A LETTER TO A GENTLEMAN of NOTE, GUILTY OF Common Swearing.  
Recommended now to all such of that Rank, as are under the same Gild.  
And fit to be perused by all Their Majesty's good Subjects, that would please both God, and the King, in helping to suppress this Crying Sin.  
By B. J.  
LONDON: Printed for Randall Tailor near Stationers Hall. MDCXC.   

A LETTER to a Gentleman of Note, Guilty of Common Swearing.  
Worthy Sir,  
THOUGH this comes not from one that can pretend to the Honour of your intimate Acquaintance; yet one, nevertheless, your Friend in the greatest sincerity; yea, much more your Friend, than such as can be unconcerned, any further than to laugh at that which threatens the Ruin of a Gentleman so well accomplished with more than ordinary Parts and Ingenuity.  
To deal freely with you, Sir, (since I have lately heard you make so bold with One that's infinitely more your Superior, than you are mine) That which you might reckon the Grace and Emphasis of your Talk, was to me so extremely Noisome and Grievous, that I found it a very difficult Task to be your Patient so long as I was. And because I then spoke so little to interrupt the profane Humour, I think myself obliged in Conscience, to signify the more in this Paper; yea, the rather did I prevail with myself so much to stifle my Resentments at that time, because I resolved now to pour them out more fully in this manner, as hoping I might do it with less Offence, and better Effect, to propose the matter to your calm Thoughts, when cool and retired, than if I had offered to Ruffle before that Company, who might peradventure have stomached me as injurious to their Meeting, had I there solemnly entered the Lists to dispute that Cause, which I am going to plead with you at present.  
'Tis to me, Sir, a most astonishing thing, to see one whom the Bounty of Heaven has raised so much above the Common Level, both for Endowments of Mind, and Enjoyments of the World, so far forget himself, as to fly in the Face of his Sole Founder, and Supreme Benefactor, and at the most daring rate, Tear and Blaspheme that Tremendous Name, which he has declared, He will not hold him guiltless that takes in vain. When 'tis not only the most irregular inverting the end of your Creation, (as if you were made only to dishonour God) but the very height of Ingratitude, so to turn the noble Faculty of Speech against him, without whom you could not so much as speak at all.  
Can you choose, Sir, but discern what an Absurdity it is to own the Christian Name, yea, and bow at the very mention of Jesus; and yet so slight and play upon the Great Lord of Christians, as to Swear even altogether, when he Charges every one of his, not to Swear at all. And what does it, but still add to the Absurdity, when 'tis readily confessed to be a scandalous Evil, which you ought to renounce, and yet you will as confidently persist in this Gild, as if you did not believe the least harm to be in it?  
What sort of Christian is that, who Acts as 'twere in spite of Christ? And I may ask, What kind of Subject too, that is so cross to his Sovereign, as boldly to keep up that horrid Ungodliness, which our truly Christian Prince has used the utmost care to suppress? Letting all the World know, 'tis after another rate now, he would have Men express their Loyalty to him, than to Swear and Drink for him. As being a great deal Wiser, than to expect they should ever be true to him, who stick not so notoriously to Rebel against an Infinitely Greater. And were it at all possible, they could thus be Loyal, yet how would he abhor their Service at the cost of God's dishonour; counting it no commendable Reflection at all on his Sacred Person, to own such bold Pretenders to his Grace and Favour: Who (if his Signal Example will not at last shame them into better Manners) must go Stigmatised as worse Affronters of his Laws and Majesty, even than any that take upon them to dispute the Right of his Royal Authority. For though I do not think, that this admits of any just Scruple at all; yet as to the Profane Customary Swearing, there's not the least Controversy with any whatsoever, But that he, who allows himself in such a known Wickedness, openly Resists, and Defies the Crown of Heaven and Earth both together.  
Whatever, Sir, be your Station, Revenue, Titles, and Dignity, you cannot imagine, sure, that you have any Authority to be a Common Swearer, as you are a Gentleman, a Magistrate, or a Soldier.  
