The Latin GRAMMAR. OR, A Guide teaching a compendious way to attain exact Skill in the LATIN TONGUE, FOR A proper Congruity and elegant variety of Phrases in Prose and Verse. Published for the Common good in continuation of a former Guide, teaching to read English rightly, and Write accordingly. By Richard Lloyd.  
LONDON, Printed by Thomas Roycroft, for the Author, Anno Dom. 1653.   
The Latin Grammar. OR A Guide, teaching a compendious way to attain exact skill in the Latin Tongue, etc.  


Of Grammar.  
GRammar is a Series of rules directing to write and speak congruously, whence the true meaning of words may be certainly known. And it hath two parts, Etymology and Syntaxe.   

Of Etymology.  
Etymology doth teach the affectious of words, specially such as concern the variations of parts of Speech.   

Of parts of Speech.  
The principal parts of speech are three.  
1 Nouns that betoken things.  
2 Verbs that betoken a doing or suffering of the things.  
3 Adverbs that signify some circumstance belonging to the things, or to the doing or suffering of them  
All regular Nouns and Verbs are variable by proper affections, But Adverbs are invariable saving by common accidents.   

Of common Accidents.  
The common affections equally belonging to all parts of Speech are two, the form and figure.   

Of the Form.  
The form doth consist in the signification of words for which they were ordained.   

Of the Figure.  
The figure doth consist in the origination of words, distinguishing them as Primitives and Derivatives.   

Of a two fold form or signification of words.  
The signification of Words is either genuine and literal, according to their original institution, or Tropological and translatitious with Anology to the literal for words change sense each with other proportionably to the bonds of union, or marks of opposition known between them, wherefore in a consentaneous sense any part will denominate the whole, or the whole any part having essential union each with other by a Trope called Synecdoche, likewise the cause will denominate its own effect, or a subject, it's own adjunct, and chose, having natural union amongst themselves, by a Trope called Metonymia, others having a Relative union (as they resemble) so accordingly they may denominate one another by a Trope called Metaphora. Last; in a disentaneous sense when the gesture and pronunciation of the speaker, compared with a known condition of the thing or party spoken of, do evidence a contrariety between the words and meaning, it is by a Trope called Ironia.   

Of the Tropological form or borrowed sense of words.  
A Trope doth modify the sense of words in proportion to their native use instituted either, 1. For supply where proper words are wanting, or 2 To civilize proper words which seem offensive, or 3 When the words are decent to beget variety the main object of delight. And it should be regulated with ingenuity, perspicuity, and moderation, for Jewels are not to clothe the body, but to adorn some eminent parts thereof; besides that the best things growing common become contemptible, in fine when the literal sense of words, with good Authors, doth breed absurdity, the Trope must rectify it. And there is no such Author without Tropes, nor any student that can attain their meaning, without previous skill therein as principles.   

Of Synecdoche.  
By Synecdoche either the Genus that is common and universal, doth give name unto the Species, being some particular comprehended under it, as Atrides, for Agamemnon, whereas Atreus had another Son, Cythaeaea, for Venus: Nequam for Diabolus. And thereto belongeth any other Noun, used by the figure Antonomasia, Orator for Cicero, Poeta for Homerus, Urbs for Roma, quadrupes for Equus, mortalis for Homo, ventus for Auster, ne crede colori, for pulchritudini, bello virtus dignoscitur, for spectatur fortitudo, uteris authoritate intemperantius, for iracundius, semper ebrius, for saepe. And chose the species doth give name unto the genus, as Anglus perit, for Angli, the singular for the plural, Cato, Curii, for sapiens, frugales, Boreas for ventus, pontus for Mare, nectar for Vinum, Charta, Papyri Caudex, for membrana, fides Punica, for fallax, aut afflicta, omnium gemitu triumphas, for gauds, vivit bacchanalia, for Intemperanter, parum abest, for nihil aut non. The finite for infinite, or else the total, or integral doth give name unto the part or members, as Catone sepulto, for Catonis corpore, bibit Ararim, for aquam, prosternit silvam, for Arbores, Graeci, for Argivi, tertium portu peregit annum, for Hyemem, mendicant ostiatim, for ad Ostia divitum, vellet dimicare viritim, for singulatim. And chose, the part doth denominate the whole, animaque litavit, for homine, arbiter est oculus, for oculatus, aes for nummus, ferrum aut mucro, for gladius, pirus, prora, puppis, for Navis, imen, Janua, paries, tectum, for- Domus, maenia, for Vrbs, te septima portat omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas, for annus, quiescit, for dormit momentaria caecitate percussus, for subita, pedetentim venit, for tarde.  
Thus whether the whole doth name the part, or a part the whole, either-way they advance each other; the whole naming a majori, doth ascribe its entire worth and honour to the part thence named, the part naming ab insigniori, doth nobilitate the whole by its eminency, without which none should denominate. Wherefore we call a Fool stultum caput, not calcaneum, because the heel is uncapable of discretion. And a devout person pium pectus, not cerebrum, the seat of affection, complying mostly with devotion. Last, this trope hath precedence before the rest, as grounded on the nearest bond of union, to wit, the inward causes of matter and form, and is seconded by Metonymia, grounded on the outward causes.   

Of Metonymia.  
By Metonymia, the external cause being the 1. efficient, 2. instrument, or 3. end, is put for the effect. 1. Aeneadae for Aeneae posteritas, Lucanus legitur for poema. Aethiops multum monstrant in corpore solemn, for nigredinem; praeceps ira insolens victoria, and most epithets; jugulat for occidit, segnius inslat for tardius. 2. Lingua for sermo, manus for scriptura, arma for bellum. 3. Justitia for patibulum, aris imponit honorem, for victimam. And chose the Effect is put for the Cause. 1. Garminibus metus omnis abest, for poetis, Libycae clades, for Scipiadae, expalluit for timuit, sudavit for laboravit. 2. Direxit vulnera for tela. 3. serta legunt for flores. Onomotopoeia doth belong to a Metonymy of the effect, as bomhus apum for id soni. The subject also doth give name unto the adjuncts taken largely, whether inherent therein, or adhering thereto, which way are used, 1. The seat for quality non tibi plus cordis sed minus oris inest, for prudentiae, verecundiae. 2. The continent for the thing contained, focus for ignis, poculum ebibit for vinum, specially places for inhabitants or things done therein. Africa belligerat, for Africani, carcer for captivi, sunt pleni ruris for rusticitatis, forum for lights, id rostra docent, for concionatores, tibi militat aether, for fulgura cum tonitribus. 3. The chief Authors and Owners for things pertaining to them. Junoni templum struxit Sidonia Dido for structurae author erat praecipua. Acheloia cornua fregit Hector, for Dux cum exercitu, so Advocatus for cliens, proximus ardet V calegon, for domus. 4. Things for time proper thereto, tertia messis erat for annus. 5. The thing signified for the sign. Orphea constituit medio sylvasque sequaces, for imagines caelatas pallida luna pluit for pluviam prae monstrat, populi cor impingua for impinguatum renuncia. Hereto belong sacramental phrases, but Sacraments are of a higher nature, morally exhibiting, like Seals and earnests, a present right with assurance of a future full enjoyment. 6. The Antecedent for the Consequent, tegit pedes for alvum exonerat; fuit Ilion ingens gloria Dardannium for desiit esse, tunc messis in herba for ver, so messis in umbra for hiems, muner a non sperno for accipio, preces exaudiuntur for Conceduntur. Some call these instances Litotes, some call them Metalepsis, and both such and other Examples denominating all the Company by the chief Actor, have near affinity with Synecdoche of the part, as contrariwise Curii for frugales have affinity with a Metonymy of the subject for the adjunct quality. Likewise the adjunct doth give name unto the subject. 1. Virtues, Vices, and other properties, are set for things endued therewith, patientia vincit for patience, scelus for scelestus, iussit potestas for magistratus, artem terra quaevis alit for artificem, A Cyathis for Promus. 2. Vina coronant for pocula, comburuntur lights for fora, Mene putas vestris includere ludis for circis, frigus opacum quod umbraculis adiacet. 3. Luget Parnassus for Musae, hic passim insanitur for ab omnibus vicinis. 4. Capiunt oculis & pectore noctem, for somnum, fundit ab antris Aeolus armatas hyemes for procellas, solstitio defende pecus for astu. Autumno gravidae vites for vuis, nulla infaelicior aetas for nullius aetatis homines. 5. Vrina sana for sanitatem indicans, sceptrum, fasces, pupura for princeps, claves for Ecclesiastical, gladius for civil government, pubes, lanugo for iuvenlus, toga for pax subscripsit for assensit. 6. Multa desiderantur for desunt. Lavinaque venit littora for ita postmodum vocata, scenam calefecimus for implevimus, speluncis abdidit atris for profundis, which last Metonymies are as more remote so far more elegant: but the former between causes and effects are more familiar, because more natural.   

