Tam Marti, Quam Mercurio.  
The honourable and learned Knight  
Sr. Walter Raleigh.  
Ro Vaughan 〈◊〉  
SIR WALTER RALEIGH'S OBSERVATIONS, TOUCHING Trade & Commerce with the HOLLANDER, and other Nations, as it was presented to K. JAMES.  
Wherein is proved, that our Sea and Land Commodities serve to enrich and strengthen other Countries against our own.  
With other Passages of high Concernment.  
LONDON, Printed by T. H. and are to be sold by WILLIAM SHEERES, at the sign of the 3 〈◊〉, over against the North door of S. 〈◊〉, 1653.   

THE PRINTER TO THE READER.  
Reader:  
THou hast here presented to thy view, a most rare and excellent Piece, both for judgement and experience, by a most incomparable hand, showing the commodities of all Christian Nations, their traffic with one another, together with their several Merchandizes, as also the value of their several Coins. It was in the beginning of K. James his time presented un●…o him, and being at that time laid aside, in regard of more urgent affairs, it was (after divers years) again presented; but though then wanting a good prosecutor, the author being taken away by death, it was carefully preserved by the hands of a very learned Gentleman, my singular good friend, until this time: Who esteeming very highly of so rich a jewel as this, was very hardly persuaded to suffer the same to be exposed to public view. But by my extraordinary solicitation, and for that I was very sorry the World should be deprived of so excellent a Piece, and for the benefit of this Nation, in regard of the 〈◊〉 Commodities for Trade and traffic, which other country's want, and do receive from us, as also what benefit our own Merchants might make, to their more far advantage, and to the setting many thousands of our poor people on work, he was the more willingly induced to harken to divulging of the same. Wherein what benefit thou shalt find from hence (which I know to be exceeding great) thou must assuredly acknowledge the same to proceed from him who hath so freely imparted it to thee for thy great benefit and satisfaction. Let me entreat thee therefore (good Reader) to peruse it over, and I doubt not but thou shalt find extraordinary profit and contentment. And in the perusal whereof, consider likewise with thyself, what an innumerable benefit might have been raised since these few Observations were presented, had they been carefully put in execution, for the great good, and infinitely enriching of this Nation, the mighty increase of Shipping and mariners; the neglect of which, or the like good observations, hath been the occasion of the height of other petty States, and the impoverishing of our own, as sad experience tells us.  
As also what infinite vast sums of Treasure hath been gained by strangers fishing upon our Coasts, which Fish hath been carried all the world over, as also divers other of our Land-commodities, to the great enriching of them that have none of their own, and a great scan●…ll to our Nation, so that scarce the name of our own commodites is attributed unto us. I heartily wish, that those who govern our stern would but take notice hereof, and accordingly apply such wholesome remedies as their wisdoms should think meet, for prevention of so far grown a mischief, and for the future to harken to these or the like Directions, which would make our Nation infinitely flourish, and abate the insolences of such as have been sheltered and grown rich and potent by the only means of this Nation. Thus (gentle Reader) desiring, and heartily wishing the good and welfare of my country, I have sent this s●… all Piece (though great in worth) into the World, for thy benefit, wishing thee to accept it with as good a heart as it is presented, by him who is Thine to serve thee. T. H.   

M●…y it please your most excellent Majesty.  
ACcording to my ●…ie, I am emboldened 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yourMajesty in mind, that about fourteen or fifteen years' ●…ast, I presented you a Book of such extraordinary importance, for honour and profit of your majesty and posterity, and doubting that it hath been laid asid●… and not considered of, I am encouraged (under your majesty's pardon) to present unto you one more, consisting of five propositions, neither are they grounded upon vain or idle grounds, but upon the fruition of those wonderful blessings, wherewith God hath endued your majesty's Sea and Land; by which means, you may not only enrich and fill your Coffers, but also increase such might and strength (as shall appear, if it may stand with your majesty's good liking to put the same in execution in the true and right form:) so that there is no doubt but it will make you in short time a Prince of such power so great, as shall make all the Princes your neighbours, as well glad of your friendship, as fearful to offend you. That this is so, I humbly desire that your majesty will vouchsafe to peruse this advertisement with that care and judgement which God hath given you.  
Most humbly praying your Majesty, that whereas I presented these five Propositions together, as in their own natures, 〈◊〉 depending one of another, and so linked together, as the distraction of any one will be an apparent maim and disabling to the rest. That your Majesty would be pleased that they may not be separated, but all handled together jointly and severally by Commissioners, with as much speed and secrecy as can be, and made fit to be reported to your Majesty, whereby I may be the better able to perform to your highness that which I have promised and will perform upon my life, if I be not prevented by some that may seek to hinder the honour and profit of your majesty for their own private ends.  

THe true ground, course, and form herein mentioned shall app●…are how other Countries make themselves powersull and rich in all kinds, by merchandise, Manufactory, and fullness of Trade, having no Commodities in their own country growing to do it withal.  
And herein likewise shall appear how easy it is to draw the wealth and strength of other Countries to your kingdom, and what royal, rich, and plentiful means God hath given this Land to do it (which cannot be denied) for support of traffic and continual employment of your People for replenishing of your majesty's Coffers.  
And if I were not fully assured to improve your native Commodities, with other traffic, three millions of pounds more yearly than now they are, and to bring not only to your majesty's Coffers within the space of two or three years near two millions of pounds; but to increase your Revenues many thousands yearly, and to please and greatly profit your people, I would not have undertaken so great a work: All which will grow by advancement of all kind of Merchandizing to the uttermost, thereby to bring Manufactory into the kingdom, and to set on work all sorts of people in the Realm, as other Nations do, which raise their greatness by the abundance of your native commodities: whilst we are parling and disputing whether it be good for us or not.   

