LICENCED, March 7. 1677/ 8.  
R. L'Estrange.   

THE MILITARY DUTIES OF THE Officers of Cavalry, Containing the way of exercising the HORSE, According to the practice of this present time. The Motions of Horse, the Functions of the several Officers, from the chief Captain, to the Brigadeer.  
Written Originally in French, by the Sieur De la Fontain, Engineer in Ordinary to the most Christian King.  
And Translated for the use of those who are desirous to be informed of the Art of War, as it is practised in France.  
By A. L.  
LONDON, Printed for Robert Harford, at the Sign of the Angel in Cornhill near the Royal Exchange, 1678.   

To the Right Honourable James Earl of Northampton, Baron Compton of Compton, Constable of the Tower of London, and one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy-Council.  
My Lord,  
WHen I was told that this Book, as being useful to the public, deserved to come abroad under such Auspexes as might not only render it more acceptable, but likewise of greater credit and reputation; I found myself directed by the voice of fame, the only means by which I have the honour to know your Lordship, to beg your Honour's countenance and approbation to this Translation.  
No man can be so young, my Lord, or so great a stranger to late Transactions, as not to know, that the Loyal Family of Northampton, has had as great skill in the Conduct, as faithfulness and authority in the direction of the affairs of War; and that your Lordship in particular, though you could claim no advantage by the right of Inheritance and succession, yet by the experience of your own industrious labours might justly challenge a Prerogative to instruct, and outdo the original in the subject that is handled in this Treatise, and by as good (if not much better) rules of this kind, make it Nefas ab hoste doceri, did the assiduities of your great employments give your Lordship the leisure: yet seeing the design of this Book is to inform the curious of the French Nation, of the method of War that is at present observed amongst them, especially in relation to the Horse; and that it cannot be unprofitable for the English to know more than perhaps as yet they know, of the difference that is to be found between both Nations; I am bold to believe, your Honour will favour these few Sheets with a perusal, that by the Character they may receive from your Lordships Teste, as by an infallible Touchstone, they may carry that signature which ought to decide their public fate, and render them either fortunate or unhappy with the Reader.  
I have no less confidence, my Lord, that the Book cannot be thought guilty of the presumption of the Translator, seeing it presents your Lordship with a subject suited to your dignity, and grateful to your genius; and that he can plead no other excuse for his boldness, but the fame of your goodness and heroical Virtues: Nevertheless, as all who have had the honour to appear before your Lordship, depart with no less satisfaction, than those who had the happiness to stand before that great Emperor who was reputed the delight of mankind, and who is Celebrated by that Princely Elegy (nemo ex conspectu ejus tristis discessit;) so he flatters himself with hopes that though he dares not presume to any worth that may make him known to your Lordship, yet your honour will pardon his ambition in making himself known to the World by the title of  
Right Honourable, Your Lordship's Most humble, and obedient Servant, A. lovel.   

THE CONTENTS.  

CHAP. I.  
OF the division of the Troops of Horse. page 1.  
Of the Officers of the Gend'arms. p. 2.  
Of the Officers of the light Horse of Ordinance. p. 3.  
Of particular Officers. Ib.  
How many sorts of Horsemen are in the Cavalry. p. 4.  
Of the exercise of Horse. Ib.  
How a Squadron is to be form. Ib.  
How to close the Files. p. 6.  
To close the ranks. Ib.  
To double the ranks and reduce them. p. 7.  
Of Counter-marches. p. 9  
How conversion is to be performed. Ib.  
Of wheeling by Caracol. Ib.  
Of the Volte-face, or facing about. p. 10.  
How Horse are to fire. p. 13.  
How to fight in a retreat. p. 14.   

CHAP. II.  
How Horse are to fight against Horse. p. 16.  
How Horse are to fight against Foot. p. 17.  
How Foot are to fight against Foot. p. 19  
How Squadrons are to be detached and form at the same time. p. 20.  
How Squadrons are to be form. Ib.  
A regulation made by the late King Lewis XIII. concerning the disputes that arose among the Officers of the Army in the year 1633. p. 22.  
How Foot are to fight against Horse. p. 27.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the duties of the Officers of Horse; and in the first place of the Captain. p. 30.  
Of the principal duties of a Lieutenant. p. 31.  
Of a march. p. 32.  
Of the guard of a Camp. p. 34.  
Of the duties of the Cornet. Ib.  
Of the Quartermaster. p. 36.  
Of the duty of Brigadeer. p. 43.   

CHAP. IU.  
Of the guard of a Camp, or Quarter. p. 44.  
Cautions that are to be taken in forcing of a Quarter. p. 55.  
Of the duties of the Horse in a frontier place. p. 64.  
Of the duty of a Captain, being in Garrison in a Frontier Town, during the Campagn. p. 67.   

CHAP. V.  
Of the Charge of a Sergeant Major. p. 79.   

CHAP. VI  
Of the March of an Army. p. 99  
Of a Council of War. p. 107.  
Of cautions to be taken before an Army be drawn into the Fields. p. 112.  
Of the march of an Army in a close and covered Country. p. 119.  
How an Army made up of Horse and Foot, is to be encamped. p. 123.  
Of the continuance of a Siege. p. 128.  
Of the ravage that is made about places which are intended to be Besieged. p. 129.  
Of the encamping of Horse. p. 135.  
Of the way of making the lines of Circumvallation and Contravallation. p. 137.  
How Attacks and Trenches are to be determined and ordered. p. 139.  
Of the carrying on of Trenches. p. 141.    

THE Military Duties OF The Officers of HORSE.  

CHAP. I. The Division of the Troops of HORSE.  
THere are two sorts of Cavalry, (viz.) lafoy cavalry d'Ordonance, the Cavalry of Ordinance, and the light-Horse; there are besides, the Troops of the Gen'd'armes, and the light-Horse of Ordinance, which two make a Body apart, and are independent of the Colonel of the Cavalry, and of all other Commanders, except the Generals: They march in the body of the Army, and Encamp always in the King's Quarters, whom they have for Captain and are exempted from the Guards of Fatigue. The Cavalry are again divided into two kinds, (viz.) into the French light-Horse, and the light-horse, who are, or pass for strangers. There are five kinds of Officers in the French Cavalry, (viz.) the Colonel of the Cavalry, the Master de Camp of the Cavalry, the Commissary General, in their absence the Commander of the Horse, and the Marshal of Horse.  
The Officers of the Light-Horse, who are, or pass for strangers, are Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, the first Captains, who are commonly Majors, Lieutenants, Cornets, and Quarter-masters.  

The Officers of the Gend'armes  
Are Lieutenants of the Gend'armes, and Sublieutenants in the Kings Gend'armes, Ensigns, Guidons, Quartermasters, first and second Brigadeer. They never fight but with the General, and are not sent out on parties; I mean they are not employed to beat the road.   

The Officers of the Light-horse of Ordinance  
Are Lieutenants, Cornets, Quartermasters, first and second Brigadeer.   

The particular Officers  
Are the Master de Camp, the first Captain commanding the Regiment, the Captains, the Master de Camp's Lieutenant, Major, the Lieutenant, Cornets, the Aid-major, Quarter-Masters, first and second Cavalier or Trooper.  
We have besides in our Cavalry the King's Musketeers, who attend his Majesty when they are commanded.  
In the Cavalry than we may observe six sorts of Horsemen.  

1. To wit, the Kings Gend'armes.  
2. The Guards du Corpse.  
3. The Light-Horse of the Kings Guard.  
4. The King's Musketeers.  
5. The Cuirasseers.  
6. The Dragoons.   
When two, three, or more Troopers (as necessities require) are sent out to scout on the avenues, or to any place to discover the Enemy, they are called the Vedette, as in Foot the Sentinel.   

Of the Exercise of Horse.  
It is certain the Horse may perform the same motions as the Foot do, whether it be by Caracols, or by facing about, and other words of Command, which shall be showed hereafter.   

How a Squadron is to be form.  
Double the Cavalry on the left Wing by three Ranks successively, which is the usual depth of Squadrons; and when they draw off to march, they are to file off by files, beginning at the right Wing; or otherways the Squadron being form, they are to begin to march by one of the wings without breaking the Squadron, and by Caracol the Squadron will be form.  
The Horse fight in a large Front, three, and sometimes four in depth, according as the Army is strong in Cavalry, and sometime five or six deep, etc. and that is it which we call a Squadron.  
The Horse march commonly Troop by Troop, according to their Regiment, and every Troop marches in two files; if they march in body of a squadron they make a large Front, and have their depth as is beforesaid.  
Two Troops are sometimes squadroned together, the one marching on the rear of the other, and sometimes both a breast; they are each of them to march in one file, and the first has the right, and the other the left hand; but before the Command be given, they must dress their files and ranks, (that is, straighten their files and even their ranks) as hath been showed in the Exercise of the Foot.  

To close the Files.  
The right wing file stand.  
Close your files to the right.  
To the left as ye were.  
The left wing file stand.  
To the left by files close the squadron.  
To the right as ye were.  
The right and left-wing file stand.  
By half ranks close your files to the right and ●●ft.  
The Command may be given thus,  
Cleave the Squadron by closing your files.  
All these Motions are performed in Marching.   

To close the Ranks.  
File leaders stand.  
By ranks close the squadron to the front.  
On the front as ye were.  
Or thus,  
Open your ranks on the front to your first distances.   

To double the Ranks.  
By half files to the right double your ranks to the front.  
File-leaders advance your ranks.  
Half files take your ground.  
The same Command is made to the left.  
The first half-file stand.  
By half-file leader on the left wing double your ranks to the front.   

To reduce them again, the Command must be given.  
Right-wing half-rank advance your ranks.  
Half file-leaders take your ground.  
The first half-file stand.  
By half file-leaders on the right and left wings, double your ranks to the front caracolling to the right and left  
The last half-file stand.  
The first half file by Caracol to the right and left on the wings, double your ranks to the rear.  
By half-file leader in the centre double your ranks to the front.  
At this word of Command the first half file must open the half rank to the right and left.  
The first half file by caracol to the right and left double your ranks to the rear.  
To the front as ye were.  
For obeying of this word of Command, the last half file must open the half rank to the right and left.  
It is to be observed, that the Horse turn neither to the right nor left about, to reduce themselves as they were, nor to close their ranks to the rear.   battle scene with two infantries 
A Fight of Foot against Foot.    

Of Counter-marches.  
Here the Command is to be given, is it is done to the Foot, but it is most necessary for Cavalry, to gain ground on the front.   

How Conversion is to be performed.  
Before we speak of Conversions, we must distinguish between wheeling by conversion, and wheeling by caracol; wheeling by conversion is performed by the front of the squadron, so that it is the rank and not the file which makes the motion.   

Of wheeling by Caracol.  
Wheeling by Caracol is made by ●he depth of the squadron, and it is the file that makes the motion by Passades, which is a serpentine moving on a ground some this, and some tha● way.   

Of the volte-face, or facing about.  
To face about, one must turn to the right or left about, as shall appear by the following words of Command.  
The motions of Conversion and Caracol are performed by wheeling, making a circle, or part of one; so that the only difference between them is that wheeling by Conversion is made by the front of the squadron, and the Caracol by the depth or flank of it, as may be seen by the following Commands.  

The words of Command.  
Mind me; to the right by conversion.  
At this word of command the right leg is to be closed to the Horse, and the knee to touch the right hand man's.  
The same command is made to the ●ft; thus,  

Close the left wing.  
Close the left leg.    

Words of Command.  
By half ranks and by conversion divide the squadron into two Troops.  
And to reduce the squadron, this word of command is to be given.  
Mind me; by Conversion the squadron into one Troop.  
Or otherways thus:  
Mind me; the left wing advance by conversion.   

The words of Command for wheeling by Caracol.  
Mind me; the right wing to the left by Caracol, face about to the rear.  
The Caracol may be performed by half ranks; but it is to be observed, that they who command the half rank, make use of the word of command .   

The word of Command.  
By quarter-ranks and by Caracol, divide the squadron into four Troops.   

To reduce them again.  
Quarter Ranks mind me; the squadron into one Troop.   

To Command the Volte-face, or to face about.  
To the right about is taken for facing about, as in the subsequent words of Command.   

The words of Command.  
Face about to the right.  
Face to the right.  
By conversion face about to the right.  
By caracol face about to the right.  
By half file face about to the right and left.   

To draw up in hay.  
By half ranks to the right and left, draw up in hay to the front.   

To reduce them again.  
By Caracol to the right and left as ye were.  
By half rank and by Caracol to the right and left draw up in hay to the rear.  
To the front as we were.  
By half rank to the right and left, draw up in hay.  
By Caracol to the right and left, as ye were.  
By Caracol to the right, draw up in hay.  
By Caracol to the left, as we were.    

How Horse are to fire.  
Horse must fire by ranks and by files, and are to detach by Caracol, gaining the hand if possibly they can; that is to say, using their endeavours to have the enemy on the right hand.  
They should detach at a trot, than put on to a gallop, and having discharged return to their bringers up.  
It is to be observed likewise, that they should detach by the right wing, wheeling by Caracol to the left, and by that means they will have the Enemy on the right hand. The rank may fire by the front, and draw off by caracolling to the right and left. They may be made to fire by ranks by conversion, and always fall back to the bringers up of the squadron.  
Horse may fire by files, but in that case, the squadron ought to be six or eight in depth, making the right wing-file detach by caracolling to the left, and having discharged, fall back again by the same order to the place from whence they advanced: So that Horse may fire in the same manner as Foot.   