Of Metaphora.  
By Metophora words change their sense according to the likeness of the thing spoken of, to the things which properly they do betoken, and that ample ground doth make this trope more capacious than any other; as Corvus for nocens, Columba for innoxius, legis habena for potestas. Fulmen fortunae for impetus, ferreus est precibus for inexorabilis, lae ta seges for uber, aurea Phoebe for ruhicunda, vites gemmant for germinant, laterem lavat for nugatur, ramos compesce fluentes for excrescentes, fluxae vires for minutae, Hebraei ab Hebero fluunt, for oriuntur, mens fluctuat for dubitat, Lente venit for cunctanter, id lente fert for patienter, lente agit for remiss, lente rem probat for diu, which is derived from lentus, properly signifying viscous or clammy.  
This trope as it is more copious than any other, so it is more useful to unmask the nature of things, to excite accordingly either love or hatred thereunto, and to accomplish both with grace, or without offence; therefore it is familiar in Adages or Parables of the wise, but it will require these cautions following.  
1. That it doth not admit more disproportion than proportion, as Caeli fornices, being neither large enough, nor circular.  
2. That it be not too far fetched, Syrtis patrimonii.  
3. That it be not too obscene, as stercus curiae.  
4. That it doth not imply a contradiction, ferreus in studiis puerest.  
5. That it be not devious from itself, exundat & ardet amore.  
6. That it be not too familiar a condition, requisite to all tropes, because they must be rarities.  
Lastly, those Metaphors be most emphatical, which add life or reason to inanimate or senseless things, as Pontem indignatus Araxes, and having a double analogy they be reciprocal, as auriga navis, or gubernator currus, but terminating in a simple relation they cannot be converted, as vulpes may be set for callidus, but not chose callidus for vulpes, except it be by another trope, called Synecdoche generis.   

Of Ironia.  
By Ironia words are carried from their own to a clean contrary sense, which is understood by the expression and contradiction of such words, to the things which literally they betoken. Scilicet hac vitam servatam dote rependis, for ingratitudine Me duce Dardanius spartam expugnavit adulter, for minime gentium. Id facinus in laude ponas egregia, for ignominia; Credo quam innumerabiles hostium copias in Italia fudisset, for nullas: so Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, as admodum inculta. Sic, idem iungat vulpes & mulgeat hircos, for ineptias agate; which two last are called Astismus: En agros metire iacens, & Satia te Sanguine Cry, both called Sarcasmus. These examples, Midas pauper, for Cui sua desunt bona: or Codrus dives, for qui nil cupit, are not Ironies, but Metonymies of the consequent; dare classibus austros, for classes austris is Hypallage; de tuis nildicam periuriis, or ut praeteream tua latrocinia, are Apophasis and Paralipsis, Lucus qui non lucet, Parcae quae non parcunt, Euxinus for Axenus are Antiphrasis; all which resemble this trope, but are especially different from it.  
Lastly, it is used most in merriments, and sometimes in grave, but sharp reproofs of faults, no less odious than notorious.   

Affections belonging to the former tropes.  
Metalepsis is a gradual progress of sundry tropes in the same word, Stratoque super discumbitur ostro. Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum: Post aliquot mea regna videns mirabar aristas.  
Allegoria is the continuation of the same trope in sundry words, nostros habemus Curios, Mamercos, Marios, rete accipitri non tenditur neque milvo ne charta nos prodat pertimesco, sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus, Contrahe sam vento tua turgida vela secundo.  
Filiolas Cadmi profert Nilotis Arundo,  
Quas serit e Cnidio distillans sepia nodo.  
Which last is called Aenigma.  
Catachresis is an usurpation of words enforced from the received to an improper sense, faciesque simillima lauro, Vltores sperate Deos, tibi laeta minatur, Vir gregis, aut acres tendunt arcus, minuto sunt anime, Capitis nives.  
Hyperbole doth amplify or abate the sense of words used unequally to their true meaning, not to deceive, but to level the uneven opinion of the hearers, by such means rectified, and the first sort is called Auxesis, the last Meiosis: Gigantes for proceri, Nani for pusilli, Mons for verruca, Parricidium for homicidium and chose nusquam tuta fides, for apud paucos, the indefinite for the finite, all Hyperbolical Synecdoches, which some Authors think to be Catachresis Venere formosior, pice nigrior, sublimi feriam sydera vertice.  
Every affection doth in some sort belong to all the Tropes, but the Irony is least affected with them. Metalepsis is most familiar to Synecdoche and the Metonymy, even as the Allegory to the Metaphor, Catachresis with good Authors, doth only affect the speech intended for the rustics. And otherwise doth resemble the speech of Rustics for the most part in Comedies.   

Tho common affections of Nouns and Verbs.  
There be three affectious common to Nouns and Verbs, to wit Number, Gender, and Person, whereof the Number doth equally belong both to Nouns and Verbs, the other two unequally, for the Gender is more peculiar unto Nouns, and the Person unto Verbs.   

Of the Number.  
There be two Numbers, 

1 The Singular belonging to one as Pater obijt.  
2 The plural pertaining to more than one, as liberi lugent.     

Exceptions.  
Two Substantives singular with a Coniunctive Adverb called a Copulative, or one Noun Collective, or a pronoun Distributive singular, referring to a society is equivalent to the plural, speaking implicitly of many: And Verbs or Adiectives referring thereunto, will agree with the more worthy Person or Gender, the former in both being accounted worthiest, saving that the Neuter standeth for the worthier Gender after copulates that betoken things inanimat, as Virga & Baculus nos consolata sunt, gens armati perimus, vestrum aliquis adeste, utraque suo delectatae study, aliud de dignantur. Likewise Verbs singular called impersonals, are equivalent to the plural, by virtue of the oblique construed with them, as nos docere oportet, vobis discere non luber●ab omnibus aut luditur aut cessatur.  
Lastly, Nouns proper or common, being only plural, referring in Apposition to other Substantives singular, are equivalent thereunto, and speak but of one, as Vrbs Athenae, Bacchanalia, festum infame, Circenses, curule certamen, Aeneides, Virgilij poema. Tu mihi deliciae, Ars inopis divitiae.  
Where may be noted that any Substantive of a continued signification, speaking of the same thing, must be put in the same case, Phoebe nutrix nos amat alumnos.   

Of the Gender.  
The Gender doth distinguish Nouns betokening Male or Female, physically by their sexes, but otherwise doth Gramatically differ sexies, Nouns having commonly like Declension, and constantly a like construction unto those which have proper sexes.  
The distinct Genders are only three, 

1 Masculine, as Spado, sermo,  
2 the Feminine, as Vulpes, Nubes.  
3 The Neuter, as scortum slagitium.     

Annotations.  
A Noun cannot be of any more than one of the said three Genders in the same Sentence or Construction. But otherwise many Nouns by their termination and signification, may be some of the two first, and others of all three Genders; and of this last sort are all Adiectives, which if they have three divers end, as bonus bona bonum, the first as bonus is Masculine, the second as bona, is Feminine, the third as bonum, is Neuter; or having two several end, as dulcis dulce, the first as dulcis is Masculine or Feminine, the second as dulce is Neuter; or having but one ending, as faelix, dulcibus, bonis, than such are of all three Genders, called the Common of three.  
Substantives physically betokening both Sexes, he and she, under the same ending, as such by signification are both of the Masculine and Feminine Gender, called the Nouns of the Common of two, but notwithstanding in the same Sentence, or in a continued Construction they keep constantly to one Gender, as Parens de quo dubitatur Africanus est.  
Other Substantives having no reference to distinct Sexes, are called Nouns of the doubtful Gender, being either Masculine or Feminine, upon the authority of approved Authors who use the same promiscuously only in a continued Construction, but not in the same Sentence, as nullus est dies qua literas non scribo. Appellatives of Beasts, Birds, & Fishes, as vulpes, hirundo, passer, aquila, Cetus, specially those least conversant with man, though having distinct Sexes, yet keep constantly to one Gender, most agreeable to their termination, and are called Epicoenes.   

