THREE DIATRIBES OR DISCOURSES.  

First of Travel, Or a Guide for Travellers into Foreign Parts.  
Secondly, Of Money or Coins.  
Thirdly, Of Measuring of the Distance betwixt Place and Place.   
By Edward Leigh Esq and Mr. of Arts of Magdalene-Hall in Oxford.  Teucri vox apud Ciceronem Tuscul. quaest. l. 5, Socrates, cum rogaretur, Cujatem se esse diceret, Mundanum, inquit, totius enim mundi seincolam, & civem arbitrabatur. Cicero ibid. 
LONDON, Printed for William Whitwood, at the sign of the Golden Bell in Ducklane, near Smithfield. 1671.   

The Epistle DEDICATORY.  
To his deservedly Honoured Friend Francis Willughbie, Esq  
SIr, Since I have had the happiness to be known to you, (my Habitation being not far distant from yours) I have found so much Candour and Civility in you, that I thought I needed not to seek further for a person, to whom I should dedicate this little Tract of Travel and Coins, you having Traveled into the most famous Countries of Europe, 
Mr. Firth in his Sts. Monument, reports of my Lord Willughbies' eldest Son, that he had seen Rome, though he was not at all tainted with her errors: he brought over many of the rarities of other Nations, but none of their sins.  and (being inquisitive after all Curiosities) also improved your travel both to the acquiring and knowledge of Coins, and many other rarities, some of which you were pleased formerly to show me and others, and have (for the better completing of this Treatise) communicated to me several Observations, about Foreign coins especially. I would our Gentry generally were more studious, and would spend their time as profitably as you and some others do. That would confirm what Mr. Burton in his Melancholy 
Part 1. Sect. 2. Subsect. 15.  observes of some of our English Gentry, that they are excellently well learned, like those Fuggeri in Germany, Du Bartas, Duplessis, Sadael in France, Picus Mirandula, Scottus, Barottus in Italy. There is an Honourable Gentleman 
Robert Boy Esq  now of the Royal Society, (whereof you are likewise a worthy Member) who hath Traveled abroad to good purpose, and by his Philosophical 
Experimenta Fructi fera & Luci. fera.  Experiments and other useful Treatises, hath much honoured the Nation. I may here relate, what I have heard from a very worthy Divine; that he never knew a Family, wherein the Men and Women both, were of so obliging a Carriage, and of such great abilities. There is also a learned Knight and Baronet 
Sir Nor●on Knatchball.  of this Parliament (mentioned among the Benefactors to the Polyglot Bible) who hath written Critical notes in Latin on the New Testament. I shall only add this, that it may seem strange for me to publish a Discourse of Money, who (when I had the honour to be a Member of the House of Commons) was always silent when that Subject came into debate,  
Sir, Your Affectionate Friend to serve you Edward Leigh.   

TO THE Candid READER.  
REader, It is said of Ulysses, Qui mores hominum multorum vidit, & urbes, Horat. De Arte Poetica. Yet I would not have thee read my Discourse of Travel, Peregrinante animo. The Commodity which comes to humane Societies, by the Travels of prudent, pious, and well governed persons, is very great. The Apostles, the Disciples of Christ, and also their Disciples, and many others, have gone through a great part of the World to convert the Gentiles. So if a Voyage be undertaken to know the rites and customs of several places, and the forms of Cities, as the Roman Decemviri were sent to Greece, that they might know the Laws of that Country, and especially Solon's. Pythagoras, Plato, Apollonius did go into divers Countries to increase their knowledge. Diodorus Siculus & Strabo Traveled into several parts of the World, that they might be acquainted with the History and Situation of those places. Pausanias' 
He hath written that excellent book of the Monuments and Antiquities of Greece, remaining in his time.  compassed Greece, Arrianus, the Euxine Sea, and Cluverius Traveled into many Countries of Europe, that they might more exactly describe those parts. The knowledge of Languages hath incited many to Travel; Vossius 
De Orig. & Prog. Idololat. l. 3. c. 37.  instanceth in Jacobus Golius (that famous Arabist) who not satisfied with the instruction of Thomas Erpinus in the Arabic Language, 
In Aethiopicis operam impendebat ●uam. D. M. Wanslebius, qui ad perpoliendum ejus in iisdem ingenium, in varias orientis oras longa atque periculosa suscepit Itinera. D. Cast. Praelat. ad Lexic. Heptaglot. Christianus Rarius Clenard, and Warner, traveled are for the same purpose. Dr. Casaubon of Credulity and Incredulity. part 1. saith, that Jo. Ernestus Burgravius professeth to have traveled the greatest part of Europe to satisfy his Curiosity. Erasmus in his Colloquia entitles one of them Peregrinatio Religionis ergo.  went first into Mouritania, and being chosen Successor to Erpenius in his place after his death, he took a long Voyage into Syria, and there stayed till he had perfected his skill in that Language. I may very well here mention, our worthy professor of the Hebrew and Arabic Tongues in Oxford, Dr. Edward Pocock, who was long abroad at Aleppo, and other places on the same account. Where he so demeaned himself, that he was very much respected by the Natives, and chosen for an Umpire amongst them, to compromise such differences as fallen out there. The learned works he hath published, give ample Testimony of the skill he attained in the Arabic, especially by that long Voyage. The Jesuits themselves and others writ much, how industrious the Jesuits were in the propagation of the Christian Faith, and how they have sown the seed of saving truth in China or elsewhere.  
Mr. Baxter in the 2d. part of his last Book of Christianity, c. 14. p. 488. saith, The attempts of the Jesuits in Congo, Japon and China were a very noble work, and so were the Portugal Kings encouragements: but two things spoiled their success.  
First, That when they took down the Heathens Images, they set them up others in their stead; and made them think that the main difference was, but whose Image they should worship.  
Secondly, But especially, that they made them see, that while they pretended to promote Religion, and to save their souls, they came to promote their own wealth, or the Pope's Dominion, and to bring their Kings under a Foreign power.  
The honest attempts of Mr. eliot's in New-England, is much more agreeable to the Apostles way, 
Videses Voretii Disputat. Select. Theol. partem fecundum De Gentilismo pag. 650.  and maketh more serious spiritual Christians.  
Justus Heurnius (son to John Heurnius the learned Physician) left the study of Physic, and wholly gave himself to the study of Divinity, that thereby he might be the better enabled to promote the Conversion of the Indians, and taking an Evangelical Embassy to the Indies, he there abode above 14 Years, preaching to the Indians in their Mother Tongue, Catechising them, and admonishing them privately, and by his singular innocency, 
He hath published a Book (which I have seen) De Legatione Evangelic● ad Indos capessenda.  humility and modesty, and daily fervent devotion, and great charity to the poor; He endeavoured to propagate the Kingdom hf Christ among them.  
The Pilgrimages 
See Cartwright Confutat. of the Rhemists Transtat. on Mat. 2.2. and Du Moulin De Peregrinationibus Superstit.  of the Turks to Meccha, and of the Papists to Loretto are vain, we need not to travel for to find God.  
I have joined these three Discourses together, since in that of Money and Measuring, I writ of the Foreign Coins and Measures, and so hoping, that they may be all useful to the Traveller, I remain  
Thy Hearty Well-willer, Edward Leigh.   

A Diatribe OF TRAVEL.  
By Edward Leigh Esq;  Psal. 107.23, 24. 
They that go down to the Sea in Ships, that do business in great waters:  
These see the works of the Lord: and his wonders in the deep.  Patri est, Ubicunque est bene. 
Printed in the Year, MDCLXXI.   

A DIATRIBE OF Travel.  
TRavel in the Younger sort, is a part of Education; in the Elder, a part of Experience. Sir Francis Bacon's Essays.  
There is no Map like the view of the Country; One journey will show a man more than any Description can. He that searcheth Foreign Nations is becoming a Gentleman of the World. Feltham's Resolves of Travel.  
Many Travellers returning to their own home, bring back only some vain Garbs and Fashions, and are leavened with the ill Customs and Manners of the Countries they passed through. Vagari, Lustrare, disquirere qui vis potest, pauci indigare, discere, id est, vere perigrinari. Lip●●i Epistola ad Lanoium de Peregrinatione Italica. 
* The Marchioness of Newcastles Orations, part three.  I think it most requisite and fit, that none should Travel without leave of the State, or Public Council; and at their return should be accountable to the State and Public Council of their Travels, and the advantages they have made: Dr. Hall in his First Decade of Epistles, Epistle 8th, giving advice to the Earl of Essex for his Travel, saith, There is nothing can quit the labour and cost of Travel, but the gain of Wisdom; when young Nobles came to take their leaves of our late King Charles, before they Traveled into Foreign parts; He thus counselled them; My Lord, keep always the best Company, and be sure never to be idle.  
Alsted in his Systema Mnemonicum, l. 4. De Geographia, Zeilerus before his Itenerary of Spain and Portugal Monsieur de Sorbiere in his Lettreses & Discourse Lettre 85. Mr. Palmer in his Traveller, part second, and Sir Francis Bacon in his Essays, give directions to Travellers, and show what things are fit to be observed by them.  
Neugebavarus and Loyzius have written in Latin ‛ De Peregrinatione. 
Erpenious hath put out a little Treatise, De Peregrinatione Gallica. Lipsius, another, De Peregrinatione ltalica. Gasper Ens hath published Deliciae Apodemicae.   
Dr. Hall hath written in English of Travelling, his Tract is styled, Quo vadis. Sir Balthasar Gerbier hath Subsidium Peregrinantibus.  
Mr. Howell hath put out instructions for foreign Travel.  
Mr. Palmer also hath written an Essay of the means how to make our Travels into foreign Countries profitable and honourable; he dedicated it to Prince Henry.  
Jones hath put out instructions for Travellers.  
The Merchant proposeth to himself bonum utile in his Travel, and brings home exotic Commodities, as Wine, Fruit, Spices, Metals, precious Stones, Silk, and such like, serving both for use and luxury.  
Impiger extremos Currit mercatas ad Indos, Horat. Epist, 1. lib. 1.  
The dissolute rich young Gentleman, bonum jucundum; The well-bred Gentleman; bonum honestum, or honour, that he may accomplish himself for the service of his 
* Travelling is an honourable or honest action of men into foreign States, chief for a public good to the Country of which such are. ●a. l. mes. Est Peregrinatio profectio quedam, occupiditate ac desideri, Extra Loca perlustrandi, in vicendi & cognoscendi instituta, ad bonum aliquod inde Acquirendum, quod vel patriae & amicis, vel nobis ipsis privatim prodesse possit. Newgebaverus de Peregrinatione. Est Peregrinatio nihil aliud quam studium per lustrandi terras Exoticus & Insulas ab homine idoneo suscipiendum ad artem vel ea acquirenda quae usui & Emollumento patriae vel Rei esse publicae possunt. Loysies De Peregrinatione c. 1. Ve●●it Peregrinus a Peregre aut Pereger quod dicitur quasi per agrum, unde & peragrare quasi multos agros pererrare, Voss● Etymol. Ling●ae ●atinae.  Country.  
In such a one going to Travel, there is required.  
First, A competent age, that he be above 18 or 20 years old, although the years of 14 or 15 are more proper for learning the true accent of any Language, and all exercises belonging to the body.  
Secondly, That he hath the Latin Tongue, and some skill in the Liberal Sciences.  
Thirdly, 
† See Mr. Evelius account of Architecture, and Junius' art of Painting, l 2. c. 8. Painting and Sculpture are the Politest, and Noblest of ancient Arts; what Art can be more helpful or pleasing, to a Philosophical Traveller, Philos. Transact. Vol. 3. p. 785.  That he be skilful in Architecture, able so well to Limn or Paint; as to take in paper the Situation of a Castle or a City; or the Platform of a Fortification.  
Fourthly, That he be well grounded in the true Religion, lest he be seduced and perverted. Gal. 4.1. O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that you should not obey the truth, Galli a peregrinando nomen habent; For Vuallen in the Teutonick Tongue, signifies peregrinari, alluding therefore to this Etymoligy: He chides the Galatians for their wandering in Religion, q. d. You like Travellers, often change your Opinions about the Doctrine of Truth. I know a Noble Person who being in France well acquainted with a Popish Gentleman, once when the other left him, he wished that he were as good a Huguenot as himself; the other immediately after sent him a Defence of their Religion, to which he replied, and shown the same unto me: I more disliked the Popish Religion when I was in France then before, and more esteemed the Protestants, since at Nants, and some places, there were scarce any French Protestants.  
Fifthly, He should be first well acquainted with his own Country, before he go abroad; as to the places and Government.  
If any came heretofore to the Lords of the Council for a Licence to Travel; the old Lord Treasurer Burleigh, would first examine him of England; if he found him ignorant, he would bid him stay at home, and know his own Country first.  
Sixthly, It were of use to inform himself (before he undertakes his Voyage,) by the best Chorographical and Geographical Map of the Situation of the country he goes to, both in itself and Relatively to the Universe, to compare the Vetus & Hodierna Regio, and to carry with him the Republics of the Nations to which he goes; and a Map of every Country he intends to travel through.  
Seventhly, Before his Voyage, 
* This good and Christian Counsel is given by Martinus Zeilerus in his Apodemical Canons before his Itenerary of Spain and Portugal.  He should make his peace with God, Receive the Lords Supper, satisfy his Creditors if he be in debt; Pray earnestly to God to prosper him in his Voyage, and to keep him from danger, and if he be sui juris, he should make his last will, and wisely order all his affairs, since many that go far abroad, return not home.  

