hemlock, nothing dare allow.  
Grant Heaven, that gentle weightless Earth may lie  
On our forefather's bones, and sprout on high  
In flowers, which to the Air perfumes may bring,  
Clothing their Urns in a perpetual Spring:  
Because a Tutor they did still repute  
To be the sacred Parent's Substitute.  
When's Rod the Centaur singing-Master shaked,  
ACHILLES, though he was a great boy, quaked  
In's Father's Mountain: yet who, then, could fail  
To laugh, that saw a Master with a tail.  
By his own Scholars now is RUFFUS malled,  
RUFFUS, that TULLY ALLOBROGIAN called.  
Who to ENCELADUS, or to the learned  
PALAEMON, tenders justly what is earned  
By a Grammarian's pains? be what it may,  
'Tis less still than a Rhetorician's pay:  
Yet thence, he that a Schoolboy oversees,  
Defalks (as all Paymasters will) his fees.  
PALAEMON yield, fall from thy highest rate,  
Like Tradesmen in their Shops, a little bait:  
So long as all's not lost, enticed wherewith,  
Thou sattest up till midnight; which no Smith,  
None that cards wool with sloap-toothed wire would do,  
So long as all's not lost, that put thee to  
Th' enduring what a Grammar-school annoys,  
As many several smokes as thou taught'st boys:  
When HORACE with his Lamp was all besmeared,  
And VIRGIL like a Blackamoor appeared.  
Yet seldom that which is their due is paid,  
Unless complaint be to the Tribune made.  
But stricter laws on Tutors you impose,  
For you must have one that all Grammars knows,  
Rules, Authors, Histories: and these, as well  
As he can his own nails or fingers tell;  
That if perhaps you ask him, as you go  
TO TYTAN'S or the Town-Bath, you may know  
ANCHYSE'S Nurse, thy Mother in law's name  
ARCHEMORUS, the Country whence she came:  
How long ACESTE'S lived, how many a pot  
Of his Sicilian wine the Trojans got.  
You do expect he should a Schoolboy take,  
And mould his manners, just as one would make  
A face of wax: you do conceive that he  
To all your Children must a Father be,  
And look they should no filthy pastimes use:  
Nor is't a little toil to him, that views  
The hands of such a world of Boys, and pries  
Into the trembling corners of their eyes.  
Do this they say; and for our whole years debt,  
Thou shalt have what a suit in Law can get.  

The Comment UPON THE SEVENTH satire.  
VErse 1. Caesar.] The Emperor Domitian; such a favourer of learned men, that he sent many of the Virtuosos out of this world to perfect their knowledge in the next: and to the rest he gave an opportunity of following their studies in this life, by imprisoning or banishing of them: Yet some few Poets, and very noble ones, tasted of his bounty, as Martial and Statius; both which he favoured, the first for his own sake, the other upon the score of his Minion the Player Paris, for whom Statius writ the Tragedy of Agave, and was well paid for his wit by Paris, that taught his great Master the art of encouraging some Scholars. Therefore Juvenal in this satire commends both Domitian and Paris, but you may see it is for fault of a better; the satire appears through the Compliment.  
Verse 4. Gabian Baths.] Gabium was a beggarly Volscian Town (See the Comment upon Sat. 3.) To be Master of a Bath there, was no better than a Fire-maker's place in a Bath at Rome.  
Verse 6. Aganippe's Vale.] Aganippe's Valley and Spring were in a solitary part of Boeotia, consecrated to the Muses. But instead of withdrawing to such privacy, as the old Poets used, want of Patrons and hunger forces the new ones, as Criers of goods to be sold, to come upon a Stage built for that purpose, in large Courts where Chapmen might have room to flock about them.  
Verse 7. Clio,] One of the Nine Muses; her name signifies Glory: Hesiod. Theog. because glory is the aim of Poets. She was the Inventress of History, transmitting to posterity the actions of gallant men: Virg. the 9 Mus. Was it not pity that so noble a Muse for plain hunger should turn Cryer?  
Verse 9 Machaera,] A Crier of Goods set to sale, one that was in Juvenal's time, as well known at Rome, as He is now about London that cries Stockings for the whole Family.  
Verse 13. Halcyone.] Halcyone was Daughter to Neptune and Wife to Ceyx. She sailing to the Oracle was shipwrackt, and being impatient cast herself into the Sea: but the Gods in pity would not suffer her to be drowned; and therefore turned her into a Kings-fisher: Ovid. lib. 11.  
Verse 14. Tereus'] King of Thrace, Son to Mars by the Nymph Bistonis. He married Progne, that (finding, by her Sister Philomel's needlework, who had cut out her tongue, and why he did it) called a Council of her Gossips the Maenades, that were met to celebrate the Orgies of Bacchus; where by a general vote it was resolved, that she should treat her Husband, all the dishes at the Table being made out of his young Son Itys, severally cooked; and that, for a second course, one of the Gossips should bring in the head of his Son Itys, and another the ravished Philomela. How all these four Princes were transformed, if you remember not Ovid, you may turn to the end of the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 14. Oedipus,] Son to Laius and Jocasta King and Queen of Thebes. When Jocasta was with child of him, the King sent to the Oracle to know the fortune of his Offspring, it was answered, The Queen would be delivered of a Son that should kill his Father. Laius, to preserve himself, when the Child was born, gave him to a Shepherd, charging the man, upon pain of his own life, to destroy the Infant. The Shepherd durst not obey the King, for accounting to the Gods; neither durst he disobey him, for fear of his threatenings; therefore he chose a middle way, and thrusting a Sword through the feet of the poor Babe, into the holes he put twigs of Wicker, by which he hung him upon a tree, thinking that want of sustenance would soon make an end of him. The Shepherd at his return to Court showed the bloody sword to the King, confidently assuring his Majesty that his pleasure was fulfilled. But Phorbas, Shepherd to Polybius King of Corinth, going through the Wood (perhaps to make a visit to his Brother Shepherd) heard the Child, ran in, and took it down. Returning with all speed to Corinth, he presented the Babe, as a great rarity both of Fortune and Nature, to the Queen his Mistress, that was Childless. The Infant so pleased the Queen, that, as if the Gods had sent her a Child from Heaven, she bred him up as her own; and from the tumour of his feet, which his wounds had swelled, she called him Oedipus. When he grew to be a good big Youth, and understood he was not Son to Polybius, he resolved to find out his own Father. To this end he consulted the Oracle, that bid him go directly to Phocis, where he should meet his Father: when he came thither, the Phocians were in an Uproar; which Laius coming to suppress, in the tumult Oedipus, not knowing him to be his Father, slew him. Then conceiving himself to be deluded by the Oracle, Oedipus, being out of hope to find his Father, fell upon a new design, undertaking the Sphinx, a Monster with a woman's face, birds wings, and a dog's body. This Chimaera, from her fortification upon a Mountain in Thebes, plundered and destroyed that Kingdom: nor would Apollo promise any end to their miseries, till one came that could resolve the Monster's riddle. To such a knowing person Creon King of Thebes (that succeeded his Son in Law Laius) offered in marriage the new Widow, his Daughter Jocasta. Many gallant men had died in the attempt, yet that was no discouragement to Oedipus, when a King's Daughter was the prize for which his life was to be ventured. To the fatal place came Oedipus, and by the Sphinx was presently asked, What is't, That in the morning is a fourfooted creature, two-footed at noon, at night threefooted? he answered, a Man; that in his infancy creeps upon hands and feet; in his full strength goes upright on his legs; and in his decrepit age borrows one leg of the Carpenter, walking with a staff. For grief to have her Aenigma thus unriddled, the Sphinx broke her neck; a fortune that Oedipus might well envy: for his was far sadder, to be rewarded with the marriage of his own mother Jocasta. But time at last unfolded to Oedipus the Riddle of his own fortunes. And when he knew that he had killed his Father, and married his Mother, in a rage he plucked out his own eyes: and would have killed himself, but his hand was held by his Daughter Antigone, that led her blind Father out of Thebes, when he was banished by Creon: Senec. in Oedip. and after Seneca I doubt a Theban Tragedy writ by Faustus would hardly sell, unless a rare Cryer preferred it: See Stat. in Thebay.  
Verse 17 Asian.] Asian Slaves in the first edition: in the second, Roman Knights.  
Verse 19 Bithynian.] Bythinia is a Region of the lesser Asia, lying right against Thrace along the Pontic Sea; for which reason Bythinia had once the name of Pontus: Euseb. Afterwards a People of Thrace that were called Thynians, passing over and possessing themselves of Pontus, it took from them the name of Bythinia: Plin. lib. 1. ca 31. Divers other appellations this Country had, but was famous by no name at all, but this which my Author seems to give it, viz. a Nursery of Knights of the Post: it is only memorable for Hannibal, that was buried at Libyssa.  
Verse 20. Gallograecia.] Juvenal calls it new France; the ancient name was Galatia. When the Galls grew to be so populous that France could not contain them, first with sword and fire they overran Italy, took Rome, and straightly besieged the Capitol; but Camillus routed them and freed his own Country: See the Comment upon Sat. 2. Then the Galls, that like a Sea-breach had overflowed all Italy, after the storm was over, continued rolling: and losing on the Roman side, got ground again in Greece and Macedon; from thence, led by their General Leonorus the Grecians joining, they passed into Asia, where, by consent of the King of Bythinia, they planted themselves in a part of his Dominions, which was afterward called Gallograecia.  
Verse 27. Thelesine,] A Poet, to whom (as some think) Juvenal writ this satire.  
Verse 28. Vulcan,] God of fire: See the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 33. Ivy.] Poets were crowned with Bays, Oak, Parsley and Ivy.  
Verse 36. Boy's Peacocks praise.] Children are much taken with the colours and beauty of the Peacock's Plumes, them they commend, but they give him nothing: if they can get a Peacock, they will pull his feathers, and take from him that which they commended. In point of Vainglory the Poet much resembles the Peacock, as he is described by Ovid. de Art. lib. 1.  
Laudatas ostendit avis Junonia pennas:  
Si tacitus spectes, illa recondit opes.  
Praise but the Peacock, and he spreads his Train:  
Say nothing, and he shuts it up again.  
Verse 40. Terpsichore,] One of the Nine Muses, the Inventress of Music and Dancing. In her the greatest part of man's life rejoices: Plutarch.  
Verse 42. God.] Apollo.  
Vers. 46. Maculonus,] One of the Peacock-praisers, that accommodated the reading Poets with his house, and furnished them with voices to cry them up, but bestowed nothing upon them.  
Verse 49. Pit.] By the Pit and Scaffolds for the People, and the Orchestra for the Nobility, you may clearly see, that Roman Poets read their Works upon a Stage, as solemnly as our Plays are acted, and their audience was as great. An Instance whereof my Author here gives you in the Poet Statius.  
To their dear Thebais the People throng,  
And to the sound of his enchanting tongue,  
When Statius with the promise of a day  
O're-joyes the Town; for in so sweet a way  
He reads his Poem, that to hear it spoke  
A lust affects the soul: yet when he broke  
The Benches with strong lines—  
Verse 68 Aonian.] In Aonia (which is the mountainous part of Boeotia) there is a Spring consecrated to the Muses, from which Aonian Fountain they are called Aonides.  
Verse 69. Pierian Caves,] At the foot of the Mountain Parnassus were certain Caves full of the Pierian Muses Deity, according to Poetical tradition.  
Verse 70. Thyrsus,] The Spear or Javelin wrapped with Ivy, which every Priestess of Bacchus carried in her hand, when she sacrificed to her God, crying Yew, ho, as you see in the Comment upon Sat. 6. In imitation of these Javelin-bearers, Horace sacrifices one of his Odes to Bacchus, and begins the second Staff with a cry like to theirs.  
Oh, recenti mens trepidat metu  
Plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidùm  
Laetatur; Oh, parce Liber,  
Parce, gravi metuende thyrso.  
Oh, with fear my mind's possessed:  
Filled with the God of Wine, my breast  
Feels troubled joy; Oh Iäccus  
Drop thy feared Thyrsus, spare me Bacchus.  
Verse 80. Allecto,] That with her Snakes hissed Turnus into distraction: Virg. Aeneid. lib. 7. She is one of the Infernal Spirits that distract the minds of guilty persons, therefore called Erinnes by the Greeks. The Furies are wicked thoughts, frauds, and heinous crimes of vicious men, which day and night torment their consciences: Cic. in Orat. pro Rosc.  
Verse 87. Rubren Lappa,] A poor, but an excellent, Tragic Poet; therefore my Author thinks it just, that he should have as considerable a Pension from the State of Rome, as the Commonwealths of Greece allowed to the Ancients for their Tragedies: Then should not Rubren be necessitated to pawn his Books and Cloak to Atreus the Broker.  
Verse 89. Numitor,] Another Maculonus, such a one as would not stick to call a Poet friend; but yet not part with a penny to keep his friend from starving, though he could spare money enough to maintain a Wench and a Lion. That Juvenal meant this by some great person is apparent in the very name. For, Numitor was King of Alba, deposed by his younger Brother Amulius, who slew Lausus Son to Numitor, and made his Daughter Rhea Sylvia a Vestal Nun; that under pretence of a sacred Honour he might oblige her to Virginity. But she was got with Child (as the Romans believed) by God Mars; a miracle that was no point of faith at Alba. For Rhea suffered the rigour of the Law, being for breach of her vow buried quick in the bank of Tiber: sentence passing upon her Twins, that they should be drowned in the River; but they were cast ashore, and found (sucking at the breasts of a Wolf) by the Shepherd Faustulus. When they came to be men, they slew their Uncle Amulius, restoring the Kingdom to their Father Numitor.  
Verse 95. Lucan,] The rich and noble Poet that writ in Heroic verse the Civil Wars between Caesar and Pompey, for which Poem Nero put him to death. He was born at Corduba in Spain, and Nephew to Seneca that writ the Tragedies.  
Verse 97. Bassus.] Saleius Bassus and Sarranus lived in Domitian's time, and were good Poets though poor men.  
Verse 101. Statius.] Papinius Statius, a Neapolitan, born of noble Parents: his Ancestors were Epirots: his Father Papinius for his erudition and integrity was made a Citizen of Naples, where he begot this Poet, that writ the Tragedy of Agave, the Poem called the Woods, began another of Achilles, and hath left us in twelve Books his Thebais here mentioned by my Author, that calls it the Mistress of the people of Rome: they so courted it when Statius gave notice that he would read.  
Verse 111. Paris,] The handsome young Player; you read of him in the Comment upon Sat. 6. in the Design before it, you see him acting to the Ladies; and one of them, viz. Hippia, leaving him with more regret than all her other relations. 
Regardless of her Husband's reputation,  
The honour of her Sister, House and Nation,  
She left her crying Babes: what may amaze  
Thee yet more, she left Paris and the Plays.  He was, when Juvenal writ this satire, Favourite to Domitian Caesar: and neither the Camerini nor the Bareae, nor any other Lord in Rome so liberal to the Poets, his old Masters. To Statius he gave money; to others the Emperor's Commissions to be Praefects, Governors of Provinces; or to be Tribunes, Colonels of foot. Little thought Juvenal when he said this, that Paris would make him one of the number of his Poet-Colonels: but you may see him in the head of his Regiment, in the Design before Sat. 16.  
Verse 106. Agave.] The Tragedy of Agave, Daughter to Cadmus and Hermione, & Wife to Echion of Thebes, by whom she had Pentheus, that being no lover of wine, and therefore a despiser of the Orgies of Bacchus: when he was King of Thebes was cut in pieces by the Maenades, his own Mother Agave being one of the Bacchanalian Murdresses: Hor. S. l. 1. Sat. 3.  
Quid? caput abscissum demens cum portat Agave,  
Gnati infoelicis, sibi tum furiosa videtur?  
What? in her hand when wild Agave had  
Her Son's head, did she think that she was mad?  
Verse 113. Pelopea.] The Tragedy of Pelopea, the incestuous Daughter to Thyestes. She had by her Father a very lovely Boy. Lest her abomination should come to light, she left him to be devoured by wild beasts: but a Shepherd prevented her, took home the Infant, and made it the nurse-Child to a Goat, from which his name of Aegisthus was derived: the same Aegisthus, that like the Son of such a Father, lived in Adultery with Clytaemnestra, and assisted her in the murder of his Cousin, her Husband Agamemnon, as you may see in the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 114. Philomela.] The Tragedy of Philomela and Progne: read the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 116. Proculeius,] A Roman Knight, very bountiful to his friends and nearest kindred: Horace, 
Vivet extento Proculeius aevo,  
Notus in fratres animi paterni.  
May old Age Proculeius own,  
That's for his brother's father known.   
Verse 116. Maecenas,] The Patron to Virgil and Horace. On the last he bestowed whole Sabine Lordships, and would have given him more, if Horace had asked it: which he records to all posterity in his Ode that begins Inclusam Danaën. The first part of the Ode you have in the Comment upon Sat. 6. almost all the remainder concerns the bounty of Maecenas, therefore I shall here join it to the rest. 
— concidit auguris  
Argivi domus, ob lucrum  
Demersa excidio. Diffidit urbium  
Portas vir Macedo, & subruit aemulos  
Reges muneribus; munera navium  
Saevos illaqueant deuces.  
Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam,  
Majorumque fames. Jure perhorrui  
Latè conspicuum tollere verticem,  
Maecenas, equitum decus.  
Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit,  
A Diis plura feret. Nil cupientium  
Nudus castra peto, & transfuga divitum  
Parts linquere gestio:  
Contemptae Dominus splendidior rei,  
quam si, quicquid arat non piger Appulus  
Occultare meis dicerer horreiss,  
Magnas inter opes inops.  
Purae rivus aquae, syluáque jugerum  
Paucorum, & segetis certa fides meae:  
Fulgentem imperio fertilis Africa  
Fallit sorte beatior.  
Quanquam nec Calabrae mella ferunt apes,  
Nec Laestrigonia Bacchus in amphora  
Languescit mihi, nec pinguia Gallicis  
Crescunt vellera pascuis:  
Importuna tamen pauperies abest;  
Nec si plura velim, tu dare deneges.  
Contracto meliùs parva cupidine  
Vectigalia porrigam:  
quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattici  
Campis continuem. Multa petentibus  
Desunt multa. Benè est cui deus obtulit  
Parca, quod satis est, manu.  
The Argive Augur's house ne'er shrunk  
Till bribes had shaken it, than it sunk.  
King Philip beat down City-gates,  
And foiled with gifts his rivall-States.  
Gifts Pirates tame; yet with our store  
Our cares increase, and thirst of more.  
Noblest Maecenas, to appear  
Too great was justly still my fear.  
The more we to ourselves deny  
The more the Gods give: naked I  
With those that nothing covet join,  
A Fugitive from men of coin;  
Yet greater Lord of what I scorn,  
Then if my Barns held all the corn,  
Reaped by the stiff Appulian Boor;  
And I were midst those riches poor.  
My seed's firm faith, a crystal Flood,  
A little quantity of Wood,  
Is happiness He never knows  
That in rich Tyrian purple goes.  
Portuguese Honey my poor Bees  
Yield not, nor Wine on aged Lees  
In Laestrigonian Casks I keep:  
No fat French Pasture feeds my Sheep;  
And yet I feel no begging Want,  
Though should I beg, thou more wouldst grant.  
Desire restrained, my trouble's less  
Than if what Midas did possess,  
And Croesus too were mine: For such  
As covet much, want ever much.  
He's blest, to whom the Gods dispense  
Enough, though but a competence.  The two things which Horace here labours to express, are, his own Modesty and the Bounty of his Patron Maecenas: as for Juvenal you may please to take notice, that although he never uses the name of Maecenas (I mean in a metaphorical sense) but only for a voluptuary; yet when he mentions Maecenas as himself, he ranks him with the noblest Patrons of the Learned.  
Verse 117. Fabius, Lentulus, or Cotta.] For the munificence of Fabius Maximus, I shall refer you to Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 3. and to Plinius Secundus de Viris illustr. You see Cotta in the List with gallant Piso and Seneca Sat. 5. The state of Lentulus at the birth of a Son you read in Sat. 6. and in this place his liberality to the Poets.  
Verse 140. Lacerta,] The Emperor Domitian's Coachman.  
Verse 144. Ajax,] (Viz.) a Lawyer that pleads as fiercely as Ajax in Ovid. lib. 13. Metam.  
Verse 152. Monthly.] Every month from Egypt to Rome came Ships that brought good store of Onions, as a Commodity vendible to the Romans, and not to be eaten by the tender consciences of the Egyptians, that held Onions to be things sacred, Sat. 15.  
To strike a Leek or Onion with the edge  
Of the presumptuous teeth, is Sacrilege.  
Verse 153. Tyber-Watermen,] That would not fail, when they carried wine sent by a Client, to drink and fill up the bottles with water; so that a poor Lawyer had his fees, viz. his Present of wine qualified with an allay from the River.  
Verse 157. Aemylius,] A wealthy Lawyer; but his Statue on horseback in Brass (with a Spear in his hand, as if he were charging the enemy) was as good a Soldier as he was an Advocate.  
Verse 163. Pedo.] Pedo and Tongillus were Advocates, that being poor men, had an ambition to be thought rich, and spent so much, only to make a show, that it broke them: the last-named being so curious, that he would not be anointed after bathing with oil dropped out of common Distillatories, but from the precious Horn of the Rhinoceros, a beast that hath a deadly feud with the Elephant: what a great eater he was Martial tells us. 
Omnes Tongillum medici jussêre lavari  
O stulti! febrim creditis esse, gula est.  
All Doctors bid Tongillus use the Bath:  
Not th' Ague (fools!) the gluttony he hath.  Now Matho was a Purchasor as Martial also tells us: yet it should seem he was undone by his expenses in feeding his fat paunch, and maintaining the Ushers and Train that attended his new Sedan: Sat. 1.  
Verse 167. Medians,] Lusty Median Slaves, Chair-bearers to Tongillus.  
Verse 170. Myrrhin.] What a high value the Romans put upon Bolls made of Myrrh-tree, you see by the commands which the imperious Wife lays on her Husband, to make a voyage in Winter (when Merchants durst not venture their Ships) only to furnish her with rarities, Crystals, Myrrhin Bolls and Diamonds: Sat. 6.  
What neighbours have and she wants, he must buy;  
In Winter, when ashore the Merchant's lie:  
When the Icy Tower the Pilot's art controls,  
Great Crystals he brings home, huge Myrrhin bolls;  
And the rich Diamond.—  
Verse 192. Away to France.] The French taught the art of Pleading to our Countrymen: Sat. 15. 
We see the Greek and Roman Athens spread  
o'er th' Earth: by th' eloquent French Nation bred,  
Britain's grow Lawyers.—  and well might the best French Orators practice at the Bar, when their Neighbours delighted so much in going to Law one with another, that Juvenal takes it for granted, a Lawyer poor at Rome would soon grow rich in France: no part of the World being more litigious, but only Africa, where Beggars would find money to commence a Suit.  
Verse 196. Vettus,] Any Rhetorick-Master.  
Verse 197. Tyrants.] The whole Context is 
— O the Iron breast  
Of Vettus! that can those hard Themes digest,  
Which murder Tyrants.—  At first sight, this only seems to relate to common Rhetorical Themes, wherein young Scholars encourage men to kill Tyrants: but if you look more narrowly into the Author's meaning, you will find that he intends only to describe the sad condition of a Rhetorick-Master, that must endure to hear, over and over again, such declamations as have been inflicted for a divine Judgement upon a Tyrant. Witness the Syracusian Tyrant Dionysius, that beaten out of his Kingdom by Dion, taught School at Corinth, which is set forth by Diogenes the Cynic in one of his Epistles thus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, I came from Megara to Corinth, and passing through the Marketplace, I light into a School, where the boys sat and did nothing. I asked them, Who is your Master? they answered, Dionysius the Sicilian Tyrant. I now, thinking they mocked me and spoke this in jest, went on to a Bench, and sat me down in expectation of their Schoolmaster: for they said, he was called out in haste to the Marketplace. And Dionysius presently returning, I rose up and saluted him, saying, This is not well Dionysius, that you should teach School. He, conceiving that I condoled the loss of his Kingdom and bemoaned his present Misery, made this Answer, I am glad that yet Diogenes pities me. But I, that had said this is not well, repeated my words again adding, Really this is not well, and it very much afflicts me, not that you have lost your Kingdom and the power of a Tyrant, but that we suffer thee Dionysius to live safe and free in Greece, after so much mischief as thou hast done by Sea and Land in Sicily.  
Verse 208. Hannibal.] To the young Romans, that were Students in Rhetoric, no Theme so familiar as that of Hannibal: Sat. 10. 
Go climb the horrid Alps, vainglorious fool,  
To please the boys, and be their Theme at School.  nor could you much blame the Rhetoricians for revenging themselves upon Hannibal, that had like to have prevented Juvenal in his directions to the poor Lawyer for a voyage into Africa: it being once a hundred to one that Hannibal might have sent the Roman Rhetoricians (out of which the Lawyers were made) to people Africa; as you will see in this Breviate of his life. Hannibal, General of the Carthaginian Army, was Son to Amilcar, that carried him, when he was a Child, to the Altar, and there made him swear, that he would as soon as he came to be a man, take up arms against the Romans. He landed with his Fleet in Spain, passing the Pyrenaean Mountains, he beat the French at the River of Rosne: Eutr. lib. 3. He opened a passage into Italy over the Alps: He took the City of Saguntum Liv. lib. 1. Dec. 3. He overthrew the Consul T. Sempronius at Trebia: He defeated the Consul Flaminius, and slew fifteen thousand of his men at the Lake of Thrasimene. His Army was very much consumed by the protracting policy of Fabius Maximus, that would not come to a battle: Liv. lib. 4. Eutr. lib. 3. after this, he recruited, and fought the Consuls Paulus Aemilius and Terentius Varro at Cannae, where the Romans lost forty thousand foot and two thousand seven hundred horse, in which number were so many men of quality, that Hannibal sent to Carthage three bushels and a half of gold-Rings, worn upon their fingers by noble Romans, to distinguish them from the Common People. All these Rings were revenged by a poor Annulet (worn upon the finger of Hannibal) which, in the Collet, had a private box, a very small one, but yet large enough to hold preventive poison: Sat. 10. 
But the revenge of Cannae, for that spring  
Of Roman blood, was a poor little Ring.  From Cannae Hannibal marched within three miles of the City: but the weather proved tempestuous, lightning and thundering, as if the Artillery of Heaven had been planted in defence of Rome. This suspended the resolution of Hannibal. Many great Officers of his Army congratulated his victory, and wished him for a day or two to rest himself and his forces. Maharbal, General of his horse, gave his vote for a present march to Rome. You will (said he) see the consequence of this battle five days hence, when you feast your victorious Commanders in the Capitol: let the horse follow them: let them behold Hannibal himself before they hear of his coming. No, says Hannibal, let the Enemy go before us: the design is glorious, but the way more difficult than can be suddenly imagined. He therefore commended the good intentions of Maharbal, but to act what he advised time must be taken. Then said Maharbal, The Gods have not made one man capable of all things; Hannibal, you know how to conquer, but you know not how to use your Conquest: Liv. lib. 22. After his Army had rested in Campania, and feasted at Capua, Marcellus at Nola routed him: Liv. Eutr. 3. Flo. 3. At Cannae he lost the honour which he had formerly won upon the place, where he was overthrown by Sempronius Gracchus. Now Hannibal, in the declination of his fortune, having no better luck at Sea then at Land, was called home again to Carthage, besieged by Scipio Africanus. Scipio hearing that Hannibal was landed, met him at Zama, there fought him; slew twenty thousand Carthaginians, and took very near as many Prisoners. Hannibal fled, first to King Antiochus, then to Prusias King of Bythinia: But the Romans demanded him of both these Kings, as Author of the breach of peace between Cartharge and Rome: so that Hannibal seeing no hope of safety for himself, put an end to all his own and the Romans fears and jealousies, by taking the poison which he always carried about him in his Ring.  
Verse 217. Helen's Rape.] Helen's Rape, Medea's Charms, and the Ingratitude of Jason (that married Creusa, putting away Medea the preserver of his life,) and his Father Aesons Cure, these and the like were Cases argued in the Schools by Rhetoricians, to prepare them for Moot-Cases of the Law, and disputes at the Bar.  
Verse 230. Theodorus.] Chrysogonus and Pollio were Theodorians, for so they called those Rhetorick-Masters that read to their Pupils the works of Theodorus Gadareus. He was an excellent Orator, born at Gadara a Syrian City not far from Ascalon; yet he chose to write himself of Rhodes: Strab. Hermagorus, that writ the Art of Rhetoric, was his Scholar, and Tiberius (afterward Caesar) when he retired himself to Rhodes, was one of his studious Auditors.  
Verse 235. Numidian.] In Rome the richest pillars were of Numidian Marble: and it seems that some wealthy Voluptuaries had Dining-rooms which turned round upon those Pillars, that they might command the Sun, have as much or as little of his light and heat as they would, or if they pleased none at all.  
Verse 241. Poor two.] Two Sestertia came but to five pound at most by Lubins' account: but sure the place is false printed; it should be fifteen pound at least; which Juvenal thinks to be a mean annual Stipend for a Rhetorick-Master to receive from his Pupil's Father; but he tells you Nothing costs Fathers less than Sons.— A Sentence that holds as true in our times, as it did when my Author was living, or when Crates cried out of a Window to his fellow Citizens the Thebans, O Countrymen, what madness hath possessed you? you have a great care of the goods you will leave to your Children, and no care at all of the Children to whom you will leave those goods.  
Verse 242. Quintilian.] See the Comment upon Sat. 6. He is often named, never without honour, by his Scholar Juvenal: that in this satire prays 
Grant Heaven, that gentle weightless Earth may lie  
On our Forefathers bones, and sprout on high  
In flowrs, which to the air perfumes may bring,  
Clothing their Urns in a perpetual Spring;  
Because a Tutor they did still repute  
To be the sacred Parents Substitute.  This Prayer was made by Juvenal out of the Principles of his Tutor Quintilian, that writes thus; In the mean time, of one thing I admonish Scholars, That they love their Tutors no less than their Studies, and believe them to be the Parents not of their boats, but of their minds: lib. de Discip. Officio.  
Verse 257. Ventidius.] Ventidius Bassus, Son to an Ascalon Bondwoman. He was taken and led through Rome by Cn. Pompeius Strabo (Father to Pompey the great) when he triumphed for his victory over the Picenians. He was first a Car-man, than a Muliteer: afterwards he was in one year created Praetor and Consul. He was made General against the Parthians, and returned to Rome triumphant. So that he, who at first was Prisoner to a Roman General, and lay in a Dungeon, at last, as General of the Roman forces, filled the Capitol with Parthian spoils. See Val. Max. lib. 6. c. 10. A. Gell. lib. 15. c. 4.  
Verse 257. Tully] M. Tullius Cicero was born among the Volscians at Arpinum, now Abruzzo. He was Son to Helvia a poor, but a marvellous good, woman. Who his Father was we know not; some think him a parallel to our goodman Plantagenet; for they say he derived himself from Tullius Attius, one of the old Volscian Kings; but others report him to be a Fuller of Cloth: Plutarch in Cic. It seems Cicero was of very mean Parentage: Sat 8. 
—  
This new man Tully, this poor Arpinate,  
Late made at Rome a Country-Gentleman.  Nor was he ashamed of the meanness of his birth; for when some friends moved him to change his Plebeian name of Cicero, that smelled of pease: he told them, he would keep it, and make it as noble as the Scauran or Catulan name. Plutarch. And he was as good as his word; for, besides his first place in the Catalogue of all the Roman Orators and Philosophers, he obliged his Country by making many wholesome Laws, and by abrogating the Lex Agraria, the Law for division of Lands, which had cost so much blood since it was passed by C. and Tib. Gracchus, heads of the Levelling Party: but his highest honour, the title of Pater Patriae, Father of his Country, was given him for delivering Rome from the fire and sword of Catiline and his fellow Conspirators. In his old age he was proscribed and slain by the tyranny of C. Octavius Caesar and Marc. Antony, because he too much favoured a Commonwealth.  
Verse 259. Slaves,] Such as Servius Tullius and Ventidius, the Sons of Bondwomen, but raised by fortune; the first to wear a Crown: and the other, victorious Laurel.  
Verse 263. Thrasimachus,] A Carthaginian, Scholar to Plato and Isocrates, public professor of Rhetoric; but his gettings so inconsiderable; that he left teaching School, and (some say) hanged himself.  
Verse 264. Secundus Charinus,] A Rhetorick-Reader in Athens, learned in Arts not good: Tacit. Constrained by want he came and set up School at Rome, where he made an Oration against Tyrants, for which he was banished by Caligula; some say that he poisoned him.  
Verse 266. Hemlock.] The cruel bounty by ingrateful Athens, bestowed upon the great Philosopher Socrates: See the Comment upon the second satire.  
Verse 273. Centaur.] Chiron the Centaur, Tutor to Aesculapius, Hercules, and Achilles. The Centauris (as their enemies the Lapiths described them) were only men to the girdle, beneath it horses. In what awe this old Centaur had his young Scholar Achilles, is described by Ovid lib. 1. de Art.  
Qui toties socios, toties perterruit hosts:  
Dicitur annosum pertinuiisse senem.  
Quas Hector sensurus erat, poscente magistro,  
Verberibus jussas praebuit ille manus.  
He that so oft scared friends and foes, is said  
To have been of a poor old man afraid:  
The hands, which Hector was to feel, he did  
Hold to be struck, when's angry Master bid.  
Verse 275. Mountain.] Pelion, a Mountain in Thessaly (hanging over the Pelasgick Bay) crowned with Pinetrees, and downward to the foot covered with Oakes. There Pelius lived that was Father to Achilles.  
Verse 278. Ruffus,] Satrius Ruffus That looking upon the Rhetoric of Tully with contempt, and as if that great Orator had not writ Latin but French, used to call him Allobrogian, Savoyen or Dauphinois.  
Verse 279. Enceladus,] A Grammar-Master: so was Palaemon: Vid. the comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 296. Tribune,] That upon the humble Petition of a Schoolmaster would force Parents to pay his Salary for teaching of their Children.  
Verse 303. Nurse.] She that nursed Anchises (Father to Aeneas) is named by no Author. The Stepmother to Archemolus was called Casperia: what Countrywoman she was no body knows, nor no body cares; but she loved Archemolus so much, that she let him make a Cuckold of her Husband, that had made her Queen of the Marrubians in Italy: Virg. Aeneid. lib. 10. That Acestes the Trojan furnished Aeneas and his Mates with wine we know, for which Virgil calls that King of Sicily the good Acestes: but how many pots of wine were drunk off by his Countrymen, I believe would puzzle all the Grammarian Critics, that take great pains in studies, which are neither pleasing nor profitable: Senec.    


The eighth Design.  
NObility is Merit. Tell not me  
Of this great Office, or that Pedigree;  
Is ¹ Marius noble for his Birth, or Sway  
In his Proconsulship of Africa,  
Which even in peace he plundered? I prefer  
Before Him Marius the ² Carpenter,  
That from vast-bodyed Cimbrians Rome released,  
And made his Country's ³ Vultures a huge feast.  
With young Lord ⁴ Damasippus drinks, th' old Knave  
Cybel's ⁵ Chief-priest, a ⁶ Pirate, ⁷ Murderer, ⁸ Slave,  
Thief ⁹, ¹⁰ Hangman, ¹¹ Coffin-maker: and his Host  
Cook- Syrophaenix ¹², add, to his more cost,  
His soft-lipt Hostess ¹³ Ciane. Who can  
Compare this Lord to that No-Gentleman  
The Consul ¹⁴ Tully? that lean Vigils kept,  
Waked when the Senators securely slept,  
And never dreamed that Rome was to be fired  
At midnight, when fierce Catiline conspired?  
Corvinus ¹⁵, ¹⁶ Galba, that in Marble stand,  
Revived by some rare Statuaries hand;  
Are monuments to gallant Sons: the base  
Show them as Trophies of their own disgrace.   

  

Figura Octava.  
NObilitas virtus est; quò mihi stemmata, longo  
Sanguine censendus? Meritò num Nobilis audit,  
Legatus victis Marius ¹ quòd praesidet Afris,  
Quos pace exspoliat? Marium ² huic ego praefero fabrum,  
Subjecit Romae qui grandia corpora, Cimbros;  
Indigenas ad lauta vocans convivia ³ corvos.  
Dic mihi, quis clari Damasippum ⁴ crederet ortûs,  
His cum collegis qui siccat pocula Consul?  
Gallus ⁵ adest Cybeles, Pirata ⁶, Homicida ⁷, metallis  
Damnatus ⁸, Latro ⁹, torvus mortisque ¹⁰ minister,  
Sandapilaeque ¹¹ faber; Syrophoenix ¹² ultimus, hospes  
Et coquus: intereà Cyane ¹³ sua basia vendit  
Hospita, nec parvo. Tam magni nominis umbrae  
Quis non praetulerit longè incunabula ¹⁴ Tullî,  
Obscurique novique hominis? quo consule Roma  
Evigilante stetit secura; Patresque supinos  
Nè monuêre quidem occultae vel somnia flammae,  
Quam conjuranti vovit Catilina Cethego.  
Familiae princeps Coruinus ¹⁵ Galba que ¹⁶ Caesar,  
Quorum, post cineres, in marmore vivit imago;  
Stant aeterna piis monimenta nepotibus: at qui  
Degenerant, sua cum statuis opprobria figunt.    

The Manners of Men. THE EIGHTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
Maimed Statues, crippled by times rage,  
And Pictures now grown dim with age:  
Our Ancestors deserts proclaim,  
And if we live not well, our shame.  
Honour consists in worth, not blood;  
The Great weigh nothing, if not Good:  
The Mean, whose virtue is their birth,  
Have been the greatest men on Earth.  
WHat's Lineage? PONTICUS, what good can flow  
From great blood? What is't Ancestors to show  
In Paint and Statue? the Aemilii placed  
Entire in Chariots, Curii to the waste:  
CORVINUS, that by th' shoulder less appears;  
And GALBA wanting both his nose and ears?  
What's a Dictator drawn to life? or what  
Dim Masters of the Horse, still pointed at?  
If pictured Worthies see thy time spent ill?  
Thy house why do so many Gen'ralls fill  
Breathing in Marble? if thou, in the sight  
Of armed Numantians, play'st at dice all night:  
And go'st to bed about the break of day,  
The time when they drew off and marched away?  
Why glories FABIUS in his French Descent  
And Altar, his HERCULEAN Monument?  
If covetous, if vain his Greatness be;  
If no Euganean Lamb more soft than he;  
If with Sicilian pumice smooth he shave,  
Slandering his Fathers, that were rough and grave:  
Blasting whose Urns this poisoner's Image stands,  
Fit to be broken by the Hangman's hands.  
Fill all thy Courts with old wax-Imagerie,  
Virtue's the true and sole Nobility;  
A PAULUS, COSSUS, or a DRUSUS live,  
And let thy Predecessors Statues give  
Place to thy Virtues: when the Fasces lead  
Thee Consul, let thy Fame those Rods precede.  
Pay me with thy mind's treasure my first debt,  
By deed and word the stile of Virtuous get:  
That thou art Noble shall need no Record;  
Patrician or Plebeian, hail my Lord,  
So I shall call thee, of what ever blood,  
If thou art born to do thy Country good.  
Rome, when thou comest, shall make as loud a shout,  
As Egypt when OSIRIS is found out.  
But who will honour him that's Honour's shame,  
Noble in nothing, but a noble name?  
We call a Lord's Dwarf, Giant; a Moor, Swan;  
A crooked Maid whose height at thrice we span,  
EUROPA; to Dogs, that lick dishes dry,  
Mangy and lazy Dogs; we Lion cry,  
Panther, or Tiger; if there be a brute  
More fierce, we give those Curs his Attribute.  
Take heed thou go'st not for a CRETICUS,  
And bearest the Camerini's title thus.  
Whom do I counsel? 'tis to thee I speak,  
RUBELLIUS PLAUTUS; swollen, as they would break,  
With Drusian blood thy veins do proudly run:  
As if thou hadst some thing of honour done,  
For which the mighty Princess, born to shine  
In all the splendour of the JULIAN line,  
Must needs have teemed thee; and not she, that sits  
On our bleak Mount, and for her living knits.  
You are (says he) poor Rogues, Plebeian scum,  
Your Fathers no man knows from whence they come;  
But I am a CECROPIAN; bless your Grace,  
And give you joy of your illustrious race:  
Yet in that scum, your Lordship may find out  
A poor Plebeian, that's employed about  
Defending with his learned tongue or pen,  
The Causes of unlearned Noblemen.  
Out of the gowned People doth he rise,  
That reads Law-Riddles, and their knots unties.  
In arms this poor Youth at Euphrates stands,  
That with our Standard guards the Netherlands.  
Thou merely a CECROPIAN art: and we,  
Like MERCURY'S old Statue, worship thee;  
For other difference no Optic gives,  
But his head's marble; and thy Image lives.  
Tell me, thou Trojan Progeny, who thinks  
The Beast is generous, whose courage shrinks?  
We praise the Horse that easy'st wins the course,  
And makes the shouting Circus oftest hoarse.  
He's noble, let his breed be what it will,  
Runs best, and casts the dirt up foremost still;  
But they are sold, though HIRPIN were their Sire,  
Or CORITHA their Dam, that basely tyre,  
And lose the match: what their forefathers won  
Dies there; no honour is to shadows done.  
Then bought at low rates, slow-feets, having got  
New Masters, no more draw a Chariot,  
But with galled necks at Wagons tug and gird,  
Or are to NEPOS his Horse-Mill preferred.  
That we may therefore you, not yours admire,  
First Sir, some honour of your own acquire:  
Which we may on their Monuments engrave,  
To whom we pay, and you owe all you have.  
Let it suffice, that we have said thus much  
To that proud puffed up Youth, (Fame speaks him such)  
Full of his Kinsman NERO; For 'tis rare  
If mighty fortunes common sense can share.  
But PONTICUS, I would not have thee go  
Upon thy Ancestors past praises so,  
As that to future praise thou shouldst not rise:  
he's wretched that on others fame relies.  
When once foundations shrink, the Pillars fall;  
The Widowed Vine droops at th' Elm's funeral.  
Be a good Soldier, a good Guardian be,  
A Judge from favour and corruption free;  
And, if in Court thou shalt a Witness stand,  
Though PHALLERIS an untruth should command,  
And dictating a perjury, bring in  
His brazen Bull: think it the foulest sin,  
Shouldst thou to save thy breath thy honour spend:  
And forfeit, for thy life, life's chiefest end.  
Death such a man deserves, nor lives indeed,  
Though him a hundred Gauran Oysters feed  
At one meal: though the unguents COSMUS used  
In's brazen Bath, be all on him diffused.  
When Governor thy su'd-for Province hath  
At length received thee, bridle in thy wrath  
Bound Avarice, pity our Associate's groans,  
Behold (the marrow squeezed) Kings empty bones.  
Th' Imperial Laws, the Senate's Justice note,  
How worth's advanced, and how their thunder smote  
TUTOR and CAPITO, for making prize  
Even of Cilician Pirates; heavy lies  
The doom on them, but poor man where's thy ease,  
When PANSA all that NATTA left will seize.  
Thy rags CHAERIPPUS let the Crier sell;  
Go not to law, since thou art used so well:  
'Tis madness, after all, to cast away  
The Ferry-money that should CHARON pay:  
Not such th' old losses, nor so deep the wound,  
When our Allies in Riches did abound;  
Each House had heaps of Coin, Storehouses full  
Of Coan Silks, and Sparta's purple Wool;  
PARRHASIUS his Pictures, Ivory brought  
To life by PHIDIAS; Statues MIRON wrought,  
Or POLYCLET did in each corner wait,  
And scarce a Table but had MENTOR'S plate.  
Thus th' unjust Governor ANTONIUS here  
Feathers his Nest, and DOLABELLA there.  
Thus VERRES did by sacrilege increase,  
And stole aboard his ships the spoils of Peace.  
Now, friends to Rome a Yoke of Oxen feed,  
Or some few Mares, which they reserve for breed:  
Out of whose Pasture, even the Bull or Horse,  
The Father of their Stock, Tax-masters force;  
Their Lares, and whatsoever doth handsome look,  
If 't be their only Cottage God, 'tis took:  
And such a toy, the Provinces do call  
Their greatest wealth, and may, for 'tis their All.  
Perhaps thou slight'st, and mayst securely slight  
Oiled Corinth, Rhodes that was not framed to fight.  
For, soft thighed men, if pressures should provoke,  
How can smooth rosind Youth shake off the yoke?  
‛ Ware Spanish foot, French horse, oppress not thus  
Illyrian Seamen; Reapers feeding us  
That at Circensian Races spend our time,  
And Stageplays. But what gains so base a crime,  
When MARIUS late left Africa so bare?  
However, let it be thy Master-care,  
That poor and stout men no great wrong receive:  
Though thou tak'st Gold and Silver, thou wilt leave  
Helmets and Javelins to revenge their harms,  
And Swords and Shields; the plundered will find arms.  
Not my own sense I speak, for truth I plead:  
Believe it, Lords, a Sibyl's Leaf you read,  
If virtuous Friends and Servants with thee dwell,  
If no fair Minion thy tribunal sell;  
If no insatiate Wife run up and down,  
Through every Country, and to every Town,  
Bending her crooked talons, to lay hold,  
Like a fierce Harpy, on a prey of Gold:  
Then bring thy birth from PICUS, or dost love  
Great names? take all the Giants that fought JOVE.  
PROMETHEUS himself thy Father make,  
Progenitors from any Story take.  
But if rash pride and lust thy soul provoke,  
If in the Subjects blood thy Rods be broke;  
If thou delight'st to see the Beadle tired,  
Th' axe blunted; the Nobility acquired  
By thy great Parents, stands against thy claim,  
And holds a glorious Torch before thy shame.  
Each crime is so conspiciously base,  
As he that sins is great in birth or place.  
To me thy Ancestors how canst thou boast?  
When to the Temples, which they built, thou go'st  
To forge a Will, their spirits to affront,  
While their triumphal Statues look upon't.  
Or how? when nightly, thy adulterous blood  
Conceals its blushes in a French fools-hood.  
Where his forefather's bones and ashes lie,  
In's Coach fat DAMASIPPUS hurries by:  
And though now Consul, with huge iron Stays,  
Strikes a Choach-wheel himself in downhill ways:  
By night indeed; but yet the Moon discryes,  
And Stars bear witness, with ●ntentive eyes.  
But when he comes out of his Consulship,  
At noonday DAMASIPPUS cracks his whip:  
Nor blushes, though his aged friends he meets,  
But with his whip first his acquaintance greets:  
And when his horses are unharnest, feasts  
With barley, he pours out, the wearied beasts.  
Nay, when in NUMA'S ceremonial ways,  
He Sheep or Oxen at JOVE'S Altar slays,  
By EPONA he swears, and all that Crew,  
Whose pictures we o'er nasty Mangers view.  
But when his Tavern-Revels are begun,  
Up stairs and down must SYROPHAENIX run;  
Moist SYROPHAENIX, that sweats th' Oils he sells  
At th' Idumaean Port, for there he dwells;  
And with the courtship of an Host, the word  
That he salutes with, is my Prince, my Lord.  
The like doth CYANE, bringing Flagons still  
In a clean Apron, which inflames the Bill.  
But thou sayst, pleading for him when he's chid,  
That young we did the like; 'tis true, we did.  
But art ' reclaimed? thy error dost retract?  
Short let it be, which thou dar'st foully act.  
Some crimes with our first beards are cut away:  
Of course sue out their pardons Children may.  
But DAMASIPPUS takes his bathing Cups,  
And on the painted Tavern-linnen sups,  
Ripe for the Armenian war; fit to make good  
The Syrian streams, the Rhine or Istrian flood,  
Of years that NERO'S person may defend;  
Send to thy Fleet at Ostium, CAESAR; send:  
But thy great Adm'rall in some Tavern seek,  
There they will find him lying cheek by cheek  
With Murderers, mixed with Pirates, and Purse-takers,  
Runaway Slaves, Hangmen and Coffin-makers:  
With CYBEL'S Priest on's back, his bells at rest.  
Where equal freedom welcomes every Guest;  
Where every man for the same cup may call:  
One table, that too alike near to all.  
Hadst thou a Slave like this Lord, what wouldst thou  
Do with him PONTICUS? send him to plough  
Thy Land near Luca, or his pains employ  
In Tuscan Quarries; but my Lords of Troy  
You with yourselves dispense: and things, held base  
In Clowns, the VOLESI and BRUTI grace.  
Who would have thought we could this lewdness find  
In men of honour? but there's worse behind.  
Thy fortunes spent, thou DAMASIPPUS lettest  
Thy voice out, on the Stage a share thou gettest:  
CATULLUS his shrill, Phantasm spends thy breath.  
Swift LENTULUS plays LAUREOL, put to death;  
Acts hanging well: and wert to be decreed  
By my vote, merits to be hanged indeed.  
Nor can the People be excused in this,  
The People's foreheads are more brazed than his,  
Which impudently sit and pleasure take,  
To see the sport that our Patricians make:  
That can our FABIAN Comedians hear,  
And laugh at MAMERCAN'S box oth'ear.  
No matter for how much their breath they sell;  
Which now there is no NERO to compel.  
Yet fail they not in the great Praetor's Shows,  
To sell their blood: but here a Stage suppose,  
And there a Scaffold, which wouldst thou refuse?  
Who so fears death, that he would rather choose  
To watch fair THYMILE o'th' Stage, where he  
And CORINTH, the dull fool, must fellows be.  
Nor is't a wonder, when the Prince shall love  
A Fidler's name, if Lords do Players prove:  
What could the Town be then, but Plays? And there  
GRACCHUS, Rome's infamy, doth armed appear;  
A Retiarius: no Secutor's Shield,  
No crooked Falchion brings into the field;  
Nor wears a Beaver down (no, he reproves,  
Reproves and hates that habit) see he moves  
His Trident, and (the Net poised in his hand  
Lest he might throw it out of his command)  
He holds up his bare face, and in the eyes  
Of all Rome, round about the Lists he flies;  
His Cassock speaks him, gold-strings hanging at  
His chin, and glittering in his high-crowned hat:  
Who therefore was Secutor to this Lord,  
Shame cut him deeper than he struck his sword.  
What Rascal would not, were his vote now free,  
Give it to SENECA, NERO e'er to thee,  
For whom we should not as one Patricide,  
One Ape, one Serpent, and one Sack provide:  
ORESTES had thy crime, but not thy guilt;  
The Gods were Authors of the blood he spilt,  
His Father to revenge, made drunk and slain:  
Yet him his Sister's murder did not slain,  
Nor, in a rage, his Spartan Wife he killed;  
Nor Bolls of Poison for his Kindred filled.  
ORESTES sung no Odes; no Troicks writ,  
Books which of all crimes NERO did commit.  
VINDEX, VIRGINIUS, GALBA should have first  
Revenged, of all his cruelties the worst.  
Works for a Prince are these? do these Art's suit  
With Majesty, itself to prostitute,  
On Stages, to put foreign Actors down,  
And carry from the Greeks their Parsley Crown?  
Thy voice's trophies let thy Fathers bear,  
THYESTE'S long train let DOMITIUS wear,  
ANTIGONES or MENALIPPE'S tire:  
And on AUGUSTUS CAESAR hang thy lyre.  
Who any thing finds higher than thy line  
CETHEGUS reaches? CATILINE or thine?  
Yet you took Arms, and did by night conspire  
To set our Houses and our Gods on fire;  
Like Sons of Galls, or Rogues at Lions born,  
For which you ought pitched Cassocks to have worn.  
But on your motion did the Consul wait;  
This newman, TULLY, this poor Arpinate,  
Late made at ROME a Country-gentleman:  
Set guards, where e'er the line of danger ran,  
Unmazed us, and took pains for all the Town:  
And therefore, even within the walls, the Gown  
A greater title upon him bestowed,  
Then any name CAESAR to Actium owed,  
To Thessaly, or to those weapons, kept  
Moist with the blood which they so often wept.  
For Rome, freed Rome, did call herself his Child,  
And CICERO his Country's Father styled.  
Another born at Arpin, MARIUS, tills  
First as a Hireling, the rough Volscian hills:  
The Vine then paid him, when the lazy Cramp  
Took his hand Palizadoing the Camp.  
Yet he at Cimbrian horrors never checked,  
But did alone the trembling State protect.  
And when slain Cimbrians did the Crows invite,  
Which never could on goodlier bodies light,  
A second Laurel was by MARIUS worn,  
Colleague at that time to the nobly-born.  
Plebeian souls and names the Decii were;  
Yet, for our Youth, our Friends, and Armies, here  
And every where, th' infernal Gods, and th' Earth,  
The Mother to whom Mankind owes his birth,  
Accepted them, and more the Decii prized  
Then all, for whom their lives were sacrificed.  
He had, that from a Bondwoman did spring,  
Rome's Purple, Crown and Rods, our last good King.  
A Gate of Rome, in banished TARQUIN'S aid,  
The Consul's noble Sons would have betrayed;  
Which for our doubtful liberty were tied  
To act, what COCLES would have magnified,  
Or MUTIUS, or the Maid that courage found  
To swim o'er Tiber, than our Empire's bound.  
Discovered by a Slave, whom Mothers tax,  
They felt their Father's Rods and our just Axe,  
THERSITES I could wish thy Father were,  
So thou, like to ACHILLES, mightst appear  
In VULCAN'S Arms; ere my consent would let  
ACHILLES like THERSITES thee beget.  
Yet fetch how far thou canst thy Pedigree,  
The base Asylum thy first House must be:  
The first, whose blood thy Ancestors can claim,  
A Shepherd, or what I am loath to name.  