May it please your most excellent Majesty.  
I Have diligently in my Travels observed how the countries herein mentioned do grow potent with abundance of all things to serve themselves and other Nations, where nothing groweth, and that their never dried fountains of wealth, by which they raise their estate to such an admirable height, as that they are at this day even a wonder to the world, proceedth from your 〈◊〉 Seas and Lands.  
I thus moved, began to dive into the depth of their policies and circumventing 〈◊〉, wh●…reby they drain and still covet to exhaust the wealth and coin of this kingdom, and so with our own commodities to weaken us, and finally beat us quite out of trading in other countries; I found that they more fully obtained these their purposes by their convenient privileges, and settled constitutions, than England with all the laws, and superabundance of hombred commodities which God hath vouchsafed your Sea and Land: And these, and other mentioned in this book, are the urgent causes that provoked me in my love and bounden duty to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and my country, to addr●…sse my former Books to your princely hands and consiideration.  
By which privileges they draw multitudes of Merchants to Trade with them, and many other Nations to inhabit amongst them, which makes them p●…pulous, and there they make storehouses of all foreign Commodities, where with upon every occasion of scarcity and dearth, they are able to furnish foreign Countries with plenty of those 〈◊〉, which before in time of plenty they engrossed, & brought home from the same places, which doth greatly augment power & treasure to their State, besides the common good in setting their poor and people on work.  
To which privileges they add smallness of custom, and lib●…rty of Trade, which maketh them flourish, and their country so plentiful of all kind of coin and Commodities, where little or nothing groweth, and their Merchants so flourish, that when a loss cometh they scarce feel it.  
To bring this to pass, they have many advantages of us, the one is, by their fashioned Ships called Boye●…s, Hoybarks, hoys, and others, that are made to hold great bulk of merchandise, and to sail with a few men for profit: For example, though a English Ship of two hundred Tuns, and a Holland Ship, or any other of the petty States of the same burden be at Dansk, or any other place beyond the Seas, or in England, they do serve the Merchant better cheap by one hundred pounds in his freight, than we can, by reason he hath but nine or ten mariners, and we near thirty; thus he saveth twenty men's meat and wages in a voyage, and so in all other their ships, according to their burden, by which means they are freighted wheresoever they come, to great profit, whilst our Ships lie still & decay, or go to Newcastle for coals.  
Of this their smallness of custom inwards and outwards, we have daily experience; for if two 〈◊〉 ships, or two of any other Nation be at Bordeaux, both laden with wine of three hundred Tuns a p●…ce, the one bound for Holland, or any other petty States, the other for 〈◊〉, the Merchant shall p●…y about nine hundred pound custom here, and other duties, when the other in Holland, or any other petty States, shall be cleared for less than fifty pound, and so in all other wares and 〈◊〉 accordingly, which draw●…s all Nations to traffic with them; and although it seems but small duties which they receiv●…, yet the multitudes of all kind of Commodities and coin that is brought in by 〈◊〉 and others, and carried out by themselves and others, is so great, that they receive more custom and du●…ies to the State, by the greatness of their commerce in one year, than England doth in two years; for the one hundredth part of Commoditi●…s are not spent in Holland, but vented into other Countries, which maketh all the country Merchants, to buy and s●…ll, and increase Ships and 〈◊〉 to transport them.  
My travels and meaning is not to diminish (neither hath been) your majesty's Revenues, but exceedingly to increase them, as shall appear, and yet please the people, as in other parts they do.  
Notwithstanding, their Excises brings them in great Revenues, yet whosoever will adventure to 〈◊〉 but for six Tuns of Wine, shall be free of Excise in his own house all the year long; and this is done of pu●…pose to animate and increase M●…rchants in their country.  
And if it happen that a Trade bestopped by any foreign Nation, which they heretofore 〈◊〉 had, or 〈◊〉 of any good Trading which they never had, they will hinder others, and s●…ek either by favour, money, or force, to 〈◊〉 the gap of traffic for advancement of Trade amongst themselves, and employment of their people.  
And when there is a new course or Trade erected, they give free custom inwards and outwards, for the better maintenance of Navigation, and encouragement of the people to that business.  
Thus they and others glean the wealth and strength from us to themselves, and these reasons following procures them this advantage of us.  