How to fight in a retreat.  
To fight in a retreat, some small parties backed by greater bodies are sent off; and if it be thought convenient that they should discharge, than these small parties shall make use of the orders of drawing up in Hay, each party firing at the same time, and retreating by the help and assistance of the other small parties who ought to second them, till afterward obeying the same orders again, they come to the assistance of those that seconded them.   

How to make Horse file off.  

On the right wing file off by ranks.  
On the left wing form the squadron.  
File off by ranks on the left wing.  
Form the squadron on the right.  
File off by three files.  
On the left wing form the squadron.   
I think it more convenient to file off by files than by ranks, since that three files make a squadron, which one rank does not.    

CHAP. II. How Horse are to fight against Horse.  
HE that commands the Squadron must know who they are he is to fight, to wit, if they be Gend'arms Light-horse, Dragoons or Musketeers because the two former of these are to be attacked by the left wing, and the others by the right.   battle scene with two cavalries 
H. A Fight of Horse against Horse.  
We have told you that in fight ●gainst Dragoons and other Musketeers, they must be Attacked on the ●●ght wing, which is a considerable advantage being taken seasonably, ●or it is getting the hand of those against whom we fight.  

How Horse are to fight against Foot.  
When Cavalry has a design to Attack a battalion of Foot, before ●hey come within Musket-shot, the Cavalry must have received their Orders, sending off some out-riders, who ought to advance straight against ●he Plotons or small Skirmishing bo●ies, receiving their fire, and vigorously to force them in disorder to retreat towards the Pikes, o; r towards ●he Centre of the battalion, and at ●hat time the Squadron should advance by depth, Caracolling and En●aging the battalion by one of the Angles, charging the Pikes, and ●assing sidewayes by them and not advancing straight towards them▪ otherways out of every Troop there may be three or four detached in a File, which ought to advance at a gallop, and so soon as they come within Musket-shot, charge the Plotons, and afterward by Caracol pass by the Front and wings, obliging the battalion to charge to the Horse▪ at the same time the Squadron ought to follow, Charging on the angle o● the battalion, setting on the Pikes by the flank, and in that manner the battalion is to be broken. It is to be observed that Horse should always have their files closed, and not their ranks.  
Foot may likewise be fought in the following order; making a double Squadron; and when they approach within Musket-shot, the squadron i● to be divided by half ranks into fou● Troops, and by Caracol to the right and left the two first should pass o● the front and on one of the wings▪ the third ought to Charge straight on the angle, or according as occasion requires Attack the Pikes sideways, whether it be on the front, or flank, and then the fourth Troop should make good what the third could not. It is to be observed that so soon as the Horse are within ten paces of the battalion, they ought to fire, and at the same time draw their swords.   

How Foot are to fight against Foot.  
If a Regiment of Foot marching in an Enemy's Country, find a Regiment of the Enemies in an advantageous Post, which hinders their march; the Regiment that is to pass, must use endeavours to draw the Enemy to an Engagement, making as if they intended to retreat, that they may allure them out of their Post; and having drawn them out into a convenient ground, they are to face about to the right, and march towards the Enemy in order of Battle, and advancing two steps shall let fly their Pistols, and return to their ranks; then all the Musketeers shall fire, three ranks together, at the same time drawing their Swords and presenting the Pikes; and all the Companies being engaged pellmell, should fight til● the one be overcome and ask Quarters. The figure A clearly represents the way of fight.   

How Squadrons are to be detached and form at the same time.  
The Horse are to Caracol to the right and left, and open the half rank, than form the Squadron fifty in Front.  
By Caracols to the right and left, open your half Ranks, and form the Squadron fifty a breast fronting about to the Rear.   

How Squadrons are to be form.  
They are to double on the left Wing by three Ranks, and on the same Front with the first. There are two things to be observed when the Squadron is form, and that the Front is to be changed into any other place whatsoever; to do it by Caracols, or to do it by Conversion; by half-ranks, or Quarter-ranks, if by Conversion; but if by Caracol, it is done in a whole body.  
Two Troops that can Squadron themselves together, to form their Squadrons in the order of a march; if they march in the same Front, the first should take the right and the other the left hand, and in that order march. If they desire to form the Squadron, the Troop on the right hand should advance about twenty paces, and reduce themselves to three in depth. That which holds the left in its place shall do the same, and then ought to double on the left of the Troop which hath advanced, and in the same Front, that the Squadron may be form by two Troops: but if the one march in the Rear of the other, by the same orders the Captains severally shall reduce their Troops into three in depth; and thereafter the last ought to double to the left and in the same Front with the first, that the Squadron may be composed of two Troops.   

A Regulation made by the late King Lewis XIII. concerning the disputes that arose among the Officers of the Army in the year 1635.  
We shall in the first place, declare what is to be done betwixt the French Officers and the strangers. It is a thing past all doubt, that a Master de● Camp of Horse ought to Command a stranger Colonel, provided the Colonel and Master de Camp be one and the same thing. The Colonel shall command all the French Captains, and the French Captains shall command the Lieutenant-Colonels of strangers, as likewise all the French Captains who Command not a body of men; and if a stranger Lieutenant be with a French Corner, the Lieurenant shall command him; but a stranger Cornet shall command a French Quartermaster: and wheresoever French and strangers are together the French have the right hand; but if the Captain be a stranger, he shall take the right hand of the French Lieutenant, though his Troop be on the left Wing of the Squadron.  
As to the disputes that happen between the Horse and Foot, for the Command in the Field, and in Quarters that are not walled, which are called places of Approach, the Horse ought to Command there: but in all places that are enclosed with walls, having Gates that lock, and draw-bridges, and are environed with Ditches, in such places it belongs to the Foot to Command. The Master de Camp of Cavalry in places that are open, shall Command the Colonels of Foot; but the Colonel of Foot ought to Command the Master de Camp of Horse in Towns and Walled places. Now the Charge of Master de Camp of Horse being above that of a Captain, if he be in a walled place, where the Foot have no Officers above Captains, the Master de Camp of Horse should Command the Captains; and in all open Quarters the Captain of Horse should Command Lieutenant Colonels and Captains of Foot; and the Captains of Foot should Command the Lieutenants of Horse; and in close places where there are none but Lieutenants of Foot, and a Captain of Horse, the Captain must Command, because the Captains have their Commissions from the King, and not the Lieutenants; and in open places the Lieutenant should Command the Cornets of Horse; and in walled places, the Lieutenant is to Command the Ensign, and the Cornet the Sergeants: so that the one has no advantage of the other, it is but only ambition; for the persons who discharge these Offices are rather to be considered, than any difference that is between the Charges; and therefore they ought to make a right choice.  
There is also a regulation between the Sergeants of Battle, and the Masters de Camp of Cavalry and Colonels of Foot, who pretend not to be obliged to obey the Sergeant of Battle; but seeing it is true that he Commands in absence of the Mareschals de Camp, his Charge is above the other Officers.  
There happen many times some contests between the Captains of the Gend'arms, and the Master de Camp of Horse. The Captains of the Gend'arms, and the Master de Camp of Horse, meeting together, the Captain of the Gend'arms is to Command the Master de Camp, the Master de Camp the Lieutenant of the Gend'arms, the Lieutenant of the Gend'arms the Captain of the Light Horse, the Captain the Ensign of the Gend'arms, the Ensign the Lieutenant of the Light-Horse, the Lieutenant of the Light-Horse the Guidon of the Gend'arms, the Guidon of the Gend'arms the Cornet of the Light-Horse, the Cornet of the Light-Horse the Quarter-masters of the Gend'arms, and the Quartermaster of the Gend'arms the Quartermaster of the Light-horse.  
There hath been heretofore great dispute between the Masters de Camp of Foot, and the Captains of the Guards; which dispute was thus decided by the King.  
That the Masters de Camp of Picardy, Piedmont, Champagne, Navarre, and Normandy should command the Captains of the Guards, and the Captains of the Guards all other Masters de Camp; and that the other Masters de Camp should Command all Lieutenant Colonels, and the Captains of the old Regiments should Command the Lieutenant Colonels of other Regiments, and that the Lieutenants of the Guards should obey the Captains of the old Regiments.  
All these regulations were made to prevent the disorders that might happen amongst Officers: the King hath very well provided against them, and by his sage conduct obliges the Officers to discharge their duties, and to have no other passion but of doing good service; and for that end his Majesty gives them an example, making the Troops of his Household do their exercises frequently, he hath made injunctions to all the Officers of his Armies, to see his forces well exercised, and made dextrous in handling of their Arms; to wit the Pikes, to manage their Pikes aright whether by themselves or in battalions; the Musketeers to use their Muskets skilfully by giving quick fire. It is a thing very necessary that a Musketeer know to hit a mark, to the end that on occasion he may be able to fire to purpose. Musketeers may be taught to shoot well in Garrisons especially, the Officers giving some reward to those that shoot best at a mark; that encourages, and obliges them to shoot well, which makes a Musketeer very considerable on several occasions, and especially in fight against Horse.   

How Foot are to Fight against Horse.  
If Foot march in Battallia in an Enemy's Country, and some Body of the Enemy's Horse be discovered, then shall the Foot make a Batrallion with four strong Plotons or parties for skirmish, and double ranks of Pikes to resist the Horse, whilst three ranks of Musketeers shall prepare to give their Vollee at the first Pistol-shot, which is ten or twelve paces from the Foot; then if the Pikes with swords in hand, pursue them vigorously, without doubt the Squadron will be put into great disorder, and all by the means of good Musketeers who have had the right art of pitching on their men, and have made as many fall as they have fired shot, being thereto taught by their good discipline: so ought all the Officers study to be capable of their Charges, and by that means the Commanders may make good use of their Troops in what place soever the Army be, and especially when the Enemies are in a condition to fight. Horse are very necessary in an Army; on them depends the good success of all enterprises; by them an Army becomes master of the field, if it be stronger in Cavalry than the Enemy: by them the Forces and all Garison-places have daily their Provisions by means of Convoys and Forages, which cannot be securely brought without Guards of Horse: they reduce the Enemy to great straits, by intercepting their Convoys and Foragers, ravaging their Country by continual Parties, beating up their Quarters, and making frequent courses and inroads amongst them.  
In so much that there is hardly any Enterprise wherein Horse are not with great profit employed. Now seeing the Cavalry is composed of several Regiments, and the Regiments of several Troops, that they may render the service and advantage that is expected from them either in general or particular; it is necessary that the Troops be made up of good riders, and that they be led and Commanded by Officers of note, and expert in the Art of War.  
It is most important for the service of the King, that the Troops which make up the Forces of his Majesty's Cavalry, be not only complete, and furnished with men well mounted, well armed, and in good Equipage; but that they be also led and commanded by Officers of experience and merit, that so they may be better obeyed by their Troopers, who will have a far greater esteem for them, when they know their valour and good conduct.    

CHAP. III. Of the duties of the Officers of Horse; and in the first place of the Captain.  
THE Captain ought to choose Officers, who understand aright the Art and Duty of their Charges, as being the chief members which he is to use in making the Body act whereof he is the head.  
Especially a Lieutenant, and Quartermaster, as being the most important, as shall be showed hereafter.  
Now to fill the charge of a Lieutenant well, he ought to seek out for a discreet man, experienced in the profession of Cavalry, and who hath for several Campagnes served with care and assiduity. That being known, the Captain may be assured that the Lieutenant in his absence may very well take the care and conduct of his Troop, and discharge the same duty that himself is obliged to perform.  

Of the principal duties of a Lieutenant.  
The Lieutenant ought to know all the men of the Troop by name: he ought to punish the swearers, quarrellers, drunkards, and the otherways debauched, conniving at no vice in them: he ought to be kind to those that have merit, and upbraid such as fail in their duty, punishing them rigorously if they continue to be negligent: that is the way to become both beloved and feared of the Troopers. He should procure himself esteem by his conduct, having the qualities of a man of honour, wise and discreet, sober in his diet, prudent in his discourse, and above all valiant and stout, which makes the brave Soldiers in imitation of him, emulous to be men of worth, and to serve their King well.  
He ought sometimes to visit their Horses and Arms, recommending to them the care of them, publicly and smartly rebuking those that are negligent of either, and severely punishing them if they abuse his goodness and patience.   

Of a March.  
In a March the Lieutenant ought to march at the Rear of the Troop or Squadron, to make the Troopers keep close, taking heed that none stay behind, obliging them to follow their File-leaders, suffering none to quit their ranks, nor leave the Standard without permission.  
When there is an opportunity of fight the Enemies, the Lieutenant ought to be at the rear of the Squadron with his Sword in hand, obliging the Troopers to do their duty, making the last rank, well closed, and in good order, follow the other two; punishing him that would fly and turn his back, and by that example oblige the rest to do their duties.  
When the Captain on such an occasion is absent, as at any other time, the Lieutenant is to take the Captain's Post, and march at the head of the Squadron, placing at the rear, and in his own Post, the Quartermaster; and in the Post of the Quartermaster on the Wings, the first Brigadeer, filling up all the places of the Officers, that no disorder may happen by the Captain's absence.   

Of the Guard of a Camp.  
When the Captain is Commanded out for the guard of the Camp, or of a Quarter, or to relieve it, and is come to his Post, the Lieutenant is to put the Troop into Battallia, keeping at the head of the Squadron, expecting till the Captain be informed of what he has to do, and that he go with the Quartermaster to place the Vedettes, instructing them in the mean time what they are to do, until the Captain return and give the other necessary Orders for the security of his Guard.   