The Comment UPON THE EIGHTH satire.  
VErse 1. Ponticus,] The Noble Person to whom Juvenal directs this satire, writ against such as degenerate from their illustrious Ancestors.  
Verse 3. Aemilii,] Generals of the Aemilian Family, to whom the Lords of the Senate had decreed the honour of triumph; such as P. Aemilius Macedonicus, that was commanded to put on his triumphal Robe in the Senate-house: and Scipio Aemilianus, that destroyed Carthage and Numantia, as aforesaid. The Marble Statues of these Aemilii (it should seem) were not broken or weatherbeaten, but whole and fresh, when this satire was writ.  
Verse 4. Curii,] Statues of the Curii; which Time, beginning at the feet, had eaten away with his iron teeth to the very waste.  
Verse 5. Corvinus.] Valerius Corvinus, Military Tribune under the General Camillus, when he pursued the routed Galls. In their flight they made a stand, and one of the Galls challenged any of the Roman Army. Corvinus accepted the Challenge. At daybreak, when they met, a Crow flew to Valerius, sat upon his helmet, and in the Combat pecked at the face and eyes of the Gall. When Valerius had killed his Enemy, besides the usual reward for such a service, he was honoured with the surname of Corvinus or Crow. He was six times Consul, and in perfect strength of body and mind lived to be a hundred years of age: Liv. lib. 7. Dec. 1. but his Statue was not so long lived for marble as he was for a man, otherwise it would not have wanted one shoulder in Juvenal's time.  
Verse 6. Galba.] In his Court Galba had set forth his Pedigree, wherein he derived himself, by his paternal Line, from Jove; by his maternal, from Pasiphae. Was not Jove obliged in point of honour to keep on his Nephew Galba's nose and ears? yes sure, and would have done it, if he had not wanted power: But how could he preserve the Statue of a great-great-Grand-childe, when the Gods were so much out of authority, that his Son, the God of War, was not able to guard his Arms; for, my Author tells Sat. 13. that 
— Mars fell asleep,  
His helmet lost, nor could his own goods keep.   
Verse 7. Dictator.] Among the Romans, their Dictator's differed from their Kings only in title and duration of their Offices: for, the King had his by inheritance, the Dictator only for six months, unless the Senate continued it for six months longer, upon the same sad necessity that made him be chosen, viz. the misery of a War. He was called Dictator, or Speaker, because his Word was Law, Quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus. There lay no appeal from his Sentence to the People; therefore he was titled Populi Magister, Master of the People: Pigh. His first Act after election, was to choose his Equitum Magister, which Master (as I take it) we call General of the horse, that was Vice-Dictator; for in the Dictator's absence he had the same unlimited authority: Stad. in Flor. lib. 1. cap. 11. To be descended from a Dictator, or from a General of the horse, must needs be great honour to a Roman that had personal worth: What follows? 
But who will honour him that's honour's shame,  
Noble in nothing but a noble name.  Hear a divine Philosopher to this purpose. If there be any good in Philosophy it is this, it looks not upon Pedigrees. Philosophy found not Plato Noble, but left him so: Senec. Add to this the authority of a Philosophical Orator, though in his own Case. It is enough for me to flourish in my own Actions, rather than to rest in the fame and opinion of my Ancestors: let me live so, that I may be to my Descendants the beginning of their Nobility: Cic. in Sallust.  
Verse 9 Pictured Worthies,] The Author names the Lepidi, which must needs be a very great Family, coming from that Worthy the Pontifex Max. Aemilius Lepidus, that in his Childhood slew an enemy in a battle, for which, by decree of Senate, in the Capitol his Statue was set up in his Praetexta (or Gown guarded with purple silk) to show that he was a Noble-man's Son; and in his Bulla's (or golden Bubbles) to signify that he was a Child when he merited that honour.  
Verse 12. Numantians.] The Roman Commanders that served under Scipio at the siege of Numantia in Spain, a Town that for twenty years maintained war against the Romans: and after it was belegured for 14. years, did not only hold out against 46000. Romans, but still worsted the Besiegers: at last, after a long and hard Siege laid to the place by Scipio Minor; when hunger had conquered the sterved Numantians, and that they wanted Soldiers to man the works, they fired themselves and all they had, leaving nothing to the Besiegers but more field-room.  
Verse 15. Fabius.] Fabius Maximus (the noble Ancestor of this unworthy Fabius Persicus,) from his conquest over the Allobrogians or Dauphinois, surnamed Allobrogic. Fabius Maximus Gallica Victoria cognomen Allobrogici sibi & posteris peperit: Fabius Maximus, for his French Victory, got the surname of Allobrogic [or French] to himself and his posterity: Val. Max. This Family derived themselves from Hercules, to whom the Romans consecrated two Temples, one at the Porta Trigemina, the other in the Roman Smithfield or Forum Boarium; which Altar was hereditary to the Fabians: Liu. This Fabius Persicus is called the most filthy and the most obscene of all men living: Sen. lib. 4. c. 30. de Benef.  
Verse 18. Euganeans.] The Sheep that were bred upon the Euganean Downes and Valleys had the finest and softest wool in Italy. Some say that Milan belonged to the Euganeans; others affirm them to be the Tarentines, Calabrians and Venetians: but Pliny is for the first opinion, he tells us Verona was a City of the Euganeans, which is but a mile from Milan: Plin. lib. 3. cap. 20.  
Verse 19 Sicilian.] The best Pumice-stones are gathered in Sicily, about the Mountain Aetna. With these Pumices the Italians did smooth their skins, but now they use for the same purpose a Specific earth.  
Verse 23. Waxen Imagery,] Heads of Wax were set up in all Wardrobes or Galleries: Plin. lib. 35. A Court full of dusty Images makes not the owner noble: no man lived for our honour: what was before us, is not ours. It is the mind that nobilitates. Who is generous? He that is virtuously given: Senec.  
Verse 25. Paulus.] Paulus Aemilius or Aemylius (that in his Consulship led Perseus' King of Macedon in triumph) drew his Pedigree, as aforesaid from Mamercus, Pythagoras the Philosopher's Son, by the Grecians surnamed Aemylos for his civility.  
Verse 25. Cossus,] That in a battle slew the General of the Enemy, and so brought into the Capitol the Spolia opima.  
Verse 25. Drusus,] One that won more than the Spolia opima from a General of the Enemy, slain by his hand in the field: for, the General's name was Drusus; which name he carried away, and left to his Posterity.  
Verse 27. Fasces,] The bundle of Rods with an Axe in it, carried before the Consuls and Praetors by their Lictors, as aforesaid.  
Verse 36. Osiris.] Why the Egyptians kept the Anniversary of Osiris, and every year upon the day of his death sought for him with a general mourning and howling, I have told you in the Comment upon Sat. 6. I shall in this place add the opinion (not without probability) that Joseph was Osiris, and then you will assign another cause for seeking him. Moses having carried away his bones, and only left to the Egyptians a desire of Joseph and the memory of his virtues, which they celebrated with this idolatrous Ceremony, howling till they found him, and then shouting.  
Verse 45. Creticus.] One of the House of Metellus surnamed Creticus, from his Conquest of Crect. That the Camerini were very great Romans needs no other evidence, but only the naming of them and the Bareae for all the cliented and courted Lords of Rome in Sat. 7.  
Verse 48. Rubellius Plautus.] All the Juvenals I have seen do write, as it is printed in the Lovure-copy, Rubellius Blandus: but no Author takes notice of any such kinsman to Julius Caesar and Drusus: therefore I follow Justus Lipsius, that reads it Rubellius Plautus, he being in as near a degree of relation to Augustus Caesar, by the Mother's side, as Nero was. All men cry up Rubellius Plautus that by his Mother had the Nobility of the Julian Family: Tacit. lib. 13.14.  
Verse 49. Drusian.] Tiberius Caesar and his Brother Drusus were descended from Tiberius Nero that conquered Asdrubal: Suet.  
Verse 54. Bleak Monte] Tarquin's Mount, where very poor women got a sad livelihood, by weaving and knitting in the wind.  
Verse 65. Euphrates,] A River of Mesopotamia. This River rises upon the Mountain Niphates; and the fall from such a Precipice makes the stream large, deep and swift: it runs into the red Sea, but first joining with the River Tigris it makes Mesopotamia: Strab.  
Verse 57 Cecropian.] Cecrops was the first King of Athens. Sure the Romans were excellent Heralds, that could bring a Descent from this King who reigned before Deucalion's Flood, Ante Deucalionis tempora regem habuêre Cecropem, Before Deucalion's time they had Cecrops for their King: Justin. lib. 2. He founded Athens. They drew him in his Picture male and female; for that he first joined man and woman in Matrimony: Justin. ibid. Euseb. in praef. Chron. In his Tower sprung up the Olive-tree, from which the City of Athens took its name: the Athaenians from thenceforth honouring Minerva as their Patroness, and refusing the Patronage of Neptune, that by bringing forth a horse for service, promised them success in war. He first coined the name of Jupiter, built Altars in Greece, and some say invented the Greek Alphabet. He was called Diphyes or double-natured, some think either from the height of his body, or that, being an Egyptian, he spoke both his own and the Greek tongue: but I rather believe he had the attribute Diphyes as he had his Picture in two shapes, for joining the nature of the male and female.  
Verse 68 Mercury's old Statue.] The Hermae or Athenian Statues of Mercury had Marble heads, but the other parts were of course stuff. It was the custom of Athens, when the State would reward a deserving man, to send him two or three of these Statues, which he placed over his Gates: Thucid.  
Verse 71. Thou Progeny of Troy.] He means Rubellius Plautus, that being of the Julian Family, derived himself from Aeneas of Troy.  
Verse 77. Hirpin.] Hirpin and Coritha were the best-bred Horse and Mare of all that ran Chariot-matches in the Circus.  
Verse 90. Youth.] Rubellius Plautus, the proud young Lord to whom this admonition is given.  
Verse 102. Phalaris,] King of Agrigentum, the cruelest of all the Sicilian Tyrants. To torment his Subjects he employed the whole strength of his wit, which was very quick, as you may see in his Epistles, yet extant. To this Prince Perillus the Athenian presented a brazen Bull, made with such Art, that a man enclosed therein, and roasted, bellowed like a Bull. For this ingenious invention, when the Artist expected his reward, he was more ingeniously paid, being the first that was executed in his own instrument of cruelty: may all Projectors of others miseries meet the like just recompense. The last that felt the brazen Bull was Phalaris himself, that growing insufferable to the Agrigentines, the whole City rose against him, and roasted him alive.  
Verse 108. Gauran,] Lucrine Oysters, taken about the Baian Port, near the Gauran Mountain.  
Verse 109. Cosmus,] So great a Voluptuary, that the preparation of those Unguents which he used in his Bath, was ever after called Vnguentum Cosmianum: Petron.  
Verse 117. Tutor.] Julius' Tutor, that rob his fellow Thiefs the Cilicians, those Dunkirks to the Romans; for which notwithstanding he was condemned by the Senate.  
Verse 117. Capito.] Capito Cossutianus, accused by the Cilicians upon the Law de repetundis, that he might refund and make restitution for polling of their Province when he was Legate: Tacit. lib. 5.  
Verse 120. When Pansa.] When the new Governor Pansa, like the lean hungry Fly, feared by the Leper in Josephus, will be sure to suck hard and glean from the Country all the money and goods left by his Predecessor the old Governor Natta, that reaped the full Harvest of the Province: which he ought to have governed like a Roman, not pillaged like a Thief. Detrahere aliquid alteri, & hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum, magis est contra naturam, quam mors, quam paupertas, quam dolour: To take away any thing from another, and for a man to raise himself upon the ruins of a man, is more against nature then death, poverty, or pain: Cic. 3. Offic. Yet a Commander in chief will hardly obey this Law of Nature, but compel Chaerippus, viz. the poor Ploughman to pay Taxes, though commonly such Impositions end together with their Imposer in a Mutiny. Nec vero ulla vis impii tanta est quae prement metu possit esse diuturna. Testis Phalaris, cujus praeter caeteros nobilitata crudelitas, qui non ex insidiis interiit, non à paucis, sed in quem universa Agrigentinorum multitudo impetum fecit. Really, no force of a wicked man can be so great, as to continue by the pressure of fear. I may instance in Phalaris, whose cruelty is conspicuous above others, that perished, not by treachery, not by a few men's hands, but assaulted by the whole multitude of the Agrigentines: Cic. 2. Offic.  
Verse 128. Coan.] Cos is an Island in the Aegaean Sea, one of the Cycladeses. It was plundered by Hercules that slew Euripilus and Clytica, King and Queen of the Island, because they impeded his landing there when he returned from the sack of Troy, after he had slain King Laomedon, Father to Priam. To this Island the world owes the Invention of Silk-weaving.  
Verse 128. Sparta's purple wool.] Lacedaemonian purple was in great request with Soldiers, as Julius Pollux affirms.  
Verse 129. Parrhasius,] A great Master in the Art of Painting, born at Ephesus. He was the first that drew with perfect lines the air of the face, sweetening it with the hair, and by the confession of Artists, no Picture-drawer ever came near him, for giving of the last hand to a Piece. Yet Timentes put him down in the drawing of Ajax: but he had the better of Zeuxes: For, when Zeuxes had drawn a bunch of grapes so to the life that Birds flew to peck them: Parrhasius painted a linen Cloth so artificially, that Zeuxes, presuming no man could match his grapes, proudly bid him, take away the Cloth and show him his Picture; but when he found his error, he ingeniously gave Parrhasius the honour of the day; for that he himself had only cozened the Birds, but Parrasius had deceived an Artist: Plin. lib. 35. cap. 10. Fab. lib. 12.  
Verse 130. Phidias,] A Statuary, never equalled for carving in Ivory: yet he was far better at making of Gods than Men: Quintil. His Masterpiece was the Ivory Statue of Minerva at Athens, 39 cubits high; in her Shield was the Battle of the Amazons and the Giants War: in her Sandals the Fight between the Centauris and the Lapiths. The next to this was his Jupiter Olympius, carved in one entire piece of Ivory; then his Venus, that stood at Rome in the Portico of Octavia: Plin. l. 35. cap. 8. He made a Statue ten cubits high of Nemesis, the Goddess of reward and punishment, at Rhamnus a Town in Attica. This Minerva (as Antigonus describes her) occasioned the Proverb Rhamnusia Nemesis: she held in her hand the bough of an Applle-tree, and in one of the folds Phidias ingraved the name of his beloved Scholar Agoracritus Parius. Phidias was first a Painter, and drew the Shield of Minerva at Athens.  
Verse 130. Myron,] A famous Statuary, especially for his Heifer, a piece so carved to life, that Poets have made it immortal: See the Greek Epigrams, and Ausonius and Propert.  
Verse 131. Polyclet.] A most incomparable Statuary: See the Comment upon Sat. 3.  
Verse 132. Mentor,] An excellent Graver of Plate: Plin. l. 12. c. 11. Mart. 
Vasaque Mentorea nobilitata manu.  
And Vessels graved by Mentor's noble hand.  Crassus' the Orator had two Goblets of Mentor's workmanship, which cost him about 2500 French Crowns: Plin. lib. 33. cap. 13.  
Verse 133. Antonius'] My Author, having described the riches of the East, before those parts were made Roman Provinces, now names the Governors that enriched themselves with the spoil of those Countries wherewith they were entrusted by the State of Rome. C. Antonius was banished for six years by the Censors; the reason upon record was, for that he had polled the Associates of Rome: See Pedian and Strab.  
Verse 134. Dolabella,] Proconsul of Asia, accused by M. Scaurus, and condemned upon the Law de Repetundis: Tacit.  
Verse 135. Verres,] Governour of Sicily accused by Cicero: part of his charge was Dico te maximum pondus auri, argenti, etc. I say thou hast exported an infinite of Gold, Silver, Ivory and Purple, great store of Malta- Vests, great store of Bedding, much Furniture of Delos, many Corinthian Vessels, a great quantity of Corn, Wine and Hony. Cicero presses this against him as theft; but Juvenal calls it sacrilege: because Verres in robbing the Associates of Rome, robbed the Gods, to whom the Romans engaged for protection of their Friends and Allies: See the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 141. Lares,] Household Gods. Vid. the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 146. Oiled Corinth,] A City of Achaia (in the middle of the Peloponnesian Istthmus) first called Ephire. It was the noblest Town of Greece, and standing commodiously between the Ionian and Aegaean Seas, grew so potent, as to hold competition with the City of Rome, and so proud as to affront the Roman Ambassadors, and cast dirt upon them: Strab. Hereupon the Senate decreed a war against the Corinthians as Violators of the Law of Nations, and sent an Army thither under the command of L. Mummius that besieged Corinth, which could not prove a work of much difficulty, the Inhabitants being strangely effeminate. Venus was their Patroness, in whose Temple two hundred Ladies of pleasure daily stood at Livery: What men was this Town likely to train up? but such as Juvenal describes, that perfumed themselves with rich Oils and Essences, fitter to wear garlands than arms: and to meet a Mistress in a bed, than an Enemy in the field. When Corinth was burnt by Mummius, there was a confusion of rich metals in the fire, to the high advance of the Brass, which ever after by way of excellence was called Corinthian Brass.  
Verse 146. Rhodes.] See the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 150. Illyrian Seamen.] All the coast of the Adriatic Sea, from Tergestum to the Ceraunian Mountains in the Confines of Epire, are inhabited by the Illyrians: Pomp. Mel. Dion. Alex. These had a fair opportunity to make themselves good Seamen.  
Verse 150. Reapers.] The Egyptians, a description of whose fruitful soil and vain People I have given you at large in Pliny's Panegyric.  
Verse 153. Marius.] Marius Priscus Proconsul of Africa; how he rifled the wealth of that Province, and his Accusation and mock-Sentence, you read in the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 160. Sibyl's Leaf.] I know not whether Juvenal means the ordinary leaves of the Sibyl's Books, or the extraordinary Palmtree leaves wherein Sibylla Cumaea writ down her predictions: but this I am sure of, he prophecies (as truly as any of the Sibyls) of the revolt of the Africans from the Roman Empire, for the Pressures and Taxes laid upon them by their covetous Governors.  
Verse 166. Harpy.] The Harpies were Daughters to the Earth and Sea: Seru. That they may enjoy their Father and Mother, they dwell in Islands. These winged creatures have the ears of a Bear, the body of a Vulture, the face of a Woman, and hands with crooked talons instead of fingers. Virgil names but three of them, Aello, Ocypete and Caeleno, which last Homer calls Podarge, and says, that of her Zephyrus begat Achilles his horses, Balius and Xanthus. Hesiod takes notice only of two, Aello and Ocypete: Appollonius numbers them like Hesiod: Erythraeus observes that no more but two Harpies are carved in an ancient Basis at Venice, and there at this day to be seen in Saint Martin's Church. Yet others reckon three, and Homer a fourth, viz. Thyella. In hell they were called Dogs, in heaven Furies and Birds, in earth Harpies. When Phineus King of Arcadia, persuaded by his Wife Harpalice, had put out the eyes of his Sons, he himself by a judgement from heaven was struck blind, and haunted by the Harpies, that with their dung spoilt all the rich dishes at his Table. In the passage of the Argonauts to Colchos, Phineus treated Jason, that, moved with indignation at the horrid sight, bestowed upon the King Zethus and Calais Sons to Boreas, which having wings like the Harpies, should beat them out of his Dominions. They did so, and chased them into the Isles of Plotae not far from Zacynthus, where they were admonished by Iris (in Hesiod called Sister to the Harpies) to leave their pursuit of Jove's Dogs: this very word frighted the Borean Brothers; and from their retreat the Isles of Plotae were afterwards called Strophades: Virg. The Harpies were bloody Plunderers and Extorters of money: Sidon. lib. 5. Epist. 7. They were evil women. Apulei. See their mythology in Coel. lib. 27.  
Verse 199. Bring thy birth from Picus] He would be of a very ancient House that could bring down his Pedigree from Picus King of Latium, Son to Saturn, Father to Faunus, and Grandfather to King Latinus. He was a mighty skilful Augur. Circe fell in love with him; but he refused her marriage, and took to wife the Nymph Carmentis, which so vexed the Goddess-witch, that she struck him with her magical Rod, and turned him into a bird of his own name, a Magpie. Some think this Fiction invented from his Augury, because he was the first that, divining by the flight of birds, made use of the Magpie: Ovid. Metam. 14.  
Verse 168. Giants,] The Sons of Titan that fought and beat Saturn, and were defeated by Jove. See the beginning of the Comment upon Sat. 6  
Verse 161. Prometheus.] See the Comment upon Sat. 4.  
Verse 184. French Fools-hood.] The Santons of Aquitane, near Tholouse in France, wore hoods, that are by Martial called Bardocuculli, Fools-hoods. It seems that which in the day time was the French Fashion, proved the Roman Mode at night, when the young Lords, ashamed to be known, went to their first Debauches.  
Verse 186. Damasippus,] A profuse young Nobleman, that as my Author tells us, was first Consul of Rome; then a Chariot-Jocky; afterwards a common Drunkard; and at last a Stage-player.  
Verse 199. Epona,] Goddess of Stables: Damasippus swore by her, as long as he was able to keep Race-horses; and so did the Grooms of his Stable; it being the Roman Custom for Servants to swear by their Master's darling-Deity: Sat. 2.  And by his Master's Juno his man swears. 
Verse 201. Tavern-Revels.] Or Cook-shop Revels: for, in Juvenal's time, Cooks Shops were the Roman Taverns.  
Verse 202. Syrophoenix,] A Vintner or Cook, a Mongrel, born betwixt Syria and Phoenicia, from whence he transports the Oils and Essences that serve his Guests, when they 'noint after bathing and perfume their Wines: Sat. 6.  When Falern Wine with foamy Essence sweats. 
Verse 207. Cyane,] Wife to Syrophoenix.  
Verse 216. Painted Tavern-linnen.] Stained Table-clothes brought out of Syrophoenix his Country.  
Verse 217. Armenian War] Nero made war in Armenia (that rebelled against him) by his Lieutenant Domitius Corbulo: Tacit.  
Verse 218. Rhine.] Damasippus had youth and strength (but that he wanted honour) to have fought for defence of the Roman Empire, which extended to the River Rhine and the Istrian Flood, now called the Rhiine and the Danow.  
Verse 220. Ostium] Now Hostia; the next Seaport to Rome, where the Roman Fleet lay at Anchor.  
Verse 220. Cybel's Priest.] You cannot wonder that he should lie dead drunk, when you read the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 231. Thy Land near Luca.] Luca is a City of Tuscia, so named from Lucumo King of Hetruria: Strab. lib. 5. This City flourished anciently with men of great worth and valour, from whom the Romans had their military Orders.  
Verse 240. Swift Lentulus.] Celer or Swift was a surname of the noble house of Lentulus.  
Verse 240. Laureol,] A Slave, condemned to be hanged for running away from his Master. This Slave was personated or acted upon the Theatre by a Lord, one of the Lentuli, fellow-Actor to the Lord Damasippus, that played a part in Catullus his Comedy called the Phantasm▪ another of the Company was a Mamercus, one of the Aemylian Family, descended, as aforesaid, from Mamercus Son to Pythagoras. My Author observes, that it was the more base in these Noblemen to be Stage-players, because they were Volunteers, not pressed men, as in Nero's time; for then Lords durst not refuse to act upon a Stage, when the example was showed them by their Emperor: but these young Noblemen (by their Prodigality brought to Want) for a poor Salary offered themselves to act upon theatres: both as Players, to spend their lungs, and as Fencers, to put their lives in the power of the People.  
Verse 255. Thymele,] Latinus his pretty Wife: but though her Husband presented her to Heliodorus the grand Informer, that old block of which Latinus himself was a chip: yet when she was courted upon the Stage by the young Mamercan Lord, that acted a Love-passion some thing too naturally, Latinus was so bold as to give him a sound box of the ear, which would make the common people laugh more than any jest made by Corinth the Clown, that is here called, Corinth the dull Fool.  
Verse 260. Gracchus,] The Gladiator mentioned Sat. 2. In the Design before which satire you see him in the Circus as a Retiarius or Net-bearer, flying from the Secutor or Pursuer, just as Juvenal describes them here  
Verse 274. Seneca.] See the Comment upon Sat. 5.  
Verse 274. Nero.] The Emperor Nero, Scholar to Seneca; but no follower of his precepts: For, by his wicked actions, Nero changed his gallant Proper name into a base Appellative, so that we call every cruel Tyrant Nero: but it seems he fell back from his first course, as in his time the Rivers did from theirs: Plin. lib. 2. cap. 203. He grew to such a height of villainy, that he spared not his own family, but was to his Mother, brother, Wife, and all his nearest relations, a bloody Parricide: Euseb. lib. 2. cap. 24. Hist. Eccl. For which my Author intimates that Nero deserves a thousand deaths, and therefore it would be too mild a Sentence that should condemn him as a single Parricide, to be sowed up in a Sack with a Dog, Cock, Viper and Ape, and cast into the Sea; perhaps lest his naked body should defile the Element of water, that washes out the filth from other things: read Senec. lib. 5. Controu. Digest. lib. 48. ad Leg. Pomp. the Parracid. Coel. Rhod. lib. 21▪ cap. 21. Cic. pro Sext. Rosc. In the next place my Author aggravates Nero's murder of his Mother, comparing it with the very same Crime committed by Orestes, but not with the same intention, nor seconded with the like cruelties. For, first Orestes took himself to have a Commission from the Gods to kill his Mother, in revenge of his Father, murdered by her, when he had drunk hard at the Feast she made to welcome him home, after his ten years' absence at the siege of Troy. Homer agrees with Juvenal, that of the Matricide committed by Orestes Jove was Author, and sent Mercury to bid Aegysthus take heed of imbruing his hands in Agamemnon's blood; for if he did, Orestes should revenge it upon his Mother and Aegysthus: Hom. Odyss. Then, Nero slew his Sister in Law Antonia; but Orestes did not kill his Sister Electra, nor his Wife Hermione, as Nero killed his Wife Poppaea; nor poisoned he his nearest relations as Nero poisoned his Brother Britannicus. Nor did Orestes in his frenzy commit a Crime equal to Nero, when he writ his Troicks, which Juvenal urges as the greatest of his cruelties; for they put him into a humour of setting Rome on fire, only that he might sing his verses of Troy burning, by Rome in the like condition. Lastly, for the Imperial Crown of his impiety, he charged the fact upon the Christians, condemning those poor Innocents', for that which he himself had done, to be tortured in pitched Cassocks fit for Catiline and Cethegus (as Juvenal here says) that would have fired Rome; and therefore fittest of all for Nero, that did it. This torture is fully described in Sat. 1.  
Verse 285. Vindex.] C. Julius Vindex Governor in France, the first mover in the rebellion against Nero; not upon his own score, but upon the account of S. Sulpitius Galba Lieutenant in Spain, for whom both Vindex & Virginius Rufus Governor in Germany declared themselves: and Juvenal thinks all three had done well, if they had declared against Nero for the burning of Rome, and revenged in the first place his malice to his Country.  
Verse 390. Parsley-Crown.] Nero in the Isthmian prizes had carried away the Parsley-Crown from the Greek Musick-Masters.  
Verse 292. Thyestes long train.] Thyestes was Son to Pelops and Hippodamia. He, to spite his Brother Atreus, made him Cuckold; Atreus, to revenge himself, first banished Thyestes, then repealed his banishment and feasted him with the flesh of those Sons which he himself had begot upon the body of his Wife Aetope. Thyestes, to out do his Brother, deflowered his own Daughter Pelopea, by whom he had Aegysthus that assisted in the murder of Agamemnon Son to Atreus. In this Tragedy of Atreus (so horrid that Historians say the Sun could not have patience to behold it, but went back into the East) Nero played the part of Thyestes: and Juvenal thinks, that when the Play was done, Nero might have hung the long Vest, which he acted in, upon the Statue of his Ancestor Cn. Domitius, as well as he hanged upon the Statue of Augustus Caesar the Lute decreed him by the Judges of the Musick-exercises, he having first kissed and adored it: Suet.  
Verse 293. Antigones and Menalippe's Tire.] That we may know Nero acted upon the Stage both men's and women's parts, my Author bids him put upon the head of L. Domitius Nero the Tire in which he played Antigone, that led her blind Father Oedipus, as aforesaid: and on the head of Domitius Aenobarbus to put the dress in which he played the part of Menalippe, got with child by Neptune, imprisoned by her Father, and in a Stable delivered of a boy, that was almost stifled with the stink of the place, and therefore called Baeothus.  
Verse 296. Cethegus,] One of the Conspirators with Catiline that covenanted to fire Rome: the barbarous Galls did no more. Was this a design fit for Romans and persons of honour, as they were?  
Verse 300. Pitched Cassocks,] Made for poor Christians: See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 302. New man.] Cicero's Enemies, in scorn of his mean birth, called him novus homo, new man; and the poor Arpinate, because he was born among the Volscians at Arpinum, now Abruzzo; then a poor Town, yet ennobled by two famous Natives, M. Tullius Cicero and C. Marius.  
Verse 306. The Gown.] Hail thou that were't first styled Father of thy Country, thou that in the Gown didst first deserve a triumph and the laurel of the tongue. Thus the spirit of Cicero is complemented by Pliny, lib. 7. cap. 2. Father of his Country, was a title by Cato conferred upon Tully for preserving Rome from Catiline, Cethegus, and the rest of their faction.  
Verse 308. Caesar.] Augustus Caesar, second Emperor of the Romans, Consul with Cicero in the year, from the foundation of Rome, 722. He overthrew Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, and defeated Marc. Antony at the battle of Actium, where he built a City, and named it from his victory Nicopolis: Plutarch. He reigned fifty six years. In his time learning flourished: then in Rome lived Virgil, Horace, Sallust. Hortensius, Athenodorus, Tarseus and Sitio Alexandrinus: Eutr. lib. 7. But in Juvenal's opinion, neither his conquest at Land nor his Sea-victory merited so much honour from his Country, as those services done in the Gown by Cicero.  
Verse 313. Marius,] Another poor Arpinate born in the same Town with Cicero. His Father C. Marius and his Mother Fulcinia wrought for their living: Plut. and so did he himself when he first came to the Army: Juv. 
The Vine that paid him, when the lazy Cramp  
Took his hand, pallizadoing the Camp.  After he was a Soldier, by degrees he rose from one office to another, till at last the Consul Metellus made him his Lieutenant-generall in Numidia, where he took King Jugurth, and drive him into Rome before the wheels of his triumphant Chariot: for which service the Romans looked upon him as the only great Soldier, able to defend them when they trembled at the invasion of the Cimbrians and Teutons. He was then chosen Consul five times together. In his fifth Consulship, when he had Catulus for his Colleague, he overthrew the Cimbrians and Teutons. He was defeated by Sylla, and hid himself in the Minturnian Fens in Campania, where he was found, cast into a Dungeon by the Minturnians, and a Cimbrian scent to murder him: But the Executioner fled from the Prisoner, whose eyes (as he said) shot forth a flame of fire. Then the Town, possessed with the like fear, suffered Marius to make an escape; and in a small Pinnace he passed over into Africa, where Juvenal says Sat. 10. that he begged his bread in conquered Carthage. When Cinna had seized into his hands the government of Rome, he called-in Marius, that, destroying his enemies, was the seventh time chosen Consul; and then died in Rome of a Pleurisy: Plut.  
Ver. 317. Cimbrians.] The Cimbrians are the Danes and Holsatians, that, with the rest of the Germans, are called Teutons, from their God Tuesco: Versteg. These, bodying in a vast Army, were upon their march for Rome, in the year 640. but Marius cut them off, as aforesaid: they were men of huge giantly bodies, and horrid looks. The Cimbrians used to rejoice at a battle, where, if they fell, they should die gloriously upon the bed of honour: but they lamented in their sicknesses, as if they were to perish basely: Val. Max.  
Verse 321. Second Laurel.] He wore the first when he led King Jugurth in triumph.  
Verse 322. Colleague.] Marius in his fifth Consulship was Colleague to Q. Catulus, a person nobly born. Both, as equals in the service of preserving their Country from the Cimbrians, were equalised in the honour of triumph.  
Verse 323. Decii,] The Decii were Plebeians, but men of more than Patrician courage; for they devoted their lives as voluntary Sacrifices for the benefit of their Country; the Father in the war with the Latins: the Son in the Hetrurian war: the Grandchild in the war that King Pyrrhus made for the Tarentines. The first Decius, when he was General in the Latian war, dreamt the victory would fall to them whose General should be slain. Taking this for a Revelation from the Gods, he charged the enemy so far, till he got, that which he came for, his death. Whilst the Roman Army fought to fetch off his body, his dream proved true; for the Victory fell to them. The second Decius, in the Hetrurian war, devoted his life in these words, Upon my head be all the miseries that threaten my Country: presently he was slain, and the Romans had the day. From the premises Juvenal concludes, that in the Estimate of the Gods the Decii were equal to the State of Rome; because these two private persons were, by commutation, accepted for the whole Republik.  
Verse 329. Herald] Servius Tullius, Son to Oericulana a bondwoman. After the murder of Tarqvinius Priscus by the Sons of Ancus Martius, S. Tullius was crowned King of Rome: Val. He reigned 44 years.  
Verse 331. Tarquin.] Tarquin the proud, the seventh and last King of Rome. He succeeded Servius Tullius: but yet, as my Author says, Servius was the last good King of Rome. If he had been as fortunate as good, he had never married this Tarquin to his Daughter Tullia, that with his Pride joined her Cruelty, and exercised it by his hand upon her Father, only that she might be Queen a little before her time. But Tarquin was a great Soldier: He conquered the Latins and the Sabines: He took Suessa from the Hetrusci: Gabii was delivered to him by his Son Sextus, that fled into the Town, pretending himself an Enemy to his Father. He first instituted the Latin Feriae. When he built the Capitol, in diging for the foundation, the workmen found a man's head: the Soothsayers being asked what it signified, answered, a Tower built upon that foundation should be the head of the world. At last, when his Son Sextus had ravished Lucrece, I. Brutus (that fearing his Tyranny had long counterfeited madness) appeared like himself, headed the Romans against Tarquin. He fled to Porsenna King of Hetruria. To re-establish him, Porsenna made war against the Romans, but in vain, Liv. Plut. Yet Tarquin once had almost recovered his Crown: for Titus and Tiberius, the Sons of Junius Brutus, undertook to deliver up a Gate of Rome to Sextus Tarquin: but they were discovered by Vindicius a Slave; for which discovery he was made a Freeman: afterwards the Rod laid upon the head of a Slave, when they manumitted or made him free, was called Vindicta. But Titus and Tiberius were for this offence put to death by their Father like Slaves, being first whipped, and then beheaded. In the war made by King Porsenna in favour of the Tarquins, Horatius Cocles stood him and his whole Army, till the Bridge over Tiber was broken; then, although he had an Arrow in his thigh, he took the River and swum safely to the Roman Host: Liv. lib 2. Afterwards, at the election of Magistrates, one jeering him with his lame leg, he answered, Every one remembers me of my honour. It was likewise in this war that Mutius Scaevola having sworn to kill Porsenna (then lying with his forces before the City of Rome) by mistake slew his Secretary; and being brought before the King, when he saw his error, for anger that his Country was not delivered of Porsenna by his hand, he cut it off: Liv. ibid. Lastly, in this very war, Claelia with divers other Ladies, the greatest beauties of Rome, were given to Porsenna for Hostages: but she freed herself and all her Company. For Claelia, pretending some Religious Ceremonies were to be performed by washing in the River Tiber, made the Keepers in modesty stand at distance, till the Ladies, following her, swum to the Romans: whose Dominions, at that time, reached no further than the River. That Claelia went not on foot to the water side, may be collected from the Statue on horseback, which the Romans set up in honour of her courage in the Via sacra.  
Verse 239. Thersites.] Homer, with great reason, calls him of all the besiegers of Troy the ugliest: he was so, both in body and mind: read his description Iliad. lib. 2. For his foul mouth Achilles gave him a box on the ear, which silenced the Rogue for ever.  
Verse 340. Achilles.] See the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 344. Asylum.] Rome was first an Asylum, or Sanctuary for all kinds of Rogues; and the Founder of it, Romulus, was a Shepherd, or— Juvenal is very loath to go further, if he should, in reference to the murder of Remus, he must call Romulus' Parricide.    


The ninth Design.  
MAy ¹ Juvenal believe his eyes? is this  
A real or mock-Metomorphosis?  
Spruce ² Naevolus, her ladyship's Gallant,  
His Lordship's Droll, the Wit, come now to Want?  
Where's all thy jests? thyself thou mightst propose:  
If thou couldst speak, which would be through the nose.  
Where's thy new Gown? where is the Jesemin  
Which all that head of hair was buttered in?  
I little thought to meet thee altered thus;  
Thou look'st pale, like the Ghost of Naevolus:  
And witthered as a Witch, with such a beard  
Upon thy chin; where not a hair appeared,  
But with a plaster it was strait plucked off.  
Thou hast got likewise a consumptive cough.  
Is all the strength, old women so cried up,  
Shrunk into this small Urn, thy Cawdle-cup?  
There's ³ Isis worshipped, at her Temple-Gate,  
On their old Mistresses those ⁴ Beggars wait,  
That once as high in Female favour stood,  
As ever thou hast done, their limbs as good:  
And end in thy decrepitness they must;  
A Cripple still speaks th' Epilogue to Lust.   

Figura Nona.  
NUm credes oculis, Juvenalis ¹? vera figura est,  
An metamorphosi quâdam se lumina fallunt?  
Deliciae ne mihi Dominarum Naevolus ² olim  
Obvius it, Procerúmque sales, & Morio Romae?  
quam tristis veste, & vultu? si venajocandi  
Aruerit, possis vel te proponere ludum,  
Per nasi vitium nisi vox malè mulceat aurem.  
Quò toga, amice, nitens? tibi quò defluxit amomum,  
Quod solet horrentem sylvam illinire comarum?  
Non sic mutato sperabam occurrere? palles  
Vmbra velut; spectrum, non Naevolus Ipse, vidêris;  
Canidiam rugâ mentiris, & indice barbâ,  
Quam nupèr suetus fuerat convellere dropax.  
Vnde aegri veteris tibi facta domestica tussis?  
An tot matronis jactata probatáque virtus  
Langueat, in juris miserè conclusa patellam?  
Isidis aspicias ³ Fanum, quo turpia pangunt  
Foedera; truncatum ⁴ cernas ibi Cypridis agmen  
Emeritúmque; suis quondam hi placuêre Puellis;  
Quaeque tuo, par horum inerat quoque gratia nervo,  
Nec diversa manent te certò, Naevole, fata:  
Clauditur in Veneris Ludis scena ultima manco.   

   

The Manners of Men. THE NINTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
A Dialogue the Poet frames;  
Where poor lewd Naevolus declames,  
That nothing now th' Unchaste bestow,  
But poison, when they jealous grow.  
For fear whereof, he silence prays;  
But stones will tell, the Poet says:  
Gives him good counsel, but in vain;  
So jeers, and leavs him to complain.  POet. 
Why NAEVOLUS, thou still comest lowering so,  
Like vanquished MARSIAS, I would gladly know?  
What dost thou do with RAVOLA'S strange look,  
When, with his beard all froth, the Slave was took  
Licking of RHODOPE, and stood in fear,  
Of sauce for sweetmeats, a sound box o'th' ear?  
CREPERIUS POLLIO made not such a face,  
When, to seek fools, he went from place to place  
Promising treble use: and found not one,  
In all the Town, that would be wrought upon.  
How on a sudden did these wrinkles grow?  
Late with a little thou mad'st such a show  
Thou seemd'st a kind of Slavish Knight; our feasts  
Rung with thy sharp and those no Country-jests.  
All's altered; melancholy clouds thy brow,  
Thy hair's a dry Wood; Thy skin shines not now  
As when warm birdlime sleeked it; now thy thighs  
Are rough, thy Coppice-haire neglected lies.  
How cam'st thou by th' old sick-man's jaundice, whom  
A quartan fever hath long kept at home?  
Thy frail flesh joy and grief of spirit knows:  
Both which thy face, in divers habits, shows.  
May be, thy former course thou dost forsake,  
And quite another way thy voyage make;  
For, late (I take it) when our prayers were said  
To ISIS, Peace and her fair GANYMED:  
And at the Chapel built to entertain  
The Mother of the Gods: and in the Fane  
Of CERES (for what Temple may not we  
Have Wenches at) none was cried up like thee:  
The Wives did not AUFIDIUS so much woe;  
And wouldst thou tell, so did their husbands too.  Naevolus. 
Sir, 'tis a thriving Trade to many men;  
But I got nothing by it: now and then  
A greasy Cloak, or Gown the Dyers spoiled:  
Course cloth, in dressing which French Fuller's toiled;  
Or some base silver of the second vein.  
Fates govern men; Fates in parts secret reign;  
For, if good Stars their influx countermand,  
Thy unknown length shall for a Cipher stand:  
Though VIRRO bathing tickle at thy sight,  
Or though a thick-writ Letter thee invite,  
Whereto he in a postscript may annex  
Some Greek Caresses, to allure his sex.  
No monster like a covetous Pathic whore;  
I gave thee this, than thus much, and then more:  
He counts and kisses; let's cast up the sums,  
Boy bring the notes, you see in all it comes  
To six Sestertia. Reckon now my pains:  
Is't easy when a handsome— one strains  
Into a stinking—, and there shall greet  
The Bowels, and the last night's supper meet?  
I hold him to be more a Slave, that's bound  
To dig his Master, than his Master's ground.  
Yet you Sir, think yourself composed for love,  
Designed for heaven, fit to give wine to JOVE.  
Poor Parasites must look for nothing sure,  
When you'll not pay us, that your itchings cure.  
Lo here, to whom the green UMBRELLA went,  
To whom the goodly Amber bowl was sent  
On his birthday, or when the humid Spring  
Did with itself the female Calends bring:  
When, Carpets laid beneath his feet, he sat  
And viewed his Presents in a Chair of state.  
Say Sparrow, who shall heir those mountain-heights,  
All those Appulian Valleys: all those Kites  
Wearied with flying o'er thy land? Rare Wines  
Thy Cellars fill, from fruitful Trifoline Vines,  
The Misene Precipice, bleak Gauran hills;  
No man with long-lived Mu more Hogsheads fills.  
What were't, if thou to thy spent Client gave  
Some acres? were't not better he should have  
The Country-Child, his Mother, and their Shed,  
And Dog, that still their Playfellow was bred?  
Then that all these a Legacy should raise  
For thy Comrade, that on the Cymbals plays?  
Thou art not honest when thou ask'st, says he,  
But ask, my Boy and House-rent cry to me:  
My one Boy, like to POLYPHEM'S one eye,  
For whose large Orb ULYSSES was too sly;  
Another must be bought, one will not do  
My business, and then I must diet two.  
When Winter comes, what shall I do I pray?  
What to my Boys bare Legs and Shoulders say,  
When them cold-breathed December shall benumb,  
Have patience and the Grasshopper will come?  
But to dissemble, and let pass the rest;  
How rat'st thou it, and I was still thy pressed  
Devoted Client, that but for my aid,  
Thy Wife until this hour had been a Maid:  
By what ways I was wrought upon, thou knowst,  
And what upon thy Promises thou ow'st.  
Oft in my arms the flying Maid I caught,  
When she to tear the new-sealed Writings sought.  
Whilst at the door thou whind'st, I wrought thy ends,  
And scarce my whole night's labour made you friends.  
Witness the pretty little bed, whose creak  
Thou heard'st, and with it heard'st thy Lady squeak.  
The marriage knot, cracked, ready to divide,  
Th' adulterer hath in many houses tied;  
Now, first or last, what canst thou count upon?  
False and ingrateful, is't no merit? none,  
That I for thee a Boy or Girl beget?  
Which thou mayst breed, and in our Records set  
Proofs that thou art a man: thy gates adorn  
With Garlands, now to thee is issue born.  
What I have given thee, stops the mouth of fame;  
Besides the privileges Fathers claim,  
That thou art made an Heir, thou ow'st to me:  
The sweet Caducum too I purchase thee;  
Nay, 'tis to thee much more advantage yet,  
If three, the legal number, I beget.  Poet. 
Thou hast, poor NAEVOLUS, just cause to griev.  Naeu. 
And then, Sir, when he should my wants reliev,  
As a neglected thing he lets me pass,  
And seeks himself a new two-footed Ass.  
Be sure you never do this trust reveal,  
But in your bosom my complaints conceal.  
For, your smooth CYNAED is the deadliest foe:  
So jealous of his secret; what we know,  
As if it were betrayed, inflames his ire:  
he'll stab, or brain us, or our houses fire;  
Nor doubt, where so much riches do abound,  
That any want of poison will be found.  
My Counsel therefore keep as closely hid,  
As theirs the Court of MARS at Athens did.  Poet. 
O fool! fool! dost imagine rich men can  
Have any secret? though the Servingman,  
Prove silent, Truth from Beasts will speech compel:  
The dogs, the posts, the marble stones will tell.  
Thy window shut, o'er crannies hangings lay,  
Lock double doors, and take the lights away;  
Let all give charge that none lie near thee; yet,  
What thou shalt in thy Bedchamber commit,  
Even when the Cock the second time shall crow,  
ere it be day, shall the next Tavern know:  
And hear crimes that were not committed; lies  
That Spinners, Carders, Master-Cooks devise;  
Who care not what they against their Lord compose,  
When with their rumours they revenge his blows.  
Some will waylay thee, nay enforce thee hear,  
And being drunk themselves, make drunk thy ear.  
Entreat their secrecy, as thou dost mine,  
They'd rather tell it, than steal Falern Wine:  
Or then out-quaffe those Cups LAUFELLA takes,  
When for the People she her Offering makes.  
We must for many causes live upright,  
But chiefly that we Servants tongues may slight:  
For of th'ill People that to us belong,  
The part that is most evil is the Tongue.  
And yet that Lord's condition is far worse  
That fears the men which eat upon his Purse.  Naeu. 
Good Counsel, to scorn Servants tongues, I've learned:  
But Gen'ralls, wherein all men are concerned;  
What to myself, in my peculiar Trade,  
Now time and hope are lost, wilt thou persuade?  
For, this fair Flower goes swiftly to decay,  
Poor wretched Life's short portion hasts away.  
Whilst we drink, anoint, wench, and put Garlands on:  
Old-age steals on us, never thought upon.  Poet. 
Fear not, thou'lt never want Pathic friends, so long  
As these Hills stand and flourish; all will throng  
To Rome, by Boat and Coach, to make this Match,  
That their Heads neatly with one finger scratch,  
Another hope may rise, and that more great,  
Only do thou provoking Rocket eat.  Naeu. 
You speak to happy men; my fates would joy,  
If all my trading might my teeth employ:  
O my poor Lar, I offer to your powers  
A little incense, bran, and wreaths of Flowers.  
When shall the fortune I attain be such,  
Will keep me from the hovel and the Crutch?  
For Int'rest-money, when shall I receive  
Thousands, for which the Rogues good pawns shall leave?  
Have Silver-Vessels, pure illegal Plate,  
Such as FABRICIUS censured for the weight?  
And two young Hackney-Maesians at command,  
Safe in the clamorous Circus me to land.  
A crooked Graver, and another Knave  
Paints Faces in a trice? these would be brave.  
But I poor wretch must of such hopes despair;  
For, when to fortune I do make my prayer,  
Her ears against me with that wax she arms,  
Which saved ULYSSES from the Sirens charms.  

The Comment UPON THE NINTH satire.  
VErse 2. Marsyas.] A rare Piper, born at Celaenae, once the chief City of Phrygia: Lucan. 
Lugent damnatae Phoebo victore Celaenae.  
Condemned Celaenae for Sol's Conquest mourns,  as if the very Town put on the looks of their fellow Citizen Marsyas, that (having saucily presumed to challenge Phoebus at the Pipe invented by Minerva) was vanquished and condemned to be flayed alive: Ovid. lib. 6. Fast. No marvel if he looked scurvily, after such a Sentence passed upon him by victorious Apollo.  
Verse 5. Rhodope.] Rhodope was a famous Courtesan of Thrace, fellow-Bondslave to Aesop the Fable-maker. She was redeemed for a great sum of money by Charaxus (Brother to Sappho the Poetess) that fell in love with Rhodope; and after he had spent all the rest of his fortunes upon her, turned Pirate: but she, raising herself upon the ruins of him and other such fools, came to be so infinite rich, that she built a Pyramid: Plin. lib. 30 cap. 12. Juvenal uses her name for a Roman Courtesan.  
Verse 7. Crepereius Pollio.] A broken Citizen of Rome, and one that all the Town knew to be a Bankrupt.  
Verse 16. Thy hair's a dry wood.] Debauched Naevolus wanted money to buy unguents for his hair, so to put his head into the mode; for, the Romans powdered not as we do, but anointed their heads; yet take notice, that he lived before the siege of Naples, for his hair stuck on.  
Verse 26. Isis,] That her Temple in Rome stood near to the old Palace of Romulus, by my Author called the old Sheepcoat, you see in Sat. 6. a virtuous place it was, the Mart for Bawds and Whores to drive their bargains: See the figure of the Temple of Isis in the Design before this satire, and the history of that Goddess in the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 26. Peace.] The Temple of Peace, wherein Vespasian Caesar had set up the Statue of Ganymed.  
Verse 28. The Mother of the Gods.] Cybele, that after she was brought out of Phrygia to Rome, and there for some time had been a private Guest to Scipio Nasica, the Republic built a Chapel to entertain her, which was now converted to such pious uses as the Temple of Isis, and of Ceres, formerly a Goddess dreadful to sinners: See the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 31. Aufidius,] A notorious lusty Grecian, gracious with most of the rich and wanton Romans: Mart.  
Acrior hoc Chius non erat Aufidius.  
Chian Aufidius was no sharper Knave.  
Verse 41. Virro] One of the Sect that worshipped the Good Goddess the contrary way: See the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 62. Female Calends.] Upon the Calends or first day of March (being according to the Roman account the birthday of Venus) they celebrated the Matronalia, or female feasts: during which time the Beauties of Rome, dressed up in all their splendour, sat in Chairs that stood upon Carpets, and received rich presents from their Husbands or Servants. This Ceremony was imitated by Pathic Virro: and his poor Idolater Naevolus must be at the charge of modish Offerings, Umbrellas, Fans, Amber-bolls and the like.  
Verse 68 Trifoline.] The Trifoline Vineyards, and those upon the Gauran Hills and the Misene Promontory, were all in Campania, and all their Vintages, excellent Wine: Mart. 
Non sum de primo, fallor Trifolina, Lyaeo,  
Inter Vina tamen septima vitis ego.  
I Trifoline am cozened, the best wine  
I have not, but I bring forth the seventh Vine.  Certant Massica aeque ex monte Gaurano Puteolos Baiasque prospectantia: The Massick Vine is full as good that comes from the Gauran Hills, overlooking Puteoli and Baiae: Plin. lib. 14. cap. 9  
Verse 79. Thy Comrade] Cybel's Priest, that plays upon the Cymbals till Sack silence him and them: as in the Design before Sat. 8. but then he played to the unthrift Damasippus, of whom there was nothing to be got but Sack. Now he plays to wealthy Virro, in hope to cozen him out of his estate, as his Predecessors the Corybantes cozened Saturn, that he should not hear the cry of his own Child: much less shall Virro hear the bawling of his man Naevolus, but bequeath all to his boon Companion the Archigallus or Priest of Cybel: See the Comment upon Sat. 2. & 8.  
Verse 79. Polypheme.] Polyphemus the Cyclops, Son to Neptune by Thoosa, Daughter to Phorcys. He was a huge man-monster, and had but one eye, in the midst of his forehead: but his Mother had not so much; for, she and her two Sisters had but one eye amongst them all. He fell in love with the Nymph Galatea: and from a steep rock broke the neck of his Favourite Acis, because he was jealous that his Mistress loved the Youth better than himself. When Ulysses by a storm was cast upon the coast of Sicily, he eat up six of his Mates, and would have devoured the rest, if their Captain had not been too subtle for him: but Ulysses foxed him with black wine, and when he was in a dead sleep, got a firestick and burned out his one eye: Homer 10. Odyss. Virg. Aeneid. 3. Many say Polyphemus had but one eye, some that he had two, others three; but 'tis all fabulous. For he was a prudent man, and therefore said to have an eye in his head near his brains. But Ulysses was wiser than he, by whom he was said to be blinded, that is, overreached: Seru.  
Verse 104. Our Records] The names of Fathers that had Children were recorded in the Aerarium or Chequer-Office. The original of this enrolment was from Servius Tullius, that to ascertain the number of Births and Burials, ordered that when a child was born, the kindred of the child should bring a piece of money into the Aerarium of Juno Lucina; and so likewise into the Exchequer of Venus Libitina when any died or came to age. This Custom, quite abolished, was revived by Augustus Caesar at the birth of children: Lips. in Tacit.  
Verse 109. Heir] A Roman could not be Heir to his Wife unless he had a Child by her. And whereas Bachelors were fined for their contempt of Marriage: Fathers had right to stand for civil Magistracy, to cast lots for Provinces, and to be Heirs by William. Tacit.  
Verse 110. Caducum.] Caducum, by Cujacius out of Ulpian, is defined to be that which is left to a person by Law capable to receive, but yet for some respects devolves from him to the Exchequer after the Testators death. Of this there were two sorts: The one, when the gift to an Heir or Legatee (that died before the Testator, or opening of the Will) came to the Prince. This was enacted by the Law Papia Popaea (made to supply Augustus Caesar with money, the public Coffers being exhausted by the Civil Wars) and abrogated by Justinian: Lib. 6. Cod. Justin. Tit. 1. The other sort was when the Prince had by the Law Julia and Popaea that which was left by Will to such as were unmarried, if they did not marry within ten days after the Testators death: And half that was so conferred to such as was married, but had no Children, in case the man was 25 years of age, or the woman 20, except it was given by their Kindred, which Cujacius thinks extended to the sixth degree. This Law was repealed by Constantinus, Constantius and Constans: lib. 8. Cod. Justin. Tit. 58. And to this the Poet here hath reference. The Servant telling his Master, amongst other good turns he had done him, that by him he was put in a condition to receive.  
— Nec non & dulce Caducum.  
The sweet Caducum too.  
Verse 112. Three] Jus trium liberorum, The Law of three Children freed a man from being Ward, gave him precedency in election to Offices in the Commonwealth, trebled his measure of Corn in the public allowance: this Pliny the Consul obtained of the Emperor Trajan for his friend Tacitus: Plin. Epist.  
Verse 126. The Court of Mars.] The Areopagus; where those severest and most just Judges the Areopagites gave sentence, and delivered their votes in Characters and alphabetical Letters, θ theta signifying the Sentence of death: and death it was to divulge the Votes by which that Sentence passed. Some say it was called the Court of Mars, because Neptune in that Court accused Mars for the murder of his Son: whereof he was acquitted by seven Votes of the twelve Gods that were his Judges: Alexand. ab Alexand. lib. 3 cap. 5. The first Judgement of life and death was pronounced in the Areopagus: Plin. lib. 7. See Jul. Pollux. lib. 8. the magist. Athen.  
Verse 127. O fool! fool!] Juvenal's expression is, O Corydon! Corydon! so the Romans called any dull Country-Lob.  
Verse 145. Laufella.] The good Goddess was well served when the Offering was made by Laufella, one of whose abominable drunken Pranks you hear of in Sat. 6. This Oblation was made for the People: Credat aliquis, etc. Some may believe that bribes were given to the Judges before whom Clodius was arraigned, for the Adultery which clearly he had committed with Caesar's wife, wherein he violated the religion of that Sacrifice which they say is made for the People: At the celebration whereof Men are so far from being admitted, that the very Pictures of male creatures are covered. Senec. Epist. 98.  
Verse 169. Lar.] See the beginning of the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 176. Fabricius,] The Censor: Sat. 11. That to his own Colleague was so severe: For he fined him because he found in his house illegal Plate, viz. a silver-Vessel of ten pound weight: See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 177 Hackney-Maesians,] Chair bearers of Maesia, which the vanity of poor Naevolus wishes for, that he might be carried in state to see the Chariot-races, Stageplays, and other recreations of the Circus.  
Verse 184. Ulysses,] King of the Isles of Ithaca and Dulichium, Son to Laertes and Anticlea; but some said his true Father was the Outlaw Sisyphus, that met with his Mother as she went to be married with Laertes; or as others tell the story, forced her after marriage, in her journey to the Oracle. Ajax in his Plea objects this against Ulysses: Ovid. lib. 13. Met. jeering him with his Sisyphian blood. Homer makes him a person of great prudence and experience. He married Penelope Daughter to Icarus the Lacedaemonian. By her he had Telemachus, and so doted on her, that when the Greek Princes engaged in the war against Troy, he counterfeited madness, hoping they would leave him with her, as useless for them. Therefore yoking Beasts of different species, he ploughed the Seashore, and sowed the sands with Salt. But Palamedes, to make trial whether Ulysses were really mad or no, laid Telemachus in the furrow before him, which he seeing, took off the Plough and balked his Child. Thus he was drawn into the Association, where he served his Country with great judgement and success. When Achilles passed for a Maid of honour in the Court of King Lycomedes, Ulysses found him out; parted him and Princess Deidemia, and brought him to a nobler Mistress, the War: many services he did of the like nature, for without them the Oracle had pronounced, that Troy could not be taken. He flattered Philoctetes to a disovery of the poisoned arrows of Hercules, and brought him to the Leaguer before Troy. He stole away the ashes of King Laomedon that were kept in the Town on the top of the Scaean-Port. He with the help of Diomedes slew the Guard, and carried away the Palladium, the Image of Pallas, being the telesmatical Safeguard of Troy. He was sent again with Diomedes as a Spy into Thrace, where he killed the King, and brought away his horses, before the Grooms watered them in the River Xanthus. About victualling the Camp he had strange fall out with Palamedes, and at last, upon the credit of a false report raised by himself, he got his old discoverer stoned to death. When Achilles was slain, in the Judgement for hearing and determining the right to his Arms, both he and Ajax pleading their own Causes, Sentence passed for Ulysses. When Troy was taken, he slew Orsilochus Son to the King of Crect, that would have abridged him of his just share in the plunder of the Town. He put to death Polyxena at the Tomb of Achilles; and when he took shipping for Ithaca, made the Keepers of Astyanax (Son to Hector) break the Child's neck from the top of a Tower. But a Voyage so bloodily begun must needs be improsperous. After some crosses at Sea, he was cast by a storm upon the coast of Sicily, where with twelve of his men he entered the Den of Polyphemus; and when that Cyclops had devoured six of them, Ulysses burning out his eye as aforesaid, he and the rest, wrapped in Ram-skins, escaped. Then landing in Aeolia, Aeolus gave him a Wind in a bag: but when it had carried him within ken of Ithaca; his Mates, taking it to be a bag of Gold, opened it, and the Wind that came out drive him back again into Aeolia. From thence he passed to the Laestrygons or Cannibals that eat men, and so to Circe that transformed his men into beasts: but Mercury gave him a counter-spell, and confiding in the virtue of it, he boldly came up to Circe, drew his sword, and forced her to restore his Mates to their own shapes. Then, captivated with Circe's beauty, he stayed with her a whole year, and had by her a Son named Telegonus. Hesiod affirms that she brought him other two, Arius and Latinus. At last, with much unwillingness, she dismissed him. After performance of certain ceremonies he went down into Elysium, and there from the mouth of his Mother Anticlea, and from Elpenor, and the blind Prophet Teresias, was instructed in future events. Returning again into this world, and to his Mistress Circe, he gave the rites of burial to the body of Elpenor, that in his drink had fallen from a Ladder and broke his neck. Afterwards he sailed by the Isle of the Sirens, and for fear their sweet singing might inchant his men, he appointed them to stop their ears with wax, and commanded that he himself should be tied to the main Mast: So with much difficulty passing the straits of Scylla and Charybdis, that set their Barking Dogs upon him, he arrived in Sicily, where Phaethusa and Lampetia, Daughters to Phoebus, kept their Father's Flocks, which he charged his men not to meddle with. But whilst he slept; his Mates, compelled by hunger and persuaded by Eurylochus, killed a great sort of the sheep; for which they paid their lives in a wrack at Sea, not a man in the Ship escaping but only Ulysses; that, bestrid a Mast, and was by the wind and waves for nine days together tossed to and fro: at length, being cast upon the Isle of Ogygia, the Nymph Calypso gave him kind reception: seven years he stayed with her, in which time she had two Sons by him, Nausithous and Nausinous: Hesiod. Into Ogygia Jupiter sent Mercury to tell the Goddess Calypso, that she must no longer detain Ulysses. Once again he put to Sea, but when he was in sight of Corcyra, inhabited by the Phaeacks, Neptune raised a storm that split his Ship; and he had perished, if Leucothoe in pity had not helped him to a Plank, which he held by, till he came safe to shore in one of the Phaeack Havens. There he hid his nakedness amongst the bushes, but was found out and clothed by Nausica, Daughter to Alcinous King of that Island; where, by the artifice of Pallas, he was brought to Queen Arete that gave him a Ship manned for service. The Master landed him in Ithaca, and not being able to wake him according, to his Commission, laid a great deal of treasure by him, and left him in a dead sleep: but Pallas quickly roused him, and put him into a beggar's habit. In that pickle he came to his Neatherds, and found his Son Telemachus amongst them. In this disguise he was brought to his house by his Hogherd Eumaeus, where, after many affronts put upon him by his Wife's impudent Suitors, his Nurse Euriclea knew him. Lastly, his Son Telemachus and two of his Neatheards assisting, he fell upon the pretenders to Penelope, slew them all, and then discovered himself to her. But forewarned by the Oracle that his Son should kill him, he resolved to leave his Court and lurk in the Woods: mean time Telegonus, his Son by Circe, desirous to see his Father, made a voyage to Ithaca: but being a stranger to the Servants of Ulysses, most uncivilly they would have shut the gates against him and his followers, that disputed their entrance; in the tumult by mere chance Telegonus shot his Father with a poisoned arrow, dipped in the blood of the Fish Trygon.    