In the Survey of a Country, these things are observable.  
First, 
† Finis Peregrinationis sit notitia sextuplex, Ling●ae Regionis Religionis Rerum gestarum morum & Clarorum virorum. Erpenius De Peregrination● Gallica.  The Name and its derivation, the Latitude and Longitude of the place, the Temperature of the Climate, the goodness or barrenness of the Ground, the populousness or scarcity of the People, the limits of the Country, how it is bounded by Sea or Land, or both, the Commodities, Natural, Artificial, the Dis-commodities, either Imperfections or Wants, the Manners, Shape, Language and Attire of the People, their Building, their Havens and Harbours, the Religion and Government, the History of the Country and Families.  
2. The Courts of 
† Jones in his Instructions to Travellers mentions twelve generals. 1. cosmography. 2. Astronomy. 3. Geography. 4. Chorography. 5. Topography. 6. Husbandry. 7. Navigation. 8. The Political State. 9 The Ecclesiastical State. 10. Literature. 11. Histories. 12. Chronicles, and under every one of these Heads, hath several particulars.  Princes are to be seen and observed, especially when they give audience to Ambassadors, the Courts of Justice whiles they sit and hear Causes, and so of Consistories Ecclesiastic, the Churches and Monuments therein, the Walls and Fortifications, of Cities and Towns, Antiquities and Ruins, Libraries, Colleges, Disputations and Lectures where they are, Shipping and Navies, Houses and Gardens of State and pleasure near great Cities; Armouries, Arsenals, Magazines, Exchanges, Burses, Warehouses; Exercises of Horsemanship, Fencing, Training of Soldiers, and the like; Treasuries of Jewels and Robes, Cabinets, and rare Inventions.  
Aubertus Miraeus in the Life of Lipsius, saith, that when he came first to Rome, he spent all his time (when he was at leisure) in viewing the stones and ancient places, and other rarities there, and spent his time in the Pope's Vatican Library, in comparing together the Manuscripts of Seneca, Tacitus, Plautus, Propertius, and other Ancients. He viewed also other famous Libraries public and private.  
Thirdly, The choice Herbs 
† The Gardens, sorts of Herbs, Flowers, Arbours, Knots, Mounts. The Orchards, sorts of Trees, Apples, Pears, Plumbs, Berries, Spices, Oranges, Lemons, Figs; the Vines, Vine-yards; sorts of Wine and Drinks. Jones.  and Plants, Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Infects proper to that Country, are to be taken notice of; Minerals, Metals, Stones, and Earth's; their Proverbs also should be observed, in which much of the wisdom of a Nation is found.  
Fourthly, Learned men, and such as have abilities in any kind, are worthy to be known, and the best Books there, are to be inquired after. Men that Travel must be very cautious both of their speech and demeanour; The Italian Proverb saith, For a man to travel safely through the world, It behoveth him to have a Falcon's Eye, an Ass' Ears, a Monkey's Face, Merchant's Words, a Camels Back, a Hog's Mouth, and Deers Feet.  
Sir Henry Wotton in his Letters, mentions twice the answer that was given him by Alberto Scipioni, when he begged his advice, how he might carry himself securely at 
* The Aethiopians say, when thou shalt go into another Country, Ne sis sicut tu, Esto sicut illi in Italiâ tota tria hac mihi serva, Frons tibi aperta, Lingua parca mens Clausam. Lipsn Epistola ad Lanoyum. In peregrinatione vitam agentibus hoc evenit, ut multa hospitia habeant nulla amicitias, Seneca Epist. ad Lucilium Epist. 11. Peregrim autem & in cola officium est, nihil praeter suum negotium agere, nihil de alio inquirere, miniméque in alienâ esse Republica Curiosum. Tull. Offic. l. 1.  Rome, Signior Arrigomio (says he) Pensieri Stretti, Et il viso Sciolto, Your thoughts close, and your Countenance lose, will go safely over the whole world.  
Fifthly, 
† The prime Italian Dialect is Lingua Toscana in Bocca Romana, the Tuscan Tongue in a Roman mouth. Howels Instructions for Foreign Travels.  Make choice of the best places for attaining of the Language, as Valladolid for the Spanish, Orleans, or Blois for the French, Florence or Sienna for the Italian, Lipsick or Heidelberg for the High-Dutch Tongues: in these places the best Language is spoken.  
Abraham Ortelius in his Itinerarium Belgiae, persuades Travellers to note, and observe what they see most memorable; Peregrinationes nostrae futurae nobis erunt longe gratiores, si una cum itineribus animadvertamus, & annotemus in Chartis, si quid observatione dignum occurrerit.  
What profit Travelling brings to an Architect, Vitruvius shows, what to a Soldier, Vegetius, what to a Limner or Statuary, the Horses of Phidias 
* These with other Collossi Statues and Pictures are yet at Rome.  and Praxiteles made by art, witness; Merchandise is almost maintained by Travel; How much are Cosmography, Topography and Astronomy, improved and furthered by Travel.  
Change of Air by Travelling, after one is used unto it, is good: And therefore great Travellers have been long lived: The Countries which have been observed, to produce long livers, are these; Arcadia, Aetolia, India, on this side Ganges, Brasil, Topropane, Bitain, Ireland, with the Islands of the Arcades, and Hebrides, Sir Francis Bacon's History of Life and Death.  
How much may the art of Navigation further the spreading of the Gospel! 
Rem profecto fastigio suo dignam principes fecerint, si sasseis non ad divitias indagandas, quae hodie sola fere periculosarum & longin quarum navigationem ille cebra est, sed ad verbi dominici promulgationem inter illos populos ad huc veri luce destitutos, missis ad hoc theologis propagandam instruerent, si quid inde utilitatis postea ex commercii libertate in publico rediret, in lucro ponentes & accessionis loco accipientes, nam ex eo esset ut Dei gratia, sine qua nihil possumus, expeditionibus illis aspiraret, & aspirante illa citra sanguinem & indigenarum vexationem res in his regionibus, quantum ad religionem & civilem administrationem felicioribus auspiciis, administrarentur, quam ab Hispanis factum est, qui avaritia Caeci xxx. Annos mutuis lanienis miseros indigenas in Indiis & ad extremum seipsos grassante inter eos divina ultione confecerunt. Thuan. Hist. lib. 64.  Dan. 12.4. Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased, that is, say some Expositors by Travelling to and fro, as the Waldenses to learn and propagate the Truth, knowledge shall be multiplied in the earth in the last time. The same word is used, Numb. 11.8. Of the Children of Israel going about to gather Manna, and of the Devils going to and fro, Job. 1. and 7. Manifestly intimating, saith, Sir Francis Bacon, De Augmentis Scientiarum l. 2. c. 10. Et Nou. Org. l. 1. Aphor. 93. that God would so order it by his providence, that the passing through the world (which is now fulfilled by so many far Navigations) and the increasing of Sciences should fall into the same age.  
Orbis terrarum factus est hac nostra aetate, mirum in modum faenestratus atque patens Baconus De Augmentis Scientiarum, l. 2. c. 10. Nostris temporibus & novi orbis partes complures, & veteris orbis extrema undique innotescunt. Baconus Nou. Org. l. 1. Aphor. 72.  
In the Philosophical Conferences of the Virtuosos of France Conference 87. It is determined whether Travel be necessary to an ingenuous man. He saith there, if you except Embassies, 
Imperetam anima homo, qui Circum scribitur natalis soli fine, Seneca.  in which the good of the State drowns all other considerations, those that would Travel must be young and strong, rich and well borne, to get any good by their Travels.  
La Moth le Vair in his Opuscules Letter 6. 

Humiles istae & plebeae animae domi resident & affixae sunt suae terrae: illa divinior est quae coelum imitatur & gaudet motu. Lipsii Epistola de Peregrinatione Italica.  
Hodie magnum dedecus est Germanis patrios tantum nosse mores; praecipua vero pars laudis exteras regiones, ad minimum, Italiam, Gallias, Hispaniam, Belgiam, Angliam, ve per lustralle. Balduini Oratio Panegyrica.   Speaks of the profit of Voyages, and Lettre 7. of the unprofitableness of them, he saith in the sixth Letter, that Travelling is the best School for life, in several respects: The French say Vn honeste homme, Est un homme meste, an honest or wise man is a mixed man, that is, one who hath something in him, in point of knowledge of all Nations.  
Charles the fifth made Nine Voyages, 
The States of the Empire. Dial. 1.  into Germany, Six into Spain, Seven into Italy, four into France, Ten into the Low-Countries, Two into England, as many into Africa, he also passed the Ocean and Mediterranean Seas eleven times.  
The Emperor Hadrian traveled over a great part of the world, 
Linguetus non minus doctrina quàm diuturna totius Europae peragratione Clarus Bodini methodus Ad Facilem Historiarum Cognitionem. Polybius nequid falsi scriberet imprudens, in long semotas profectus est oras, easque suis lustravit oculis Diodor. Sicul. Ex testimonia Justini martyris, annos triginta Europiam atque Aliam lustravit Pauli Poet. not. in Marc. & Com. Imperat. Vitam. Prosper Alpinus olim Aegyptum magno cum fructu studiosae juventutis peragravit. Pignorii mensae Isiacae expositio Pythagoras quidem inter Barbaros discendi causa peregrinatus est, atque ut nonnulli tradiderunt, Prophetam Ezechielem vidit Douneaeus in Chrysost. Vide Selden. de jure, etc. Lib. 1. Cap. 2.  and with his Head bare, though it was cold and wet, and so fell into a deadly dsease; whence the Verses of Florus the Poet, whom Salmasius (in his notes on Aelius Spartianus) thinks to be the Historian, who elegantly wrote the Epitome of the Roman affairs and lived under Hadrian.  

Ego nolo Caesar esse,  
Ambulare per Britannos,  
Scythicas pati pruinas.   

I will in no wise Caesar be,  
To walk along in Britainie,  
The Scythick frosts to feel and see.    

To which the Emperor answered in the like strain  

Ego nolo Florus esse,  
Ambulare per tabernas,  
Latitare per popinas,  
Culices pati rotundos.   