Of the duties of the Cornet.  
The Captain ought to choose a man for Cornet to his Troop, who is of the same integrity and hath the like qualities as we have assigned to the Lieutenant, because he is often obliged to mount the Guard, and perform the other duties in absence of him. A young Gentleman who hath seen and served in a Campagn, and sometimes by favour, is commonly placed in that charge: his Function is to carry the Standard on a day of entry or muster, that he may salute the King, or in his absence, the General of the Army. His Post is at the Captains left hand, the length of his Horse, or about seven foot more backward towards the Squadron. In day of Battle he ought to carry the Standard, and preserve it with the danger of his life.  
Moreover, the Cornet ought to have a great respect for his Captain. He should likewise behave himself towards his Lieutenant with marks of esteem and submission, whereby he will gain the good will and esteem of his Superior Officers. He should have a regard to the Quartermaster, and be civil to the Brigadeer; in a word, he should strive to procure the love and esteem of the Troopers, and interpose amongst them to take up their quarrels, and make them friends; but if he find difficulty in the matter, and that the authority of the Captain or Lieutenant be requisite, he shall inform them of the business, representing to them the ground of the quarrel, and the reasons of either party, that they may do Justice, and by their authority kill the resentments, which either may entertain against other, that so the troublesome accidents may be avoided which contests produce in a Troop, when the Officers prevent them not.   

Of the Quartermaster.  
The Captain should choose for his Quartermaster, an active and experienced man, who is wise and well affected to the service; for the management of the subsistence and service of the Troop, is performed by his order. He ought to know to read, writ, and cast account, as far as the rule of Society, for he ought to keep the Roll and Catalogue of all the Troopers, with their Names, Surnames, places where they were born, and their Country, as also of their casual goods, booties and prizes gained from their Enemies. It is his duty likewise to go daily and receive the word. He ought to be exact, when he has received it, to write it down with the Counter-word, that he may remember them, and according to the duty of his place, carry it to his Officers where they are. He ought to have a care to learn the manners of every private Trooper, that on occasions he may know who are fit to be commanded, having considered their Horses, and from thence being able to judge of those who are most proper to execute the intended service. It is his part to be careful frequently to visit the Troopers Horses, obliging them to feed, dress, and show them well, to keep their Equipage in good condition, and severely to punish those that neglect that duty. He is also to take notice of their Arms, and oblige them to keep them always clean, and cause them to be refitted when they want any the least thing. It belongs to him to entertain friendship amongst the Troopers, making them live orderly, punishing the quarrelsome and those that love tumult; as also Swearers, Drunkards, and such as lead a life of bad example; and if he cannot reclaim them by reproofs, he is to complain of them to the Captain, that he may order them, either by Prison, or dismounting and shamefully cashiering them, as men unworthy to carry a Sword, far less the name of Trooper; and on the other hand, he is to show kindness to such as are of merit, doing them all the good Offices he can, either of himself or with the Officers, yea, and in their Quarters, and that so long as they shall not abuse them, and shall do their duties.  
In Marches, the Quartermaster should daily receive Orders from the Captain to go to the Quarters, and take occasion to go before, that he may arrive in time. So that the Captain when he comes with his Troop may find his Quarters, and the provisions if any be to be given out, ready, that the Troop may not be obliged to remain long on Horseback in the Streets; which wearies and spoils the Horses, particularly after a long march, and especially in the heat of Summer, or otherways in bad weather, when the days are short, and they come late to their Quarters, a thing that may prove very prejudicial to the service of the King, and of the Captain himself. And therefore the Quartermaster, when he goes to take up Quarters, should with his Captain's consent, take with him two or three Troopers whom he may judge fit to assist him in preparing the Quarters with greater diligence; and he should not fail so soon as he is come to the place, and has showed his Orders to the Magistrates, and those that have authority, to inform them of the number of servants that the Captain entertains, and of the condition of his Equipage, and of the Equipages of the other Officers, that the Magistrates or others in authority, may commodiously quarter them. He shall therefore with all expedition cause the Officers Billets be made, or else shall inform himself of their Quarters, and go view them, that he may see that their Lodgings be convenient, and that they may not have afterwards cause to complain of his negligence; and when he knows that the Troop draws near, he is to go meet them, that he may conduct the Captain and Troop to their Quarters; provided, he be entrusted to deliver them their Billets. But if the Magistrates or others in authority have a mind to reck on the number of effective Quartering, he is to conduct the Captain with his Troop to the Town-House, causing the effective Quartering to be reckoned; and their Billets being delivered, he is to conduct the Captain to his Quarters, where he is to draw up the Troop in hay before the Gate or Door, to whom he is to distribute the Billets, making them in order draw them out of a Hat, desiring all the Troopers to be civil to their Landlords, and to have a care not to give them any cause of complaint.  
If they be to stay there any time, in distributing the Billets, he ought to take in writing the names of the Troopers, and their Landlords, and to make a list of them, than next day go and visit the Horses, to see if any be hurt, and if any Landlord complain, to the end he may remedy every thing by bringing necessary orders for that effect.  
When the Trumpet sounds to Horse, and that they must be gone, the Quartermaster ought to be the first on Horseback, to hasten the Troopers, and make them in diligence repair to the Captain's Quarters, chiding those that come last; and if he observe that any of them be accustomed so to do, whether it be for laziness, or out of design to stay behind to steal and pilfer from their Landlords, he shall severely punish them for an example to the rest.  
When he comes into Winter-Quarters, he ought to visit all the Troopers Quarters, and know the conveniences of them and the condition of the Landlords, and acquaint the Captain therewith, to the end that he may order the distribution of a part of the Billets, that he may accommodate those who have most need, and then cause the rest to be drawn by Lot.  
On a march of importance, he is to march on the Wings of the Troop or Squadron, and from time to time go from the Front to the Rear, and from the Rear to the Front, to make them keep their distances, and march in good order, hindering the Troopers to break out without permission. If there be an occasion of fight, he should march on the Wings of the Squadron, with his Sword in his hand, making them close their ranks, observe their distances, and hinder them from breaking.   

Of the duty of Brigadeer.  
The Brigadeers aught to be men of experience, old Troopers, and as capable as the Quartermaster, and endowed with the same qualities, because in his absence one of them must always discharge his Functions, and besides they must read and write, and each of them keep a Roll of their Brigade; that they may make the Troopers do duty by turns. The Troop being so divided into Brigades, the duties will be far better performed, and the detachments made in order and without confusion, whether by Brigadeer, with his whole Brigade, and successively the one after the other, or by Troopers detached from each Brigade, with one of the Brigadeer at their head, and by that means the Quarters will be given out with less confusion, when the Troop is to be separated that it may be the more easily quartered and lodged in scattered Houses, dividing these Precincts by Brigades.    

CHAP. IU. Of the Guard of a Camp, or Quarter.  
THE most important thing for the Guard of a Camp, is to place aright the Courts of Guard, and the Vedettes, and it is usually a Marshal de Camp, or the Quartermaster General of the Horse who chooses these Posts, and appoints them to the Captains who are to mount the Guard.  
The Captain being come to the Court of Guard, aught to cause his Troop and those that he has for the Guard, to halt: he is to go and view the Posts of the Vedettes, having the Quartermaster and the Vedettes that he is to place with him, and causing the Quartermaster observe their Posts, to the end he may go relieve, and visit them during the night.  
The Captain shall inform himself by the other Captain who is to dismount the Guard, of the Orders which he must observe, and of what he is to do, enquiring exactly into all things; and whilst he goes to Post the Vedettes, the Lieutenant of the Guard ought to remain on Horseback at the head of the Squadron which is drawn up in Battallia, expecting the return of the Captain and Quartermaster.  
The Captain when he places the Vedettes, should inform them how they ought to carry themselves, that they should never leave their Posts, nor alight from Horseback; to have always the Carabin or Pistol in hand; to let none whosoever come near them, either from the Quarters or from without; and in a word, to let none pass without making them stand, and giving notice to the Court of Guard. The Captain should place two Vedettes in one important Post, to the end that the one may with diligence come and give notice to the Court of Guard when they have made any to stand, or have seen or heard men; and that the other in the mean time keep close to his Post; and for that effect the Captain ought to command the Vedettes, that in case they hear or see men at a distance, the one should draw off from the other some twenty or thirty paces towards the Court of Guard, to the end that if the Vedette that shall abide at his Post, should not stop these men, and that on the contrary, he should be by them beaten from his Post, the other may have time to come at full speed and give notice to the Court of Guard, discharging his Carabin or Pistol by the way, to make himself be heard, and to give the Alarm.  
The Captain should not only recommend all these things to the Vedettes, but likewise that they should take heed if in the night time they discover any fire, or by day, smoke or dust raised by the marching of Horse; if they hear Dogs bark more than usually, and if they hear the report of Fire-arms, and give notice of it to the Court of Guard, to the end the Commander may send out Scouts to that side to learn intelligence of what the Vedettes have seen or heard. If the Vedettes be far separated, that they may possess the avenues, there must be a small Court of Guard consisting of twenty or twenty five Troopers, less or more, placed according to the strength of the Forces, betwixt the Vedettes and the great Court of Guard, nearer or farther according as the Vedettes are posted at distance; as it happens frequently they are, that they may possess, the avenues of several cross ways, or the pass of some River, Bridge, or narrow passage, or else of some eminence or height, at the foot of which the Vedette is usually placed; and that little Court of Guard is to be commanded by the Quartermaster, who should relieve the Vedettes at the end of every two hours, and now and then visit them. He is likewise to go with his men or part of them, and examine those whom the Vedettes have made to stand, making only him to advance who has the word, and to tell it him in his ear, holding the point of his Sword to his Breast, who hath advanced to give the word, and from whom he is to take it, that he may know if they be Friends or Foes, and so stop or let them pass.  
When the Vedettes shall give notice to the Quartermaster, he shall instantly send off a Trooper to acquaint the Captain that the Vedettes have made some to stand, and that he is going to examine them, to the end that the Captain may have time to cause his men Horse, and to put themselves in condition not to be surprised by their Enemies. He should send out Scouts to a great distance, to beat the Country on all hands, and the ways by which the Enemies may come. He is to take so great a care, because all the Quarter, or the whole Army confides in him: and therefore he should trust no body but himself, seeing there is so great a confidence reposed on him and his Guard, that obliges him to all imaginable care in the discharge of his duty; for the Enemies coming in great number, might beat back the Vedettes, surprife and overthrow the little Court of Guard, and enter the Quarter or Camp, if it happened that the avenues of it were not cut or barricadoed, and guarded by some considerable Guard of Foot; for if the Enemies met with no other Forces, than the Vedettes, the little and great Guard of Horse, they might make themselves Masters of the Quarter or Camp, surprised or asleep, for want of timely Alarm given, and leisure to take Arms, that they might make head against the Enemies. As to the manner of sending out these Scouts, The Captain is to detach the best mounted and boldest Troopers of his Guard, to go out a scouting; giving them a word or fignal, by which they may know one another when they chance to meet, and he is to command them to divide themselves one by one, or two by two, according to the divers ways and avenues, some to the right and some to the left, marching always with great silence, and stopping and making halt now and then, that they may hearken if they can hear the marching of men; and to advance a league more or less, (according as it may be expedient for the security of the Guard) by all the avenues by which the Enemies may approach; and he is to order them, that if any of them find or hear the Enemies, that if it be possible, they should without being discovered, know their number as near as they can, and without losing of time, return at full speed to give notice to the Court of Guard and Captain; that he may with all diligence cause his men to mount, and being in readiness in his Court of Guard, send immediately notice of the matter to the Generals. He is moreover to order his Scouts, that if they be at so great distance when they discover the Enemies, that they cannot in a long time return to the Court of Guard, or that the Enemies march with so much diligence that they may come in as soon as themselves, or a little after, they should draw aside out of the Enemy's way, and with all expedition set fire to some House, from whence the Vedettes and Court of Guard might see the Fire, and even the Enemies; (for they would not fail to make a halt that they might send and know the reason of that fire;) and that if they can find no opportunity to make fire soon enough, they should propose to themselves to come to some place where their firing and clashing of arms may be seen or heard by the Vedettes, or Court of Guard, who hearing the signal, may instantly give notice to the Captain and Court of Guard, that the Enemies are at hand, and by that means he may have time to put himself and men in posture, acquaint the Generals with the matter, and give the Alarm to the Quarter or the whole Army, expecting more certain news: In the mean time, he shall Command the Quartermaster with his little Court of Guard to advance to the Posts of the Vedettes, or farther if need be, that he may view the Enemies and make head against them, keeping them in play in some narrow pass, to the end all may get on Horseback and put themselves in Arms in the Camp or Quarter. The Captain in the mean time, shall be with the rest of his Guard on Horseback and in good order, not quitting his Post upon any account, without the General's Orders: he should stay there until he be attacked by the Enemy, against whom he is to make head, to stop them, and if he can, to beat back their charge, with the danger of his life, and the loss of all his men.  
When a Captain Commands the Cavalry in a Quarter, than he is exempted from mounting the Guard, though his Troop be to mount it in turn, because many inconveniences might happen, if the Captain should be upon the Guard, when Orders came from the Generals, and that he who was to execute them should not be in the Quarters; for the Captain that is on the Guard cannot quit his Post; and the Enemy might attack the Quarter upon another side than that of the Court of Guard; so that if the Captain who Commanded the Cavalry were upon the Guard, he could not give the necessary Orders in an Alarm of that nature, nor in any other accident that might happen; but except on that occasion, he ought without pretext or excuse, mount the Guard as often as his Standard is commanded for that effect.  
If the Captain Command the Cavalry in a Quarter, and have notice of the march of the Enemy, and that the quarter be in danger of being attacked, he ought to Command all the Horse to mount, and draw them up in Battallia without the quarter, in some advantageous Post, according to the Orders of the Officer General, who Commands in the quarter, ordering the Troopers to carry with them Forage for their Horses during the time that they are to be in Arms. If that Alarm happen in rainy and tempestuous weather, so that the Horse cannot go out and lie in the Fields, without great damage, and that the necessity be not so extreme as that they should expose themselves in that manner; then the Captain by Orders from the General needs do no more, but having caused sound to Boots and Saddle, go through all the quarter, and send where he cannot go himself; Commanding all the Bodies of Horse to keep together in as few Houses and Coverts as they can, to the end they may be the more conveniently joined to march out in good order against the Enemy in case of necessity; and in the mean time he shall go the round, and send about Officers to keep the men awake. He shall send out men towards the Courts of Guard that are without the quarters, that he may have exact intelligence of all that happens. These are cautions very necessary in a quarter to prevent a surprise.  