Exceptions.  
Some such Nouns betokening domestic creatures, and having a Termination that is not constant to one Gender, be of the common of two, as Bos, Sus, Canis, and such like: And others of like sort, not having reference to any sex, are doubtful as Grus, Bubo, with such others.   

Of distinct Genders known by general RULES.  
The proper Gender of any Nouns may certainly be known by their signification or termination, and sometimes by combination of both together.   

Of Genders known by signification.  
Nouns Physically betokening a certain sex, if Male, are Masculines, as Galba, if Female are Feminines, as socrus, but filius is Masculine, and filia feminine, both by signification and by termination.  
All proper names, and many common Nouns referring to more known Appellatives will imitate the same, as in signification, so likewise in Gender, some few excepted, that follow the Termination constant to a certain Gender.   

Of Masculines following the more known Appellative.  
The more known Appellatives being Masculines, do for the most part communicate the same Gender to all proper names, or less known Appellatives subordinate thereunto as Deus, Pan Angelus, Gabriel, Diabolus, Sathanas, fluvius Orontes, but Averna, Gadir, be Neuters by the Terminations, constant to that Gender, Mons, Ossa, but Aetna, is feminine, referring unto Rupes, Ventus, Lybs, but Ornithiae, is feminine, Lapis, Adamas, but Marmor is Neuter, and Chrystallus feminine, referring unto Gemma, Piscis, Labrax, but Auxumae is feminine.   

Of Feminines following their Appellatives.  
The more known Appellatives being feminines, do in like sort transmit their Gender to their respective less known Appellatives, or to proper names belonging thereunto, as Dea, Juno, furia Allecto, mufa Clio, regio Persis, insula Cyprus, Urbs Pergamus, but Gabijs, Hippo, Acragas, are Masculines Bactra, Lugdunum, Hispal, Proeneste, Argos, Tibur, Zeugma, be neuters: Herba Baccharis, but Helleborus is Masculine, Arbour Pinus, but Pinaster is Masculine, navis Argo comaedia Eunuchus, fabula Thyestes, but in these last Examples Synthesis doth sway the Gender.   

Of Neuters known by signification.  
Any part of Speech taken materially for the elementary parts of the word, are of the Neuter Gender, as Amicitia, for Amicitiae vocabulum, Etymologice sumptum, dictum est ab amo. Or taken figuratively, as the Verb or Adverb instead of a Substantive by Enallage, as scire tuum nihil est, for scientia tua, Cras aliud veniet, for Crastinus alter; And such are all Aptote Substantives, as Tempe, fas, Halec, virus, sinapi, eornu, nihil, her, frir, pondo, Chaos, Hippomanes, pascha, with other exotic, or peregrine words, referring to no Physical sex, either male or female.   

Of Genders known by termination.  
Nouns Regular, that do not refer either to a Physical sex, or to a more known Appellative, are best discerned in their proper Gender, by their Declensions, where accordingly their proper Gender shall be specified.   

Of Persons.  
There be three Persons in both Numbers, both of Nouns and Verbs distinguished each from other: The first Person, as the speaker singularly, ego doceo: plurally, nos Docemus, the second Person is spoken to, singularly, tu disces, plurally, vos discetis. The third Person is spoken of singularly, ille advertat, plurally, illi advertant. And all Nouns whatsoever be of the third person, whether Substantives (not opposed to ego, nos, tu, or vos) or Adiectives that have not the same for their Substantives. Moreover, ego, nos, tu, and vos, are commonly understood with Verbs, being never expressed but by way of restriction or amplification notified by Conjunctions exceptive or Demonstrative, as in the Syntax will be instanced.   

Of Enallage.  
By Enallage any part of Speech or their affections may be changed one for another; populum late regem, for regnantem; Criminibus terrere novis, for terrebat, Which with other variations, by Tropes and Synonymes, are very useful for copiousness and elegancy of expression, and are most necessary to gain or advance good skill in Poetry, as the meetest helps to prepare Phrases for metrical forms. Moreover Enallage hath obtained sundry names in sundry respects, being called Antimeria, when it changeth parts of Speech, or Antiptosis, when it changeth Cases, or Heterosis changing Genders or Declensions, or Alloiosis changing other affections.   

Of literal and genuine forms of NOUNS.  
The Genuine forms commonly called the kind of Nouns are two, the Substantives and the Adiectives, distinguished each from other three ways.  
1 The Substantive hath a, or the before it, because understood of itself, and it answereth to the Question who or what, for clearing the sense of all other parts of speech joined therewith in structure. But Adiectives have no such sign, because of themselves, they have no perfect sense, but in reference to their Substantives. And therefore Adiectives agree with their Substantives, in Case, Gender, Number, and Person.  
2 The Substantive hath but one Gender, or two at the most, but Adiectives have all three Genders.  
3 The Substantive regularly, hath but one ending in the same Case, but all Adiectives have two end, in some Cases, and some Adiectives in some Cases have three divers end.  
Plus, and quid with its compounds, as quicquid, aliquid, and the like, are always put Substantively. And such are sometimes other Adiectives of the neuter Gender, having quiddam, or negotium, or verbum,— in the Hebrew, or Chrema in the Greek Idiom, understood therewith, as triste senex miles, turpe senilis Amor, horrida narrant. Likewise other Adiectives of the Masculine or Feminine Gender, have known Substantives to be supplied therewith, as omnis amicus, supply homo, Pinguis Ferina, supply caro, una triremis, supply, navis, meus natalis, supply, dies.   

Of the variation of parts of Speech.  
Substantives may be changed unto Adjectives, or chose, and either of them to Verbs, or Adverbs, as Ingenium Herois, heroicum ingenium, or ingeniosus Heros, pro dotum copia, or co piose dotatus, aevo quolibet locoque, or semper et ubique, clarescet, or audiet clarissimus, or clarissime.   

The forms or kinds of Substantives.  
There be two kinds of Substantives.  
1 Proper names belonging definitly to one, as Homerus. Or 2 Nouns Appellative and common, belonging indefinitely unto any of the same rank or condition, as Poeta belonging equally to any of the Poets.   

The variation of Nouns proper or common.  
Proper names by Tropes put on the nature of Appellatives signifying in a borrowed sense, not the persons, but their conditions, as Hydra for Clades, Metaphorically, Nero, for Tyrannus, Synecdochically, but such are used more commonly in the plural as Aristoteles for Philosophi, Alexandria, for Urbes imperatoriae by Synecdoche of the species, Caii, Decii, Fabricii, for ipsorum Liberi, by a Metonymy of the cause, the Authors giving names unto their families.  
Appellatives are chose used for proper names Antonomastically as Clades Lernensis, for Hydra Lernaea, Tyrannus, for Nero, Philosophus, for Aristoteles, Atrides, for Agamemnon.  
Proper names, or Appellatives may be changed one to another by Synonyms.   

Paraphrastically.  
Aegyptus for tellus que faecundissima Nilo, Pluviae inscia regna, Arvum genitale Canopi, Deorum prodigiosa parens.  
Adulator: Qui vendit fucum fumumque, Morbus amicitiae, Mancipium ventris.   