1. The Merchant Staplers which make all things in abundance. by reason of their storehouses continually replenished with all kind of Commodities.  
2. The liberty of free traffic for strangers to buy and sell in Holland, and other countries and States, as if they were freeborn, maketh great int●…rcourse.  
3. The small duties levied upon Merchants, draws all Nations to trade with them.  
4. Their fashioned Ships continually freighted before ours by reason of their few mariners, and great bulk, serving the Merchant cheap.  
5. Their forwardness to further all manner of trading.  
6. Their wonderful employment of their Busses for fishing, and the great returns they make.  
7. Their giving free custom inwards and outwards, for any new erect●…d Trade, by means whereof they have gotten already almost the sole Trade into their hands.   
All Nations may buy and sell freely in France, and there is free custom outwards twice or thrice in a year, at which time our Merchants themselves do make their great sales of English Commodities, and do buy and lade their great bulk of French Commodities to serve for the whole year; and in Rochel, in France, and in Britain, free custom all the year long, except some small Toll, which makes great traffic, and maketh them flor●…sh,  
In Denmark to inc●…urage and enrich the Merchants, and to increase Ships and mariners, free custom all the year long for their own Merchants, except one M●…neth between Bartholomew tide and Micha●…lmass.  
The Haunce towns have advantage of us, as Holland, and other petty States have, and in most things imitate them, which makes them exceeding rich and plentiful of all kind of Commodities and coin, and so strong in ships and mariners, that some of their Towns have near one thousand sail of Ships  
The Marchandiz●…s of France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Turkey, East and West Indies, are transported most by the Hollanders and other petty States into the East and North-East K●…ngdomes of Pomerland, Spruceland, Poland, Denmark, Sweathland, Leisland, and Germany, and the Merchandizes brought from the last mentioned kingdoms, being wonderful m●…ny, are likewise by the hollanders and other petty States most transported into the Southern and Western Dominions, and yet the situation of E●…gland lieth far better for a storehouse to serve the Southern East and North-East Regions, than theirs doth, and hath far better means to do it, if we will bend our course for it.  
No sooner a dearth of F●…sh, Wine, or Corn here, and other merchandise, 〈◊〉 forth with the Embdoners, Hamburgers, a●…d Hollanders, out of their storehouses lade fifty, or one hundred ships, or more, dispersing themselves round about this kingdom, and carry away great store of coin and wealth for little commodity in those times of dearth, by which means they suck our commonwealth of their riches, cut down our Merchants, and decay our Navigation, not with their natural commodities which groweth in their own Countries, but the Merchandizes of other countries and kingdoms.  
Therefore it is far more easier to serve themselves, hold up our Merchants, and increase our Ships and 〈◊〉, and strengthen the kingdom, and not only keep our money in our own R●…alme, which other Nations still rob us of, but bring in theirs who carry ours away, and make the bank of coin and storehouse to serve other Nations as well and far better cheap than they.  
Amsterdam is never without seven hundred thousand Quarters of Corn, besid●…s the plenty they daily vent, and none of this groweth in their own country: a dearth in England, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and other places, is truly observed to enrich Holland seven years after, and likewise the petty States.  
For example, the last Dearth six years' p●…st, the Hamburgers, Embdeners, and Hollanders out of their storehouses furnished this Kingdom, and from Southampton, Exeter, and Bristol, in a year and a half they carri●…d away near two hundred thousand p●…unds from these parts only; then what great quantity of coins was transported round about your kingdom from every Port town, and from your City of London, and other Cities cannot be esteemed so little as two millions, to the great decay of your Kingdom, and impoverishing your people, discredit to the Company of Merchants, and dishonour to the Land, that any Nation that have no corn in their own country growing, should serve this famous kingdom, which God hath so enabled within itself.  
They have a continual Trade into this kingdom with five or six hundred Ships yearly, with Merchandizes of other countries and kingdoms, and store them up in store-hous●…s here until the prices rise to their minds, and we trade not with fif●… ships into their country in a year, and 〈◊〉 said number are about thi●… R●… every 〈◊〉 wind for the most ●…rt to lade coals and other 〈◊〉.  
Unless there be a scarcity 〈◊〉 dearth, or high prices, all Merchants do forbear that place wh●…re great impositions are laid upon the merchandise, and those places slenderly shipp●…d, ill serv●…d and at dear ra es, and oftentimes in scarci●…y, and want employment for the people; and those petty States finding truly by experience that small duti●… imposed upon M●…rchandize draw●…th all traffic unto them, and free liberty for strangers to buy and sell doth make continua'l mars; therefore what Excizes or Impositions are laid upon the Common-people, yet they still ease, uphold and maintain the Merchants by all possible means, of purpose to draw the wealth and strength of Christendom to themselves; whereby it appeareth though the duties be but small, yet the customs for going out and coming in doth so abound, that they increase their Revenues greatly, and make profit, plenty, and employment of all sorts by Sea and Land to serve 〈◊〉 and other Nations, as is admirable to behold: And likewise the great commerce which groweth by the s●…me means, enableth the common people to bear their burden laid upon them, and yet they grow rich by reason of the great commerce and Trade, occasioned by their convenient privileges, and commodious consti●…utions.  
There was an intercourse of traffic, in Genoa, and there was the flower of commerce, as appeareth by their ancient Records, and their sumptuous buildings, for all Nations traded with merchandise to them, and there was the store-house of all Italy and other places; but after they had set a great custom of xvi. per cent. all Nations left trading with them, which made them give themselves wholly to usury, and at this day we have not three ships go●… there in a year: but to the contrary, the Duke of Florence builded Ligorn, and set small custom upon merchandise, and gave them great and pleasing privileges, which hath made a rich and strong City with a flourishing State.  
Furthermore touching some particulars needful to be considered, of the mighty huge fishing that ever could be heard of in the world, is upon the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland; but the great Fishery is in the Low-Countries, and other petty States, wherewith they serve themselves and all Christendom, as shall appear.  
In four Towns in the East Kingdoms within the Sound, Quinsbrough, Elbing, Statten, and Dausick, there is carried and vented in a year, between thirty or forty thousand Last of Herrings sold but at fifteen or sixteen pounds the Last, is about 620000. l. and we none.  
Besides, Denmark, Norway, Sweathen, Leifland, rye, Nevil, the Narve, and other Port towns within the Sound, there is carried and vented above 10000 Lasts of Herrings sold at fifteen or sixteen pounds the Last, is 170000. pounds; more yearly in such request are our Herrings there, that they are oftentimes sold for 20. 24. 30. and 36. pound the Last, and we send not one barrel into all those East countries.  
The Hollanders sent into Russia near fifteen hundred Lasts of Herrings, sold about thirty shillings the barrel, amounteth to 27000. pound, and we but about twenty or thirty Lasts.  