The tenth Design.  
HEar prayers returned, in the Pantheon made.  
Wealth ¹ Plutus ² send me; for what hast thou prayed?  
Fool for thy death; with Gems thy ³ Golden-cup  
Shall sparkle, but with poison be filled up.  
O ⁴ Jove! I would be great: ⁵ Sejanus, thou  
To awe the World shalt bend the second brow:  
Till Rome, that feared thy ⁶ Statues, laugh to see  
Them dragged as Traitors through the Streets with thee.  
I would be eloquent, sweet ⁷ Pallas; so  
Thou shalt, to admiration, ⁸ Cicero:  
But dear this pray'd-for eloquence shall cost,  
When, for thy tongue, thy hand ⁹ and head is lost.  
For Conquest, Spoil and Triumph, 10 Mars, I kneel:  
The arm of ¹¹ Caesar the whole World shall feel;  
And he, what every noble soul abhors,  
The bloody hands of base ¹² Conspirators.  
Of ¹³ Time I beg long life: Had Pompey died  
A young man, how had he been glorified:  
Now in perfidious Egypt he lies dead,  
His aged ¹⁴ body severed from his head.  
Make ¹⁵ this a Beauty, ¹⁶ Venus; Fair and chaste  
Shall ¹⁷ Lucrece be, but yet by Rape disgraced.   

  

Figura Decima.  
AUdi, vota Deos quam perniciosa fatigant!  
Ô mihi fundat ¹ opes Plutus ²; delire, quid optas?  
Splendidius fatum: flammas imitante Pyropo  
Aureus extrà ardet Crater ³; intúsque veneno.  
Jupiter ⁴, esse velim magnus; Sejane ⁵, secundum  
Ferre supercilium Te fassus contremit orbis:  
Mox, cultae genibus, Statuae ⁶ calcantur, & uncis  
Cum Domino lacerae, debent ludibria vulgo.  
Fac me facundum Pallas ⁷; prece diva movetur;  
Eloquio pleni moderatur frena theatri  
Tullius ⁸: at magno venît Facundia; solam  
Ob linguam, rostris affixa capútque ⁹ manúsque.  
Da spolia, & pompam rogo te, Gradive ¹⁰, triumphi;  
Ad sua devictos deducit flagra Quirites  
Caesar ¹¹: at in medio (quod mens generosior horret)  
In conjurantûm medio cadit Ipse ¹² senatu.  
Da multos, Saturn ¹³, dies; juvenilibus annis  
Pompeius salvos inter cecidisset honores:  
Nunc jacet Aegypti pudor, & sine marmore Magnus;  
Truncatus ¹⁴ collum Titulis Senióque verendum.  
Nata ¹⁵ sit haec formosa, ¹⁶ Venus; Lucretia ¹⁷ pulcra es,  
Castáque, at invitam Te laedit crimine Raptor.    

The Manners of Men. THE TENTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
For Wealth, Power, Eloquence, success  
In War, Long-life and Handsomeness  
We pray; which if the Gods bestow,  
Our ruin to our prayers we owe.  
What then befits us to receive,  
We to the Powers divine must leave;  
And, shunning riot, wisely live:  
This blessing we ourselves may give.  
IN all th'earth; from Cales Westward, to the streams  
Of Ganges, gilded with the morning beams,  
To few men Good and Ill unmasked appear.  
For, what with reason do we hope or fear?  
What hast thou by thy happi'st project gained,  
But thou repent'st thy pains, and wish obtained?  
Whole houses th' easy Gods have overthrown,  
Granting their prayers that did those houses own.  
In Peace and War that's sought, we should avoid:  
How many have pure Eloquence destroyed?  
He vainly shortened his life's hopeful length,  
By trusting to his more than humane strength.  
What multitudes have toiled to meet their fate,  
Gathering vast sums: which now the best estate  
Falls as far short of, as our Dolphins fail  
To match the hugeness of the British Whale.  
LONGINUS was girt therefore, by command  
From NERO, with the whole Praetorian Band.  
SENECA'S Gardens, like his riches, great:  
And the fair Lat'ran buildings were beset  
By all the Guards too; but in that sad time,  
Seldom the Soldiers did poor Garrets climb.  
If thou, in the night season, travel'st late,  
And carry'st but a little silver plate,  
Thou fearest the sword and club; thy faint heart quakes  
At every reed, whose shade by Moon-night shakes.  
The poor way-faring man, that doth not bring  
A charge along, before the thief will sing.  
The first prayer, made to almost all the powers;  
Is wealth, that our stock may increase, that ours  
In all th' Exchange may be the best filled Trunk:  
But out of earthen pots no poison's drunk;  
Fear that when thou rich Setin Wine dost hold  
Sparkling midst Diamonds in a bowl of Gold.  
How lik'st it now; that one o'th' Sages stepped  
Ore's threshold laughing still; and th' other wept.  
But laughter easy, any may deride:  
'Tis strange whence moisture th' other's eyes supplied.  
DEMOCRITUS, that laughed his lungs sore, there  
Where no Pretexta Trabeae; Fasces were,  
Closs chair, high Throne, had burst sure, had he gazed  
Upon our Praetor, in his Chariot raised,  
Amidst ' the dusty Circus, in JOVE'S gown:  
In his Robe Royal, wearing a great Crown,  
An Orb which scarce one ATLAS can support:  
Therefore a Crown-bearer sweats sound for't;  
And lest the Consul his high thoughts might wrong,  
That Slave in the same Chariot rides along.  
Then th' Eagle must, from's Ivory Sceptre, soar:  
Here Cornets sound, there long troops ride before,  
With him white Romans, in whose pockets lurks  
Th' Almsbasket, which on their good nature's works.  
He then found matter to deride all those  
He met withal; whose mighty judgement shows,  
Brave men, Examples which the world adorn,  
May in dull climes and grosser air be born.  
The businesses of men, their joys and fears  
He laughed at, and sometimes their very tears:  
A halter on proud Fortune he bestowed,  
And when she frowned, his middle finger showed.  
Whilst to the Gods waxed knees vain Man repairs,  
With his superfluous or destructive Prayers.  
Power, subject to great envy, ruins some;  
Long rolls of glorious names, from whence they come:  
Or those achieved, which did their triumphs crown.  
Brass Statues follow Ropes that pulled them down;  
Their Chariot-wheels groan under th' Axes stroke,  
And even their innocent horses legs are broke:  
The fire to crackling flames the bellows turns;  
The head, adored by the people, burns:  
The great SEJANUS melts; and of that face,  
Which in the whole world had the second place,  
Basins and Ewres, Pots, Frying-pans are made.  
Thy house, this day, let solemn Laurel shade,  
Drag to the Capitol a milk-white Bull;  
Behold SEJANUS through the streets they pull,  
The people shout, to see him dragged with hooks:  
What lips he has? how like a rogue he looks?  
Trust me, I never could that man abide;  
But what crime? who informed? who testified?  
No such thing; a long-worded Letter came  
From Capri: good; I no more Queries frame.  
What do the rabble all this while? they run  
Along with fortune, as th' ave ever done,  
And hate condemned men. That very hour  
Had NURTIA smiled upon her Tuscan's power,  
And he surprised the old Prince, by trust beguiled,  
Those Rascals had SEJANUS CAESAR styled.  
ere since we left the selling of our voice,  
We take no care; the rout, that once made choice  
Of Consuls, Praetors, Tribunes, what it pleased,  
Is long ago of all that trouble eased:  
And only, with perplexed devotion, prays  
For two things, Bread and the Circensian Plays.  
Hark how they whisper, shall he die alone?  
No sure, that great fire's made for more than one.  
At MARS his altar (may the omen fail)  
I met BRUTIDIUS, and my friend looked pale.  
Pray heaven our mighty AJAX do not kill  
Those that were for him, should his cause go ill:  
Then, whilst he lies upon the brink, le's go  
Full speed, and trample upon CAESAR'S foe:  
But let our Men see't, lest on us they fall,  
And to the Bar their pinioned Masters call.  
News of SEJANUS thus went up and down;  
These were the secret murmurs of the Town.  
Wouldst be SEJANUS? courted at his rate?  
A Consul this, a Tribune him create?  
Be th' Emp'ror's Tutor, that in Capri sits  
Throned on a Rock amongst his Chaldaean Wits?  
Wouldst have the horse and foot serve under thee,  
And Captain o'th' Praetorian Lifeguard be?  
Why shouldst thou not desire it? those that would  
Act no foul mischief, do yet wish they could.  
Is there in Greatness so much Good as will  
But only serve to counterpoise the Ill?  
Wouldst be with that dragged traitor's Purple graced?  
Or be at Gabii or Fidenae placed?  
Break small pots, judgement of false measures give?  
At poor Ulubrae a patched Aedile live?  
SEJANUS therefore never understood,  
You must confess, true and essential Good,  
But much too wealthy, much too potent grown,  
Piled Tower on Tower, whence he was headlong thrown:  
Whom fortune did to that strange height entice,  
To make his fall more horrid by his rise.  
What o'erthrew CRASSUS, conquered POMPEY caught?  
And him, that to his whips slaved Romans brought?  
Even Supreme Power: got by arts strangely odd,  
And Prayers heard by some malignant God.  
To CERES Son in law but few go down  
In peace that wear, none that usurp, a Crown.  
At TULLY'S and DEMOSTHENES his fame:  
Boys in MINERVA'S five day's feast do aim.  
And of their penny-PALLAS empiric crave,  
Waited upon by the small Satchel's Slave.  
Yet both these Orators their Tongues struck dead;  
His wit cost CICERO his Hand and Head:  
Such barbarous cruelty who ever saw  
Done on a duller practiser at Law.  
O happy Rome! when I was Consul born.  
ANTONY'S sword he might have laughed to scorn,  
If he had still thus Poetized. I pray  
The Lady-Muses, that I rather may  
The Author of ridic'lous Poems be,  
Second divine Philippick then of thee.  
Th' Athenian wonder too was put to death,  
That ruled the people with his powerful breath,  
Got when the Fates were froward, God's unkind:  
Whom's Father, with the smoky forge half blind,  
From blows on sooty VULCAN'S Anvil spent  
In ham'ring swords, to study empiric sent.  
The man of Wood that spoils in triumph bears,  
A Helmet broke, Breast battered, dangling Ears;  
Horses that draw a Pole-lesse Chariot,  
Streamers from Galleys in a Sea-fight got:  
And a sad Captive set atop of all;  
These more than humane blessings Soldiers call.  
These the Greek, Roman, Barbarous Generals sought,  
And with so many wounds and dangers bought;  
Virtue is so much less beloved than Fame:  
For, bate reward, who will at Virtue aim?  
Hence, have some few sunk Nations with their pride,  
That glorious titles might there ashes hide,  
Which the wild figtree springing breaks away:  
For tombs themselves the power of Fate obey.  
Weigh HANNIBAL, how many pounds canst find  
In that great Gen'rall's body now? whose mind,  
Not Africa washed with th' Atlantic Main,  
Nor where warm Nilus bounds it, could contain.  
He to his Elephants and Aethiops  
Joined Spain: passed o'er the Pyrene Mountain tops;  
Though Nature th' Alps and Snow, as bars, had laid:  
Through Rocks with Vinegar his way he made.  
Now Italy is his; he'll yet march on:  
There is, saith his proud Soldier, nothing done,  
Unless my Carthaginians storm the Town,  
And i'th' Suburra set my Standard down.  
O! how would th' one-eyed general's picture, took,  
Riding on his Getulian Monster, look.  
What's th' end? O glory! he that so far spread  
His conquests, vanquished, into exile fled,  
Must (great strange Waiter) part o'th' Presence make,  
Till the Bythinian Tyrant please to wake.  
That life, which threatened th' earth with change of States,  
Nor sword, nor dart, nor rocky mountain dates,  
But the revenge of Cannae, for that Spring  
Of Roman blood, was a poor little Ring.  
Go climb the horrid Alps vainglorious fool,  
To please the boys, and be their Theme at School.  
The Youth, that honoured PELLA with his birth,  
Vexed at one world, cooped up i'th' narrow earth,  
As if the rocks of GYARUS walled him in,  
Or as he had in closely Seriphus been,  
When he a Conqueror's entrance had compelled  
To brick-walled Babylon, one Coffin held.  
Death doth alone deal plainly, and declare  
What things of nothing humane bodies are.  
We may believe, what was believed of old,  
That ships put in at Athos: and what bold  
And lying Greece on history imposed,  
XERXES that Mountain with his Fleet enclosed:  
That o'er the solid Sea by Coach he passed;  
Drank up whole Rivers, when he broke his fast:  
And all that hovering with her drunken wings,  
The Muse of SOSTRATUS the Poet sings.  
But how from Salamin returned he shipped,  
Whose barbarous pride the East and Northwest whipped,  
Never in AEOLUS his jail so paid?  
That fetters on th' Earth-shaker NEPTUNE laid,  
And 'twas done gently that he spared his brand:  
What God would not serve under his command?  
But how returned he? in a bark he fled,  
Sailing in blood: retarded by the dead,  
Whose bodies to arrest his flight did swim;  
Thus so much courted Glory punished him.  
Grant health, O JUPITER, grant length of days;  
Thus the fresh youth, thus th' old and sickly preys.  
But how great constant ills do old men brook,  
How ugly, how unlike themselves they look?  
Instead of skin, they have a nasty hide;  
Sagged cheeks, wherein such wrinkles are descried,  
As when through Tabraca's thick woods we shape  
Our course, we see scratched in an old she-Ape.  
There's something still that differences the young;  
This than that fairer, He than he more strong:  
The old have one face; the same Palsy makes  
Their voices tremble, which their body shakes:  
Their Heads an aged fall o'th' Leaf disclose,  
And th' infancy of a still-dropping Nose.  
Disarmed of Teeth, this chaws with only Gums;  
And to Wife, Children, and himself becomes  
So loathsome; as the sight turns COSSUS blood,  
That brings him presents of the rarest food.  
Nor in his meat, or Wine, does th' ancient gust,  
Rejoice his duller palate: and for lust,  
A long Oblivion cancels those Essays,  
A Nerve lies couchant which no art can raise.  
Indeed; what faith, a comfortable effect,  
From weak gray-haired PRIAPUS, can expect?  
Besides; though he may lust, he cannot love,  
Shall VENUS, without strength to please her, move.  
The suffering of another part now see,  
In rarely well-set Airs what joy takes he:  
Although SELEUCUS sing them to his Lute,  
Or the fine Player in his golden Suit?  
What matter where o'th' Stage he sits; whose ear  
Can scarce the Cornets, or the trumpets hear;  
Whose loud-tongued Boy the very house must rock,  
To make him know who's come, or what's a Clock:  
A Fever only warming the no blood  
In his cold body: which hath such a flood,  
Of all kind of diseases, that to tell  
Their very names, I might sum up as well  
How many Youths got OPPIA'S good will,  
What Patients THEMISON did one Autumn kill;  
What friends to Rome by BASIL cheated were  
Abroad, by HIRRUS what poor Orphans here:  
What men long MAURA in one day enjoys,  
Or the base Schoolmaster HAMILLUS, boys.  
Sooner might my Arithmetic avow,  
How many Manors he is Lord of now,  
That, when my youthful beard did trimming crave,  
Correction with his nimble Sizzers gave.  
This loses th' use of shoulders, that of thighs,  
He of his hips; and he of both his eyes,  
Envy'ng the purblind: the fresh colour's fled  
From's lips, and those with other's hands are fed.  
He, at the sight of supper, wont to fall  
A yawning, gapes and gapes, and that is all.  
So gape young Swallows, to bring whose supplies,  
With her mouth full, their fasting Mother flies.  
But loss of all his members equals not  
His loss of senses, that hath quite forgot  
His servants names, nor his friend's countenance knows,  
Nor who 'twas supped with him last night, nor those  
He got and bred, though now his Will declare  
Them strangers, making PHIALE his heir;  
For her warm breath, a trick that she did use,  
For many years together, in the Stews.  
But, if he have his senses, yet he must  
Be forced to lay his Children in the dust,  
With his fair Sister's ashes fill an Urn;  
Give order for the fire too, that must burn  
His Brother's body, and his dearest Wife:  
This penance all must do that have long life;  
They must new funerals of their house behold,  
And in perpetual grief and blacks grow old.  
King NESTOR did (if faith to thee we give,  
Great HOMER) nearest to the Raven live;  
Blessed sure, to be so many ages old  
That he his years upon his right hand told;  
And drank so oft wine in the Must? but stay  
A while before you judge, and mark, I pray,  
How he complain's of Fates too kind decrees,  
Of too much thread they spun him, when he sees  
His son ANTILOCHUS his beard on fire;  
He then, of all about him, did inquire,  
What 'twas should him to so long life engage?  
What he had ever done deserved that age?  
So PELEUS raves for his ACHILLES slain:  
He for ULYSSES wand'ring on the main.  
PRIAM (Troy safe) had his last progress made  
In state unto ASSARACUS his shade.  
HECTOR, his subjects weeping and forlorn,  
With all his brothers had the body born.  
CASSANDRA first her funeral tears had spent,  
And then POLIXENA her garments rend:  
If he had died before his son's foul guilt,  
Ere wanton Paris his bold ships had built.  
What did long life confer? a sight o'th' fall  
Of Asia, fire and sword destroying all.  
Then, for his Crown, th' old trembling Soldier took  
A helmet, and at great JOVE'S Altar struck,  
Fell like an Ox, in his old age despised,  
And by th' ingrateful Ploughman sacrificed.  
Yet PRIAM died a Man; but his old Wife  
Survived a Bitch, and barked away her life.  
I come to our own stories: passing by  
The Pontic King, and SOLON'S wise reply;  
That would not CROESUS should his fortune praise,  
Until the close and evening of his days.  
This caused the exile, and imprisonment  
Of MARIUS: made him, in old age, content  
In the Minturnian Fens to hide his head,  
And even in conquered Carthage to beg bread.  
What parallel in nature had there been?  
What happier Roman had Rome ever seen?  
If when, in all the pomp of war, he passed  
Our streets with crowds of Captives, and at last  
Came from's Teutonick Chariot to alight:  
Then his triumphant soul had took her flight.  
To POMPEY provident Campania gave  
A timely fever; but, his life to save,  
In many City's public Prayers were made,  
The Conqueror preserved, to be betrayed  
When conquered, by ROME'S fortune and his own;  
His Head cut off, a punishment unknown  
To our most dangerous Delinquents: thus  
CETHEGUS suffered not, nor LENTULUS;  
Even CATILINE, that to her funeral fire  
Had destined Rome, came to his own entire.  
To VENUS, in her Temple, for fine Boys  
The zealous Mother prays, with lesser noise:  
But prays aloud for Girls exactly fair,  
Each nicety remembered in her prayer.  
Why laughest thou at her zeal; the Deified  
And fair DIANA was LATONA'S pride?  
But the fair LUCRECE, and her fatal rape,  
Incourages no one to wish her shape.  
VIRGINIA RUTILA'S buncht back would show:  
And her sweet Eyes on RUTILA bestow.  
Fair Creatures are by trembling Parents watched;  
So seldom beauty is with virtue matched.  
But if mean houses virtuous breeding give,  
Where, like th' old Sabines, poor and chaste they live:  
If o'er rebelling blood a grave command  
Be given to youth by nature's liberal hand:  
And nature can do more than breeding can,  
Or Tutors; the boy ne'er shall be a man:  
For even to tempt the Parents some are bold,  
Such is their courage that come armed with gold.  
The Tyrant NERO, to an Evnuch's place  
Advanced no club-foot, nor ill favoured face:  
Nor worthy of that sad preferment held  
Those, that had necks, or backs, or bellies swelled.  
Now in thy handsome sons and daughter's joy;  
Which, because handsome, greater woes annoy:  
He shall be the Town-prostitute, and fear  
What wives expect from husbands most severe:  
Nor can his Stars for so good fortune look,  
That he should ne'er in MARS his nets be took:  
Where VULCAN'S rage will reason more control  
Then any passion that invades the soul.  
Some GANYMEDS' are stabbed, some whipped to death,  
And the live-Mullet enters some beneath:  
But thy ENDYMION shall have her he loves;  
Strait, when with powerful gold SERVILIA moves,  
He shall have her he hates: her gowns shall fly  
To sale, she'll nothing to her lust deny.  
Rich OPPIA and poor CATULLA too,  
When they do long for't, will like women do.  
But how can beauty hurt the chaste? What good  
Came to BELLEROPHON by's governed blood?  
HIPPOLYTUS, by's Mistress was perplexed,  
PHAEDRA no less than STENOBAEA vexed:  
The edge of woman's wrath is then most keen,  
When a repulse adds blushes to her spleen.  
Wouldst thou have him, whom CAESAR'S wife will choose  
Co-husband, to accept, or to refuse?  
This great Patrician, young and handsome; dies  
For being such in MESSALINA'S eyes.  
She long hath sat in her bright veil; her bed  
With nuptial purple (in a garden) spread:  
Ten thousands told, the customary sum;  
The public Notaries and th' Auspex come.  
She thinks this secret witnessed by too few,  
she'll marry publicly; Sir, what say you?  
Deny to do't, and HYMEN'S tapers burn,  
That from her bed shall light thee to thy urn:  
Consent, and thou shalt gain a little time,  
Till the news fill the City, till the crime  
Arrive the People; and the Princ's ear,  
Who, last, the blemish of his house shall hear.  
If then a few day's life thou so approv'st,  
Obey; but whether thy own youth thou lov'st,  
Or on her beauty dotest, not only thou,  
But she her fair neck to the Axe must bow.  
Shall man then pray for nothing? If I may  
Advise thee, let the Gods thy wishes weigh;  
Unto their Providence thy Will submit,  
And for what's sweet, they'll give thee what is fit:  
And that which thy condition most behoves.  
The God's love Man more than himself he loves.  
Transported with a blind self-love, we crave  
That all of us may Wives and Children have:  
But to th' Omniscient Deity, alone,  
What Wives, what Children we shall have, is known.  
Yet, that for Sacrifice thou mayst prepare  
Thy white hog, and for something make thy prayer.  
Pray, that the Gods be graciously inclined,  
To grant thee health of body, and of mind.  
Ask a strong soul that may death's terror scorn,  
And think, to die, as good as to be born:  
As great a gift of nature. That no cross  
Can daunt, that knows no passion, fears no loss:  
That HERCULES his labours can digest  
Far better than SARDANAPALUS feast,  
His Wenches, or his Featherbeds. I show  
What thou thyself mayst on thyself bestow.  
Virtue's the path to Peace. If Prudence be,  
There can be no Divinity in thee  
Fortune: 'tis we, we to thy Power have given  
The name of Goddess, and placed thee in heaven.  

The Comment UPON THE TENTH satire.  
VErse 1. Cales,] Anciently Erythia, afterwards Gades, two Islands beyond the Confines of the Boetick Province, the farthest West of any part of the World discovered to the Romans. These lay without the Sraits of Gibraltar, that divide Europe from Africa: Plin. lib. 4. cap. 22. They were called Erythia from the Tyrians, bordering upon the Erythraean Sea, that built a City in these Isles. The Romans named them Gades: both are now one Island, called Calais by the Spaniards; and Cales by the English, that had power within the memory of man to have given it what name they pleased: for in the year 1596 this Isle was taken, and the City sacked by the Earls of Essex and Nottingham, and Sir Walter Raleigh Knight, sent thither with a Fleet to revenge the Spaniards invasion of England in 88 In this Isle the grass is so rank, that Cow's milk will make no Cheese, nor come to curds, unless it be diluted with a great deal of water. It is likewise credibly reported, that Cattle which Graziers feed there, if they bleed them not within 30 days, will be sure to die of fat. This was the reason why the Poets invented their Fables of Geryon's Droves taken by Hercules, that once had a Temple in this Isle; wherein are now two old Castles, called Torres de Hercules. See Strab. lib. 3.  
Verse 2. Ganges,] The greatest River in the East: it cuts through the Indies. The Greeks by another name call it Phison. The holy Scripture numbers it amongst the Rivers that issue out of Paradise. The Springs that contribute to Ganges are not known, but 30 Rivers flow into it. It is 8000 paces over where it is narrowest, where it is broadest 20000, and where it is shallowest 100 foot deep. It had the name from Ganges King of Aethiopia. Suid.  
Verse 11. Herald] Milo, a Champion born in Italy at Cr●ton, where so many Champions were bred, that in one of the Olympic Games all the Conquerors were Crotonians: so that 'twas a Proverb, The worst Crotonian is better than the best Grecian. He was a man of more than humane strength; for in the Olympic Exercises he carried a Bull a furlong and never stopped to breathe: When he set the Bull down, with his hand he struck him stark dead, and the same day eat him up. No man living could wrest an apple out of his hand; nor was able, when he stood still, to remove his foot. Yet presuming too much upon his strength, he would needs try if he could rend in sunder a tree, which age or accident had cleft as it grew in the Forest: at first it yielded to his violence, but presently closed again, and catching his hands in a trap, held him till the Wolves devoured him. Cic. Val. Max.  
Verse 17. Longinus.] C. Cassius Longinus, the great Civil Lawyer, to whom Caligula married Drusilla. Nero commanded his eyes to be put out, and then gave him but an hour to prepare for death. His pretended Crime was, for having in his Bedchamber the Image of Cassius, one of Julius Caesar's Assassinates: but that which really made him a Delinquent was his wealth.  
Verse 19 Seneca.] See the Comment upon Sat. 5. This most learned and good man, after the death of Burrhus, was criminated by Foenius Ruffus and Tigillinus, for improving his fortunes beyond the limits of a private person: and they likewise informed, that in the sweetness of his Gardens and magnificence of his Villaes' he exceeded the Prince himself. For this he was put to death by his ingrateful Pupil Nero. vid. Tacit. lib. 14.  
Verse 20. Lateran Buildings.] The house of Plautius Lateranus, designed Consul, that by Nero's command was apprehended by the Praetorian Cohort for one of Piso's Conspiracy, and his Children not so much as permitted to take their leaves of him before his death. Tacit. lib 15.  
Verse 22. Poor Garrets,] Where Beggars had their habitation: Sat. 3: But thou, three stories high, unwarned art took.  
Verse 33. Rich Setin Wine.] How precious a Wine it was, appears by the long keeping of it in Virro's Cellar at Rome: Sat. 5.  
From th' Alban or the Setine hills, next day,  
He something drinks, whose age hath took away  
The dusty Hogshead's Date and Climate.—  
Verse 35. One o'th' Sages.] Democritus of Abdera, the laughing Philosopher, that being asked why he did nothing but laugh, answered, he could not help it, having for his Object Man, full of Ignorance; that does and does, and nothing does he do: all his designs clearly proving, that he never comes to the years of discretion; but growing a Child again, kills himself with superfluous care and toil. But sorrow never came near his cheerful heart, otherwise he would not have lived to be a hundred and nine years old. His opinion was, That all things are composed of Atoms, and that there are many World's and all corruptible. From the Magis, Chaldaeans and Gymnosophists he learned Astrology and Theology. He was so great a Philosopher, that he was called Pentathlos, viz. a Champion at five Exercises; Naturals, Morals, Mathematics, the liberal Sciences, and all the Arts. To attain his knowledge he traveled, and so spent all the wealth left him by his Father, a man so rich that he feasted Xerxes and his whole Army. After his return to Abdera, he lived in very great poverty in a Garden house, near the walls of the Town; where, resolving to spend the rest of his life in Contemplation, he burned out his sight with the reflection of the Sun from a brass Bason. Laert.  
Verse 36. Th' other wept.] Heraclitus of Ephesus, the weeping Philosopher, that is said never to have gone over his threshold into the street with dry eyes. For, as Democritus always laughed, because he believed all our actions to be folly: so Heraclitus ever wept, because he thought them to be misery. In his old age he fell into a dropsy, and slighting the Physician's Art, which he said could never make a moist part dry, he cased himself in Cow's dung, but whilst he lay drying in the Sun, he fell asleep, and Dogs tore out his throat. Some say he was never taught, but came to all his learning by nature and industry: others say he heard Zenocrates, and Hippasus the Pythagorean. He flourished in the time of the last Darius. He left many Poems; and is often quoted by Aristotle: his Philosophical Works were very obscure, which gave him the title of the Dark Philosopher.  
Verse 40. Praetexta.] Read the original and description of this Gown in the Comment upon Sat. 5. I shall only add, that in the first institution the Priests likewise wore it, with the same privilege wherewith some Christian Orders wear their habits at this day: for, till it was pulled off, Sentence of condemnation could not pass against the Priests.  
Verse 40. Trabeae.] The Trabeae were of three sorts, the first a Gown woven all of Purple, and consecrated to the Gods: such was the Robe before mentioned, viz. Jove's Gown. The second was the Robe Royal here named, worn by Kings and Consuls, made of Purple interwoven with White. The third was the Augure's habit, Scarlet woven with Purple: Seru. Aen. lib. 7. Alexand. ab. Alex. Gen Dier. lib. 5 cap. 18.  
Verse 41. High Throne.] My Author here describes the Consul, and likewise calls him Praetor, because in his absence the Praetor, that set forth the Circensian Plays, sat mounted up as Lord of the Circus: Sat. 11. 
— Great Cybel's Towel is hung out;  
And to her solemn Plays the Town's devout:  
Where that great Horse-stealer, the Praetor, sits  
As if he triumphed.—  But now the Consul takes his place, and comes into the Circus in the State and Habiliments of a King, as appears by his Ushers with the Fasces or Ensigns of death, and by his Trabea, Crown, and Sceptre headed with the Roman Eagle carved in Ivory. For the perfecting of this description, I place him in a Throne not a Tribunal, because he could not use his Chariot-Chair in the Circus as a Judgement Seat, but as a Chair of State, whereon he might sit to behold the Gladiators, as you see him figured in the Design before Sat. 2.  
Verse 45. Atlas.] When the Consul, in this Mock-triumph, was no longer able to bear that Celestial Orb of his massy Crown, he had an Atlas to support it, a Slave, that having taken the Crown, seemed to be as great a man as his Master. Triumphanti, etc. when a Hetruscan Crown of Gold was held behind the back of him that triumphed, and yet wore an Iron Ring upon his finger: the Conqueror and the Slave that bore the Crown, were equals in their fortunes. Plin. lib. 33. In these sports it was the Slave's office to cry aloud to the Consul, Look behind you Sir, Remember you are a man.  
Verse 52. Almsbasket.] The Consul's two Sportulaes', the meat and Money-basket which obliged the attendance of his Clients in white Robes not as Candidati (for 'twas long before this time that suitors to the People stood in white) but as men of eminence and employment in the Empire, as if they were principal Secretaries to a King. Fenest. de Mag. Rom. cap. 3.  
Verse 56. Dull climes.] Abdera, where Democritus was born, stood in the Barbarous Country of Thrace.  
Verse 60. Middle-finger] The infamous finger, which pointing at a Roman, gave him the affront now ●●●red by 〈◊〉 enemy that cries Cazzo.  
Verse 61. Waxed knees.] The Heathens, 〈…〉 their Gods should not forget their Prayers, they writ them down, and fastened them to the worshipped Images, which had their Knees (the Seat of Mercy) waxed over, purposely to make the paper stick.  
Verse 66. Statues.] If a man were condemned for Tyranny, Treason, or any Crime of the like nature, his name was crossed out of the Roman Calendar or Records, and his Statues broken. This was done either by Decree of Senate, or by the fury of the People. See Tacit. Annal. 6. and Plin. in his Panegyric.  
Verse 71. Great Sejanus.] Aelius Sejanus, Son to Seius Strabo. In his youth he followed C. Caesar, Nephew to Augustus. By many artifices he wrought upon Tiberius, so as that subtle Prince, closely to all others, lay open to him. He had a strong body and a confident spirit; secret in his own actings; an Informer against others; equally proud and flattering; seemingly modest; really ambitious; to which end he sometimes made use of bounty, but most commonly of industry and circumspection, mediums alike dangerous, when a Crown is the Design. At his first coming to be Captain of the Emperor's Lifeguard, the Praetorian Cohort, his forces were not considerable; but he made them so, by bringing his Praetorians (that were before quartered severally, and as he said grew debauched) into a body, and fixing them in a standing Camp, that they might be ready to act when they received his Orders; and that a view of their number and strength, might beget confidence in them, fear in others. He had no sooner entrenched, but he crept into the hearts of the Soldiers, with going to them, calling them by their names, and giving them hopes of preferment, he being commissioned to name his own Officers. He likewise omitted not, either to court the Senate, or to advance his friends to honours and offices; which Tiberius was so far from disliking, that in the Senate-house he commended Sejanus as his laborious Partner, gave him the second place in the Empire by making him his own perpetual Colleague, and suffered his Images to be set up in the theatres and public Meeting-places, and to be carried in the Ensigns of the Legions. But the Masterpiece of his policy was, to ingratiate himself with Livia, wife to Drusus heir apparent to the Empire. This Lady, Sister to Germanicus, was very ill favoured when she was a Girl, afterwards proved a beauty: nothing was unhandsome in her but her heart, of which she rob her husband, to bestow it upon her servant; and left a noble certainty for a base hope, that is, to be Empress to Sejanus; when the sky should fall, and he trample upon all Caesar's numerous Relations. Yet Livia in some particulars like to Hippia. Sat. 6. 
Regardless of her Husband's reputation.  
The honour of her Brother, House and Nation,  
Forsook her crying Babes.—  and prostituted, together with herself, the other Chamber-secrets of her Lord, that in private often said, It seems Caesar hath a Co-adjutor whilst his Son is living: this was a dash upon the mouth with his tongue, whereof Sejanus was more sensible, then of the other given him by Drusus with his hand, which he returned with a speeding revenge. For he put away his wife Apicata, to make way for Livia: and she to requite him, poisoned her husband Tacit. l. 4. Tiberius' being then at Capri, had intelligence of all his practices, and by his death prevented his own murder. 
Treason is like the Cockatrice's eyes:  
For, seeing first it kills, first seen it dies.  From Capri the Emperor writ to the Senate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Letter was read, and it was a long one. But the Lords made short work: for immeniately the Tribunes and their Soldiers encompassed and bound him; then Sentence passing in the House, they dragged him to the Gemoniae, where he was flung down. Dion. Cass. The ignominious manner of his execution, how his Statues were pulled down, and dragged through the Streets of Rome, I need not add; you have an exact description of it in this satire.  
Verse 74. Laurel.] Upon great feast days, the Romans dressed up their houses with boughs and wreaths of Laurel: and what day should they keep more holy, than Caesar's day of deliverance from Sejanus? therefore they encourage one another to sacrifice unto Jupiter Capitoline a Bull, as white as he himself was, when he carried Europa upon his back. And this Bull was to be haled with ropes through the streets of Rome to the Capitol: as the body of Sejanus was dragged, with hooks, thrust into his throat to the Scalae Gemoniae, the Gemonian Stairs, where malefactors had their thigh-bones broken, and were then burned to ashes. Coel. Rod. l. 10. c. 5.  
Verse 82. Capri,] An Isle about 8 miles beyond the City of Surrentum in Campania. Nothing in this Isle could invite Tiberius Caesar but only Solitude, or that he might the freelier enjoy Thrasillus and the rest of his Chaldaean Astrologers; unless his Majesty had loved Quales, wherewith the place abounds.  
Verse 86. Nurtia.] The Goddess of Thuscany, where Sejanus was born, at Volscinium, now Bolsena.  
Verse 89. Selling of our voice.] Before the Sovereign power was invested in the Caesars, when the Commonwealth of Rome was governed by the Senate and the People: the poorer sort lived upon the sale of their Votes to such as were Candidates, or Suitors to them for public Offices and employment.  
Verse 98. Brutidius.] A Senator, that looked pale for fear some Spies, which were in the Senate-house at the condemnation of Sejanus, might criminate all such as spoke not thundering words against that Traitor. For, my Author conceives that upon such information Tiberius Caesar would not spare his own Party, but misplace the execution of his fury, as Ajax did, that beat a heard of Oxen, supposing them to be the Grecians that gave sentence against him, when he pleaded his title to the arms of Achilles. Sophocl.  
Verse 118. Gabii] Was once a City, built by the Kings of Alba. Virg. Aeneid. 7. It became subject to Rome, being delivered to King Tarquin by the fraud of his Son Sextus, as aforesaid. At this time it was a Village, or some very poor Town, as appears by the ranking of it with Fidenae and Ulubrae: that being a Village of the Sabines. Plin. and this of the Volscians, only memorable, because Augustus Caesar was there at Nurse. Phorphyr. in lib. 1. Epist. Horace.  
Verse 127. Crassus.] M. Crassus, Son to P. Crassus. the wealthiest of all the Romans. It was he that said, No man should be accounted rich, that could not maintain an Army with his annual rents. He was sent General in the Slavish or Servile war against Spartacus the Gladiator, that having raised a vast Army of fugitive Slaves, had beaten Vatinius, Gellius and Lentulus, which commanded in chief for the Romans. At Regium, near the Fens of Leucas, he fought and slew twelve thousand of the Enemy, together with their Captain General. In his Ovation for this victory, he made a new Precedent, entering Rome with a Crown of Bays upon his head: whereas, before him, no General for a conquest over Slaves wore any thing but Myrtle. When Caesar, Pompey and Crassus made their Association; Pompey was left to govern Rome, Caesar sent to the gallic war: and Crassus for his Province had Syria, where, in hope of infinite wealth, he made war against the Parthians; in prosecution whereof he lost his Son P. Crassus, that seeing no hope of safety, and wanting the use of his right hand, that was shot with a Dart, commanded his Slave to kill him. His whole Army was routed by Surena (Lieutenant General to King Orodes) that slew twenty thousand of his men, took ten thousand prisoners, and gave no quarter to Crassus, but having dispatched him, cut off his head and hand, which he carried into Armenia to his Master. Plut. in Crass.  
Verse 127. Pompey.] Cn. Pompey; from the greatness of his actions surnamed the Great. He was one of Sylla's Party, and by him sent into Africa against his Enemies. First he overthrew Domitius, than he took King Hiarbas prisoner, and triumphed before he was at full age, viz. 25. Whereupon Sylla's Army gave him the title of Great. He marched into Spain, and there joined his forces with old Metellus against Sertorius, that said, If the young boy had not come, he should have peppered the old woman. The Senate made him General in the Piratic war, which he dispatched in three months. He succeeded Lucullus, beat King Mithridates and triumphed for that victory. He brought Tigranes' King of Armenia upon his knees, and from that humble posture, set him in his Throne again. In Asia he conquered the Iberians, Albanians and Jews, taking prisoner their King Aristobulus. After the death of his Lady, Julia Daughter to I. Caesar. he married Cornelia, Daughter to Scipio, the Widow of P. Crassus. At Naples he fell sick of a high acute fever, and was in all men's opinions past recovery: but death proved not so kind as he made a show for, which is excellently observed in this satire, 
To Pompey provident Campania gave  
A timely fever: but, his life to save,  
In many City's public prayers were made:  
The Conqueror preserved, to be betrayed  
When Conquered by Rome's fortune and his own:  
His head cut off, a punishment unknown  
To our most dangerous Delinquents.—  For how seasonably would this fever have ended Pompey's life, in the meridian of his glory, when he dedicated his spoils of the Ocean and the East in the Temple of Minerva, with this inscription, Cn. Pompeius Magn. Imp. Bello, etc. Cneius Pompey General, in the War brought to an end in thirty years: for twelve millions a hundred fourscore and three thousand men defeated, put to flight, and taken prisoners; for ships surprised or taken in fight, eight hundred forty and six: Towns and Castles rendered, fifteen hundred thirty eight: Countries conquered from the Lake of Maeotis to the red-Sea: A vow deservedly paid to Minerva. His other triumph, M. Messalla and M. Piso being Consuls, bore this title, This Triumph is. For clearing the Maritime parts of Pirates, and restoring to the Romans the Dominion of the Sea, and for the conquest of Asia, Pontus, Armenia, Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Syria, the Scythians, Jews, Albanians, Iberia, the Isle of Crect, the Basternae; and likewise of the Kings, Mithridates and Tigranes; more than all here written he said to the People, That he found Asia the farthest Roman Province, and left it the middle of his Country. Plin. l. 7. c. 28. Now see the folly of venturing all in one bottom. The loss of one battle, fought at Pharsalia, lost Pompey the name of Great, obscuring the splendour of his former victories: and Caesar, that came into the field much inferior, both in the number and quality of his men, came off Lord of the whole World. So that when Pompey fled as far as Egypt, the fame of his overthrow (that came before him) had made way for his destruction; which was ordered by the perfidious King Ptolomey, and executed by Septimius and Salvius, two Romans that had been Soldiers under Pompey, but were then commanded and assisted in this bloody business by Achillas the Egyptian. He left two Sons, Cneius and Sextus Pompey; the first defeated in a Land-battail, at Munda in Spain; The other in a Sea-fight, upon the coast of Sicily.  
Verse 128. Him that to his whips.] He means Julius Caesar, that subjected the freeborn people of Rome, and brought that Commonwealth to a Monarchy. C. Julius Caesar Consul, Colleague to M. Calphurnius Bibulus in the year of Rome 695. he had France for his Province, decreed by the Senate for five years: Eutr. lib. 6. cap. 7. Suet. 11. In the year 706. he was Consul with P. Servilius Isauricus. In the year 708▪ he and M. Aemilius Lepidus were Consuls. In the year 709. he was Consul alone. In the year 710. he was Consul and Colleague to Marc. Antony. He was the first Roman Emperor, and reigned from the year 708. for three years. He conquered all France, bounded with the Pyrenaean mountains the Alps, and Gebenne, now called Montaignes d' Avergne, or Montagnes de Cevenne, and the Rivers of Rhosne and the Rhiine: which in 9 years' space he reduced to the form of a Province. He was the first Roman that ever invaded the Germans beyond the River of Rhiine, passing over his Army by a Bridge of his own contrivance. He discovered the Isle of Great Britan, before unknown to the Romans, and had money and hostages given him by our Countrymen. When, being absent from Rome, he could not carry his business in Senate as he pleased, he turned his arms against his Country, and without resistance took Savoy, Pisa, Vmbria, Hetruria, and forced Pompey to fly Italy. Then marching into Spain he routed three strong Armies, commanded by three of Pompey's Lieutenant-generalls' M. Petreius, L. Afranius and M. Varro. At Pharsalia he defeated Pompey, and subdued Ptolomey in Egypt: in Africa he gave an overthrow to Scipio and King Juba. In Spain he beat the Sons of Pompey. Five times he triumphed: for France, for Alexandria, for Pontus, for Africa, and for Spain. Of all Generals he was the most munificent, especially after these triumphs. He was murdered in the Senate-house with four and twenty wounds given him by Brutus Cassius, and the rest of the Conspirators: innumerable Prodigies in the air and earth portending his untimely end. Plut. in Caes. & Brut. Flor. Appian. lib. 20. Oros. lib. 6. cap. 17. Eutr. lib. 6. His spirits were so vigorous, that he used to write, read, dictate and hear, all at one time. Of his so great concerns he would dictate to four Secretaries at once: if he had no other business, to seven. He fought 50 battles, and was the only man that went beyond M. Marcellus, that fought 39 Besides those slain in his civil victories, a hundred fourscore and twelve thousand men fell by his sword. His mercy was such, as that he conquered all men, even to repentance of their enmity. His magnanimity is unparallelled: when he took Pompey's Cabinet of Letters at Pharsalia, and Scipio's at Thapsus, he opened not any one Letter, but most nobly, with the faith due to secrets, burned them all. Plin. lib. cap. 25.  
Verse 131. Ceres' Son in Law.] Pluto, Son to Saturn and Ops, Brother to Jupiter and Neptune. In their division of Saturn's Kingdom; Pluto, that was the youngest, and called Agesilaus, had the Western part, lying along the coast of the Mare inferum, the low Sea: Jupiter had the Eastern Dominions: Neptune the Islands. This to the Poets hinted their fabulous invention, that Jupiter was Lord of the Heavens, Neptune of the Seas, and Pluto of the infernal Regions. The name of Pluto is derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from riches, because all our riches comes from below, being digged out of the bowels of the earth. For the same reason the Latins called him Dis. Cic. 2. de. Nat. Deor. He stole away Proserpina Daughter to Ceres. Claud. de Rap. Proserp.  
Verse 133. Tully.] M. Tullius Cicero. Read the Comment upon Sat. 7. His murder, as aforesaid, was comprehended in the agreement between the Triumvirs, C. Caesar, Antony and Lepidus: accordingly a Officer to Marc. Antony (against whom Cicero writ his Philippics) executed him, cutting off his head, and nailing his hands to the Pulpit for Orations. O Antoni! rapuisti vitam, etc. O Marc. Anthony! thou hast ravished a Life, that would have been more unworthy of Cicero, under thy reign; then Death could be, under thy Triumvirate. But the glory of his Actions and Orations thou hast been so far from taking away, as thou hast added to it: That lives, and shall live in the memory of all ages. And whilst, or by Chance or Providence, or any way, this jointed frame of Nature (which almost he alone, of all the Romans, penetrated with his spirit, fathomed with his wit, and illuminated with his elocution) shall hold together: it shall draw along his fame, as Time's inseparable companion. And all posterity shall admire his writings against thee, and execrate thy cruelty to him: and sooner shall Mankind perish from the earth, than his praise should fall to the ground. Vell. Paterc.  
Verse 135. Penny-Pallas.] At the celebration of the Quinquatrua, or five day's feast of Minerva, Goddess of Eloquence: the Schoolboys, whose learning had but cost a Penny, prayed, that Pallas would make them as eloquent as Tully or Demosthenes, the two greatest Orators of the Greeks and Latins.  
Verse 140 A Duller.] If Tyranny was never exercised upon a Dull Laweyr, a heavy headed Poet will not be in danger of his life: therefore says Juvenal 
— I Pray  
The Lady Muses, that I rather may  
The Author of ridic'lous Poems be,  
Second divine Philippick then of thee.   
Verse 147. Athenian wonder.] Demosthenes, Son to a Cutler of Athens. His Father left him young and rich, but his Guardian cozened him almost of all; the poor remainder would hardly pay for his schooling. The design of his Studies was, to make himself an Orator; but by a natural infirmity he was not able to pronounce the letter r, which he helped, as he walked upon the Sea coast, with gathering Pebbles, held in his mouth whilst he repeated his Orations. Thus his own and his Tutor's Art made him the best Speaker that ever declamed in Athens. But he spoke so much in defence of the liberty of Greece against King Philip of Macedon, plotting their subjection: that for his Philippics (in imitation whereof the Orations writ against Marc. Antony, that invaded the Liberties of Rome, were called Philippics by Cicero) he was banished by the Athenians. But after Philip's death, the Sentence was repealed. Alexander now dead, and Greece being governed by Antipater, Demosthenes, that saw his Country could not protect him, took sanctuary in the Isle of Calauria, sacred to Neptune. Thither Archias, the Mimic, was sent by Antipater, to court him out of Sanctuary, and to engage for Antipater, that he would not any way trouble him. Demosthenes' answered, That he never liked Archias when he was a Player, but much worse since he played the Ambassador: then Archias in plain terms threatened to pull him out by the ears. So, said Demosthenes, now thou hast unmasked the Macedonian Oracle; before thou wert a Player in a Vizard: stay but a while, till I write a word or two to my friends, and I am for thee. Then, as if he meant to dispatch his Letters, he laid his paper before him, and putting a quill to his mouth, sucked up the poison, which, for that purpose, he still carried about him. See Suid.  
Verse 165. Wild-figtree.] Which growing under the strongest walls breaks them asunder. Mart.  
Marmora Messallae scindit caprificus.  
Messalla's Marbles the wild-figtree cuts.  
Verse 167. Hannibal.] See the Comment upon Sat. 7. Here Juvenal touches his ambitious nature, not contented to have enlarged the Carthaginian Empire, as far as the Atlantic Sea, that bounds Africa to the North: and likewise as far as the River Nilus, where it terminates to the East; but that, to his Lybian Elephants and Aethiopians, he added Spain; and designed the conquest of Italy, which he had almost brought about, in despite of nature, that barricaded him by land with the Pyrenaean Mountains, which divide Spain from France; and with the Alps, that divide France from Italy. But over the Alps he marched, though he lost one of his eyes in the Snow, and though he was forced to make his way through the rocks with fire and vinegar: so Livy and Sil. Italicus affirm: and for the Roman History I hold their authorities much better, than the Judgement of Polybius, that says the fire and vinegar was a Fable.  
Verse 178. Suburra.] See the beginning of the Comment upon Sat. 3.  
Verse 179. One eyed.] To have seen Hannibal with his one eye in a march how he looked, when he was upon the back of his Getulian Elephant (I believe) would have startled the courage of a Roman.  
Verse 191. The Youth.] Alexander the Great, Son to Philip King of Macedon by his Queen Olympias; though she would not own so mean a Father for her Child, but gave out that a God begot him, and that she conceived in thunder by a flash of lightning, the night before King Philip married her. After marriage, Philip dreamt, that he sealed up his Wife's womb with a Signet, wherein was ingraved a Lion: which dream Aristander Telmisseus thus interpreted; No body sets a Seal upon an empty Cabinet: the Queen is with Child of a Boy, that shall have the courage of a Lion. This young Lion, Alexander, conquered Asia, Armenia, Iberia, Albania, Cappadocia, Syria, Egypt, Taurus, and entered upon Caucasus. He subdued the Bactrians, Medes and Persians; possessed himself of the East Indies, as far as Bacchus or Hercules had ever marched; and (as they say) wept, because there was no more worlds to conquer. He was infinitely handsome, something in his face showing him to be more than a man. He had a long neck, a little inclining to the left shoulder, sprightly eyes, a lovely colour in his cheeks; and in every other part of his body a certain Majesty appeared. This Conqueror of the World, overcome with wine and choler, died of a fever at Babylon, in the 30th year of his age, and the 12th of his reign. See Solin. At his death no body suspected him to be poisoned. Six years after, Queen Olympias discovered the whole plot, executed many for it, and made the Executioner dig up and scatter the relics of jolaus, that gave him the poison: which, one Agnothemius reported that he heard King Antiochus say, was done by the directions of Aristotle. But others hold the story of Alexander's impoisoning for a Fable. Plut. in Alex. Polyb. Q. Curtius Arrian & Plut.  
Verse 193. Gyarus.] See the Comment upon Sat. 1. Seriphus is an other little Isle of the Cycladeses.  
Verse 202. Xerxes,] King of Persia, Son to Darius, and Granchild to Cyrus by his Daughter Acosa. To make preparations for a war upon Greece, in five years he raised 700000 Persians, and joined with them 300000 Auxiliaries, his Fleet consisting of 200000 sail. Behold a glorious Army, that wanted nothing but a General. Justin. lib. 2. When he took a view of all his forces, the tears fell from his eyes; and being asked why he wept, he answered, because a hundred years hence not one of all these millions of men will be left alive. He joined Asia to Europe, covering the Hellespont with Ships; and disjoined the Mountain Athos from the firm Land, cutting it into an Island. Plin. lib 4. cap. 20. His Army was beaten at Thermopyle, by 4000 Lacedæmonians; and his Fleet, by Themistocles at Salamis; from whence advice was sent him (seriously by his Lieutenant General Mardonius▪ and subtly from the Athenian Admiral Themistocles) to fly out of Greece immediately: for there was a design to stop his passage. Whereupon he rid post to the Hellespont, and finding his Bridge of Ships scattered by a Tempest, took a Fisherboat and escaped. 'Twas a spectacle to be looked upon with wonder, in consideration of man's condition and change of fortune, to see him sculk in a little Boat; whose Fleet, not long before, the spacious Sea was scarce able to contain; not so much as a man to wait upon him, that lately commanded an Army cumbersome to the earth. After his return to Persia, he would never think of wars again, but wholly applied himself to ease and idleness: proposing great rewards to any, that could invent new ways of luxury. Val. Max. This brought him into contempt with his Subjects; and within a short time he was slain, in his Palace, by the Captain of his Guard, Artabanus, that was formerly a faithful Councillor to him, and gave his vote against the war with Greece. He shot arrows against the Sun, and cast fetters into the Sea. Laert. In his Army a Mare, that creature of undaunted courage, brought forth the most timorous of all animals, a Hare: which undoubtedly portended the cowardly flight of his vast Army, and the fall of his high pride: that moved him, when his Bridge of Boats was first broken, to command 300 lashes should be given to the Sea, and Irons cast in to fetter Neptune, and these words to be spoken to the God by the Executioner. Thy Lord inflicts this punishment upon thee, because thou hast injured him, that never deserved ill of thee; and yet King Xerxes shall pass in spite of thee; and to thee shall no man at all sacrifice; thou art so deceitful and cruel a Flood. And having thus punished the Sea, he repaired the Bridge. Herod. lib. 7.  
Verse 206. Sostratus,] A Greek Poet, that writ the Persian expedition into Greece. He foretold to the Athenians the coming of Xerxes into Greece. Herod. But he foretold truer than he told, in this place quoted by Juvenal, where he makes Xerxes drink up whole Rivers for his morning's draught: me thinks it should have followed, that he meant to eat up all Greece for his supper.  
Verse 209. Aeolus.] Son to Jupiter and Sergesta (or Acesta) Daughter to Hippotes the Trojan. He reigned (as in the Comment upon Sat. 1.) in Strongyle, the greatest of the 7. Lipparene Islands. Some speak of three Aeoli; one Son to Hippotes and Granchild to Phylantes; the other Son to Helenus and Grandchild to Jupiter; the third Son to Neptune and Arne. See Virg. Plin. Diod. Sic. & Eustath Odyss. 10. They called him King of the Winds, because, by the clouds and smoke of Aetna, he foretold the quarters where the Wind would hang. According to Isacius, he was a man that studied Astronomy, especially that part which appertains to the nature of the Winds, for the benefit of Navigation. He therefore divined, when the Sun was coming into Taurus, if there would be a Storm at Sea or a Calm, and what day or hour of the day, or how long, the West wind should breathe, or what other wind should rise at the rising of the Dog or any Celestial Sign, and blow again upon Critical days, viz. the fifth, the seventh day, and the like. For this reason he was thought to be King of the Winds. To which is added by Strab. lib. 1. that he guessed at the Winds by the ebbing and flowing of the Sea; and Mariners finding it to be true, believed the Winds to be his Subjects, and that he could at his pleasure imprison or release them: an opinion more probable than that of some Lapland-Philosophers, that tell us, if we have the skin of a Dolphin, ordered with certain ceremonies, we shall have a wind to any place we are bound for, and no other wind shall blow upon the water. Sure Homer's Age was poisoned with this natural Philosophy, otherwise he would not have made Aeolus bestow a wind in a bag upon Ulysses, as aforesaid. Aeolus, as to Morality, is a wise man, that moderates his passions seasonably: and, according to the opportunity of time and business, speaks angrily when he is pleased, and gently when he is offended: such a one, at his pleasure, bridles and lets lose the wind. N. Comes Mythol. lib. 10. cap. 10.  
Verse 223. Tabraca,] A part of Lybia. Possidonius tells us in his voyage from Cales to Rome, he was driven upon the Lybian Coast, where he saw a Wood full of Apes, some sitting in trees, others upon the ground: some that had breasts hanging down, and young ones sucking them; some again that were old, bald and impotent.  
Verse 233. Cossus,] One that laid out his money in the Shambles upon the best Fish and Foul, which he presented to rich childless persons, in hope the venture would bring him in a fortune when their Wills were proved: therefore the older they were, the better for his purpose.  
Verse 245. Seleucus,] The best Lutenist in Juvenal's time.  
Verse 255. Oppia,] A notorious common Slut in my Author's days, but afterwards so unknown, that his Transcribers instead of Oppia put Hippia, an Adultress often mentioned in his Satyrs, but never charged with multiplicity of Servants, as Oppia is.  
Verse 256. Themison,] A Greek Physician, whose authority is quoted by Galen. He was Scholar to Empedocles. Plin. lib. 29. cap. 1. but that he was a bad practiser, you may take my Author's word.  
Verse 257. Basil,] A Governor of a Province; to be put upon the same thievish File with M. Priscus, Verres, Tutor, Capito, Pansa, Natta, Antonius and Dolabella.  
Verse 258. Hirrus,] A Guardian, that by cheating of poor Orphans, came to a great fortune, and lived in no little state, as you have him described without a name Sat. 1.  
What rage inflames me, when the People's pressed  
With Crowds, attending him that dispossessed  
The Orphan; now a Prostitute?—  
Verse 259. Maura.] One of the beastly Prophaners of Chastities old Altar. Sat. 6.  
Verse 260. Hamillus,] Really such a Tutor, as Socrates was falsely reported to be by the Leather-dresser Anytus, Melitus the Orator, and Lycon the Poet.  
Verse 272. Fasting.] A high expression of a Mother's love, that feeds her young ones even when she herself is hungry.  
Verse 278. Phiale,] A Courtesan, that was Mistress of her Art.  
Verse 289. King Nestor,] Son to Neleus and Chloris. Hom. Odyss. lib. 2. born at Pilos, a City standing upon the Laconic Sea. Strab. lib. 7. In his Father's life time he commanded in chief against the Epeans of Peloponnesus, afterwards called Elians. Plin. lib. 4. cap. 1. At the Wedding of Pirithous he fought on his part against the Centauris, that would have stole away the Bride. At the Siege of Troy he was grown very old, yet with fifty sail of Ships he joined himself to the rest of the Greek Princes, when he had lived to the third Age of Man, as he himself tells us in Ovid Metamorph. lib. 12. How many years make three Ages, is not agreed on by Interpreters. Xenophon says, the Egyptians (and from them the East) reckoned an Age to be thirty years: then was Nestor but ninty years of age, and had only counted thirty years upon a finger when he began to tell upon his right hand. But if Juvenal had thought him but ninty, which thousands were then, and are now, he would not have referred us to the faith and authority of Homer; neither would he have added, that Nestor lived nearest to the Crow or Raven, that lives nine ages of man at least, if we believe Hesiod, quoted by Plin. lib. 7. cap. 48. Therefore I take it for granted, that in my Author's account Nestor was 300 years old; and having told 280 upon his left hand by twenty years a joint, had begun the other twenty upon his right hand. Nor had he lost any part of his long time, as appears by his experience and wisdom, being so great, that Agamemnon said, he should quickly take Troy, if he had but ten Nestor's: to his prudence he had such a rare elocution, that his words were said to flow sweeter than honey. He had seven Sons and one Daughter by Eurydice Daughter to Clyminus.  
Verse 297. Antilochus,] Eldest Son to Nestor and Eurydice. He attended his Father to the Siege of Troy, and was there slain by Memnon, Son to Tithon and Aurora. Hom. When the body of this gallant Youth was burned, his Father could not but complain that he had lived too long to see it.  
Verse 302. He,] The Father of Ulysses; but who that was, whether Laertes or Sisyphus, Juvenal had no mind to determine. See the Comment upon Sat. 9  
Verse 303. Priam,] Son to Laomedon. When Troy was taken, and slighted by Hercules, he and his Sister Hesione were carried Prisoners into Greece: from whence he was ransomed, and returning, built up Troy, made it a much fairer City, and extended the limits of his Kingdom so far, that he was in a manner Emperor of all Asia. He married Hecuba Daughter to Cisseus King of Thrace, and had by her seventeen Sons, one of which number was Paris, that, to find out his Sister Hesione, made a voyage into Greece; and there stole away Helen Wife to Menelaus, which was cause of the League entered into by the Grecian Princes, and of their ten years' Siege of Troy; in which time he saw almost all these Sons and 33 more slain by the Enemy: for he had in all 50 Sons. Cic. Tuscul. 1. Lastly, after Troy was taken, he himself was slain by Pyrrhus, Son to Achilles, at the Altar of Hircaean Jupiter, where Juvenal says that he 
Fell like an Ox in his old age despised,  
And by th' ingrateful Ploughman sacrificed.   
Verse 304. Assaracus,] Son to Tros King of Troy, Brother to Ganymed, Father to Capys the Father of Anchises. Ovid. and great Uncle to Priam, as appears in this Pedigree.  