First, As a Gentleman, how utterly should you scorn such Boarish Manners, as infinitely below you! That which is a Badge of Infamy to the very scum of the People; arguing no better Rank and Quality, than to be of the Hissing Lineage of the Old Serpent, who is for Spitting his Venom most against him that is absolutely the Best. Can it become your Dignity, or ever be reckoned as any of your Bravery? Be sure, that Lamp of Reputation which is fed with God's Dishonour, will cast but a very ill Smell in any Nostrils, except such as prefer the nastiest Dunghill before the sweetest Garden. The Svearing which I now make bold to capitulate with you concerning, but like an Imposthume issuing out of a dead Man's mouth, speaks you even Dead in Sin, and so rots your Name, and lays all your Honour in the dust.  
But the most unaccountable thing it is, that ever Swearing should be reputed a Mark of fine Breeding; or any gentile, graceful Property, which in truth is so contrary to all good Manners, and a rude Entrenching upon all Orderliness and Common Civility; a Nuisance and Affront to every Ingenious, Sober Company; and the greatest Offence to all that fear God, and make any Conscience at all of his Word; who had rather you should spit in their Faces, than so outrageously abuse and mock the Sovereign Object of all their dearest Love, and highest Regard.  
Next, as a Magistrate; Are you not obliged, Sir, to Check and Punish this very thing, which yourself have been so deep in the guilt of? And which your own Practice so tends to Countenance and Embolden, that the Vulgus take not small Pride to be in your Fashion, thinking to ingratiate themselves with their Betters, by licking your Ulcers; yea are afraid to be hissed off the Stage as Squeamish Precisians, should they be so Cowardly as not venture to Copy out such Precedents; and so even to save their Credit, it seems necessary to transplant their Shame into your Soil. Thus instead of exerting your Power and Interest to quash that Profaneness and Blasphemy, which makes the Land to mourn, and cries aloud for Vengeance; How do you sadden the Souls of the Righteous, strengthen the Hands of the Wicked, and express the greatest Spite and Enmity to your Country, in doing still so much the more Mischief, by how much the larger is your Influence? For this makes the Wicked Swagger, and tumultuously walk on every side, when the vilest Men are exalted. When such possess the Places of Honour, Trust and Power, as not only stand for Ciphers, to let the most obnoxious escape with Impunity; and dare not shame that which Dishonours God, lest it should put themselves to extreme Confusion; but also serve for a Back and Skreen to the Blasphemous Rout, to make them scorn the Parson, and set every Reprover at defiance, when as they have such big Names to quote for their Justification and Warrant. O! Sir, How do you think the Eternal Judge of Quick and Dead, will in the final Audit, look upon this sort of Magistrates, that gave such singular aid and furtherance to his Ministers?  
Again, as a Soldier; Can you think it your Valour, Sir, to hector God Almighty? And that you are a stout Man, because you dare make so bold (as no one in his right Wits would do) with the Supreme Majesty? Whom to contemn, the very Heathens have counted it no better than Fool-hardiness and Madness: Or is there any thing like a wise Conduct in the Case, when as you are engaged against other Enemies, to go strive with your Maker, and so make him your Enemy too? O! Sir, if you would approve yourself truly Great and Courageous, here's a Combat worthy the faithful Soldier and Servant of Christ Jesus, even to encounter with all your might this reigning Sin of Swearing, that like another Mighty Goliath, sends out Challenges against Heaven, defying not only the Hosts of the Living God, but even the God of Hosts himself; yea▪ that Marches through the World, Great and Terrifying, Insolent and Domineering, to dishearten, even, the Zealous for their Lord's Interest, from venturing to resist it.  
When this Party of Rebels is grown so big, that the Injustice of the Cause even ceaseth to be questioned, and their Numbers pass for Arguments on their side; and therefore do so many take the boldness to list themselves into the Hellish Regiment; taking it for a piece of Cowardice to fear an Oath; when he that will not Swear at all, is ready to be pointed at, with (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) yonder's he! stared at as a Prodigy, and scoffed for a Pedant. When you hear your Company, Sir, grow so Malapart and Saucy with God himself, to toss in their unhallowed Mouths, as a thing of nought, his Tremendous Name; and at every turn cite the Glorious Majesty, and Dreadful Judge of all the World, to vouch all their impertinent Prate; as if their Tongues were touched with a Coal from Herl, and their Consciences seared with an hot Iron out of the same Fire; that even as fast as they fetched Words out of the abundance of their Hearts, so fast this putrid Scum boils up into their Mouths from the same corrupt Fountain: yea, when they can Swear and Rant, not only out of inadvertence, but avowedly, for the Gallantry of the business, as if they were the braver Men, because they dare be such Sinners with a Witness, and take Hell by violence, scorning to be stopped or restrained, trampling under foot the Blood of Christ; if but to make themselves sport, piercing his Side afresh with Oaths, sharper than the Soldiers Spear; and playing away the Virtue of that Name, which alone is able to save them from the Damnation they imprecate. Here! here's a Field, Sir, wherein to acquit you as a Man, and approve your Conduct and Prowess in making a worthy Opposition, and daring to appear for God, when such multitudes have the Foreheads to let fly at him, and discover themselves against him. Here's a Warfare where you have the best Cause, and the best Call; and if you shrink back, you fall under a Curse too, even that of Meroz, for not coming to the help of the Lord, against such mighty Adversaries of his Glory.  