To Stoade, Hambrough, Breame, and Embden upon the River of Elve, Weaser, and Embs, is carried and vented of Fish and Herrings about 6000. Lasts, sold about fifteen or sixteen pound the Last, is 100000 l. and we none.  
Cleaveland, Gulickland, up the River of Rhine to Collen, Frankford, or the Maine, and so over all Germany is carried and vented of Fish and Herrings near 22000. Lasts, sold at twenty pound the Last, is 440000. l. and we none.  
Up the River of M z●…, Leigh, Mastrith, Vendlow, Sutphin, Deventer, Campen, Swoole, and all over Lukeland is carried and-vented 7000. Lasts of Herrings, sold at twenty pound the Last is 140000 pound, and we none.  
To Gelderland, Artois, Henault, Brabant, Flanders, up the River of Antwe●…p, all over the Arch Duke's countries, is carried and vented between eight or nine thousand Lasts sold at eighteen pound the Last is 171000 l. and we none.  
The Hollanders and others carried of all sorts of Herrings to Roan only in one year, 〈◊〉 all other parts of France, 50000. Lasts of Herrings sold at twenty pound the Last, is 100000 l. and we not one hundred Last thither: they are sold often times there for twenty, and four and twenty, and thirty pou●…d the Last.  
Between Christmas and Lent, the duties for Fish and Herrings came to 15000 crowns at Roan only that y●…re, the la●… Q●…n 〈◊〉; Sir Thomas Parrie was Agent there then, and S. savours his man knows it to be true, who handled the business for pulling down the Impositions then, what great sums of money came to all in the Port towns to enrich the French Kings Coffers, and to all the Kings and States throughout Christendom to enrich their Coffers; besides the great quantity vented to the straits, and the multitude spent in the Low-Countries, where there is likewise sold for many a hundred thousand pou●…d more yearly, is necessary to be remembered; and the stream to be turned to the good of this Kingdom, to whose Sea coasts God only hath sent and given these great blessings and multitude of riches for us to t●…ke, howsoev●…r it bathe been neglected to the hurt of this kingdom, that any Nation should carry away out of this kingdom yearly great 〈◊〉 of money for Fis●… taken in our Seas, and sold again by them to us, which must needs be a great dishonour to our Nation, and hindrance to this Realm.  
From any Port town of any kingdom within Christendom, the Bridgemaster or the Wharemaster for twenty sh●…llings a year will deliver a tr●…e Note of the number of L●…sts of Herrings brought to their wharves, and their pric●…s commonly they are sold at, but the number brought to D●…nske, Collen, Rotterdam, and ●…sen is so great, as it will cost three, four, or five pound for a true Note.  
The abundance of corn groweth in the East kingdoms, but the great storehouses for grain to serve Christendom and the Heathen Countries in time of dearth, is in the Low-countries, wherewith upon every occasion of scarcity and dearth th●…y do enrich themselves seven years after, employ their people and get great freights for their Ships in other Countries, and we not one in that course.  
The mighty Vineyards and store of Salt is in France and Spain; but the great Vintage and Staple of Salt is in the Low-countries, and they send near one thousand sail of ships with Salt and Wine only into the East kingdoms yearly, besides other places, and we not one in that course.  
The exceeding Groves of Wood are in the East kingdoms, but the huge piles of Wainscot, Clapboard, Firdeale, Masts, and Timber is in the Low-countries, where none groweth, wherewith they serve themselves, and other parts, and this kingdom with those Commodities; they have five or six hundred great long ships continually using that Trade, and we none in that course.  
The Wool, cloth, Lead, Tin, and divers other Commodities are in England, but by means of our Wool and cloth going out ruff, undressed, and undied, there is an exceeding manufactory and 〈◊〉 in the Low-countries, wherewith they serve themselves, and other N●…tions, and advanceth greatly the employment of their people at home, and 〈◊〉 abroad, and puts down ours in foreign parts, where our M●…rchants trade unto, with our own Commodities.  
We send into the E●…st kingdoms yearly but one hundred sh●…ps, and our Trade chie●…ly dependeth upon three Towns, E●…binge, Kingsborough, and Dansk, for making our Sails, and buying their Commodities sent into this realm at dear rates, which this kingdom bears the burden of.  
The Low-countries send into the East kingdoms yearly about three thousand ships, trading into every City and Port Town, taking the advantage, and venting their Commodities to exceeding profit, and buying and lading their ships with plenty of those Commodities, which they have from every of those towns 20. per cent. better cheap than we by reason of the 〈◊〉 of the coin, and their fish yields ready money, which greatly advanceth their traffic, and dec●…yeth ours.  
They send into France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, from the East kingdoms that passeth through the Sound, and through your narrow Seas, yearly of the East country commodities about two thousand ships, and we none in that course.  
They trade into all Cities, and Port Towns in France, and we chiefly to five or six.  
They traffic into every City and Port Town round about this Land, with five or six hundred ships yearly, and we chiefly but to three towns in their country, and but with forty ships.  
Notwithstanding the Low-countries have as many ships and vessels as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Christen●…om h●…ve, let E●…gland be o●…, and build 〈◊〉 year near one thousand ship●…, and not a timber tree growing in their own country, and that also all their homebred commodities that grow in their Land in a year, (〈◊〉 then one hundred good ships are able to carry them away at one time,) yet they handle the matter so for setting them all on work, that th●…ir traffic with the Haunce Towns exc●…ds in shipping all Christendom.  
We have all things of our own in superabundance to increase traffic, and Timber to build ships, and commodities of our own to lade about one thousand ships and 〈◊〉 at one time, (besides the great fishing) and as fast as they have made their voyages might relade again, and so year after year all the year long to continu●…, yet our Ships and mariners d●…cline, and traffic and Merchants daily decay.  
The main●… bulk and Mass of 〈◊〉 from whence they raise so many mi●…lions yearly that enrich other kingdoms, Kings and States Coffers, and lik●…ise th●…ir own people, proceedeth from your S●…s and Lands, and the return of the Commodities and coin they bring home in exchange of fish and other Commodities are so huge, as would require a large 〈◊〉 apart; all the amends they make us is, they beat us out of Trade in all parts with our own Commodities.  
For instance, we had a great T●…e in Russia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and about 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 p●…st we s●…nt st●… of 〈◊〉 sh●…ps to trade in those p●…s, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 p●…st we s●…t o●…●…t f●… and this last year two or three; 〈◊〉 to the contrary the 〈◊〉 about twenty years' 〈◊〉 traded 〈◊〉 with two ships on●…ly, yet now they are increas●…d to about thirty or forty, and one of their ships is as great as two of ours, and at the same time (in their troubles there) that we decreased, they increased, and the chiefest Commodities they carry with them thither, is, English cloth, Herrings taken in our Seas, English Lead and Pewter made of our Tin, besides other Commodities; all which we may do better than they. And although it be a cheap country, and the Trade very gainful, yet we have almost brought it to nought, by 〈◊〉 trading, joint-stock, and the Merchants banding themselves one ag●…nst ●…r.  
A●…●…o 〈◊〉 s●… w●… us●…d to have 8. or 9 〈◊〉 s●…s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a f●…sh n●… to Wa●… us●…, and this year but one, and so per rato●…y 〈◊〉 in all kind of ●…shing and marchandizing in all 〈◊〉 by r●…ason they spare no cost, 〈◊〉 ny no privileges that may 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of trad●… & 〈◊〉.   