And I will never Florus be,  
To walk from shop to shop, as he,  
To lurk in Taverns secretly,  
And there to feel the Rome-wine fly   
But (saith Stuckius) how many Christian Princes and Nobles are now to be found, 
In his Scholia in Arriani Periplum Pontei Euxini. William Postel a Frenchman, was a great Traveller and Mathematician.  more like Florus than the Emperor Adrian?  
They that have written the Iteneraries of the Apostles, 
See 2 Cor, 11.25.  have observed that St. Paul Travelled much farther, than either St. Peter or St. John, as they have described the circuit; and Purchas both Divines, of which last, Dr. Casaubon of Credulity and Incredulity, part first, saith, a book of very good worth with them that know the right use, and more valued abroad, than it is at home by many. Of the Navigation of the French into America, Johannes Lerius hath written well of the 
† Probaebile est ideo poetas fixisse Aeneam, Herculem, The seum, Pyrithoum, Vlyssem & Orpheum, ad inferos descendisse, propter longinquas Eorum Navigationes quibus a Conspectu hominum diu separati, mox reduces, Existimati sunt eo pervenisse si animae post mortem degunt Morysoti Orbis. Maritimi Hist. l. 1. c. 33.  Navigations of the Portugals and Spaniards, See Guicciardines' History of Italy, lib. 6. Of those of the English, Hackluit speaks sufficiently. Of the profit which comes to men by Navigations, see Fourniers Hydrography, l. 4. c. 9 and of the Faith enlarged and amplified by means of Navigation: See the same book, chap. 6. There are also the Navigations and Voyages of Leyis Vertomannus, and Cadamusti Navigatio ad terras ignotas, of whom Peter Martyr saith, in the seventh Chapter of his second Decade, that he stole certain An notations out of the three first Chapters of his first Decade, written to Cardinal Ascanius and Acimboldus, supposing that he would never have published the same.  
Dr. Casaubon (in his first part of Credulity and Incredulity, in things Natural, Civil and Divine) saith, I have (as all men, I think have, that are any thing curious) read several relations of all the known parts of the world, written by men of several Nations and Professions, Learned and Unlearned, in divers Languages; by men of several ages, ancient and late.  
There are divers Hodaeporica Voyages, and Itineraries, Ancient, Modern, in Prose, Verse, in Latin, French, English.  

† Vixit Benjamin ut ejus interpres benedictus Arias● testatur, anno ab orbe Condito. 4033. Drus. Observat. Sac. l. 13. c. 2.  Benjamin Tidelensis, his Itinerary. He was a Jew, and traveled over a great part of the world. Ecchellensis in his Preface to his Historia Arabum seems to slight him: Constantine l'Empereur (who hath published notes upon him) saith, in his Dissertat. Ad Lectorem. Cum judicio legendum hoc itinerarium, nec auctori in omnibus habenda fides, praesertim ubi suorum conditionem ac statum extollit: plurima tamen notatu digna passim occurrunt, ut quae de locorum distantiis aliisque annotat.  
There is Cotovici Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum & Syriacum.  
Busbequii 
* Angerive Gistenus Busbequius multis legationibus Elarus. Aubertimiraei Vita Justi Lipsii.  Itinerarium Constantinopolitanum & Amasianum.  
Douza de Itinere Constantinopolitano.  
Furerii Itenerarium Aegypti, Arabiae, etc.  
Antoninus' his 
† Seu Antonii, seu Antonini, seu Aethici, Itinerarium Zeileri Historici, Chronologi, etc. Geographi. Antonini Itinerarium sive Aethici potius Vossii not ae in Fragmentum Peripli Ponti Euxini.  Itinerary (if it be his) for both Thuanus and Vossius De Historicis Latinis, l. 3. c. 2. and others, seem to question it, with Mr. Burtons' Commentary.  
There are Les Fameux Voyages De Pietro De le Valle Surnomme Illustre Voyageur in three Quartoes. His Travels into East-India, and Arabia Deserta, are Translated into English by haver's, and so I think are the other in three Quartoes.  
Voyage d'Orient du Philippe Carme Dechause Sieur de Loyer, his Relation the voyage de Levant De la Hay of the Levant, and also blunt's voyage into the Levant. Divers Voyages du P. Alexandre De Rhodes.  
Voyages du Seigneur de Villamont in three Books.  
Voyage de la terre saint.  
Voyage du Duc de Rohan en Italy, Alemagne, Pays has uni, Angleterre & Escosse.  
Jo. Hugenvans Linschotens Discourse of Voyages into the East and West-Indies, whom Mr. boil 
* In his Sceptical Chemist.  styles the sober relater of his Voyages.  
Sir Francis Drakes Voyages. Thuanus calls our 
* He was the next after Magellanus, that sailed round about the World. See Camden's Britannia in Devonshire.  Drake, Celeberrimus universi orbis lustrator. Paulus Venetus hath written both an Itinerary, and three Books, de Religionibus Orientalibus.  
Some think him somewhat fabulous for what he reports of Quinsay. 
Dolendum est Marci Pauli Vemeti Itinerari totum mendaciis ab impostore quodam contaminatum. Quis enim credit illa quae de Quinsai scribit, pontes in ea lapideos duodecim mille altissimos sub nixos fornicibus fuisse ita ut ●●ves erectis malis ea pernavigare potuerint. Hornius de Orig. Gent. Amerba. c. 3.  Dr. Heylin in his Cosmography in Madagascar one of the Afracan Isles, for what he relates of the Bird called Ruck, of such incredible strength and bigness, that it could snatch up an Elephant, as easily as a Kite doth a Chicken.  
Mr. Burton in his Melancholy, part 2. Sect. 2. Member 3. p. 244. saith, I would censure all Pliny's, Solinus, Strabo's, Sir John Mandevil's, Olaus Magnus, Marcus Polus, lies.  
Apollo said to the Author of the China History, that he should reduce the immense Metropolitan City of so many Kingdoms, inhabited by many millions of men to some credible measure; and particularly, that he should bring the Palace of that King, which he had affirmed to be many miles long, to such a form, as Vitruvius should not laugh at him for it; saying, that if that building were so great as he had described it to be, the Halls must needs be half a mile long, and the Chambers little less; which if it were true, the whole Academy of Architects had reason to say, that to bring the meat but to the Table, the servants of so great a King must ride Post. Boccalini his Advertisements 
* A very ingenuous piece much prized by Mr. Selden, and which cost him his life.  from Parnassus. Century 2d. 16th. Advertisement.  
Yet Mr. boil in his experiments touching Cold, Title 19 saith of him, a writer not always half so fabulous as many think him, and Scickard in his Tarich. p. 185. saith, Marcus Polus Venetus, Minime vanus author, Cujus Narrata pridem incredibilia, quotidie magis magisque verificantur.  
There is Relation du Voyage de Muscovie, 
Mr. Terries' Voyage into the East-Indies, and the History of the Caribee Islands, which I have seen in French, and is translated into English by J. Davis.  Tartary & de Perse du Sieur Olearius Secretaire de Duc de Holstein. Both the Author and Book are commended by Bochart in his late learned Treatise de Animalibus Scripturae. It is now translated into English. Mr. boil styles him the Applauded Writer Olearius. In his Experimental History of Colours, Experiment 9 He styles him the Judicious Olearius, who was twice employed as a public Minister.  
There is the world surveighed, or Vincent le Blanck's Travels; He spent fifty years making ten or twelve Voyages almost through all the parts of the World. Mr. boil calls him that Rambler about the world.  
There are also Morysons Travels, George Sandy's Travels, and Sir Edwine Sands his Relation of the State of Religion in the Western parts of the world, both very good.  
Biddulph's Travels.  
Herbet's Travels.  
Monsieur de Monfart's Travels.  
The Preacher's Travels.  
Coriat's Crudities.  
Lithgow's Travels.  
Ferdinand Mendez a Pinto's Travels; who five times suffered Shipwreck, was sixteen times sold, and thirteen times made a slave, and spent one and twenty years in Travelling.  
Sir John Mandevil's Travels.  
He Traveled thirty three, thirty four years, say some.  
He was in Scythia, the greater and less, Armenia, Egypt, both Lybia's, Arabia, Syria, Media, Mesopotamia, Persia, Chaldaea, Greece, Illyricum, Tartary, and divers other Kingdoms of the world.  
He committed his whole Travel of thirty three years to writing, in three divers Tongues, English, French and Latin. Purchas his Pilgrimage. part 3. l. 3. c. 6. out of Baleus.  
Joannes Mandevile, Non minimam Consecutus est laudem describendo regiones, vel opere de re medica. Vossius ‛ De Hist. Lat. l. 3. ca 2.  
B. 
† De Britannicarum Ecclesiarum primordiis c. 13.  Usher, speaking of Cloughte Kilti in Cork, saith, In quo fundamenta conspiciuntur amplissimae domus, quam nobilis illius Johannes Magnavillani (sive de Mandevile 34. annorum peregrinatione notissimi) fuisse tradunt accolae.  
Quibus relationibus olim fides nullatenus fuit adhibita, Spizelius de re iteraria Sinensium, sect. 2.  
Yet Sir Walter Raleigh in his History of the World, part 4. l. 4. c. 2. sect. 21. and Dr. Heylin in his Cosmography (as he somewhat improperly 
* Non parvum errorem Commisisse mihi videnturi, qui glo●i terrae & aquae descriptionem, propium, particulareque Geographiae nomen habentem Communi, generalique nomine Cosmographiam appellant. Barocii Praefatio ad Cosmographiam.  styles his great Folio) speaking of India, p. 882. show, how he was honoured abroad, and how many of his relations (though esteemed fabulous by some) were since confirmed by the Portugals.  
Daviti in his book entitled, Le Monde, Mentions Malherbe for a great Traveller, spending twenty seven years in divers Voyages almost through all the parts of the World.  
Purchas in his second part of his Pilgrims, l. 10. c. 1. Speaks of Damian a Goes, a Portugal, who did see, speak, and was conversant with all the Kings, Princes, Nobles, and chief Cities of all Christendom, in the space of twenty two years.  
Mr. Greaves in his Pyramidographia, Mentions the Travels of Monsieur de Breves Ambassador at Constantinople, les Voyages de Monsieur de Breves, which I have purchased from France.  
Alexandre de Rhodes, in the third part of his Voyages, ch. 13. Speaks of Monsieur de Boulaye, which hath published, Vn tres beau liure de ses voyages, ou il faut voir ec autant de fidelity, 
Yanaquillus Faber in his notes on the sixth book of Lucretius c. 1. saith, Lambertus Massiliensis, hath left a little Book, De Peregrinatione Aegyptiaca, printed at Paris, which he undertook 1626.  que de nettete d'esprit, la, Conduit qu' il a monstree sans des Royaumes si differents.  
He hath traveled over (saith he) the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Africa. I have seen that French Book also.  
There is Alex. Geraldini Itinerarium ad regiones sub Aquinoctiali, in sixteen Books.  
There are also Relations of Divers Curious Voyages by Monsieur Thevenot, 
There are also the Republics of several nations in little portable books.  in three Tomes, and Relation Du voyage, de l'Eveque de Breyte, per la Turquie, la Perseus, les Indeses, etc. jusques au Royaume de Siam, & autres lieux par M. de Bourges, Prestre, etc. Both mentioned in the Philosophical Transactions. I have mustered up these several Itineraries and Voyages, both because I have perused most, if not all of them, (except the two last) when I was about my great book of Geography, though it be not yet printed. And because I suppose Travellers may hereby furnish themselves with the best writers of those parts of the world, whether they intent to go, either to instruct them about those places before they go, or to carry with them: Who ever since the beginning of things and men, hath been so often by royal employment sent Ambassador to so many Princes so distant in place so different in rites, as Sir Robert Sherlie! 
There are the three English Brothers, and Sir Robert Shirley his Embassy into Poland, both Printed. See Finets Observat. page 136, 137. 172, 173, 174, to 177.  Two Emperors, Rodolph and Ferdinand, two Popes, Clement and Paul, twice the King of Spain, twice the Polonian, the Muscovite also, have given him Audience. And twice also (though not the least for a born subject to be Ambassador to his Sovereign) his Majesty hath heard his Embassage from the remote Persian. Purchas his Pilgrims, part 2. l. 10. c. 10.  
Dr. Nicholas Wotton (Uncle to Sir Henry Wotton) was Privy-Counceller to four successive Sovereigns, Viz. King Henry the 8th. Edward the 6th. Queen Marry, Queen Elizabeth. He was nine times Ambassador for the Crown of England, to the Emperor, the Kings of France and Spain, and other Princes. Camden's Hist. of Q. Elizabeth.  
Some have instanced in several English Ambassadors, how well they have acquitted themselves; but I shall single out one as very deserving. 
The Appendix to the History of Mr. Medes life.   
Sir Thomas Rowe, after many Ambassages to almost all the Princes, and States in Christendom; (all which were managed with admirable Dexterity, Success and Satisfaction) was last of all Ambassador Extraordinary to Ferdinand the third, Emperor of Germany; who gave him this Character, I have met with many Gallant Persons of many Nations, but I scarce ever met with an Ambassador till now.  
Bishop Bedell was Chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton at Venice. Dr. Featly, to Sir Thomas edmond's in France. Dr. John Burgess, to Sir Horatio Vere, in Germany.  
Mr. Boil in his Preface to his Experiments, touching Cold, commends Captain James his Voyages, it being scarce, and not to be met with, in Purchas' Tomes (having been written some years after they were finished) and his Voyages published by the last King's command; 
He styles him in his Book, that Ingenuous Navigator  He being bred in the University, and acquainted with the Mathematics.  
He commends also Mr. Ligon of the Barbadoes, 
Neither of these two have I seen.  and styles him ingenious Mr. Ligon,  
But enough (if not too much) of this.  
Geographers, who writ of the four parts of the Earth, are as large in Europe, as in the other three, Asia, Africa, and America, To which one part, all learning seemeth now to be in a manner confined; which within this hundred, or two hundred years, hath produced so many able men of all professions; Divines, Lawyers, Physicians, and Philosophers; Papists and Protestants.  
Bolton in his Nero Caesar. c. 29. sect. 1. speaking of ancient Rome, saith, The wonder of the feat did not grow from the greatness only, but from the innumerable ornaments of public, and private works, erected for use, delight, and glory, dispersed over all the fourteen wards, or regions thereof. Temples, Forums, Libraries, Therms, Aquaducts, theatres, Amphitheatres, Circi, Porticus, Arches, Columns, Statues, Palaces, and the rest, whose bare names scarce remaining, do fill up Volumes with their inventories.  
The best Circuit a Traveller can take, is to go through Holland towards Germany, thereby to satisfy his curiosity by degrees, for Germany will afford more satisfaction than the Low-Countries; France more than Germany, Italy more than France, Gerbiers subsidium Peregrinantibus.  
Paris, Rome, and Constantinople, are the Court of the World; Venice Geneva, and Lisbon, the City; Provence, Andaluzia, and Italy the Garden, afric, and America, the Desert and Wilderness.  
Flecknoes' Relation of twenty years' Travels, Letter 22.  
Johnson in his Relation of the most famous Kingdoms. l. 1. of Travel, adviseth a Traveller to take heed of the Pride of Spain, 
Dr. Hall thinks Italy a dangerous place for Youth. Vrsin, in a Gratulatory Epistle to a friend returned out of Italy, adds, Ex cloaca diabolorum. Necesse est peregri●aturam habere duos saccos, patientiae unum, pecuniae alterum. Commenii Praxis Senicae par. 5. Actus 4. S●ena. 1.  the Poison of Italy, the Treason of France, and the drink of Flanders.  
Those who have a desire to travel to Jerusalem should take heed to themselves; that they make no Shipwreck of Conscience, for if they come not well commended, or well moneyed, or both, there is no being for them, except they partake with them in their Idolatrous Services. Purchas his Pilgrimage, part 2. l. 8. ch. 9  
Lud. Bartema Relates, that they that Travel over the Deserts of Arabia, which are all covered with light and fleeting Sands, so that no Track can ever be found, do make certain boxes of wood, which they place on Camels backs, and shut themselves in them, to keep them from the Sands, and by the help of the Loadstone, like the Mariners Compass, they steer their Course over the vast and uncouth Deserts.  
The Latin, the French, the Sclavonick, and the Arabian Tongue, are known in many places, For Africa; Leo 
* Leo Af●● in rebus Africanis fere instar omnium esse potest Hosmanni mantica. Leo Africanus A man of no small credit among them who are well versed in the History of the World. Dr. Casaubon of Credulity and Incredulity part. 1. Some say Golnitz is the best Itinerary for France, & le Voiageur Irancois, Jodocus Sincerus his Itinerarium Gallia is well liked.  is the best, for the Levant; Blunt is a good book to take with thee thither, and some others I have beforenamed; for Italy, Scotti & Capugnani Itinerarium Italiae, & Raimunds' Mercurio Italico, will be useful; for France, Dallingtons View of France, and Mr. Evelins little book, for the Polity or Government; for Holland, Colnitzius, for Germany Zeiler.  
Sir Benjamin Ruddierd (whose discourse and speeches were full of Apothegms) was wont to say, France was a good Country to ride through, 
Let Italy glory in this, that it is for pleasure the Garden of the World. It may be truly said of great Britain, that it is the Court, and presence Chamber of the great King, Esa. 8.8. Ezek. 48.35. Surely few parts of all the Earth are like England, for the Showers of Heaven, and the Riches of the precious Ordinances of God. Mr. Baxters Direct. to the Converted, for their Establishment.  Italy a good Country to look upon, Spain a good Country to understand, but England a good Country to live in.  
So wishing the Traveller a prosperous Voyage, There cast Anchor.    