Proverbially.  
Qui captat ficum, Cauda blanditur, Sermonem sesamo condit, Rosas loquitur, Qui Vulpe benignior audit, Et pellax patulas oleum distillat in aures.   

Emblematically.  
Chamaeleon quemlibet colorem imitans, Corvus cadaverum oculos effodiens, Cervus et fistula, Apis in o'er mel, sub cauda spiculum gerens, Lupus asinum titillans.   

Enigmatically.  
Placentinorum potius quam Veronensium soboles.   

Tropologically.  
Assentator by Synecdoche of the part; Parasitus, by a Metonymy of the adjunct, Palpo, Metaphorically fautor et foe or Ironically.   

The forms or kinds of Adjectives.  
Adiectives are of three sorts or kinds.  
1 Nouns betokening for the most partisome quality.  
2. Pronouns, Notifying always the quantity.  
3 Participles, signifying an Active or Pasive power, capable of intention, and thereby distinct from any act or passion▪ which hath always some adsignificance of time, proper to the Verbs, and inconsistent with intention.   

The several kinds or Forms of Pronouns.  
Pronouns considered at large, are of two kinds, either Demonstratives when joined with their Substantives, they show a thing not spoken of before: or Relatives, when referring to their Substantives, construed in a former Sentence, and then called Antecedents, they rehearse a thing spoken of before.   

Annotations.  
The Pronouns considered strictly in their distinct forms of quantity are either, 1. Finite and singular, as Ego tu sui ille ipsei hic is and iste, or 2. Indefinite, being either. 1. particular, as nonnullus quidam aliquis, or 2. universal, as omnis nullus. All which are called Redditives when they answer to qui or quis, the Interrogatives. And quis or such other desisting to be Interrogatives become Redditives, admitting divers forms suitable to their structure.  
These Possessives meus tuus suus noster vester Homericus Ciceronianus, and such like answering to the Interrogative Cuius may be sorted with finite Pronouns.  
Other Possessives referring not to peculiar persons, but unto Countries, as Atheniensis Romanus Cres Libs Arpinas nostras vestras with such other, answering to the Interrogative Cuias, may suit with the Indefinite; In which rank may be placed likewise all the rest that follow.  
The Cardinal Pronouns, as unus duo tres quatuor, and the rest answering unto Quot.  
The distributives, as bini, trini or binarij, ternarii, and the rest answering to Quoteni.  
The multiplicatives, as duplex triplex, etc. answering unto Quotuplex.  
The Ordinals, as primus secundus tertius, etc. answering unto Quotus.  
The Proportinals, as duplus triplus, etc. answering unto Quotuplus.  
The Temporals as biduanus bimestris biennis, answering to Quotennis.  
The Frequentatives and Diminutives, as multus nimius paululus, answering unto Quantus.  
The Comparatives and Superlatives, as doctior and doctissimus, answering unto Qualis.  
Ego tu sui, being always Substantives, have a property to be constant to their dictinct persons, but any other will admit of any person agreeable to their Substantives; as sui Caesarem defendamus, or defendite servi Sui and suus, are called reciprocals, because they have immediate recourse to a precedent Substantive, either in the same Sentence, as trahit sua quemque voluptas, or quisque sua voluptate trahitur, or in a former sentence reducible to the same, as vule nulier ut ipsa & omnia laudentur sua: or vult sese ac sua laudari. Hic, iste, and ille when they refer to three, hic doth point at the last and nearest; iste at the second nearest, ille at the first and furthest. And commonly hic and ille are limited in like manner, when they refer to two. But ille and iste compared together, Ille referreth to the best, and Iste to the basest.   

Of the variation of Pronouns.  
Pronouns have much affinity with Adverbes, and are commonly interchanged therewith, whether Interrogatives, as ubi, for quo die aut loco; or Redditives, as hactenus, for usque ad hunc diem aut locum; or Collectives, as perimus una, for omnes; or Distributives, as deferimus singulatim for singuli; or Numerals, as Nummi dividuntur hipartito, for in duas parts, and by way of equivalence, Castra simul expugnantur ter quina, for quindecim. Distributives passing for Cardinals, with Substantives that have no singular. Adverbes likewise supply Diminutives and Frequentatives, either by apposition, as parum argutus, non satis facundus: or by composition, as subargutus, non perfacundus, for argutulus, haud facundiosus. More instances of remission, or intention, follow in the compounds of prepositionall Adverbes. And it may be noted, that all Pronouns, as implying, a quantity may be used partitively, yet such as have not that sense properly, but adventitiously, will not admit the structure of the partitives regularly; for it may be said, facundiosus oratorum, but satis facundus, or perfacundus oratorum, will be a barbarism.  
A Relative may be put to substantives of continued signification; as fucos arcent ignavum pecus, or qui sunt pecus ignavum, or qui sunt ignavi. And it must necessarily be supplied with Vocatives after Obliques of the second person, or their Possessives: as Do tibi Maeri meum vinum, bibo Maeri tuumque, for qui es Maeri.  
Relatives will change the Participle of the present Tense, to the Indicative; as sat luit desipiens, or qui desipit, and Participials in bilis, or Future's in aus, to the Subjunctive, as patrem reperies exorabilem, or exorandum, or qui exoretur. And sometimes they are changed to Conjunctive Adverbes causal; as Te felicom arbitror, qui, or quoniam probus audis Sometimes they cease by repartition of the Antecedent, with si dum cum quia quamvis: as sat prosecisti, cui (or cum tibi) Cicero placeat; Scelus admittis quod (or quamvis seelus) abhors. And if both Sentences be Negatives, by changing the last to nisi, as nullus homo miser, quem non (or nisi hominem) Deus odit.  
Interrogatives may be changed to their Redditives, with Num or such like Adverbes; (as quot, or an, utrum, nunquid lot) cahortes duxisti, Quam paucas (or nun paucas) reducis.  
These resolutions young Scholars should be trained to make readily, as their certain Guide to find out the structure of Interrogatives, at far distance from the words, whetherto they do refer.  
Likewise Relatives for the same end may be changed to Demonstratives, as Stolidum reor, quem tam dilucida nedum intelligere constat; or si constat eum nedum intelligere tam dilucida.   

The figure of Nouns.  
By the figure Nouns are either primitive, as the originals not exceeding ordinarily one or two syllables, as sors tristis, or Derivatives, as descending thence, which if they come but of one original, are called simples, and if from two or more, they are called Compounds.   

Of simple Nouns derivative.  
Nouns simply derivative, are either Verbals, as suadela suasorius, or adverbialls, as internus extraneus, or Denominatives coming either from proper names, being patronymicals: as Hectorides Phoronis, being Gentiles, as Macedo Libyssa: or from Appellatives, being Possessives, Frequentatives, Diminutives, Comparatives, or Superlatives, as herbarius, herbosus, herbula herbaceus, herbidior and herbidissimus.   

The several end of Nouns verbal.  
Substantives end in a, antia arium arius Scriba iactantia auctarium emissarius, ber. bra. brum. bula, bulum, tuber scatebra ventilabrum fabula, stabulum, orum culum, fulcrum, vinculum, and by syncope vinclum do. uredo ela, entia, es, eus, suadela, sapientia, teges abigeus, 'go, imago, for imitago, ta, il, i'll, io, is ius, furia, pugil, cubile, legio, messis, genius, lum, jaculum; men, mentum, mes, monia, solamen, alimentum, fomes, alimonia, na. num, nus, urina regnum colonus. or, dolour, trina, true. trum, trus, tum, doctrina tonitru, aratrum, tonitrus, viretum, ver, ul, ulis, ultus, ur, us, cadaver, consul, curulis, tumultus, fulgur, mergus, ex. ux. vindex, dux. Supine Verbals end in sio. sor. sorium, sum, sura, sus: as censio, censor, censorium, pensum, censura, census: tio. tor. torium, trix. trum, tum, tura, tus. lectio, lector, tentorium, motrix, lectrum, tectum, lectura, lectus. xamen. xio. xor. xorium. xum, xura, xus. flexamen, flexio, fixor, frixorium, frixum, flexura, nexus.  
Adjectives end in arius, actuarius, bilis, bris, bundus, flebilis, lugubris, palabundus, cer, cris, crus, culus, cundus, cus. volucer, volucris, ludicrus, ridiculus, iracundus caducus. dis, dus, viridis, pallidus, er. es. piger, deses, ilis, itius, jus, utilis, for utibilis, fictitius, anxius, lus, nus, orius, rus, ulcus ivus, us, vus, ax. ox. pendulus, plenus, oratorius, avarus, biulcus, sativus, probus, cae duus, tenax, praecox.   