Now if it please, and with your majesty's good liking stand,  
TO take notice of these things, which I have conceived to be fit for your majesty's consideration, which in all humbleness (as duty bindeth me) I do tender unto your majesty, for the unfeigned zeal I bear to the advancement of your honour and profit, and the general good of your Subjects, it being apparent that no three kingdoms in Christendom can compare with your Majesty for support of traffic, and continually employment of your people within themselves, having so many great means both by Sea and Land to enrich your Coffers, multiply your navy, enlarge your traffic, make your kingdom's powerful, and your people rich; yet through idleness they are poor, wanting employment, many of your Land and Coast towns much ruinated, and your kingdom in need of coin, your Shipping, traffic, and mariners decayed, whilst your majesty's Neighbour Princes, without these means, abound in wealth, enlarge their towns, increase their Shipping, traffic, and mariners, and find out such employment for their people, that they are all advantageous to their commonwealth, only by ordaining commodious constitutions in Merchandizing, and fullness of Trade in Manufactory.   

God 〈◊〉 blessed your M●…jesty with incomparable benefits:  
AS with Copper, Lead, Iron, Tin, Alum Copperas, 〈◊〉, F●…lls, and divers other native Commodities, to the numb●…r of about one hundred, ●…d other 〈◊〉 vendible to the 〈◊〉 of about one thousand, (as shall 〈◊〉) besides corn, whereof gr●…at quantity of B●… is made, and most 〈◊〉 by strangers, as also Wool, whereof 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 forth 〈◊〉 into 〈◊〉 loath or 〈◊〉, and cloth 〈◊〉 undr●…st and undied, which doth employ a●…d 〈◊〉 n●…r fif●…y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 parts your 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wanting th●… 〈◊〉 in England, many of them 〈◊〉 enforced to live in great want, and s●…k it beyond the Seas.  
Col●…s which doth employ hundreds of 〈◊〉 ships yearly to 〈◊〉 them out of this King●…me, whilst we do not employ 〈◊〉 ships in that 〈◊〉.  
I on 〈◊〉, which is a jewel of great 〈◊〉, far mo●…e than it is accounted, by reason that no other country could ever attain unto it, although they have 〈◊〉 it with great charge.  
Your Majesty hath timber of your own for 〈◊〉 of Sh●…ps, and 〈◊〉 plenty to lad●… th●…m, which 〈◊〉 other 〈◊〉 want, yet your 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Shipping, 〈◊〉, and mariners.   

These Inconveniences happen by three causes especially.  

1. The unprofitable course of merchandizing.  
2. The want of course of full Manufactory of our homebred commodities.  
3. The undervaluing of our coins, contrary to the rules of other Nations.    

For instance.  
THe Merchant Adventurers by overtading upon credit, or with money taken up upon exchange, whereby they lose usually ten or twelve, and sometimes fifteen or sixteen per cent. are enforced to make sale of their clothes at under-rates, to keep their credit, whereby clothes being the jewel of the Land, is undervalued, and the merchant in short time eaten out.  
The Merchants of Ipswitch whose Trade for E●…ing is c●…fly 〈◊〉 fine clothes, and som●… few 〈◊〉 c●…ths all died and dressed within 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, do for the most part, buy their fine clothes upon Time, and by r●…on they go so much upon cred●…, th●…y are enforced (not being able to stand upon their Markets) to sell, givi●…g fifteen or eighteen months' day of payment for their clothes. ●…d having sold them, they then pr●…sently sell their bills so taken for c●…, allowing after the rate of 〈◊〉 or fifteen, and sometimes twenty per cent. which money they employ forth with in wares at 〈◊〉 prices, and lose as much more that way by that time their wares be sold at hom●…: Thus by overrunning themselves up●… credit, they disable 〈◊〉 and others, inhancing the prices of foreign 〈◊〉, and pu●…ling down the rates of our own.  
The West C●…untry M 〈◊〉 that trade with clothes into 〈◊〉 ●…r Sp●…n, do usual y employ th' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, (you●…g men of sm●…ll 〈◊〉 who 〈◊〉 cu●…ing combining of the 〈◊〉 and Sp●…nish M 〈◊〉, are 〈◊〉, that when all customs and charges be accounted, their Masters shall hardly 〈◊〉 t●… 〈◊〉 moneys. As for 〈◊〉 out of France, th●…r silver and gold is so 〈◊〉 rate●…, that ou●… M 〈◊〉 c●…t 〈◊〉 it home. 〈◊〉 to great loss●…; therefore the ●…nch Merchants set higher rates upon their commodities, which we must either buy dear, or let our mo●…s lie dead there a long tim●…, u●…ill we may 〈◊〉 employ the same.  
The 〈◊〉 Merchants of York, Hull and Newcastle, trade only in white K●…s and 〈◊〉, dozz●…ns, and 〈◊〉 M 〈◊〉 be his Adventure 〈◊〉 so sm●…l, doth for the most part, send over an 〈◊〉 y●…h unfit for 〈◊〉 z●…g, which br●…ngeth to th●… 〈◊〉 great 〈◊〉; but to his 〈◊〉 and common 〈◊〉 great 〈◊〉; for they 〈◊〉 their goods be 〈◊〉, go to 〈◊〉 str●…r, and ●…uy such 〈◊〉 of Iron ●…ax, Co●…, 〈◊〉 other 〈◊〉, as they 〈◊〉 bound to 〈◊〉 th●…i ships 〈◊〉, which ships 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to relade within th●… w●…s, or a month, and do give 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Merchant 〈◊〉 asketh, because he gives them credit, and lets them ship away their Iron, Flax, and other commodities, before they have sold their kerseys, and other commodities, by which means extraordinary dear commodities are returned into this realm, and the servant also enforced to s●…ll his clothes underfoot, and often times to loss, to keep his c●…dit, and to make payment for the goods before shipped home, having so●… twenty day●…s, or a month's respite to sell the clothes, and to give the Merchant satisfaction for his I●…on, Flax, and other wares; by which extremities our homebred commodities are abased.   

Touching Manufactory.  
THere hath been about fourscore thousand undressed and undied clothes yearly transported.  
It is therefore evident, that the kingdom hath been yearly deprived of about 400000 l. within this five and fifty years, which is near twenty millions that would have been gained by the labour of poor workmen in that time, with the merchant's gains for bringing in dying stuffs, and return of clothes dressed and died, with other benefits to the realm, besides exceeding enlarging of traffic, and increase of Ships and mariners.  
There would have been gained in that time about three millions by increase of custom upon commodities returned for clothes dressed and died, and for dying stuffs, which would have more plentifully been brought in and used for the same.  
There hath been also transported in that time yearly by bays, Northern and Devonshire kerseys white, about 50000 clothes, counting three 〈◊〉 to a cloth, whereby h●…h b●…n lost about five millio●…s by those s●…s of 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 time, which w●…uld have com●… to 〈◊〉 workmen for 〈◊〉 ●…ur, with the customs for dying stuff and the people's profit f●…r bringing them in, with 〈◊〉 of other 〈◊〉 and freights for shipping.  
B●…yse are transported white into Amsterdam, and being there dressed and died, are shipped into Spain, Portugal, and other kingdoms, where they are sold in the name of Flemish Baize, setting their own Town seal upon them, so that we lose the very name of our homebred commodities, and other countries get the r●…putation and profit there of: Lamentable it is, that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…ld be deprived of so 〈◊〉 Millions, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of c●…th 〈◊〉 of God 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 natural 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 so 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, should be driven ●…o 〈◊〉 s●…ll advantage of 〈◊〉 and profit to your 〈◊〉 and people and so much impr●…v d and 〈◊〉 by strangers, considering that God hath in●…d, and 〈◊〉 your M●…sty power to advance 〈◊〉 and dying, and transporting of 〈◊〉 your clothes, within a year or two; I speak it knowingly, to show how it may be done 〈◊〉, lawfully and approved to be honourable, s●…asable, and profitable.  
All the Companies of your Land transport their clothes dressed and died, to the good of your kingdom, except the Merchant Adventurers, whereby the Eastland and Turkey Merchants, with other Companies, do increase your majesty's customs by bringing in, and spending dying stuffs, and setting your people on work, by dressing before they transport them; and they might increase far more custom to your Majesty, and make much more profit to themselves, and this realm, and set many thousands of poor people more on work for dressing and dying, and likewise employ more ships and mariners, for bringing in dying stuffs, were it not for the Merchant Adventurers, who transport their clothes white, rough, undressed, and undied, into the Low-countries, where they sell them to the strangers, who afterwards dress, die, and stretch them to such unreasonable lengths, contrary to our Law, that they prevent and forestall our Markets, and cross the just prohibitions of our State and realm, by their Agents and Factors lying in divers places with 〈◊〉 clothes, to the great decay of this kingdom in general, and discredit of our clothes in particular.  
If the account were truly known, it would be found that they make not clear profit, only by cloth transported rough, undressed, and undied, sixty thousand pounds a year: But it is most apparent your Majesty in your customs, your Merchants in their sales and prices, your Subjects in their labours, for lack of not dressing and dying, your Ships and mariners in not bringing in of dying stusfs, and spending of alum, is hindered yearly near a million of pounds, so that trade is driven to the great hindrance of your Majesty and people, by permitting your native commodities to pass rough, undressed, and undied, by the Merchant Adventurer.   