A Diatribe OF MONEY OR COIN.  
Printed in the Year, MDCLXXI.   

A DIATRIBE OF MONEY Or COIN.  
Coin seemeth to come from the French, Coin, a Corner; because the ancientest sort of Coin, was cornered and not round.  

cowels Intepreter.  
Coining of Money is a special right and Prerogative of Sovereign 
* Freherus in his Diatribe or Exposition of Constantine's Silver Coin, saith, the Roman Princes, in cunenda moneta non minimam majestatis suae partem posuerunt, and that Constantine the Emperor first ingraved the Cross upon his Coin, which his successors after observed, as we may see among Antiquaries.  Majesty, Money is as the sinews and strength of a state, so the life and soul of Commerce.  
Money, Commonly is the mean for all Commodities, and answereth to all, Eccles. 10.19. Yet the Spaniards Coming into the West-Indies, had many Commodities of the Country which they needed, brought unto them by the Inhabitants; to whom, when they offered them Money, goodly pieces of Gold Coin, the Indians taking the Money, would put it into their Mouths, and spit it out to the Spaniards again, signifying, that they could not eat it, or make use of it; and therefore would not part with their Commodities for Money, unless they had such other Commodities as would serve their use.  
That Money hath been anciently used in a way of Commerce, we may see Gen. 33.19. And the most ancient was the purest Gold. Medals are certain pieces of Money dispersed at the Coronation of Kings. They call them commonly Medallias, in the Italian, Spanish, and French Languages, (saith Antoninus Augustinus, De veterum numismatum Antiquitate) from the Latin word Metalla, since those three Languages had their Original from the Latin.  
Pope Gregory the 13th after he had received tidings in the Consistory of the Massacres in France, 
So in France, Medals were made in remembrance of the Massacres, the Image of Charles the ninth, sitting in his royal Throne, and in one side, Virtus in Rebels, and on the reverse of it, the Arms of France, & Pietas excitavit Justitiam Horae subcesivae. On some of Vespasian's Coin, the State of Judea is Deciphered, in form of a Captive Woman, with a rueful Aspect, sitting under a Palmtree.  one thousand five hundred and seventy two, went to the Church that night to give thanks, made Bonfires, and gloried in the bloody feats of those Emissaries, having a Coin with his own Face on one side, and an Angel on the other; with a Cross in one hand, and a Sword in the other, with this Motto, Hugonothorum Strages.  
Lewis the 12th of France, a moderate Prince, when his Realm was interdicted by Pope Julius the second, caused Coin to be stamped with his own image, 
Id. Ibid.  with this superscription, 
See the Expositors on Act. 19.24.  Perdam Nomen Babylonis.  
In Athens the Tower excelled, 
Mr. Selden before the English Historians Printed by Mr. Bee, Citeth, Ludovicus Paruta his Originale de. Yet Mr. Selden in h●s notes on Eadmerus, saith, Caeterum ad vetustum Archiepiscoparum in Cantuaria jus spectat etiam forsan priscunumisma cujus pars altra Plegmundi Archiepiscopi, altera Eicmundi cusoris nomine signata est vide plura Ibid.  in which there was a Temple to Minerva. Juleus Pollux writes, that the Attic tetradrachme was stamped with the face of Minerva, and he might have added with the Noctua on the reverse. Mr. Greaves of the Denarius. Hugh Broughton said, it was portended by his Arms, that he should be a Grecian, for he gave the house Athens.  
There is a Medal in Oxford made upon the sinking of the Spanish ships in 88 
Goltzius is the most copious & best writer about Medals.  with a Navy on one side and a Rock on the other. See Cambdens Annals.  
The Lydians first invented Gold and Silver Money, Janus Brass Money.  
Gutherius 
* De Officio Domus Augustae. l. 3. c. 1. Bonitas Monetae est intriuseca vel extrinseca. Intrinseca consistit in preciositate materiae & in pondere. Extrinseca bonitas consistit in aestimatione publica vel voluntariam Contrahentium. Angelocrator De Monetas' c. 2.  out of Isidore, saith three things are required in Money; the Metal, the Figure, and the Weight; Gold is the most excellent of all Metals, saith Georgius Agricola. Gold hath Greatness of Weight, Closeness of Parts, Fixation, Pliantness, or Softness, Immunity from Rust, Colour or Tincture of Yellow.  
Sir Francis Bacon's Natural History, Centuary 4. Experiment 328.  
Marshal calls Gold, Yellow Mony. 
The pureness and fineness of the Coins, and the weight for the intrinsic, and the outward form or Character, and inscription of the Prince or State for the Extrinsic of Coins, is observed by knowing bankers. Mr Greaves of the Denarius.  Has nisi de flaxa loculos implere moneta. Non decet, argentum vilia ligna ferant. Silver is next to it, it is not consumed in the fire. It is more ductile than any other metal except Gold. It's white colour is delightful.  
Yet Budaeus De Contemptu Rerum Fortuitorum l. 3. saith well, At Vsu sublato quid tandem aurum & argentum aliis praestat metallis,  
Diligent enquiring into Coins, 
Felix sine diphthongo. Consensus librorum & nummorum. Fecundus sine diphthongo? Eadem monum enta antiqua Dilherri Apparatus Philologiae. Vide Vossii Etymologicon Linguae Latinae, Melius scribitur hoc nomen cum aspiratione Hadrianus, nam ita nummi & lapides Constanter. Casaub. notae in Aelii Spartiani Hadrianum: Scilicet ex statuis numis atibusque cognoscere licet qualis fuerit vultus habitusque clarorum virorum faeminarumque illustrium, quorum nos actiones auditae delectant; qua forma fuerint Dii de aeque, & Heroes prisci cum suis illis insignibus; Cujusmodi fuerint sive ornamenta, sive instrumenta religionum, bellornm, magistratuum, Coronae, Curras, triumphi, sed ilia inumeraquc id genus alia. Vide Gassendii vitam Leireskii l. 6. p. 552, 553.  is one great piece of antiquity; by the knowledge of which (as other ways) we may come to understand the right writing of several words.  
Heliogabalus, or Algebalus rather, as he was styled of old, as Egnatius (Notis ad Caesares) proves out of some old Coins.  
Leonardus Aretinus, in the fourth Book of his Epistles, describing his journey from Rome to Constance, saith, when he enquired of some Citizens there, of the antiquity and original of Constance, nemo adhuc mihi occurrit, qui vel avi sui nomen & memoriam ne dum urbi tenere videretur. Yet by diligent searching, he found a Marble Table Containing ancient letters, by which it appears, that this City took its name from Constantius the Father of Constantine, being called Vitudura.  
There is much learned pleasure in the Contemplation of the several figures stamped on each side of these Attic Coins. Would you see the true and undoubted models of their Temples, Altars, Deities, Columns, Gates, Arches, Aqueducts, Bridges, Sacrifices, Vessels, Sellae Curules, Ensigns and Standards, Naval and Mural Crowns, Amphitheatres, Circi, Baths, Chariots, Trophies, Ancilia, and a thousand things more. Repair to the old Coins and you shall find them. Peachams Complete Gentleman, ch. 12.  
There is a twofold Inscription of Coins, obversa and aversa.  
Vide Seldenum De Jure Naturali. l. 6, c. 17.  
I have heard of some men, 
Dr. Casaubone of Credulity and Incredulity in things Natural, Civil and Divine part 2  (but heard it only) who by the bare handling and smelling, would judge better of old Coins (which is a great trade beyond the Seas, and concerning which, many Books are written) than others, not altogether strangers unto them, could by the sight.  
The general names for Money among the Romans are three, 
Apud Romanos quidem res nummaria tria habet generalia vocabula, quibus nominatur, Moneta, Pecunia, Nummus. Georg. Agricola De Veteribus & Novis Metallis. l. 1.  Moneta, Numus, Pecunia.  
First, Moneta (whence the French Monnoye) à Monendo, because it showeth us the Author, the Value and the time.  
Numisma, quasi Nomisma à nominibus scilicet & effigiebus principum quae ei imprimebantur, Isidorus dici putat. Waserus De Antiquis Numis Hebraeorum, Chaldaeorum & Syrorum c. 11.  
Secondly, Numus, or Nummus rather, saith Vossius, a Numa, saith Angelo Cretor, it hath rather a Greek Original, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the Law, because it is a Legitimate and public price. Nomisma and Numus (saith Martinius) seem to be of the same Original.  
Thirdly, Pecunia, either from the Images of 
* Pecuniam à pecum dictam esse constat, sed quae sit causa originis parum convenit inter auctores. Vossii Etymologicum Linguae Latinae.   stamped upon it, or from their skin out of which money was Coined.  
Gen. 33.19. For an hundred pieces of money, the Greek and Chaldee translate it, a hundred Lambs. Others think they were pieces of money, on which the images of Lambs were stamped. So in Jos. 24.32. Job 42.11. Ainsworth, Vide Meneru in loc. & Brerewood De Ponderibus, etc.  
The Money currant in Attica was commonly stamped with an Ox, whence came the Byword. Bos in Lingua, 
Dr. Heylins' Cosm. in Greece. p. 5 88  applied to such Lawyers as were bribed to say nothing in their Client's cause, not much unlike to which was the Proverb rising from the Coin of Aegina, (an Isle adjoining) stamped with the figure of a Snail, viz. Virtutem & sapientiam vincant. Testudines.  
The Names of the Brass Money among the Romans were, 