Do but think with yourself, Sir, what an unpardonable Affront would such a one as you account it, to be called a Bastard? And the most indelible Brand of Cowardice, not to stand up in your own Vindication, under such a vile Imputation. But, truly Sir, if a Son honours his Father, and cannot endure to see him exposed, or hear him ridiculed; I must be bold to tell you, that you give shrewd suspicion you are but of a Spurious Brood, and no true Child of the Heavenly Father, when you can find in your heart, so unnaturally, and even of set purpose, to load his Name with Scorn; yea, when you can but be a tame and silent Witness of his Dishonour, and your Blood not rise, and your Spirit not be stirred in you, to put you upon the Vindicating and Asserting of his Right and Glory.  
Should one offer to give you the Lie, I know, Sir, you would think your Honour so touched, there were not only Apology enough for a Quarrel, but even necessity of a Duel. And yet, if you are a Swearer, pray what considering Man will you ever induce to believe that you are no Liar? For what should make him strain so much at a Lie, who has so glib a Swallow for Oath upon Oath? When the very same Lord that said, Thou shalt not forswear thyself; said also, Swear not at all: He that sticks not to thwart him in the latter, it is hard trusting him in the former. And to tie Truth to such men's Oaths, how fond and senseless is it? It is true, say you, for I heard such a one swear it: Pitiful Logic! When the right Inference from the Premises is just on the other side, It's false, or nothing like to be true, because a Swearer affirmed it. For what's said by the Swearers, be sure comes from none of Christ's Scholars, who is Truth itself; they are better Taught, and Swear not at all. It must then come from them, who are of his training up, that is, the Father of Lies, and is to be credited thereafter. And such must never hope to recover their Credit among the Wise, till they cease to be found among the Swearers; their Word then, will indeed go a great deal further than now their Oath.  
Do but see then here, Sir, how mischievous to the World, and what an irreparable wrong to humane Society, is the weakening these Sacred Bonds of Conscience, by the frequent use of Oaths in ordinary Chat, so to render them cheap and contemptible; when the Awe and Reverence of an Oath is quite lost and gone, by debasing it to every toyish purpose; And when Men can play with Oaths, even every where; alas, who can expect they should be punctual and serious therein any where? And after this rate, what the more satisfaction can you have, when you give Men their Oaths, that they do not make a Lie as well as make Oath? And how can the King and Queen be sure of such men's Allegiance, or any one else of their true Testimony of Fidelity to their Promise? And so Kingdoms are shaken, and all Faith and Trust among Men destroyed, by the idle, trivial use of Swearing. And for all such Damages accrueing to the Public, from this horrid Abuse of Speech, every Common Swearer is responsible; and much more those of Eminent Station, who by their Examples should teach others better.  
How like a Ruler then, that Rules for God, as well as Reigns by him, does the King's most Excellent Majesty now urge the hampering those unruly Beasts of the People with Penal Inflictions, that will not be wrought upon to forgo such a Barbarous Practice, by any more fair persuasive Methods? And as they are the deadly Enemies of their Country, who will not abridge themselves of this Ungodly Pleasure, though it were to save a Church, to save a Kingdom, and to please God and the King both together; So I dare refer it to yourself, Sir, (when you do but entertain any serious Thoughts) what true Friends they can be to the Public, who in such a Case as this, will Heal and Connive at the Offenders, and not dare, what in them lies, as far as they are bound, to bring such notorious Criminals to Shame and Suffering. But this, alas, we are not like to have the pleasure of seeing, till the Lesser Wheels move yet more regularly under the Greater. For the Vulgar will not think it good Manners to lead their Betters the way, till yea, yea; and nay, nay; become the Mode of their Landlords and Masters, as well as of their King and Queen; and not only Sovereignty on the Throne, but Magistracy also on the Bench, fears an Oath. But, O! how happy then would it be with us, if every one concerned would act as Good Subjects under the Best of Rulers, who are not for bearing the Sword in Vain, but would be (as a Joy to them that do well, so) a Terror to Evil-doers.  