The several end of Nouns adverbial.  
adverbial Adiectives end in aneus, arius extraneus, contrarius, cousin, anticus. er. ernus, erus, exter, externus, or exterus, gnus, benignus, in quus, propinquus, ius nimius, dinus, tinus, perendinus, diutinus, and such like of time, and mediastinus of place, except such Nouns are compounded with tenus.   

Sundry end of Denominatives from proper Names.  
Patronymicks Masculine, end in ades, ides, ion; and Plural in adae, or idaes, Anchisiades, Iliads, Maenetiades Atlaentiades, Aeacides, Pelides, Japetion, Oedipodion, Aeneadae, Romulidae, Aegidae. feminines end in as, in, is, one. Thestias, Ilias, Pelias, Phaetontias, Nerine, Adrastine, Acrifione, Nereis, Inachis, Latois; whereto may be added Masculines in ta, as Donatista, Jacobita, and such other, denominating Sectaries from their first Authors.  
Gentile Sustantives have for end an, are, as, axe. Acarnan Car Arcas, Nostras, Thrax. ens. er. es, essa, Laurens, Ser, Cres, Cressa. ibs. idae. in's. it. is. issa. ix. Libs, Numidae, Tyrins, Trevir, Samnis, Aethiopissa, Cilix. o. on. ops. os. ox. Brito, Lacon, aethiop's, Tros, Capadox. ta. tes. tis. Israelita. Spartiates, Spartiatis. ur. urs. us. Ligur, Tiburs, Anglus, is, yssa, yx. Libys, Libyssa, Japyx.  
Gentile Adiectives Possessive have terminations, anus, arius, aticus, Romanus, Dardanarius, Apolloniaticus. ensis, enus, eius, eus. Atheniensis, Abydenus, Aetneius, Maroneus. iacus. icus, ius inus. Aegyptiacus, Aegypticus, Aegyptius, Agrigentinus.  
Adjectives ending in alis, anus, aris, filialis, montanus, familiaris, ber. bris. cer. cris. cousin. saluber, muliebris, alacer, alacris, magicus, ensis ernus. eus. castrensis, paternus, meus, aureus, inus, itimus. ius, ivus. vicinus, legitimus, regius, festivus, star, stis, stris. stus. vus. noster, caelestis, campestris, honestus, tuus, annuus. All which respectively may be possessive.  
Frequentatives end usually in tus. idus. lentus. licus. lus. orus. osus. fortunatus, herbidus, violentus, famelicus, nubilus, Vxorius, piscosus. Diminutives being both Substantives and Adjectives, notefying always an abatement, and that often with indignity, and sometimes with flattery, and seldomest with modesty, do end in ella. ellum. ellus. opella, flagellum, cultellus, or illa. illum. illus. mammilla, sigillum, pugillus, tantillus, ola. olium. olum. olus- filiola, epistolium, ingeniolum, filiolus, ula. uleus. ululus ulum. ulus. adolescentula, equuleus, homululus, frustulum, adolescentulus, ridiculus, senecio, homuncio flosculus, dicaculus, grandiusculus, ramunculus, sio. star. pusio, Grammaticaster.  
Materials end in aceus. alis. arius. aticus. hordeaceus, aqualis, aquarius, aquaticus, etus. eus. cousin. inus. ius. itius. quercetus, querceus, quercicus, quercinus quercius, lateritius, gnus abieguus, if it be not compounded with genus, lanus. quernulanus, or querqueculanus, neus. nus. querueus, quernus.  
Comparatives end constantly in or, and Superlatives in muss, as prior, primus,.   

Of forming Comparatives and Superlatives.  
Adiectives whose signification may increase or be diminished, being put absolutely without excess, as durus hard are called Positives, or somewhat exceeding the positive in a proportion, between two having the English ending in er or the sign more set before it, as harder or more hard be called Comparatives, or surpassing all others of like kind, having the English ending in est, or the sign most before it as hardest, or most hard, be called Superlatives.  
Comparatives and Superlatives are both form from their Positives ending in i whereto the Comparatives add the termination or. and the Superlatives add ssimus, so duri maketh durior and durissimus, likewise tristi maketh tristior and tristissimus.   

Exceptions.  
Positives that end in er and ur apocopated have rimus put thereto, in forming the Superlative, as niger nigerrimus, celer celerrimus, matur maturrimus, And some few that end in lis, change that to llimus, as humilis humillimus, so facilis and similis with their Compounds and with some Authors, gracilis, agilis, docilis, but with others these three last keep the General Rule, and all Adiectives besides, which end in lis, as nobilis nobilior nobilissimus.   

Of irregular Comparatives and Superlatives.  
Some Adiectives are used only to one of the three former degrees in signification, as for example. To the Superlative only maximus, minimus, optimus, pessimus,. To the Comparative only mayor, minor, melior, peior. To the Positive only, as all Nouns either incapable of intention and remission, being extremes; as aeternus, momentaneus, praecipuus, gregarius; or equal in their condition; whether first of nature, being Nouns material, as faginus; or signifying the species of time or place, as bimulus, diurnus, meridionalis; or being derivatives from proper names, as Paschalis, Eous: or of relation, as all Pronouns being pronominally taken for tuissimus, as patruissimus, and Neronior is used for tibi simillimus, deposing the proper sense, or of adsignificance, being Participles of the first Future, never admitting a comparison, because they never fail to signify an express time. But Participles of the second Future, are used only to the Superlative, and that with late Writers, not with Classic Authors. And Participles of the Present & the Preterrenses, when they desist to signify time, do become Nouns, and admit Comparisons; as amans, amantior, amantissimus, doctus, doctior, doctissimus.  
Other Adiectives are by use unmoveable, which end in ar. or ur. bundus crus. cousin. eps. es. eus. ius. lus. mus. star. stus. vus. seldom admitting a Comparative, or Superlative degree, saving by a supplement of magis, and maxim, or such like, answering to more and most, the signs thereof in english, as the Positive dispar, hath for Comparative magis dispar, for the Superlative maxim dispar, and so in the rest.  
Some Adiectives want the Positive only, as plus plurimum, deterior deterrimus, magnificentior magnificentissimus and such like Compounds of dico, loquor, volo.  
Some want Comparatives only, as consultus, diversus, falsus, fidus, inclytus, invictus, invisus, invitus, meritus, novus, nuperus, pius, sacer, strenuus.  
Some Adiectives, want only the Superlatives, as adolescens, ingens, iuvenis, salutaris, satur, senex, taciturnus, and proximus, imitating a Positive doth make proximior only.   

The variation of Comparatives and Superlatives.  
Comparatives or Superlatives leaving the nature of Partitives, are used absolutely for Positives; as celerior celerrimus, or celerius celerrime, huc advolasti, for celer, or celeriter.  
Likewise Comparatives may take the place of Superlatives, as multo praestantior omnibus ille, for praestantissimus omnium. And chose Superlatives may take the place of Comparatives, fidissimus ille duorum, for fidelior.  
Superlatives may be changed and diversely rendered, either by Adverbes of intention put unto the Positive, as apprime doctus, perdite nefarius, nequicquam infaustus, undique probus; or by Adverbes of remission with a Negative, as haud parum, or mediocriter letus, or with Adverbes of likeness, referring to singularity, as alous ut nix, or tropologically, when proper Names or some Appellatives stand for Adiectives; as Theseus, for fidissimus, decus & tutela Pelasgum, for inclytissimus, and such others.  
Some Positives have the force of Superlatives affirmatively, as princeps omnium: or negatively, nulli secundus; or any Positive construed with a Genirive plural of its own Substantive, as impiger fluminum, nigra lanarum. Superlatives may be expressed by Hebraisms, as putum putum argentum, flos florum, sapiens consiliariorum, vir sanguinum, populus electionis, dulcis prae nectare, excelsus supra Gentes. Superlatives may be employed in Paraphrases, as vir, si quisquam alius, bonae frugi, impertum obtinens, nulli cedens, parem nusquam inventurus, palma dignus, nullum non superans, and such others.   