As  
Quadrants  
Sextans  
Triens    
Of the Silver.  

Denarius  
Quinarius  
Sestertius.   
Of the Gold.  
Aureus 
*  aureus viginti quinque denarias complectebatur, ita totidem annos Aureum vitae appellabant Mearsi mantissa ad Luxum Romanum. c. 19  sive Solidus,. it was valued with the Romans at 25 Denaries.  
As or assis, is a little piece of money, whose baseness grew into a Proverb. Omnes unius aestimemus assis,  
Aes is also used for Money, because the first Money amongst the Romans was made of Brass, whence aerarium also for a Treasury. Tam aeris quam argenti nominibus in sermone latino pecunia indicatur. Camerarius.  
Servius Tullius First Coined Money at Rome, as Pliny witnesseth, l. 33. c. 3. This was of Brass. 
Romani primum usi fuerunt qua druplici Moneta, ne mpe, Plumbea, Aerea, Argentea, Aurea. Plumbeae usus quando coeperit, incertum. Aes initio habuerunt rude, pondere distinctum, non nota Lipsius quasi forma & exemplum, ad quos nummos alios omnes expenderent. Serarius in Josh. c. 7. Quaest. 5.  They used this till the 5th year before the first Punick war. Then Silver Money was first Coined, which is called Denarius, quia valeret decem libras aeris. The Golden Money was Coined at Rome, forty two years after the Silver Money was used, as Pliny shows in the place beforenamed, 62. saith Lipsius. The price and esteem of Gold was different among the Grecians and Romans, among the Grecians Golden Money was changed for ten of Silver, among the Romans for twelve and a half; often it was much more esteemed. Vossius De Philiologia Christianiae. l. 6. c, 35. Meursius hath put out Denarius Pythagoricus opusculum pereruditum, ac mihi eo gratius quod inscripserit nomini nostro Vossius, ibid. l. 8. c. 3.  
Amongst the ancient Hebrews Chaldeans and Syrians, 
Waserus de Antiquis Numis Hebraeorum l. 2. c. 2.  the most usual money was the Siclus or Shekel, among the Latins the chief and usual kinds of Silver money were Denarius and 
† Scriverius on Marshal adds Victoriatus Consentiunt omnes Sicli nomen esse prorsus ab Hebraeo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Shekel, hoc vero esse à verbo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Shakal quod appenderare significat, partim quia, ut in multis hodie locis ponderari enim solebat argentea moneta, partim, quia apud Hebr aeos hoc nummi genus, erat.  Sestertius, among the Grecians, Drachma, Mina, Talentum.  
A Shekel (coming from Shakal, he weighed, from whence our English Skole and Scale to weigh with, is derived) is by interpretation a weight, as being the most common in payments, in which they used to weigh their money, Gen. 23.16. Jer. 32.9. The Chaldee calleth a Shekel Silgna, and Selang (from whence our English shilling seemeth to be borrowed) and the quantity of the common shekel differed not much from our shilling, as the shekel of the Sanctuary was about two shillings., Answ. on Gen. 20.16. See him on Exod. 33.13.  
A shekel is about the weight of an English half Crown, 
Nehem. 5.14, 15. Forty shekels of Silver, that is, five pounds sterling; a shekel is half an ounce, which makes 2 s. 6 d.  Valet pro inde Shekel de nostro. 2 s. 6 d. Brerewood de Ponderibus & Pretiis veterum nummorum. c. 1.  
Exod. 30.13. 
Mr. Jackson on that place.  The Gerah is held to have been about a penny half penny, and by that estimate, the shekel was two shillings six pence, and half the shekel fifteen pence.  
It is the ancientest of all the moneys the Scripture mentions, 
Ar. Montanus, De Mensuris Sacris.  the weight of it is almost four Spanish Reals, or four Roman Julii,  
A Roman Julio 
† In Italia Romana Scorta in singulas aebdomadas Julium pendent Pontifici, qui census annuus nonnunquam viginti milia ducato excedet. Cornelius Agrippa De vaenita. Scient.  or; a Spanish Royal, is about 7 pence English, a piece of eight called so, because equal to eight Royals is about 4 s. 6 d. English, so that Ainsworth seems to be mistaken.  
Graeci pecuniarum summas num erabant drachmis, ut Judaea siclis, & Romani sestertiis, Brerewood De Ponderibus & Pretiis veterum nummorum.  
Mr. Greaves in his Denarius, 
Shekel is usnally understood where the Coin or weight is not expressed, as Esai. 7.23. 2 Sam. 18.11, 12. Mat. 26.15. Exodus 30.13. The shekel of the Sanctuary, either because the shekel of the Sanctuary was twice as much as the Common shekel, which is indeed the common opinion; or rather because the Standard of all weights and measures was kept in the Sanctuary, a shekel of the full weight and value, after the Standard of the Sanctuary. Mr. Jackson.  would have the thirty pieces of Silver, which were given to Judas, as the reward of his treason, to be thirty shekels, that being less than fifteen of our ordinary Crowns.  
We find in Exodus (saith he) the price of a servant to have been thirty shekels. Gassendus De vita Peireskii, saith as much, and so doth Dr. Hamon on Matth. 26.15. Mr. Greaves, there also saith, the distinction of a double shekel, the one sacred equal to the tetradrachme, the other profane weighing the didrachme: that used in the Sanctuary, this in Civil Commerce, is without any solid foundation in the writ, and without any probability of reason, that in any wise State, the Prince and people should have one sort of Coin, and the Priests should have another, and that this of the Sanctuary should be in a double proportion to the other, and yet that both should concur in the same name, Rivet. on Exod. 30.13. goes the same way and gives four reasons to prove that the shekel was but one.  
Matth. 22.20. The tribute Money or Denarius, that was to be paid to Caesar by way of tribute, had on it, saith Occo, the picture or image of Caesar, and in it these Letters written, Caesar Augustus, such a year after the taking of Judaea, Dr. Hammond in loc.  
Denarius may be considered in a double respect, either as nummus, 
M. Greave of the Denarius.  or as pondus: In the first acception, the valuation of it in civil affairs is remarkable, in the later, the gravity and ponderousness: The Denarius was a Silver Coin in use amongst the Romans, passing at the first institution for Dena aera or ten Asses. whence the name: The Dutch esteem it at six Stivers, or a shilling.  
The Assis was a brass Coin weighing a pound. 
The assis is taken for the whole, according to the usual phrase of Civilians, ex asse haeres, when one is Heir to the whole inheritance.  The denarius had an impress upon it of the figure X. denoting the decussis, or number of the Asses.  
Denarius as Pondus was either Consularis, 
Argenteus nummus Romanorum Denarius est, Atticorum drachma. Scaliger De Re Nummaria. Denarii drachmae ferè pondus & aestimationem habebant Salmassii notae in Vopiscii. A Drachma natum nostrum Dram, which in Gold is six shillings three pence, in Silver seven pence half penny.  made under the government of the City by the Consuls, or Caesareus, under the Caesars, sometimes there is the Effigies of the Consuls, and sometimes of the Emperor on it. Denarius is of as great moment for the Discovery of weights, as the Roman foot for the Measures.  
It weigheth of our Money seven pence, or seven pence half penny, and was the pay of the Roman Soldiers, and the wages of a Day-labourer, Matth. 20.9.  
The Athenian Drachma (the pay of their Soldiers) by account both of Merchants and Physicians weighed alike, and was of one value  
Sestertius signifies two and a half, 
Sestertius, quasi semissis tertius, ut in lege duodecim tabularum pes sestertius, sunt pedes duo & semis Snellius De Re Nummaria. Olim edoctus sum Sestertium valere duobus assibus & semisse quando scilicet dicitur Sestertius genere masculino Sestertium autem neutro genere valere mille sestertios. Ratio est quia neviro genere subintelligitur pondo, ut in masculino nummus cum simpliciter dicitur sestertius. Sarravii Epistolae videses Vossii Etymologi con Linguae Latinae & Lips. de Pecun. Denariorum tot suut genera quot populorum, Spelmanui Glossarium.  as the vulgar note also importeth H s. or joined H. s. that is, duo & semis, two and a half, 'tis meant always of so many asses, four Sestertii are equivalent to a denarius. Sir Henry Savil on Tacitus, and Mr. Greaves of the Denarius.  
Every Sestertium was valued at seven pound sixteen shillings three pence.  
As the Sestertius according to Arruntius, was olim dupondius & semis, anciently two pounds of brass and an half; so the Sestertius pes, was two foot and an half. Mr. Greaves his Discourse of the Roman Foot.  
As the Unity in respect of Numbers, or the Sestertius in Discourses de re nummaria: So is the Denarius for weights, a fit rise or beginning, from whence the rest may be deduced. Mr. Greaves of the Denarius.  
The Drachma as Nummus, was a silver Coin in use amongst the Athenians, 
Drachma.  and so it was the measure of things vendible, as all Coins are, and as pondus, it was the measure of their gravity and weight. Mr. Greaves of the Denarius.  
Dilher in the first Tome of his Academical Disputations, reckons up eight kinds of Drachmae; See Beza Schmidius, and Dr. Hammond on Matth. 17.27.  
Gellius, Noct. Attic. lib. 1. chap. 8. saith that Demosthenes went privately unto Lais, and desired to lie with her; but she demanding 10000 drachmae of him for one night's lodging with her; he refused, saying, He would not buy Repentance at so dear a rate; This was Lais, the Daughter; for there were two of that name, the mother and 