Touching Fishing.  
THe great Sea business of Fishing doth employ near twenty thousand ships, and vessels, and four hundred thousand people are employed yearly upon your Coast of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with sixty ships of War, which may prove dangerous.  
The Hollanders only have about three thousand ships to fish withal, and fifty thousand people are employed yearly by them upon your majesty's coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.  
These three thousand fishing ships and vessels of the Hollanders, doth employ near nine thousand other ships and vessels, and one hundred and fifty thousand persons more by Sea and Land to make provision to dress and transport the Fish they take, and return commodities, whereby they are enabled, and do build yearly one thousand ships and vessels, having not one timber tree growing in their own country, nor homebred commodities to lade one hundred ships, and yet they have twenty thousand ships and vessels, and all employed.  
King Henry the seventh, desirous to make his kingdom's powerful and rich by increase of Ships and mariners, and employment of his people, sent unto his Sea-coast towns, moving them to set up the great and rich fishing, with promise to give them needful privileges, and to furnish them with loans of money, if need were, to encourage them, yet his people were slack. Now since I have traced this business, and made mine endeavours known unto your Majesty, your Noblemen, able Merchants, and others, (who having set down under their hands for more assurance) promised to disburse large sums of money for the building up of this great and rich large Sea-City, which will increase more strength to your Land, give more comfort, and do more good to all your Cities and towns, than all the Companies of your kingdom, having fit and needful privileges for the upholding and strengthening of so weighty and needful a business.  
For example, twenty Busses built and put into a Sea-coast town where there is not one ship before there must be to carry, recarry, transport, and make provision for one buss three ships; likewise every ship setting on work thirty several trades and occupations, and four hundred thousand persons by Sea and Land, insomuch as three hundred persons are not able to make one Fleet of Nets in four months for one buss, which is no small employment.  
Thus by twenty Busses are set on work near eight thousand persons by Sea and Land, and an increase of above one thousand mariners, and a Fleet of eighty sail of Ships to b●…long to one town, where none were before to take the wealth out of the Sea to enrich and strengthen the Land, only by raising of twenty Busses.  
●…en what good one thousand, or two thousand will do, I leave to your majesty's consideration.  
It is worthy to be noted, how necessary Fishermen are to the commonwealth, and how needful to be advanced and cherished, viz.  

1. For taking God's blessing out of the Sea to enrich the Realm, which otherwise we lose.  
2. For setting the people on work.  
3. For making plenty and cheapness in the Realm.  
4. For increasing of shipping, to make the Land powerful.  
5. For a continual nursery for breeding and increasing our mariners.  
6. For making employment of all sorts of people, as blind, lame, and others by Sea and Land from ten or twelve years upwards.  
7. For enriching your majesty's coffers, for Merchandizes returned from other countries for Fish and 〈◊〉.  
8. For the increase and enabling of Merchants, which now dr●…p and daily decay.    

Touching the coin.  
FOr the most part, all Monarchies and free States, both Heathen and Christian, as Turkey Barbary, France, Poland, and others, do hold for a rule of never-failing profit, to keep their coin at higher rates within their own Territories, than it is in other kingdoms.   

The Causes.  

1. To preserve the coin within their own Territories.  
2. To bring unto themselves the coin of foreign Princes.  
3. To enforce Merchant strangers to take their commodities at high rates, which this Kingdom bears the burden of.    

For instance.  
THe King of Barbafy perceiving the Trade of Christian Merchants to increase in his kingdom, and that the returns out of his kingdoms was most in Gold, whereby it was much enhanced, raised his ducat (being then currant for three ounces) to fo●…e, five, and six ounces; nevertheless it was no more worth in England, being so raised, than when it went for three ounces.  
This ducat currant for three ounces in Barbary, was then worth in England seven shillings and six pence, and no more worth, being raised to six ounces, since which (time adding to it a small piece of gold) he hath raised it to eight, and lastly to ten ounces, yet at this day it is worth but ten shillings, and one penny, notwithstanding your majesty's late raising of your gold.  
Having thus raised his gold, he then devised to have plenty of silver brought into his kingdom, raised the royal of eight, being but two ounces to three, and three pence h●…lf penny, which caused great plenty of silver to be brought in, and to continue in his Kingdom.   

France.  
THe English Jacobus goeth for three and twenty shillings in Merchandizing.  
The French crown for seven shillings and six pence.  
Also the King hath raised his silver four souse in the crown.   

North-Holland.  
THe double Jacobus goeth for three and twenty shillings Sterling.  
The English shilling is there eleven stivers, which is two shillings over in the pound.   

Poland.  
THe King of Poland raised his Hungary ducat from 56 to 77½ Polinsh groshes, and the Rich dolor from 36 to 47 and ½ groshes, the Reich Dollor worth in Poland 47 and ½ groshes, is by account valued at 6 s. 4 d. Sterling, and here in England is worth but 4 s. 7 d. The Hungary ducat 77 is worth by account in Poland 10 s. 4 d. and in England is worth but 7 s. 10 d The Jacobus of England here currant for 22 s. in Poland 24 s. at the rate of 7 s. 10 d. for the Hungary Ducket.   