Cautions that are to be taken in forcing of a Quarter.  
In all the service of Horse, there is no occasion wherein the Captain ought to be so circumspect, as in the enterprise of forcing an Enemy's Quarter; for there is not any from which he can reap greater advantages, either for his honour or profit; and on the other hand, there is no occasion wherein he runs greater risk of ruining his reputation, by losing himself and his men: and therefore he ought to be a man of much experience, good judgement, and high resolution; otherways he can never well succeed in such enterprises; for in War there are none more difficult, nor harder to be achieved. And that is the reason that few Captains run the hazard of such undertake.  
Experience has made always appear that it is more easy to force the Enemy's Quarters, when they are at a good distance, than when they are near, because the more the danger is remote, the less vigilant are men to avoid it. And therefore, I say, that the most usual cause of a surprise, is too much confidence; for men are never sooner defeated than when they least apprehend it.  
When a Captain has a design to force a Quarter, he ought to be assured of the nature of the Enemy's Post, with all its circumstances; if the avenues be barricadoed, or not; if the flanks be better barricadoed than the avenues, and if there be marshes or other things that hinder an approach, in what place is their field of Battle, or place of Arms; if any River or Brook run through the Quarter, or any thing else that divides it; but above all things he should be informed by his spies of the number and quality of the Forces that are in the Quarter, and of the temper of the Commander; if he be a man of experience, vigilant and resolute, or if he have any contrary qualities, to the end that the Captain according to the instructions that he has of these things may take the best measures for accomplishing his design.  
Being well informed of all, and having laid down his measures, he is to march with all his men in great diligence, that he may come up with the Enemies, and surprise them a little before day: on his march he is to observe the cautions that we have hinted at before, that is to say, that he is to make sure of good guides, and send Out-riders before him until he come near the Quarter; he is also to avoid marching by inhabited places, or from which he may be discovered; or in the night time on the great Rhodes, but cross the Country, because some body may discover him, or his tract, and give speedy notice of it to the Enemy; for it often happens that the Enemy having intelligence of the design and march of the contrary party, do take so good measures, that the Commander of the party with all his men become a prey to those against whom they were marching. And therefore the Captain ought to make use of his prudence, and consider the inconveniences that may befall him; and as he ought to march resolutely and without fear, so likewise should he neglect no care and circumspection, and therefore he should take the best measures he can to facilitate his retreat, by Posting some Horse and Foot Commanded by an Officer, in the middle or some part of the way, to guard some passage, or some advantageous Post.  
When the Captain has laid his design, and has all his men mounted; if, for instance, he intent with four hundred Horse, to go and attack eight hundred of the Enemy's Cavalry, and beat up their Quarters, he is to dispose his men in this manner. Being come near the Quarter he shall divide them into six Squadrons, of sixty Troopers a piece, and shall divide the forty remaining into two Plotons or small parties of twenty a piece, under good Commanders, and shall give to each of them one or two Trumpeters, to the end that when he shall set upon the place by which he hath proposed to himself to enter the Quarter, these little bodies, with their Trumpets, may give the Alarm on all hands, some on the right, and some on the left, and at the places which are strongest and best guarded, by that great noise to persuade the Enemies that the Assailants are very numerous and stronger than they, and by that means to put them into confusion, and hinder them from escapeing or drawing out, that they may rally and put themselves in defence. And therefore he shall prohibit these little Bodies to enter the Quarter, commanding the one to keep on the avenues, the others to ride always round the Quarter, with prohibition to make Prisoners of any that would come out to save themselves, or to rally, but on the contrary, they are to be ordered to kill all without quarters, until they receive new Orders. The Captain having so disposed his men an hour before day in the order that we have said, and having Commanded them all to put white Paper in their Hats, that they may know one another, he shall order the little bodies to march without making of noise towards the flanks of the quarters, and in the mean time he shall march with the six other Squadrons, each according to their ranks, in good order, with great silence, and without Out-riders, that he may not be so soon perceived nor heard by the Vedettes; and so soon as he is discovered, he ought instantly, without the least hesitation or pause, make the first Squadron fall in and beat back the Vedettes with great diligence, the other five following close behind, and in good order, and all (if it be possible) should be in with the Court of Guard as soon as the Vedettes, that they may desperately fall on, surprise and force the Court of Guard, and enter all together into the quarter; and when the Captain is entered with his six Squadrons, he shall cause one of them seize the place of arms, and in the mean while without losing of time, shall cause the other five to advance as far as the extremities of the quarter, and to all the sides of it, with order to kill and destroy all they meet with, and prohibition to make any other Prisoners but the Commander of the quarter if they find him, that the Enemies may not mount on Horseback and rally to put themselves in defence; and that is to be continued so long till the Captain be absolutely Master of the quarter, and that he shall find the Enemies no more in a condition to draw out, nor to gather together to make resistance; and then he shall make as many of his men as he thinks convenient to alight, that they may enter into the Houses, make Prisoners, take Horses, set on fire, and force the Houses that are refused to be opened, and where the Enemy would make resistance; and in the mean, he shall keep a body of men moving up and down through the quarter, because part of the Enemy may perhaps rally together in some places; and all this while the other little bodies shall keep still without the quarter, exactly obeying their orders; and by this means the Captain may render himself Master of the quarter, force the Enemies and bring off a considerable booty.  
When the Army leaves the Field to go into Winter Quarters, the King sends as many of the Cavalry as is requisite into the frontier places, there to lie in Garrison during the Winter, by reason of the great advantages that arise therefrom; for by that means the Country about is preserved, the Enemies not daring to make courses and inroads to waste and pillage it, without running great risk of being lost. By that means the Cavalry have occasion to keep themselves in exercise, having daily opportunity of seeing the Enemy, making frequent Courses into their Country, and subsisting at their cost: so that the places are in far greater security against the Enemy's attempts, than if there were no Horse in them. There is nothing truer, than that the General of the Army during the next Campagn, finds a great deal of difference betwixt the Horse that have had their Winter Quarters on the Frontiers, and who have kept themselves in Warlike exercise, and those that have spent the Winter in idleness and in Quarters remote from an Enemy's Country. When a Captain of Horse is in Garrison in a frontier place, and that there are other Troops in Garrison with his own, all which he commands, yet he cannot go out with the Cavalry, nor part of them, without giving notice to the Governor of the place, and receiving his approbation; as likewise the Governor cannot dispose of them without acquainting the Captain who Commands them, and without his permission. But if the Captain be in Garrison in any Frontier Town, where there is no Governor, but that the Magistrates keep the Keys and give the word (which happens but seldom, though it may happen;) Then may the Captain dispose absolutely of the Horse, without acquainting the Magistrates of the Town, or ask their consent and approbation.   

Of the duties of the Horse in a frontier place.  
A Captain being in Garrison in a Frontier place, aught to keep continually two Troopers in the Governors' Court of Guard, or in the Court of Guard of the place of Arms, who are to be relieved from time to time; that these Troopers may be always ready to give him notice so soon as they have any news of the Enemy, and of the least Alarm, and to bring to him also the Governors' Orders with all expedition. Moreover, the Captain shall appoint daily twenty or five and twenty Troopers for a guard in the place of Arms, or near the Gate that looks to the avenues of the Enemies, to the end that being always ready to mount on Horseback, they may sally out in diligence, in case the Enemy does appear, or that they send a small body as far as the Gates of the place, to make Prisoners, or to carry away booty, or ; which the Enemies do commonly to oblige all the Horse to sally out upon them, and to engage them to pursue them, in hopes of great booty or rewards from the Prisoners whom they might retake, and by that means to draw them into some ambush. But if these Troopers of the Guard sally out in time and with diligence, they will be sufficient to hinder the Enemy's design, though they should even come in great number, because these twenty five sallying out upon them with diligence under a good Leader, may amuse and keep them in play, and give leisure to all the Horse that are in the place, to mount and come out; that will give time also to all that are abroad to retire and carry off their : And if the place may be surprised by Scalade or otherways, the Captain shall appoint the same Court of Guard, or part of them, to keep all night long without the Gate that looks to the Enemy, yet so, as they be posted under covert of the half Moon, or barrier, which covers the Gate, commanding them to Scout all night to the right and left, two and two, or four and four, according as it shall be necessary, and successively one after another, by all the avenues by which the Enemy may come to surprise the place; which will be hard to be done if these Troopers do their duty. It will be also requisite that these Troopers, before any come out of the place, go and view the neighbourhood about the place, to a quarter of a League's distance or more, and see if there be no ambush of the Enemy, and they be not posted in some place, to carry away all that is to come out or enter into the place: by such care and diligence, the Horse will secure the place from all kinds of surprise.   