* Sive naturalis, sive adoptiva.  daughter: both beautiful and infamous strumpets, as Palmerius ad Pausaniae Corinthiaca showeth.  
The Attic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Mina, Contained a hundred Drachmas in weight, as it is clear out of Pliny, Pollux, and others; some derive it from the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
From Maneh, in Hebrew, Mua in Greek, and Mina in Latin, for a pound, hath its name. Mr. Gataker on Esa. 65.11.  to number, the word is used Ezek. 45.12. and rendered Maneh.  
Snellius De Re Nummaria saith, it is manifest by the testimonies of Comedians, that there was a double Talon in use among the Athenians, a greater and a lesser.  
A Talon is the greatest weight which was in use, 
Attica Talentum & Mina sunt Numerus, & Collectio pecuniae, non species Nummi, Sealiger De Re Nummaria. The Talon was manifold, the Attrick Talent is much celebrated. Ainsworth.  every Talon was a twelve pounds' weight; it weighed three thousand Shekels, and every Shekel three hundred and twenty grains of Barley. An Hebrew Talon in Silver, is of our money three hundred seventy and five pounds. In Gold, four thousand five hundred pounds.  
1 Chron. 22.14. 
See Brerewood De Ponderibus Pret. Heb. etc. c. 6.  Now behold in my poverty I have prepared for the house of the Lord an hundred thousand Talents of Gold, and a thousand thousand Talents of Silver. Some compute it to be above thirty three thousand Cart-loads of silver, allowing six thousand pound sterling to every Cartload, and seventy millions of French Crowns of Gold. See Sir Walter Raleigh his History of the World, part 2. ch. 17. §. 9  
1 Kings 9.14. 
The Talon contained three hundred shekels, as may be collected from Exo. 38.25, 26. The Hebrews valued Gold at ten times the rate of Silver.  The Jews had two Talents, the one sacred, the other common. The sacred was in weight and worth, as much more as the common. The sacred in Gold was reputed to be three thousand seven hundred and fifty pound in value; the common, one thousand eight hundred seventy and five pounds sterling. Dr. Gouge in loc.  
Edward Brerewood heretofore Professor of Astronomy in Gresham-Colledge in London, hath published a learned Book, De Ponderibus & Pretiis Veterum Nummorum, eorumque cum recentioribus Collatione, which is in the Apparatus of the Polyglot Bible.  
Waserus hath written so fully and exactly of the ancien Coins of the Hebrews, Chaldees, and Syrians, that there needs not to be said more of that Argument.  
Budaeus 
* Sed de istoc & caeteris ad rem monetariam pertinentibus, Consuli malo Budaeum, Vortium, Hottomannum, Car. Moli naeum, Covarruviam, & intelligentissimu in bujus argumenti, Reinerum Budelium Ruremundanum Ictum, Electori Coloniensi, dum viveret, monetarum tam Rhenensium, quam West-falicarum praefectum: Cujus geminus exstat. liber: unus de arte cudendae monetae; alter de quaestionibus Monetariis Vossius De Physiol. Christ. l. 6. c. 36, Inter antiquos Orismius Lexoniensis Episcopus, & Caroli sexti Galldrum regis praeceptor Curiosa de re Nummaria volumine, & inter recentiores Gulielm. Budaeus libris de Ass, Joachim Camerarius de Nummismat. Graec. & Lat Demps. in Rosin. Antiq. Rom. l. 7. c. 31. Vide Plure ibid.  in his Books the Ass, or the Breviary Collected out of him, with the Annotations of Philip Melanchthon, and Joachim Camerarius, are the best for the Greek and Latin Coins.  
Antonius Augustinus a man very accurate in Coins, as appears by his Dialogues. Mr. Greaves of the Denarius.  
Marquardus Freherus, hath put forth a learned Discourse of paying tribute, where he speaks somewhat of Roman Coins. Mr. Selden De Jure Naturali ac Gentium. l. 2. c. 8. calls it Eruditissima ac gravissima De Numismate census à Pharisaeis inquestionem vocato Dissertatio.  
Mr. Greaves hath written learnedly of this subject in his discourse of the Denarius.  
The Roman Emperor's Gold, Silver, and Copper Coin, (with their Images and Inscriptions) are in the custody of that learned Knight, and my worthy Friend, Sir John Cotten, as I have heard.  
It's pity that Sir Simonds D' Eus my great friend, had not published something this way, he having spent so much time in this study, and having purchased so many several Coins of all sorts.  
There are some other Gentlemen that have a good Collection of Coins; There are Coins with Lazius, l. 3. Come. Reipub. Romanae, c. 12. whose inscription is 
* Omnium ad Remp. pertinentium suprema lex est salus populi, sive Felicitas publica. Tam in nummo Juliae Mammeae Augustae videre est formâ maetronae solio in sidentis, quae dextra gerit caduceum, sinistrâ copia cornu Inscriptio autem est Felicitas Publica. Vossius in Physiologia Christiani & Theologia Gentili. l. 10. c. 38.  Salas Publica Demps. in Rosin. Antiquit. Rom. lib. 1.  
There are two requisites (saith Dempster) that Money pass, proba materia, & vultus Imperatoris ei impressus.  
False money (saith He in Rosin Antiq. Rom. l. 7. c. 31.) was forbidden by the Roman Laws, and the Crime is called peculatus. Charles the Great had a shop in his Palace for the Coining of Money, that it might be more diligently coined.  
Camden in his Britain saith, Nicolaus Fabricius de Peiresc. of France, was very skilful in antiquities, and old medals or pieces of money.  
He saith there also that many pieces of Roman money are every 
† As in Lancashire at Lancaster, Rible, Chester, in Westmoreland at Brougham Cumberland  where found among us in the ruins of Cities and Towns subverted, in Treasure-Coffers, or vaults hidden in that age, as also in Funeral-pots and Pitchers.  
About thirty five years since, 
One that writes the History of England, saith of the Britain's. Some of their Money was in Brass, other in Iron Rings; one especial sort, had the Figure of a shield Embossed, and on that side a certain Image the Device was within.  not far from Dunstable many pieces of silver were taken up, which the plough had thrown upon the edge of the Furrough: Being examined, they were found to be silver with the impression of Caesar on them. Mr. Selden much valued them for their Antiquity, some of them having been stamped (as he said) above nine hundred, and some a thousand years. Mr. Peachams Worth of a Penny.  
I have been informed, that some Medals have been digged up at Shawell in Leicester-shire, the Town where I was born and also at Braunston.  
It is a great question, saith Georgius Agricola, whether pure or mixed money be more profitable for Countries and States.  
Peacham in his Complete Gentleman, 
Terry in his Voyage to the East-Indies, saith that the Spanish Royal is the purest money of Europe. There is Pezzi di Quatro which is equal to four Reals, there are also pieces of two Reals, one Real, and half a Real.  c. 19 of Travels, saith, the Spanish Coins are the best of Europe.  
Howell in his Dodonars Grove, or Vocal Forest, part 2. Walk 4. p. 44. saith, Druina (by which I suppose he means England) is renowned abroad to have her King's Face and Arms drawn in the purest sort of Minerals, and the generally best currant Coins in the world.  
Queen Elizabeth caused all such base moneys as were Coined by any of her Predecessors, 
Dr heylin's Ecclesia Restauratu. p. 135.  to be reduced to a lesser value, and to be brought into her Majesty's Mint, for which she gave them money of the purest silver, such as passed commonly by the name of Easterling or Sterling money, 
Esterlingus & Sterlingus apad Matthaum Parisium, atque alios, praecipue Anglicanos scriptores legas. Nec tamen eo rejiciendum, quando hoc nihilo deterius est quam vulgata, illa vocabula, daleri, ducati, floreni, ac similia. Nam peouniae novitas nova exigebat vocabula. Notat ea vox Anglis denarium vox Sterling est ex eo inqu it Watsius quia stellae figura in ea compareret, Vossius de Vitiis Sermonis l. 2. c. 5,  since which time, no base money hath been Coined in England, but only of pure Gold and Silver, to pass for current in the same; save that of late times, in relation to the Necessity of poor people, a permission hath been given to the Coining of Farthings, which no man can be forced to accept in satisfaction of a Rent or Debt.  
In all other States of the Christian World, there are several sorts of Copper money, as current with them for public uses, as the purest metal,  
Queen Elizabeth supplied the King of Navarre in his straits, with twenty two thousand pounds of English money in Gold, (a sum of Gold Coin so great, as he professed he had never seen together before) and sent him Arms and four thousand men, under the Command of Peregrine Lord Willoughbey.  
Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth. 4th Book, Anno 1589. the 32d of her Reign.  
Starlings are used in England, Scotland and Ireland.  
That name of Sterling began in time of Hen. II. and had its original of name from some Esterling, making that kind of money, which hath its Essence in particular weight and fineness; not of the Starling Bird, as some, nor of Sterling in Scotland under Edw. 1. as others absurdly; for in Records much more ancient I have read the express name Sterlingorum. Mr. Selden on the 17th song, of Draytons' Polyolbion.  
Sterling is a proper Epithet for money currant within the Realm. 
Occurrit Esterlingus interdum simpliciter pro ipso denario, interdum ad distinguendam monetam probam a re proba, & pro numo legali ingenere. Spelmanni Glossarium vide plura ibid.  A certain pure Coin stamped first of all by the Esterlings here in England.   