Jupiter the second. 

Dardanus. 

Erichthonius. 

Tros. 

Ganymed.  
Assaracus.  
Ilus. 

Laomedon. 

Priam.               
Verse 306. With all his Brothers,] That were 49. Hom. Virg. Cic. All these Sons and base Sons to Priam, with their Brother and sovereign Lord Hector (in case that Priam had died before the Trojan war) would have carried his Corpse to the funeral Pile; according to the custom of the Ancients, and reckoned in the number of human felicities: an instance whereof we have in Q. Metellus: For, besides his high honours and surname of Macedonian: when his body was carried to be burned, the Bearers were his four Sons, one being Praetor, and the other three Consular persons: two of the three having triumphed, and the third being then Censor. Plin. lib. 7. cap. 44.  
Verse 307. Cassandra first.] Cassandra was one of Priam's 12. Daughters, a Prophetess; and therefore Juvenal says her tears would have been shed first for the funeral of her Father, which she might have foreseen, though no body would have believed her, a fortune that attended her predictions. For, when she foretold the danger of the Trojan Horse, and cried out against the receiving of it within the walls, no credit at all was given to her words by her own Countrymen; and therefore it was no marvel Agamemnon believed her not, when she was his Prisoner, and bid him take heed of a plot upon him by his Wife: but he than looked upon her as a madwoman. Afterwards both he and Cassandra perished in the plot laid and executed by Clytaemnestra and Aegisthus. See the Comment upon Sat. 1. This slighting of Cassandra's Prophecies, made the old Poets tell the story of Apollo, that had so high a passion for her, he bid her ask whatsoever she would, and she should have it, for a night's lodging: she asked the spirit of Prophecy, and had it, but he had no Cassandra. The God, in a rage to be so mocked, though he had not power to recall his gift, yet made it ineffectual, taking away the credit of her words from all that heard them. In his Aeneis Virgil says, that a little while before the Sack of Troy, she was betrothed to young Choroebus, that seeing her (the very night the Town was taken) carried away by a Grecian, endeavoured to rescue her; but in the attempt was slain by one Penelaus; and the Maid herself deflowered in the Temple of Minerva, by Ajax King of the Greek Locrians, that, for his sacrilegious Rape, was struck with a thunderbolt by the incensed Goddess Pallas.  
Verse 308. Polyxena,] the greatest beauty of all Priam's Daughters. At the Siege of Troy; Achilles, seeing her upon the walls, fell in love with her, and desired to be King Priam's Son in Law. The King consented to the match, and the Temple of Apollo was the Place where the Marriage was to be solemnised, and the peace ratified. Paris, knowing this, hid himself, as aforesaid, behind the Image of Apollo, and with an arrow hit and slew Achilles. When Troy was taken, and Polyxena made a captive, the Grecians dreamt Achilles appeared, and charged them that Polyxena (under pretence of whose marriage he was slain) should be sacrificed to his Ghost. This cruelty was acted by his Son Pyrrhus. Ou. 23. Metam. When they brought her to the Tomb of Achilles, wanting a Garter, she cut away the skirt of her Gown, and with it tied her Vest beneath her knee, that she might fall modestly.  
Verse 317. His old Wife.] Hecuba, Wife to King Priam, that after her Husband was slain, lived till she was transformed into a Bitch. Ovid. Metam. lib. 13. This fable was grounded upon her behaviour when she was Prisoner to the Greeks: for, seeing the floating body of her Son Polydorus, which they had cast into the Sea, and having no other means of revenge, she scolded at them like a Bitch, that barks against the Moon. Seru.  
Verse 320. Pontic King.] Mithridates. See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 320. Solon,] One of the seven Sages of Greece. He was born in the Isle of Salamis, and flourished at Athens in the time of Tarqvinius Priscus, King of Rome. Gell. lib. 17. cap 21. He gave to the Athenians Laws of such a temperament, that both the Senate and the People (Contraries in point of Interest, and Opinion) equally approved of them; nay after the Republic of Athens came into the hands of a single person, Solon's Laws were confirmed by Pisistratus, though he had altered the nature and quality of the Government. Thus he writes to Solon. I have provided, that the State be still governed by your Laws. He abrogated all the Laws of Draco, but only those against Homicide. When he fled from the Tyranny of Pisistratus, first he went to Egypt, then to the Isle of Cyprus; and lastly, invited by Croesus, King of Lydia, he came to his Court at Sardys, where the King showed him his infinite riches, and asked, if he had ever known a happier person: Solon answered, yes, one Tellus, a very poor but a just man; that lived under a good Government, had virtuous Children, lived to see their Children; and then died in the service of his Country. Croesus, desirous to be thought happy in the second place, asked him, who do you think the second happy? he replied Cleobis and Biton, Sons to the Argive Priestess; that wanting a pair of Oxen (as the custom was) to draw her Chariot to the Temple of Juno; when these young men could find no Oxen in the field, they yoked themselves, and drew their Mother forty five furlongs to the Temple, where she prayed, that the Goddess would reward this piety of her Sons, with the best thing that could be given them, which it appears was death: for, Cleobis and Biton, after they had sacrificed and feasted, slept in the Temple, and never waked again. Yet (said Solon) may Croesus be in the number of the happiest hereafter. But no man can be justly called so before his death: therefore Juvenal terms it 
— Solon's just reply,  
That would not Croesus should his fortune praise,  
Until the Close and Evening of his days.  This Answer Croesus found to be true by a sad experiment: for he being defeated and taken prisoner by Cyrus' King of Persia, that condemned him to be burned to death, for presuming to make a War in his Dominions: when he lay upon the pile of wood ready to be fired, he cried out, O Solon Solon Solon! Cyrus, that was present at the execution, sent to know what Solon was (perhaps thinking him to be a God) that Croesus so called upon: who told the Messenger, I should never have come to this ignominious death, if in the time of my prosperity I had thus remembered Solon, that when I showed him all my wealth, would not pronounce me happy, but said, No Judgement could be made of any man's felicity till the hour of his death. This Answer struck a terror into the great Persian King; having then before his eyes the truth of Solon's words in the fortune of a mighty Prince, and not knowing how soon it might come to be his own case; Cyrus therefore pardoned Croesus, and afterwards used his advice in the quality of a privy-Counsellor. Herod. lib. 1. He died in the eightith year of his age in the Isle of Cyprus, leaving order that his body should be transported to Salamis, there burned, and his ashes scattered about the Island: lest the People of Athens should get any relic of him, and so think themselves to be absolved from the Oath which they made, faithfully to observe his Laws till his return to Athens. His burial in this place and manner, though Plutarch thinks it fabulous, is confirmed by the inscription upon his Monument. 
Mors mea ne careat fletu, linquamus amicis  
Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum lacrymis.  
Lest with dry eyes friends should my Fun'ralls keep,  
Grief I bequeath; they shall have cause to weep.  Cic. Tusc. Quaest lib. 1. See Val. Max. Suid. Diog. Laert.  
Verse 324. Marius.] See the Comment upon Sat. 8.  
Verse 333. Provident Campania.] Campania, a Country in Italy, so called, because it was the Field, or Campania, where the constant battle was fought between Ceres and Bacchus, that is, where Corn and the Vine strove which should most enrich the soil. Plin. It is now, in relation to the Peasants that plough the earth and dress the Vines, called Terra di Lavoro, the Land of Labour. Here Pompey, in Capua, some say at Naples, fell sick of a burning Fever, by a great Providence saith my Author: For, if he had died, than he had not lost his own honour and the freedom of his Country at Pharsalia; nor his life, at the sixtith year of his age, in Egypt, ut supra.  
Verse 348. Latona,] Daughter to Coeus the Titan, Mother to Diana and Apollo. And to have two Deities by Jupiter, might well make her a proud Woman, and a joyful Mother, as she is said to be, both in Homer and Virgil.  
Verse 349. Lucrece,] Daughter to Tricipicinus Praefect of Rome, Wife to Tarqvinius Collatinus, the great Example of Roman Chastity. When Sextus Tarquin could not prevail with her by Courtship, he resolved to force her; and entering her Bedchamber with his sword drawn, threatened more than to kill her, if she yielded not: for he said that, when he had murdered her, he would lay the dead body of a Slave in her arms, to the end they might think her slain for an Adultress. Terrified with these menaces, to avoid infamy, she suffered a Rape. In the morning she sent for her Father, her Husband, and the rest of her Friends▪ and breaking forth into tears, acquainted them with the Tyrant's Act, and immediately, pulling out a knife, which privately she carried for that purpose, she stabbed herself. Her Father, Husband and Friends moved with this sad spectacle, opened the business to the People, which took arms against the Tyrants, drive them out of Rome, and banished both their King and Kingship. T. Collatine upon his VVife's Monument is said to have placed this Inscription, yet extant at Rome in the Bishop of Viterbo's Palace. 
Collatinus Tarqvinius dulcissimae Conjugi, & incomparabili pudicitiae decori, mulierum gloriae: Vixit annis XXII. mensibus II. diebus VI proh dolour! quae fuit charissima.  
Collatinus Tarqvinius to his sweetest Wife, the most incomparable pattern of Chastity, the glory of her Sex: she lived 22 years, 2 months, and 6 days. Woe is me, she, that was my dearest.  This Epitaph is likewise to be seen amongst the Fabrician Antiquities. 
Quum foderet ferro castum Lucretia pectus,  
Sanguinis & torrens egrederetur; ait,  
Procedant testes, me non placuisse Tyranno,  
Ante virum Sanguis, Spiritus ante deos.  
The wound in her chaste breast when Lucrece made,  
The crimson torrent bursting out; she said,  
Come forth you Witnesses, that Tarquin stole  
No love, Blood to my lord, to heaven my Soul.  See Liv. in the end of lib. 1.  
Verse 351 Virginia,] A great Beauty, Daughter to L. Virginius a Plebeian. The Decemvir, Appius Claudius, laid a plot to ravish her, and that he might do it without danger of the Law, he suborned one of his Clients to take her for a Slave, as being a supposititious Child to Virginius his Wife, and the real Issue of a Slave to the said Client, for whom his Patron Appius gave Judgement, that so he might have free access to her. Her Father not knowing any other way to preserve his Daughter unstained, slew her with his own hands; and bid her, Go Daughter, I send thee to the shades of our forefather's free and honest, two titles which tyranny would not let thee enjoy living. Then, with his hands reeking in his Daughter's blood, he fled to his fellow soldiers, and told them what enforced him to murder her. For this, Claudius' first suffered imprisonment, and then death. Liv.  
Verse 351. Rutila] Lura Rutila, an ugly bunch-backed woman, that lived to be above threescore and seventeen years old. Plin. lib. 7.  
Verse 356. Sabines.] If they had not been chaste and loving Wives, they would hardly have come to make a Peace between their Husbands and their Fathers, ready to join battle; as you may see in the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 378. Servilia,] A Lady very deformed both in body and mind, that still made her Gallants her Pensioners.  
Verse 384. Bellerophon,] A Person infinitely handsome, Son to Glaucus' King of Ephyre. He being in the Argive Court, was looked upon with an eye of pleasure by Sthenoboea, Wife to Praetus King of Argos; and she stuck not to invite him to her embraces: but, beyond her expectation, suffering a flat denial. She was so much enraged at this affront to her beauty, that she accused the innocent stranger for attempting to ravish her. The King credited her testimony, but when she pressed him to do her justice, he would not violate the Laws of hospitality so as to kill him in his own Palace, but desired the favour that Bellerophon, in his journey through Lycia, would deliver his and the Queen's Letters (which you may be sure moved for his present execution) to her Father Jobates: that being though not less cruel than his Daughter, yet more careful of his honour, would not put him to death publicly, but employed him in a desperate service against his enemies the Solymi, a barbarous and warlike people, to which he with a small force gave a total rout. After this and many other dangers, conquered by his valour, he was sent to kill that hideous Monster the Chimaera, which he did by the favour of Neptune, that accommodated him with the winged horse Pegasus. Jobates admiring the courage and fortune of the Youth, gave him part of his Kingdom, with one of his Daughters, by whom he had Isander, Hippolochus and Laodamia. Hom. Iliad. When Sthenoboea heard of his marriage with her Sister, she killed herself. Bellerophon, proud of his successes, attempted to fly up to heaven; but Jove sent a gadfly, that made his horse cast him and break his neck; the place where he fell being afterwards called the Alleian Field. But Pegasus performed his journey, and was made a Star by Jupiter. Some say, that as Castor invented a Coach, and Erichton a Chariot, so Bellerophon found out the use of Galleys, wherewith, in a Sea-fight, he conquered that valiant people, the Solymi: and sailing he was said to fly upon the back of a winged horse. Vid. Pindar. Interpr.  
Verse 385. Hippolytus,] Son to Theseus by Hippolyta the Amazon (others say by Antiope.) His whole delight was to be on horseback in the field a hunting. When he returned to Court, he regarded not the Ladies, that were much taken with his person, and in the first place, the Queen his Stepmother, Phoedra. She found an opportunity, in her Husband's absence, to entice him to her Bed; but he gave her a flat denial with much indignation; which so incensed her, that she told his Father he intended to ravish her, and murder him. Hippolytus, understanding his Step-mother's design upon his life, took Coach and fled. But the Sea-calves, lying then upon the shore, frighted with the rattling of his wheels and the neighing of his horses, tumbled into the Sea with such a hideous noise, that the horses started, and ran away with Hippolytus, drawing the poor Youth (tangled in the reins) through the craggy rocks, till they pulled him to pieces. He was buried in the Aricine Grove consecrated to Diana. Ovid Fast. lib. 3. Diana pitying her fellow-Huntsman, desired the great Physician Aesculapius to use all his skill for recovery of the dead Prince; whose torn limbs he set together, and by his Hermetick art brought him to life again. Hippolytus, revived, left Attica, and came into Italy, where he called himself Virbius, twice a man: there he married a Lady whose name was Aricia, and built a City, to which he gave her name.  
Verse 390. Co-husband.] C. Silius, the loveliest young Lord of Rome, married to the noble Lady Junia Syllana: but Messalina (the insatiable Empress, of whom in Sat. 6.) chose him for her Servant, and made him put away his Wife. Silius very well knew the danger of having such a Mistress; but, if he refused, his destruction would be immediate; therefore he thought it best to expect the future, and enjoy the present. With a great train she frequented his house, could not endure to have him out of her sight: but the infamy thereof was so great, that she sought to cover it with the name of Matrimony. Her Husband, Claudius Caesar, being gone to sacrifice at Ostia: with all the Rites and Solemnities of Marriage, she took Silius for her Co-husband. This news made all the Emperor's Court tremble, especially those of his Bedchamber, Calistus, Pallas, and the great Favourite Narcissus, that, when the other two would have gone to dissuade her, stopped their journey: For, Narcissus feared nothing, but that she should know he knew it, before he had made sure of the Emperor: one of whose Mistresses he got to begin the story, which he so well seconded, that Claudius gave him a Commission to execute Messalina, and for that day to be Captain of his Praetorian Lifeguard. Silius had his trial, but refused to plead, only desired that he might be speedily dispatched. Messalina (not suffered to come to Claudius his presence, and prevented in her design of sending her Children, Britannicus and Octavia, to beg for her) was persuaded by her Mother Lepida to kill herself; which she offered at, yet had not a heart to perform; but the Tribune (sent by Narcissus) did it for her, in the Lucilian Garden. Tacit. lib. 11. cap. 9.10.11. Tacitus makes this Preface to the History of their strange marriage. I am not ignorant, it will sound like a fable, that any man should be such a Sot, especially a Consul elect, in a City where nothing can be secret: The day appointed: an Assembly of Witnesses at sealing of the Deeds of Contract with, and provision for Issue by, the Prince's Wife: that he should hear the words of the Auspex; and she, in the Accoutrements of a Bride, sit down among the Guests, kiss, and embrace, and lie all night with her other Husband. But this is no fictitious relation, all the circumstances being delivered by ancient Writers. Vide Suet. in Claud.  
Verse 393. Bright Veil.] See the punctuality of Messalina, that omits no Hymenaeal ceremony. She wears the Flammeum, or the Bride's flame-coloured Veil. The purple Counterpoint is cast upon her Bed; a sum of money tendered for her Portion: a public Notary draws the Deeds of Jointure for the Wife, and Settlement for the Children: the Town is called in for witnesses. And lest they should come together inauspicatò, without some happy promise from the Auspex, he by the flight of Birds divines of the future felicity of the marriage: but the best Soothsayer at the Wedding was Vectius Valens; that, to show tricks, got to the top of a tree, and being asked what he saw from thence, answered, A Storm coming from Ostia. Tacit. lib. 11. cap. 10.  
Verse 427. Hercules,] Son to Jupiter and Alcmene; for his valour and the glory of his actions deified. Cic. de Nat. Deor. lib. 3. But he mentions many of that name. First, he that contended with Apollo for the Tripos. The second, an Egyptian, who they say invented Phrygian Letters. The third, one of the Corybantes or Priests of Cybele. The fourth, Son to Jove by Asteria the Sister of Latona: he is worshipped at Tyre, and had a Daughter called Carthage. The fifth, in the Indies, being likewise known by the name of Belus. The sixth, a Theban, Son to Jupiter (as aforesaid) by 〈◊〉 wife Alcmene: to him they ascribe the Achievements of all the ●est. That Hercules was one of the twelve Gods of Egypt, and that the Greeks borrowed this Deity of the Egyptians, and conferred it upon the supposed Son of Amphitryo, we have the authority of Herodot. Forty three which bore the name of Hercules, are enumerated by Varro; that says, all that excelled in strength had this name, as a title of honour, from Hercules, begot by Jupiter upon Alcmene. He had the fame of conquering almost invincible Labours, put upon him by Juno, that sought to destroy all Jove's Bastards: but he still came off victorious, which immortalised his name. In regard that Juvenal here mentions his Labours, I shall give you an account of them. The 1. in his Cradle, where he crushed the heads of two Serpents, sent by Juno to strangle him. The 2. when he was a Youth, in getting with child the fifty Daughters of Thespius in one night, which brought him fifty Boys. The 3. when he came to his full growth, was the destruction of the many-headed Monster Hydra, in the Lernaean Fens, as aforesaid. The 4. his foot-race, upon the Mountain Maenalus in Arcadia, with a Hind, that had brazen Feet and golden antlers, which he caught and killed. The 5. in the Nemaean Forest, between Cleonae and Phlius in Greece, he slew a huge Lion that was shot-free, neither to be hurt by Iron, Wood, or Stone. The 6. he vanquished Diomedes King of Thrace, that fed his Horses with man's flesh, and made them eat their Master. The 7. A dreadful wild Boar (that was lodged in Erymanthus, an Arcadian Mountain, and destroyed the Country) he took, and carried him alive to Juno's Officer, his Taskmaster Euristheus. The 8. He killed the Stymphalick Birds with his arrows, or, as some say, made them fly clear away, with the sound of a brass rattle. The 9 A wild Bull, that had almost laid waste all the Isle of Crect, he tamed and brought him in a halter to Euristheus, that let him lose again in Attica, where he did a world of hurt: but was slain by Theseus at Marathon. Ovid. Met. lib. 7. The 10. He vanquished his rival Achelous in a combat for their Mistress Deianira, though he turned himself first into a Serpent, then into a Bull: but Hercules cut off one of his horns, and got the Cornucopia, the horn of plenty, which he exchanged with him for the Amalthaean, or wishing horn. The 11. He slew Busiris King of Egypt, that used to kill all the strangers in his Court. The 12. In Lybia he strangled the Giant Antaeus, that wrestled with him, as in the Comment upon Sat 3. The 13. Calpe and Abyla, when they were one Mountain, he pulled asunder. The 14. He slew the never sleeping Dragon, Orchard-Keeper to the Hesperides; and carried away the golden Apples. The 15. When Atlas was wearied with his burden, he eased him, and in his stead supported Heaven. The 16. He conquered Geryon King of Spain, that had three bodies, and carried off his herds of fat cattle, as in the Comment upon Sat. 5. The 17. He beat out the brains of that half-man Cacus, the grand Thief, Son to Vulcan, and vomiting flames of fire like his Father, ibid. The 18. He slew another Outlaw, one Lacinius, that plundered the borders of Italy, and upon the place built a Temple to Juno, called Juno Lacinia. Virg. Aeneid. 5. The 19 Albion and Bergion, Giants that stopped his passage not far from the mouth of the River Rhosne, he overcame by the help of his Father Jove, that assisted him with a shower of stones. The 20. He conquered and took prisoner Tyrrhenus King of Eubaea, that made war upon the Baeotians, and tied him to four wild Colts, that tore him into quarters. The 21. He tamed the Centauris. The 22. He cleansed the Ox-house of Augeas King of Elis, which held 3000 Oxen, and was never touched before. The 23 He delivered Hesione from the Sea-monster; her Father, King Laomedon, engaging to remunerate him with his best horses: which promise being broken, Hercules in a fury stormed Troy, slew the King, took Hesione prisoner, and bestowed her upon Telamonius, that first scaled the walls. The 24. He plundered the Isle of Cos, and put the King and Queen to the sword, as in the Comment upon Sat. 10. The 25. He conquered the Amazons, and gave their Queen Hippolyte to his friend and fellow Soldier Theseus. The 26. He went down to Hell, and brought up their Porter, three-headed Cerberus in a triple chain. The 27. He brought back with him into the world Queen Alcestis, that died for her Husband, as in the end of the Comment upon Sat. 6. The 28. After his return from hell, he slew Lycus' King of Thebes, that in his absence would have ravished his wife Megara. The 29. with his arrows he shot the Eagle, which upon the top of the Mountain Caucasus fed upon the still growing liver of Prometheus. The 30. He killed Cygnus, Son to Mars, in a duel on horseback. The 31. For denying to give him food he slew Theodamas, Father to his Favourite Hylas, as in the end of the Comment upon Sat. 1. The 32. He conquered the Cercopes, when he served Omphale Queen of Lydia. The 33. He sacked Pilos, and put to the sword King Neleus with all his Family but Nestor, wounding Juno herself (that came to assist Neleus) with a three-forked Dart. The 34. In the Isle of Tenos he slew Zetes and Calais, the winged Sons of Boreas; and upon their Tomb erected two Pillars. The 35. He passed the torrid Zone, and the burning Sands of Libya, not troubled with their scorching heat: and having lost his Ship, waded through the quicksands of the Syrteses. The 36. He set up the Pillars in the West, called Hercules Pillars. The 37. He slew Eurytus King of Oechalia, and plundered the City, carrying into Eubaea the fair Princess jole promised to him, and afterwards denied by her Father. When Deianira heard of his love to jole, she remembered the message delivered to her from the Centaur Nessus, together with the Vest dipped in his blood, viz. That if ever she found her Husband loved another, she should give him that Vest; and when he had it on, he should be only hers. She therefore sent it to him by her servant Lichas, which he putting on as he went to sacrifice, it set him in such a frenzy, that he made himself the burnt-Offering. After his death he was held a God, and believed to be the same with the Sun. Macrob. lib. 1. Saturn. cap. 2. In his return from Spain, some think he brought the use of Letters into Italy, and was therefore worshipped both in a Temple apart, and also with the Muses.  
Verse 428. Sardanapalus.] The last King of Syria, from Ninus the thirtieth. His Lieutenant General Arbactus, being ambitious, after some great service, to see his Master (a favour never before granted to any but menial Servants) after long suit was admitted, and in the first Model of a Seraglio he found the King, not distinguishable from the Concubines, either in his habit or employment; for he was spinning purple-silk: only his body seemed to be the tenderest, his eyes and his garb the most lascivious. At sight hereof Arbactus, with horrid indignation, stomached that so many men should be governed by a Woman; that so many men, which knew the use of arms, should be subject to a Distaff. At his return to the Army, Arbactus reported the strange spectacle, professing, he would never serve a Prince that had rather be a Woman then a Man. All are of his mind. They march against Sardanapalus, that in his last scene was still the same; for he stood not upon his defence like a man, but hid himself like a woman; not having in his thoughts the hope of keeping his Kingdom, but the fear of losing his life. At last, with some few disorderly Servants he takes the field, is beaten, retreats to his Palace, lays himself and all his treasure upon a pile of wood, and made it be fired; doing only this act like a man. Justin lib. 1.    


Figura Undecima.  
AD coenam vocat indigenam ¹ Juvenalis ² Amicum  
Aemulus Evandri, qui frugi erat Herculis hospes:  
Non mare, non pelagus lustrat; patrimonia mergi  
In ventrem nolit: tener hîc tibi ponitur hoedus ³,  
Persice, nec minùs est gratus, quia traxerit auram  
Vulgarem Ausoniae; salicísque ignarus & herbae,  
Solo lacte satur placet, arridétque palato.  
Quam cernis ⁴ gallinam, ante horrea pinguis avenâ,  
Haec ova ⁵ exclusit foeno modò sumpta calenti.  
Hos tulit ⁶ asparagos, quae carpit villica lanam,  
Fuso quos posito legit de vertice montis.  
Nativum retinet, quo fulgeat, ⁷ uva colorem,  
Autumnum ut dicas gemmis mutâsse racemos.  
Arte pari ⁸ pyra cum ⁹ pomis servata furorem  
Effugêre hyemis, tutâque recondita cellâ,  
Cruda emendato posuêre pericula succo;  
Et jam cardiacis prosunt, quibus antè venenum.  
Nunc epulas, coenae caput, aspice, nempe legentes  
Autorem Iliados pueros ¹⁰, nostrúmque Maronem:  
Vindicat haec famâ violatos mensa poetas:  
Prodiga enim licèt his sit mens, his curta supellex,  
Non omnes Iros, non omnes crede Nepotes.   

  

The eleventh Design.  
LIke an old Roman ¹ Juvenal here treats  
His ² friend, invites him to no foreign meats,  
No costly sauces; empties not his purse  
To fill his Board: nor eats his ³ Kid the worse,  
Nor is esteemed by Persicus less rare,  
Because it only breathed Italian air:  
Bred in rich grounds, it eat nor grass nor wood:  
But sucked, which makes it such delicious food.  
These Barn-doore ⁴ hens, an hour ere they were dressed,  
Laid those great ⁵ Eggs, took warm out of the Nest.  
This dish of ⁶ Asparagus the maid, that spun  
The Napkins, left her housewives work undone  
To gather from the hills, where they grew wild.  
The ⁷ grapes, that look as Autumn were with child  
Of clustered Pearls and rubies, are preserved.  
The ⁸ Pears and ⁹ Apples, when old winter starved  
Il-ordered fruit, so carefully were laid,  
They from crude poisons, are rich cordials made;  
And for a Banquet, Scholars wait to read  
Virgil ¹⁰ and Homer: here's a feast to plead  
The Poet's cause; though some are beggars, all  
Must not be censured poor, or prodigal.    

The Manners of Men. THE ELEVENTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
To supper Persicus is bid,  
To far as th' ancient Romans did;  
Not newfound Rarities to eat,  
Nor to see Wenches after meat:  
But to hear Homer read, and then  
Compared with Virgil's mighty Pen.  
To this, all serious cares displaced,  
His friend, the Poet, bids him haste.  
IF ATTICUS sup nobly, he's esteemed  
A Prince: if RUTILUS do so, he's deemed  
A madman. For, what makes us laugh so loud,  
As poor APICIUS? every table, crowd,  
Bath, Stage, jeer RUTILUS: that when he might  
Bear arms, and for his Country's honour fight:  
Is brought by feasting of his youthful blood  
(Not forced to 't by the Tribune, nor withstood)  
To write what Fencers dictate to his hand,  
Their Laws, and words of service and command.  
Such you see store of, whom the Creditor,  
Oft failed with, at the Shambles watches for;  
Whose palate is their God: whose meanest sort  
Fare like great Lords, or Officers at Court;  
And through their broken stock, when ruin shines,  
Their gust all th' Elements for spoil designs.  
No price for Rarities too great is thought;  
Nay, mind it, they love most what's dearest bought:  
These make it nothing, for a sum that strait  
They mean to spend, to pawn their ancient Plate;  
Or their dead Mother's Images to break;  
And then for three pound sterling to bespeak  
An Olio Podrido: whence they fall  
To that which the poor Fencer's hodgepodge call.  
The difference therefore lies, who bids the Guest?  
In RUTILUS 'tis luxury to feast;  
But gains VENTIDIUS a noble name,  
And his expense is waited on by fame.  
Him I may justly scorn, that knows how far  
All Lybian hills o're-topt by Atlas are,  
Yet knows not where the disproportion rests,  
'Twixt little purses, and great Iron Chests.  
From heaven came KNOW THYSELF; and should be fixed  
In every breast, with every counsel mixed:  
Whether to take a Wife thou dost intend,  
Or to the sacred Senate wouldst ascend,  
(Nor at ACHILLE'S arms THERSITES aims,  
Which with apology ULYSSES claims)  
O dost thou, as an Orator, affect  
Some cause of great concernment to protect?  
Consult thyself; ask thyself, who am I?  
A TULLY, CURTIUS, or MATHO? try  
Thy tongue's just measure, weigh things high and low:  
Even if thou'lt money on a fish bestow;  
Nor covet for a mullet to disburse,  
When there is but a gudgeon in thy purse.  
For, what end canst thou look for, when thy rents  
Diminish, and thy gluttony augments:  
Thy Father's goods, thy own and others, drowned  
In thy vast womb, which Cattle holds, and ground?  
Such riotous Gallants sell their rings at last;  
Then must bare-fingered POLLIO beg, or fast.  
Untimely fun'ralls' Gluttons cannot have:  
Old age is more their terror then the grave.  
These are their usual steps; they've money lent  
At Rome, and that their Creditors see spent.  
Than something left, but what I do not know,  
When th' Usurer, to whom great sums they owe,  
Looks pale upon't; their native soil they eat,  
And to the Bath or Port of Ostia run:  
Nor more to leave the Forum disapprove,  
Then from the hot Suburra to remove,  
And in the cool Mount Esquiline to live.  
Only this galls, this grieves the Fugitive,  
To want for one year the Circensian Plays.  
But not one guilty blush his cheeks betrays;  
Few with scorned Modesty have now to do;  
She from the City is departing too.  
Thou shalt make trial, PERSICUS, this day,  
If to the things, which I thus fairly say,  
In life and manners real proof I give:  
Or praise course food, and a closely glutton Live:  
Or when I send my boy, that all may hear,  
For brown Loaves, whisper junkets in his ear.  
Since to come sup with me, th' haste promised now  
Thy host EVANDER I will be; and thou  
HERCULES; or AENEAS, less than he,  
But JOVE'S Relation in the next Degree:  
And for this Son and Granchild when he sent.  
The first in fire, the last by water went.  
Now hear your bill of fare, which never did  
Adorn the shambles: A fat little kid,  
The softest of the Herd; near Tibur 'twas  
Bred in rich Grounds, yet neither eat the grass,  
Nor browsed upon the willow's humble wood:  
But more participates of milk then blood.  
Then mountain-Sparagus; which, her distaff laid  
Aside, was gathered by the Village-maid.  
Great eggs, took warm from their contorted hay,  
Served with the mothers which those eggs did lay.  
Grapes long preserved, such as the Vinyard bears.  
Signine, and Syrian, that match Pisan Pears,  
Served up, as they came o'er, in baskets full;  
Apples that taste like those we newly pull,  
Not to be feared, th' ill humour being lost:  
Autumne's crude juice concocted by the frost.  
Th' old Senate this poor supper would have thought  
A wanton feast; his salads CURIUS brought,  
Which he himself in's little garden got,  
And o'er a poor fire put them in the pot:  
Now rogues, that dig in chains, disdain such meat:  
Remembering how the Cook's fat paunches eat.  
broiled rashers, that on wide grid-irons lay,  
Were then reserved for some great holiday.  
They on their kindred's birthday adding lard,  
And what more flesh the Sacrifice had spared.  
Some kinsman, whom thrice Consul they had seen,  
That had our General and Dictator been,  
Came to these dainties early; with his spade,  
Which tamed the mountain, o'er his shoulder laid:  
Doubting the FABII, or stern CATO saw,  
By SCAURI, or FABRICII, kept in awe;  
The rigid Censor's manners they did fear,  
That to his own Colleague was so severe.  
None made it then their serious care, to note  
Where in the Sea, Mother of Pearl did float,  
That makes the rich backs to our Trojan Beds:  
Plain their bedsides were, with small brazen heads,  
Which like a crowned Asse's-head were made,  
Wherewith the wanton Country-childrens played.  
The house and meat were then alike, all rude:  
No Roman had Greek arts with wonder viewed;  
But, when Towns rich in plunder, he did force;  
He broke great workmen's bolls, to trap his horse;  
And in his richest helmet only put,  
Under a rock engraved, the figure cut  
Of that wild beast, tamed by the Empire's fate,  
Sucked by those Twins, the Founders of our State:  
And showed the naked God's bright spear and shield,  
Hung o'er a Foe that was to die or yield.  
No men than shined in silver, but when armed;  
And the course meats they fed upon, were warmed  
In a poor Tuscan earthen-pot; which thou,  
Hadst thou a noble spleen, wouldst envy now.  
Then in our Temples Deities appeared,  
And in our streets a voice, at midnight heard,  
Cried to the City, from the Western shore,  
THE GAULS COME; then our Gods the office bore  
Of their own Prophets; thus they bid us look  
Unto ourselves; and thus the care was took  
For us and Rome by JOVE, out of his mould  
Of stone, in those days not profaned with Gold.  
Tables made here at home those times beheld,  
Of our own wood: old Walnut, that was felled  
By some kind tempest when the wind lay East.  
Now our rich Gluttons value not a feast,  
The Turbot, and the Wild-goat taste not well,  
The Unguents and the Roses vilely smell,  
Unless the Table, their large Plate stands on,  
Be Ivory: and that Ivory stand upon  
A tall wide gaping Pard, of those teeth made  
Which at Syene are a shipboard laid:  
Such as swift Moors, or the tanned Indian sends;  
Or, where the Nabathaean shade extends,  
Th' Arabian Elephant is forced to shed,  
Now grown too great, too heavy for his head.  
'Tis this creates the raven in the guts,  
'Tis this the stomach in such choler puts.  
For, a poor silver foot is such a thing,  
As when a finger wears an iron ring.  
Proud Guests I therefore shun; that will compare  
Me to themselves, and scorn my meaner fare.  
'Las! I have not an ounce of Ivory, I,  
No Table-men of that stuff, not a Die:  
Even my knife-hafts are bone; nor cut nor eat  
My Hens worse; I've no Carver for your meat,  
To whom the Pergula in duty ought  
To bow, as one by Doctor TRYPHER taught:  
That hath a Hare and Boar of wood at home,  
A fat-rumpt Pygarg, and a Sow's great womb:  
Pheasants and Turkeys which Geteses send to us,  
And that huge red-winged Phaenicopterus;  
And with his unedged mock-knife when he wounds  
This sumptuous feast, the whole Suburra sounds.  
To carve a Goat, a Capon's wing to cut,  
My novice-Boy to school was never put,  
But always rudely bred; his carving work  
Was but to give his fellow's bits of pork.  
Plebeian glasses, for small prices sold,  
Brings my rude boy, whose clothes defy the cold.  
On me no Phrygian youth, no Lycian waits,  
Bought of the Mango, at excessive rates:  
All Romans mine; when any thing you would,  
Pray call, but call for't as a Roman should.  
All go alike, with short and upright hair,  
Only this feast-day combed with greater care.  
This a blunt Shepherd, that a Herdsman's son,  
Longing to see, what late he hath not done,  
His Mother and her Cottage; and would fain  
Meet his old friends the Goats yet once again.  
My boy's well-faced, well-mannered; such as he  
That wears the glowing purple, aught to be.  
No DRAUCUS, whose hair's are pulled off with gums,  
That when into the Bath he trembling comes,  
With the distillatory covers o'er,  
His fist-like dowcets, and huge wen before.  
Wine he shall bring thee, in those mountains made,  
Under whose brows he hath so often played;  
The Country being one and the selfsame,  
Both whence the Wine and the Cupbearer came.  
Perhaps thou dost expect, that I should bring  
The Spanish Courtesans to dance and sing,  
Their quivering thighs descending to the ground,  
For which they are with loud applauses crowned;  
To rich men nettles, to dull VENUS spurs:  
But more the female sex this pleasure stirs;  
With them it works more strongly, moves the tears,  
And growing water in their eyes and ears.  
A poor house is not for these wanton toys,  
Their obscene songs, and Castinetta's noise,  
At which i'th' Stews the naked Slave would start.  
To him leave bawdy songs, and all lust's art,  
Whose slipping Guests are ready still to fall,  
He doth his Spartan marble so be-spall.  
For, there with fortune we dispense. The Dice  
Are foul i'th' poor, adultery a vice:  
Let rich men do it, o'er, and o'er again,  
They're free-meined Gallants, and fine Gentlemen.  
For this day's feast, shall other game be sprung;  
Great HOMER with high-sounding VIRGIL sung,  
Shall both dispute the doubtful Palm: such verse  
No matter with what tone the boys rehearse.  
But now out of thy breast all business turn,  
Take thy sweet ease, this day all cares adjourn.  
No mention what use-money thou dost pay:  
Suppose thy wife go forth by break of day,  
And about midnight uses to return,  
Let not thy bosom with closely choler burn;  
Though her moist silks suspected wrinkles show,  
Her hair be toused, her face and ears do glow.  
Nor bring to my house what hath thee annoyed,  
But whatsoever thy servants have destroyed,  
Or lost, what ever vexes thee exclude;  
Especially thy friend's Ingratitude.  
This while, great CYBEL'S Towel is hung out,  
And to her solemn Plays the Town's devout,  
Where that grand horse-stealer the Tribune sits,  
As if he triumphed: and if it befits  
This vast, this too great People; I may say  
The Circus comprehends all Rome to day.  
Hark what a noise they make? it may be guest,  
By that loud shout, the Green-coats have the best.  
Were these Sports silenced, you should see the Town  
As fatally astonished and cast down,  
As when the Consuls Cannae's battle lost.  
Let Youths go thither, that will be at cost  
Of spending lungs, and wagers boldly laid;  
Or would sit nearest to the handsomest Maid.  
Let Husbands and their Wives those sights behold,  
Which is a shame to be before them told.  
But let us old men, with skins wrinkled, eat  
The busy Gown, and drink the Spring's warm sun.  
To bathe here at eleven th' art free to go;  
Five days together 'twould not please thee so.  
For, th' easiest life would likewise tedious seem:  
Less frequent Use gives Pleasures their esteem.  

The Comment UPON THE ELEVENTH satire.  
VErse 1. Atticus,] One of the Family of that infinite rich and noble person T. Pomponius Atticus, eminent for his learning, and for the friendship between him and Cicero. Mart. lib. 7.  
Attice qui renovas foecundae nomina gentis.  
Atticus, that thy fruitful Name revivest.  
Verse 2. Rutilus,] A Descendent from the Rutili. A Gentleman of a small fortune, that consumed it with feasting: and in the prime of his youth, when he might have served in the wars, and have got honour and a fortune, as his Ancestors did by the sword, shames himself with it, and disgraces their noble memory, coming upon the Theatre as a Gladiator or common Fencer.  
Verse 4. Apicius.] The rich Glutton, that being sensible how ridiculous poverty would make him, hanged himself. See the Comment upon Sat. 4.  
Verse 4. Not forced to't] Like young Proculus, compelled by the Emperor Calligula to fight with a Thracian Fencer: or like Domitius Glabrio, enforced by the necessity of the times to make himself a Gladiator; but Rutilus was of the same ging with Gracchus, that fought upon the Stage for money, when there was no Nero to compel him. Sat. 8.  
Verse 21. His dead mother's Images.] Medals of Gold and Silver, wherein her Figure was ingraved.  
Verse 27. Ventidius.] A Gentleman of the house of Ventidius, that is quoted for one of the rare precedents of good fortune. Sat. 7.  
Verse 30. Atlas.] A Mountain in Africa, so high that by the inhabitants it was called Columna Coeli, the Pillar of Heaven. Upon this Mountain, in comparison whereof all other Lybian hills are molehills, the ginger Atlas used to contemplate the Stars, which occasioned the Fable of his being turned into that Mountain, to support Heaven, as he is rarely described by Virg. Aeneid. lib. 4.  
Verse 37. Thersites] The basest, ugliest, and boldest Knave amongst the Greeks; yet he had not the impudence to stand in competition for the arms of Achilles; so far he knew himself and his want of merit.  
Verse 42. Tully.] Juvenal admonishes an Orator to consider his own abilities; whether he be with the first-file of Speakers, a Cicero; or in the second rank, a Curtius Montanus, that had a harsh kind of elocution, but proud and swelling. Tacit. or of the third and lowest form, a Matho, whose wit was unwieldy like himself. See the Comment upon Sat. 1. & 7.  
Verse 52. Pollio,] A Roman Knight, as appears by his Ring, the mark of his honour; but it seems the Census Equestris his four hundred thousand Sesterces were spent, in feasting, to the last Deneir; otherwise he would not in his life time have suffered Poverty, like Hannibal, to plunder him of his Ring.  
Verse 60. Ostia,] A haven Town, to which the Roman Prodigals removed, that in case their Creditors followed, they might slip aboard a Galley; which was the design of Damasippus. Sat. 8.  
Verse 61. Forum.] The Forum Romanum, the place of compliment and business; where the Romans had their Exchange, Courts of Justice, Pulpits for Orations: and Saturn's Temple, or the Chamber of Rome. See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 62. Suburra,] A great street of Rome, described in the Comment upon Sat. 3.  
Verse 63. Cool Mount Esquiline] Coole to the great persons that dwelled upon it; but cold to their Clients, almost sterved with dancing attendance in the night. Sat. 5.  
Was't this for which I left, so many a time,  
My Wife, the cold Mount Esquiline to climb.  
Verse 69. Persicus,] The Friend invited to supper by Juvenal, as I have said in my Argument to this satire.  
Verse 76. Evander,] King of Arcadia, Son to the Prophetess Carmentis: for his eloquence said to be the Son of Mercury by Nicostrata. He, having accidentally slain his Father, left his Kingdom, and by the advice of his Mother sailed into Italy, beat the Aborigines, and possessed himself of the place where afterwards Rome was built; built himself a little Town upon Mount Palatine, and there entertained Hercules, but very frugally. He lived to give such another treatment to Aeneas. Virg. Aeneid. lib. 8.  
Verse 80. The first in fire.] Hercules, that was Evander's first Guest, went his voyage to the Gods in fire; for he burned himself alive, as in the end of the Comment upon Sat. 10.  
Verse 80. The last by water.] Aeneas, treated by Evander along time after Hercules was burned, went to heaven by water; for he got his death by a fall into the Numician Well; some say he was drowned in it, and the Fountain itself consecrated to his Deity. Tibull.  
Verse 83. Tybur.] See the Comment upon Sat. 3.  
Verse 92. Signine,] Pears that grew in Italy amongst the Signines, and were the latest ripe. Plin. lib. 15. cap. 15.  
Verse 92. Syrian.] Pliny and Martial commend the taste of the Syrian Pear; but Horace cries up the Pisan Pear for the most delicious.  
Verse 98. Curius.] See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 111. Fabii.] Q. Fabius Maximus and his Son, both temperate and frugal persons.  
Verse 112. Scauruses.] Marcus Scaurus, Prince of the Senate. See the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 113. Censor.] Fabricius the Censor, that set a Fine upon the head of his Colleague P. D●cius. See the Comment upon Sat. 2. & 9  
Verse 127. Wild-beast.] The Wolf that gave suck to Romulus and Rhemus, under the rock at the foot of the Quirine Mount.  
Verse 129. Naked God.] Mars, that naked begot Romulus and Rhemus, as aforesaid; but afterwards put on his arms to maintain the Empire, founded by those royal Twins.  
Verse 138. The Gauls come.] M. Caeditius heard these words in the air. Liv. lib. 5. Marcellus, when he had relieved the Capitol, and beat the Gauls, built the Temple of Jupiter upon the place where Caeditius heard the voice. Plut. in Marcel.  
Verse 152. Syene.] A Maritime City upon the borders between Egypt and Aethiopia, not far from the Isle of Elephantis; so named from the numerous breed of Elephants. This City is directly under the Tropic of Cancer: so that in the Summer-Solstice, at noon day, the bodies of the Inhabitants cast off no shadow at all. Plin. lib. 1. cap. 73.  
Verse 154. Nabathaea.] An Oriental Region, beginning at Arabia, and containing all that tract on the right hand to the red Sea. On the left hand is the Persian Sea, and at the furthest part the Indian: it had the name from Nabaioth, the eldest Son to Ishmael. The people of this Country are called Dacharenes. Eustat. & Steph.  
Verse 168. Doctor Trypher,] Master of the carving Academy, whose Pergula or Ground-tarras, opening to the Suburra, was furnished with wooden figures of birds, beasts and fishes, for his Scholars to practice upon.  
Verse 170. Pygarg.] Authors differ strangely about the Pygarg; some say it is a Wild-goat or Hind, others a kind of Eagle. Suid. all I can do is to put to it the Epithet fat-rumpt, which expresses my Author's meaning, and the sense of the word Pygarg.  
Verse 172. Phaenicopterus,] An African bird, a waterfowl, with red wings, and a beak so long and crooked that it cannot drink, till the whole head be under water.  
Verse 182. Mango,] He that sold Slaves and fine Boys in the Market.  
Verse 210. Castanettaes] Knackers, of the form of a Chestnut, used to this very day by the Spanish women in their Dances.  
Verse 221. Such verse] As Homer's and Virgil's, so excellently good that boys cannot spoil it with reading, if Scholars sit to hear it.  
Verse 235. Cybel's Towel.] At the Circensian or Megalesian Plays, instituted in honour of Cybele Mother of the Gods, they hung out a Towel to give notice to the Town, as our Players used to put forth a Flag. The original of their custom was from Nero, that hearing as he sat at dinner, with how much impatience the people waited at the Court gates, to know his pleasure about the Circensian Plays: he threw them out of the window the Towel he wiped his hands with, to give them notice that he had dined, and would be presently at the Circus; where ever after a Towel was hung out. Suet. in Ner.  
Verse 237. Horse-stealer,] The Consul or Praetor; one of them being still present at the Megalesian or Circensian Plays, in his Robe royal, which the Romans proverbially called the Megalesian purple. At these Shows the Praetor, when they ran their Chariot-races, would take the horses he liked best without paying for them, under pretence of service to the Public, but keep them for his private use; therefore Juvenal calls him the grand Horse-stealer.  
Verse 242. Green-coats.] The four parties that ran Coach-races in the Circus, were divided into several Liveries, viz. the Green-coats, the Russet-coats, the Blue-coats and the White-coats. Henr. Salm. in Pencirol. cap. de Circ. Max. To these four Domitian Caesar added two Companies more, the Gold-coats and the Purple-coats. Suet. in Domit. ca 7.  
Verse 245. The Consuls.] P. Aemilius and. T. Varro, overthrown by Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae; where Aemilius slew himself; but his Colleague Varro fled to Rome, and had the thanks of the House for not despairing of the Commonwealth. Liv.  
Verse 253. To bathe here at elev'n.] An hour before meat the Romans bathed, at the eighth hour, which is our two a clock in the afternoon: but Juvenal invites his friend Persicus at their fifth hour, which is our eleven a clock in the morning; by which it appears he went to dinner at twelve, according to the present custom of England.    