Of the duty of a Captain being in Garrison in a Frontier Town, during the Campagn.  
When it is time to begin the Campagn, and when the King sends Orders for the marching of the Troops to their Rendezvous, to make up the body of an Army, there is always left in the Frontier places, a sufficient number of Horse, to guard the Gonvoys, and those that are to go and come daily from the Army, and likewise to be a curb to the Enemies that are in the neighbouring Frontier Garrisons.  
If the Captain who remains in Garrison in a Frontier place during the Campagn, perceive that the Enemy has a neighbouring Frontier Garrison stronger in Horse than his own, he is to make use of ambushes and courses, and to keep the Enemy in fear. If in the first courses that he shall make, he cause assemble the Troops of the Auxiliary Cavalry of other neighbouring Garrisons, that are of his party, to such a competent number as may fight the Enemy's Garrison, in case they come out upon him, and for that end, if he shall assign to these Auxiliary Troops, a place of rendezvous on the road with such requisite circumstances, as may prevent the mistaking of the place, and shall join them with his men, at the hour prefixed, that so he may effectuate his design without inconvenience; If I say, he come out two or three times in that manner, there is great probability that afterward he may hazard out with his Garrison alone; for the Enemy's being terrified by his first courses, will not easily come out against him, believing that he may have the same Forces with him still. And if the Captain remain in Garrison, and have notice given him by faithful spies, that the Enemies are to lay an ambush on some great road, to fall upon the Convoys, or those of his party that are going to join the Army, or are coming from thence, and that he be not commanded out for a Guard, in that case he may go out in the night time and lay himself in ambush on the way by which the Enemies are to go to put themselves in their usual place of ambush. The Captain knowing the Map of the Country, may choose an advantageous Post on the way, if he have good guides that know it; for in all Rhodes there are places which must of necessity be passed over, as some narrow passages, or between two woods distant from one another two hundred paces, or otherways between a Wood and a Village, and other such like.  
The Captain should set forth seasonably, that he may come in good time to the Post, where he is resolved to expect the Enemy, and enjoin his Guides not to lead him by places inhabited, for the reasons mentioned before; and being come to the Post that he intends to possess, expecting until the Enemy pass, if it be near a Wood, he is to have it viewed before he draw near; and being assured that there is no body there, than he is to approach with his men, and shall place his Squadrons at a just distance from one another, along the side of the Wood, without entering into it, facing to the way that the Enemy is to take. He shall always keep his men on Horseback in good order, and in the mean time place some Out-Vedettes, with order, that if they see or hear the Enemy coming, to retire without being discovered and without noise, to their Squadrons, having first given him an account of what they have heard or seen; and with orders also on the other hand, that if they be surprised by the Enemy's Scouts, they advance some steps towards them to view them, and having fired upon them, fly with all speed, and in their flight to pass beyond, and fourscore or a hundred paces wide of the Ambuscade, that the Enemy's Scouts may pursue them, who will not fail to follow their Scouts close, without perceiving the Ambuscade, by reason of the darkness of the night.  
Then the Captain may charge them in the flank as they pass by him, or in the rear when they are passed, according as he shall judge convenient.  
It is not enough to place Out-Vedettes, he must be careful likewise to send off Scouts well mounted, with order to halt now and then, and even sometimes to alight and lay their ear to the ground, to hearken if they hear the march of men, giving them also the same order that he gave to the Vedettes, if they meet with the Enemy's Out-riders, and to fly as the Vedettes, having made a show of viewing them, and having fired upon them, and to pass by the Ambuscade at the forementioned distance, that so they may draw the Enemy after them on the same road: and if the Scouts can view the Enemy without being discovered, they are to be ordered to return with all speed, and without noise, that they may give the Captain an account of what they have seen and heard; and to the end there happen no inconvenience, when the Scouts are upon their return, and pass by the Vedettes, the Captain shall give both a night-signal, whereby the Vedettes may at a distance know that they are the Scouts who are returning back. If the Captain Post himself at the entry or coming out of some narrow passage, he may use the same circumspection in a manner: it is of importance also, that if the Captain upon his march, or when he is come to his Post, hear an extraordinary noise in some Village, he detach four or six Troopers, whom he knows to be discreet, ordering them without noise to go round the Village if it be small, to see if they can find any tract of the Enemy, and to hearken if they can hear them; and when they shall have gone round the Village, without knowing the cause of the noise that has been heard, two or three of them to alight, giving the rest their Horses to hold, and enter softly into the Village, that they may hearken if the Enemies by chance or otherways be there to refresh themselves, and in all haste bring him back news of what they have seen or heard; if the Village be great, it will be enough to send some Troopers to the entry of it, ordering them to go in with the circumspection abovesaid.  
As to spies, the Captain ought to know if they be persons of wit, good judgement, and faithful, for otherways he ought not to trust in them.  
There is nothing of greater importance in an Army, than to be able to dive into the designs of the Enemy, and to know their Posts, their go and come, for by that means many troublesome rencounters are avoided, many surprises both made and prevented, and likewise many ways found to do them prejudice. For that effect, it is necessary to have good and faithful spies, whom the Captain should gain by money and rewards, that by interest he may engage and win them to expose themselves to all kind of dangers, and do what seems even impossible, to learn the enterprises of the Enemies, and without delay to come and give notice of all. The Captain ought to choose the most dextrous of those whom he knows to have the best conduct and most of fidelity and judgement to employ them as good and faithful spies, who dextrously pretending to be weary of his service, should go to the Enemy, and so order matters, that they might be listed amongst the Horse, because, that being made Troopers, they may have better opportunities of giving intelligence, whether they be in the Field or Garrison: But it is likewise necessary to have some in divers Regiments, and in divers of the Enemy's Garrisons, who are not acquainted together, with whom the Captain should be in terms, and condescend on the place whither they should carry their Letters of intelligence, as to leave them at the root of some tree, or at a certain cross, or under some great stone, or other places that are remarkable and easy to be found. These Spies should be obliged themselves to bring the intelligence of great consequence, as the Enemy's designs of surprising some place, or forcing a Quarter, and other like enterprises. The Captain may likewise make use of some Soldier disguised into the habit of a Peasant, or into some other fashion, who speaking the language of the Country or of the Enemies, may under some pretext go to their Camp, or Quarter, to view their Posts, with all the circumstances, and to get information of the actions of the Enemy, that he may be able to give notice of the same. He may likewise employ Peasants, because they are free to go every where, being but little suspected, and less observed by the Enemies, especially in conquered Countries, where they have the liberty to enter into the Enemy's Camp, and all their places, and to travel by night; so that they may easily bring news, and give good intelligence; but above all things he ought to have Spies, who insinuate themselves, or have access into the quarters of general persons, and of the Governors of places, that he may more easily have thereby knowledge of the Enemy's designs. He may also make use of double Spies, but they must be such as are very affectionate and faithful to him, who that they may gain credit, and obtain access to the Quarters of general persons, may give them sometimes true intelligence of the marches of those of the contrary party, but only in matters of small consequence, and at such a time as the Enemy can make no advantage of them. The Captain ought also to be upon his Guard against the double Spies of the Enemy: And therefore, if he intent to march out against his Enemies, upon the report that hath been made to him, and upon the intelligence that some Spies, of whom he is not assured, hath brought him, he ought to detain the Spies under pretence of showing them kindness and recompensing them; and in the mean time he shall give order to his servants to treat these Spies kindly, but withal to have a care that they make not their escape, nevertheless the Spies must not have occasion given them to think they are disinherited, to the end that if their intelligence be true, he may largely recompense them at his return, and so oblige them to persist in giving him faithful advices: and these Spies being well rewarded, will not only rest satisfied, but will also for the future expose themselves to every thing; being alured by the profit, which may likewise draw in others upon hopes of the like rewards. If the Captain be advertised by Spies, of whose fidelity he is not fully assured, that the Enemies are abroad, or that he hath some fair opportunity offered him, He will do well before he march out of his Garrison or Quarter, to send out three or four Pietons or Footmen towards the quarter and place designed to him by the Spies, who knowing the Country, shall go an hour before him, to some narrow pass, or some certain place that he shall tell them, wherein he may suspect that the Enemies wait for him in ambush; lest that the Spies may have given him false intelligence. This circumspection is especially to be taken in a close and covered Country, wherein he may be surprised before he can discover the Enemies at a distance, and in such places also where the ways are narrow, and where his men cannot march but by Files, because in such a case if the Pietons have wit they cannot be lost, nor be taken by the Enemy; and the Captain shall appoint them a place where they may meet him, to inform him of what they have learned. When he is upon a march against the Enemy, he ought likewise to Command his Troops to have a care of their Arms, and to keep them in a condition of doing service.  
These are the principal Maxims that a gallant Captain ought to observe in his charge of Horse; let us now proceed to the duties of the Sergeant Major.    

CHAP. V Of the charge of a Sergeant Major.  
THE charge of Serjeant-Major aught to be possessed by an old Officer of Foot, a man of middle age, of virtue and good example, and most affectionate to the service of the King: consummated in the experience of War, and especially in the conduct of infantry. The Major is a Demi-Governour; and though of himself he hath no Command over the Troops, yet it is his duty to watch over all that concerns his Majesty's Interests. He carries about the Governors' Orders, and all the Officers are obliged to receive and obey them, as if they had been given by the Governor himself; for he is as it were the King's Proctor General in the matter of War; and in that, his Office is gentile and of importance, but of great fatigue. If he be Major of a Town or Citadel, he ought every Morning to go to the Governors' House at the hour appointed for opening of the Gates.  
The Aid-Major if any be, and the Captain of the Gates, should likewise go at the same hour to the Governors' House; and the hour for opening the Gates being come, if the Governor call not the Major to speak with him, the Major should let him know that he waits for the Keys that he may go open the Gates. The Governor, or in his absence the Commander, do commonly call the Major into their Chamber, where they discourse of the matters which the Major has observed the night before upon his round, which he ought to relate truly to the Governor, without adding or diminishing any thing. Having made his report, he is to give the Governor the Roll, containing the number of Officers, Escovades, and Soldiers of each Escovade, who the day before mounted the Guard on the place of Arms; underneath that Roll the Major ought to write down the extract of the same Escovades, the number of Soldiers of each Escovade, and if he found the Officers at their Posts and Courts of Guard, when he went his round; which extract and Roll, the Major ought to give to the Governor, to the end that he may know if the same number of Officers and Soldiers who mounted the Guard, have continued on the Rampart, and in the Court of Guard that fell to them by lot. Having given the extract of the Rampart and Parade, he is to ask the Governor if there be any new Commands to be given at the Gates, besides the usual. If he say there are none, the Major is to take the Keys, and deliver them to the Captain of the Gates, who gives them to his servant; afterward they go to the Gate, where being arrived, the Major asks the Officer of the Guards if there be any news. If the Officer tell him that there is nothing that may hinder the opening of the Gate, he shall bid the Officer draw down the next Escovades that are upon the Rampart, and those of the Court of Guard who come commonly to the opening of it; and whilst the Sergeants or Corporals come down from the Rampart, and that they draw up their men in Hay, on the right and left, in the street, as far as the Gate, the Major ought to go upon the Rampart, to see if any Country people be come to the Gate. If there be any, he ought to ask them from whence they come, and what Villages they belong to, and endeavour to find out if they speak truth. In a word, if the Major see nothing that may justly delay the opening of the Gate, he is to come down from the Rampart, and seeing all the Soldiers in Arms, with lighted matches, and the Officer at their head, he is to Command the Porter to open the Gates, which he is instantly to open; and as the leaves of the Gate are opening, he is to make the Guard draw out in File as far as the furthermost drawbridge, presenting their Arms. If the Officer of the Guard be not at the Court of Guard, the Major is to cause him to be sought for, for to open the Gate without him, is as great a fault in the Major, as in the Officer for not being on his duty. This being done before the Guard lay down their Arms, he is to make all the people and  that are in the street march out, and when all are gone out, he shall cause those that are without come in one after another; and if there be any Carts or Wagons laden with Forage, he is to Command them to be searched, though he have but little or no suspicion of them. When the Governor, with the Keys, gives the Major any new Order, and it be something extraordinary, and not put in practice the day before, the Major is to acquaint the Officer of the Guard with it; but if he have received no order, he is to bid the Officer Command his Soldiers to lay down their Arms, and tell him that he has no new Orders, and that there is no more to be done but what is usual, which he is not obliged to inform him of; because that the Officer when he enters into his Post, and relieves the Officer that comes off the Guard, aught to ask him, and make him tell him plainly all things that have been told him by the Officer whom he last relieved, that he may punctually obey them. The Major being returned with the Captain of the Gates, who causes the Keys to be carried to the Governors' House, he is to acquaint the Governor with all that is done, and with what he hath learned at the opening of the Gate.  
When in one place there are several Gates which are opened the same day, the Major shall send his Aid to open the other, or the Captain of the Gates if there be no Aid-Major, and give him the same Orders that he hath received from the Governor: all the Gates being opened, the Major has the rest of the day for himself; until that the Escovades and all the Companies who are to mount the Guard, be come together on the place of Arms, whither the Major with his Aids should go; and being come there, he is to draw aside on the place of Arms, and being sat down there with a Drum before him, and having his Roll of the Guards which mount day by day, and his Counters or lots in a purse, he is to send his Aid to the head of the Guard, to bid the Sergeants and Corporals come and draw their Posts. He should have already written down in his Register of Guards, the day of the week, and month, & underneath he should have placed the names of all the Courts of Guard, and the number of the Escovades that he uses to send to every one of them; and at the same time that the Sergeants and Corporals draw, the Major writes the name of the Company to which the Escovade belongs; for instance, if it has been the custom to send six Escovades to the Gate of Paris, and eight to the Gate of St. Anthony, he puts six Counters or Lots into a Hat, on which he writes, Gate of Paris; and eight more on which he writes, Gate of St. Anthony; and so for other Gates and Posts, observing to put in neither fewer nor more Lots, than there are Posts to be supplied, and Escovades to be sent, because otherways it would breed confusion. The Post being drawn, and all the Guards in Arms, the Files and Ranks are to be put in good order, each according to their rank, to which the Aid-Majors should take heed, as likewise the Majors of the Regiments. This being done the Major comes to the head of the Batallion to meet the Officers that are to mount the Guard; and if there be two Captains-Posts, he presents to them two Lots whereon are written the names of the two Posts without being seen by them, or otherways he puts them into a Hat, and prays them to draw. He does the same in respect of Lieutenants, and of all Posts whither equal Officers are to go. But if they be different Posts as that of a Lieutenant and an Enseign, or of a Sergeant and Corporal, he is not to make them draw, because the Superior goes always to the same Post to which his equals are accustomed to go. When the Major has taken a turn or two about the Batallion, gone in amongst them, considered the Companies, and if the Musketeers have their Bandeliers provided of Powder, Bullets and Match, (for it is their duty to have the match lighted, and Powder for twelve or fifteen times firing) than he makes the Guard File off, and sends every one to his Post, to relieve the Guards that mounted there the day before; but as the Officer, Sergeant or Corporal, with their Escovades pass by him, he gives to each of them the Lots of the rounds which they are to go, and recommends to them the care of going the said rounds at the hours marked on the aforesaid Lots or Tickets.  
If the Governor be upon the place of Arms to see the Guard File off, as he ought not to fail to be, and where his time is not ill employed, the Major addresses himself to the Governor when all are drawn off, and softly and with respect asks him the watchword. If the Governor carry himself diffidently and prudently, the Major has no cause to complain; for indeed the Majors ask it not, if they know it not to be his will.  
When it is time to shut the Gates, the Major goes to the Governors' House for the Keys, whither the Aid-Majors and Captains of the Gates should come; and if there be Guards on the Outworks, as happens often, especially on the Halfmoons which are before the Gates to cover them, the Major is to have the Field-word, that he may give it to the Commander of the half Moon, before he shut the Gate, recommending him to keep good Guard, and to send out in the Morning some to search and make discovery in the ruined Houses and hollow ways, and in the Houses of the Suburbs if there be any near the Gate. Afterward he puts all the Guard in Arms; and when the Drum hath beaten the Tattoe, he causes the Barriers to be shut, and then the leaves of the Gates, causes the Bridges to be drawn, and at the same makes the Soldier's face about to the right, and causes the Guard to file up in the street that leads to the Gate; and as the Porter turns the Key in the lock, the Major bids the Corporals who are the File-leaders feel the bolt, to see if it be fast: the same he bids the Sergeants do; and the Captain of the Gates touches it likewise, after him the Major, and last of all the Captain of the Guard, who is more concerned to do it than any, because he must answer for the Post.  
The Gates and Barriers being shut, the Major goes to the Governors' House, and tells him in presence of all, that the Gate is shut, to the end it may be known that he has done his duty, and hath observed the usual hour, and no unseasonable time. The Major aught to be exact in opening and shutting the Gates at the usual hours; for on these two occasions, which are the chief of his duty, the greatest danger is to be run. The rest of the night he has two things to do; the one is to be at the Circle, and give the word to the Sergeants, which is to be done when the Gate is shut; the other, to go at what hour he pleases, and make his Round-Major on the Rampart, and visit all the Courts of Guard, not only on the Rampart, but also all those of the Town. When he goes his Round-Major, he ought to have a Lantern carried before him, and demand the word from all the Courts of Guard, and entering them, cause the Arms to be viewed. He ought to reckon the Escovades and the men, to see if all that mounted the Guard be there, setting it down in his Table-Book; and when he is come back to his lodgings, or next day, he is to compare his Table-Book, with the extract that he made on the place, when the Guard drew off, and thereby he knows what Escovades have dismissed their Soldiers, that is to say, who have mounted the Parade, and have not lain in the Court of Guard. He is to acquaint the Governor with that, it being a matter of importance to the service; and it is to be seen by the extract of his round, whereof he should give the Governor a Copy written with his own hand: and in so much that these kinds of rounds are a kind of muster, the Major makes them not every night with the same exactness; he passes only before the Court of Guard, to see if the word be right. If on his round he hath learned any thing of importance, he ought to go and acquaint the Governor with it at what hour of the night soever: and if the Governor Command the Major to go open the Gate, and tell him the reason wherefore, he ought to take special notice of the number of Horse or Foot that he tells him are to go out or come in. When the Major has known the Governors' Orders, he is to take the Keys and give them to the Captain of the Gates who has been advertised, and both together are to go to the Gate, where being come, the Major is to speak to the Captain of the Guard, show him the Keys, and tell him that the Gate is to be opened, and that he should bring down his Escovades, in the same manner as we have described for opening them in the Morning; and if it be a Convoy that is to come in, nothing is to be opened till all be come to the Gate, or that all those that are to go out be come near the Gate on the inside, because the Gate of a Garrison must not stand open in the night time, but as short time as possibly may be.  
If there be a Guard on the half Moon, the Major ought to make the Commander draw near on the Pont dormant, or sleeping Bridge, of whom he shall inquire who they are that are come, if they be Horse or Foot, and if there be any Carriages with them, and having received answer of the Commander of the half Moon, the Major is to tell him, to bid him that Commands the Convoy draw near, whom he is to ask what Troops he belongs to, if all his men be come up, and what number of Horse or Foot he hath with him. If the Commander of the Convoy should tell him matters far wide of what the Governor told him when he gave him the Keys, either as to the quantity or quality of the Convoy; The Major is not to open without sending to inform the Governor of the difference of the matters. Afterwards, if the Governor send him word to open, he is first to mount with the Captain of the Gates, to view the Orgues and Hearses which are hung and fastened over the Gates, to hinder surprises; and finding them to be in good condition, he shall cause open the Barrier which is within the Town, and the first leaves.  
If they open to let out some private person, the Barrier is to be shut, so soon as he that is to go out is got within, and come to the Drawbridge, which is not hastily to be let down; for the Gate of a Town cannot be too slowly opened in the night time, nor too quickly shut: when there are two Draw-bridges; this is to be drawn up, so soon as he who is to go out, is passed over it; and the Major or Captain of the Gates is to go and cause the other to be let down, which is to be drawn up presently after. If it be a party of Horse, the Tape cut is not to be drawn up, but they are to march out or come in, by the little Gate, at the side of the Tape-cut. If it be to let any Convoy come in; all the Bridges must be let down, and all the Gates and Barriers opened, and all the Escovades that are in the Court of Guard, and on the Rampart, are to be drawn out to the Gate, except those who are remotest from the Gate which is to be opened. The Major, Captain of the Gates, and the Porters, on such occasions ought each of them to have great Lanterns, for they cannot in such rencounters see too clearly. When all things are well disposed, and all security taken for the entry of the Convoy, the Major and his Aids shall stand by the Bridges, and hinder any stop to be made thereon, making the Convoy file up into two files, if they be Foot, and if they be Horse, singly one after another; if they be Carriages, in the same manner; and as fast as they enter, the Major, his Aids, and even the Captain of the Gates, aught to count the Troopers, and Foot, and the number of Wagons that enter; and so soon as the Convoy is entered, the Gate is to be shut, though there may be some Trooper or Foot Soldier behind; and immediately after the Gate is shut, the Major should send back the Escovades to their several Courts of Guard, and he himself at the same time with his Aids, and the Captain of the Gates, should carry the Keys to the Governor, and give him an account of all. If the Major or his Aids, cause the Gates be opened by day or night, they should never suffer the Keys to be carried into any private House. The Major aught to have an exact account of the Posts of honour, and the Posts of fatigue, though all of them ought to be taken for Posts of honour.  
If the Major allow some Mornings in fair weather to the younger Brothers who are in the Garrison, that they may be trained in their exercises, he will procure friends, and be esteemed by these young Gentlemen. The Regiment-Majors who are in Garrison commonly take that care upon them; yet they ought not to do it, without acquainting the Major of the place; because no body should take Arms without his knowledge; and besides, the functions of Majors cease when they enter into Garrison. They may very well act severally in their Regiments, but they must receive the Orders which they execute in their Regiments from the Major of the place, otherways the order of War would be perverted; and therefore there are never more than one Governor, one Kings-Lieutenant, and one single Major in a place. And that I may continue to describe his function, I shall tell you, that a Major must be most affectionate to the service of the King, faithful, vigilant and laborious, a man of great Courage, and clear and sound Judgement; he ought to be very impartial in the distribution of service without any compliance, he is to be the Organ of the Governor, as he of a Regiment, is of the Colonel; he alone, or his Aid, aught to carry the Orders, cause all Proclamations to be made, and establish all that concerns Military Discipline for the Authority of his Prince or Governor; take an account of the Posts that are to be guarded, proportion Guards to them according to the strength of the Garrison, show them to the Governor, and take his Orders concerning the manner how he ought to make the distribution of them, and having received them, cause them to be punctually obeyed. In time of War, if the place may be attacked, and that there is ground of fear that the Garrison is not strong enough for defence, or that the Fortifications, Artillery, Ammunition and Provisions, are not in condition to resist the Enemy's Forces, he is to acquaint the Governor therewith, and at the same time write to a Secretary of State, who has the concerns of War for his charge, that he may acquaint the King with the same. If the place be besieged, he ought to take measures for its defence proportionably to the strength of the Garrison and Inhabitants, knowing within a little the number of Soldiers that may defend it; and endeavour by all means to ease the Governor of some part of the cares wherewith he is over-burdened at such a time; and if they be approved by him, he is to take his Orders to cause his will be executed therein. This is the whole duty of a well accomplished Major: so also should all Officers upon the account of honour and duty, acquit themselves strenuously of their charges, that the King may be the better served. There is nothing of greater Glory to a man, than to command men; and therefore Officers ought to know their functions well, and command their inferiors to do their duty; that being so, his Majesty will be far better served, and take pleasure to see so many brave Officers, and so many Soldiers, submitted to his power, and ready to die for his service, the glory of God, and the welfare of the State.   