cowels Interpreter.  
Esterling money, now called Sterling, not from Striveling in Scotland, nor from a Star, which some dreamt to be Coined thereon. Camden's Remains.  
That denomination came from the Germans, of their Easterly dwelling, termed by English men Esterlings, whom John, King of England first sent to reduce the silver to the due fineness and purity. Camden's Britain. in Scotland.  
There is one Thomas Hills that put out the Art of Vulgar arithmetic 1600. who hath p. 262. A Table of the names and values of the most usual Gold Coins in Christendom, and gins with our own Country Gold. He mentions the Rose Noble, or Royal, Half Rose Noble, Old Noble, Half Old Noble, George Noble, Half George Noble, Angel, Half Angel, Old Crown. K. H. Base Crown K. H. Half Crown. Sovereign of K. H. other Sou. of all sorts, Double Sovereign, Great Sovereign, Half Sovereign. Unicorn of Scotland. Scottish Crown.  
There is for 
† The English Gold being at a higher value beyond the Seas, then in our own Nation, it is a great Cause of the transportation of it, Peachams Worth of a Penny.  Gold.  
The Carolus or Piece 20 s And the Ginie Pieces, 22 s The Angel 10 & 11 s And Crown 5 s. & 5 s. 6 d. and 2 s. 9 d.  
For Silver.  
The Crown 5 s. Half Crown 2 s. 6 d. Thirteen pence half penny.  Halfpenny and quarter that and 4 d. ob. Shilling 12 d.  9 d.  6 d. Groat 4 d. Three Pence 3 d. Two Pence 2 d. Penny 
† There are so many kinds of Pence, as there are several Countries or Nations. Our English Penny is a Scottish Shilling. See more there Ibid.  1 d. Halfpenny ob.  
Here in England that which was sold about an hundred years ago for ten Groats, which then weighed and ounce, now since the discovery of the Indies, can hardly be bought for ten shillings of our current Money, or two ounces of the same goodness and weight.  
Sir Henry Savill on a Place in Polybius.  
In the Low-Countries and Germany, the usual Coins in Gold are ducats, and double ducats, the ducats are called Hungars at Venice, and are worth nine shillings English.  
In the Low-Countries the usual silver pieces are Ducatoons equal to ten Dutch shillings, or sixty stivers; Paracoons equal forty eight stivers, or eight Dutch shillings; Shillings equal to six stivers. But the State's money is a little under this value, stiver, in brass, the fourth part of stivers pieces.  
In Germany the most Common pieces in silver are Dollars, Copsticks, and half Copsticks, equal just to our shillings and six-pences, 
Tafiletta the great Emperor of Barbary, allows to every Horseman sixteen Dollars a Month, and to every Footman eight, so that his men are not chargeable to the Country. Relation of some part of his life.  and there is abundance of our shillings and sixpences which pass under that name.  
This word Copstick comes from Caput, as the Italian Teston from Testa. Kreutzers, so called from the Mark of the Cross. Weiss-penny equal to two Kreutzers. Grass equal to three Kreutzers; ten Weiss-pennies are equal to five Copsticks, Guilders equal to three Copsticks, and half Guilders, a Weiss-penny a White Penny in Dutch, these lesser pieces are of a mixed metal.  
The Germane Dollars furnished all the Mints of Europe, 
The Germane silver Dollar, called Rix Dollar, in England is worth 4 s.— 6 d. or as some say 4 s.— 8 d.  before the Mines of Mexico and Potosi were discovered in America.  
There were the Latin, Attic, and Greek pounds.  
Libra. Numaria or pound, 
Spelmanni Glossarium, See Ezra 2.69  took its name from the weight, because it weighed in times past a Trojane pound, that is, twelve Ounces. Thence the Saxon pounded, and the English pound.  
The pound sterling in Britain (saith Angelo Crator De Monetis c. 1.) is esteemed ten Brabantine Florenes, or four Spanish Dollars.  
In Spain for Gold 
† The Spanish Pistol, is about seven pence better than the Italian, The value of Money in Spain is very often varied according to the wills and Interests of the Princes.  Pistols, and half Pistols, and double Pistols. In Silver, the common pieces there, are a piece of eight, a half piece of eight, a quarter piece of eight, a half quarter piece of eight, and a piece that is but a sixteenth part of a piece of the Royal eight.  
In France for Gold, the common pieces are the Lewis, equal (not many years since) to eleven Livers, the half Lewis half so much. The Escud ' or now about six Livers,. For Silver the Escue equal to three Livers, the thirty, fifteen, and five Sous pieces. The Quart D'Escu (because the fourth part of the Escud ' or) equal to one Liver. Mixed metal, the sauce and the sauce Marque. For Brass the Denier and the Lyard eequal to two Deniers, at first stamped for three Deniers.  
Johnson adviseth Travellers if they carry over money with them, that it be in double Pistolets or French Crowns of weight, by these (saith he) He is sure to sustain loss in no place, and in Italy to gain above twelve pence in the pound.  
Bizantines' or Bezants, 
Constantinopolis primum Bizantium dicta formam antiqui vocabuli praeferunt Imporatorii Nummi Bizantini Vocati. Spelmanni Glossarium. Vide Cotgrave Dictionar. Gallico. Anglic, verb Besant.  as coined at Constantinople, sometimes called Byzantium, and not at Besanson in Burgundy, plates of Gold are called Bezantes; and in the Court of England where a great piece of Gold valued at fifteen pound, which the King offereth upon high Festival days is yet called a Bizantine, which anciently was a piece of Gold Coined by the Emperors of Constantinople, Camden's Remains of money; in his Britannia in Middlesex, He speaks of Bizantines of Silver valued at two shillings anciently.  
Lar is a Coin much used in the East, both in Persia and the East-Indies. There is one of them to be seen within the Gallery above the public Library in Oxford  
The Asper in Turkey is worth a Penny, 
Turkish Asper.  and often mentioned, one of which I have seen.  
In Italy at Venice, for Gold there is the Chequeen equal to seventeen Livers, the Ducat for silver, a Scudo which by a Bando, anno 1663. was rated at nine Livers six Sous, one half, one quarter, and the eighth part of a Scudo, a Ducaton.  
For brass Soldo, and half Soldo, and Soldino, also a Denier. Genoa, for Gold, double Pistols, Pistols. The Pistol is called Doppio or Dobla, the double Pistol Doblone.  
The silver pieces there are a Croison or Scudo.  
For Brass D' otto pieces equal to eight Deniers, de Quatro equal to four Deniers and the Deniers.  
At Florence for silver, the Scudo equal to ten Julios, the Teston equal to three Julios (so called from having a Head upon it which is in Italian Testa) Julios, half Julios, and Quarto Julio pieces, the Grats equal to five Quatrins.  
In Brass the Quatrin equal to the third part of a Soldo.  
In the Pope's Territories, in silver a Scudo equal to ten Julios, a Teston, Julio, half a Julio and a quarter of a Julio,  
At Banonia Bajocks, 
* The Pope who hath six and twenty thousand Crowns a day to spend; on the day of his Coronation scattereth among the people Baiocchi, and Bagatini, half pence and farthings: saying with St. Peter Act. 3.6. Silver and Gold I have none, but such as I have I give thee. Peter Du Moulius Confutat. of Lurgat. ch. 5.  and two Bajocks pieces of a mixed metal.  
Naples, in silver, Carolines equal to ●ulios, but not altogether so good, two Caroline pieces.  
In Brass Granos, Publicas equal to one and a half of a Grano.  
There are pieces of Gold called Florentini, or Floreni florence, because first coined in the City of Florence, and having the shape of the flower of the Lily in one side, and of John Baptist in the other, it is called in Italian, Florino. Vossius de Vitiis Sermonis, l 3. c. 12. saith, that the French had also in times past its Florene, thence called Franc saith he, A Franc is one shilling six pence in England, so is a Livre saith he, and the English also of the best Gold, thence called 
† Auri Nummis apud Anglos gews ante nostram memoriam Exoletum. Spelmanni Glossarium.  Noble.  
There were also the Rhenish florence first coined by the four Electors at Rhine, that of Mentz, Trevers, Colen, and the Palatine, after used by others, something inferior to those first.  
The pieces of Gold called Ducats were first coined by the Venetians and those of Genoa.  
There are (saith Georgius Agricola) the Hungarian, Venetian, 
The Polomans' Gold Ducats are of the same value with the Hungarian.  Spanish and Turkish Ducats.  
Artiabalipa King of Peru paid for his ransom ten millions three hundred twenty six thousand Ducats in Gold. Du miroir des Francois Liure premier.  
The Turkish Sultany is of the same Standard, firmness, and value, with the Hungarian Ducat.  
The Venetian Chequeen, in England 9 s. 6 d. the Barbary Ducat, the Egyptian and Turkish Erif, are almost all of the same pureness in respect of the Gold, 
MGreaves of the Denarius.  and not differing above a grain in the weight.  
The old Denarius, 
The Giulii or Pauli are two names of the same price, from two Popes.  Drachma Dutch. shilling, Spanish Real Roman Julios or Paulos, are near of an equal value; The French Escu or silver Crown, the Spanish Piice of eight, the Germane Dollar, the Low-Dutch Patacon are of an equal value.  
Mr. Broughton saith, he asked a simple Mariner which had been in the West-Indies, what they called Gold there, he said Cethem, just the Scripture term.  
Broughtons' Epistle to the Require or Consent to the grounds of Divinity studies.  
Their currant money in the West-Indies is of the fruits of certain trees like our Almonds, which they call Cachoas. Pet. Mart. first Decade, ch. 4.  
The Coins of the West-Indies are Wampon Peague, (the sixth part of a penny with us) which goes by number, and Ronokco which goes by weight.  
In the East-Indies the Rupihes of Ropees of divers values and Mah Mudies.  
They have in the West-Indies also a Golden Coin which they call a Castellan, it exceedeth the Ducaet, it is commonly a third part called Pesus  
The Coin or Bullion brought to the East-Indies from any place, is presently melted and refined, and the Moguls stamp (which is his Name and Titles in Persian Characters) put upon it. The Coin there is more pure than in any other part of the world, being made of pure silver, without any Alloy.  
Sir Thomas Roes Voyage into the East-Indies.  
Madines' are the small silver Money currant in Egypt. 
The Arabic useth to express the least piece of money that is by Phals, for two Mites, Mark 12.42. They read Phalsam.   
Mr. Greaves in his Denarius, saith at his being in Egypt, five Madines' passed for a Dollar: Sands in his Travels saith forty.  
Most Countries (saith Mr. Greaves) use the same weights for Silks, Gold and Silver.  
The Persians loved shooting so well, 
Pliny l. 7. c. 5. writeth that Perses the son of Persius, of whom the Persians had their Surname, Should be the first deviser of Shafts. Yet the Scripture, (which is ancienter than any kind of learning) mentions Archers. Gen. 21.20. 1 Sam. 31.3. 2 Chron. 35.23.  that they set an Archer on the reverse of their Coin of Gold, which was of great value. The King of Persia being offended at Agesilaus, gave the Athenians ten thousand pieces of this great Coin of Gold of theirs, and so corrupted them; which thing when Agesilaus understood, he said merrily, but yet truly, That he was driven away with ten thousand Bowmen, (meaning the●r Coin of Gold with an Archer on it) and how should he a poor man be able to withstand so many Archers. See Plutarch in Agesilaus.  
The Muscovites have but one kind of money which they call Copeca, fifty of which make a Crown, 'tis of Silver of an Oval figure, and so small, that the value of two Crowns will searce bear the bulk of four pence in French Deniers; that which they call Muscofske is the fourth part of a Copeca, Poluske is the half, an Alim is three pence, a Grifna is ten, a Rouble a hundred, but these are not to be had of one piece.  
Relation of three Embassies by the Earl of Carlisle, p. 68  
Many Coins resemble the Dragon with the title of Health. This most vigilant Creature is a Type of Aesculapius. Vigilance is necessary for a Physician.  
It were worthy the inquiry of some studious persons, how the custom came up of dividing money into pounds, shillings and pence, which is used in most places of Europe. A Liver or pound, say some, is every where equal to twenty solidi, soldi sous or shillings, a shilling is equal to twelve of the modern Denarii or pence, but the value of the Livers is very different in France. a Liver is about 1 s. 6 d. English, in Flanders a Liver is equal to 11 s. 3 d. English; in Venice a Liver is about seven pence half penny, at Genoa a Liver is about one shilling English, at Turin a Liver is about one shilling three pence, at Ligorn a Liver is 9 d. at Milan a Liver is 10 d. in the Pope's Country a Liver is 13 d. at Naples 12 d. in the Pope's Territories in Catalonia a Liver is about 3 s. 6 d. in Valentia a Liver is about 5 s. in Castille and Granada not long since, a Liver was 2 s. 6 d. in Scotland a pound is equal to 1 s. 8 d.    