The twelfth Design.  
COrvinus ¹ come, see ² Juvenal perform  
His vow, made for Catullus in a storm.  
This ³ Lamb to ³ Juno, ⁴ that to ⁴ Pallas I  
Will sacrifice, to ⁵ Jove this ⁵ Calf shall die  
Upon green Turf, which I will kiss with tears  
For joy that earth once more Catullus bears.  
That ⁶ draught of his sad wrack to me he sent  
To be hung up a votive Monument,  
With more such woeful Pictures, in the Fane  
Of ⁷ Ceres, Goddess of our watery Plain:  
How low the Tempest makes his tall Ship dive!  
Whilst fire and water, waves and lightning, strive  
Which shall devour her; the Lavinian Key  
Stretching its stony arms into the Sea,  
Would rescue her: and to the Lee they steer her,  
To meet th' embracing Port, but Death is nearer.  
Down goes the Mast, the Bark is laid at hull,  
Still still she bulges, she is stowed too full:  
Now her rich lading overboard they cast;  
Plate, purple Wool, rare Baskets: all hope past,  
The Sun breaks out, the Wind turns gentle air;  
The day was dismal, but the evening fair.   

  

Figura Duodecima.  
HUC ¹ Corvine, tuum ² Juvenalem solvere testis,  
Debita quae Divis, si parceret unda sodali.  
Candida ³ Junoni mactabitur agna ³; Minervae ⁴  
Par ⁴ vellus dabitur; vitulus ⁵ jovis ⁵ imbuet aras  
Cespite de vivo; cui figo basia cultor  
Laetitiâ illacrymans, pelago reddente Catullum.  
Tradidit incolumis votivas ecce tabellas ⁶,  
Quas Heluina ⁷ Ceres missae monimenta salutis  
In Fanum accipiet; quo multa ostendit imago  
Huic similes casus: Navim ut detrudit in imum  
Tempestas victrix! ut mox ferit aethera velis!  
Aemulus intereà certat cum fulgure fluctus,  
Vtri praeda ratis cedat: sed saxea profert  
Brachia in auxilium portus porrecta Lavinus:  
Tenditur ad positas inclusa per aequora moles;  
Jamque propè est Statio, at propior Mors instat Amico:  
Trunca suo pinus malo, scatet alveus undis;  
Coepit cum ventis jactu decidere Vector,  
Projicit argentum, tinctas & ab aere lanas,  
Bascaudásque, volens etiam pulcherrima mitti.  
Spes vitae cum sole redit; componitur Auster;  
Atra Dies, toto sed fulget Vesper olympo.    

The Manners of Men. THE TWELFTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The Poet sacrifices now  
Those Beasts, which he did lately vow,  
For his Corvinus: safe come back  
From Sea, where he escaped a Wrack:  
Nor does He this in hope of gain,  
Like men that such Devotion fain  
For sordid avaricious ends:  
And neither are, nor merit, friends.  
CORVINUS, I above my birthday prise  
This sweeter day, this day of Sacrifice,  
Which green turf waits for, which to heaven I owe:  
To JUNO an Ewe-lamb, as white as snow:  
The like to her, that brings into the field  
The Mauritanian Gorgon in her Shield:  
But that, kept for Tarpeian JOVE, takes scope,  
And brandishing his forehead, shakes his rope;  
For, 'tis a fierce Calf, ripe for the design  
Of th' Altar, Temple, and besprinkling wine:  
So great, that now to suck his Dam he scorns,  
And vexes young Oaks with his budding horns.  
Had I a fortune like my Love, a Bull,  
Fatter than plump HISPULLA, I would pull,  
Whose weight should sink him; not bred hereabout,  
But one, that when his blood did issue out,  
Should the rich pastures of Clitumnus show,  
And some Arch-flamen's hand should give the blow:  
For my friend's landing, from despair late raised,  
Yet trembling, and even at himself amazed.  
For horrors of the Sea and lightning past;  
When Heaven thick darkness in one cloud o'ercast,  
And, in an instant, fire the Sail-yards caught;  
Whilst each, astonished, himself stricken thought;  
And no one could the fate of drowning fear,  
That saw the Shrowds and Sails in flames appear.  
All things fall out in such a hideous form,  
When there arises a Poetic storm.  
Another kind of misery behold,  
Hear with new pity: though the case be old,  
And known to all that have in Temples been,  
And there like fate in Votive Pictures seen;  
ISIS you know feeds Painters, to express  
In tables models of my friend's distress.  
When half his Ship took water; larboard here  
The reeling tree, there starboard, forced to steer;  
And wave on wave did of his skill defeat  
The hoary Pilot: with the winds to treat  
CATULLUS falls, and for his pattern takes  
The Castor, that himself an Eunuch makes,  
And to redeem his life his stones bestows;  
So medicinable he his dowcets knows.  
Cast o're-board all that's mine, CATULLUS cries,  
Willing his richest goods to sacrifice:  
Purple for soft MECAENASES to wear;  
Robes of those climes, which grass so noble bear,  
As dies the fleece by nature; helped with rare  
And unknown fountains, and the Baetick air.  
To NEPTUNE silver Chargers he gave up,  
Made by PARTHENIUS, and a goodly Cup  
Of near two gallons, worthy to be brought  
To thirsty PHOLUS, FUSCUS his wife's draught.  
Besides his Baskets from the British Mart;  
He drowned a thousand bolls of Grecian art,  
Such as that royal Merchant tippled in,  
Whose money did rich plated Olynth win.  
Where's such another in the world? that dare,  
To save himself, thus cast away his ware?  
Some do not get a fortune for life's sake:  
But, blind, live that they may a fortune make.  
Most of his wealth is sunk, nor helps the loss:  
They lastly are enforced, all goes so cross,  
To hew the Mast down: in their sad distress,  
This cure's applied, and the tall Ship made less.  
Go now, and to the wind commit thy breath;  
Trust planks, four fingers breadth, removed from death,  
Or seven, in case it be the thickest Pine;  
Yet, with thy netted Knapsack, Biscuit, Wine,  
And bursten-bellied Flagons, be so wise  
To carry Hatchets, lest a storm arise.  
But when the Sea was smooth, the heavens grown kind,  
My friend's fate conquering the Sea and Wind;  
When the three Sisters, pleased, fair work begun,  
And by their bounteous hands white thread was spun:  
The wind for these poor wretches blowing fair,  
And little stronger than a gentle air,  
With miserable shifts their course they sped;  
For, Gowns and Cloaks, in stead of Sails, were spread;  
Only the fore-sprit Sail entire remained.  
The Southwind laid, now hope of life they gained,  
With the Sun's presence: Our white Landmark then,  
The Alban Mountain, came within their ken,  
The seat where young JULUS pleased his mind,  
Lavinium to his Stepmother assigned:  
By th' o'erjoyed Trojans, from the white Sow named,  
That for her thirty ne're-seen paps was famed.  
At last, they come within our Sea enclosed,  
Our Tyrrhene Pharos; a work so composed,  
That, Italy forsook, the forked Key  
Runs to embrace the middle of the Sea.  
Nature ne'er made a Port of equal mark:  
Through it the Master steers his broken Bark,  
And brings her to an anchor, in the Lee,  
Where Baian Lighters lie, from tempests free;  
Their voyage the shaved Sailors there relate,  
And with much pleasure of past dangers prate.  
Go then boys, speak, and think all good success:  
With flowers the soft hearths, and grass-altars dress;  
Cast bran upon your knives. I'll come anon:  
And these our greater Ceremonies done,  
we'll home again; where lesser wreaths of flowers  
Shall crown some lesser Images of ours,  
Of frail, but shining wax; there I will turn  
My JOVE'S fierce wrath away: there incense burn  
To my paternal Lar; and flourish there  
As many colours as the Violets wear.  
All's neat and fine, green boughs our gates adorn,  
And hallowed Tapers, lighted with the morn.  
Nor think, CORVINUS, this zeal counterfeit;  
CATULLUS, for whose safe return I set  
So many Altars up, hath three heirs male.  
Who, on a friend so hopeless, would entail  
A sick Hen? 'tis too costly; none I know  
That on a Father will a Quail bestow.  
All court the Childless: if they PACCIUS find,  
Or rich GALLITA, fev'rishly inclined,  
They post up prayers, and to the Gods vow feasts;  
There are that promise Hecatombs of Beasts,  
Elephants, that for State, not sale we feed;  
Not Italy, but Sunburnt climates breed  
Those Monsters, kept in our Rutilian Grove,  
Or TURNUS his Mead-royall, CAESAR'S drove:  
They scorn to be a private-man's; as they  
That served our Gen'ralls, and did once obey  
The Tyrian HANNIBAL: and Epire's King;  
Whose Ancestors into the field did bring  
Part of his force, and met the Roman power,  
Each bearing on his back a moving Tower.  
Which could PACCUVIUS or NOVIUS, buy,  
These Ivory-Portents, should Victims die,  
GALLITA'S Lar and Deity to please:  
Worthy this Goddess, and such Knaves as these.  
Whereof the last named, did the Law allow,  
Would some of his great train of Servants vow,  
The goodliest bodies his command employs;  
Veil-ore the foreheads of young Girls and Boys:  
Or if he had a Daughter of his own,  
a IPHIGINIA, marriageable grown,  
She should to th' Altar; though he hoped to find  
No Tragic slight, to change her for a hind.  
My Roman puts down the Greek plot; who dare  
A thousand Ships to a last Will compare?  
For if Death's neer-aymed dart the sick-man miss,  
he'll alter's Will, caught in a net with this,  
This precious merit, and sole heir create  
PACUVIUS; who, his Rivals foiled, takes state.  
See how this Rascal grows a man of note,  
By cutting of his IPHIGINIA'S throat!  
But let PACUVIUS live to NESTOR'S age,  
Get more by craft, than NERO by his rage:  
Pile gold up mountain high; and when 'tis done,  
Nor love, nor be beloved of any one.  

The Comment UPON THE TWELFTH satire.  
VErse 1. Corvinus,] The Friend to whom Juvenal writes this satire.  
Verse 4. Juno.] In the Capitol was the Temple of Jupiter, to which joined the Temples of Juno and Minerva under one roof, cast into the figure of an Eagle, that with his body covered Jupiter's Temple, and spread his wings over Juno's and Minerva's. To these, being the principal of the selected Gods, milk-white beasts were sacrificed; Bulls to Jupiter, Cowes to Juno and Minerva. Juvenal, bounding his devotions within the limits of his fortunes, goes not to the Capitol to pay his vow (for his friend's safe arrival) to these three Tarpeian Deities; but building Altars of green Turf, offers milk-white Sacrifices to them all; to Juno an Ewe-lamb, another to Minerva, to Jupiter a young Bullock, wishing him a Bull; as fat as Madam Hispulla, that fell in love with the Tragedian. Sat. 6.  
Verse 6. The Mauritanian Gorgon▪] The Gorgon's; Medusa, Sthenio, and Euryale, were Daughters to Phorcus and Cete. They had the Isles of the Dorcades in the Aethhiopic Ocean, right against the Orchard of the Hesperideses. They were Martial Ladies (near the Mountain Atlas upon the borders of Mauritania) conquered by Minerva, or Perseus, that slew their Queen Medusa. Xenoph. Herod. Minerva is fabled to bear in her Shield Medusa's head, that turns men into stones, because wisdom petrefies the hearts of men, making them constant and immovable as Rocks.  
Verse 10. Besprinkling Wine.] The grand Sacrifices are imitated by Juvenal both in colour and ceremony, for he sprinkles wine between the Bullocks horns: Queen Dido did no more, when she offered a white Cow to Juno, as you may see Aeneid. lib. 4.  
Verse 17. Clitumnus,] A River that divides Vmbria and Tuscany. Philargyr. whose water gives such virtue to the rich pastures adjoining, that all the Cows grazing there have white Calves. Therefore the Capitoline Sacrifices came from thence. Plin. lib. 2. Propert.  
Verse 18. Archflamen.] The ordinary Minister that struck down the beast sacrificed, was called Popa: but Juvenal, upon his Thanksgiving day, would have had an Officer of better quality, some Flamen or Archflamen, in case his fortunes had been no less than his friendship to Catullus, the Merchant.  
Verse 33. Isis.] The Temple of Isis' notorious, first for superstition, as appears by the penance which the great Lady is ready to perform, if it be white Io's pleasure. Sat. 6. secondly for lust. Sat. 9 is famous in the third place, for pictures of wracks at Sea, vowed and dedicated to the Goddess Isis. One would have thought the Romans had choice of Gods enough of their own: yet, it seems, they thought not so; when in their dangers at Sea, they made so many vows to the Egyptian Goddess Isis, as employed a whole company of Picture-drawers only to draw votive Tables, that were to be hung up in her Temple.  
Verse 48. Baetick air.] In Baetick Spain (now Granada) is a pasture where the air and water give a natural tincture to the sheep's Fleeces, dying the wool upon their backs of a colour between black and red.  
Verse 50. Parthenius,] A Grecian, a great Master in the art of graving.  
Verse 52. Pholus,] A notorious drunken Centaur. Theocr. When he treated Hercules, he brought out a ton of wine, which he had buried in the sand; and being pierced, it cast a perfume upon the air, which his neighbour- Centaurs presently scented; and would have stormed the place, if it had not been defended by Hercules, that killed many of the Assailants, and made the rest take their heels. Diod. lib. 5.  
Verse 52. Fuscus his Wife.] She might have been Pholus his Wife, if she could drink between 2 and 3 gallons at once.  
Verse 53. Baskets.] All the merchandise Great Britain afforded in my Author's time; and so great a rarity the Romans thought them, that they made our British word Latin, calling them Bascaudae; nay, they were angry that any but themselves should be said to have found out the Art of making Baskets. Mart. lib. 14.  
Barbara de Pictis veni Bascauda Britannis,  
Sed me jam mavult dicere Roma suam.  
From British Picts the barbarous Baskets came,  
But now Rome would gladly th' invention claim.  
Verse 55. Royal Merchant.] Philip, King of Macedon, that in the above mentioned words of Horace, 
— beat down City gates,  
And foiled with gifts his rival-States.  The particular, here instanced by my Author, is the bargain which King Philip made with Lasthenes and Eurycrates for the rendition of Olynth; a City of Thrace near to Athos, then under the Command of the Athenians; not to be taken either by a storm or siege, but only by that which K. Philip said would enter the strongest Fortification, an Ass loaded with Gold. At this time his Gold was laid out upon Merchandise, for it brought him in thrice as much in Plate.  
Verse 73. Three Sisters.] Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos; of which in Sat. 3. Juvenal here calls them Spinsters, that, according to the belief of the Romans, in times of safety and prosperity spun white thread; and black, in times of adversity and mortal danger.  
Verse 82. Alban Mountain,] Where Ascanius built the City of Alba Longa, leaving the Town of Lavinium to his Stepmother Lavinia. That Alba was so named from the white Sow with thirty Pigs sucking her, vid. Sat. 4. and the Prophecy in Virgil. Aeneid.  
Verse 88 Tyrrhene Pharos,] The Port of Hostia (anciently Ostia) where Tiber disburdens itself into the Tyrrhene Sea. Claudius Caesar, in imitation of Pharos in Egypt, built the stony Arms of this Port: and for eleven years together kept 30000 men at work upon it. Sueton. It was designed by Augustus, and repaired by Trajan. See Pliny's Panegyric.  
Verse 94. Baian Lighters,] Boats that came from Baiae, described in the beginning of Sat. 3.  
Verse 95. Shaved Saylors.] It was the custom for Roman Slaves, when they received their freedom, to shave their heads before they put on their Hats: those which, at the trial for their lives, were acquitted did the like, showing themselves to Jupiter with their crowns shaved: and it is probable, that Saylors, after they had escaped a shipwreck, used the same ceremony.  
Verse 97. Speak and think.] The Romans thought that any man's good Omen consisted in other men's words and wishes: Omen being only the conjunction of Os and Mens, tongue and heart. Of the solemn form of Sacrifices used for good Omens sake. See Brisson.  
Verse 104. My Jove.] Juvenal's domestic Jove, moulded in wax, as his Lar were: to both which he sacrificed, abroad and at home: for though the Lar was the household God, yet King Servius Tullius appointed him public; as well as private, worship; and good reason he had, if the Lar begot him; as his Subjects believed, by the apparition which his Mother, sitting by the fire side, saw upon the hearth. Plut.  
Verse 108. Hallowed tapers.] As well in domestic as public Thanksgivings, the Sacrificers doors were stuck full of waxen tapers, bays, and flowers.  
Verse 115. Paccius.] A rich childless man, presented by all the Roman Heredipetae or Legacy-mongers. He is named by Tacitus, that calls him African. lib. 20.  
Verse 116. Gallita] Cruspilina; made great by wealth and barrenness, which; both in good and bad times, are alike powerful. Tacit. lib. 17.  
Verse 118. Promise Hecatombs.] For the recovery of sick men (provided they were rich and childless) flattering knaves, that hoped for great Legacies, would not stick to vow to the God's Hecatombs of Elephants, if they were to be had; which was impossible: for they were beasts never seen by the Romans, till invaded by those dreadful enemies, Pyrrhus' King of the Molossian Epirots (whose Soldiers rid upon their backs in wooden Towers) and Hannibal, General of the Carthaginians; here called Tyrian, because Queen Dido, the Foundress of Carthage came from Tyre. Nor in my Author's time were any Elephants fed or kept in Italy, but only in the Meadows about Lavinium, conquered from Turnus by Aeneas: both the Meads and Elephants now belonging to his successors, the Caesars.  
Verse 129. Novius and Pacuvius,] Visiters of the sick Gallita, or Paccius; both which they plied with warm gifts, in hope of large returns when their Wills were proved.  
Verse 138. Iphiginia.] In the beginning of Sat. 1. tit. Orestes you have the story of Iphiginia brought to be sacrificed, for releasing the Trojan Fleet that lay wind-bound at Aulis; and how Diana left a Hind in her place, & carried the Princess into Taurica. Now, the bitter Satirist says, that if his fellow-Citizen Pacuvius should sacrifice an only Daughter for the recovery of Gallita, he should not think the act of Agamemnon to be so commendable: for alas! what is the freedom of 1000 Ships, to the glorious expectation of a Legacy?  
Verse 143. Death.] Libitina (so Juvenal) was the Goddess, in whose Temple all things appertaining to funeral pomp and ceremony were bought and sold. Some think, the Romans by Libitina meant Proserpina, Queen of the Infernal Regions. Others think her to be Venus, and give this reason why all things belonging to Funerals should be kept in her Temple; thereby to admonish us of humane frailty; how near our End is to our Beginning, since the same Goddess is Patroness both of life and death. Plut.  
Verse 150. Nero by his rage,] That spared neither private persons, nor public, nor the very Temples: and gave no office without this charge: Thou knowest what I want, let us make it our business, that no body may have any thing. Sueton.    


The thirteenth Design.  
FJe ¹ Calvin; wilt thou shame thyself? a man  
Of years, and sense, take on for a Trepan?  
Because a seeming Friend * forswears a Trust?  
The Gods, whose Altars he profanes, are just;  
And at this instant pour upon him all  
The plagues, that on his head he wished might fall.  
Were but his breast transparent, thou wouldst see  
His face is counterfeit, as false as he:  
He smiles when thousand Furies tear his heart,  
And even divinest objects make him start.  
The God that shows like ² Jupiter to us,  
To ³ him looks like three-headed ³ Cerberus.  
He hears his sentence from the ⁴ Flamen's breath,  
Takes him to be a ⁵ Judge of life and death:  
He thinks thy hand is heaved at whips and racks,  
And that ⁶ rods circle-in the Popa's ⁷ axe.  
If thou shouldst study Ages for a curse,  
Thou couldst not render his condition worse.  
Yet lest Knaves should presume, upon his score,  
To slight the Gods, which honest men adore:  
He shall run on in mischief, till he meet  
Deserved death, and thou shalt live to see't.   

  

Figura Decima Tertia.  
NOnnè pudet Te ridiculi, Calvine ¹, doloris?  
Nullus hebescenti seris venit usus ab annis?  
Vsqueadeò mirum est, quod non Tibi reddat * Amicus  
Depositum? justi, quorum violaverit aras  
Perjurus, Dii sunt; ad dignas numina poenas  
Deposcunt; sentit toties quas vovit Erinnys:  
Ficta fenestrato simulatam pectore culpam  
Frons malè celaret; facies non consona menti:  
Occultum quatiente animo tortore flagellum,  
Tu ridere putas; trepidat simulacra Deorum  
Conscius inspiciens; nostérque est Jupiter ² illi  
Cerberus ³, & triplici rictu oblatrare videtur;  
Terribilis dicat quod jus in Flamine ⁴ Praetor ⁵  
Credit, & esse aram vitaeque necísque Tribunal;  
Numina laesa putat flagro fidibúsque litari,  
Lictorem virgisque ⁶ Popae circundare ferrum:  
Poena illum vehemens & multò saevior urget,  
quam si Te diris juvet auxiliaribus Orcus:  
Sed nè successu crescat fiducia fraudis;  
Justitiam ut discant moniti, & non temnere Divos;  
Perfidus antiquis addit perjuria culpis,  
Extinctum ut videas totâ cum prole, superstes.    

The Manners of Men. THE THIRTEENTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
Old Calvin, of a Trust beguiled,  
Is chid for vexing like a Child;  
When by experience he hath known  
How base the cheating World is grown.  
But this firm hope his heart may cheer;  
Though such Rogues pass unsentenced here,  
Yet conscience will their Hangman prove:  
Nor can they scape the Judge above.  
THe Crime committed presently torments  
The Author; 'tis the first of punishments,  
That no offender can himself acquit,  
Though the bribed Praetor his just doom remit.  
What sense, CALVINUS, thinkst thou each man hath  
Of this Trepan? thy Trustee's broken faith?  
Nor is thy stock so poor, that such a loss  
Should sink thee: nor is't an unheard-of cross;  
The cheat is common, daily brought about,  
A Lot from fortune's middle heap drawn out.  
We must not let our grief be too profound:  
Man's Pain should be no greater than his Wound.  
Thou bearest not a slight hurt; a scratch, a turn  
Off fortune's wheel: thy bowels rage and burn,  
That a pretended friend is so unjust,  
Not to restore to thee a sacred Trust:  
Is this news to one born, when CAPITO  
Was Consul, above threescore years ago?  
Gainest thou by long experience nothing then?  
'Tis true; that Science makes the happy men,  
Which conquers Fortune with celestial Books:  
But yet, we call him happy too, that brooks  
Life's discommodities: and never shakes  
The yoke, but life for his directress takes.  
What day so holy, but some Thief we find;  
Perfidiousness, deceit of every kind?  
Vice being grown a beneficial Trade,  
By poison, and the sword, great fortunes made.  
For, good men are grown scarce, the number small;  
If't be summed up, you will not find in all  
So many true deservers of that stile,  
As there are gates to Thebes, or mouths to Nile.  
'Tis the ninth Age, worse than the iron Times;  
Nature no Mettle hath, to name our crimes.  
Yet, O the faith of Men and Gods, we cry,  
In furious passion; with a voice as high  
As theirs the Vocal Sportula do raise,  
When they FAESIDIUS in his pleading praise.  
Tell me Old-man, that shouldst Child's bubbles wear:  
knowst not how many VENUSES appear  
In others gold? nor how they laugh at thee,  
That, simply, look'st no man should perjured be:  
But wouldst the world to a belief compel,  
That Gods in Temples and red Altars dwell?  
Thus lived th' earth's honest Natives, ere his Crown  
Old SATURN, flying for his life, laid down,  
And took his Country-Sithe up: JUNO then  
A little Girl, JOVE hid in IDA'S den:  
No heavenly feasts above the clouds, no Boy  
To wait Cupbearer, was fetched up from Troy:  
Nor wine fair HEBE filled; but VULCAN poured  
Nectar himself, and his own fingers scoured,  
Fould in his Lip'rene Workhouse: Then alone  
Dined Gods, their crowd was not so numerous grown.  
The Stars had not took in so great a freight,  
But pressed poor ATLAS with a gentler weight.  
Th' infernal regions no one's Lot had been,  
No grim-faced DIS, and his Sicilian Queen:  
No Wheel, Stone, Furies, no black Vultur's pain;  
But Hell was free, and every Ghost did reign.  
Fraud rare, and capital the crime was then,  
If youths would not rise up to aged men;  
A boy to any beard: although the Lad  
More strawberries, more heaps of acorns had.  
Four years' precedence was so much esteemed:  
Part of old age the chin's first down than seemed.  
Now, if a man his friend's Depositum  
Deny not, but returns the bag and sum,  
With all the rust; the faith prodigious looks:  
Worthy to be in Tuscan Soothsay'rs books  
Recorded; even the place where it was found  
Aught to be purged too, with a Lamb that's crowned.  
To me an honest man more Monster seems  
Then nature shakes at, when a woman teems  
A Child with two heads; then Mules foaling found:  
Or wondrous Fishes ploughed out of the ground.  
It mazes me as much, as if a shower  
Of stones the clouds upon my head should pour;  
Or as a swarm of Bees, o'th' Temple-top,  
Hung like a bunch of grapes, as if'twould drop;  
Or as a River, with a violent stream,  
Flowed headlong to the Sea, that ran pure cream.  
Thou criest out, that of ten Sestertia he,  
By sacrilegious fraud, hath cheated thee.  
What if another hath two hundred lost  
By such a trust? if it a third hath cost  
As many as a spacious Chest could hold?  
So easily men with the Gods make bold,  
When they alone behold the sin we act:  
No mortal being witness to the fact.  
Mark's loud denial; how unmoved he bears  
His juggling countenance: by SOL'S beams he swears:  
JOVE'S Thunder; MARS his Spear; APOLLO'S Darts;  
Her Shafts and Quiver that shoots Hindes and Hearts,  
His Virgin-Sister: by, the Father to  
AEGAEUS, NEPTUNE'S Trident: adds the bow  
Of HERCULES, MINERVA'S Pike puts in:  
With all the Arms stored in heavens Magazine:  
Wishes his Son's head boiled may be his meat,  
Which he with Pharian Vinegar would eat.  
There are that hold, all things by chance were made,  
And that the world's by no first mover swayed,  
Nature returning us the day and year;  
And so touch any altars, void of fear.  
To suffer for his crimes, another fears;  
Thinks there are Gods, and yet himself forswears.  
Forecasting thus, let ISIS punish me;  
Upon my body, what she please, decree,  
Beat with her timbrels my eyes out; so I,  
Though blind, may keep the money I deny.  
What is the ptisick, or the rotten cough  
O'th' lungs, or half a thigh, to gold enough?  
So that ARCHIGENES be kept away  
And Hellebor, brought from Anticyra,  
Wherewith he gives his gouty Patient's ease:  
Poor nimble LADAS the rich gout would please.  
For, what's the glory crowns a Foot-man's brows,  
Those hunger-starved Pisaean Olive-boughs?  
But say the wrath of Heaven be great, 'tis slow;  
And if the Gods destroy each guilty foe,  
When will they come to me? Besides, I may,  
As some do, get a pardon if I pray:  
Men's fates are divers, though their crimes be one;  
A Cross exalts that Villain, this a Throne.  
Thus their souls, trembling at foul sin, they cheer:  
Then, if thou bid'st them at the altar swear,  
They run before thee; nay pull thee along,  
And vex thy spirits with a railing tongue:  
For, in all causes, th' impudent defence  
Most men believe to be just confidence.  
He, as 'twere in CATULLUS his fine Play,  
Acts in thy ear the Mimic Runaway:  
Louder than STENTOR thou criest out, poor wretch,  
As loud as HOMER'S MARS his voice could stretch:  
Hearest JOVE? nor speakest thou? now when words should pass  
Whether thou wert of Marble, or of Brass?  
Else why our papers open we so fast,  
And on thy coals religious incense cast?  
The liver of a Calf why do we cut,  
And Swine's white cauls upon thy altar put?  
For aught I see in Statues; as divine  
That of BATHYLLUS is, as this of thine.  
Against this disease, take what he can prescribe  
That ne'er read Cynics, nor the Stoic Tribe,  
Differing from them but in a Cloak: nor cares  
How on poor roots pleased EPICURUS fares.  
Great Doctors must do desperate Patients good,  
But thee even PHILIP'S Apprentice may let blood.  
If thou on earth no crime so foul canst find,  
I'm silent; beat thy breast, if th' hast a mind:  
Or with thy open palm afflict thy face;  
Thy doors may well be shut in such a case:  
With much more tumult and a deeper groan,  
Our moneys then our fun'ralls we bemoan.  
Here no man counterfeits, and is content  
His upper garment should in jest be rend,  
And his eyes troubled with a humour strained:  
Lost money is bewailed, with tears unfeigned.  
But if thou see'st each Court of Justice spread  
With such complaints; if in Deeds, ten times read,  
The hand's forsworn, whose characters reveal  
The writer, known by his Sardonix Seal;  
That stone, which for a Paragon was set,  
And still locked up in's Ivory Cabinet.  
Dost thou conceive thyself so fortune-free,  
That common accidents should pass by thee,  
As Son of a white Hen, poor we the Dregs  
And base Chickens of unlucky Eggs?  
Thy little loss can move but little spleen,  
If by thy eyes th' earth's greater crimes be seen.  
Compare hired Thiefs; fires treacherously raised  
By sulphur, which have at our gates first blazed;  
Compare those that from Temples steal old bowls,  
Whose very rust strikes reverence in our souls.  
Gifts, dedicated by some foreign State,  
Or Crowns, our ancient Kings did consecrate.  
Have you not these? you have a lesser Knave,  
Who sacrilegiously the gold will shave  
From HERCULES his thigh, or NEPTUNE'S chin,  
Or that thin Plate, which CASTOR'S clothed in:  
And that no scruple in his conscience felt,  
When he the Thunderer himself did melt.  
Compare them that buy poisons, or compound;  
And them, that in the Sea are to be drowned  
In an Oxhide: sowed up with a poor Ape,  
Whose fortune is, though guiltless, not to scape.  
Yet these are peccadilloes, if conferred  
With those enormous wickednesses, heard  
By GALLICUS, the Praetor of the Town.  
From the Sun's rising to his going down:  
If thou wouldst know the nature of Mankind,  
In that one house thou mayst their Manners find:  
Spend there some time, and, when thou home repair'st,  
Call thyself miserable if thou dar'st.  
In th' Alps, who think swollen throats strange? or a teat  
In Meroe, than the Nurse-child more great?  
Who wonders at the Germans watchet eyes,  
And yellow locks, that like Rams horns do rise,  
Which unguents make not from the Curl to fall?  
The reasons' plain, 'tis nature in them all.  
When from their cloud the Cranes do give alarms,  
The valiant Pygmy stands unto his arms:  
But, too weak for the Thracian bird, he's snapped:  
And through the air in crooked talons rapt.  
Thou'dst die with laughing, shouldst thou see this here;  
But though such battles are fought daily there,  
It is ridiculous in no one's eye:  
Where the whole Regiment's but one foot high.  
But, shall thy perjured Cheat unpunished escape?  
No sure, his soul's in chains; we could not shape  
A torment greater; what would fury more?  
But still thou losest; he will ne'er restore  
The sum in's hands, deposited by thee.  
O 'twould be envied comfort, mightst thou see  
Him dying for't, and dropping his last blood:  
Revenge then life itself's a greater good.  
Thus fools at no cause, or at toys, take fire;  
The least occasion serves to blow up ire.  
CHRYSIPPUS his opinion was not such,  
Mild natured THALES would not say thus much.  
The good old man, that did a neighbour live  
To sweet HYMETTUS; would not, fettered, give  
Part of that hemlock in his cup infused,  
Even to the Rogue by whom he was accused.  
Happy Philosophy! that by degrees  
Kills vice's first, than souls from error frees.  
For, to rejoice when those we hate do smart,  
Argues a feeble and a narrow heart;  
Which instantly you may from hence collect,  
That women most of all revenge affect.  
But think'st thou he escapes, whose conscience makes  
Whips that, unheard, his guilty soul still shakes?  
The Judge CAEDITIUS cannot here invent,  
Nor RHADAMANT in Hell, a punishment  
To equal his, that's day and night oppressed,  
Bearing about his Witness in his breast.  
A Spartan, by the Pythia, answered was,  
That he should, not one day, unpunished pass;  
Because to break a trust he did but doubt,  
And if his legal oath might bear him out:  
What the God thought on't, he inquiry made,  
And if APOLLO would the fact persuade.  
Fear then, not conscience, made him render it.  
Yet, all the Prophecy did well befit  
Th' approachless Oracle: he found it true,  
Extinguished with his issue; with the crew  
Of his whole family, and numerous kin:  
So was he plagued but for a will to sin.  
Th' Intent of fraud is taken for the Act;  
What is it then if one commit the fact?  
Perpetual anguish; at his meat no pause,  
Which sticks, and swells betwixt his sickly jaws.  
The wretch spits out the cordial of the Vine,  
Dislikes the precious age of Alban wine.  
Bring better: in thick pleits his brows are shrunk,  
As if he Falern vinegar had drunk.  
If night his cares with some short slumber ease,  
And rest, in's tumbled bed, his body seize;  
The Temple, th' Altar, th' injured God, (and what  
His soul in's agony most trembles at)  
He sees thy sacred Shape: then man more tall,  
That frights his sleep, and makes him utter all.  
This is the man that, when it lightens, quakes;  
And when it thunders, heaven's first murmur shakes  
His soul out: not the wind's, not fortune's ire,  
Falls down, but angry and revenging fire.  
That storm past, greater is the next believed:  
As if he were by the clear sky reprieved.  
Then, with a sleep-less Fever, if he get  
A Pleurisy; he thinks the Gods have set  
(By whom he cannot hope to be forgiven)  
These plagues upon him: stones and darts of heaven.  
To promise to his Lar the bleating flock,  
He dares not, nor the comb of a poor Cock.  
For, to sick guilty men, what hope survives?  
No victim but more worthy than their lives.  
Nature, in evil men, is wavering still,  
And timorous; only bold in doing ill:  
But when 'tis once committed, to their sight  
Then come the lively forms of wrong and right.  
Yet, to those crimes their consci'nces cashier  
Nature relapses, fixed and constant there.  
Who bounds his vices? when did banished grace  
Return, if once but wiped out of the face?  
Who e'er saw man contented to have done  
One villainy? the perjured Knave will run  
Upon this quest, till he at last be took,  
And sent to the black Dungeon and the Hook;  
Or to th' Aegaean Rocks, that entertain  
Great Exiles; thou shalt glory in his pain,  
And odious name: and once, with comfort, find  
No God is deaf, nor, like TIRESIAS, blind.  

The Comment UPON THE THIRTEENTH satire.  
VErse 2. The first of punishments] Is the Malefactor's Conscience. Magna est vis, etc. Great is the power of Conscience on both parts; that neither the innocent can fear, and yet guilty men ever have their punishments before their eyes. Cic.  
Verse 4. Praetor.] The Praetors, in their institution, were Deputies to the Consuls, when the Wars impeded their administration of Justice to the people. At first there was but one sworn Praetor: afterwards, Causes multiplying, the Praetor Peregrinus, or Country Praetor, was added, and the number at last increased to 18. The two first Praetors (Precedents of the Centumvirall Ballot. Plin.) were they that ought to have done justice to Calvinus: for to their Jurisdiction it belonged, to give judgement in Cases of equity, and to decree restitution for money or goods unlawfully detained. Rosin. Ant. Rom. lib. 7. cap. 11.  
Verse 6. Thy Trustee's broken faith.] Perditissimi hominis est, etc. It is the part of a Villain, at once both to break friendship, and to deceive him that had not been damnified, if he had not trusted. idem.  
Verse 11. We must not let our grief.] Neve tam graviter, etc. We must not take those misfortunes so grievously which by no council we can avoid: and by calling to mind the like fortunes of others, we may know that ours is no new accident. Cic.  
Verse 16. A sacred Trust.] Aristotle in his Problems queries, Why there is more injustice in denying a Trust, than a Debt? He answers, Either because it is base to wrong a Friend: or because a greater injury is committed; For, besides the Loss, Faith is violated.  
Verse 17. Capito.] L. Fonteius Capito, when Nero Caesar reigned, was Colleague in the Consulship with C. Vipsanius. From hence may be computed the time when Juvenal lived and writ this satire, viz. in the second year of the Emperor Hadrian. in the year of Rome 872. See Lips. lib. 4. Epist. Quaest Epistola 20.  
Verse 20. That Science.] Philosophy; especially in the Stoics books, that bid every man look for all manner of evils and adversities. If they happen, things foreseen will be suffered with more ease: if they happen not, that which is beyond Hope should be accounted Benefit. Read Seneca and Epictetus. Magnitudinis animi proprium est, etc. It is proper to great spirits, to fear nothing, to despise all humane things, and to think nothing that can happen to man insufferable. Cic.  
Verse 32. Thebes,] That had as many Gates as Nile had Mouths, viz. 7. But than you must understand Thebes in Boeotia; for Thebes in Egypt had a hundred. Sat. 15. And Thebes lies with her hundred Gates interred. The seven Mouths of Nile are named in the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 33. Ninth Age.] Juvenal reckons one Age more than the Tuscan Soothsayers: yet they were thought great men, as appears in this satire. 
— the Faith prodigious looks,  
Worthy to be in Tuscan Soothsay'rs books  
Recorded—  The Question was, What the shrill and mournful sound of the trumpet signified, which in a clear sky and hot day the Romans heard in the air? Resolved by the Tuscan Soothsayers, That it portended the End of that Age of the World, and the Beginning of another Age. For, the World was to have eight Ages, different in lives and manners: to every one of these God had limited a certain time, within the compass of the great year. Now, at the going out of one Age, and the coming in of another, the Earth or Heaven produces some Prodigy whereby the Masters in this knowledge presently discern, that men will alter in their lives and manners; and accordingly be more or less favoured by the Gods, than those of the former Age. Plut. in Syll. But their eight Ages might be named by several Metals: Gold, Silver, Electrum, Brass, Copper, Tin, Led, and Iron: therefore Juvenal adds a ninth, 
— worse than the Iron times;  
Nature no mettle hath to name our crimes.   
Verse 37. Vocal Sportula.] The Men (or rather Voices) that feed upon the meat-Sportula of Faesidius the Lawyer, which obliges them to cry him up when he pleads his Client's Causes.  
Verse 39 Child's bubbles.] The bullaes or bubbles, worn by the Children of the Romans, vid Sat. 5.  
Verse 46. Old Saturn,] Called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Time, and still painted with a Sith. In his reign the Poets (supposing it to be the beginning of Time) fancied the Golden Age, or the purest World, men being then ignorant of vices; which ignorance of vice (as Justin saith of the Thracians) brought the Barbarians to more perfection, than ever the Philosophers attained by the Knowledge of Virtue. See the beginning of the Com. upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 48. Ida,] A Mountain, near Troy, famous for the concealment of Jupiter from, his devouring Father, Saturn: as also for Paris; there he was bred amongst the Shepherds, and gave the golden Ball from Juno and Pallas to Venus: lastly for Ganymede, Son to the King of Troy, taken up from thence by the Eagle (as in the Comment upon Sat. 5.) and carried to Heaven, to be Cupbearer to Jupiter in place of Hebe, the Goddess of Youth; afterwards married to Hercules. This remove of Hebe incensed her Mother Juno against the Trojans, almost as much as the judgement of Paris in contempt of her beauty.  
Verse 53. Liparene Workhouse,] One of the 7. Liparene Islands; called Ephesian by the Greeks, Vulcanian by the Latins. See the beginning of the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 56. Atlas.] Juvenal thinks it great injustice to poor Atlas, that so many new Gods should come into Heaven to oppress him with their weight: one of the number being Hercules, that once eased him of his load.  
Verse 65. Four years' precedence.] Apud antiquissimos Romanorum, etc. Among the most ancient Romans, neither to the greatness of birth or wealth was more honour done; then by the younger to the elder persons, which they reverenced, and worshipped, almost as much as their Parents, and the Gell. lib. 2. cap. 15.  
Verse 67. Depositum,] Any thing entrusted by a man to the faith of another man.  
Verse 70. Tuscan Soothsayers.] The Romans had the art of Divination from the Tuscan Soothsayers, that presaged of future events by Prodigies: which they still put upon record. See the former part of the Comment upon this satire. Tit. Ninth Age.  
Verse 73. A Lamb that's crowned) With flowers, as all beasts sacrificed were.  
Verse 96. Aegaeus,] Father to Theseus the Founder of Athens.  
Verse 99 Wishes his Son's head boiled.] The Rogue, when he denies a sum of money deposited in his hands; after he hath sworn by all the Artillery of Heaven, will not stick to make Imprecations against himself; and wish, that he may far like Thyestes, that eat the head of his own Son. See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 8. Only this perjured Villain would have worse sauce than Thyestes had: for, his story mentions no vinegar made in the Isle of Pharos, which is the sharpest in the world.  
Verse 101. All things by chance were made] An opinion detested by Seneca, that says, Nature, Fate, Fortune, Chance, are all names of one and the same God.  
Verse 102. No first Mover.] A Villain would gladly make himself believe there is no God, if he could: but, as my Lord of St. Albon's observed, though the fool in his heart hath said there is no God, yet he hath not thought so. A vicen affirms; He that sees not God in nature, wants not only reason, but even sense.  
Verse 104. Touch any Altars.] When a man would put a Trustee to his oath, he brought him into the Temple, and there made him swear, laying his hand upon the Altar. A great example of this custom, with the punishment of the perjured Rogue, we have in the history of Herodotus One Archetimus, in his journey, deposited a great sum of gold in the hands of his Host Cydias. When he returned, he asked for his gold: Cydias absolutely denied it. After a long contest, the Plaintiff referred himself to the Oath of the Defendant. Cydias scrupling at Perjury, resolved to swear by Equivocation; and for that purpose put all the Gold into a great Cane. Upon his day, he appears in a sickly posture, leaning upon this Cane, walks with it to the Temple, and when he kneeled down at the Altar, gave it Archetimus, to hold till the ceremony should be ended. Then, lifting up his hands, he confessed upon Oath, that he had received the Gold wherewith he was charged, but withal he swore, that he had again delivered the same individual Gold to the Defendant. Archetimus hearing this, in a fury threw upon the Marble floor the Cane, which with the outward violence, and weight within it broke to pieces, and out came all the Gold. Thus providence righted him: and Cydias, by report, died miserably.  
Verse 109. Timbrels.] Gold, Silver, or Brass Timbrels, used in their ceremonies by the Priests of Isis, in whose Temple was the Image of Harpocrates with his finger cross his lips, and that Goddess, together with this God of Silence, were believed to send diseases into humane bodies.  
Verse 113. Archigenes,] The greatest Physician of Rome, the Roman Mayhern.  
Verse 114. Anticira.] An Island, near to the Maliack Gulf and the Mountain Oeta, mentioned as part of Thessaly by Strab. lib. 9 In this Isle grows the black Hellebore, which cures an old Gout. Plin.  
Verse 116. Nimble Ladas,] Footman to Alexander the great. He ran so nimbly, that the print of his foot was not seen upon the gravel. His Statue was set up at Argos, in the Temple of Venus, after he had won the foot-race in the Olympic Games. These sacred Games were instituted by Hercules in honour of his Father Jove, near to the City of Olympia in Elis. These consisted of five Exercises; casting the Javelin, flinging the Iron-ball, leaping, wrestling, and running foot-matches and Chariot-races: they began every five years, and ended in five days. The Conqueror was crowned with an Olive-wreath, got in a Grove of Olives near the City of Pisa in Elis; and therefore by Juvenal called Pisaean Olive boughs: and such honour was done him, that his Chariot came not in by the City gates, but the walls were pulled down, for him to enter at the breach. From these Games the Grecians had their Aera, or account of years, beginning with the first Olympiad, in the year of the Julian Period 3938.  
Verse 119. Say the wrath of Heaven be great, 'tis slow.] Yet as slow as it is, sure it will be. Divine wrath by slow degrees proceeds to vengeance; but the long sufferance is paid for by the greatness of the punishment. Val. Max. Caesar says gravely, The Gods are accustomed, that men may be more afflicted with the change of their condition, sometimes to give wicked men prosperous success, and longer impunity.  
Verse 131. Catullus,] The Author of the Comedy called Phasma, or the Phantasm, mentioned Sat. 8. wherein, it should seem, there was a spirit or echo, that answered and mocked some poor man, till it made him call as loud as Calvin cried out upon his perjured Trustee, that is, says my Author, as loud as Homer's Stentor, that was able to drown the cries of fifty shouting together: or indeed as loud as Homer's Mars, that when he was wounded by Pallas, or Diomedes, roared louder than the cries of an Army, when ten thousand men join battle. Hom. Iliad. lib. 5.  
Verse 142. Bathyllus,] A rare Lutenist, and an excellent Mimic, to whom a Statue was set up at Samos in Juno's Temple, by the Tyrant Polycrates.  
Verse 143. He,] That is Juvenal himself.  
Verse 145. A Cloak.] The Cynics wore two upper garments: the Stoics only a thin Cloak. This is all the difference Juvenal puts between them; for their Doctrine was the same. They both contemned riches, and agreed in this Maxim, That Virtue needs no addition, but of itself is sufficient to make life happy.  
Verse 146. Epicurus,] Father of the Epicurean Sect. He placed the Summum bonum, or felicity of Man, in Pleasure: not as Aristippus did, in the pleasure of the Body, but of the Mind; and in the absence of Pain. He condemned the dialectics, because he affirmed, that Philosophy might be taught in plain and easy words. He denied the providence of the Gods in humane affairs. So much is ascribed to him by Lucretius, that he confidently avouches, Epicurus obscured the light of all the other Philosophers, no less than all other heavenly bodies are darkened by the Sun. And though (from his opinion, that felicity consists in pleasure) all Voluptuaries, by a common mistake, are called Epicureans: yet we have, besides this place of Juvenal, good authority, that Epicurus was a most temperate man: contenting himself with a little Garden, and feeding upon Herbs; not to provoke hunger, but to satisfy it. Senec.  
Verse 148. Philip,] A Country Chirurgeon, yet his Apprentice had skill enough to bleed Calvin: therefore Juvenal, as somewhat a better Artist, undertakes his cure.  
Verse 152. Thy doors may well be shut] It was the Roman custom, and is ours at Funerals and in the time of mouring, to shut up the doors, and darken the Rooms. Which the Satirist wishes men would do, that have lost their money; because they look upon it as a sadder calamity than the loss of friends or nearest relations: therefore, the grief being greater, why should the signs of grief be less?  
Verse 162. Sardonix Seal.] A coat of Arms cut in a Sardonix; which precious stone being laid up in a Lord's Cabinet, whereof he himself kept the key; there could be little probability that the impression should be counterfeited.  
Verse 167. A white Hen.] Albae Gallinae filius, Son of a white Hen, was a Proverb with the Romans: amounting to as much, in point of good luck, as our English Proverb, Wrapped in's Mother's Smock.  
Verse 180. Castor.] Castor and Pollux, Sons to Jupiter by Leda, Tyndarus the King of Sparta's Wife, deceived by Jupiter in the shape of a Swan, by whom she had two eggs, and Twins in both: in the first, Helen and Pollux: in the other, Castor and Clytaemnestra. These Brothers cleared the Laconic Sea of Pirates, and for that action were accounted Gods of the Sea, and prayed unto by Mariners in a Tempest. They went with the Argonauts to Colchos: in which voyage, Pollux killed Amycus King of the Bebrycians, that would have intercepted him. At their return to their Country, they recovered their Sister Helen, stolen by Theseus: and in his absence took a City from him. When Castor died, the Grecians (as true historians as Lucian) say that Pollux (who, as aforesaid, was hatched out of the same immortal Egg with Helen) prayed to his Father Jupiter, that he might divide his immortality with his Brother: which suit being granted, they both died, and both revived. This Fable was invented from those Stars, the celestial Twins, called Castor and Pollux by the Greeks, both rising and setting together. Castor had a Temple in Rome, where the great money-Masters kept their iron-barred Trunks, when they durst no longer trust Mars with them. Sat. 14. 
And what Chests, lined with gold, with iron bound  
Castor now watches,—  some of this gold Castor had for guarding it, though not very much, as may be gathered by his coat of Plate, beaten very thin.  
Verse 185. In an Oxhide.] For many hundreds of years, from the foundation of Rome, there was no Law made against a Child for killing of his Father or Mother: nor on the other part, against Fathers and Mothers for murdering their Children. Both Romulus and Solon forbore to make any such Law, because they thought it impossible that such impiety should be committed; and likewise because the prohibition might prove a provocation to the crime. Cic. pro Sext. Rosc. The wickedness of after Ages enforced the legislative power to punish those unnatural Offenders in this manner; The Murderer was sowed up in a leathern Sack with a Viper, and so cast into the Sea. Senec. lib. 5. Controu. 4. in fine. But in Juvenal's time the Viper had the company of an Ape. Sat. 8. 
For whom we should, not as one Parricide,  
One Ape, One Serpent, and One Sack provide.  Afterwards the circumstances of the punishment are thus described, The Parricide, having been whipped till he was cased in blood, was sowed up in the Sack called Culeus, together with a Dog, a Cock, a Serpent and an Ape. Hern. Modest. Digest. lib. 48. ad leg. Pomp. de parric. See Coel. Rhod. lib. 11. cap. 21.  
Verse 189. Gallicus.] Rutilius Gallicus the Praetor Vrbanus, so favoured by Domitian Caesar, that no Judge but he had any power at Court, and all the business of the Forum and the Town was brought before him in his private house.  
Verse 196. Meroe.] You may add to the description of Meroe in the Comment upon Sat. 6. That the Island-Nurses had breasts bigger than the Children that sucked them; for which you have Juvenal's authority, that lived in Egypt.  
Verse 102. The valiant Pygmy.] The Pygmeys are a People in the farthest parts of India. Plin. l. 7. living in a healthful air, and a Country where the whole Year is Spring time. The tallest Pygmy is but three spans in height, the ordinary sort only a cubit high; from whence they derive their name of Pygmy, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a cubit. Their Wife's child every fifth year; and at eight are old women. Some say, they ride upon Goats with darts in their hands. In the Spring of the year, the whole Nation marches to the Sea shore, where, in three month's time, they destroy the Eggs and Chickens of their enemies the Cranes, which otherwise would oppress them with multitude. They build their houses of clay, birds dung and feathers. In Thrace they held the City of Getania, till the Cranes took it, and forced them to seek out a new Plantation. Plin. lib. 4. cap. 11. So Stephan; that says, the Pygmeys had their name from Pygmaeus the Son of Dorus, Nephew to Epaphus. Olaus Magnus tells us, they are found in the Northern parts of the world, and by the Germans called Serelinger, that is, a pace long. They are properly called Pumiliones or Dwarves by Stat. lib. 1. Sylu. I should hardly have believed there could be such a People, but that my Author sets not his mark upon them, as part of an old Nurse's tale; which neither he would, nor any learned or rational man will do, when he finds them cleared from that scruple by Aristotle lib. 8. Animal. where he calls them Troglodytes, because they live in Caverns under ground, placing them in Aethiopia. Upon the River Ganges in the East Indies, they have the City Catuzza. Philost. See Homer. Pompon. Gell. Their ridiculous shape you may find in Ctes.  
Verse 219. Chrysippus,] The Stoic: whose Sect would not allow a man to have any passion, as not agreeable to his rationality. See the beginning of the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 220. Thales,] One of the seven Sages of Greece. He was the first that taught his Countrymen Geometry. Apulei. By his constant study of nature, he is said to have found out the distinctions of time: the quarters of the wind: the diameter of the Sun to be the 720th part of his Circle: the motions of the Stars: the cause of Eclipses, and of the dreadful sound of Thunder: the obliquity of the Zodiac: the five Circles or Zones of the Celestial Sphere, and the Sun's annual return. His profession was Merchandise. Plut. He departed this life in the first year of the 58 Olympiad, Pausanias Erxyclides being Archon, dying as he sat at the Olympic Games, quite spent with heat and thirst, which at 87 or 90 years of age, might easily overcome his weak spirits.  
Verse 221. The good old man.] Socrates, Neighbour to sweet Hymettus, a Mountain in Attica, abounding with Bees, and excellent sweet honey. Stephan. Suid. He being falsely condemned (as in the beginning of the Comment upon Sat. 2.) was so far from desiring to be revenged of his Accusers, or Judges, that he would not suffer Lysias the Orator to plead in his defence. Cic. in Cat. Major. Socrates' professed, no man could hurt him, because no man can be hurt by any but himself: and in Plato, he proves the doer of an injury to be more miserable than the sufferer. No change of fortune could make him change his countenance, which was the same, even when he drank his poison.  
Verse 225. Happy Philosophy,] Which armed Chrysippus, Thales and Socrates against the injury of man, and power of fortune.  
Verse 233. Caeditius,] A Judge, under the Emperor Vitellius, so cruel that he is compared to Rhadamant, one of the Judges of Hell.  
Verse 237. A Spartan.] Glaucus, Son to Epicidides of Lacedaemon; He had so great a name for a just dealer, that a Milesian told him, he was desirous to enjoy the benefit of his justice; and therefore having sold half his Estate, he came to deposit the money in his hands. After the Milesian's death, his Sons demanded the money deposited: Glaucus denied the receipt, and turned them out of Town. They went to Milesium; he to Delphos, where he put this Case to the Oracle; What if a man forswear himself? The Pythia (or Apollo's Prophetic Priestess) answered, He that swears false may gain by it, but shall die: so shall he that swears the truth; but the perjured man shall leave no issue: by degrees his perjury shall eat out his House, Name, and Family. Glaucus, terrified with this answer, humbly begged pardon of Apollo, whereunto the Pythia replied, To tempt the God, and to commit the fact, is one and the same crime. Glaucus' sent for the Milesians, and restored to them the money deposited by their Father: Yet, a while after he died an untimely death; and his Family was extirpated root and branch. Herodot. lib. 7.  
Verse 274. The comb of a poor Cock] For the recovery of a sick person at Rome, Sheep and Lambs were sacrificed to his Lar or household Gods, and a Cock to Aesculapius; which had been the ancient custom of the Greeks, as you see in the last words of Socrates; O Crito, I owe Aesculapius a Cock, be sure to pay my debt.  
Verse 289. Aegaean rocks.] This answereth to the place in Plinius Secundus (as I have observed in my Notes upon his Panegyric, pag. 22.) his words are these: How much diversity of times could do, is now specially known; when to the same Rocks, where formerly every innocent person, now only the guilty are confined: and all those desert-Islands which late were filled with Senators, are now planted with Informers.  
Verse 292. Tiresias,] A Theban Prophet, Son to Everus. His Countrymen the Grecians, that instead of writing Histories tell tales, do say, That in Cithaeron he saw two Dragons in the act of generation, and taking notice which was the female, killed her: immediately he himself was turned into a woman. After seven years, he met with the like sight again, slew the male Dragon, and was restored to his first shape and sex. Then, a dispute happening between Juno and Jove, Whether male or female had more sense of pleasure, Tiresias was made Umpire, and gave judgement for Jove, that the pleasure is greater in the female. For this, Juno took away his sight: others say he was struck blind when he saw Pallas naked. Jove, to recompense the loss of his sight, gave him the spirit of foresight, making him a Prophet. Ulysses' questioned his soul in Elysium, as in the Comment upon Sat. 9 The Monument of Tiresias was erected at the foot of the Mountain Tilphossus in Boeotia, near to the Fountain Tilphossa, where, in the time of his banishment, he ended his life by a draught of cold water, which in extreme old age oppressed his spirits in a moment. After his death, the Thebans gave him divine honours. Of his transformation read Ovid. Metam. lib. 3.    