CHAP. VI Of the March of an Army.  
SQuadrons of Horse as we have said in our first part, are commonly composed of eighty, an hundred, or an hundred and twenty Troopers; it is very rare when they exceed two hundred.  
Batallions are made as strong as may be. The Pikes are always placed in the middle, and the Musketeers on the Wings. The Army is divided into three bodies, which are ranked in three lines; the first is called the Vanguard; the second the main body; and the third if it be of almost equal force, is called the Rearguard; but when weaker it is called the body of reserve. The middle of these three lines consists of Foot; the Cavalry is on the Wings of each of the same lines; and sometimes the Squadrons are placed in the intervals betwixt the Batallions (as we have elsewhere discoursed) to the end that when the Foot have fired, and begin to put the Enemy in disorder, the Horse may more easily advance and charge through these intervals, to break entirely those who already begin to be in disorder; yea, and by that interlining, if the infantry who have fired have suffered any check, the Cavalry which is at hand may maintain them, and give them time to rally.  
The most honourable Post of all is the Vanguard; next the main body claims the honour, but we must except the Regiment of Guards, and the King's Gend'arms, because both are in service, and are always put in the second line.  
There is in every line also the honourable Post: the old Bodies, according to the Order of their Seniority, have always the right Wing, and the second in seniority is placed on the left, and so from rank to rank, so that the middle of the line is the lowest Post in honour. If we consider the number of men, who (as we have said) compose the Batallions which at most consist of a thousand men apiece; and the number of Troopers that make up a Squadron, which is at most of two hundred; it is evident, that though there be but very few Cavalry in an Army, yet the number of Squadrons is double, yea and triple the number of Batallions: so that for every Batallion, in the middle of each of the three lines, there will be two or three Squadrons in the Wings of the same line.  
When an Army is drawn up in Batallia, they observe five foot of interval interval between each Trooper, and three foot between each foot man, which is for the front or distance of one file from another; but when they come to the shock, the files close, and the front is lessened almost one half. There are left about an hundred paces between the first line and the second, and two hundred between the second and third; that the Troops if they be broken may have ground to rally on; and if less ground were allotted them, it would happen that the Troops of one line giving ground would break the Troops of the second, as being too near them. In every line, the Batallions are distant from Batallions, and the Squadrons from Squadrons to a distance almost equal to their front: so that the front of a Squadron extending about two or three hundred foot, the interval between two Squadrons shall be two or three hundred foot more or less; and the front of a Batallion being between an hundred and seventy, or a hundred and eighty foot, the interval between two Batallions shall be within a little equal to their front. These intervals are left, because the Squadrons and Batallions of the second line are placed just behind the intervals of the first, and in the same manner the Bodies of the Rearguard are placed just behind the intervals that are between the bodies of the main Battle, to the end that by these intervals both may more easily advance against the Enemy; and that if the first line be broken, instead of falling back upon the Troops of the second, (as must needs happen if the bodies of all the lines made but files) it might rally behind its own ground, and leave the intervals free for the second line, to advance and maintain the other that gave ground.  
If the Army on a march, have the Enemy on head, and that they march in an open and razed Country, they keep together in a posture of fight. The Cavalry are placed upon the Wings; but the Gend'arms come behind the second line; the Cannon march at the head of the first line: next comes the second backed by the Gend'arms; on the same front march the provisions, baggage, and equipage of Artillery; and for the security of these equipages the Rearguard comes after: but if they must come to a fight, the Rearguard advances on head of them, and leaves only two or three Squadrons on the rear of the baggage and provisions. When the Enemy is on head of an Army in a close Country that is divided by cross ways, by Lanes, and Ditches covered with wood, or beset with Hedges, the front of each of the three lines must of necessity be contracted, and one body must file off after another. In such a Country, the Horse and great Cannon are but of little use, the Cavalry being unable to fight there, and having frequently need of succour. Commonly the march gins by one or two Squadrons a Front, than a Batallion or two a Front, and so successively according as the passages are more or less open. The Cannon, Provisions and Baggage march only after the Troops of the second line; for the Cannon would be so far from doing any good effect if it were on the Front, that it would hinder the march of the Troops, in case the Enemy were on head, and would attack the first line. In such kind of marches there are many skirmishing parties mingled amongst the Baggage, to secure them against the Enemy, who might cut them off by the advantage of the Woods. The infantry hath a particular order for the march of the Baggages; for the Baggage of the oldest Regiments march first, though these old Regiments were even in the third line. When there are two or three narrow Passes, the Army marches in two or three Pillars; to march in Pillars is, when the lines instead of making a large Front, make a long File: so to march in three Pillars, is to march in three long Files.  
If an Army march by Pillars, one half of the Cannon is placed in the intervals of the Troops of the Vanguard, and the other half in the intervals of the main body. There are but very few put in the Pillar of the Rearguard, because it is supposed to be weaker than the other Pillars, and less able to defend the Artillery. When the Enemy is on the flank, in a large and open Country, the Army marches likewise in three Pillars: the first Pillar that sides to the Enemy, shall be composed of the Regiments of the Vanguard; the Cannon shall march between that first Pillar and the Enemy: the second Pillar shall be made up of the Troops of the main Battle; and the third of the body of the Rearguard: so that when the Enemy appears, making the three Pillars turn to the right or left, according as the Enemy shall appear to the right or left, all the Army by that motion will be in order of Battallia, and the Cannon on the Front.  