A Diatribe OF MEASURING OF THE DISTANCE Betwixt PLACE and PLACE.  
Printed in the Year, MDCLXXI.   

A DIATRIBE OF MEASURING, etc.  
GEometry is an Art of Measuring well.  
The several 
† Dr. Wilkins his Essay toward a Real character pars 2. ch. 7.  Nations of the World do not more differ in their Languages, then in the various kinds and proportions of their Measures.  
That the Foot was the most received and usual measure amongst the Romans, 
Mensurant Talmudici, aliquando per Milliaria aliquando per Parsas, aliquando per Dietas. Vnam quamque harum Comperies apud eos frequent issime. D. Ligh●●. Decas Chorographica. c. 8.  as the Cubit amongst the Jews, is a thing not controverted by any. Mr. Greaves of the Roman Foot. As the Denarius contained sixteen Asses, so the Foot contained sixteen Digitos.  
The Roman Milliare contains Mille p●ssus as the very name imports, 
Quem admodum Persae Paras●ngis, Aegypt●i Schenis, Galli Leucis, ita Latini Millibus Passuum Lapidum mensuras designaverunt, Suritae Prefat. ad Comment in Antom August. Itin.  and every passus consists also of five Feet, as Columelia and Isidorus expressly tell us. Mr. Greaves of the Roman Foot.  
The Sun according to the Mathematical Computation, every hour, and that in respect of the Earth only, by this course absolves two hundred twenty and five miles, in the day and night, and in respect of the earth, it runs over five thousand four hundred miles. How great then will its course be in respect of its Orb.  
The Philosophers are of opinion that the Earth, together with the Sea, 
Totius globi terreni ambitus est milliarium Germanicorum Communium 5400. Keck. System. Geog. lib. 1. ch. 4.  do contain in compass or circuit six thousand three hundred Dutch miles.  
The Romans used to Measure out the distance betwixt one place and another, 
A Mille est Milliare ac Milliarium, mille passuum spatium. Vossii Etymologicon Linguae Latinae. Notissimum lapides veteribus dictos pro Milliaribus, quae singula singulis lapidibus denotabantur, Barth. ad Rutil. l. 2, Animadvers.  by thousands of Paces, which they call Milliaria, Miles; and whereas there was placed at each Miles end, a stone, or pillar, the word Lapis came to be used to signify a Mile, as ad Decimum lapidem positaurbs, a City ten Miles off.  
Ad Lapidem Torquatus habet praetoria quartum, Mart. Epig. l. 10. Epig. 79.  
Whence grew also the usual Phrase, Ad tertium quartum quintum ab urbe lapidem, for three, four or five miles from the City.  
Sir Henry Savill in his notes on the first Book of Tacitus his History, where he also observes; that as there were milliaria laepidea, Little pillars of stone erected by order from C. Gracchus at the end of every mile; so there was Milliarium aureum, a Golden pillar set up by Augustus; so called because from thence began the account of Miles.  
There are still in the Appian way several Columnae or Lapides Milliarii, standing, 
Columna quaedam in Capite Romani Fori, in quam omnes Italiae viae terminabantur. Salmuth in Pancirolli Nova Reperta Tit. 16. The Columna Milliaria, from which they began to measure, is still in the Court before the Capitol at Rome.  whereby the Romans divided and distinguished their Miles, which occasioned those phrases, ad primum, ad quartum, ad centesimum lapidem.  
Mr. Greaves, Among the divers Measures which Geographers use to show the dimension of the Earth, 
Intervalla locorum certis signis distinguere publico quasi gentium Consensu receptum est:  puta in Italia Millibus Passuum in Graecia Stadiis; in Perside Parasangis, quod nomen hodie ineagente remanet, in Syria Schaenis in Gallia & Hispania Leucis, quod ad huc retinetur: in Germania Rustis, ut est apud Hieronymum. Scaligs De Emendat Temp. l. 5.  the most usual are these.  
First, A Geometrical pace which is five feet.  
Secondly, A Furlong which is 125 paces, or 625 feet.  
Thirdly, A Mile which is eight furlongs, or a thousand paces.  
Fourthly, A League which is 2 Miles in the quantity of Measures, we go from a Barley Corn to a Finger breadth, from a Finger breadth to an inch; from an inch to a hand breadth; from an hand breadth to a span; from a span to a foot; from a foot to a pace, and so forth to a perch, a furlong, a leque, a mile.  
Keckerman in his Systeme of Geography. l. 1. c. 4. saith, the general instruments of measure are either lesser, a Barley Corn, a Finger, a Palm, a Foot; or greater, a Pace, a Furlong, a Mile. He saith, the Pace is either simple two Feet and a half, or Geometrical, five Feet.  
The Sabbath-days journey, Acts 1.12. was the space of two thousand paces, that is, half a Germane mile. Victorinus Strigelius in loc.  
There are Mensurae applicationis, as a span, a cubit, a yard.  
Et mensurae Capacitatis, either of things liquid, a Pint, Quart, Pottle, Gallon, Firkin, Barrel, Hogshead, Pipe, Tun, or things dry; a Peck, Bushel, Quarters.  
The Greeks did meet out the distances of places by Stadia 
† Stadium apud Romanos DCXXV. pedes Romanos facit, apud Graecos DC. pedes Graecos. DC. pedes Graecos. Dilh. Disputat. Academic. Tomus 1. Stadium quod Latine Curriculum dicitur, locus erat, in quo homines & equi cursi, tabant, & aethletae certabant, à station, quod Hercules eo spatio uno spiritu confecto constitisset Onuphrius Panvinus De Ludio Cirensibus. l. 2. c, 1.  or Furlongs; one Stadium doth contain 125 paces; hence eight Stadia make one Roman mile, that is, one thousand paces. Mr. Greaves saith seven Greek Stadia and a half, make a Roman mile.  
Furlong 
* Sulcum nostri dicunt agricolae id quod uno progressu arat rum describit antequam regreditur. Spelmanni Glossarium  quasi.. a Furrow long, a Furrow, hoc est quod longitudinem sulci determinatur, a 125 paces.  
An Acre mentioned, 1 Sam. 14.14. and Esa. 1.10. Jugerum est quantum jugum bonum uno die potest ex arare. Peter Martyr in 1 Sam. 14. An Acre is so much land, as a couple of Oxen are able to Blow in one day. Among the Romans, it was esteemed to be 240 Foot in length, and a 120 in breadth. See Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 18. c. 3.  
The Persians made use of their kind of measure called Parasanga, 
Est vox Parasangae Persica, ac socero meo Fr. Junio in Elogio Linguae Hebraeae videtur corrupta ex Parasch, ho est, Eques, & Aggarus, hot est, tabellio. Quia nempe sic vocaretur intervallum inter duo loca, loca, quibus equum mutaret tabellio. Vossi Etymologicon Linguae Latinae.  and by them at this day Farsach, whereof each did contain 30 Stadia, 4 miles, saith L'Empereur in his Notes on Benjamins' Itinerary.  
See of it in Mr. Greaves his Epistle to Mr. Selden before his Discourse of the Roman Foot and Denarius. Musladinus Sadus calls them Farseng, the Arabians Fersach, and the Latins Parasanga. Gentius; Whence the Latins use that Phrase, Multis parasangis superare.  
Among the Greeks and Romans for measuring, the Perch was in use, as in these times in Europe, among the Egyptians, Arabians and Persians, the Parasanga and Schoenus, Among the Hebrews the Kane or Reed, Angelo Crator.  
Now a days the name of Mile is most used by the Italians, Germans, Danes, Norweigians, Sweeds, English, Scots.  
Keckerman in the book and chapter before quoted, saith, a mile is either proper, containing a 1000 paces, which being always used in Italy, is called Italian, or improper, either a league or a Germane mile: A league (saith he) is either old, that is, a proper mile and a half, or new, (which they call a French mile) two proper miles. Four Germane mile is either common 4000 paces, or great, 5 thousand paces.  
The Spaniards and French met out their distance of places by Leagues, 
Leuca perperam, ut puta, vulgo nuncupatur, Cum Leuva sit genuinum nomen, quod Cursum & destimatum certum spatium Cursus de notat Barthi. Ad Rutil l. 2. Animadvers vide Spelmanni Glossarium. Leuca recentioris mensurae nomen Massaeus. Hist. Ind. lib. 1.  Leucae or Leugae, which are of a different length, as the miles in other Nations, Peter Martyr in his Decades saith, a league contains four miles by Sea, and but three by Land. From Spain to Hispaniola is a 1200 leagues.  
The Russians or Muscovites reckon their distances of places by a certain space which they in their native tongue call Vorest.  
Purchas in his Pilgrims speaks of the Cousin among the Chinois and East-Indians. The Course or Cousin, saith he, is a mile and a half, sometimes two miles; most English Mathematicians accord with the Italians, and reckon 60 miles to a degree. The Gothick and Sweedish mile is 5 or 6 Italian miles, sometimes 8. The Common English 
* An English mile containeth 5280 foot.  mile makes one and a half Italian; Villamont saith, that a French league contains two Italian miles.  
The common Germane mile being for the most part in plain makes more than 3 English or 5 Italian miles; but in some places the solitude and the ascent of mountains make the miles of Germany seem much longer; one  mile and a half makes a mile of Switzerland. The miles of Switzerland being over continual mountains are so long, as the passengers distinguish their Journey more by the spaces of hours, then by the distances or numbers of miles. The miles of Bohemia and Moravia are no less tedious, and though the length of the Swissers and Bohemian miles may in part be attributed to the climbing of the mountains and bad way, yet no such reason can be given for the miles of Moravia, which country is either a plane, or full of little pleasant Hills, and the ways fair, and the Country well inhabited.  
The Low-Country miles are of a middle length between the Germane and French miles, among which the miles of Holland and Freezeland are longer than the rest.  
The mile of Denmark is somewhat longer than 3 English miles, and answereth to the common Germane mile.  
The miles of Poland generally are like the miles of Denmark.  
The Turks at this day have no distinction of their ways by miles, nor days by hours. 
Massaus Hist. Ind. l. 6. Cubitus dictus plerisque videtur à cubando. Vossii Etymologicon Linguae Latinae. Jos. 3.4. John 21.8.   
Ychan is a kind of measure among those of China, the journey of one day.  
A Cubit is the length of a man's arm from his Elbow to the top of his middle finger, it contains six hand breadths, or a foot and an half.  
It was the most common measure in dimensions of length, breadth, height and depth among the Jews, Gen. 6.15. Exod. 25.10.  
Some say the Cubits were of 2 sorts, 
Plerique tam Ebraeorum, quàm nostrorum qui eos sequuntur, duplicem in illo populo fuisse mensuram velunt ejusdem nominis, unam communem, quae minor fuerit; alteram sacram, quae major: Itaque Communem Cubitum fuisse quinque palmorum, sacrum autem Sex. Rivetus in Exod. 25.10. Vide plura ibid.  the Civil or common Cubit, consisting of one foot and an half six hand breadths, 24 finger breadths, and eighteen thumb breadths; and the sacred or holy Cubit, that consisted of an hand breadth, or 4 fingers more than that other, Ezek. 40.5. and 43.13, Vide L'Empereur praefat. ad Cod. Middoth.  
Mr. Ley on Gen. 5.15. mentions 3 sorts of Cubits.  
1. The Common Cubit containing 5 palms of 4 fingers breadth.  
2. The Cubit of the Sanctuary one palm more, Ezek. 40.5.  
3. The Geometrical Cubit, 6 times as great as the common Cubit. See him on Gen, 20.16. and on Deut. 3.11. and Dutch Annotat. on Gen. 6.15.  
Epephanus hath written De Mensuris. And Casper Wolphius hath put out an Alphabetital Enumeration of the famous men, who have written of the doctrine of weights and measures.  
FINIS.