Now, this, Sir, I cannot but think most pertinent for your Consideration, who profess so much Love to your Country, and Loyalty to King William and Queen Mary. They are both indeed excellent Pretensions, and 'tis great pity you should be therein guilty of any Self-contradictions.  
For how can you sincerely Love your Country, when you Patronise the cursed thing that bodes nothing but its Ruin? As His Sacred Majesty, most truly and piously, like himself, has laid down the Position, That our Religion, Peace, and Happiness, are all endangered by reason of that overflowing of Vice, which is too notorious in this Nation.  
And what Loyalty to Their Majesties, when still you are so much for the thing, which they have declared themselves so much against? 'Tis, methinks, a strange sort of Loyalty, only to Cross and Provoke them. Though the Ranting Loyalty of Debauched Ruffians, it's true, was a while ago in Fashion; yet, pray good Sir, remember, that now it's another Reign, and such Princes (blessed be God) we are under, as do not make a Jest of all Serious Religion. And the pretence of honouring them with God's Dishonour, is growing so fulsome, that nothing more uncovers the Nakedness of the Authors; when the King's published Letter again acquaints us, That He most earnestly desires, and will endeavour a General Reformation of the Lives and Manners of all His Subjects, as being that which must establish His Throne. What Supporters then are they of the Throne, who think still to testify their Loyalty by the most profane Extravagancy? And what Honour and Deference do they pay to the Royal Pleasure, who instead of striving to promote it, only give broad Significations, how much they Scorn and Contemn it?  
I have heard you declare, Sir, That you are no Papist, Fanatic, nor Disaffected to the Present Government. Yea, I perceive too much, you are very forward, uncalled, to Swear, when some will not Swear now, though called to it. But in good truth, Sir, I think it is to little purpose, what you do call yourself, as long as you abide under this Heinous Gild; for at the bottom they can be of no Religion at all, but are the foulest Scandal to the Christian Name, and a heavy Plague to the World, who Name God in their Oaths, oftener than in their Prayers; and have little to do with Him, but only thus to provoke him. See that you do not here symbolise too right with Rome, before you are ware, in postponing the weightiest Matters of the Law, to the Mint, anise and Cummin; while you inveigh most bitterly against all that (to a hairs breadth) conform not to Humane Institutions, and in the mean time yourself can swallow the Camels of such Monstrous Oaths, as make the greatest Violation, and the rudest Attack upon God's own express Commands.  
One would think you owed the Church of England no real Kindness, Sir, when you so eagerly lay claim to its Membership, only to Reproach it; as if it gave you a Protection for that open Ungodliness, which the the very Light of Nature utterly Shames and Condemns: And you would prove yourself a Son of the Church, by acting like a Child of the Devil. Sir, you too much Credit those, whom you so divert yourself to Bespatter; yea, you change Names with them, while you Rant at them. For who in earnest is the bigger Fanatic and Madcap, he that boggles at an indifferent Ceremony, or he that makes no Conscience at all of the most notorious Damnable Iniquity? Do you think to Convert Dissenters with your hairbrained Swearing and Damning? Or to invite them into our Holy Communion, with such lewd Communication? Indeed, no wonder this should make the Offering of the Lord abhorred; and bring a Scandal and Prejudice on the best Cause itself, for the sake of such kind of Patrons and Abettors appearing in it, only to turn the Adversaries Stomaches more, and open their Mouths wider against it.  