Now to turn the stream and riches raised by your majesty's native commodities into the natural channel, from whence it hath been a long time diverted;   

May it please your Majesty to consider these points following.  
1. Whether it be not fit that a State-Merchant be settled within your Dominions, which may both dispose more profitably of the riches thereof, and encounter policies of Merchant strangers, who now go beyond us in all kind of profitable Merchandizing.  
2. Whether it be not necessary that your native commodities should receive their full Manufactory by your Subjects within your Dominions.  
3. Whether it be not fit the coals should yield your Majesty and Subjects a better value, by permitting them to paste out of the Land, and that they be in your Subjects shipping only transported.  
4. Whether it be not fit your Majesty presently raise your coin to as high rates, as it is in the parts beyond the Seas.  
5. Whether it be not necessary that the great Sea-business of Fishing be forthwith set forward.  
If it please your M●…jesty to approve of these considerations, and accordingly to put them in a right course of execution, I assure myself (by God's help) in short time your majesty's customs, and the continual comings into your Coffers, will be exceedingly increased, your Ships and mariners trebled, your Land and waste towns (which are now run out of Gates) better replenished, and your people employed, to the great enriching and honour of your kingdom, with the applause, and to the comfort of all your loyal Subjects.   

May it please your Majesty.  
I Have the rather undergone the pains to look into their policies, because I have heard them profess they hoped to get the whole trade and Shipping of Christendom into their own hands, as well for transportation, as otherwise for the command and master of the Seas, to which end I find that they do daily increase their traffic, augmenting their Shipping, multiplying their mariners, strength, and wealth in all kinds, whereat I have grieved the more, when I considered how God hath in●…ed this kingdom above any three kingdoms in Christendom with divers varieties of homebred commodities, which others have not, and cannot want, and endued us with su●…dry other means to continue and maintain trade of Me●…andizing and Fishing beyond them all, whereby we might prevent the deceivers, engross the commodities of the ingrossers, enrich our felves, and increase our Navigation, Shipping, and mariners, so as it would make all Nations to veil the Bonnet to England, if we would not be still wanting to ourselves in employment of our people.  
Which people being divided into three parts, two parts of them are mere spenders and consumers of a commonwealth, therefore I aim at these points following.  
To allure and encourage the people for their private gain, to be all workers and erecters of a commonwealth,  
To enrich and fill your majesty's Coffers by a continual coming in, and make your people wealthy, by means of their great and profitable trading and employment.  
To vent our homebred commodities to far more reputation, and much more profit to the King, the Merchant, and the kingdom.  
To return the Merchandizes of other Countries at far cheaper rates than now they are, to the great good of the realm in general.  
To make the Land powerful by increasing of Ships and mariners.  
To make your people's takings in general to be much mo●… every day, than now they are, which by God's help, will grow continually more and more by the great concourse and commerce that will come by settled 〈◊〉 and convenient privileges, as in other p●…ts they do by this their great freedom of Trade.  
All this, and much more is done in other 〈◊〉, where no hing grow●…th, so that of nothing they make great things,  
Then how much more mighty things might we make, where so great abundance, and variety of home bred commodities, and rich materials grows, for your people to work upon, and other plentiful means to do that withal, which other Nations neither have, nor cannot want, but of necessity must be furnished from hence? And now whereas our meichandizing is wild, utterly confused, and out of frame, as at large appeareth, a State-Merchant will roundly and 〈◊〉 bring all the premises to 〈◊〉, fill your H●…vens with ships, those ships with mariners, your Kingdom full of Merchants, their 〈◊〉 f●…ll of out landish commodities, and your Coff rs full of coin, as in other parts th●…y do, and your 〈◊〉 shall have just cause to hold 〈◊〉 happy memory, that your Majesty was the 〈◊〉 of so profitable, praiseworthy, and renowned a work, being the true philosopher's stone to make your Majesty a rich and potent King, and your Subjects happy people, only by settling of a State-Merchant, whereby your people may have fullness of Trade and Manufactory, and yet hold both honourable and profitable Government without breakings of Companies.  
And for that in the settling of so weighty a business many things of great consequence m●…st necessarily fall into consideration; I humbly pray that your M●…jesty may be pleased (for the bringing of this great service to light) to give me leave to nominate the Commissioners, and your Majesty to give them power to call before them such men as they shall think fit to confer with upon oath, or otherwise, as occasion shall offer; that the said Commissioners with all speed, for the better advancement of this honourable and profitable work, may prepare, and report the same unto your Majesty.  
Your majesty's most loyal and true-hearted Subject.    

THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.  
That the Seat of Government is upheld by the two great pillars thereof, viz. civil Justice, and martial Policy, which are framed out of Husbandry, merchandise, and Gentry of this kingdom.  
THey say, that the goodliest Cedars which grow on the high mountains of Libanus, thrust their roots between the cliffs of hard rocks, the better to bear themselves against the strong storms that blow there. As Nature hath instructed those Kings of Trees, so hath Reason taught the Kings of Men to root themselves in the hardy hearts of their faithful Subjects. And as those Kings of Trees have large Tops, so have the Kings of men large Crowns, whereof as the first would be soon broken from their bodies, were they not under-borne by many branches, so would the other easily totter, were they not fastened on their heads, wi●…h the strong chains of civil Justice, and martial Discipline.  
1. For the administration of the first, even God himself hath given direction, Judges and Officers shalt thou make, which shall judge the people with righteous judgement.  
3. The second is grounded on the first laws of the World and Nature, that force is to be repelled by fo●…ce. Yea Moses in the 20. of Exodus, and elsewhere, hath delivered us many Law●…s and Polices of war. But as we have heard of the neglect and abuse in both, so have we heard of the decline and r●…ine of many Kingdoms and States long before our day●…s; for that Policy hath never yet prevailed (though it hath served for a short season) where the counterfeit hath been sold for the natural, and the outward show and formality for the substance. Of the Emperor Cha●…les the Fourth, the Writers of that Age witness, that he used but the name of Justice and good order, being more learned in the Law, than in doing right, and that he had by far, more knowledge than conscience. Certainly the unjust Magistrate that fancieth to himself a solid and untransparable body of Go●…d, every ordinary wit can vitrify, and make transparent pierce, and discern their corruptions; howsoever, because not daring, they cover their knowledge, but in the mean while it is also true, that constrained dissimulation, either in the proud heart, or in the oppressed, either in public estates, or in private persons, where the fear of God is not prevalent, doth in all the leisure of her lurking, but sharpen her teeth, the voluntary being no less base, than the forced malicious. Thus it fared between the Barons of England, and their Kings, between the Lords of Switzerland, and their people, between the Sicilians, and the French, between the dolphin and John of Burgoign, between Charles the ninth, and the French Protestants, and between Henry the third, his Successor, and the Lords of Guise; and hereof in place of more particulars, the whole world may serve for examples.  
It is a difficult piece of Geography, to delineate, and lay out the bounds of Authority; but it is easy enough to conceive the best use of it, and by which it hath maintained: itself in lasting happiness, it hath ever acquired more honour by persuading, than by beating; for as the bonds of Reason and Love are immortal, so do all other chains or cords, both rusty and rot noble parts of their own royal and politic bodies.  
But we will forbear for a while to stretch this first string of civil Justice; for in respect of the first sort of men, to wit, of those that live by their own labour, they have never been displeased where they have been suffered to enjoy the fruit of their own travels, Meum & Tuum, Mine and Thine is all wherein they seek the certainty and protection. True it is, that they are the Fruit. Trees of the Land, which God in Deuteronomy commanded to be spared, they gather honey, and hardly enjoy the wax, and break the ground with great labour, giving the best of their grain to the easeful and idle.  
For the second sort, which are the Merchants, as the first feed the kingdom, so do these enrich it, yea their Trades, especially those which are forcible, are not the least part of our martial policy, as hereafter proved; and to do them right, they have in all ages and times assisted the Kings of this Land, not only with great sums of money, but with great Fleets of Ships in all their interprises beyond the Seas. The second have seldom or never offended their Princes, to enjoy their trades at home upon tolerable conditions, hath ever contented them for the injuries received from other Nations give them but the Commission of reprisal, they will either right themselves, or sit down with their own loss without complaint.  
3. The third sort, which are the Gentry of England, these being neither seated in the low●…st grounds, and thereby subject to the biting of every beast, nor in the highest mountains, and thereby in danger to be ●…orne with tempest; but the valleys between both, have their parts in the inferior Justice, and being spread over all, are the Garrisons of good order throughout the Realm.   

OBSERVATIONS Concerning The Causes of the Magnificency and Opulency of CITIES.  
THat the only way to civillize and reform the savage and barbarous Lives, and corrupt Manners of such people, is,  

1. To be dealt withal by gentle and loving conversation among them, to attain to the knowledge of their Language, and of the multitude of their special discommodities, and inconveniences in their manner of living.  
2. The next is to get an admired reputation amongst them, upon a solid and true foundation of Piety, Justice, and wisdom, conjoined with fortitude and power.  
3. The third is, discreetly to possess them with a knowledge of the condition of their own estate. Thus Orpheus, and Amphion were said to draw after them the beasts of the field, &c.   
And this must be first wrought by a visible representation of the certainty, truth, and sincerity of these, together with the felicity of a reformed estate.  
All which is but to give foundation, bottom, and firm footing unto action, and to prepare them to receive wholesome and good advice, for the future profit and felicity of themselves and their posterity.  
For the more commodious effecting of this Reformation in a rude and barbarous people, they are to be persuaded to withdraw and unite themselves into several Colonies; that by an interchangeable communication and commerce of all things may more commodiously be had, and that they may so live together in civility, for the better succour and welfare of one another: And thereby they may more easily be instructed in the Christian Faith, and governed under the Magistrates and Ministers of the King, or other superior power, under whom this Reformation is sought; which course the Stoic tells, that Theseus' took, after he had taken upon him the Government of the Athenians, whereby he united all the p ●…ple into one City, that before lived dispersedly in many villages. The like is put in practice at this day by the Portugals, and Jesuits, that they may with less difficulty and hindrance reform the rough behaviour and savage life of the people of Brazeel, who dwell scattered and dispersed in Caves and Cottages made of boughs and leaves of the Palm-trees.  
Alexander the Great, built more than seventy Cities; Seleucus built three Cities, called Appanice, to the honour of his wife; and five called Laodicea, in memory of his mother; and five called 〈◊〉, to the honour of himself.  

Safety for Defence of the People and their goods, in and near the town.  
IN the situation of Cities, there is to be required a place of safety, by some natural strength, commodiousness for Navigation and Conduct, for the attaining of plenty of all good things, for the sustenance and comfort of man's life, and to draw trade and intercourse of other Nations, as if the same be situate in such sort, as many people have need to repair thither for some natural commodity, or other of the country, which by traf●…k and transportation of commodities, whereof they have more plenty than will supply their own necessity, or for receiving of things, whereof they have scarcity. And much better will it be, if the place afford some notable commodity of itself, from whence other Nations may more readily, and at better rate attain the same. Likewise, and withal, be so fertile, pleasant, and healthful of itself, that it may afford plenty of good things, for the delight and comfort of the 〈◊〉.  
In former times, great Nations, Kings, and Potentates have endured sharp conflicts, and held it high policy, by all means to increase their Cities, with multitudes of inhabitants. And to this end the Romans ever furnished themselves with strength and power, to make their neighbour people, of necessity, willing to draw themselves to Rome to dwell, and overthrow their towns and Villages of mean strength, down to the ground.  
So did they for this cause utterly destroy many Cities, bringing always the vanquished Captives to Rome, for the augmentation of that City.  
Romulus, after a mighty fight with the Sabines, condescended to peace, upon condition that Tacius their King should come withal their people to dwell at Rome: Tacius did accept, and made choice of the Capitol, and the Mount Quitinalis for his seat and palace.  
The same course held Tamburlaine the Great, whereby he enlarged the great Sarmacauda, still bringing unto it the richest and wealthiest Citizens he had subdued.  
And the Ottomans, to make the City Constantinople rich and great, brought to it many thousand Families, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 out of the 〈◊〉 city's 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Great from 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 the First from Cairo, and So●…n from 〈◊〉.  
Authority and necessity, without the consideration of the conveniences and 〈◊〉 of situation abovementioned, are of small m●…ment in the 〈◊〉 of a City, thereby only it would be unlikely, either to grow or 〈◊〉 in magnificency or opul●…ncy; for if profit, height, and delight, go n●… companions therewith, no authority or necessity can retain much people or wealth.  
But if the pl●…ce whereupon a City is to be founded, be commodious for the aforesaid conveniences, which help greatly for the felicity of this life, than no doubt, the same is likely to draw much abundance of people and riches unto the same, whereby it may, by the help of Arts and 〈◊〉, in time become magnificent and glorious.  
FINIS