Of a Council of War.  
It is to be supposed that he who Commands an Army, is a man endowed with all the good qualities that are necessary to the General of an Army. The first thing that a General should do when he has received his Orders from the King, written and countersigned by his Secretary of War, is to endeavour to follow punctually the same orders, that he may the better succeed in them, and give no advantage to his Enemies who are jealous of his glory. He ought have a Journal Book, wherein he shall cause to be inserted by his chief Secretary, all the Orders, Letters, and Answers, which he shall have received or given, that he may be thereby always in a condition to give his Sovereign an account of his duty and actions.  
The General knowing into what place he is to carry the War, and if it be only to enter into an Enemy's Country, or to give a diversion to their Forces; or if it be in effect to besiege a place, force some Posts, or to search the Enemy to give him Battle; he is to hold a Council upon these several occurrences, and shall call to it the chief Officers of Horse, Foot, and Artillery, with the Commissary General of the Provisions, to the end that amongst themselves they may determine the several days marches, and the places for provision on the way.  
In that council, where they treat of the security of the Army, in going to the place proposed, they shall inquire into the nature of the Country, to wit if it be commodious for the march of the Cavalry, or more favourable for infantry; or if these two bodies may march both together: In fine, they must there treat of Carriages; and the General of the Artillery, and Commissary of Provisions, shall declare the advantage or inconvenience of the Country, for the conduct of the Provisions and Baggage of the Army.  
When the General hath received orders from his Sovereign to departed on a day prefixed, or having resolved it in his Council, he ought to write to the chief Officers who were not at the Council General. Now seeing it is usual that the Enemy entertains always Spies in the Capital Towns, and in the place where the General has his abode; he is to send his Letters by secret and extraordinary ways, so that they who pry into his actions may be deceived. He may pretend some indisposition that he may have time to write his Letters. He shall begin to send to those who are most remote from him, and the place whither he intends to go; which will give them occasion to arrive at the place of Rendezvous as soon as they who are very near, to whom the General is not to make known his thoughts but when the time is at hand. Four or five days before the General is to departed, he should cause a report to be spread that he intends to go to a match of Hunting in a place at some considerable distance from the way his Army is to march. This or some such like pretext, puzzles the Spies, especially when they see that there is some probability in it. The Evening before he is to departed, he shall cause notice be given at the receiving of the word, that the Forces that are with him shall repair next day to their colours, that they may be ready to march according to Orders. The Generals of Artillery and the Commissaries of Provision receive the first Orders, to the end they may have time to make provisions without hurry or noise, and furnish the stores from whence the Army is to receive refreshment: and that obliges them to keep their order very secret. The Rendezvous of an Army, is a certain place which the General hath chosen, or is appointed him by Orders from his Prince, whither all the Regiments that are to compose his Army, aught to be present at the day prefixed to them, notwithstanding of the badness of weather. The Rendezvous ought to be commodious, not only for lodging the Army, but also for furnishing it with provisions, and all other things necessary: and therefore it should always be near some places situated on Rivers, that both Horse and Foot may be furnished with sufficiency of water. When the Rendezvous of an Army is made in some Town, and that the Army is to stay there but for one night, the most commodious way both for the inhabitants, and for the Soldiers, is to encamp without the Walls of the Town, giving permission only to some Horse and Foot, to come and buy provisions for themselves and Comrades.  
If the Army be to lie some time at their Rendezvous, and that the place is capable to receive them, than they may be freely quartered in the Town, provided there be water enough both for the inhabitants and Army, for otherways they must go quarter elsewhere.  
It is to be observed that when the Army lies in the Field, the Quarters are to be placed as near one another as possibly they can, that it may not be weakened; and though the Rendezvous of the Army be distant from the Enemy's Country, and that there seem to be no fear of danger, nevertheless as fast as the Regiments shall arrive at the Rendezvous, and enter into their Posts or Lodgings, they shall be careful to place their Courts of Guard, and advance Sentinels for security of the Camp.   

Of cautions to be taken before an Army be drawn into the Field.  
The General before he draws out into the Field, is to agree with the Mareshal de Camp, and the Mareshal of Battle, about the order of his march. That that may be done in the most convenient manner, the General should know the force of the Army that he is to Command, and likewise of the Enemies. It will be no hard matter to know the state of his own; for by making a Roll of the number of Regiments of Horse and Foot, that compose it, and having set down in it the number of the men that are in them, and the number of Squadrons and Batallions that they may form, he shall know how many men he has to Command, and according to that number may proportion the Van guard, main Body, and the Rearguard; but he ought first by his Spies and Scouts be informed, of the convenience or inconvenience of the ways; if they be solid and plain, that he may carry with him his Artillery; if the Country be Mountainous, close, or open Champion; if there be many Woods and Rivers to pass; if the ways be cut by Marshes, Ditches, Canals, or other incommodious places; if there be many narrow passes; if the Enemy may have advantage to attack or surprise by Ambuscades in the narrow passages. Finally, being well informed of all that may be advantageous to him, he shall frame the order of his march, that he may departed when he shall think fit. Before he draw out into the Fields, he ought above all things give orders for raising recruits, making Convoys, which are two things absolutely necessary for the preservation of an Army that hath a design to march in an Enemy's Country.  
The General having caused notice to be given at receiving of the word the Evening before he designs his Army should march, that every one should be in readiness to march next day by the break of day; the Horse and Foot early in the Morning shall repair to their Standards and Colours, which is the place of the gathering together of the several Troops and Companies. All the Troops being form there, they shall put themselves upon the march, and rank themselves into Squadrons and Batallions, that they may afterward draw up in Batallia in the place appointed them by the Mareshal de Camp, or his Aids. Above all things the Mareshal de Camp ought to be well informed of the condition of the Country through which the Army is to march, instructing himself by the general and particular Maps of the Country, and also by the relation of Peasants.  
He shall then draw up his Troops in Batallia, according as he shall judge convenient, or as the General hath ordered him. If it be to march in a plain and open Country, convenient for the Cavalry, Artillery, and the Carriages, than he may extend the Wings of his Army, and march in this manner.  
He shall divide the whole Army into three bodies: that in the middle shall be two thirds of all the Foot, tanked in gross, and by Batallions of two Regiments a piece: upon the flanks of that infantry the greater pieces of Artillery shall be placed, accompanied by some Batallion of Foot.  
At the right and left Wing of that middle-line, shall be the Cavalry disposed into Squadrons, each Squadron consisting of two Cornets; The rest of the infantry marching in little bodies, shall close in, between them and the Horse, the Baggage and Ammunition of the Army, with some Field pieces, as we have said in the proper place. When an Army marches in a straight Country on a road way, no accidents give it greater umbrage, than to be obliged to march through long and narrow passes. When the ways lie between Hills, the General is to send out Riders to post themselves on the way, that they may discover even to the lowest places, if the Enemy be not entrenched there, observing the nature of the plains, and always ask news of the Enemies march. If the way be covered with Trees, two or three days before the Army come there, Carpenters and Pioners must be sent before, with a Guard of Horse to defend them whilst they are cutting down the Trees, and enlarging the ways, that they make space for the Army to march by Pillars. At first there must advance a Squadron of Horse, and then a gross body, which is to be backed by Foot, than the Artillery shall follow, mingled with some Batallion of Foot, and afterward the rest of the Army, which is to be brought up by the rest of the Cavalry: but if the Country be incommodious, and that neither Wagons nor Artillery can be brought through it, the ways stretching along Mountains, little Hills, Valleys, navigable and un navigable Rivers, and other difficult places, and that nevertheless there is a necessity of Cannon, in such a case the General drawing a little aside out of the way, shall cause the Fords and ways to be sounded and tried; he shall always send out some to get intelligence of the Enemies; and when he is well informed of the ways, and that he hath made some of them fit for the passage of Cannon, he is to divide his Army into two Bodies; and shall make one of them march in file, and afterward the Artillery which is to be followed by the second body or Rearguard. If the War be to be carried into the Enemy's Country, and that there be a necessity of passing through some one of his Provinces, whether it be to lay down a Siege, or to bring relief to some place that is to be protected; then, either the Enemy has been already defeated in open Battle, or keeps the Field to bring succours into the place besieged, or to hinder relief from being brought to the Camp of the Besiegers. On all these various occasions, whether the Army Camp in the Field, or in a Village, the General is to have special care that the Commissary General of Provisions, and the Treasurers of War, behave themselves with the fidelity that their charge requires, especially as to the matter of Provisions which ought incessantly be provided either by Victuallers or Convoys. If the Enemy hath been beaten, and that they are not in condition to make a body of an Army, than the General may order his march, as has been said before, either in an open and plain, or in a close and covered Country; but if they have rallied again after their rout, and of the wrack of their Forces have made up an Army considerable enough to cross the designs of the victorious Army, then must he march in a close body; and to the end that the Army may be in freedom to pass into all sorts of places; being disposed into Pillars, the Cavalry shall march on the flanks, on the Front and at the rear of the Pillars; the Infantry shall be in the middle and in gross Batallions, the Artillery and Baggage on one side; all attended by some old Regiments, to cover and hinder them from being cut off.   

Of the march of an Army in a close and covered Country.  
An Army passing through a close and covered Country, suffers many inconveniencies, especially if it be engaged in an Enemy's Country, for it cannot march in Batallia, far less bring up the Artillery, the ways being often broken by Woods, Rivers, and other incommodious places and passages. If the Army be obliged to pass through such kind of places, the General, or Marshal de Camp, is to send before, some Ingineers with a party of Horse, and some Companies of Foot and Pioners to fill up the Ditches, make Bridges, build Boats, and in a word, to do all that the Engineers shall Command them, who are to take the best measures they can for facilitating the march of the Army; and during the time that these things are a doing, the General is to take special care to send out some parties of Horse a scouting, that they may learn intelligence of the Enemy, and know, if they be in the Fields, what way they march, and in a word, all that may conduce to the avoiding of ambushes and surprises. That is the time when the General should set his Spies at work to discover the Enemy's designs, which is an extraordinary advantage in such an enterprise.  
The General by his Scouts shall inform himself of the Enemy's Countenance; to which he is not slightly to give credit, unless confirmed by many; and if he know that the Enemies wait not for him at some place or pass, he shall advance his Army, and go in search of them if his orders be so: but if he be informed that the Enemy has a mind to surprise him in some narrow passage, or in crossing a River, he is to use all circumspection in passing such places, that he may preserve his Troops from the surprises of the Enemies. In all these various occurrences, whether he encamp in the Field, or in some Village, He is to take most special care that the Commissary General of Provisions, and the Treasurers of War act with all the faithfulness that their offices require, and particularly as to the matter of Provisions which must be daily supplied, as well by Convoys as Victuallers.  
The Commissary General ought to be very careful in the choice of the Corn, which he is to gather together into Granaries and Stores by his under Officers, who ought to be skilful and faithful, that they may have a care not to buy rotten and spoiled Corn, which might be destructive to the Soldiers; as also in the entertaining of honest and faithful Bakers, such as can resist the temptations which might be made to them by the Enemy's money.  
The Commissary ought to know the weight that a Bushel of good Wheat should weigh, and by consequent all the other measures that are in use. In the first place he ought to know what weight of bread so much Wheat will yield, and how many men that Bread is sufficient to feed in a day, and then how much Wine or Water, according to the usual proportion, is sufficient for the same number of men, and what weight it weighs. These things should be known to the Commissary General, and his Clarks, that they may take their measures to prepare the necessary Provisions for the Body of an Army during a Campagn.   

How an Army made up of Horse and Foot, is to be Encamped.  
To Camp an Army aright, it must be always put into two lines, with a Body of reserve, provided the ground be fit for it; so disposing them, that between the two lines there be two hundred paces distance. All the Squadrons of Horse of each line are to possess thirty five paces of ground a piece, and there must be as much void betwixt them, that a Squadron may march by the intervals, when there is occasion of fight.  
The Batallions of Foot who Camp commonly in Batallia six men deep, have about eighty paces of ground allotted to them, more or less, according to the situation of the place.  
Between the Squadrons of Horse and Batallions of Foot of the same line, there is usually left a distance of forty or fifty paces.  
As to the Artillery, the Cannons are placed in the first line of the Foot, at such places as shall be thought most advantageous.  
The Wagons and Ammunition are to be Camped between the second line and the body of reserve, on the right hand; and the Provisions on the left, or near the Tent of the Commissary General.  
The Officers as well of Horse as Foot, Camp at the head of their Squadrons and Batallions.  
The place of Arms and chief Court of Guard, are always at the head of the Camp, where the Arms, Standards, and Colours are lodged.  
A General marching in an Enemy's Country, and having on his march met with a Post, which we suppose to be a Bridge, before which there are some Courtins, Bastions, and demy-Bastions, flanked by some heights or little Castles, he is to take care to view it, or to send some Ingeneers to observe if the Bridge be for resistance, divided by little draw Bridges, or united and entire; and at the same time shall detach a small party to try if the River be fordable, for in such a case the General may make some Horse pass over carrying Foot behind them, and by that means attack the Bridge at both ends. But if the Bridge be defended by some eminence, whereon Cannon is planted, a cross Battery is quickly to be raised, in such a manner that the pieces may be out of aim, and that those of the height cannot bear against them, from which they cannot fire but out of the openings or Gun-holes, which look against and defend only that which is opposite to them on the Front: from the Battery they must fire constantly, until the Embrasures, or Gun-holes be broken down, and the Enemy's Cannon dismounted. If the entry of the Bridge be fortified with some Bastions; without spending time to attack it by Trenches, some Cavalier must in haste be raised to make a breach, which must be assaulted with Sword and Pistol, that so the Bastion may be carried in a trice. That is a vigorous way of attack; the truth is, the Soldiers are much exposed thereby, but it is the surest way for such Posts, which by a long delay might consume more men, and occasion the loss of opportunity of effectuating the design, if it were set upon by Trenches.  
When an Army on a march meets with Villages, heights, or other like Posts, which the Peasants have fortified to defend themselves, and to secure their goods in; The General shall observe, if the Post deserve that the Army should halt, or that if proceeding in his march a detachment will be sufficient to reduce these Mutineers to reason. If he find it convenient to make a halt, the Mareshal de Camp, attended by the Ingeneers, is to search for the most convenient ground for encamping the Army, such as places where are Rivers, Waters, or Fountains. The Quarter-Masters of Horse, and the Brigadeer of Foot of the Army, shall distribute the ground for the Camping of their Forces, according to the Orders of the Quarter-Master-General. The Law of War forbids Peasants upon pain of death, to shut themselves up within bare Walls without Cannon, to give thereby stop to a Royal Army. If the General causes them to be summoned to render, it is an extraordinary favour shown them; but if he resolve to force them, he is to name the Officers who should begin the attack, that with their men and those that are to back them, they may warmly ply them with fire, some furnished with short Arms, others with Petards, Granades, Bosses, fire Pots; and some others shall carry Ladders: the first by the help of Mantelets or portable defences, shall approach the Gates, and apply the Petard, whilst others scale the Walls, every one making use of Fireworks, and continuing the action with vigour, until the Post be gained. The success is fatal to the Commanders of the Post, who are rigorously to be punished for so insolent a piece of rashness.  
In the attacking of places, so many different accidents and subjects do occur wherein the General of an Army ought to employ the best of his Judgement, and make use of his experience and conduct in War, that as we have said in our first part, and as may be with good reason averred, the most part of the actions of War are no more but continual consequences of occurrences that many times depend more on chance, than on the Conduct of a Commander.   