Figura Decima Quarta.  
VIrtutis ratio est vitioso magna parenti,  
In sobolem si restet amor, si viscera tantúm.  
Talos profusus ¹ pater odit, parvulus haeres  
Cum ludit, mimúsque eadem movet arma fritillo.  
Fastidit lautae senior Gulo fercula coenae,  
Insignem bullâ puerum ² erudiente Magiro  
Fictile condire, &, plumas ubi detrahat, ollae  
Indere ficedulas, in eodem jure natantes,  
Quo spes merguntur, quas concepêre Propinqui.  
Musica nulla sonat vernaeque Laris que Tyranno ³  
Tortorum in strepitu, cum filius esse Procrustes  
Coepit, sopitósque breves extendere servos.  
Lena ⁴ parens (vafram quae docta Cupidinis Artem,  
Filiolae dictat, quà sit lactandus Adulter)  
Dispumat quoties vinum, se sobria damnat,  
Pupam maternae quod traxerit orbita culpae.  
Gibbosus ⁵, majúsque animo quam corpore monstrum  
Instituit similem & qualem generaverat offam,  
Per quodvis augere jubens patrimonia crimen:  
Ast ubi, quem docuit, geniti cadet ense Magister  
Victima Avaritiae, superis si redditus auris,  
In melius prolem teneris effingeret annis▪   

  

The fourteenth Design.  
IF vicious Parents did but love their blood,  
Even for their children's sake, they would be good.  
What ¹ Gamester hates not play, that sees his Son,  
New-coated, trying how the Dice will run?  
Who loathes not feasts, that hath in's Kitchen took  
His ² Heir, instructed by his Master-Cook,  
Pulling of wild foul, in the Bisk to swim:  
Thus sinking all his Kindred's hopes of him?  
A ³ Tyrant in his house: will not be mild  
To his whipped Slaves: when he beholds his Child,  
His young Procrustes, stretch a sleeping boy  
To help his growth? The ⁴ Bawd, that (to employ  
Her long experience) her Daughter schools,  
When she writes letters to her amorous fools:  
If Sack would suffer her, must curse the time  
That e'er she used the Girl in her like Crime.  
The ⁵ Wretch, that makes his Son a truer Ape  
Of his ill nature, than his ugly shape:  
Advising him his fortunes to improve;  
By all means, all obstructions to remove;  
When his apt Scholar kills him, might he live,  
Would to his next Child better Precepts give.    

The Manners of Men. THE FOURTEENTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
By Parents ill examples led,  
Their Children are to Gaming bred,  
To gluttony, to rage, to lust,  
To getting wealth by ways unjust;  
When Creatures merely sensitive  
To their seed generous breeding give.  
And Man for shame should teach to His,  
What Nature, and Right Reason is.  
TThere are, FUSCINUS, certain stains that spoil  
A handsome Breeding, and fame's beauty soil  
In many things, which in a blood do run:  
Derived from the lewd Father to the Son.  
If th' Old-man dice, th' Heir in long-coats will do  
The like, and flings out of small boxes too.  
What better hope can any kinsman have  
Of Boys, that Mushrooms for the Olio shave,  
And drown the Beccafico's swimming in't:  
Taught by the knave their father; taking hint  
From gray-haired gluttony? In their seventh year,  
ere all their black teeth cast, the white appear:  
A thousand Tutors with grave beards provide  
On this, as many on the other side,  
He will love costly suppers still, and hate  
From a great Kitchen to degenerate  
Mild temper, that will pardon small mistakes:  
That servants souls and ours one matter makes:  
Like Elements our bodies: is this taught:  
Or Cruelty by RUTILUS? That's caught  
With a delight to hear whips crack their strings,  
And thinks no Siren half so sweetly sings:  
Th' ANTIPHATES, and POLYPHEME, to fright  
His House; pleased when's Tormentor, in his sight,  
Into's slave's forehead a hot Iron runs,  
For two course napkins lost; what learn his Sons  
Of him; that loves chains clinking, and to stand  
Spelling the letters Country Hangmen brand?  
Couldst thou think LARGA'S daughter would not prove  
A wench? whose lips so fast can never move,  
Reckoning the partners in her mother's crimes,  
But that she must, at least, breath thirty times?  
She, a young child, knew when th' Adulterer  
Came to her mother, that's now Bawd to her:  
By th' old-one, are her little letters penned,  
And she has the same messenger to send.  
Thus nature works us; swiftly, in a trice,  
We are corrupted with domestic vice,  
When Precedents of sin great Authors give;  
Perhaps one Youth or two, untainted live,  
Born to despise it, whose hearts TITAN may  
Have framed with more art, and of better clay.  
But others in their Parents footsteps run,  
And tract that beaten path they ought to shun.  
Let us abstain from any thing amiss;  
For which one reason, and a main one, is,  
Lest us our Children follow: for, to fall  
Into foul vices we are docill all.  
There is a CATILINE on every ground;  
A BRUTUS' or a CATO no where found.  
Every uncivil word, or action, bar  
From houses where there's Children: far, oh far.  
From thence be Wenches; and that bawdy song  
The Parasite will sing you, all night long.  
There's due unto a Child, a great respect:  
If thou dost any wickedness affect,  
'Slight not thy tender Infant coming in,  
But let them stand betwixt thee and thy sin.  
For, should thy Child do any thing that moves  
The Censor's wrath, since he not only proves  
In face and body like thee, but the Son  
Even of thy Manners: since all he hath done  
Is walking in thy steps; canst thou chastise  
And persecute him for it with thy cries,  
Then disinherit him? thee what can give  
A Father's forehead, or Prerogative?  
That old, art worse; thy giddy head designed  
For cupping-glasses, to let out the wind.  
When there's a Guest to come within thy doors,  
Thy Slaves are set to work; rub thou the floors,  
Wash spots out which the Pillars beauty drown:  
Dry Spiders, with their Cobwebs, sweep thou down;  
This scours smooth plate, that rough embossed work dries  
And all with's rod the threatening Master plies.  
Wretch, dost thou fear foul Gall'ries should offend,  
Or Rooms, that dogs have spoilt, distaste thy friend:  
Though e'er he come, thou mightst help every Room  
With pin-dust half a bushel, and one Groom?  
And wouldst thou not thy Child thy house should see  
Holy and spotless, from all vices free?  
'Tis by thy Friends and Country kindly took,  
That thou hast got a Roman: if thou'lt look,  
That he be fit for's Country, for th' increase  
Of the Republic, both in War and Peace.  
The Commonwealth minds to what arts he's brought  
By thy instruction, and what Manners taught.  
The Stork with desert-Snakes and Lizards breeds  
Her young one, on like poison (fledged) it feeds.  
From horseflesh, Dogs, and Gibbets, Vultures spring,  
And to their young a piece of carrion bring:  
Which is their food, when they, great Vultures grown,  
Choose preys and trees to build in of their own.  
But th' Eagle, and the Hawk of nobler name,  
Flies in the open champain at his game:  
The Hare or Goat he in his Airy lays;  
Thence, when his progeny strong feathers raise,  
They hast to tyre, when hunger shall provoke,  
On what they fed, when first the shell was broke.  
CENTRONIUS was a builder; now, upon  
Cajeta's winding shore: on Rocks, anon,  
At Tibur: in Praeneste's Mountain now,  
He Greek and far-fetched Marble did allow,  
His Villas lofty Battlements to crown:  
Which HERCULES his Temple quite put down,  
And Fortune's (as POSIDES SPADO late  
Put down the Capitol) whilst in this state  
CENTRONIUS dwelled, he gave his wealth a strain,  
And broke; yet did a fair estate remain:  
All which his mad Son spent, whilst he essays  
New Villas, of far richer stone, to raise.  
Some one, whose Father kept the Sabbath, given  
To worship nothing but one Power of Heaven:  
One that thinks man's flesh differs not a jot  
From Hog's flesh, which his Father tasted not;  
That cuts his Prepuce, scorns the Roman Law,  
And learns the Jewish, therewith kept in awe,  
And with precisest care observing it,  
By MOSES in's mysterious Volume writ:  
That will not, even the way that he should go,  
Unless to one of his Religion, show;  
And of the thirsty Travelers, will bring  
Only the Circumcised to the Spring:  
His Father caused all this, whose seventh day still  
Was vacant, nor did his life's number fill.  
Yet willingly Youths follow other Ills,  
To Avarice enjoined against their wills.  
For, under Virtue's shadow and pretext  
This Vice deceiv's; a habit much perplexed,  
Sad looks, sad clothes it hath; and then, who can  
But think the Covetous a Frugal man?  
Praise him as sparing; of his wealth as sure,  
As if the Hesperian Dragon did secure  
His golden fruit? add to's description this,  
That such a one a man of Credit is;  
For so the people term him; minds his Trade:  
By careful Workmen are great fortunes made;  
Although, indeed, great fortunes, by base ways,  
The constant Anvil and hot Furnace raise.  
The Fathers then, esteem those children best,  
That worship wealth, and think no poor man blest;  
Encouraging their issue to affect  
Their humour, and be Zelots of their Sect.  
Some Elements of vice they teach them; first  
Poor little Sparings: then, th' insatiate thirst  
Of Getting; with false measure he defeats  
His stomach, and his servants bellies cheats,  
Nor ever will permit them to be fed  
With all the mouldy crusts of his blue bread.  
Yesterday Minc'd-meat, whereon he did sup,  
He keeps in mid-September: and lays up  
Parched Beans for his next meal, sealed in a dish:  
Wherein are scraps of tainted Summer-fish,  
And counted blades of Leeks; to which feast some,  
Invited from the Bridge, would scorn to come.  
But, with these torments why dost go about  
To scrape up wealth? 'tis madness without doubt:  
Plain frenzy doth thy senseless soul bewitch,  
To live poor, only hoping to die rich.  
Mean time, down full mouthed bags whilst money flows:  
Like money's self, the love of money grows;  
Nay, he lest covets it that hath it not;  
So that another Manor must be got,  
When thou art straightened in one Lordship's grounds,  
And 'tis thy pleasure to enlarge thy bounds.  
Thy Neighbour's harvest thou dost more esteem,  
For that does greater, yea, and better seem:  
That must be purchased first; and by degrees  
These woods; those mountains, hoar with Olive-trees.  
If th' owner, loath to sell, thy patience vex,  
By night lean Oxen, with their wearied necks,  
And thy starved Droves, thou send'st into his Corn:  
Nor come they home, till his first crop be shorn,  
And all his Harvest in their bellies heaped,  
That one would think, it were with Sickles reaped.  
What numbers suffer thus? 'tis not to tell,  
How many such wrongs force their land to sell.  
But what is said? what Trumpet sounds foul fame?  
What hurt, says he, is in an evil name?  
Give me a bean-hull, ere the praise of all  
The neighbouring Village, and my Harvest small.  
As if thou shouldst want sickness, grief, and strife,  
And better fates would lengthen out thy life;  
Were as much land to thee, alone, aloud,  
As under TATIUS all Rome's People ploughed.  
In old times, when a Soldier, broke with age,  
Had stood the Carthaginian War; the rage  
Of fiery PYRRHUS, and Molossian swords:  
At length the State, with much ado, affords  
For many wounds too acres, pay for blood  
And sweat: no man upon his merit stood  
As greater, nor his Country's faith accused,  
As if he had ingratefully been used.  
This glebe, the good man, the good wife that lies  
In Childbed, all the Cottage did suffice:  
Four Infants, one Slave, and young Masters three;  
The ablest of which Brothers used to be  
Most feasted; pulse was for their supper got,  
Which on the fire smoked in the greatest Pot,  
When they came home from digging, or the plough:  
So much land scarce serves for a Garden now.  
Hence almost springs all evil; no one sin,  
That to the mind of mankind enters in,  
Poisons or kills more than wealth's cruel thirst?  
For, all men would be rich, and rich at first.  
But what regard of Law, what fear, what shame  
In greedy rich men, flying to their aim?  
Live pleased, that you these Sheds, those Hillocks have;  
The Marsian, Hernick, Vestine Old-men gave  
This counsel to their Youth: to serve your board,  
The followed Plough will bread enough afford.  
This pleases best the Country-Gods, that found,  
And taught us, th' Art of ploughing up the ground;  
The sweets whereof when once we understood,  
We scorned the Oak, that bore our ancient food.  
They are not given to any kind of vice,  
That shame not to wade through the broken Ice  
In fisher-men's great Boots; and wear Coats lined  
With our own furs, to keep away the wind.  
All th' evil, all the wickedness we do,  
The foreign unknown Purple bring us to.  
These Precepts th' Ancients gave. Now, Autumn past,  
The bawling Father, to's Son snoring fast  
At midnight, cries, Wake boy, take paper, draw,  
(And look you sleep not o'er't) a Case in Law;  
Read th' old Law Rubrics; keep the Vine in chase,  
Petitioning for a Centurion's place:  
Broad shoulders, hairy nostrils, uncombed hair,  
In LAELIUS the Gen'rall's Eye, show fair:  
The Moorish Huts, or British towers destroy,  
At threescore a rich Eagle to enjoy.  
If the long labour of the Camp displease,  
If Fifes and Cornets bring the loose disease,  
Buy what for as much more will sell again;  
Nor do thou any Merchandise disdain,  
Though not on this side Tiber to be brought;  
Without distinction let all ware be bought:  
Whether perfumes or hides thy Chapmen sell;  
From whence soe'er it rises, Gain smells well.  
Repeat this Sentence, by th' old Poet writ,  
Worthy the strain of a Celestial wit:  
Which JOVE himself might utter, 'tis so just:  
No matter whence it comes, but come it must.  
When Boys beg pence, old Wives this Lesson set:  
Girls learn it e'er they learn their Alphabet.  
To any, who shall thus his Children school,  
This I reply. Tell me, thou vainest fool,  
Why spurr'st thou him? go, make a sure account:  
Thy Boy his Tutor shall as far surmount,  
As TELEMON by AJAX his brave Son,  
Or PELEUS by ACHILLES was outdone.  
Spare thy Child, native Evil hath not feared  
His conscience yet; but when he combs his beard,  
And shaves, he then will a false witness come,  
Sell perjury for any little sum,  
Touch CERE'S Altar, nay her foot: For dead  
Give thy poor daughter in Law, even when she's led,  
Into thy fatal house, a wealthy Bride;  
Death, in her sleep, by thy Son's touch applied.  
Thou bid'st him gather wealth by land and seas:  
He finds short ways, Great crimes are done with ease.  
But thou wilt say, when 'tis too late, I laid  
No such commands, did no such thing persuade;  
Yet, of his wicked mind art thou the cause,  
From thee his damned Principles he draws:  
For, they that getting of great sums enjoin,  
And make their ill-taught Children dote on coin,  
Bidding them, where advantage serves, deceive,  
Do the whole rains unto the Chariot leave,  
Which wouldst thou stop, it knows not how to stay,  
But all bounds broke, despite thee, runs away.  
None sins just so far as he hath in charge,  
But at his pleasure will his vice enlarge.  
When to thy Son thou sayest, Fools only grant  
A Friends suit, or relieve a Kinsman's want;  
Thou teachest him to spoil, to circumvent,  
And by all mischiefs Riches to augment:  
Which with as great a zeal thou dost adore,  
As e'er the DECII to their Country bore;  
To Thebes MENAECEUS; if Greece say true:  
In whose land, sown with Dragon's teeth, there grew  
Legions with swords & shields, that forthwith fought,  
As they along their Trumpeter had brought.  
That fire, by thy spark kindled, thou shalt see  
Flaming, devouring all: not sparing thee.  
The fierce young Lion, in his furious rage,  
Will tear's old trembling Keeper in his cage.  
Although Astrologers do thy Scheme erect,  
'Tis tedious the slow distaff to expect:  
He breaks thy thread, that hinders his intents,  
The Youth thy long and Hart-like age torments.  
Send quickly, let ARCHIGENES be found,  
And buy what MITHRIDATES did compound:  
If thou wilt smell another Rose, or eat  
Another Fig; ere thou sittest down to meat,  
An Antidote let some, that loves, thee bring;  
A Father as much needs it as a King.  
'Tis Sport, the like upon no Stage hath been,  
Nor in the Praetor's Show was ever seen,  
To note what lives are lost, a house to found:  
And what Chests, lined with gold, with iron bound,  
CASTOR now watches; since MARS fell asleep,  
His Helmet stolen, nor could his own Goods keep.  
Scorn CERE'S, FLORA'S CYBEL'S Pastimes then;  
No Plays, no Shows, like Businesses of Men.  
Can it so take, to see one backward stoop,  
And cast his flexive body through a hoop,  
Or from the stretcht-out Rope appear to slip?  
As to see thee, in thy Corycian Ship  
Dwelling for South, and Southeast winds to wrack,  
Selling thy life to buy a stinking sack?  
That from old Crect to fetch fat wine dost love,  
And their great Flagons, neighbours-born to JOVE.  
Yet he that so his slippery footing sets,  
Eats by it; and the Rope his pardon gets  
From cold, and hunger: thou dost undertake  
Thy dangers, for a thousand talents sake,  
A hundred Villas; View the Ports, survey  
Seas filled with wracks: man's major-part at Sea:  
And Seamen sail where there's most hope of gain,  
Through the Carpathian and Getulian Main;  
Nay, beyond Calpe, hear the setting Sun  
Into th' Herculean Ocean hissing run.  
For what? to bring home bags, with money swelled;  
To brag of wealth, and that thou hast beheld  
Mermaids and Monsters; it must be confessed,  
These more then with one Fury are possessed:  
As mad as he, that in his Sister's hands,  
The Furies haunted, with their Snakes, and brands:  
Or he, that when a Bull or Ox he gored,  
Thought AGAMEMNON, or ULYSSES roared.  
Though such their cloaks & coats from tearing spare;  
Yet they are madmen, that so heap their ware,  
As to the upper Deck they cast a bank,  
Distinguished from the billows by one plank:  
Venturing for Bullion thus, whereon they print  
Small faces and inscriptions at the Mint.  
Lightning and Clouds oppose, weigh Anchors, cries  
The Corn and Pepper-Merchant; let no skies,  
With their black wens, your manly hearts affright,  
'Tis Summur-thunder: The poor wretch, that night,  
Perhaps is cast away; and in's left hand,  
Or teeth, his purse and girdle bears to land.  
He, late, unsatisfied with all the Gold  
Down Tagus, or the bright Pactolus, rolled;  
Now, glad to feed on any meat, about  
His nakedness puts a cold crupper-clout:  
Whilst for a shipwrackt man he begs an alms;  
And hunger with his pictured storm becalms.  
Goods got thus hardly, with more fear and care  
Are kept; so wretched Money-hoarders are.  
Rich LICINUS in's house still sets the watch,  
Trembling for fear Thiefs should his Amber catch,  
Statues, and Pillars, which the Phrygians smooth;  
Broad Tortoise; Elephants pure snow-white tooth:  
The Cynics Tub burns not; or if it break,  
Yet he, against to morrow, may bespeak  
Another; or the same may serve again  
Plated with lead: 'twas this, which made it plain  
To ALEXANDER (when in that poor seat  
He visited DIOGENES the Great)  
That he, who nothing covets, happier is  
Then he, that seeks to make the whole World his,  
His Acts and Dangers great. If Prudence be,  
There can be no Divinity in thee  
Fortune; 'tis we, we to thy Power have given  
The name of Goddess. Yet how I would even  
Th' accounts of wealth, if any ask, I tell.  
Get what cold, thirst, and hunger, may repel;  
What th' earth to EPICURUS did afford,  
Or long since served at SOCRATES his board.  
Nature ne'er asks this thing, and Wisdom that.  
But these sharp rules I see thee startle at:  
Mix therefore something of our manners; get  
The sum, that's for the fourteen Benches set,  
By OTHO'S Law; and if this make thee frown,  
And pouch thy lips out; to thyself set down  
Two Knight's fees: thrice four hundred, the just rates,  
Proportioned for three Roman Knights Estates.  
Is't not a lapful? is a space yet void?  
Then, all the treasure CROESUS e'er enjoyed,  
Nay even the Persian Kingdom will not do:  
Nor all the wealth NARCISSUS rose unto,  
That governed CLAUDIUS CAESAR all his life,  
By him obeyed, when bid to kill his Wife.  

The Comment UPON THE FOURTEENTH satire.  
Verse 1. Fuscinus▪] This satire was writ to him, but who he was we know not.  
Verse 9 Beccafico,] The Fig-pecker, or Ficedula, which the Italians call Beccafico: and is at this day esteemed the principal ingredient in the composition of a Bisk or Olio.  
Verse 10. Taught by the Knave their Father.] Men do more hurt by example, then by transgression. Cic. especially Parents. Utinam liberorum, etc. would we ourselves did not corrupt the manners of our children. Wanton education, which we call indulgence, in a moment spoils Infancy, and breaks all the nerves of the mind and body. What can satisfy the appetite of a Youth, that first learned to go alone in purple? now he knows what the purple Dye, what the Conchylium is. We are hugely pleased, if he talk rudely. Words, not allowable among Alexandrian Voluptuaries, we laugh at: and kiss the Child for speaking of them. No marvel. We taught them; they had them of us: they see our Mistresses, or Wenches. Every Feast rings with obscene songs, and sights, which it is a shame to mention. This first makes it custom, than nature. The poor Children learn Vice, before they know it to be so. F. Quintil.  
Verse 17. Small mistakes.] No man is without faults. Our Virtue is nothing, but a lesser proportion of Vice. Herm. Trismeg.  
Verse 20 Rutilus,] A Tyrant, not a Master of a Family: such another for a man, as the Mistress of Psecas was for a woman: just as she beats her Maids, he torments his men: and as Juvenal compares that Lady to the Dyonisii, the Tyrants of Sicily: so he parallels this Gentleman with Polyphemus the Cyclops; and the Laestrigonian King, Antiphates, both eaters of man's flesh; Rutilus being the Rawhead and Bloody-bones of his house.  
Verse 28. Country Hangmen.] The Overseers of the Slaves at work in the Country; that bastinaded, tortured, or branded them with letters burned into their foreheads, when they transgressed, or when their cruel Masters were offended. Vincti pedes, etc. fettered feet, manacled hands, branded foreheads, are all usual in the Country. Plin.  
Verse 29. Larga,] A most infamous Adultress grown to be an abominable Bawd.  
Verse 37. Thus nature works us.] It is natural for Children to imitate their Parents. One example of luxury or avarice does a world of harm. Senec. Epist. 7.  
Verse 48. Catiline,] A wicked debauched man, that would have ruined his Country. See the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 50. Brutus,] Nephew to Cato Utican; A just sober man, like his Uncle: both ruining themselves to preserve their Country.  
Verse 60. Censor,] The Judge of manners. See the Com. upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 68 Cupping-glasses.] The ancient Cupping-glasses were of brass, and horn. They were applied to madmen. It is not amiss in a frenzy (in case the party be not let blood before, nor come to himself, nor be able to sleep) to trepan such a Patient, or open the forepart of his skull, and set on Cupping-glasses: which, because they lessen his fever, may bring him to sleep. Cel● lib. 3. cap. 18.  
Verse 87. The Stork with desert-Snakes.] The Stork does so good service for the Thessalians, in killing up their Snakes, that by their Laws he that kills one of those Birds, suffers the same punishment with him that murders a man. Plin. lib. 10.  
Verse 89. Vulture.] The most harmless of all creatures; that eats nothing which men sow or plant, only feeds upon carcases. Destroys no living thing; but, for affinity, forbears the very carcases of birds. Plin. It is of that strange sagacity, that, three days before any cattle dies, it will fly about the place where the carrion is to be. idem.  
Verse 93. The Eagle,] The Prince of birds; he is said to be Thunder-bearer to Jove, because of all creatures he is never struck with Thunder, though in his flight he soars a pitch nearest to the clouds. Plin.  
Verse 100 Cajeta,] A Port-town in Campania, not far from Baiae, built in memory of Cajeta Nurse to Aeneas. Virg. Aeneid. lib. 7. But Strab. lib. 5 says, it was named Cajeta from the crookedness of the shore; all crooked things being called in the Laconic Dialect 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Verse 101. Tibur.] See the Comment upon Sat. 3.  
Verse 101. Praeneste.] See the same Comment.  
Verse 105. Posides Spado] Freedman to Claudius Caesar; so gracious with his Master, that, in his triumph for Britain, he bestowed upon him the Hasta pura, a Spear without a Pike; one of the greatest honours which a Soldier could receive for service; adding the government of Judeae, where his Master made him his Lieutenant-generall; and likewise gave him the privilege to be carried in a Closse-chair, and to set forth public Shows. He built at Baiae that princely Fabric, called the Possidonian Bath. I suppose he built another at Rome, that showed like an Imperial Palace; because my Author says, that as Centronius put down the Temple of Hercules at Tibur, with the House which he there built, and likewise the Temple of Fortune at Praeneste, with another Building in that Town: so Posides Spado outvied the Capitol, with the House which he built not far from it.  
Verse 118. Moses.] Qui docebat, etc. That taught, how the Egyptians were not in the right, that worshipped God in the Images of beasts: nor the Grecians, that gave to their Gods the figures of men; and that Power only to be God, which comprehends us, the Earth, and Sea: which Power we call the Heaven, the World, and universal Nature. To make whose Image like to one of us, really none but a madman would presume. Strab. lib. 16.  
Verse 120. Unless to one of his Religion.] To this very day, the Jews will do no real civility unto any but of their own Nation and Religion: which they love so much as to lend them money gratis; all others must pay interest.  
Verse 123. His Father caused all this,] Whose Jewish Tenets are hereditary to the Son. Aegyptii, etc. The Egyptians worship many Animals and Images made by hands. The Jews worship only in spirit, and conceive one God, holding them to be profane that make Images of perishing matter, in the form of Men for God, the supreme and eternal Power, neither mutable nor mortal: Therefore they have no Images in their Cities, nor in their Temples. Tacit. Hist. lib. 5.  
Verse 132. Hesperian Dragon.] See the Comment upon Sat. 5.  
Verse 154. The Bridge.] Where Beggars waited for the charity of Passengers. Sat. 5.  Is there no Hole? no Bridge?— 
Verse 184. Tatius,] General of the Sabines, that, by the treachery of the Vestal Virgin Tarpeia (as in the Comment upon Sat 6.) took the Capitol. After he had got that advantage of the Romans, and often fought them with various successes, upon the intercession of the Sabine women, as aforesaid, he made a Peace, and put it in his Conditions, That the Sabines should be free of the City, and he himself Partner with Romulus in the government of Rome; whose Territory extended not then to any great quantity of Acres, as appears Sat. 8. by the adventure of Claelia. 
— the Maid, that courage found  
To swim o'er Tiber, than our Empire's bound.  But, the Kinsmen of Tatius having affronted the Laurentine Ambassadors, and Tatius not righting them, according to the Law of Nations, the punishment due to his Kinsmen fell upon himself. For, he Sacrificing at Lavinium, the whole City were insurrectors, and killed him. Liv.  
Verse 187. Pyrrhus,] King of Epire: descended, by the Mother, from Achilles: by the Father, from Hercules. He was strangely preserved in his infancy, and bred in Macedon by Glaucias of Megara, by him restored to his Father's Kingdom at seventeen years of age. Whilst he returned from Epire into Macedon, to marry his beloved Mistress, Daughter to Glaucias; his Subjects, the Molossians, again rebelled, and set up another Family in his Throne. Having lost his Crown, and with it his Friends, he fled to his Sister Deidamia Husband, Demetrius, Son to Antigonus: and commanded under him, at the great battle where all the Kings, that divided Alexander's conquests, were engaged. There he, though a young man, had the honour, where he fought, to worst the Enemy. In Egypt he grew so great a Courtier, that Queen Berenice's Daughter, Antigona, loved and married him, and won her Mother to move the King her Stepfather, for money and forces, to re-establish her Husband in his Kingdom. Entering Epire with an Army, he found his People weary of their present Governor, Neoptolemus, all came in to their King. But Pyrrhus, fearing that Neoptolemus would follow his example, and get some foreign Prince to espouse his quarrel, divided the Crown with him. Soon after, discovering that his Brother-King had a plot upon his life, Pyrrhus invited him to Supper, and there killed him. In memory of his Patron and Patroness, the King and Queen of Egypt, he called his Son by Antigona, Ptolemey: and the City he built in Epire, Berenice. Lysimachus, hearing of this signal Gratitude, made use of Ptolemey's name to cajole, or put a trick upon Pyrrhus, having then undertaken the quarrel of Alexander, Brother to Antipater, both Sons to Cassander. The contents of the Letter were, That Antipater desired Pyrrhus to receive therewith three hundred talents, to forbear all acts of hostility against him. But the direction was, King Ptolemey to King Pyrrhus: whereas he ever used to write, The Father to his Son, greeting. By this means, the cheat of the counterfeit Letter and Token was found out. He was ready not only to intress himself in this difference between the Sons of Cassander, but embraced any opportunity of war, being ambitious to make himself the universal Monarch. The Successors of Alexander used him, to balance the power of Demetrius, whom he beat out of Macedon. The Tarentines called him into Italy; where he turned the effeminate Tarentines into good Soldiers, and almost brought the warlike Romans upon their knees: for, twice he fought the Consul Dentatus, and at those two battles slew threescore thousand Romans. After his restless ambition had carried him from the East to the West, and back again by Sicily to Macedon, from thence to Sparta, and at last to Argos: A poor Argive woman, seeing her Son's life at the mercy of his sword, with both her hands flung a tile at him, which hitting between the helmet and the head, broke his skull, and killed him. He was, in the opinion of great Soldiers, the greatest, next to Alexander, that ever the world had. Antigonus being asked whom he held to be the best General? answered, Pyrrhus; if he had lived to be old. But, for conduct and policy, Hannibal gave the first place to Pyrrhus, the second to Scipio, the third to himself. The Officers of his Army, when he fought a battle, observing his looks, celerity and motion, said, Other Kings were like Alexander in their State and Courts, but Pyrrhus in his arms and in the field. And when they gave him the surname of the Eagle, he said, that I am so; I owe you for it: how can I be less than an Eagle, that have your Swords for Wings He was bountiful to his friends, moderate in his anger towards his enemies; and when obligations were laid upon him, extremely grateful. Calumny he slighted: for, when some moved him to banish from Ambracia one that had railed against him: no said he, It is better that he should tarry here, and slander me in one Town, than all the world over. Upon the same account another being under examination, he asked him, Were these your words? the Examinant said, Yes Sir, and I should have spoke more bitterly, if we had drank more wine. Pyrrhus was satisfied with this answer, and discharged the man. Indeed he held himself concerned in nothing but war and victory: for, even when he had taken a cup or two extraordinary, a friend ask, whether he thought Pytho or Caphisias the best Musician? he answered, Polysperchon is a good General. Plut in Pyrrh.  
Verse 189. For many wounds two Acres.] The Consul Dentatus himself, after Pyrrhus was beaten out of Italy, accepted seven Acres, given him by the State. Columel.  
Verse 203. Wealth's cruel thirst,] That, like Death, spares no body. Intelligi, etc. It may be easily conceived, that no obligation can be so holy, or solemn, which avarice will not dispense with. Cic.  
Verse 208. The Marsian, etc.] To be contented with their poor Cottages and Hillocks: not to build Palaces, and purchase Appulian Mountains: was counsel, given to their Children, by the ancient Country people of Italy; the Marsians near to Alba: their neighbours, the poor Hernicks, between Alba and Lavinium: and the Vestines, between the Sabines and the Marsians.  
Verse 211. Country-Gods.] Tellus and Ceres, that taught Husbandry, and how to force out of the Earth a better food, then was known in the golden age. Sat. 6.  Whilst man acorns belched— 
Verse 225. Law Rubrics,] Titles of old Laws writ in red letters.  
Verse 225. Vine.] The Vine-battoon, wherewith the Centurions belaboured the sides of their lazy Soldiers; as my Author instances in C. Marius, beaten with the Vine, when he was the Camp-Carpenter. Sat. 8.  
Verse 230. At threescore a rich Eagle] The covetous Father tells his Son, that if he will endure the hardship of the war, till he be threescore years of age, he may then get to be Standart-bearer, a place of little danger and great profit.  
Verse 235. On this side Tiber.] Beyond Tiber, or at the Roman bankside (would it were so in all great Cities) dwelled the men of sordid or noisome Trades, as Tanners, Fishmongers, Dyer's, Brewer's, etc. Mart. lib. 6.  
Non detracta cani Transtiberina cutis.  
Not a Transtib'rine skin flayed from a Dog.  
Verse 238. Gain smells well.] He alludes to the answer of Vespasian Caesar, made to his Son Titus, that moved against the raising of money by Taxes or Excise laid upon Urine. Vespasian, pulling out of his pocket a new minted piece of gold, asked, How smells it Titus? he replied, very well Sir: yet, said Vespasian, this came out the Pisspot. Suet.  
Verse 242. No matter whence it comes.] The whole verse is quoted out of the old Poet Ennius.  
Verse 249. As Telamonius by Ajax.] My Author says, A Child that receives base precepts of thrift from his Father, will, when he comes to be a man, go as far beyond his Instructor in villainy, as Ajax or Achilles transcended their Fathers in gallantry and honour. Thus they were derived.  

Jupiter. 

Aeacus. 

Telamonius. 

Ajax.    
Peleus. 

Achilles.         
Verse 255. Touch Ceres Altar.] Whereunto no Wanton durst (once) approach, much less a perjured person. See the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 258. By thy Son's touch.] A crime charged by M. Caecilius upon Calphurnius Bestia. Plin.  
Verse 279. Menaeceus,] Son to Creon King of Thebes. When the City was besieged by the Argives, the Oracle promised, that Thebes should not be taken, if the last of the Family of Cadmus would voluntarily die. Menaeceus, thinking himself concerned, fell upon his own sword. Cic. 2. Tuscul. Others say, the Prophet Tiresius told Menaeceus that Thebes should be impregnable, never to be conquered, if he would go to the Dragon's Den, and there sacrifice his own life: whereupon, unknown to his Father, he stole thither and slew himself. Juvenal puts a dubious mark upon this History, because the Grecians write, That Cadmus, the killer of the Dragon, sowed his teeth in ploughed lands, where they presently sprung up in squadrons of armed men, that fought, and killed one another. Ovid. Metam. lib. 3.  
Verse 290. Hart-like.] The Hart lives nine hundred years, as some say: but all know, he is very long lived. Vita cervi etc. the longavity of Harts is evident, some having been taken, after a hundred years, with Gold Collars about their necks, put on by Alexander the great, and covered over with mere fat. Plin. lib. 8. cap. 32. where you may read an excellent description of the Hart.  
Verse 291. Archigines,] A greek Physician, as aforesaid, in high esteem with the Romans, that like us (and almost all nations whatsoever) value Strangers more than Natives: but Galen often inveighs against him: perhaps he might have a Peek to Archigenes, and hate him, upon the same reason that made his Countrymen admire him, viz. because he was a stranger, only with this addition, that the stranger entrenched upon his practice:  
Verse 292. Mithridates.] See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 301. Castor.] See the Comment upon Sat. 13. To his Temple in Rome, great moneyed men removed their iron-barred Chests; from the Temple in the Forum Augusti, dedicated to Mars the Revenger: where Thiefs had broke in, that rob the Merchants, and spared not Mars himself: for they stole away his Helmet.  
Verse 303. Ceres.] See the Comment upon Sat. 6. The Pastimes, or Pageants, carried about the Circus in honour of Ceres, were showed in this manner. The stealing away of Proserpina, and the lamentation of Ceres was acted by Roman Ladies, habited all in white. The Pomp of this solemn Show is thus set down in all particulars by Tertul. de Spect. cap. 7. Simulachrorum series, etc. 1. The God's Images. 2. The Effigies of great persons. 3. Chariots of State, empty. 4. Chariots filled with the God's Images. 5. Waggon-chariots, wherein were placed the figures of riding Gods. Alex ab Alex. lib. 2. cap. 30. 6. Chairs of State. 7. Crowns. The last, Spoils taken from the Enemy. Ouum in Cerealis Pompae, etc. The principal ingredient that made up the Cereall Pomp was an Egg. Hesp. de orig. fest. Rosin. lib. 5. cap. 14. Alex. ab Alex. lib. 6. cap. 19 The reason of providing an Egg, as I conceive, was that which made them set up the Oval Tower in the Circus. Sat. 6. 
— at th' Oval Tower, before the rounds  
O'th' Dolphin-pillars—  viz. in memory of Castor and Pollux, hatched out of Eggs: The Dolphin-Pillars were erected in honour of Neptune.  
Verse 303. Flora's.] Of the Florall Shows we have spoke in the Comment upon Sat. 6. and likewise of Cybel's or the Ludi Megalenses.  
Verse 308. Corycian Ship,] Bound for Corycium, a Promontory in Crect, where Jupiter was born: there to be laded with Jupiter's neighbours, great Flagons, and wine to fill to them, called by the Romans Passum; made of withered grapes, dried in the Sun: which insolation brought the liquor to be sweet and fattening.  
Verse 320. Carpathian.] The Carpathian Sea goes beyond Rhodes, Crect, and Cyprus; and is so named from the Island Carpathus, lying between Rhodes and Crect.  
Verse 320. Getulian.] The Straits of Gibraltar, where the two Herculean Pillars stand, Calpe on the Spanish side, and Abila on the Libyan Coast. These Pillars in my Author's time (as in the beginning of Sat. 10.) were believed to be the farthest west, by the vulgar; which sailing beyond the Straits, would conceive themselves to hear the Sun's burning Chariot set hissing in the Herculean Ocean.  
Verse 327. Herald] Orestes, that imagined himself haunted with his Mother's Ghost, and her guard of Furies, shaking their snaky locks, and flourishing their Torches: as in the beginning Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 329. Or he.] Ajax, that (being evicted by the Sentence of Agamemnon, in the Suit between him and Ulysses, for the Arms of Achilles) ran mad, routing the cattle, doing execution upon Oxen, which he called Agamemnon and Ulysses: recovering his wits, it was his fate, ratione insanire, to fall into a sober madness, and for shame to kill himself. See the Comment upon Sat. 7.  
Verse 342. Purse and Girdle.] The Merchant's best Purse was his Girdle; wherein he sowed up his gold; and if he were shipwrackt, he held his Girdle in his teeth or with his left hand, and with his right swum to land.  
Verse 344. Tagus and the bright Pactolus] For Tagus, see the Comment upon Sat. 3. Pactolus in Lydia is such another golden River, springing upon the Mountain Tmolus, and falling into the River Hermus. Strab. & Dionys. it runs by Sardes. Dion. Prus. It was formerly called Chrysoras, because it runs with golden sands. Solin.  
Verse 348. Pictured storm.] The rich Merchant had the landtscap of his shipwreck limned to be hung up in some Temple, as you may see in the Design before Sat. 12. The poor man had his drawn by some poor Painter; and holding it before his breast (as Beggars here hold their Certificates) he moved the charitable people, so Juvenal here tells us: a mock figure of it you have in the Frontispiece, before the breast of the twelfth satire.  
Verse 351. Rich Licinus.] See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 1.  
Verse 355. The Cynic.] Diogenes, Scholar to Antisthenes, and institutor of the Cynical Sect. He was born in Pontus, at the City of Sinopis, about the third year of the ninty first Olympiad. His own name was Cleon. Suid. His Father's name was Icesius or Icetes, an Exchanger of money. In his youth, by his Father's example, he was so ambitious of getting money, that he put the question to the Oracle, How he might come to be a great moneyed man? it was answered, by coining; at least he understood it so. He obeyed the direction, was taken in the manner, and banished: or else suspected, and forced to fly his Country. Only one Slave attended him, called Manes, that soon after ran away from him. And when some advised, that he should lay the County for his Slave, No, said he, If Manes want not Diogenes, it is a shame for Diogenes to want Manes. When he came to Athens no Beggar could be poorer, all his Wardrobe was a double Cloak, which he wore in the day time, and used for a Bed at night; lying upon it, either in Jove's Portico, or in the Pompaeum; both which he said the Athenians built for his Dormitories. All day he stood at the gates of some of the Poets, or at the door of his Master Antisthenes, that, having commanded none of his Scholars should trouble him at present, bid Diogenes be gone, or he would beat him away: In stead of going back, Diogenes put his head in a doors, and said, You have no cudgel hard enough, to beat Diogenes from your house. This answer made him welcome to Antisthenes ever after. Being bound for Aegina in his old age (when he had a Staff to his Wallet) he was taken by the Pirate Scirpalus, that carried him to sell in Crect: and when the Crier made his Oyez, If any man want a Slave— you rogue, said Diogenes, cry, If any man want a Master. As soon as Xeniades the Corinthian had bought him, he said, Now Sir, look you do as I command you: What? said Xeniades, Would rivers run upward? why (answered Diogenes) If you had bought a Physician, would you not follow his advice? For these and such like words he had his freedom given him, together with the tuition of his Master's Children. His dwelling was a Tub, that could not be in danger of fire, because it was made of clay baked by the Potter, like the pleasure-boat of an Egyptian. Sat. 15. 
— that floats,  
Rowed with short Oars, in painted earthen boats.  In Winter he turned the mouth of his Tub to the South, in Summer to the North; as the Roman Volupuarie turned his Dining-room. Sat. 7. 
Which on Numidian Pillars round must run,  
Where North and West cool th' East and Southern Sun.  Alexander the Great found Diogenes in this posture at Cranium in Corinth, sunning of himself. Alexander, being then upon his expedition against the Persian, was so taken with his manner of life and way of beging, that he bid him, Ask something of Alexander; Diogenes said, I have but one suit to make, that you would not stand between me and the Sun. Alas poor man, said Alexander. Poor, replied Diogenes; Which of us two is poorrer, I, that am content with my Tub, Staff, and Wallet; or you, that covet the possession of the whole Earth? This answer makes Juvenal give him Alexander's title, calling him Diogenes the Great: for which he had Alexander's own authority, that departing from the Cynic, said to his Followers, If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes. Plut. When his Friends saw he could not live, they asked him, Where will you be buried? he said, I care not for being buried at all. Will you then, said they, be devoured by the Dogs and Crows? By no means, he replied: Set my staff by me, I will beat away the Dogs and the Crows. They told him, he could not do that, when no sense was in his body. No sense, said he, then what need I care where it be laid? He died in the nintith year of his Age, the very same day that Alexander died at Babylon. His opinion was, That good habits both of body and mind were acquirable by Corporall and Philosophical exercises.  
Verse 363. If Prudence be.] These verses conclude the tenth satire; and had not been repeated here, but to make a better impression of them in the erroneous minds of men, that prefer Fortune before Wisdom.  
Verse 369. Epicurus,] That lived upon roots and herbs. See the Comment upon Sat. 11.  
Verse 370 Socrates.] In a great plague at Athens, only Socrates escaped the infection, by his temperance and frugality. Laert. See the beginning of the Comment upon Sat. 2.  
Verse 375. Otho's Law.] See the Comment upon Sat. 3.  
Verse 380. Croesus,] That expected, Solon should have fallen down and worshipped him for his wealth. See the Comment upon Sat. 10. tit. Solon.  
Verse 381. Persian Kingdom.] How rich it was before the Macedonians plundered it, you may read in Justin.  
Verse 382. Narcissus.] See the end of the Comment upon Sat. 10.    


The fifteenth Design.  
THe zeal of Egypt sets at mortal odds  
Two Towns, that quarrel which are truest Gods,  
The ¹ Crocodile, a Serpent Nilus breeds:  
Or flying ² Ibis, that on Serpents feeds?  
Snake-worshippers ³ of Ombus dare not think  
Of touching water, 'tis their Gods own drink;  
Wine, in his Temple's Portico, they quaff:  
Are merry, but, they have not long to laugh.  
Their dancing days were seven, but done they are:  
To pay the ⁴ Piper, th' Enemy takes care.  
The meager ⁵ Tentyrites, that fast and watch,  
Shoot arrows the fat Ombites to dispatch,  
That on their painted beds carousing lie;  
Not being now in case to fight, or fly:  
Yet they do both, for, stones at first they cast,  
And (quickened by their danger) run at last,  
Saving themselves from the Massacre; all  
But ⁶ one that, reeling, gets a fatal fall.  
For, like his Serpent, when their Birds want meat,  
He's by his zealous Neighbours killed and eat.  
Why thus Men, worse than Beasts, destroy their kind:  
Hear the Nocause, He is not of my mind.   

  

Figura Decima Quinta.  
RElligiosa Phari committit rixa colonos;  
Certatum est binis, de vero Numine, pagis,  
Niliacae serpens de te, Crocodile ¹, paludis  
Incola; & oppressis saturâ serpentibus Ibi. ²  
Ombiacus ³ cultor, genius cui praesidet Anguis,  
Nullam gustat aquam (Deus, ut bibat, eligit undas)  
Sancta popina, adhibet genialia vina, sacelli  
Porticus; at non longa hilari sunt gaudia Festo,  
Saltantes vidit sol tantùm septimus Ombos;  
Currit, ut hostis adest, pactâ sine stipe Choraules. ⁴  
Tentyra ⁵ lethiferis feriunt jejuna sagittis  
Ombicolas, madidis recipit quos culcita lectis:  
Nulla fugae, aut pugnae, superest vis; utraque fractis  
Tentatur tamen, & per humum quaesita lacertis  
Saxa fatigatis primùm mittuntur in hostem:  
Tandem Ombi fugiunt; celeres timor adjicit alas,  
Vt vitent pernice sequacia fata volatu:  
Labitur hîc quidam ⁶, temeti viribus actus  
In praeceps, captúsque minutìm roditur; Ibis  
Vt solet hostilem morsu lacerare Colubrum.  
Cur homo sic hominem mactet, crudelior ursis,  
quam nulla est, aut causa levis! sententia dispar.    

The Manners of Men. THE FIFTEENTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The Tentyrites and Ombites fight,  
These drunk with wine, and those with spite.  
Whose Gods are true, that is to say  
Whose Bird or Serpent, makes the Fray;  
Where they, that fast from lawful food,  
Eat up a Man, and drink his Blood.  
Thus violating Nature's Laws,  
For that they call the Holy-Cause.  
BITHYNICUS, who knows not what Portents  
Mad Egypt deifies? this part presents  
Devotion to the Crocodile, in that  
Ibis, with Serpents gorged, is trembled at.  
Where from half-MEMNON Magic Lutes are heard,  
And Thebes lies, with her hundred Gates interred:  
The Long-tailed Monkey's golden form shines there:  
There Sea-fish; River-fish is worshipped here,  
Whole Cities to the Hound their prayers address,  
None to DIANA, the Hound's Patroness.  
To strike a Leek, or Onion, with the edge  
Of the presumptuous teeth, is sacrilege.  
O blessed People, in whose Gardens spring  
Your Gods! that hold it an unlawful thing,  
The fleecy Sheep, or little Kid, to eat;  
But lawful to make humane flesh your meat.  
When grave ULYSSES, telling the like crime,  
Amazed ALCINOUS, at supper time;  
No doubt, in some it laughter moved, or spleen,  
As he a lying Traveller had been:  
Will none this Fellow cast into the Main,  
Worthy a true Charybdis, thus to feign  
Cyclops and Laestrigons, that man's flesh eat?  
That Cyan rocks meet, the lies not so great:  
That Scylla barks, that bladders, to his hand,  
Were filled with wind; that struck with CIRCE'S wand,  
ELPENOR grunted; with his Mates, turned Swine:  
To fool us sure is this old man's design.  
Thus some stayed Phaeack, who at meal would drink  
Less Corcyraean wine, might justly think;  
Because ULYSSES had no Witness there.  
I sing, indeed, things monstrous, but that were  
In the late Consulship of JUNIUS done:  
Near Coptus, scorched by th' almost vertick Sun;  
A crime no Tragedy can parallel.  
For, search all stories Buskined Poets tell,  
From PYRRHA'S time; no fact, like what the rage  
Of this wild People acted, in our Age.  
An old grudge, to immortal hatred turned,  
Betwixt the Tentyrites and Ombites burned;  
A wound, in these two neighbour-Towns, past cure:  
Because that neither People will endure  
Their neighbour's Deities; nor will have more  
Held to be Gods, than they themselves adore.  
When at their Feast, the Ombites set their beds  
And boards in Temples and Highways: the Heads.  
And Leaders of the Enemy (that meant  
To make a sad Feast) laboured to prevent  
The rising from their cups, which, day and night,  
Those men had set at, till the Sun's seventh light.  
Egypt is all debauched; this truth know I,  
Each poor Town may with lewd Canopus vie.  
Add, that a victory comes easy, when  
The foes are tippled, lisping, reeling men.  
With flowers crowned, anointed with poor unguents, they  
Of Ombus dance: here Negro-Pipers play,  
And there comes malice fasting; first they fall  
To words, zeal sounds the Trumpet to the Brawl.  
With equal clamours then begins the fight,  
Bare hands, in stead of darts, on faces light:  
Scarce any cheek escaped without a wound,  
In all the scuffle no one nose was sound.  
Half faces, or changed looks, have all the rout,  
And gaping bones through broken cheeks stick out.  
Fists full of blood, drawn from the eye, they caught;  
Yet they themselves all this but boyes-play thought:  
Because as yet no carcase trampled lies,  
But many, thousands fight, no one dies.  
Their fury therefore sharper grows; and now,  
With stretched out arms, down to the ground they bow  
To seek for stones, which sudden tumults arm:  
Nor are these, stones that can do equal harm  
With those which AJAX or strong TURNUS threw;  
Or weights, such as from DIOMEDES flew,  
And, hitting of his thigh, AENEAS field:  
But such as less and weaker hands can wield,  
Hands of our time: In HOMER'S days that birth  
Decreased in stature; but, upon the Earth  
The little fight fools, that now are born,  
No God can look on, but must laugh to scorn.  
But to my story; Now supplies come in,  
To draw their swords the Tentyrites begin,  
Keen arrows shoot, the Ombites run apace;  
As fast the shady Palm-tree's neighbour's chase.  
An Ombite falls, pushed headlong by his fear:  
Him, seized, the Tentyrites to pieces tear,  
That many may on one dead body sup;  
Nor call for pots, or spits; to eat him up  
Or boiled or roasted: the victorious throng,  
To stay for fire, do think the time too long.  
They gobbet down his flesh, his bones they gnaw,  
And are most highly pleased to eat him raw.  
It glads me, that the fire scaped unprofaned;  
That Element, which sly PROMETHEUS gained,  
And, stole from Heaven, did on the earth bestow;  
I joy it, and I think itself does so.  
But he that of the carcase got a bit,  
ne'er tasted any flesh so sweet as it.  
For, 'tis not to be questioned, if the prime  
Of pleasure were the gust, in such a crime:  
Nay who, to eat his share, too far off stood,  
Scraped with his fingers from the earth some blood.  
The Biscainers, it's said, to man's flesh owed  
Their life; but how? when war and fortune showed  
Their utmost spleen: theirs was the worst of fate,  
'Twas famine in a siege, of longest date;  
Their miserable food should pitied be;  
The very people named, draws tears from me.  
After all herbs, all animals, the sting  
Of hunger, makes them snatch at any thing;  
The foe even pitying their morphewed skin,  
Pale looks, and joints for want of meat grown thin.  
They famished fed on others, when they were,  
For hunger, ready their own flesh to tear.  
What Man, what God, but such might hold excused,  
As this sad weight of wretched fortune bruised?  
To whom their very Ghosts might pardon give,  
On whose dead bodies they were forced to live.  
We better precepts have from ZENO won,  
He does not hold all must for life be done.  
This doctrine whence should Biscain Stoics raise,  
Besieged by old METELLUS: in our days,  
We see the Greek and Roman Athens spread  
Through th' Earth; by th' eloquent French Nation bred  
Britain's grow Lawyers: so will Thule do,  
They talk of hiring Rhetoricians too.  
But this brave people; and the Saguntine,  
They that alike in faith and honour shine,  
But greater in the number of their dead;  
Their just excuse necessity may plead.  
Maeotis with less rage the world affrights,  
Then Egypt: for, the bloody Taurick rites.  
She that ordained (now trust a Poet's Pen)  
Only required a sacrifice of Men;  
But the poor wretch, that was to lose his life,  
Feared nothing there more barbarous than the knife.  
What accident, what siege or famine held,  
That Egypt to such monstrous things compelled?  
For which, me thinks their Memphian Nile should grow  
Into a rage, and cease to overflow.  
The horrid Cimbrian, Briton, Agathyrse,  
Nor wild Sarmatian knows a rage so fierce,  
As this effeminate useless rout; that floats,  
Rowed with short oars, in painted earthen boats.  
To suit their crime you can no penance frame,  
In whose minds wrath and hunger are the same.  
The softest hearts kind Nature, it appears,  
Gave to us men; because she gave us tears.  
Our senses noblest part our grief commands,  
For our sad friend; or when a Prisoner stands  
In mournings at the Bar: for cozening sleights  
When to the Court his Guardians th' Orphan citys,  
Whose tresse-like hair, and eyes still dropping pearl,  
Makes us doubt whether he's a Boy or Girl.  
Nature commands our tears, when in the street,  
A marriageable Virgin's corpse we meet;  
Or when a Child, his death annexed to is birth,  
Too little for the fire, is closed in earth.  
What good man, that mysterious lights may use  
Such as you would the Priest of CERES choose,  
But thinks fewer miseries are his?  
From the dumb Herd we diff'renced are by this.  
Profounder knowledge therefore only springs  
In us, made capable of heavenly things.  
To learn and practice Arts, 'tis we have power,  
Deriving sense from the Celestial Tower:  
Which creatures that to earth look downward want;  
To them the world's great Architect did grant  
Life only; life and soul to us he gave:  
That mutual love might succour give, and crave;  
Collect into a People men dispersed,  
Leave hollow trees, where mankind first conversed;  
Build houses, join to ours another's Lares,  
Sleep safe, confiding in our neighbour's cares:  
Protect our brother, staggering with his wound,  
Or fallen; charge at the trumpet's common sound,  
Defend ourselves with the same Works and Forts,  
And be with one key locked within the Ports.  
But now, at far more concord Serpents are;  
The Panther yet his spotted kind will spare:  
A Lion's blood what stronger Lion spills?  
A Boar what Boar, whose tusks are sharper, kills?  
The Indian Tigresses firm peace enjoy,  
No cursed Bears one another will destroy;  
But Man, when on the wicked Anvil laid,  
He fatal Iron malleable made;  
Rakes, Hooks and Plowshares, would not him content,  
Till the more skilful Smith did Swords invent.  
We see men that unsatisfied remain  
With kill men, unless they eat the slain.  
To these foul Monsters what would he not say,  
Or to what place would he not fly away,  
If now PYTHAGORAS their diet viewed?  
That of all creatures heaven with life endued;  
Even as a man, did th'eating disavow:  
Nor to his belly would all pulls allow.  