Of Compounds.  
Compounds come either from entire words, whether two rects and both Substantives, as jusjurandum; or two rects, the one a Substantive, and the other an Adiective, as respublica, or both rect Adiectives, as alteruter; or a rect and oblique both Substantives, as paterfamilias, or oblique and rect, both Adiectives, as levidensis; or oblique Substantive, and rect Adiective, as jurisperitus, or two rects Adiectives, with an Advebe, as unusquisque where all rects are only variable, and the rest unmoveable. Or Compounds come from words impaired, commonly the former, as grandaevus, sometimes both, as aprugnus: Sometimes words compounded be of divers tongues, as epitogium, parisyllabicum ambactus: Sometimes the simples are obsolet saving in composition, either both, as completus, or the former as difficilis vesanus, or the latter, as desensio, and such are all encliticals, as egomet, tute, idem quidam, quispiam, quicunque hicce, suapte. Some for euphony take increase of letters, as reditus, and some change the first Vowel of the latter simple, as inimicus, pertinax. Moreover Compounds with Classic Authors, are much more in use then the simple words, both as more significant, tending to brief descriptions, and as affording more variety in the resolutions, whereof the first is found in composition of Nouns and Verbs, instanced in the variation of Substantives, and the other in Composition of Nouns or Verbs, with prepositionall Adverbes, which will be instanced in that place.   

The peculiar affections of Nouns.  
Affections proper unto Nouns, are three, Case, Declension, and Gender.   

Of Cases.  
Cases are divers end of Nouns in either of both numbers, being regularly four, the Nominative, Gentrive, Dative, and Accusative.   

Of the Nominative.  
The Nominative called also the Rect, in opposition to all other Cases, called Obliques, goeth before a Verb Personal, which doth agree therewith in person and number, or else cometh after a verb substantive in apposition to the Nomnitive going before it, as necessitas est artium magistra.   

Annotations.  
Some Greek Nouns are found irregular, being redundnant in the Nominative singular of some Declensions by casting away s. as Thomas, Thoma, Crhyses, Chryse, in the first, Orpheus, Orpheu, in the second, Oedipus, Oedipu, Aias, Aia, Pallas, Palla, Alexis, Alexi, Paris Pari, Simoeis Simoei in the third. All which are proper names, and some Latin Nouns Appellatives, cast away us. as from meus, being with old Authors mius cometh mi, from genius, geni, from filius fili, and from all proper names, as Caius Caiazzo, Georgius Georgi, Aemilius Aemili, and such like. And all other both proper and common Nouns of the second Declension ending in us (Deus only excepted) will change us to e. imitating therein Nouns of the third Declension in the Greek, as optime Feste nequaquam, insenio  
Lastly all Nouns in such redundant Terminations being rectes, because they are never derived from the Genitives, are only of the second person, singular spoken to, and therefore called Vocatives to distinguish them from the regular Terminations, which are used indifferently for any of the three persons.   

Of the Genative.  
The Genitive so called, because thence are formed all other Obliques and Derivatives, may be known in English by the sign of before it, or by the encliticall s. added thereunto, and in latin by being the latter of two Substantives, that have divers significations, as Discipuli Magister, the Master of the Scholar, or the Scholars Master. But the Genitive construed with adiectivall Nouns or Verbs have the former Substantives understood, being easily to be supplied, as the more known Appellatives, referring to their subordinate species of place, time, praise, price, crime, punishment, order, measure, or some peculiar respect, as vivit Romae, supply Urbe, abest bidui, supply spacio vel itinere, ejusmodi est probitatis, supply Virtute, venalis teruncii, supply precio, reus furti, supply, crimine damnatus exilii, supply poena, poetarum doctissimus, supply ordine, or numero, liber sex digitorum crassus, supply mensura, inops fide, promissorum dives, rerum suarum satagit, alienarum immemor, supply ratione. Moreover Genitives being the latter of two Substantives, are often changed to the Datives, as filius Heri, or Hero.   

Of the Dative.  
The Dative is construed with any part of Speech, being either put acquisitively with reference to the end or object, having in English the signs to, or for, as obviate, or venit obviam, or obvius mihi, or else Ablatively with reference to some cause, part, or specifical circumstance, having the signs from, through, in, with, by, & after the Comparative degree, the sign then, being the English of prepositionall Adverbs expressly put thereto, or otherwise understood therewith, as ab Italia discessit, quia prae ebrietate bacchabatur, postmodum Athenis exceptus, herbis sanatus est a Medico, sociis omnibus sobrior.   

Annotations.  
The Ablative in regard of a redundant termination found only in the singular not of all, but of some Declensions, hath passed for a distinct latin case (which the Greek, a mother tongue unto the Latin hath never owned) And therefore it were more equal to account the same a redundant Dative by the same law, whereby the Vocative is concluded to be a redundant Nominative. For to make either of them a distinct case, would require the same to have a distinct ending in both numbers and all Declensions, according to an equal Rule required alike in every Case, wherein both these redundants fail. Moreover (as the Nominative is frequently used to the second Person (for a Vocative) so the regular Dative is often used promiscuously for the redundant Ablative, as proximus Regi, or a rege, id mihi, or mecum common, alienus ambitioni, or ambitione, oratori, or ab oratore diversus est Poeta, tibi or a te fama petatur, Virgilius Homero comparatur, or cum Homero, formido tibi, or de te, robori, or robore fidens, tibi, or tecum certabo, vitia haec insunt amori, or in amore, vosmet eripite slammae or slamma, with many more.   

Of the Accusative.  
The Accusative called in Greek the Causative, as pointing ordinarily at some cause, followeth a Verb transitive, bring the Active or Deponent, or a Verb neuter being of the same signification with it, or else goeth before an infinitive mood, as veritatem tueri, haud eam labectare Judicis est, villicus provectam aetatem vivens, suam senectutem oriari dedignatur.  
Otherwise the Accusative construed with Verbs neuter of different signification from it is Ellipticall, having understood therewith either an infinitive of some Verb Transitive, or more commonly some prepositionall adverbs, as Id possumus, supply agere, quod probos dece, for apud probos, but most usually the Prepositions serving thereunto are expyesied therewith, as per mare veniunt in Britannian.   

Of Declensions.  
All variable Nouns are ranged according to their mutual Analogy among themselves, to five distinct forms, and thence are called Nouns of the first, or second, or third, or fourth, or fifth Declension; for the Declension is a distinct form or way of varying Nouns, according to their several Cases or Terminations.   