Of the continuance of a Siege.  
It is very difficult to find two Towns of the same situation and force; it is likewise a hard matter to make two Sieges of a like disposition, and much more still to determine the continuance thereof; for if there be some Towns, to which the Besiegers without opening or carrying on of Trenches, may the first day of the Siege approach, and lodge themselves on the Counterscarps of their Fossé, by means of a Rideau, or some hollow way; sometimes of a River, or some ill fortified Suburbs. There are likewise other Towns where the ground about is so well ordered, that within Cannon shot of their Ramparts, or at greater distance from their Outworks, there is neither any ruinous place, nor hollow way, that may facilitate an approach to them. To such kind of places there is no coming but by Trenches, or by gaining ground piece and piece; and that is the reason that such Sieges are commonly very dangerous, because of the many accidents which happen daily in the attacks, sallies, mines, and other actions of War, practised by both parties, the one to defend themselves with more resolution, and the other to attack with greater vigour.   

Of the ravage that is made about places which are intended to be Besieged.  
It is usually made by parties of Horse and Foot joined together, to the end they may be in better condition of Foraging, and burning all the Corn and other Commodities that are about a place, whereof they who are to be assieged might make any advantage. In this action as well as in the rest of the whole Siege, the General should act with great prudence, for from the beginnings there is good conjecture to be made of the progress of a Siege: and the parties whom he shall send out aught to be Commanded by men skilful in War, such as Masters de Camp, Majors, and other Officers, who have the prudence to shun the Ambushes of the Enemy, to abide their sallies, and to make head against their parties, beating them back to their defences. They who are Commanded out to make the ravage, aught to draw off from the Army about two Leagues, or at least a League from the Town which is to be besieged: they shall put all to fire wheresoever they pass, with discretion, though, to preserve such things as they may judge useful to cover their Camp, as Woods, private Houses, Churches, and other sacred places, provided the besieged might not make use of them to favour their sallies, and dispute the ground; for in such a case the sacred stones of Altars, the holy Relics, and the rest of what is useless may be carried away; and the materials may serve to build more considerable places of that nature after the Siege.  
Whilst this ravage is making, the Marshal de Camp, with his Ingeneers, goes to view the place, as near the Outworks as possibly he can, that with more distinct knowledge he may judge of the strength or weakness of the place that is to be besieged. A General engaging himself in an Enemy's Country, should leave nothing behind him, that is to say, no place whereof he is not Master, to the end he may facilitate the march of his Recruits, and of the Convoys that are to come to him; otherways he would take very bad measures, should he besiege a place in the usual way whilst the Enemy continues Master of the Castles and other places which might hinder him from the liberty of the Field. When a place to be besieged stands in the middle of a State, such as are commonly those of a people that have revolted against their Prince; and that a General is Commanded out to reduce them to their duty, he is to consider if it be convenient to attack their places by force and storm, or by long Sieges, if they cannot be succoured by their Allies, or if they trust only to the strength and situation of their places and Ramparts. The General being well informed of the condition of those of the place, and knowing that they cannot be relieved from any part, that all their force consists in their obstinacy, in the depth of their Ditches, and height of their Walls, than it shall be enough for him to overcome them by Famine, by blocking them up, which is nothing else than a way of distributing his Troops amongst the Castles, Villages and other places which lie on the avenues of the place, prohibiting all and every one to communicate with those of the Town, and to carry them provisions, upon pain of death, imprisoning those that shall come out of the place, that they may be punished according to their deservings.  
If a Siege is to be form, the ravage being made by order of the Mareshal de Camp of the Army, The General is to make his Troops march to begin the Siege. On that occasion the General should make his Forces double their march, to the end he may deprive the Enemies of occasion of fortifying the place with provisions and men, if they had neglected to do it before.  
When the General is within half a League of the place, he is to send some intelligent person to the Mareshal de Camp, that the Mareshal may inform him of the most advantageous Posts that are about the place.  
The General being thus informed of the advantage and disadvantage of the ground where he is to lay down his Camp, shall go a little before, that he himself may take a view of all the Posts, being accompanied by the Mareshal de Camp and Ingeneers, who may show him the advantage of the places whereof he has had a relation, that there he may draw off his Troops, distributing the Cavalry into the plains and places near Rivers, and the Infantry upon the little Hills and Mountains, within Cannon shot of the place. At that first coming it is very difficult to give to every Regiment the just measure of ground that is necessary to them, or to determine precisely the extent which the Parks of Artillery, and the Quarters of Provisions should possess: Nevertheless, that the matter may be made more easy, we shall deduce it into particulars. It is to be observed, that when the Army is composed of several Troops of Strangers, it is better to put all the Regiments of one Nation together, than to separate them, that the quarrels may be avoided which happen but too frequently amongst men of different Nations.   

Of the Encamping of the Horse.  
Though we have in our first part spoken of the Cavalry, we must still tell you that a Horseman is called a Trooper. He ought commonly to have a servant and two Horses; or at least two Troopers ought to have betwixt them a servant and three Horses, that the third Horse may go out a forageing.  
To lodge a Troop of Horse of a hundred men, which go by the name of Troopers (in French they are called Masters or Cavaliers) there is assigned them for the whole Troop seventy foot in front, and two hundred in depth.  
To two Troopers that lodge together, is assigned eight foot in breadth, and twelve in length, to make their Huts, or Baraques on. As to the Baraques, or Huts of the Horses, there is allowed to each four foot in breadth, and ten in length. The men and Horses are both lodged in two ranks. The Captain's lodging is at the head of the Baraques of his Troop, the whole front of which he possesses; and the breadth of it is forty foot. Between the Huts and Stables, there is a lane eight foot broad. The Horse's Heads stand towards the Huts or Baraques of their Masters. The Lane between the Stables is ten foot broad, that the Horses may have room to come forth.  
Between the lodging of the Captain and the Troop, there is a Lane twenty foot broad. Behind the Troop are posted the Sutler's, divided from the Troop by a Lane twenty foot broad.  
If many Troops encamp together near to one another, the space betwixt them is commonly twenty foot broad.  
I shall not in this place speak of the quartering of the Infantry, when upon a march they come to a Village, nor of the Quarters of those that are in Garrison in a place; because the first Quarter in the Peasant's Houses by Billets, and the others with the Towns people by Chamberfulls, or singly; I speak of the Infantry that are obliged to Encamp and to build Huts. That manner of Lodging is called Encamping.  
We have in our first Part, given all the measures for Lodging a Company of Foot, and of an entire Regiment.   

Of the way of making the Lines of Circumvallation and Contravallation.  
If the General find that he cannot by storm carry the place which he intends to attack, and that besides, he may be in apprehension that the Enemy will relieve the place, then shall he cause a Line of Circumvallation to be made round his Camp; and if he know the Town to be strong in men, and that the Governor may make frequent sallies, to incommode his Camp, and make Prisoners: to oppose these attempts, he must make a line of Contravallation on the side of the Town. The Forces being encamped, the Ingeneers shall go round the place, that they may observe the ground by which they are to draw the line of Circumvallation, taking a Plan or draught of the ground circumjacent to the place, observing in it all the heights, little Hills, Valleys, Rivers, Churches, and generally all that may serve for Lodgings, as well for Horse as Foot, as Vineyards, Hedges, ruined Houses, and other places of covert. The Ingeneers having presented that draught to the General, and with him condescended on the way by which the line of Circumvallation is to be carried, they are to mark it out with pegs and cords, of the breadth of two fathoms, making the basis of its Parapet eight foot broad, the interior height of the Parapet six foot, and the exterior five, with a Banquet three foot broad, and a foot and a half high; the Line of Circumvallation on the side of the Country, and the Earth cast up on that of the Camp. The Line of Contravallation is made by the same measures, having its Ditch towards the Town, and the Earth on the side of the Camp, to cover the Soldiers that are behind it.   

How the Attacks and Trenches are to be determined, and ordered.  
The Circumvallation being finished, and the Parks fortified by some Star-works, or half Bulwarks, the Mareshal de Camp, attended by the Ingeneers, and guarded by some Horse, is to approach as near as possibly he can to the Outworks or Counterscarps of the place, that he may discover the strength or weakness of the Fortifications of the Town, the force whereof consists in the goodness of its Outworks, when they are well flanked by the defences of the place, and not commanded by adjacent places, its Ditches being large and very deep, the Bastions solid, big, and well defended by Casemates and Cavaliers, with Parapets Cannon proof. We shall tell ye likewise, that the weakness of a place is to have great Outworks commanded by the adjoining heights, and ill flanked by the place, with narrow Ditches, and half filled up, decayed Ramparts, ruined Parapets, small Bastions, and ill filled with Earth, that, and the nature of the ground being observed, the Ingeneers are to make their report to the General, that the number of attacks may be adjusted, which are to be but two or three at most, if he have no Army strong enough to make four or five at a time, and to furnish them all that is necessary. The number of the Trenches being determined, the Ingeneers are to mark them out on the very place with pegs and cords, and the way by which they must be carried on; taking their advantage of the ground, as of little Valleys, hollow ways, dry Brooks, low Bottoms, Ditches, Hedges, little Hillocks, and in a word, of every thing that may put the Soldiers under Covert.   

Of the carrying on of Trenches.  
Many who have written of Lines of approach, especially such as have never been present at them, have spoken of the working, and of the advancing and conducting of a Trench, as of a matter so easy, that they have boldly undertaken to limit the time that should be employed in carrying it forwards to the Counterscarp of a place besieged, and to measure how many paces and fathoms the Pioners should carry on their work in a day, in a night, and in an hour. For my own part who have conducted some, I found the matter far more difficult in the execution, than it is in imagination and theory in a study: In effect, the advancement of a Trench depends on so many accidents, that I wonder at those that would limit the time for it. That I may speak to the matter with some exactness, I do say, that the Engineer, or in his place, he that hath the ordering of the work, ought first of all consider the quality of the ground through which he is to carry his Trench, that he may observe if it be of plain Earth, or if it be sandy, stony, or altogether Rocky, or if it be cut by Ditches, or boggy and marish. When he hath well considered that, if the ground be good, he is to make provision of Mattocks, Spades, Pick-Axes and Shovels, that he may make use of them to open, dig, and enlarge the Trench, according to the measures we shall give hereafter: but if the ground be rocky and too hard to be cast up, (which is to be learned by the relation of the Country people about) the Engineer is to make provision of a great quantity of Sacks full of Earth, Faggots and Gabions that he may make use of them to defend himself against the works of the place, and to cover his Trenches, as we are about to tell you. The difference that we make betwixt the opening and carrying on of the Trenches, is this, that under the word of opening, is expressed, the beginning of the working of the Trench, the tail whereof looks always towards the Besiegers; and that by the word carrying on, the advancement of the work is signified, the end of which looks always to the place that is besieged, and is called the head of the Trench. The place of opening them should be marked out by the Mareshal de Camp, or General. The true place to begin the opening in, should be without Musket shot of the nearest of the Outworks, yea, and without Cannon shot, when it is judged that the Labourers may be incommoded thereby. When in the Neighbourhood of the place there is some House that interposes betwixt the Musket and Cannon of the Besieged, and that to go thither there is but very little ground which lies open to the place, in that case it is to be made use of for the opening of the Trenches, sending thither Pioners under shelter of some Mantelets, followed by those who are to back them, who are usually Horse, and seldom Foot, the Horse having the advantage of riding and scouring the Field, which the Foot cannot easily do.  
It is to be observed, that in opening the Trenches, the first Pioners kneel, and work not but by night, wherein they do five or six times more work in three hours' time, than they can do in ten by day. At first they make but a little Ditch, which they that follow enlarge and dig by little and little, until it be about two fathoms wide, and three or four foot deep, especially when they draw near the place, that by the earth which they cast up before themselves, and those that are in the Trench, they may be covered from the defences of the Town.  
There is nothing that heartens the Labourers in the Trenches more, than to see themselves backed by those of their party; for there is hardly ever any approach made, but that the besieged make sallies out, to incommode the Pioners, fill up their works, and set upon those that defend them. This aught to oblige the Besiegers to make places of Arms, and some Redouts and Bastions, with half Bulwarks at competent distances.  
The most commodious Posts for places of Arms, as well for the Horse as Foot, are such as may easily assist one another, and are secure from the works of the Town, as hollow ways, and especially when these ways are cross, for their depth serves for a Parapet to the Foot; but for want of a natural depth these places of Arms are to be defended with Gabions, Sacks full of Earth, or other ways with Trunks of Trees, and all that can be found, to hinder those of the place to annoy them: sometimes there is a Ditch made round them, and the place of Arms is fortified like a Field Fort.  
When the men work at the approaches, and find hollow ways, they are to make use of them for opening of the Trenches, raising there at first some Redout, to clear them all along, in case that the Besieged would make use of them, as of Counter approaches. To prevent laying open and along to the place, the Boyau or Trench must of necessity turn side-ways: on the right or left flank, and sometimes about the middle of the Trenches there is a Redout to be raised containing eight or ten fathoms in Front, with a Ditch a fathom and a half wide, or thereabout, and as deep as possibly it can be made.  
In these little Forts most part of the Soldiers who are Commanded to guard the Trenches, are to be lodged, as we have showed elsewhere in our Royal Fortifications.  
FINIS.