The Comment UPON THE FIFTEENTH satire.  
VErse 1. Bithynicus.] Volusius Bithynicus, to whom Juvenal addresses this Divine satire.  
Verse 3. Crocodile,] A Serpent of the River Nilus, that, from an egg no bigger than a Goose-egge, grows to be above two and twenty cubits long; which no other creature does, that is at first so little. The Egyptians know, how high the River Nilus will rise that year, by the place where this egg is hatched. He is armed with impenetrable scales. In the day time he lives upon the land; in the night, upon the water. When his belly is full of fish, he lies down upon the shore, with his mouth open: a little bird (there called Trochilos, in Italy the King of birds) first picks his teeth, then tickles his gums, in which pleasure he falls a sleep: And the Ichneumon, a kind of Rat, running down his throat like an arrow shot into his Bowels, gnaws asunder his womb, which is the only tender part about him. Upon the River of Nilus there is a People called Tentyrites, which mortally hate this Serpent, that is terrible to those that fly from him, but flies from those that pursue him: which only these men dare do. He is said to be purblind in the water, and quicksighted on the land. Some affirm that of all creatures he only grows as long as he lives; and lives to be very old. Plin. lib. 8. cap. 25.  
Verse 4. Ibis,] The Egyptians pray to the Ibis against the coming of Serpents. Plin. lib. 10. cap. 28. The Ibis is a filthy bird. See Ovid. in Ib. It is somewhat like a Stork, but those of Pelusium are all black, in other places they are all white. Plin. lib. 10. cap. 30. Ipsi qui irridentur Aegyptii, etc. Even the ridiculous Egyptians worship no Monster, but for some good it doth them: as the Ibis, that kills a vast number of Serpents, being a strong great bird with stiff thighs, and a horny beak. They preserve Egypt from the plague, by watching and killing the flying Serpents, which the South-west wind brings out of the Libyan Deserts: whereby they neither do hurt, when alive, by biting: nor by their stink, when they are dead. Cic. de Nat. Deor.  
Verse 5. Half-Memnon.] In the Temple of Serapis, at Thebes in Egypt, some think the Colossus or Statue of Memnon to have been dedicated; which at the rising of the Sun, touched with his beams, is said to sound like music. Plin lib. 36. cap. 7. Germanicus saw the Statue of Memnon, which being struck with the rays of the Sun, sounded like the voice of a man. Tac. Ann. lib. 2. cap. 15. This vocal Statue was erected about the year of the Julian Period, 3106.1080 years after, when Cambyses ruined the hundred gated City of Thebes, he caused the Statue to be broken about the middle of the breast, imagining the sound to be a product of the Mechanics, effected by springs and wheels within: but none were found. From this time the Music was thought to be magical; for neither cause nor Author appeared, yet still the Colossus yielded the same sound. The remaining part of this wonder of the world was seen by Strabo, that says, both he and others heard the vocal marble about one in the afternoon. See Strab. lib. 7. Pausan Attic. Philostrat. in vit. Apol.  
Verse 6. Thebes.] The most ancient City of Egypt; built as some say by Bacchus; as others affirm by Busyris, and once so called. Diodor. & Cic. and Herodot. that says, it was in compass a hundred and forty furlongs, and therefore named Hecatompylos.  
Verse 7. Long-tailed Monkey.] A kind of Monkey which the Egyptians worshipped for a God. This Monkey, the Cercopithecus, had a black head, and hair upon all the rest of the body like Ass' hair. Plin. lib. 8. cap. 21.  
Verse 9 The Hound.] Anubis, Son to Isis and Osiris. He gave the Hound for his Arms, or the impress of his Shield: and therefore was adored in the shape of a Hound. This made Egypt so superstitious, that if a Dog died in any house, the whole family shaved themselves; which was their greatest expression of mourning. But Juvenal derides them, that worship the Hound, and not the Goddess of hunting, Diana. Of terrestrial creatures the Egyptians in general only worshipped three, the Bull or Cow, the Dog, and Cat. Of water-animals two, the Lepidot. and Oxyrinth. Strab. Some particular places, as the Saitae and Thebans, adored Sheep, the Latopolitanes the broad Fish, the Lycopolitanes the Wolf, Kid, and Goat; the Mendesians the Mouse, and the Athribites the Spider. Strab. lib. 17.  
Verse 11. A Leek or Onion,] Wherein, they conceived, there must needs be a Divinity; because they crossed the influences of the Moon, decreasing when she increased, and growing when she wained. Plin.  
Verse 15. Sheep.] The Egyptian Priests eat only Veal and Goose; but altogether abstained from Lamb and Mutton. Diodor. lib. 2.  
Verse 18. Alcinous,] King of the Phaeacks, whose Daughter Nausicae found Ulysses amongst the bushes (as in the end of the Comment upon Sat. 9) and brought him to her father: where at Supper he discoursed his voyage, and told how Polyphemus and Antiphates eat up his Mates: which inhuman cruelty, in my Author's opinion, must needs be thought so incredible and ridiculous a lie, to the soberer sort of Phaeacks, that he wonders some of them killed him not, for abusing them with impossibilities, viz. that men should eat men: all the rest of his Mandevilian adventures, as that Scylla and Carybdis set their Dogs at him, That the Cyan rocks, on either side of the Thracian Bosphorus, met and joined together, That Neptune gave him bladders filled with wind, that Circe turned his men into Hogs, he thinks might be easier believed, or passed by, as pardonable fictions: But that one man should kill and eat another, what sober man can credit?  
Verse 30. Corcyraean wine,] The excellent strong wine of Corcyra, anciently Phaeacia. Plin. now Corfu, and so called by Cicero. Famil. Epist. 9  
Verse 33. Junius.] To prove the matter of fact in this sad relation, as if he were to prove a Law, he names the Consul, Junius Sabinus, Colleague with Domitian Caesar, at the time when his Minion, Paris the Player, got a Commission for Juvenal to have a Regiment of Foot at Pentapolis in Egypt, where that barbarous cruelty was acted.  
Verse 34. Coptus.] A Metropolitan City of Egypt. Ptol. Plut. Strab. a Haven common to the Egyptians and Arabians, inclining towards the red Sea, near to the Emerald-Mines. Over this Town the Sun at noon day is almost in his vertical point.  
Verse 37. Pyrrha,] Wife to Deucalion. See the Comment upon Sat. 1. From her time, Juvenal bids us sum up all Tragic Examples, as that of Atreus, feasting his brother Thyestes with his own Sons; Medea killing her Children; Orestes his Mother, as aforesaid: and we shall find no parallel to this bloody banquet. For, those horrid crimes were only committed by single persons, this by the joint consent of a multitude.  
Verse 39 Immortal hatred.] Religion is, a religando, from binding the minds of men in the strictest of all bonds: and undoubtedly diversity of Religion makes the saddest difference between man and man. Upon this maxim, the wisest of the Kings of Egypt grounded his policy, for assigning several Gods to the several People of his Kingdom; that so they might never agree amongst themselves to rebel against their Prince. Diodor.  
Verse 40. Tentyrites,] The Inhabitants of the City of Tentyris or Tentyra in Egypt. Plin. Ptol. Strab. Steph. They hate the Crocodile, and are terrible to him, as in his precedent description. The Deity they worship is the Ibis, a bird that kills the Crocodile, as aforesaid.  
Verse 40. Ombites.] Ombus or Ombri, a Town in Egypt. Ptol. that adored the Crocodile. By the description of John Leo. it seems to be that which is now Chana. Undoubtedly, the Transcriber of Juvenal when he should have writ adhuc Ombos, writ the c twice over, and made it adhuc Combos. Abra. Ortel. which mistake, together with an infinite number of grosser errors, is rectified in the Lovure-copie, followed by me in this Edition.  
Verse 51. Know I.] This knowledge of the Author, makes very much for the Argument of his next and last satire, writ when he was banished into Egypt, under the name of an honourable Commander, a Colonel of Foot.  
Verse 52. Lewd Canopus.] Of the infinite Lewdness, of this Town, See the Comment upon Sat. 6.  
Verse 55. Poor unguents.] So their wine were generous, the Ombites cared not what poor unguents they made use of, which in other parts of Egypt were most precious. Plin.  
Verse 56. Negro-Pipers.] The Towns of Ombus and Tentyris were upon the borders of Arabia, and common to the Arabian Aethiops: some of which were the Pipers at this lamentable feast of the Ombites.  
Verse 73. Ajax or Turnus,] Men of more strength than any were in Juvenal's time, as appears by the weight of the stones which they lifted and threw at their enemies. Ajax in his combat with Hector. Iliad. 6. & 7. Diomedes in his combat with Aeneas. Iliad. lib. 6. that had the luck on't; for, Turnus likewise struck him down with a stone. Aeneid. lib. 12. 
Nec plura effatus, saxum circumspicit ingens,  
Without more words, he spies a mighty stone,  Hom. ibid. says that Diomedes took up such a weight, as in his time fourteen young men could hardly wag.  
Verse 77. Homer,] The most incomparable Greek Poet. He flourished eightscore years before Rome was built. Cor. Nep. He was blind, and therefore surnamed Homer (for so the jonians call a blind man that wants a guide) being formerly known by the name of Melesigenes, as born near to the River Meles, which runs by the walls of Smyrna. Philost. and Strab. The place of his nativity is made doubtful, by many Cities, every one of them claiming him for a Native, after his death; whereas, in his life time, none of all these Towns would relieve his wants, or own him. The Colophonians say he was a Citizen of theirs; the Chians challenge him: the Salaminians will have him: the Smyrnians so far avow him, that in their City they have dedicated a Temple to him: many other City's clash and contend about him. Cic. in his Orat. pro Poet. Archia. He writ two Works; one of the Trojan war, which he calls his Ilias; the other of the voyage of Ulysses, which he calls his Odysseys; as likewise many other little Pieces. From him came the illustrious Family of the Homerides, in Chios. Hellan. Ingeniorum gloriae, etc. Amongst so many kinds of learning, and such variety of matter and form, who can fix the glory of wit upon any one particular person? unless it be agreed by general consent, that no man went beyond the Greek Poet Homer, whether the fortune of his work, or the subject be considered. Therefore Alexander the great (and in the best judgements such a censure raises him, above envy, to the highest pitch) amongst the spoils of Darius' King of Persia, having taken his Cabinet of unguents or essences, whose outside was all precious stones: His friends showing him to what use he might put it (rich unguents and perfumes being improper for a rough Soldier) No, I profess to Hercules, said Alexander, Homer's works shall be kept in it: the most precious Book for the mind of man, shall have the richest Cover. Plin. lib. 7. cap. 29. The Greek letters, invented at several times by others, he reduced to that form wherein we now have them. vid. Herodot. & Plutar. & Plin. lib. 3. cap. 2. where he tells of the conjuring up the Ghost of Homer, from the mouth of Appian the Grammarian, an eye witness of the fact.  
Verse 80. Must laugh.] The Gods (that once assisted Hector and Aeneas in their Combats, because they had great courages, and were goodly persons) now cannot choose but laugh, saith the Satirist, to see the Pygmeys of his time, Dwarves both in mind and body, fight and kill one another. Very Pygmeys they would have been, if their stature and strength had lessened proportionable to their decrease between the time of the Trojan war and the age of Homer, as appears by the weight lifted by Diomedes, if we credit Homer's testimony, in the last note but one.  
Verse 84. Palmtrees.] The Palmtree Grove, near to the City of Tentyris.  
Verse 94. Prometheus.] See the manner of his stealing fire from Heaven in the Comment upon Sat. 8.  
Verse 103. The Biscainers.] The Vascones, a People of Spain. Ptol. Plin. & Tacit. They were besieged by Metellus and Pompey, and reduced to such extreme necessity, that the living were enforced to eat the dead. Flor. lib. 30. cap. 22. Val▪ Max. lib. 7. cap. 6. Oros. lib. 5. cap. 23. The Vascones sent a Plantation into France, which are now called Gascons.  
Verse 119. Zeno,] Father of the Stoics, Son to Mnaseas of Cittium in the Isle of Cyprus. The Oracle told him, if he would be a good man, he must converse with the dead; whereupon he presently fell to the reading of old Authors. Laert. He first came to Athens as a Merchant, yet with some inclination to the study of Philosophy: for, hearing his Ship was cast away, he said Fortune commands me to study Philosophy more intentively. Senec. Or as Plutarch hath it, I thank thee Fortune, thou wilt thrust me into a Gown. He was Scholar to Crates, Stilpo and Xenocrates: and so well satisfied with his two last Masters, that he said, his best Voyage was his Shipwreck. His Hearers were at first called Zenonians, from their Reader: afterwards, from the place where he taught, they had the name of Stoics. He was so honoured by the Athenians, that they entrusted him with the keys of the City. After he had been a Reader eight and fifty years, and had lived ninty and eight, he broke his finger (and as it seems, to prevent the sense of further pain) strangled himself. King Antigonus (that eighteen years before had writ for Zeno to come to him into Macedon, and still had a hope to get him thither) when he heard of his death, said, What a sight have I lost: one ask him why he was so great an admirer of Zeno, he answered, because in all my intercourse with and favours to him, I never knew Zeno either exalted or dejected. The King's respects to Zeno died not with him: For, he sent his Ambassador to Athens, that moved in his Master's name for the erecting of a Monument to Zeno in the Ceramick. It was done by Decree of the People, attested by Arrhenides, than Archon, and writ upon two Pillars; one erected in the Academy, the other in the Lyceum. The Statue they set up for him was of brass, crowned with a crown of gold. The reason of the Decree was, That the world might know how much the people of Athens honoured good men alive and dead. The Sect of the Stoics sprung out of the Cynics; and their principles, as in the Comment upon Sat. 13. were the same, viz. That virtue wants nothing, but comprehends within it what is sufficient for the happiness of life; which they held to be governed by fatal necessity.  
Verse 121. Biscain Stoics.] My Author says, It would have been no great wonder, if the Biscainers had eat man's flesh, without necessity, when they were besieged by Metellus; because, in his days, Spain never heard of Zeno's Precept, that enjoined his Sect, Upon no terms whatsoever to violate the Law of Nature. But in Juvenal's time, so long after Metellus, when the Greek and Roman Philosophy was dispersed through the world (even the Britain's being taught by the French to argue the Law: and Thule or Tilemarck in Norwey talking of a Salary for Rhetors, to initiate their Nation in moot Cases) that now the Egyptians (from whom all learning was derived) should be so barbarously inhuman, as to eat one another, is an amazement to my Author; and may be so to all that know not Quantum Relligio poterit suadere malorum.  
Verse 127. Saguntine.] The people of Saguntum (now Morvedre) in Spain, besieged by Hannibal, against the Articles of peace between Rome and Carthage. Their fidelity to the Romans encouraged them to hold out, till hunger forced them to eat the bodies of the Dead. When they had no more Dead men to preserve the Living, they raised a pile of wood in the Marketplace, where they burned themselves, and all they had. This siege, against the conditions of peace, brought in the second Punic war, and consequently the ruin of perfidious Carthage.  
Verse 131 Moeotis,] Where every tenth stranger was sacrificed to Diana, the bloody Ceremony continuing till the coming of Orestes and Pylades. See the Comment upon Sat. 1. tit. Orestes.  
Verse 139. Nile.] This River (of which in the Comment upon Sat. 6.) was the Egyptians heaven. Read my Translation of Pliny's Panegyric p. 19 Egypt so gloried in cherishing and multiplying seed, as if it were not at all indebted to the Rain and heaven, being always watered with her own River; nor fattened with any other kind of water, but what was poured forth by the Earth itself; yet was it clothed with so much corn, that it might (as it were eternally) vie harvests with the fruitfullest parts of the whole world.  
Verse 141. The horrid Cimbrian] The Danes and Holsatians, horrid indeed and terrible to the Romans overthrown in three battles by these Germane Outlaws (for so the word Cimbrian imported in High Dutch according to Plutar. but Fest. says, in French) which had been Masters of the Romans, but that Marius rose, as in Sat. 8. from a Ploughman, and a camp-Carpenter, to be a victorious General: and though the man was meanly born, 
Yet he at Cimbrian horrors never checked,  
But did, alone, the trembling State protect.   
Verse 141. Agathyrse.] The Agathyrsi (now Alanorsi) were a People of Scythia. Ptolom. so named from Agathyrsus, Son to Hercules by Echidne.  
Verse 144. Earthen boats.] In the Isle of Della, embraced by the Sea and two arms of Nilus, there is such an easy passage by water, that some have earthen boats. Strab. lib. 17.  
Verse 147. Softest hearts.] Dum hominem, etc. when Nature commanded Man to weep, she gave him pity, humanity, and mercy. Senec.  
Verse 159. Mysterious lights.] In the Ceremonies of Ceres, such a person was thought fittest to officiate at the Altar, as could keep a torch lighted when he ran at full speed.  
Verse 179. At far more concord Serpents are.] Caetera animantia, etc. other creatures hold fair quarter with their own kind. We see them assemble and join, against those of another species. The fury of Lions makes them not fight amongst themselves: no Serpent bites another Serpent: No Sea-monsters, or fishes, to their Kind are cruel: But really many mischiefs are done by man to man. Plin. lib. 7. in Praem. Ab homine, etc. Man by man is daily endangered. The world hath not more frequent villainy, more obstinate, more flattering. A storm threatens before it rises; houses crack before they fall; smoke ushers fire: but destruction from the hand of man to man is sudden: and the nearer it approaches, it is the more industriously disguised. You are deceived, if you trust their faces that compliment you: they have the shapes of men, the souls of wild beasts. Senec. Epist. 104. Nulla est tam, etc. there is no plague so detestable, as that which one man brings upon another. Cicer.  
Verse 193. Pythagoras.] Son to Mnesarchus of Samos a Diamond-cutter. He was Scholar to Phericydes the Syrian, and the first that taught Philosophy to the Italians. When Phericydes died, he heard Hermodamantus, than a very old man, Nephew to Creophilos. Then he made a voyage to Egypt, to sound the mysteries of their Theology, sacred ceremonies, and Morality. Afterwards, desirous to learn Astrology and the discipline of the Chaldaeans, he went to Babylon; where he was taught the course of the Stars, and their influence in relation to the nativities of men. It is said that he had no less than six hundred Scholars that came to him by night; whereof the most famous were these four, Architas the Tarentine, Hippasus the Metapontine, Alcmaeon and Philolaus Crotonians. He was the first Assertor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the transmigration of Souls into other bodies: whereof Ovid writes the History, and meant not (as I conceive) to trouble Grammarians, with making out his sense with a figure, but understood form as Pythagoras did, for soul 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: beginning thus 
In nova, fert animus, mutatas dicere formas  
Corpora: dii ceptis (nam Vos mutastis, & Illas)  
Aspirate meis—  
Souls, changed into new bodies, I record:  
You Gods (that changed Yourselves, and Them) afford  
Your help—  Pythagoras, the easier to persuade his Auditors, affirmed that he himself was first Son to Mercury, his name Aethalides: and that his Father bid him choose his suit, and it should be granted, excepting immortality: He asked, that no change of his soul might deprive him of the memory of things past. After he died as Aethalides, he lived again as Euphorbus, then as Hermotimus; then he was a Delian Fisherman, called Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus dying, he revived as Pythagoras. This opinion of the Souls migration, he learned from the Egyptians; and from their Priests (undoubtedly) he had his abstinence from flesh and herbs, not allowing himself all kinds of pulls: for, he abstained from beans. What a ridiculous appearance we see in the story of his Egyptian Philosophy? Can any body than blame Lucian for jeering at him, and bringing the soul of Pythagoras into a Cobbler's Cock, that was interrogated, Why he would eat no beans when he was Pythagoras? whereunto he answered, If I had not in some things been extraordinary, I should not have been so followed. Lucian in Mycill. Truly I am thus far of Lucian's opinion, That Pythagoras, and his Pattern, King Numa, would never have brought the Common-people to submit to their Authority and Laws, If they had not first won them to a belief, that their Lawgivers were more than men. This made the Crotonians and Metapontines reverence his Laws; and suffer him to reduce them, by his doctrine, from their luxurious vanity: insomuch as the women, wrought upon by his integrity and strictness of life, hung up their wanton Ornaments and Vests of cloth of gold, in the Temple of Juno. After he had lived long amongst the Crotonians, he went to Metapontus, and there died. About the manner of his death tradition differs very much. But in how great esteem he lived with the Metapontines, they manifested after his decease, by consecrating his house into a Temple, and giving him divine honours. He was the first that named Philosophy, and himself Philosopher, a lover of wisdom: the reason for it I have given you in the Comment upon Sat. 3. tit. Pythagoras. He thought, that in heavenly and earthly things there is a harmony: for how can the universe consist but in certain proportions and definite numbers. Polyd. Virgil. lib. 1. cap. 9 de rerum invent. He held the world to be increated and incorruptible, and ●hat Mankind was from eternity. Censorin. He defined God to be a spirit, intent and moving about the nature of all things; of whom all things have their being, all animals their life. Polyd. Virg. lib. 1. cap. 1. vid. B. Jamblic. & Politian in Lam. He writ two Commentaries, one treating of a Commonwealth, the other of a Kingdom; which Plato by his Letter to Archytas the Tarentine (Scholar to Pythagoras) earnestly desired a sight of; and when he had received a Copy, expressed much thankfulness and satisfaction.    


Figura Decima Sexta.  
ROmulidae ¹, noti Juvenalis ² ad ora stupetis?  
Nil in fronte novi est, radiet nisi Cassidis aurum;  
Si dicar Soli praefulgens, mira videtur  
Res expendenti? Sol non est Ipse Tribunus.  
Sexcenti similes ³ his, me duce, signa sequuntur:  
Quin positum vestras graphium spes fallit, Amici;  
Nec tamen obtusum est nostrum, sed cuspide pungit,  
Si meministis, at hic stimulus multò acriùs urit;  
Hâc ⁴ virgâ, vitis de stipite, corrigo lentos  
Castrorum comites, & frango in vertice nodos;  
Quâ si vos feriam, prosint patientèr ocello  
Lacrymulae expressae, tremulâque quiescere caluâ:  
Aut si Praetorem pergant vexare querelae,  
Fidendum est Causae; sunt justi Centuriones.  
Sed vitate meos pedites, vos calcibus actos  
Memphi proscribent: Libertas est rata Campo;  
Immotusque metu Miles, succumbit amori.  
Nunc, palpans Genitor, scribetur languidus haeres;  
At si non captet, Ceras Paris impleat unus,  
Qui mihi militiae sub Caesare donat honorem;  
Vndè Clientis opes, queîs (nam venalia Romae  
Omnia) ab officio moveatur fortè Patronus.   

  

The sixteenth Design.  
NOt know me friends ¹? look better, 'tis th' old face  
Of ² Juvenal, but in a rich new case:  
More glorious than the Sun I may be well;  
The Sun, I take it, is no Colonel.  
Six hundred of these ³ Fellows I command:  
You look a Pen should still be in my hand?  
Mine was no soft Pen, you have heard so much:  
But where this falls, it gives a harder touch:  
This, Neighbours, is the ⁴ Vine; with this I do  
Battoon my Rascals; should I beat you too,  
Your best were to put finger in the eye,  
Or shake your empty heads; yet, if you cry  
For Justice to the Tribune, you may trust  
To your good Cause, our Officers are just:  
But ' ware my Regiment of foot, you'll be  
Kicked out of Egypt. Soldiers, and not Free,  
Our Charter bars: For love, not fear, we bow.  
My bedrid Father, if he please me now,  
Shall be my heir; but if he please me not,  
The Favourite, that my Commission got:  
Which brings me in, you may at Rome report,  
Money enough to buy his Place at Court.    

The Manners of Men. THE SIXTEENTH satire OF JUVENAL.  
The ARGUMENT.  
The great Court-Minion, Paris, sells  
The Major's place, and Colonel's,  
Whose parts upon the Stage He played:  
For touching this, the Author's made  
A Colonel in spite; and sent  
To Egypt with his Regiment:  
Where he the difference records  
Of People wearing Gowns and Swords.  
A Soldiers privileges who can tell?  
For, GALLUS, in the Camp if all go well,  
Young valour's entered by a happy Star.  
There is an hour in fate, more powerful far,  
Then if to MARS her letter VENUS write:  
Or's Mother, pleased to see her SAMIANS fight.  
The common-benefits let's first repeat;  
'Tis something, that no Gown-man dare thee beat;  
Nay, if thou beatest him, he puts up the blow,  
Nor struck out Teeth dare to the Praetor show,  
Nor that black lump in his swollen face reveal,  
Or's one eye: which no Surgeon hopes to heal.  
The armed Judge, that must thy wrongs repair,  
With shoes and great boots hanging at his chair;  
Observes CAMILLUS his old martial Laws:  
And lets no Soldier, to defend his Cause,  
Pass o'er the trenches, or his colours leave.  
A Soldiers wrong the Captains soon perceive;  
And give me satisfaction too he must,  
In case the ground of my Complaint be just:  
But the whole Regiment will malice me,  
My foes each private company will be.  
The right they do me, they are sure to make  
More grievous, than the wrong I would not take.  
It were to be as desperate an ass,  
As th' Orator VAGELLUS ever was,  
Against two thighs, thousands to move to wrath  
With Boots and spurs; who so ill breeding hath?  
Then who so much a PYLADES to lend  
Assistance, in an army, to his friend?  
Let's wipe our eyes, nor go about to use  
Men, that we know will but themselves excuse.  
The Judge interrogating, who was by  
When thou were't hurt? the Witness that says, I:  
Be what he will; his hair, in my esteem,  
And beard, might our great Ancestors beseem.  
A Souldier'gainst no soldier, if he please,  
May a false witness bring, with much more ease,  
Then a poor Countryman, if he pursue  
A guilty Soldier, can produce a true.  
The grand Prerogatives observe we now,  
Appendent to the Military vow.  
If shamlesly my neighbour-Souldier claim  
A piece of ground, that bears my Father's name:  
Or shall the sacred Bounderstone dig out,  
To which all my Forefathers were devout;  
I likewise yearly offering, to the Soil,  
My first fruits of Pulls, Honey, Meal, and Oil.  
If, being my debtor, he not only stand  
Dallying to pay me, but forswear his hand:  
We wait, till all the people be called in;  
'Tis a whole year before our Suit begin;  
And then a thousand stops, a thousand stays;  
Sometimes the Usher but the cushion lays:  
His cloak off smooth CAEDITIUS having got:  
And old Judge FUSCUS used the Chamber-pot,  
The Court's up, when we should to pleading go;  
Within the Lawyer's lists the fight is slow.  
But he that wears a sword and belt, may use  
His pleasure, and his day of hearing choose:  
Nor is his Suit in danger to be stopped,  
Or with demurrers as with triggers propped.  
Then, Law the freedom to a Soldier gives,  
To make his Will, whilst yet his Father lives;  
For, what his service in the Wars hath got,  
Unto the Stock of wealth belongeth not,  
Of which his Father wholly may dispose.  
CORANUS therefore, that so wealthy grows  
By husbanding his pay, his dying Father  
Sends presents to; just industry did gather  
His wealth, and that's his own which he hath earned.  
A General in honour is concerned,  
That he that wants not worth, no gold should want,  
That all may march out trapped, and all clinquant.  

The Comment UPON THE SIXTEENTH satire.  
VErse 1, Gallus,] The person honoured with this satire.  
Verse 6. Or's Mother,] Juno, whose principal Temple stood in the jonian-isle of Samos.  
Verse 10. Praetor,] That would hear no complaint against a Soldier; whose proper Judges were the great-Officers of the Army. See the Comment upon Sat. 1. tit. Praetor.  
Verse 15. Camillus,] The Dictator formerly mentioned: He made a Law at the Siege of Veiae, That a Soldier should not be compelled to leave his Colours for any suit in Law; the reason of the Law was, That no Soldier might be absent from the public service, upon a private man's Complaint.  
Verse 26. Vagellus,] An Orator that, without any consideration of other men's interest or his own danger, would undertake any Cause, though he were bastinadoed for it, by some concerned great person: Therefore I call him an Ass, according to our dialect; but my Author styles him, A Man with the heart of a Mule, Mulino cord, which his old transcribers mistaking, changed mulino into Mutinensi, and so made him a foolish Orator of Mutina (now Modena) in Italy, but that City is vindicated, by the noble French-copy, from being Mother to such a Dunce.  
Verse 21. Cohort,] The Roman Cohort, or Regiment of Foot, was the tenth part of their ordinary Legion, or the Legio justa. A Cohort contained three Maniples; every Maniple two Centuries; every Century a hundred Soldiers, Alex. Gen. Dier. lib. 1. So you see, that Juvenal, in his Cohort, commanded six hundred Men.  
Verse 29. Pylades,] See the Comment upon Sat. 1. tit. Orestes.  
Verse 36. Great Ancestors,] The old Romans; that feared not death, in their country's, their own, or their friend's just-Cause.  
Verse 42. Vow,] The military sacrament or Oath, the form whereof was this: Obtemperaturus sum, etc. I am to obey and do whatsoever is commanded me by my Generals, to my power. Polyb. See Lips. de milit. Rom. lib. 1. dial. 6 & 4.  
Verse 45. Bounderstone,] Set up for a Mark between Neighbours Lands: Upon this stone (not to be defiled with blood, by Numa's constitution) the Romans yearly sacrificed Pulls, Honey, Meal and Oil, as their first-Fruits to the God Terminus or Limit: of which they used to say; The God Terminus was not to give place to Jove himself. And they held a crime committed against this Deity, by removing a Bounderstone, to be the greatest of all Sacrileges.  
Verse 55. Caeditius,] Mentioned here as a Pleader: as a Judge Sat. 13.  
The Judge Caeditius cannot here invent,  
Nor Rhadamant in hell, a punishment  
Verse 56. Fuscus,] Aurelius Fuscus; Martial sets his mark upon him for a drunkard, and Juvenal does as much for his wife, Sat. 12. and little less for her husband, by making him turn to the wall before he sits down in the Court.  
Verse 71. That's his own which he hath earned,] All that a Roman earned, by his labour and patience in the Wars, was clearly his own; not of the essence of his Patrimony, which appertained to his Father by survivorship, in case that during his Son's life he had not emancipated, or made him free; for, a Son, being in potestate Patris, could give away nothing by Will, unless he were a Soldier, whose military Oath gave him his freedom; and enabled him to dispose of whatsoever he had got in the service of his Country. Knowing this privilege, Coranus (though he was old, and had one foot in the Grave) courted his young Son, that was a Soldier, and might therefore die before him, without leaving a Legacy, out of the Profits and Proceeds of his Pay, to his Father, unless the old man (like a common Captator) pleased him with Presents.   
FINIS.   

ERRATA.  
FOlio 76. verse 81. for there's, read theirs. fol. 86. ver. 311. for note, read, note yet. fol. 171. v. 415. for, with men of paludated, read, with paludated. fol. 227. v. 20. for the Judge then, read, than the Judge. fol. 310. for in thy decrepitness they must, read, in their decrepitness thou must. fol. 403. v. 237. for the Tribune sits, read, the Praetor sits. fol. 479. v. 340. for Sommnr, read, Summer.   

READERS.  
IF I should have printed all the places wherein the Lovure-copie (which I follow) differs from other Juvenals, it would have been a little book of itself: I have therefore put down only the most material alterations, that, if you please, you may here correct the words of your Latin Juvenal, by the French Edition: and the commaes, by my English. Yet, let me advertise you of one most excellent reading that is not in the K. of France's copy, for which (I take it) we are obliged to Dr. Hammond's observation, out of an old Manuscript, viz. Sat. 13. vers. 1.  Extemplo, quodcunque malum committitur, 

Variae Lectiones JUVENALIS, PARISIIS editi, 1644.  

Sat. 3.  
VErse 36.— & verso policy vulgus Quum libet occidunt  
V. 112.— aviam resupinat amici   

Sat. 6.  
V. 142▪— vidua est, locuples quae nupsit avaro   

Sat. 8.  
V. 4.— humeroque minorem Corvinum  
V. 157. Eponam   

Sat. 9  
V. 26. Quodque taces, ipsos   

Sat. 10.  
V. 24.— notissima templis Divitiae; crescant ut opes,  
V. 74.— si Nurtia Tusco  
V. 93.— augusta Caprearum  
V. 150.— aliosque elephantos, Additur imperiis Hispania  
V. 220.— Oppia maechoes  
V. 222.— circumscripserit Hirrus  
V. 224.— inclinet Hamillus  
V. 322.— sive est haec Oppia  
V. 365. Nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia; nos te Nos facimus Fortuna Deam,   

Sat. 13.  
V. 32. Faesidium.   

Sat. 14.  
V. 2 Et nitidis maculam haesuram,  
V. 62. Hic leve argentum; vasa aspera tergeat alter,   

Sat. 15.  
V. 35. Ardet adhuc Ombos,   

Sat. 16.  
V. 13. Atque oculum, medico nil promittente, relictum,  
V. 21. Consensu magno efficiunt, curabilis ut sit Vindicta, & gravior quam injuria  
V. 23. Declamatoris mulino cord     

THE TABLE: OR An ALPHABETICAL ACCOUNT of the principal and most memorable Words, Matter, history, Descriptions, Characters, and Sentences contained in this Volume.  


A.  
AEACUS, one of the three infernal Judges, folio 17. his office, ibid.  
Aediles, of three sorts, 102  
Aegeus, 445  
Aegistthus, begot in Incest, 350 lives in Adultery, ibid. marries Clytaemnestra, 15. designs the murder of Orestes, ibid. is slain by him, ibid.  
Aelius Sejanus, his beginning, 357. his policies, ibid. & 358. discovered, ibid. his execution, 359  
Aemilius Lepidus, Pont. Max. 289. why his Statue was set up with a Child's Bulla about his neck, 290  
Aemilius Paulus, leads Perseus K. of Macedon in triumph, 291  
Aemilius Scaurus, 58. his birth, poverty and advancement, ibid. he breaks his Son's heart, ibid. his Character, ibid. his Embassage to K. Jugurth. ibid.  
Aemilius, a rich Lawyer, 254  
Aeneas, Son to Anchises, 33. his piety, ibid. his fortune, ib. drowned, 407. Julius Caesar descended from him, ibid.  
Aeolus, K. of Strongyle, 370. why called K. of the Winds, ibid. what his dominion signifies, in a moral sense, 371  
Aeta, King of Colchis, 18  
Acestes, why called the good, 263  
Achilles, Son to Peleus, 34. his life summed up, ibid.  
Acilius Glabrio, a Prudent Man, 123. Consul with Vlp. Trajan, ibid. accused for Designs of Innovation, ibid. banished with more cruelty than his Son was executed, ibid.  
Actor's spoils, 61  
Adriatic, now Golfo di Venetia, 120  
Africa, and France, litigious Countries, the Lawyer's best Patrimony, 25●  
Aganippe's Valley, 241  
Agathyrse, 511  
Agave, kills her Son, 249  
Age Ninth, 44.443. Eight Ages, ibid.  
Agrippina, chosn for her Uncle Claudius Caesar's second Wife, by her dear Servant Narcissus, 149. hr confidence before marriage, ibid. she gets her Son Domitius adopted by her husband, ibid. then poisons the old Man with a Mushroom, ibid.  
Alaband, a City n Caria, 97  
Alba, built by As●nius, 121. robbed by K. Tullus, ibid. from whence it had the name, ibid.  
Alban Wine, now called Vino Albano, 142  
Albina, 99  
Alcestis, dies to sa● her Husband's life, 221  
Alcinous, K. of the haeacks, 504. feasts Ulysses, ibid.  
Alcmaeon, why he 〈◊〉 his Mother, 223  
Allecto, one of the tree Furies, 247. what the Furies are, ibid.  
Alexander the Great 68 his Mother's pride, ibid. his Father dream interpreted, ibid. his conquests, ●d. his description, ibid. dies at thirty yrs of age, ibid. the truth of his impoisong doubtful, ibid.  
Alexandria, 195. 〈◊〉 called the Walls of Lagus, ibid.  
Alledius, a Glutton, 14●  
Althaea, Queen of Calidonia, 147  
Amphiaraus, ●03. foreknew that he must die at thy Siege of Thebes, 223. a secret his Wife made use of, ibid. his last Charge to his Son, ibid.  
Amphion, 199. his Fable, ib▪ mythologised, 200  
Amydon, a Paeonian City, 97  
Ancient Romans described, 59  
Ancile, a brazen Shield, 63. of what fashion, ibid. how it dropped from the Clouds, ibid. eleven more made, ibid.  
Ancona, a City built by the Grecians, 120  
Ancus Martius, fourth K. of Rome, 144. conquers the Latins, ibid. enlarges the City and Territories, ibid. builds the City of Ostia, ih. makes the first Roman Prison, ibid.  
Andromache, 212. brings a Son to Pyrrhus, ibid. is married to Helenus, ibid.  
Andros, an Aegaean Isle, 97  
Antaeus, 98. why Hercules held him from touching the earth, ibid. his Sepulchre and body found, ibid.  
Anti-catoes', writ by Caesar, 206  
Anticyra, an Isle, 446  
Antigonus, 508. his love to Zeno, and the reason of it, 509  
Antilochus, eldest Son to Nesor, 374. slain by Memnon, ibid.  
Antonius. vid. C. Antonius  
Anubis, 213. worshipped in the Form of a Dog, 214. the reason, 503  
Apicius, the most memor●le Glutton, 119. writes the Art of Cokery, ibid. upon what account he hang● himself, ibid.  
Apicius Galba, a Droll, 140  
Apollo's Temple-Statue, 31 why he is called the learned in the Law ibid.  
Appion, affirms that he sa Homer's spirit raised, 507  
Appius, vid. L. Appius.  
Appius Claudius, 381. his ot upon Virginia, ib. he dies for it, 382  
Aquinum, now Aquino, 5. famous for the birth of Juvenal and ●omas Aquinas, 106  
Arabarch, inscribed in e Pedestal of Crispinus his Statue, 31. w●t it signifies, ibid.  
Arachne, Idmon's Daugh●, 59 her Fable, ibid. Inventress of Lines and Nets, ibid.  
Arc, a triumphal Monument, 91  
Archetimus, entrusts his Gold, 445. is trepand, ibid. how he came by his own, 446  
Archigallus, the Title of Cybel's Chief Priest, 53. why no Roman could be of that Order, ib. how they came to be castrated, 54. the manner of their procession, ibid.  
Archigenes, a great Physician, 446. censured by Galen, 483  
Areopagus, 324. how the Judges, there sitting, gave sentence, ibid. to divulge the secrets of the Court was death, ib. why called the Court of Mars, ib.  
Arete, Queen of Corcyra, 328  
Aristotle, a Stagyrite, 49. his parentage and description, ibid. Tutor and Secretary to Alexander the Great, ibid. his Scholars named Peripatetics, ibid. he made the first Library, ibid.  
Armenia, rebels against Nero, 300  
Arpinum, 305. there Tully and Marius were born, ibid.  
Artaxata, a City built by K. Hannibal, 70  
Arturius, an Engrosser of beneficial Places, 95  
Arviragus, K. of South-Wales, 126. said to marry Claudius Caesar's Daughter, ibid.  
Aruspex, 63. how he made his presage, ibid. his purifying Ceremony, 70  
Asius, 144  
Astraea, Justice, 189  
Assaracus, 374  
Asylum, 309  
Asylus, the Fencer, 202  
Atalanta, Princess of Argos, 147  
Atellan Jig, 193  
Athamas, K. of Thebes, 18  
Atlas, the Mountain 405. why called the pillar of Heaven, ibid. why K. Atlas was said to be transformed into that Mountain, ib.  
Atreus, 248  
Atropos▪ the Destiny that cuts off the Thread of life, 95  
Atticus, 404  
Auction, public sale of Goods, 95. the manner of it, ibid.  
Aufidius, 321  
Auge, Daughter of Alaeus, 13  
Augurs, 216  
Augustus Caesar, 305. his Victories over Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, over M. Antony at Actium, ibid.  
Aurelia, 146▪  
Aurelius Cotta, 147  
Automedon, Coachman to Achilles, 27  
Autonoe, 193   

Sentences in A.  
Fol. 153. verse 23. 
The Iron Age brought forth all other Crimes:  
Adultery was in the Silver times.   
Fol. 73. verse 25. 
— for our pains;  
In honest Arts, the City yields no gains.     


B.  
BAcchanals, Celebraters of the libidinous Feasts of Bacchus, 48  
Bacchaes, vid. Maenades.  
Baetick Spain, now Granada, 421. famous for rare-coloured wool, ibid.  
Baiae, why so named, 9 what a sweet and Princely Town it was, ibid.  
Baius, Mate to Ulysses, 90  
Balneatick, the Bath-farthing, 68  
Baptists, Dippers of Athens, 60  
Barbers, came first to Rome from Sicily 124  
Bardocuculli, 300  
Bareas So●anus, impeached, 99  
Basil. 3●2  
Baskets, first made in Great Britain, 422. their invention falsely boasted by the Romans, ib.  
Bathyllus, a Lutenist, 447, his Statue consecrated, ibid.  
Beccafico, 474  
Bedriack-field, where Otho lost the Empire, 61  
Belides, 221. their Story, 222. the Sentence pronounced against them in Hell, ibid. what it is thought to signify, ibid. & 224.  
Bellerophon, 382. courted by Q. Sthenoboea, ibid. denies her, ibid. is accused for an attempt upon her Honour, ibid. carries Letters writ against himself, ibid. his fortunate Valour, ibid. he marries Sthenoboea's Sister, 383. his flying up to Heaven interpeted to be his invention of Galleys, ibid.  
Bellona, Goddess of War, 125. her Priests sacrifice their own blood, and then prophesy, ibid.  
Beneventine Cobbler, an ill favoured drinking-Glasse, 143  
Berenice, 198  
beryl, 143  
Biscainers (the Cantabri in Spain) anciently Vascones, 508. besieged by Metellus, ibid. Planters of Gascony, ibid.  
Bythinia, 245  
Bithynicus, vid. Volusius Bithynicus.  
Boars served up whole to the Table, 32. who first did it, ibid.  
Boccar, K. of Numidia, 145  
Bounderstone, the Altar of God Terminus, 522. not to be blodied, ibid.  
Bridge Aemilian, 189  
Britannicus, 197. poisoned, ibid.  
Brutidius, 360   

Sencences in B.  
Fol. 80. verse 181. 
In wretched Beggary nothing's harder, then  
To see what laughing Stocks it makes of Men.   
Fol. 82. verse 213. Our Common Crimes proud Beggary.  
Fol. 109. verse 9 No bad Man is blessed.  
Fol. 114. verse 117. 
Let me be rather than a Man of Birth.  
The Giant's Brother, th' Offspring of th' earth.   
Fol. 331. verse 7. The Belly's cheaply fed.  
Fol. 347. verse 354. Seldom Beauty is with Virtue matched.  
Fol. 470. verse 304. No Plays no Shows like Businesses of Men.  
Fol. 317. verse 134. 
What thou shalt in thy Bedchamber commit,  
Even when the Cock the second time shall crow,  
ere it be day, shall the next Tavern know.     


C.  
CAcus, the Outlaw. 148. robs Hercules, ib. how he was caught and killed, ibid.  
Caducum, a term of the Civil Law, explained, 323, 324  
Caeditius, a Judge, 452. a Pleader, ibid.  
Caesonia, 218  
Cajeta, 476  
C. Antonius, banished by the Censors, 296. the reason, 297  
C. Caesar Caligula, 218. how he had his surname, ibid. his dotage on his Wife, ibid. what he said when he kissed her neck, ib. why she philtered him into madness, ibid.  
C. Cassius Longinus, 353. his eyes put out, ib. the colour for his death, ib. the true cause, ibid.  
C. Julius Caesar, 363. France decreed him for his Province, ib. his five Consulships, ib. his three years absolute Reign, ib. his victories, ib. & 364. his munificence, ib. his murder foreshowed, ib. his strange dexterity in dispatch of business, ib. the number of his Battles, ib. his mercy and bravery, ibid.  
C. Julius Vindex, the first that declared against Nero, 303  
C. Marcellus his Charge against C. Scantinius, 59  
C. Marius, 305. his poor beginning, ibid. his high Achievements against K. Jugurth, and the Cymbrians and Teutons, 306. overthrown by Sylla, ib. his imprisonment and strange escape, ib. begs his bread at Carthage, ib. is the seventh time Consul, ib. dies of a Pleurisy, ib.  
C. Piso Calphurnius, adopted by Galba, 147. how munificent, ib.  
C. Scantinius, cause of the Scantinian Law, 59  
C. Silius, 384. Gallant to the Empress Messalina, ib. forced to sue a divorce from his Wife, ib. and to marry his Mistress in her Husband's life time, ib. refuseth to plead at his trial, ib.  
Cales, anciently Gades, its situation, 351. sacked by the English, 359. how rich the soil about it, ib.  
Calliope, the Muse, 120  
Calphurnius Bestia, accused by M. Caecilius, 483.  
Calvina, 100  
Camillus, called a second Romulus, 68 why condemned, ib. chosen Dictator, ib. relieves the Capitol, ib. peswades the Romans not to desert the City, ib. his second Victory against the Gauls, ib. his Law at the Siege of Veiae, 521. his death, 68  
Campania, 379. why called Terradi Lavoro, ib. there Pompey the Great falls sick, 380  
Campus Martius, 212. why called Tarquin's fields, ib. described, ib. how the men were there exercised, ib. how the women, 201  
Camurius, murderer of Galba, 61  
Canopus, 195  
Canusium, 197  
Capito Cossutianus, accused by his Province, 294  
Capito, vid. L. Fonteius Capito.  
Capitol, named from a man's head, digged out of its foundation, 308. an Augury from thence taken, that Rome should be the head of the World, ib.  
Capitoline, surname to the Family of Manlius, 67  
Capri, 359  
Cares, builds the Colossus at Rhodes, 203  
Carfinia, a Strumpet, 59  
Carus, Intelligencer to Domitian, 25. informs 'gainst Pliny. ib.  
Cassandra, Daughter to K. Priam, 375. a Prophetess, never believed, 376. the ground of the Fable, that Apollo made love to her, ib. her Ravisher thunderstruck ibid.  
Castanetta's, 409  
Castor and Pollux, 449. their fabulous hatching, ib. why esteemed Gods by Mariners, ib. their actions, ib. the Fable of their death and revival derived from the Stars that bear their names, ib. Castor's Temple in Rome, ibid.  
Castor, Inventor of Coaches, 383  
Catiena, 100  
Catiline, a Conspirator, made famous by the Pen of Cicero, 57  
Catillus, 103  
Cattis, 128  
Catulus, a Monopoliser, 95  
Catullus, Author of the Comedy called the Phantasm, 447  
Catullus Messalinus, a blind Beggar, 125. raised to be one of the Lords of the Council, ib.  
Catuzza, 451  
Cecrops, K. of Athens, before Deucalion's Flood, 292. why pictured Male and Female, ib. his Olive-tree names the City, ib. what he taught the Grecians, ibid.  
Celsus, vid. Junius Celsus.  
Censor, 63. the manner of his election, ibid. his Office, ibid.  
Ceparius, fellow-Traitor with Catiline, 57  
Cercopithecus, described 503  
Ceres, Goddess of Husbandry, 191. how represented, ib. her Fable, ib. her sacrifices, 192. why so little frequented, ib. her Pageants described, 484. why an Egg was presented in her Pomp, ibid.  
Cethegus, engaged with Catiline, 57  
Chaldaeans, 214. their employment in the Babylonian State, ib. their study, ib. why greater Philosophers than the Grecians, 215  
Chalky-feets, the mark of a Slave sold in open Market, 30.  
Character of a Greek Mountebank, 76.77.78.79.  
Charon, 105  
Chief Bishop, vid. Pontifex Maximus  
Chio, 100  
Chiron, 262  
Chorax, 10●  
Christians inhumanely martyred by Nero, 33. Their torture described, 11. vers. 188  
Chrysippus, the Stoic, 48. an incomparable Logician, ibid.  
Cilicians 125  
Cimb●ians, 306. why they rejoiced at a battle, and lamented in a sickness, ib.  
Cinna, calls-in Marius 306  
Circe's Rocks, 127  
Circus, the great Shew-place, described 97. why a Towel was there hung out for a Flag, 409  
Claelia, 309  
Claudius Caesar, marries his own Brother's Daughter, 57 a sottish Prince, 149. puts his Empress to death, in obedience to his Freedman Narcissus, and marries again by appointment, ib. adopts Nero, Son to his his second Wife, ib. is poisoned by her, ib.  
Cleanthes, the Stoic, 51. his poverty when he studied Philosophy, ib. the manner of his death, ib.  
Cleopatra, Daughter to Ptolemey Auletes, 62. she puts Marc. Antony upon a battle at Sea, ib. why and how she poisoned herself, ib.  
Clients, what they were in their first institution, ib.  
Clio, 242  
Clitumnus, 421  
Clodius, Cicero's Enemy, 56. why he degraded himself of his nobility, ib. his profanation of the Good Goddesse's Ceremonies occasions the Julian Law, ib. his incest and debauchery, ib. his discovery by Caesar's Mother, 206  
Closter, Son to Arachne, 59 he invents wheels and spindle's for wool, ib.  
Clotho, the Destiny that holds the Distaff, 94  
Cluvienus, a pitiful Poet, 28  
Clytaemnestra, 15. why she murdered her Husband, ib. she marries Aegisthus, ib. is slain by her Son, ib. her ghost haunts him, ib.  
Cneius Pompey, his rise, 361. why surnamed the Great, ib. the success of his arms, ib. his Wives, ib. the Inscriptions upon his spoils and triumphs, 362. his folly of losing all at one battle, ib. his sad end, 363. his Sons defeated, ib.  
Cocks, offered to Aesculapius for recovery of sick Persons, 453  
Cod●us, 2. Author of the Poem titled Theseis, 12. the Inventory of his Goods, ib. his miserable poverty, ib  
Coena Pontificia, 122  
Cohort, 522  
Collatinus Tarqvinius, Husband to Lucretia, 380 his Inscription upon her Monument, ib.  
Columna Bellica, 125  
Concord's Temple, where the Stork built her nest 30  
Consul, by Juvenal called Praetor, as he was first named by the People, 355 his mock-state described, 356  
Coptus, 504  
Corbulo, 105  
Corcyra, 504  
Corinth, first called Ephyre, 297. how situated, ib. the Citizens affront the Roman Ambassadors, ib. a War decreed against them, ib the Town easily stormed, ib. how Corinthian brass came to be the best, ib.  
Cornelia, 198. her Jewels, ib.  
Cornelius Fuscus, Student in Arms, 125. General against the Dacians, ib. he and his Army lost, ib. his Wife's draught, ib. he himself noted for a Tipler, 522  
Corsica, described, 146  
Corvinus, Juvenal's friend, 420.  
Corvinus, a Roman Knight, 30. glad to be a Shepherd's man, ib.  
Corvinus, vid. Val. Corvinus.  
Cos, an Island, 295  
Cosmus, Inventor of the Vnguentum Cosmianum, 294  
Cossus, a Lord, 103  
Cossus, a Legacy-monger, 371  
Cossus, his Spolia Opima, 291  
Cotta, vid. Aurelius Cotta.  
Cotyto, Goddess of the Baptists or Dippers, 60  
Crassus, vid. M. & P. Crassus  
Crates, cries out upon his Countrymen, 259  
Crepereius Pollio, 321  
Creticus, surname to the house of Metellus, 292  
Crispinus, Freedman to Nero, 23. born at Canopus, in Aegypt, ib. martials Epigram upon his Cloak, ib. his pride, 4. his character, 108.109. what he paid for a Mullet, ib. the sum reduced to our money, 119. Master of the Horse, and Councillor to the Emperor, 117  
Crispus, vid. Vibius Crispus.  
Crocodile, described, 501  
Croesus, King of Lydia, 378. his questions answered by Solon, ib. condemned to be burned, ib. his life pardoned 379. made a Privy-councillor to K. Cyrus, ib.  
Crowns, given to Poets 245  
Cumae, a City built by a People of Asia, 90. it gave the denomination to a Sibyl, ib.  
Cupping-glasses, 476  
Curian Temperance, 47  
Curtius Montanus, a huge fat Glutton, 124  
Cyane, 300  
Cybele, why so called, 53. her invention of the Taber, Pipe and Cymbal, ib. styled Mother of the Gods, Rhea Pessinuntia ib. Magna Mater, 193. Berecynthia, ib. her love to Atis, ib.  
Cydias, a Trustee, 445. put to his oath, ib. equivocates, but gains nothing by it, ib. dies miserably, ib.  
Cynnamus, the Barber, 22. martials Epigram upon him, ib. Barber to Juvenal, 4.343  
Cynthia, Mistress to Propertius, 186  
Cyrus, K. of Persia, takes Croesus' prisoner, 378. comes to see his execution, ib. why he saved him, 379. how he preferred him, ib.   

Sentences in C.  
Fol. 12. vers. 204. The plumed Combatant reputes too late.  
Fol. 41. verse 74. Censure acquits the Crow, condemns the Dove.  
Fol. 79. verse 150, A Client's the least Loss in all the World.  
Fol. 230. verse 75. 
— 'tis in vain  
To think one bosom can to Cares contain.   
Fol. 279. verse 177. 
Each Crime is so conspicuously base,  
As he that sins is great in birth, or place.   
Fol. 337. verse 131. 
— but few go down  
In peace that wear, none that usurp, a Crown.   
Fol. 438. verse 231. 
— think'st thou he escapes, whose Conscience makes  
Whips that, unheard, his guilty soul still shakes?   
Fol. 459. verse 47. 
There is a Catiline on every ground:  
A Brutus or a Cato no where found.   
Fol. 459. verse 55. 
There's due unto a Child a great respect.  
If thou dost any wickedness affect:  
'Slight not thy tender Infant coming in,  
But let him stand betwixt thee and thy sin.   
Fol. 468. ver. 259. 
Thou bid'st him gather wealth by land and Seas:  
He finds short ways, great Crimes are done with ease.   
Fol. 473. ver. 361. 
— he, who nothing covets, happier is,  
Then he that seeks to make the whole World his.   
Fol. 498. ver. 145. 
To suit their Crime you can no penance frame,  
In whose minds wrath and hunger are the same.   
Fol. 166. ver. 297. 
If once surprised, th' earth hath not bolder things,  
Even from their Crimes their spleen and courage springs.   
Fol. 183. verse 681. 
— I hate her, that studies, and commits  
A foul Crime being in her perfect wits.     