Be it known to you, Sir, The Church of England is no Mother of such Abominations: 'Tis the silliest mistake in any, that think to find Swearing in her Litany. And he as obstinately shuts his Eyes against the Light, who sees not all irreverent Abuse of God's Name, cried down in her Homily. But when you can so defile your own Nest, and Blemish the most Excellent Profession, as well as desperately fling at the Glory of Him that made you; Here, if ever, The Righteous Judge of all the Earth is concerned to show himself, and take such Audacious Criminals in hand, to make them feel it in Judgements worthy of God, who will not leave off, so to dare him to it; but carry on the Affront still, though their Sin hath not so much as the face of any Worldly Interest, or Fleshly Pleasure in it; and there's no Natural Inclination, or Impetuous Appetite to it, not so much as to make the Plea of Humane Infirmity for it. But the mad Swearer swears ever for pure Swearing sake; Sins Gratis, in Contempt of Heaven; and Sells his Soul for no Consideration at all, but out of a Fantastic Humour, to follow an inconsiderate Herd to his own Eternal Ruin.  
Good Sir, you have Reason to Judge and Consider in Cases much less plain than this; what Lethargy then has seized your Sense, that it does not befriend you here? To reflect, what a fearful thing it is to fall into the Hands of the Living God, who is a Righteous Judge, Strong, and Patient, and wretchedly provoked (you know it) every day. But think you not that he could command the Earth to open her Jaws, and take the Swearers down quick into Hell, as once it did Corah and his Crew? Or think you not, that he could Rain a Hell down even from Heaven, as he did on Sodom, and the Cities of the Plain? For certain his Arm is not shortened, that he cannot; but his Bowels are so tender, he waits, and gives Ill Men space to Repent and Turn; which if after all his Goodness that should lead them to Repentance, they will not, it's time for him then to lay to his Hand, and whet his Sword, and bend his Bow, and make ready his Arrows, and prepare for them the Instruments of Death.  
Yourself, Sir, I am sure, would never endure to have such Contempt cast upon you, and such Affronts offered you: And must he, that is so beyond all Comparison more Excellent, be thus put upon, and take all the foulest Indignities from you? All the Patience in the World else, would never bear at this rate. And abundant Experience indeed, Sir, you have had of it, that God is Long-suffering; But yet he that endures so long, will not do it always: Abused Mercy must be righted, and will have Vengeance. Tho the profane Swearer may be ready to think himself hail-fellow with his Glorious Maker; yet be sure his Sin will find him out. God has his Book of Accounts, in which all the Oaths stand upon Record; and he hath said, He will not hold him Guiltless: And the Blasphemous Wretch will be like to find a Meiosis too in that Threat, which imports thus much more than is expressed, that such shall be proceeded against as the most guilty. And 'tis as if he should say, I will be sure to punish them, whoever else escape; because of my Name, I am most tender, even as the Apple of mine Eye; such shall therefore take my Name in vain another day too, and in the last Judgement, cry Lord, Lord, but I will not hear them. And after all their time of Swearing and Slighting me, I will take my time to cast them off, and swear they shall never enter into my Rest.  
Thus is the Swearer's Doom gone out already: And he does but Antedate his own Eternal Dirges, as he so often Anticipates the Sentence of his own Damnation; beginning betimes to Exercise himself in that Cursing and Blaspheming, which is like to be the best Music of his Torments for ever; and so well may Orcus signify, both an Oath and Hell, when they are so near a kin. The Place rings with such Sounds, and it gapes for such Miscreants, as use to belch out this Poison, only to please a Devilish Humour.  
Now, Sir, will you cry, Damn him, he Preaches Damnation? Tho you should so vent your Indignation; you know a Reason why I am not to wonder at the very worst you can say against your Fellow Creature. But with your leave, Sir, if I do predict the Wrath to come, that you may flee from it, I think I do but offer you a Blessing for your Imprecation; and let my Charity find only the contemptuous Return, He Preaches! I shall as little regard to be made the Scorn of the Swearers, as the Song of the Drunkards.  
But I hope better things yet, Sir, from such a Temper and Reason as yours. I hope that you, who can be so obliging to others, will not perversely shake off a Servant of his you call your Saviour, only Praying you in Christ's stead to be Reconciled unto God. I hope that you, who know so much more than many of your poor Inferiors, will be Wiser than to make the sad purchase of more Stripes, for striking so madly at God himself, when as Conscience cannot choose but tell you all the while, 'tis nothing but kicking against the pricks, and Struggling with Him, who will certainly prove quite too hard for you.  