Annotations.  
Nouns of the two first Declensions are parisyllabicall, having like number of Syllables in all Cases, save in the Genitive plural of both, and in the Dative plural of movable Substantives, in the first only, as dearum, deabus, deorum.  
Nouns of the three last Declensions are imparisyllabicall, taking the increase of a Syllable in sundry oblique Cases, which increase some Nouns of the third Declension have in all the obliques thence.  
Nouns both Substantive and Adiectives of the Neuter Gender, in the Nominative and Accusative, both singular and plural, of any Declension do end alike, and in the plural do end only in a, few Pronouns excepted, as hoc, quod, ambo, and duo, being all irregular, whereof in the Heteroclites,  
Nouns of the third Declension, whether Masculines or feminines, or both, end alike in the Nominative and Accusative plural. And Nouns of the fourth end alike, not only in those two Cases, but also in the Nominative and Genitive singular; and Nouns of the fifth end alike in the Nominative singular, and in the Nominative and Accusative plural. And Nouns both of the first and fifth end alike in the Genitive and Dative Singular.  
Lastly, it is of most concernment far above any other, that Scholars be well versed, and very perfect in the Declensions of Nouns and Conjugations of Verbs; the only parts of Speech variable by proper affections: And for that purpose the distinct Termination proper to every Case of each Declension, should be made familiar to them, that by casting of the same from any Oblique, the word then having for its last bound the Characteristical letter, which is always that next preceding the termination of the Nominative; Learners may with ease change the termination of such Obliques to the proper ending of the Rect, or Nominative in the same Declension, as for instance; filiabus, by termination is a Dative plural of the first Declension, take thence abus, and the word doth end in i, being the Characteristical, then put thereto a, the termination of the Rect in that Declension, and it will be filia, which any Novice may decline accordingly, but without such certain prescript to find out the Rect, he will fail therein. So pueros by termination is an Accusative plural of the second Declension, take thence os, and the word will be puer, whereto us the proper ending of the Rect in that Declension should be added, were it not apocopated, so from fab'roes, take away os, it will be fab'r, and being no proper ending, it may be understood that such words are syncopated in all the Obliques, whence e, the middle Syllable is cut off, and must be restored to the Rect, making it faber. In the third Declension, affording greatest difficulty in such Nouns, as do increase in the Genitive singular; a recourse should be made to the sundry end of Rects therein, and good notice taken of the sundry end of the Genitive singular, belonging often to the same ending of the Rect, and by a reduction of the terminations of other Obliques, to the termination of that Genitive, the Rects proper ending will soon be found by Analogy with particular instances in that Declension, as for example; in partibus, change tibus, a termination of the Dative plural to 'tis, an ending of the Genitive singular, and by rule partis must come from pars; so in remigum, laticum, change gum, and cum, to gis, and cis, both by rule come from ex. the proper ending of the Rect, changing e, to i, and in limits, change tes, to 'tis, and limitis will come from the Rect limbs, changing likewise e, to i, and casting away s: in vulnera, change era, to eris, and by rule vulneris will come from the Rect vulnus. And in words of the fourth and fifth Declension the former Rules will serve.   

Of the first Declension.  
Latin Nouns of the first Declension do end only in a, being by termination Feminine, and are declined as in the Example following.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Unda. ae. ae vel a. am. 
Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. ae. arum. is. as.   

Annotations.  
Greek Nouns Substantive of this Declension end in as, and es, which in Latin will both end in a. and others end also in e. And hebrew Nouns end in am, or as, which latine-like will end in amus, as from Abraham, or Abrahas, Abrahamus. And all be declined as in examples following.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Satrap vel a. ae ae vel a. am vel an. Athletes vel a. ae. ae vel a. am vel en. Epitom-e es. e. en. Adam vel as. ae. ae. vel a. am. The plural as in Latin Nouns.  
Substantives of this Declension answering to the first or second in the Greek may be of any Gender, except the neuter, for Greek Nouns ending in e are feminines, as Epitrope; or ending in as, or es, or made thence to end in a be Masculines, as tiaras & tiara, planets and planeta, or Nouns that end in a, & do betoken humane conditions belonging to both sexes, are of the Common of two by signification, as advena, verna; or referring to no certain sex may be of the Doubtful gender by authority, as Talpa: or being Appellatives of bruit creatures, may be epicoenes, as vipera, Simia.   

Of the Genitive Singular.  
With old Authors, Nouns ending in a vowel before a, or ending in ra, or na, have the Genitive singular in as Greekwise, as dux vias, for viae, impetus auras, filius Latona's: And old Poets have changed ae to ai. as Aulai, Pictai, Geryonai, for aulae, pictae, Geryonae.   

Of the Dative singular.  
The Dative singular is constanly redundant in this Declension and in none other besides this.   

Of the Genitive plural.  
The Genitives plural of Nouns Patronymick, and Gentile, and Nouns compounded of colo, and gigno are often Syncopated, as Aeneadum, spartiatum, Caeliiolum, Terrigenum, the two first of these ending Greekwise in the common tongue, being Parisyllabicall in all cases, as Aeneadae, Aeneadon, which by the Boeotick or Aeolic dialect may end in a on as Aeneidaon And Latin Nouns do imitate the same Dialect, having r. inserted between a and 'em, as in Aenidarum.   

Of the Dative plural.  
Some movable Substantives ending in us of the second, and in a of this Declension, have therein a redundant Dative plural, as nata maketh natis, common to it with natus, and natabus proper to itself, for distinction of the Genders, as the Nouns redundant in the rect distinguish persons.   

Of Nouns redundant being of this and other Declensions.  
Some proper names are redundant, being of this and the second Declension, as Hierosolyma Hierosolimae, and Hierosolyma Hierosolymorum. And some Appellatives are of this Declension in the plural, and of the second in the singular, as epulum epuli, and epulae epularum. Others of this, and the third; as Pascha Pasche, and Paschatis, Orontes Orontae and Orontis, Chalcas Chalcae and Chalcanvis.   

Of the second Declonsion.  
Latin Nouns of the second Declension, end constantly either in 'em. being all neuters, or us. or in (oer and ur) having us apocopated, being Masculines by termination, except few such being feminines, and all be declined, as in the example following.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Ou-um i. o. 'em. Alu-us vel e. i. o. 'em. Puer i. o. 'em. Libre bri. bro. brum. 
Plurialiter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. a. orum. is. a. i. orum. is. os. i. orum. is. os. bri. brorum. bris. bros.  
In this Declension vir with all Substantives ending in er and Adiectives ending in er and ur, have us apocopated, and both Substantives, and Adiectives ending in er, not having a vowel, or half vowel going before oer. be for the most part syncopated in all the obliques, as vir for virus, viri, viro, miser for miserus, miseri, misero, satur, for saturus. saturi, saturo, but faber, for faberus, fabri, fabro, and sacer, for sacerus, sacri sacro. Some are excepted, as adulter, presbyter, socer, alter, asper, celtiber, gibber, lacer, liber (the Adiective) prosper, dexter, making dexteri or dextri, and all Compounds of gero, and fero, which are never syncopated, as armiger, armigeri, stellifer, stelliferi. Moreover all Adiectives in the second termination being feminines, are of the first Declension, but in the first and third being Masculines and neuters are of this Declension, and are thus declined.  

Singulariter.  Procer- Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. us vel e i. o. 'em. a, ae. ae vel a. am. 'em. i. o. 'em. 
Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. i. orum. is. os. ae. arum. is. as. a. orum. is. a.  
Some Pronouns in the Genitive singular do end in ius, and some in jus. and both in the Dative end in i. as unus una unum, unius, uni, being otherwise regular, as also totus, solus, and alter, uter, ullus, with their Compounds, but ille ipse iste, with is ejus ei, qui cujus cui, and hic hujus huic are more irregular, whereof in the Heteroclits.   

Annotations.  
Greek Nouns of this Declension in the Nominative singular end in os. on. ω s. and eus. and are thus declined.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accusa. Byss-us vel e. i. o. 'em. Barbit-on. i. o. on. Ath- ω s. ω. ω 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 n vel 〈◊〉 Theseus' vel eu. ei.u.eos.eo v. ei.eum u.ea. The plurals as in Latin.  
Substantives of this Declension answering to the third and fourth of the simple, and to the third of the contracts in the Greek, may be of any Gender except the Common of two; For besides Masculines most usual in this Declension of Nouns both Greek & Latin, ending in os, or in us, many Greek Nouns changing os to us, and few latin Nouns in us, are feminines, as for instance.  
Antidote costus methodus byssusque papirus  
Nardus & hyssopus dialectus eremus & arctus  
Graeca, latina colus vannus domus alvus humusque.  
Likewise pampinus is doubtful, and elephantus, epicoene. And Symbolon, with all such other Greek Nouns are Neuters.   

Of the Genitive Singular.  
The Genitive Singular ending in ij, is often apocopated, as tua cura peculi, for peculii.   

Of the Nominative Plural.  
The Nominative Plural with some old Authors, doth end in ei. as captivei, for captivi.   