D.  
DAedalus, an Athenian Artist, 94. a Mathematician, ib. imprisoned in his own Labyrinth, 26. how he escaped, ib. what we owe to his Invention, 94. where he laid down his wings, 74  
Damasippus, 300  
Danow, 301  
Decii, sacrifice their lives for their Country, 307  
Demetrius, the Cynic, 142  
Democritus, the Abderite, 354 the reason of his continual laughing, ib. his opinions, ib. how and why he burned out his sight, ib.  
Demosthenes, Son to a Cutler, 366. his Orations against K. Philip the cause of his banishment from Athens, ib. he takes sanctuary, ib. Antipater's plot to draw him out, ib. prevented (by his voluntary death, 367  
Dentatus, the Consul, 481. accepts seven acres of land for his service to the State, ib.  
Depositum, 444  
Destinies, vid Parcae.  
Deucalion, after the Flood, lands at Parnassus, 28. consults the Oracle of Themis, ib.  
Dictator, his Office Kingly, differing only in name, 289. limited in point of time, ib. absolute in power, ib. why so called, ibid.  
Diogenes, the first Cynic, 486. his own name, ib. his Father's profession, ib. cozened by the Oracle, ib. forced to fly his Country, ibid. how poorly he lived at Athens, 487. taken by a Pirate, that sold him for a Slave, ib. his answer to him that cried him, ib. his words to him that bought him, ib. why enfranchised, ib. what stuff his Tub was made of, and how he used it, ib. his Letter concerning Dionysius the second, 256. Alexander the Great gives him a visit, 488. their conference, ibid. why Juvenal calls him Diogenes the Great, ib. his answers touching his burial, ib. his age and the remarkable day of his death, ibid. his opinion, ibid.  
Diomedes, wounds Venus, 26  
Dionysius, deposed, keeps a School, 256. his Parley with Diogenes, ibid.  
Diphilus, 99  
Dolabella, Proconsul, 297. accused and condemned, ibid.  
Domitian Caesar, marries Julia, Daughter to his Brother Titus, 57.58  
Domitius, counterfeits madness, 124  
Doris, 98  
Drusus, 105  
Drusus, kills the General of an Army, and bears his name, 291  
Drusus, Brother to Tiberius Caesar, 292. derived from Tib. Nero, that conquered Asdrubal, ib.   

Sencences in D.  
Fol. 340. ver. 197. 
Death does alone deal plainly, and declare  
What things of nothing humane bodies are.   
Fol. 433. ver. 129. 
— in all Causes, th' impudent Defence  
Most men believe to be just confidence.   
Fol. 434. vers. 147. Great Doctors must do desperate Patients good.    


E.  
EAgle, 476  
Egeria, a Goddess, or Nymph, 92. Wife and Counsellor to K. Numa, ib. her Fountain, Grove, and Temple let to the Jews by the People of Rome, ibid.  
Elephants, first brought into Italy by K. Pyrrhus, 424. then by Hannibal, ibid.  
Enceladus, 262  
Endromides, Fencers Cassocks, 201  
Enthymem, 210  
Ephemerideses, an Astrological Diary, 180  
Epicurus, 448. places felicity in the pleasure of the mind, and absence of pain, ib. why he condemned the dialectics, ib. he denies providence, ib. how Lucretius magnifies him, ib. Voluptuaries erroneously called Epicureans, ib. his abstinence, ibid.  
Epona, Goddess of Stables, 300  
Erichthon, Inventor of Chariots, 383  
Erimantus, 99  
Eriphyle, 223. betrays her Husband Amphiaraus, ib. her death left in Legacy to his Son by her, ibid.  
Esquiline Mount, one of Rome's seven Hills, 98. the names of the rest, ibid.  
Evander, K. of Arcadia, 406. why he came into Italy, 407. he defeats the Aborigines, ibid. takes the place that was afterwards Rome, ib. builds upon Mount Palatine, ib. treats Hercules, and Aeneas, ib.  
Euganeans, 290  
Euphranor, Picture-drawer, and Statuary, 104. writes of Symmetry and Colours, ib. when he flourished, ibid.  
Euphrates, a River springing from the steep Mountain Niphates, 292. joins with the River Tigris, and makes Mesopotamia, ib.  
Euristheus, taskmaster to Hercules, 388   

Sentences in E.  
Fol. 235. verse 183. For Eloquence in rags men seldom look.  
Fol. 334. verse 55. 
Brave Men Examples, which the world adorn,  
May in dull climes, and grosser air, be born.   
Fol. 394. verse 47. 
— what end canst thou look for, when thy rents  
Diminish, and thy gluttony augments?     


F.  
FAbii, 67. the Family of the Fabii undertakes a War, ib. three hundred and six of them slain, by a stratagem, at Cremera, ibid.  
Fabius Maximus, descended from the Fabii lost at Cremera, 67. why his Son was called the Gulf, 202. why he was titled Maximus, 290. his descent from Hercules, ib.  
Fabius Persicus, 290  
Fabrateria, 104  
Fabricius Max. the Censor, 69. fines and degrades Pub. Corn. Ruffinus, and likewise his own Colleague, ib.  
Fabricius Veiento, a Senator, 103. his flattery to Claudius Caesar, 115. ver. 147. his unhappiness in his Wife, ib.  
Fabulla, a common Prostitute, 59  
Falern Wine, 127  
Falernus, 197  
Faesidius, 443  
Fasces, 291  
Fascilides, the Image of Diana, 16. the reason of the name, ib.  
Fathers privileged, 323  
Fauna, the Good Goddess, 205. the strict modesty of her life, imitated in her Sacrifices, ibid.  
Flaminian Way, a Highway from Rome, full of Monuments of the Dead, 35  
Flammeum, the Bride's Veil, 200. why worn, ibid.  
Flora, 201. her Games described, ib.  
Flower of Asia, 143  
Flying Posts, 128  
Faecialis, the Herald at arms, 125. his Ceremony in denouncing War, ib.  
Fortunius Licetas, writes the Lucernis absconditis, 53  
Forum, the great Roman Piazza, 31. described with four other Forums, 117.118  
Forum Boarium, 290  
Freedman, an enfranchised Slave, 29  
Fronto, a Friend to Poets, 19 honoured by Martial, ibid.  
Frusino, 104  
Fuscina, the Retiarius his Trident, 66  
Fuscinus, 474  
Fuscus, vid. Cornelius Fuscus.   

Sentences in F.  
Fol. 38. verse 11. No trust to Faces,  
Fol. 75. verse 68 Thy great Friend the Faith he hires suspects.  
Fol. 80. verse 171. 
As much Coin as in's Coffers each man hath,  
So much is th' estimation of his Faith.   
Fol. 138. verse 165. A barren Wife makes a Friend sweet and dear.  
Fol. 157. ver. 100 Fame's loss upon a Bed of Down weighs light.  
Fol. 157. ver. 106. They bring strong souls to things they foully dare.  
Fol. 269. ver. 91. 
— 'tis rare,  
If mighty Fortune's common sense can share.   
Fol. 270. ver. 96. He's wretched that on others Fame relies.  
Fol. 313. verse 38. Fates govern Men.  
Fol. 415. verse 59 
Some do not get a Fortune for life's sake;  
But, blind, live that they may a Fortune make.   
Fol. 439. v. 249. 
Th' intent of fraud is taken for the Act;  
What is it then if one commit the fact?   
Fol. 5. verse 4. 
There is an hour in Fate more powerful far,  
Then if to Mars her Letter Venus write.   
Fol. 238. verse 231. 
If Fortune will, poor Rhetorician, she  
Can raise thee, and thou shalt a Consul be:  
And from a Consul, if she will, she can  
Make thee again a Rhetorician.   
Fol. 433. verse 123. 
Men's Fates are divers, though their crimes be one:  
A Cross exalts that Villain, this a Throne.     


G.  
GAbii, 241. betrayed by Sext. Tarquin. 360  
Gabinius, an Insurrector with Catiline, 57  
Galba, vid. Apicius Galba.  
Galba, vid. Servius Sulpitius Galba.  
Gallicus, the Praetor Vrb. 450  
Galline Wood, 105  
Gallita Cruspilina, 424  
Gallograecia, 245  
Gauls conquer Italy, 245. beat by Camillus, ib. run away into Greece, ib. planted in Gallograecia, ibid.  
Gallus, 521  
Games Olympic, instituted, 446. consisting of five exercises, ib. ending in five days, ib. the Victor crowned with an Olive-wreath, ib. why called Pisaean Olive, ib.  
Ganges, described, 352  
Ganymed, Son to the K. of Troy, 145. his Fable, ib. the mythological sense of it, ibid.  
Genius, taken for God, 122. for a Tutelar Spirit, ib. for a Spirit within us, ibid.  
Getania, 451  
Getulian Boor, 143  
Gillo, a weak Gallant, 4  
Glaucus, 453. money deposited in his hand, ib. he denies the receipt of it, ib. puts his case to the Oracle, ib. the several answers made him, ib. the money restored, ib. he and his whole Family extirpated, ibid.  
Glaucus, Father to Bellerophon, 382  
Golden Fleece, 18. hung up in the Temple, ib. stolen from thence, ibid.  
Golden Ram, 18. carries Phryxus and Helle, ib. is made a Star, ibid.  
Good Goddess, why thought to be Ceres, 60. vid. Fauna  
Gorgon's, conquered, 420  
Gracchis, Caius and Tiberius Gracchus, Sons to Cornelia, 55. too popular, ib▪ why they passed the Lex Agraria, and with what success, ib. how they were slain, ibid.  
Gracchus, a Fencer, 66  
Gracchus, a Salian Priest, 63. married to a Trumpeter with a Portion of 3125 l. sterling, ib.  
Green-coats, 409  
Grief ends in stupidity, 200  
Grotto of Vulcan, 16  
Grove of Mars, 16  
Gyarus, the least Isle of the Cycladeses, 28. Malefactors banished thither, ibid.  
Gymnasium, 99  
Gymnosophists, why so called, 216. insensible of heat or cold, ib. their reply to Alexander the Great, ibid.   

Sentences in G.  
Fol. 331. verse 3. 
To few men good and ill unmasked appear,  
For, what with reason do we hope or fear?   
Fol. 337. verse 115. 
Is there in Greatness so much Good, as will  
But only serve to counterpoise the ill.   
Fol. 348. verse 361. 
— even to tempt the Parents some are bold,  
Such is their courage that come armed with Gold.   
Fol. 350. verse 421. 
Pray, that the Gods be graciously inclined  
to grant thee health of body, and of mind.   
Fol. 400. ver. 161. 
Proud Guests ay— eat that will compare  
Me to themselves, and scorn my meaner fare.   
Fol. 429. verse 29. 
— good men are grown scarce the number small;  
If't be summed up, you will not find in all  
So many true deservers of that stile,  
As there are gates to Thebes, or mouths to Nile.   
Fol. 431. verse 88 
— easily men with the Gods make bold,  
When they alone behold the sin we act,  
No mortal being Witness to the fact.   
Fol. 440. verse 283. 
Who bounds his vices? when did banished Grace  
Return, if once but wiped out of the face?   
Fol. 467. ver. 238. From whence soe'er it rises, Gain smells well.  
Fol. 350. ver. 410. 
— let the Gods thy wishes weigh:  
Unto their providence thy will submit,  
And for what's sweet, they'll give thee what is fit,  
And that which thy condition most behoves:  
The God's love Man, more than himself he loves.   
Fol. 429. verse 40. 
knowst not how many Venus'es' appear  
In others Gold?—   
Fol. 52. verse 72. 
That he that wants not worth, no Gold should want:  
A General in honour is concerned.   
Fol. 395. verse 53. 
Untimely funerals Gluttons cannot have,  
Old age is more their terror then the grave.     


H.  
Haemus', 200  
Halcyone, 242  
Hamillus, 372  
Hannibal, lands in Spain, 257. passes the Pyrenaean Mountains, ib. marches over the Alps, ib. gives overthrows to four Consuls, ib. Maharbal's judgement of him▪ 258. he is beaten by Scipio, ib. poisons himself, ibid.  
Harpocrates, God of silence, 446. the posture of his Image, ib. believed to be a concurrent cause of men's diseases, ibid.  
Harpies, 298. why said to dwell in Islands, ib. what they were in Fable, ib. and 299. what in reality, ibid.  
Hearts, live nine hundred years, 483. Alexander's Gold-Collar, ibid.  
Hebe, 444. why removed from her Cupbearers place, ibid.  
Hecuba, 377. why the Greeks said she was turned into a Bitch, ibid.  
Hedge-Priest, or House-Priest, contradistinct from Temple-Priest▪ 6  
Heliodorus, Nero's Informer-General 24. how courted by the petty Intelligencers, 4  
Hellebore cures the Gout, 446  
Helvidius Priscus, banished, 143. repealed, ib.  
Heraclêa, written by Panyasis, 26  
Heraclitus, the Ephesian, 354. why he still wept, ib. his scorn of Physicians, 355. his sad end, occasioned by his own experiment, ibid.  
Herculean language, to what it refers, 55  
Hercules, Son to Jupiter and Al●mena, 26 his seven and thirty labours, 385.386.387.388.389. he burns himself, ib. deified, ibid.  
Hermes, Mercury's Statue, 293  
Hernia, 206  
Hernick, 481  
Hesione, carried prisoner into Greece, 374  
Hesperides, 149. the Fable of their Golden-Apples and their Dragon, 150. the mythology of both, ibid.  
Hetrurian Bubbles, 150  
Hippia, 194  
Hippocles, General of the Asiatic Cumaeans, 90  
Hippodame, Wife to Pirithous, 18  
Hippolytus, a great Huntsman, 383. beloved by his wanton Stepmother, ib. gives her a repulse, ib. his life endangered by his virtue, ib. lost by misfortune, ib. his torn limbs peeced again, 384. he comes into Italy, where he calls himself Virbius, ib. marries Aricia, ib. is buried in the Aricine Grove, 383  
Hippomanes, 219  
Hirpin and Corytha, 293  
Hirrus, 372  
Homer, 506. when he flourished, ibid. his own name, ib. why surnamed Homer, ib. owned and deified after his death by Cities, that slighted him in his life time, ib. & 507. his works, ib. his noble posterity, ib. esteemed the Prince of Poets by Pliny, from the judgement of Alexander the Great, ibid. composer of the present Greek Alphabet, ib.  
Horatius Cocles, his Heroical valour, 308. his handsome Answer, ibid.  
Hortensius, the Augur, or Diviner by Birds, 23. what Birds he loved best, ib.  
Hyacinthus, 196. his Fable, 197  
Hylas, a delicate Boy, Favourite to Hercules, 35. drowned in his service, ibid.  
Hymettus, 452   

Sentences in H.  
Fol. 267. verse 57 
— who will honour him that's Honour's shame,  
Noble in nothing, but a noble name?   
Fol. 270. ver. 104. 
— think it the foulest sin,  
Shouldst thou, to save thy breath, thy honour spend,  
And forfeit for thy life, life's chiefest end.   
Fol. 498. v. 147. 
The softest hearts kind Nature, it appears,  
Gave to us Men, because she gave us tears.     


I.  
JAnus, 207. why he shared the Government with Saturn, ib. he builds Janiculum, ib. coins money, ib. why his Figure had two faces 208. a Temple dedicated to him, ib. why called Patuleius and Clusius, ib. Janus Ogyges and Chaos are the same, ib.  
Jasius, K. of Argos, 147  
Jason, steals the Golden-Fleece, 18  
Jasper, 143  
Iberina, 193  
Ibis described, 502  
Icarus, Son to Daedalus, 26. his imprisonment, ib. drowned in the Sea, 27. which was a Sea of Astrological Notions, 94  
Ida, a Mountain, 444. memorable for Jove's concealment, ib. for the Golden Ball, ib. for the taking up of Ganymede to Heaven, ibid.  
Illyrians, good Seamen, 298  
Inclusam Danaen, an Ode of Horace, 188.250.251  
Ingenuus, 141  
Ino, Wife to Athamas, 18  
Io, vid. Isis.  
jobates, Father to Sthenoboea, 382  
Iphigenia, Sister to Orestes, 16. why she was brought to be sacrificed, ib. how she escaped, ib. Priestess of Diana's bloody Rites in Taurica, ib. knows her Brother at the Altar, and saves his life, ibid.  
Isaeus, a smooth-tongued Orator, 98 Tutor to Demosthenes, ibid.  
Isis, conceived to be a cause of diseases, 446. her Fable, 211. her marriage to Osiris, and the change of her name from Io, ib. her deification and the reason of it, ib. where her Temple stood in Rome, ib. what use it was put to, ib. why it maintained a Company of Picture-drawers, 421  
Istrian-Flood, vid. Danow.  
Julian Law, vid. Law.  
Julius Caesar's Wife met by Clodius, habited like a Singing-woman, 57  
Julius Caesar, vid. C. Julius Caesar.  
Julius' Tutor robs the Cilicians, 294  
Junius Celsus, 20●  
Junius Sabinus, 504  
Juno, 190. what her intermarriage with her brother signifies ib. why her Sacrifices were milk-white, 420  
Jupiter, 187. his fable ib. moralised ib. the power of his Gold, 188. why Jove was called Tarpeian, 190  
Ivy, used at common weddings, 192  
Ixion, Father to Pirithous, by his Wife, 18. Father to the Centauris, by the Cloud, ibid.   

Sentences in I  
Fol. 5. verse 60. What's the hurt rich Infamy can do?  
Fol. 11. verse 194. Th' Informer catches the least word that slips.    


K.  
KNight, a Roman dignity, 30. how made, ibid.   

Sentences in K.  
Fol. 394. verse 33. From Heaven came Know thyself,  
Fol. 236. ver. 203. All men would know, none for their Knowledge pay.    


L  
LAbyrinth, contrived by Daedalus, 26  
Lacerta, Domitian Caesar's Coachman, 253  
Lachesis, the Destiny that spinns the thread of life, 94  
Ladas, footman to Alexander the Great, 440 how nimble, ibid. his Statue erected, for his victory in the Olympic games, ib.  
Lake Velabrian, 217  
Lamus, 207  
Lar, the household God, 185 his Temple, Incense, and Altar, ib. paralleled with the Dog, by Ovid, ib.  
Larga, 475  
Laronia, a witty wanton, 58  
Lateranus, vid. Plautius Lateranus  
Latin way, full of dead men's monuments, 35. why so called, and how formerly, ib.  
Latinus, an informing Player, 24. presents his wife to the grand-Informer, 4. put to death for a Pander, 25. his Chest, 190  
Latona, 380  
Laurel, used at marriages of great persons, 193  
Laureol, 301  
Law against Adulteresses, 27  
Law Julian, 57  
Law against Parricide, how executed, 450  
Law Scantinian, 59  
Law theatral, 101  
Law of three Children, 324  
Leeks, and Onions, worshipped by the Egyptians, 503. the reason, ibid.  
Lenas', a Legacy-monger, 146  
Lentulus, one of Catiline's conspiracy. 57 his Family surnamed the Swift, 301  
Lepida, persuades her Daughter Messalina to kill herself, 385  
Lepidus, vid. M. Aemilius Lepidus,  
Lerna, 203. why the Greek Proverb, A Lerna of evils, ibid.  
Lesbian, Mistress to Catullus, 186  
Libertine, 181  
Libitina, the funeral Goddess, 425. why some think her to be Venus, ib.  
Licinus, a Freedman, 30. Governor of Gaul, ib. where he gets a mass of treasure, ib.  
Lictor, the Officer of death attending the Consul & Praetor, 29. his rods and axe, ib.  
Ligurian Stones, 105  
Liparen Islands seven, 17. their names, ib. called Ephesian and Vulcanian Isles, 444  
Locusta, poisons Britanicus, 28  
Longinus, vid. C. Cassius Longinus,  
Luca, 301  
Lucan, 248  
Lucilius, the first Latin Satirist, 21. his Country, ib. where he died, and who was at the charge of his funeral, ib.  
L. Appius, 207  
L. Fonteius Capito, Consul with C. Vipsanius, 442. the time when the thirteenth satire was writ, ib.  
L. Metellus, Pontifex Max. 101. how he lost his eyes, ib. his triumph, ib.  
L. Roscius Otho, 101  
L. Virginius, Father to Virginia, 381. his expression when he slew his Daughter, ib.  
Lucrece, 380. the manner of her Rape, ib. she kills herself, ib. her revenge, ib. her Husband's Inscription upon her Monument, ib. & 381. her Epitaph, ib.  
Lucrine Rocks, 127  
Lupercalia, Games in honour of God Pan, 65. why so called, ib. the time and manner of the solemnity, ib.  
Luperci, 65  
Lura Rutila, an ugly old woman, 382  
Lycisca, 197  
Lyde's salve-box, 64  
Lysias, the Orator, 452   

Sentences in L.  
Fol. 40. verse 56. — Loose livers are fast friends.  
Fol. 163. ver. 232. On man's life never was too long delay.  
Fol. 234. ver. 174. Purple and Violet Robes a Lawyer sell.  
Fol. 318. ver. 157. 
— this fair flower goes swiftly to decay,  
Poor wretched short Life's short portion hasts away,  
Whilst we drink, 'noint, wench, and put Garlands on,  
Old age steals on us never thought upon.   
Fol. 333. verse 37. — laughter easy, any may deride.  
Fol. 519. verse 58. Within the Lawyer's lists the fight is slow.  
Fol. 166. ver. 305. 
Long peace undoes us, lust, than war more fierce,  
Revenges now the conquered Universe.     


M.  
MAcedo, adored in the figure of a Wolf, 214  
Machaera, 242  
Moecenae, a great Patron to Poets, 28. a Voluptuary, ib. his bounty to Horace, 250.251.252.253.  
Maenades, the Priestesses of Bacchus, 205. the time, place, and manner of their Sacrifice, ib. Bacchus named Evoeus, from their cries, ibid.  
Maenades Priapêan, the Ladies that sacrificed to the Good-Goddess, when Clodius met Caesar's Wife, 205  
Maeotis, 120. sacrificeth every tenth stranger, 510  
Maevia (a Gladiatress) fights with a wild Boar, 21  
Maculonus, 246  
Malta, 203. what commodities it affords, ib. held by the expulsed Knights of Rhodes, now called Knights of Malta, ibid.  
Mamurius, the Workman, that made the eleven Shields, 64  
Mango, 409  
Manilia, 200. her Plea to her Accusation, 201  
Marcellus, kills the General of the Gauls, 67. takes the City of Syracuse, ib. his honours, ib. why he built the Temple of Jupiter Capitoline, 408. his death, 67  
M. Crassus, proud of his wealth, 360. his victory over the servile Army, ib. For which he wears Laurel, instead of Myrtle, ib. his third part in the triumvirate, 361. why he made war upon the Parthians, ib. his miserable death, with the loss of his whole Army, ibid.  
M. Aemilius Lepidus, forbids his funeral pomp, 202  
M. Fabius Quintilian, a Spaniard, 194. Governor to Domitian's Nephews, ib. Tutor to Juvenal, ib. his judgement of M. Varro, 210  
M. Tullius Cicero, meanly born, 261. his high merits, ib. his unworthy end, ib. styled Father of his Country, 305. his fame, and his murderer's infamy recorded, 365  
Marius Priscus, Proconsul of Africa, 25. fined, and banished, ibid.  
Mars, how he roared, 447. his Court in Athens, vid. Areopagus,  
Marsians, from whence derived, 102. where their Country lay, 481  
Marsus, Son to Circe, 102  
Marsyas, flayed alive, 320  
Massa, a Court-spie 24.25  
Matho, 254  
Matronalia, the female feasts, 321  
Maura, 372  
Medêa, 219. her Romançe, ib. & 220. Diogenes his judgement of her, ibid.  
Medusa, 420. why it was said that her head turned men into stones, 421  
Megasthenes, General of the Chalcidians, 90  
Meleager, P. of Calydonia, 147. his story, ibid. what his brand signified, 148  
Melita, vid. Malta.  
Memnon's Colossus, or vocal Statue, 502. touched with the Sun's beams, sounded like Music, ib. like the voice of a man, ibid. when built, ib. when, why, and by whom broken, ibid.  
Menelaus, builds the City of Canopus, 195  
Menaec●us, 483. why he slew himself, ibid.  
Mentor, an excellent Graver, 296. what two Bolls of his work cost, ib.  
Meroe, the Isle, described, 213. the City Meroe, built, ib. how the Islanders spend their time, ib. their Nurse's breasts bigger than the Children that suck them, 450  
Messalina, 197. her Night-walk, ib. her second marriage in her Husband's life time, 384. her design, to make her peace, prevented, ib. she wants courage to kill herself, 385. a Tribune executes her, ibid.  
Metella, debauched by Clodius, 57  
Metellus, vid. L. & Q. Metellus.  
Micipsa, 145  
Milo, adopted by T. Annius, 55. kills Clodius, ib. why Cicero meant to speak for him, 56. what he said, when Tully's Oration came to his hand, ibid.  
Milo, the Crotonian, his incredible strength, 352. ruined by trusting to it, ibid.  
Minerva, Enyo, and Pallas, vid. Bellona.  
Minturnians, 306  
Mirmillo, vid. Secutor.  
Mithridates, K. of Pontus, 223. his strength of body and brain, how many several languages he spoke, ib. his success against the Romans, ib. & 224. his three Overthrows, why he would have poisoned himself, but could not, ib. he assists his murderer, ibid. his nearest relations slain by him, ibid.  
Modia, 99  
Montanus, vid. Curtius Montanus.  
Moses, 477  
Mucius, a great Knave, but a poor man, 32. baited by Lucilius in his Satyrs, ibid.  
Mushrooms, best in Libya, 148. when gathered for use. ibid.  
Mutius Scaevola, vows to kill K. Porsenna, 309. mistakes, ibid. burns off his own hand, ib.  
Myron, a Statuary, 296. his Heifer, ib.  
Myrtle, why forbidden at the feast of the Good Goddess, 60   

Sentences in M.  
Fol. 277. verse 123. 
'Tis madness, after all, to cast away  
The ferry- Money, that should Charon pay.   
Fol. 336. verse 113. 
— those that would  
Act no foul Mischief, do yet wish they could.   
Fol. 434. verse 153. 
With much more tumult, and a deeper groan,  
Our Moneys then our funerals we bemoan.   
Fol. 424. ver. 158. Lost Money is bewailed with tears unfeigned.  
Fol. 464. verse 155. 
— down full mouthed bags whilst money flows,  
Like money's self, the love of Money grows;  
Nay, he less covets it, that hath it not.   
Fol. 472. verse 349. 
Goods got hardly, with more fear and care  
Are kept, so wretched Money-hoorders are.   
Fol. 164. verse 248. 
— can a Mother of the Trade  
Chaste thoughts, or other than her own imprint?     


N.  
NAbathaea, why so called, 408  
Narcissus, Freedman and Favourite to Claudius Caesar, 149. how Messalina frighted him with her two Husbands, 384. he makes the Emperor be told of it, ib. is created Captain of the Lifeguard for a day, ib. sends a Tribune to take off Messalina's head, 385. he and his brother Freedmen hold a Council about a second Wife for Claudius, 149. he carries it for Agrippina, ib.  
Nausicae, finds Ulysses naked, 328  
Negro-Pipers, 506  
Mephele, Stepmother to Phryxus, & Helle, 18  
Nero, Scholar to Seneca, 302. his cruelty to his nearest Relations, ib. & 303. his burning of Rome, ib. his malice to the Public, 425  
Nero's Uncle, vid. C. Caesar Caligula.  
Nestor, his parentage and birth, 373. his actings in his youth, ib. joins with the Greeks against the Trojans, when he had lived to the third age of man, ib. what three ages were in Juvenal's account, ib. Agamemnon's opinion of Nestor's wisdom, ib. his elocution, ib. his Wife and Children, ibid.  
Nile, described, 195  
Niphates, 208. why so named, 209  
Nobility, what it is in the judgements of Seneca and Cicero, 289  
Novius, 424  
Numa Pompilius, second King of Rome, 92. a short view of his reign and Acts, ib. how he disposed of his body by his last Will, ib. ordered that his books should be burned, ib.  
Numantia, holds out a Siege bravely, 290. perishes nobly, ibid.  
Numantians, Roman Commanders at the Siege of Numantia. ibid.  
Numitor, a complemental Friend to Poets, 248  
Numitor, King of Alba, 248. deposed by his Brother, ib. restored by his Grand Children, Romulus and Remus, ibid.  
Nurtia▪ Goddess of Tuscany, 359   

Sentences in N.  
Fol. 42. verse 100 None ever was stark naught at first.  
Fol. 348. verse 359. 
— Nature can do more than breeding can,  
Or Tutors,—   
Fol. 473. ver. 371. Nature ne'er asks this thing, and Wisdom that.    


O.  
OEdipus, 243. his History, ib. & 244  
Oeneus, K. of Calidonia, 147  
Oenomaus, K. of Elis, Father to Hippodame, 18  
Oericulana, Mother to K. Seru. Tullius, 307  
Old-age, described, 341.342.343.344  
Olympiads, the Greek Aera, or account of years, 447. in what year of the Julian Period they began, ibid.  
Olympic Games, vid. Games.  
Ombites, adore the Crocodile, 505. Ombus, why written Combus in other copies of Juvenal, ibid.  
Omen, from whence derived, 423  
Oppia, 372  
Oracles, silenced, 215  
Orcadeses, taken by Claudius Caesar, 70  
Orestes, a Tragedy, 15. his Parents, ibid. his Life and death, 15.16  
Orodes, 361  
Orontes, a Caelesyrian River, 96  
Osiris, marries Io by the name of Isis, 211. is murdered by his Brother, 214. his body found, ib. they worship him in the shape of a Bull, which they call Apis, ibid. his Offering, ib. he is supposed to be Joseph, 291  
Ostia, now Hostia, 301  
Otho, his princely descent, 60. how he came to be Emperor, ib.  
Otho, vid. L. Roscius Otho,    


P.  
PAccius, 424  
Pacuvius, 424  
Palaemon, vid. Remmius Palaemon  
Pallas, a rich Freedman 30. how he got his estate and honours, ib.  
Pansa, 294  
Papinius Statius, nobly born 248. his works ibid. reads his Poem with great applause 331. yet was miserable poor, ib.  
Parcaes, the Destinies 95. their ternary number explained, ib.  
Paris, son to Priam 374. his business in Greece ibid. his stealing of Helen, cause of the engagement against Troy, ibid.  
Paris, the Player 196. why put to death ibid. his Satiric commendations by Juvenal ib. how he returned the satire. ib. his bounty to his old Masters, the Poets 249. his Mistresses. ibid.  
Parrhasius, incomparable for giving the last hand to a Picture, 295. why Zeuxes yielded to him, ibid.  
Parthenius, a rare Graver, 422  
Patricians, 216  
Paulus Aemilius, Consul, 68 slain at Cannae, ib. derived from Mamercus, Son to Pythagoras, 291  
Pausanias Erxyclides, 452  
Peacocks flesh never putrefies, 32. who brought it in request at feasts, ib. Peacocks compared to Poets, 245.246  
Pedo, 254  
Pegasus, Praefect of Rome, 122  
Peleus, Father to Achilles, 482  
Pelion, 262  
Pelopea, Mother to Aegisthus, 250  
Penelope, constant to her Lord, 59 her artifice to stave off Suitors, ib.  
Pentheus, why killed by his Mother 249  
Peribonius, a professed Rogue, Chief Priest of Cybele, 53  
Persicus, 406  
Petosiris, 215  
Phalaris, the Tyrant, 293. his brazen Bull, ib. he tortures the Artist, that made it to torment others, ib. he himself is roasted alive in it, 294  
Pharos, 194  
Phericydes, Tutor to Pythagoras, 512  
Phiale, 373  
Phidias, the greatest Master for carving in Ivory, 295. his stupendious Statue of Minerva, 296. his Jupiter Olympius, ib. his Venus, ib. his Nemesis, ib.  
Philip, a Chirurgeon, 448  
Philip, King of Macedon, 422. why called the royal Merchant, ibid.  
Philters, 217  
Phoenicopterus, 408  
Pholus, 422. how he treated Hercules, ib.  
Phrygian Razor, 62  
Phrygian talk, 62  
Phryxus, a Prince of Thebes, 18  
Picus, King of Latium, 299. Diviner by the flight of Birds, ib. turned into a Magpie, ibid. why that Fable was put upon him, ibid.  
Pierian Girls, the Nine Muses, 120  
Pirithous, Prince of the Lapiths, 18  
Piso, vid. C. Piso Calphurnius.  
Pittacus, one of the seven Sages, 50. kills the Tyrant Melancrus, ib. chosen General for his Country, ib. challenges and kills the General of the Enemy, ib. this Duel the original of the Retiarius and Secutor, ib. he resigns his Principality, ib. the time of his death, ib.  
Plautius' Lateranus, 353. why and how put to death, ibid.  
Plebeians, 216  
Plexippus, 147  
Pluto, first Agesilaus, 364. why called Lord of the infernal Region, 365. why Pluto, and Dis, ib. he steals away Proserpina, ibid.  
Pollinea, a Wench, 59  
Pollio, 406  
Pollux, vid. Castor.  
Polycletus, a Statuary, 104  
Polyphemus, the Cyclops, described, 322. his love and jealousy, 323. his meat, man's flesh, his one eye put out by Ulysses, ib. his Fable interpreted, ibid.  
Polyxena, Daughter to K. Priam, a great beauty, 376. Achilles' taken with her ibid. the match concluded, ib. her Bridegroom slain, 377. why she was murdered at his Tomb, ib. her modesty in dying, ibid.  
Pompeius Ruffus, a Whisperer of Accusations, 125  
Pompey, vid. Cneius Pompey.  
Pontia, 218. why she poisons her two Sons, 219. her impudent confession, ibid. she dies like a Ranter, ibid.  
Ponticus, 287  
Pontifex Maximus, an Imperial Title, 121. the College of Pontifices, or Bishops, id.  
Pontine Fens, drained, 105  
Popa, 421  
Poppaea, 211. invents Pomatum, ib. washes with Ass' milk, ib. the manner of her death, ibid.  
Port of Ostia, 423. why called the Tyrrhene Pharos, ibid.  
Porta Trigemina, 290  
Porticoes, 117  
Posides Spado, 476.477  
Praeneste, a City built by the Grecians, 103. the Praenestine Temple of Fortune, ib.  
Praetexta, a Gown worn by Nobleman's Sons, 28. originally it was the Priest's habit, ib.  
Praetextati, the young Noblemen of Rome. 28  
Praetor Vrbanus, the Lord Chief Justice of Rome, 29. why called the grand horse-stealer, 409  
Praetors, eighteen, 29. at first the Consul's Deputies, 441  
Praetus, Husband to Sthenoboe●, 382  
Priam, taken prisoner, when Troy was sacked by Hercules, 374. carried into Greece, ibid. ransomed, ib. rebuilds the City of Troy, ib. makes himself Lord of almost all Asia, ib. marries Hecuba, by whom he had seventeen Sons, which made up the number of his male issue fifty: for he had thirty three Sons by the by, ib. slain at Jove's Altar, ibid.  
Prochyta, a little Island, 90. why so called, 91  
Procue, 221. her Fable, ibid.  
Procula, a Roman Courtesan, 59  
Proculeius, an old Lady's Favourite, 4  
Proculeius, a man of Honour, 250  
Proculus, compelled by the Emperor to fight upon a Theatre, 405  
Prometheus, 126. his Fable, ib. the mythology of it, 127  
Proseuca, the Jews Place of Prayer, 88  
Protogenes, 99  
Provinces, 119  
Psecas, 212  
P. Aemilius Macedonicus, puts on his triumphal Robe in the Senate-house, 287  
P. Crassus, commands his Slave to kill him, 361  
P. Egnatius, informs against his Pupil, 49. condemned and executed, ibid.  
Pygarg, 408  
Pygmeys, in India, 451. their healthful Country, ib. their height, ib. the derivation of their name, ibid. the intervals of their Wives childing, ib. they destroy the breed of Cranes, ib. how they build, ib. called Troglodytes by Aristotle, ib.  
Pylades, Son to Strophius, Prince of the Phocians, 15. his friendship to Orestes, 16  
Pyrrha, Wife to Deucalion, 28  
Pyrrhus, King of Epire, 478 his parentage, ib. his life, 479.480. his Character, ibid.  
Pythagoras, 512. travels to Egypt, ib. to Babylon, ib. his Scholar's ib. his opinion of transmigration of souls, ib. Ovid's Metamorphosis probably conceived to be a Pythagorean History, ib. Pythag. avouches his own metamorphosis, ib. & 513. Lucian, in his satire upon Pythag. gives true reason of that strange, but well-meant, imposture, ib. he dies at Metapontus, where his house was made his Temple, ib. why he called himself Philosopher, 105. the rest of his opinions, 14. his Treatices of a Commonwealth and a Kingdom, ibid.  
Pythia, 453   

Sentences in P.  
Fol. 112. verse 85. 
Nothing so gross but will belief incline,  
When that Powers praised, equals the powers divine.   
Fol. 278. ver. 158. — the plundered will find arms.  
Fol. 337. ver. 127. 
What o'erthrew Crassus? conquered Pompey caught▪  
And him that to his whips slaved Romans brought?  
Even supreme Power,—   
Fol. 351. ver. 431. 
— If Prudence be,  
There can be no Divinity in thee  
Fortune? 'tis we, we to thy power have given  
The name of Goddess, and placed thee in Heaven.   
Fol. 404. ver. 256. Less frequent use gives Pleasures their esteem.  
Fol. 427. verse 1. 
The crime committed presently torments  
The Author; 'tis the first of Punishments,  
That no Offender can himself acquit.   
Fol. 428. verse 12. Man's Pain should be no greater than his Wound.  
Fol. 438. ver. 225. 
Happy Philosophy, that, by degrees,  
Kills vice's first, than souls from error frees.   
Fol. 466. ver. 219. 
All th' evil, all the wickedness we do,  
The foreign unknown Purple brings us to.   
Fol. 137. ver. 156. 
— many words may not be spoke  
By a poor fellow in a tattered Cloak▪   
Fol. 159. verse 148. 
— the Portion casts the Dart,  
Her freedom's bought—   
Fol. 231. verse 97. 
Poor man what to thee—  
Is any glory, if't bore glory be?   
Fol. 332. verse 5. 
What hast thou by thy happi'st Project gained,  
But thou repent'st thy pains and wish obtained?   
Fol. 166. ver. 307. 
When Poverty left Rome, no horrid sin  
But entered—   
Fol. 333. verse 32. 
— out of earthen pots no poison's drunk,  
Fear that when thou rich Setine Wine dost hold  
Sparkling 'midst Diamonds, in a Boll of Gold.     


Q.  
QVinquatrua, 365  
Quintilian, vid. M. Fabius Quintilian.  
Q. Luctatius Catulus, puts an end to the first Punic war, 67. his articles of peace with the Carthaginians, ibid.  
Q. Metellus Macedonicus, 375. the noble bearers of his Corpse, ibid.  
Quirinus, Mars, 64. why so called, ibid.    


R.  
REgisters of births and burials, how ancient, 323  
Religion, from whence derived, as to the word, 505. why several Religions were invented in Egypt, ibid.  
Remmius Palaemon, 210. Tutor to Quintilian, ib. how he called Varro, ib. his brag, ib. his poverty, and the cause of it, 211  
Retiarius, the Net-bearer, a Gladiator, 66. his manner of fight, ib.  
Rhadamanthus, a Judge of Souls, 17. his commission, ibid.  
Rhea Sylvia, forced to be a Vestal Virgin, 248. got with child, ib. buried alive, ib.  
Rhine, 301  
Rhetors, speak for their lives, 25  
Rhodes, why so called, 203. Aristippus his judgement of this Isle, ib. the Rhodian Colossus, ibid. Rhodes taken by Solyman the Magnificent, ib.  
Rhodope, the rich Courtesan, 320. builds a Pyramid, ibid.  
Richborough, in Kent, 128  
Ring, in Matrimony, how ancient, 189. why put upon the middle finger, ib.  
Rubellius Plautus, 292. descended from Augustus Caesar, ib. why he is writ Plautus, not Blandus, as in the Lovure-copy, ib.  
Rubren Lappa, 247  
Rubrics, 481  
Rubrius, 124  
Rudis, a Rod, or Wand given to a Gladiator at his discharge, 95  
Rufus, vid. Satrius.  
Rutila, vid. Lura Rutila.  
Rutilus, 475   

Sentences in R.  
Fol. 393. ver. 17. 
No price for Rarities too great is thought:  
Nay, mind it, they love most what's dearest bought.   
Fol. 463. ver. 155. 
— with these torments why dost go about  
To scrape up wealth? 'tis madness without doubt;  
Plain frenzy doth thy senseless soul bewitch,  
To live poor, only hoping to die rich.   
Fol. 335. verse 83. 
What do the Rabble all this while? they run  
Along with fortune, as they've ever done,  
And hate condemned men—     


S.  
SAbellians, conquered by M. Curius, 102  
Sabines, 198. their stolen Maids prove excellent Wives, ib. where their Country lay, 98  
Saguntum, 142. now Morvedre, 510. besieged by Hannibal against the Articles of peace, ibid. the Inhabitants eat the dead, ibid. they fire the Town and themselves, ibid. the ruin of Carthage revengeth Saguntum, ibid.  
Samos, an Isle opposite to jonia, 97  
Samothracia, 101  
Samothracian Gods, ibid.  
Sardanapalus, King of Syria, 389. his effeminacy, ib. his womanish defence of himself, 390. his manly death, ibid.  
Sardonyx, 449  
Sarmatia, described, 147  
Sarmentus, a Buffoon 140  
Satrius Rufus, 262  
Saturn, 443. why he is said to have reigned in the Golden Age, ib. his Fable, 184.185. mythologised, ib. he builds Saturnium, 207. the Stamp of his Coin, ibid.  
Scauran Counterfeits, 58  
Scipio Africanus, rescues his Father, 69. defeats Hannibal, ibid.  
Scipio Aemilianus, Son to L. Aemilius Paulus, and adopted by Scipio Africanus, 70. ruins Carthage, ib. is murdered, ibid.  
Scipio Nasica, voted the best man, 100 pulls down the Consul's Statues, ib. refuses the title of Imperator, and the honour of triumph, ib. his funeral expenses defrayed by the People, ibid.  
Secundus Charinas, 261  
Secutor, the Follower, a Gladiator, 66. the nature of his sword-play, ibid.  
Sejanus, vid. Aelius Sejanus.  
Seleucus, a Lutenist, 372  
Semiramis, 61. why she took upon her the person of a man, ib. she walled Babylon, ib. her success and courage, ib. she is killed by her Son, ibid.  
Seneca, the Stoic, 146. Tutor to Nero, ib. his vast wealth, ib. the cause of his ruin, 353. why, and how, he was put to death, 146. the subject of his works, ib. his vindication from the aspersion of Avarice, ibid.  
Seriphus, 215  
Servilia, 382  
Servius Sulpitius Galba Caesar, barbarously murdered, 61. by a Common Soldier, ibid. his descent, 288  
Servius Tullius, his Father thought to be the God Lar, 424. Son to a bond woman, ib. Crowned King of Rome, 307. how long he reigned, ib. why called the last good King, ibid.  
Setine Wine, 142  
Sextus, a wicked great man, 55  
Shaving the head, upon what account it was used by the Romans, 423. Why the Egyptians shaved, 503  
Sheep, never eaten by the Priests of Egypt, 503  
Sica, the Secutor's Falchion, 66  
Sicambri, 128  
Sicyon, an Isle in the Aegean Sea, 98  
Socrates, 51. his Parents and Wives, ib. the first reducer of Philosophy from Speculation to Practice, 52. preserved in the plague-time by his abstinence, 489. his Impeachers, 52. his answer at the Bar, ib. he would not have Counsel to plead, 452. his Sentence and Death, 52  
Socratic Catamite, how to be understood, 52  
Solon, 377. the place of his birth, ib. the time when he flourished, ib. the equal temper of his Laws, ib. he repeals Draco's bloody Decrees, ibid. flies from Athens, ibid. his conference with Croesus, 378. the success of his words, 379. his death in Cyprus, ibid. his ashes, by his own appointment, scattered about the Isle, ib. his Epitaph, ibid.  
soothsayers Tuscan, 442.443.444  
Sora, 104  
Sostratus, 370  
Sportula, a basket of money, or of meat, 29  
Sportula Vocal, 443  
Statius, vid. Papinius Statius.  
Stentor, how loud he cried, 447  
Sthenoboea, 382. charges Bellerophon, with her own crime, ib. hears the news of his Marriage, and kills herself, 383  
Stork, 476  
Stygian Sound, 68  
Suburra, one of the fairest Streets in Rome, 91. why so named, ibid.  
Supper, to be made for Clients, 32. in lieu of the money-Sportula, ibid. how distinguished from the Patron's Supper, ib.  
Supper for the Dead, 145  
Surena, 361  
Sybaris, built by the Trojans, 204. how potent a Town it grew to be, ib. how gluttonous, even to a Proverb, ibid.  
Sylla, or Silvius, the Dictator, 19 lays down his Commission, ib. is a theme in the Rhetoric Schools, ib. the summary of his life, ibid.  
Sylla's three Scholars, 57  
Sylvanus, 209. how begot, ibid. his strange shape, 210. why God of the Woods, ib. his Sacrifice, ibid.  
Syrophoenix, 300   

Sentences in S.  
Fol. 4. verse 35. 'Tis hard, not to write Satyrs.  
Fol. 39 verse 31. The Strait may Cripples, White-Men Negroes jeer.  
Fol. 41. verse 72. Secrets bring jewels,  
Fol. 42. verse 95. 
— The Scab but got  
By one Sheep, the whole Flock will have the Ro●.   
Fol. 75. verse 61. 
He owes thee nothing, Nothing will bestow,  
That lets thee but an honest Secret know,   
Fol. 78. verse 135. They will know Chamber- Secrets and be feared.  
Fol. 134. verse 79. Great Houses with proud Servants swarm.  
Fol. 237. ver. 243. Nothing costs Fathers less than Sons,  
Fol. 281. verse 212. Short let it be, which thou dar'st foully act.  
Fol. 318. verse 139. 
Slaves care not what they against their Lord compose,  
When with their rumours they revenge his blows.   
Fol. 318. verse 147. We must, for many causes, live upright,  
Fol. 333. verse 21. 
But, chiefly, That we Servants tongues may slight.  
Seldom the Soldiers did poor Garrets climb.   
Fol. 347. ver. 349. 
Fair Lucrece, and her fatal Rape,  
Incourages no one to wish her Shape.   
Fol. 428. vers. 20. 
That Science makes the happy men,  
Which conquers Fortune with celestial Books.     


T.  
TAbraca, 371  
Tagus, now Taio, a River in Spain, whose sands have a mixture of Gold, 96  
Tanaquill, 215  
Tarentines, descended from the Spartans', 204 they call in King Pyrrhus against the Romans, ib. the cause of their destruction by lightning, ib.  
Tarentula, a Spider, 204. the effect of its poison, ib. the cure, ibid.  
Tarentum built, 204. taken by the Lacedæmonians, ib. from whence it derives the name, ibid.  
Tarquin, the Proud, 307. his conquests, 308. appoints the Feriae, or Holidays, ibid. builds the Capitol, ib. flies to K. Porsenna, ib.  
Tarsus, 99  
Tatius, General of the Sabines, 478 takes the Capitol by compact, ib. is Partner in the Government with Romulus, ib. why he was slain, ib.  
Tauromenian Rocks, 146  
Tauromenium, ib.  
Telamonius, Father to Ajax, 482  
Telephus, a Tragicomedy, 13. his parentage, ibid. his fortunes, wound, and cure, 13.14  
Telesine, 245  
Temples, of Isis, Cybele, and Ceres, impudently profaned, 321  
Tentyrites, 505. hate the Crocodile, ib. adore the Ibis, ib.  
Tereus, 242  
Terminus, his offering, 522. his violation, the greatest sacrilege, ibid.  
Terpsichore, Inventress of Music, and Dancing 246  
Teutons, Germans, so named from their God Tuisco, 306  
Thais, 99  
Thales, one of the seven Sages, 452. taught Geometry to the Grecians, ib. found out the intervals of time, ib. quarters of the Wind, ib. diameter of the Sun, ibid. the cause of eclipses, and thunder, ibid. obliquity of the Zodiac, ibid. the celestial Zones, and the Sun's annual course, ibid. when and how he died, ib.  
Thebes, in Boeotia, 442  
Thebes, in Egypt, ib. & 503.  
Themison, Scholar to Empedocles, 372. quoted by Galen, ib. a bad Practiser in Physic, ibid.  
Theodorus Gadareus, 259  
Thersites, 309  
Theseis, a Heroic Poem, 12. of the Knight-Errantry of Theseus, ibid.  
Thessaly, described, 217. there Medea gathered the simples that made Aeson young again, ibid.  
Theutrantes, K. of Caria, 13  
Thomas, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, 53. his Princely Collection of ancient Greek and Roman Statues, writ upon by Mr. Selden, ibid.  
Thraseas Paetus, a Stoic, 142. his last words, 143  
Thrasyllus, 215. his death, ibid.  
Thrasymachus, 261  
Thumbs, bend downward, signified favour to the sword-Players, 95. reversed, or turned upward, that they must fight it out and die (though misprinted in the Comment) ibid.  
Thyrsus described, 193  
Tibur, a City, and Castle, 103. by whom built, ibid.  
Tiburnus, 103  
Tigellinus, poisoned three of his Father's Brothers, 33. forged their Wills, ibid.  
Tilphossa, 454  
Tilpbossus, ib.  
Timbrels, of gold, silver, or brass, 446  
Tiresias, a Prophet, 454. his Fable, ibid. his Monument, ib. his deification, ib.  
Titius, and Seius, 119  
Titus, and Tiberius, Sons to the Consul Junius Brutus, promise to deliver a Gate of Rome to K. Tarquin, 308. the plot discovered by a Slave, ib. their Father's cruel sentence of death upon them, ib.  
Tongillus, 254  
Tower Oval, 216  
Toxeus, 147  
Trabeae, 355  
Trallis, a Carian Town, 97  
Trebius, a base-minded Client, 130  
Trechedipna, a Gown to run in, 97  
Tribune, Protector of the Commonalty, 29. his legal and usurped power, ib.  
Tribune Military, 100  
Tricipitinus, Father to Lucraece, 380  
Triclinium, the Dining-room, described, 141  
Trochilos, how he deceives the Crocodile, 501  
Trojan Lords, great persons of Rome, 29  
Trypher, a Carving-Master, 408  
Tullia, Daughter to King Seru. Tullius, and Wife to Tarquin the Proud, 308. puts her Husband upon the murder of her Father, ibid.  
Tullus Hostilius, third King of Rome, sacks and slights the City of Alba, 144. puts the Romans into action, ib. ascertains the rates of Coin, ibid. brings in the Chariot-Chaire, the Office of Lictor, the Toga Picta, and Praetexta, ibid. and the golden Bullaes, ibid.  
Turnus, General of the Rutilians, 34. fights a single combat with Aeneas, ibid.  
Tutor, vid. Julius Tutor.  
Tutors, how to be valued, 260  
Tyrrhene Sea, 196   

Sentences in T.  
Fol. 75. verse 59 
Who's now beloved, but he that can reveal  
Foul Trusts?—   
Fol. 103. ver. 104. What's more violent than a Tyrant's ear?  
Fol. 333. verse 27. 
The poor way-faring man, that doth not bring  
A charge along, before the Thief will sing.     


V.  
VAgellus, 521  
Valerius Corvinus, Tribune to Camillus, 288. accepts the challenge of a Gaul, ib. assisted in that Combat by a Crow, from which he had his surname, ib. six times Consul, ibid.  
Varillus, a poor Knave, 55  
Vatinius, the drunken Cobbler of Beneventum, 143  
Vcalegon, a poor Roman, 103  
Vectius Valens, his ominous words at the adulterous Wedding of Messalina and Silius, 385  
Veiento, vid. Fabricius Veiento.  
Veil, vid. Flammeum,  
Velabrian, vid. Lake.  
Venafrian Oil, 145  
Venafrum, ib.  
Ventidius, a Slave, 260. made General against the Parthians, ib. triumphs, ib.  
Verres, his Offices in the Republic, 56. his treachery, lust, etc. ibid. a Suit commenced against him by the Sicilians, ibid. his Charge managed by Cicero, 297. Juvenal's Aggravation of his crime, ib. he flies his Country, 56. is proscribed, and slain, ib. the cause of his Proscription, ibid.  
Verses defamatory, prohibited by Law, 32  
Vespasian's answer to his Son Titus, 482  
Vesta, the Mother, 207. the Daughter, ibid. what they both signify, ibid.  
Vestal Nuns, superintend the Ceremonies of the Good-Goddess, 60. their Cloister, 118. their number, ib. their Charge, ibid. their punishment for negligence, ib. the time of their admission, and stay, ib. the manner and reason of their execution for breach of vow, ib. their Founder, 207  
Vestines, 481  
Vettus, 255  
Vibius Crispus, a smooth-tongued Orator, 123. how he kept himself in favour at Court, ibid. the pleasantness of his replies, ib. his honours, ib.  
Vindex, vid. Caius Julius Vindex.  
Vindicius, the Slave that discovered the Sons of the Consul Brutus, 308. made free, ib. the Rod used in manumissions, ever after, called Vindicta, ib.  
Vine-battoon, 481  
Virginia, 381. the plot laid to ravish her, ibid. her Father, to save her honour, kills her, ib. the revenge of her death, 382  
Virginius Rufus, 303  
Virro, a Proud Patron, 130  
Vivaries, Imperial Fishponds, 121  
Ulysses, his disputable Parents, 325. his policy to avoid the war and enjoy his Wife, 326. how discovered, ib. his services for his Country, ibid. Achilles his Arms adjudged to him, 327. his cruelty before he went aboard, ib. his unfortunate voyage, ib. his death foretold by the Oracle, but inavoidable, 329  
Vmbricius, an Aruspex, 93. why he removes, with his Family from Rome, ib.  
Volscians, 103  
Volusius Bithynicus, 501  
Vow, or Sacrament, Military, 522  
Vulture, 476   

Sentences in V.  
Fol. 6. verse 90. Virtue's praised, but starves.  
Fol. 10. verse 179. Posterity can no new Vices frame.  
Fol. 266. ver. 24. Virtue's the true and sole Nobility.  
Fol. 339. verse 161. 
Virtue is so much less beloved than Fame,  
For, bate reward, who will at Virtue aim?   
Fol. 351. ver. 431. virtue's the path to Peace,  
Fol. 469. ver. 271. 
None sins just so far as he hath in charge,  
But at his pleasure will his Vice enlarge.   
Fol. 404. ver. 53. 
— a Victory comes, easy when  
The foes are tippled, lisping, reeling men.     


W.  
will'ls, made by Military privilege, 523   

Sentences in W.  
Fol. 166. ver. 312. Wealth to the weakened World foul riot taught.  
Fol. 174. ver. 479. 
— Nothing makes man's life  
Vnhappier, than a fortune with a Wife.   
Fol. 465. ver. 201. 
— no one sin,  
That to the mind of mankind enters in,  
Poisons or kills more than Wealth's cruel thirst;  
For all men would be rich, and rich at first.   
Fol. 174. ver. 477. 
A Woman thinks all's lawful, when she wears  
Those mighty Pear-pearls, that weigh down her ears.   
Fol. 81. ver. 193. Men seldom rise where Want keeps Virtue down.  
Fol. 349. ver. 387. 
The edge of Woman's wrath is then most ke●,  
When a repulse adds blushes to her spleen.     


X.  
Xerxes', K. of Persia, 369. his two vast Armies, by Sea and Land, ibid. both overthrown, ibid. why he fled out of Greece, ibid. his humour of fight changed into feasting, ibid. his Subjects despise him, ibid. slain by the Captain of his Guard, 370. the madness of his pride, ibid.    


Z.  
ZAlates, an Armenian Hostage, 70  
Zeno, the first Stoic, 508. understands the Oracle, ibid. comes to traffic at Athens, ibid. loses his Ship, and takes a Gown, ibid. why his Scholars were called Stoics, ibid. how the Athenians honoured him in his life time, ibid. how after his Death, 509   

A Sentence in Z.  
Fol. 494. verse 58. Zeal sounds the Trumpet to the Brawl.    
FINIS.