Your fair Reception of a late Friendly Admonition, speaks you to be of another nature than those Beasts that turn again, and rend their Reprovers. And it is a thousand pities, that a Disposition and Ingenuity capable of the most Excellent Impressions, should be so overrun with rank Weeds, and the most pernicious Briars.  
Alas, Sir, What can you ever propose to yourself, in adhering to a Scandalous Haunt, that hath no manner of Satisfaction, even to the Carnal Appetite; pleaseth never a Sense? You know what the Ingenious and Honourable Mr. Herbert says, Were I an Epicure, I could bate Swearing; 'tis Pleasure that drills on the Drunkard; filthy Lucre that's the Miser's bait; and the Ambitious towers after the Lure of Honour; all have some Colour, though false, for their Evil; only the Diabolical Swearer embraces Wickedness even for itself.  
Let me beseech you then, Sir, for pity to your own Soul, (if not for the Fear and Love of God) Rescue it from the Bonds of this Ruining Custom, and do not yield yourself to be taken Captive by the Devil at his will. But after all your impious Oaths, will you make one Religious Vow, never so to Swear again; and Fear an Oath, even as you would dread a Chain that will bind you to Fire unquenchable. O! let him that gave you a Tongue, and Power to use it, have the Praise and Glory of it. And do not make it the Weapon so to Fight with your Maker, against whom none did ever stand it out and prosper. Nor think it will ever at all lessen yourself, should you vouchsafe most highly to magnify Him, and for ever stand in awe of Him, whom all the Noblest Creatures in the World are Ambitious to Honour and Adore.  
Can it choose, Sir, but grate hard upon your Rational Sense, to pervert that Power of speaking, which sets you so much above the Bruits, to make you even like the Devils? And shall the Member, styled your Glory, only serve to shame yourself, for throwing Dirt with it at your Lord and Master? O! What hath he ever done to you, that you should so fly upon him? Hath he filled you so full with his abundant Kindnesses of various Sorts, only that you should Swell and Burst out against him, and ever and anon be speaking Evil of Him, who is continually doing you Good? And what are you made of, if that most Venerable Word of his, which Awes all the World, is no more to you than the most Contemptible Ballad, which you can Trample in the Dirt; venturing still to Swear so thick, when therein you are so strictly charged, Not to do it at all?  
O! Sir, as you have, I say, not only, any Conscience and Religion of a Christian, but any Sobriety, Decency, and Discretion of a Man; have no more to do with such notorious Works of the Devil, but Renounce, Reprove them, and testify your Abhorrence of them; and make all else, that ever you are able, ashamed and afraid of them. O! use your Tongue henceforth to better purposes, than as the Boisterous Instrument to lift up against Heaven, and destroy your own Soul, and injure all your Neighbours, (I say, All) while you nothing but harden some, and sadden the rest. And let not the same Mouth, with which you pray to God, and praise him, be ever wrung to those harsh and hideous Notes of Cursing and Blaspheming.  
O! be Thankful to Him, that he hath not long since taken you off in the Act of Swearing, and thrown you down into the place of endless Cursing. And speak Good of his Name, which he would have to be for ever exalted above all things; take it not into your Mouth only to pollute it; nor ever mention it, but with all Reverence and Godly Fear. If you take not the Lord for a dumb Idol, dare not any more so to Reproach the Living God. For, alas, the little Bubble that Swells, and arrogantly imagines to appear Big for huffing the Almighty himself, will but thus the sooner be dashed to pieces; and God will get Glory to himself in confounding the proud Rebel, who after a little Blaze, shall go out in a Stench here, and awake hereafter to Shame and Everlasting Contempt. But them that Honour him, God will Honour: Honour them with that Honour that is of himself, a deserved Reputation on Earth, and Glory Everlasting in his Heavenly Kingdom.  
Sir, I fear you are tired with reading, and I hope you will grow as weary of the rebuked Sin, which yet will bring you a far heavier Reckoning. I pray, that you may so feel the Burden of its Gild, that you may never feel the Weight of its Punishment. And God grant that you may become as Eminent and Exemplary for your Tenderness and Zeal to Reverence the Name of God, and Assert his Glory, as ever you have been Obnoxious, and under Censure, for making bold with his Titles, and trampling upon his Honour. I am, Sir,  
Your most Faithful Monitor, and Humble Servant, B. J.  
FINIS.