Of the Genitive Plural.  
The Genitive Plural is often syncopated, but mostly with Poets, as Chara deum soboles, for deorum, but it happeneth very seldom in the Neuter Gender, as duellum, for duellorum.   

Nouns redundant being of this and other Declensions.  
All Adiectives of three divers end are redundant, being of this and the first Declension; as bonus bona bonum, some Nouns are of this and the third Declension, as sequester, sequestri, and sequestris, glomus, glomi, and glomeris, vesper, vesperi, and vesperis, polypus, polypi, and polypodis. Perseus, Persei, and Perseos. Other Nouns are redundant in the Genitive plural only, as Bacchanalia, Bacchanaliorum, and Bacchananum: ancilia, anciliorum, & ancilium; And so sponsalia, vecligalia. Others are redundant in the Dative plural only: as poemata, poematis, and poematibus, or poemasi. Other redundants in the Singular be of this, and in the Plural of the third Declension: as iugerum, iugeri, and iugera, iugerum, iugeribus; being both formerly Nouns movable, but now obsolet, saving that iugeris, and iugere, of the Genitive and Dative ablativall singular be still in use.   

Of the third Declension.  
Nouns of the third Declension do end in three Vowels, a e o. and in seven Consonants, c l n r s t x. Amongst which the Terminations a e c t. and both us, and or, increasing short in substantives, & us increasing long in Monosyllables; & all Adjectives of the Comparative degree, be always Neutrals. And al. el. en. ar. ur. be mostly Neuter end, but admit Exceptions, Aus. or is. or us. increasing long, or os. making otis. are always feminine by Termination: And for the most part such are Substantives that end in as. or is. or x. or s. with another Consonant, and Polisyllables Derivative in o. and Parisyllabicals in es. but some of such end admit Exceptions, Or, and os. making oris. be always Masculines and ordinarily dissyllables primitive in o and Impatisyllabicals in on. and es. and oer. being syncopated, the several Exceptions to this last, and to the former Genders follow next after the forms, by which such Nouns must be declined, as in these Examples.  

Nau-is.  
Lau-s.  
Pect-us.  
Faelix Tristis   

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Turris. is. i. vel e. 'em. vel in. Lau-s. dis. di vel de. dem. Pect-us. oris. ori vel ore. us. Fael-ix. icis. ici vel ice icem & ix. Tristis & e. is. i. vel e. 'em & e. 
Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. es. ium. ibus. es. des. dum. dibus. des. ora. orum. oribus. ora. ices & icia. icium. icibus. ices & icia. es & jam. ium. ibus. es & jam.   

Annotations.  
Nouns of this Declension answering to the fifth of the Simples, and to the first, second, and fifth of the Contracts in the Greek, have all seven Genders, and some few exotic, either Greek Appellatives, or Hebrew proper Names, have two more Terminations, the one in y. the other in id. as moly molyoes, Neuter by Termination, David, Davidis, Masculine by signification, declined regularly like the rest.  
A. and e. in this Declension are terminations of Nouns Neuter only; as problema problematis, cubile cubilis maenia maenium. O. in Nouns Primitive of two Syllabls, is a termination Masculine: as ordo ordinus, sermo sermonis; and in these Nouns of many Syllables, pugio pugionis, scipio titio, senio ternio. But caro, carnis not increasing is Feminine, and so is grando grandinis, with all Derivatives of many Syllables ending in do, and go; as dulcedo dulcedinis, prurigo pruriginis, except harpago harpaginis, a Greek Noun. Masculine. Likewise derivative Verbals, and Denominatives, ending in io, be feminines; as lectio lectionis: so legio, concio, with communio, ditio, talio, rebellio, perduellio; lastly, Hiericho Hiericbuntis, by signification is Feminine: But bubo bubonis, is of the doubtful Gender, and hirundo hirundinis, an Epicoene.  
c. and t. are end of Neuters only, as caput capitis, lac lactis; halec is an Aprote; for halecis doth come from halex a Feminine.  
Al, and el, are Neutral end; as mel mellis, animal animalis: but sal, in a different sense is Neutral, or Masculine, in the Singular, but masculine only in the Plural, used for facetiae.  
Il. ol. and ul. are Masculine end, as mugil mugilis, which with old Authors was Parisyllabicall, sol solis, exul exulis: which last is accounted common, but good Authors say exulem & vagam reduxit, or vagam ab exilio, not vagam exulem.  
An. in. on. are Masculine terminations, as Paean Paeanis, Evan Evantis, Delphis or Delphin, Delphinis. Xenophon Xenophontis, by signification and termination Masculines: and agone agonis, canon canonis, by termination only: But Sindon Sindonis, is Feminine, and halcyon halcyonis, aedon aedonis Epicoenes.  
En. is a Neutral ending, as lumen luminis, but pecten pectinis, ren renis, and splen, lichen, lain, are Masculines.  
Ar. and ur. be Neutral terminations, as calcar calcaris, being formerly Parisyllabicall, hepar, for hepas, by antithesis, hepatis: far farris, for difference from faris, fatur, murmur murmuris, iecur iecoris, and iecinoris, by Epenthesis, or from an obsolet iecinus, but salar salaris, and furfur furfuris, be Masculines, turtur and vulture Epicoens.  
Er. is a Masculine termination, as imber imbris, alacer alacris, pater patris, campester campestris, with many more both Substantives and Adiectives, syncopated in all Obliques, after b. c. t. aether aetheris, crater crateris, puber, and pubes by Antithesis, puberis, except it ere syncopated, for itiner itineris, ver veris, cadaver cadaveris. And cicer, laser, spinther, piper, papaver, Neuters, with sicer, laver, which as Herbs be feminines by signification: But linter lintris, clyster clysteris be of the doubtful Gender, and passer passeris an Epicoene.  
Or. increasing long is a Masculine ending, as, honour, and honos by Antithesis, honoris, but arbour arboris, is Feminine, and cor cordis Neuter, with ador, or ados adoris, aequor, marmor, and all others increasing short.  
Yr. is a termination of Greek Nouns, being the common of two by signification; as martyr martyris.  
As. a termination of Nouns increasing, is Feminine; as pietas pietatis, lampas lampadis, except vas vadis, and as assis, which with all ponderals derived thence, as bes bessis, semis, or semissis, semissis, decunx decuncis, dodrans dodrantis are Masculines, so are likewise Gigas gigantis, and mas maris, by signification; but vas vasis is Neuter.  
Aus. is a termination Feminine: as laus laudis.  
Es. is a termination Feminine of parisyllabicall Nouns, as nubes nubis, and a Masculine ending of imparisyllabicals, as pes pedis, terms termetis, foams fomitis, lebes lebetis; but Chremes making Chremis, and Chremetis, is by signification Masculine, so are abies abietis, Ceres Cereris feminines, aes aeris is Neuter, vepres vepris, palumbes palumbis, and ales alitis are of the doubtful Gender, and vulpes Epicoene. Nouns plural only that end in es, do analogically keep such Gender as they should be of, were they regular, and had the singular, as ambages Feminine, and natales Masculine, because ambages, and natalis their singulars would be such.  
Is. of Nouns increasing, or not increasing, is mostly a termination Feminine as navis navis, lis litis, cuspis cuspidis, genesis geneseos or genesios, charis charitos, so Themis making Themis or Themidis, or Themissis, and Salamis or Salamin Salaminis, are by signification feminines, likewise Simoeis Simoentis, is by signification masculine. Some imparisyllabicalls increasing in does nis and ris are masculines, as lapis lapidis, Aeneis Aeneidis or Aeneidos, sanguis sanguinis, glis gliris, vomis for vomer vomeris. And few parisyllabicalls.  
Mascula sunt piscis, fascis, sic mensis et orbis.  
Et corbis sentis vectis sic vermis et axis.  
Et fustis postis torris velut anguis et unguis.  
Quaelibet in quis lis demum claudentia nisve.  
All Adjectives ending in is are of the Common two, as tussis, likewise Scrobis scrobis or scrobs scrobis, is of the doubtful gender.  
Os making otis will be feminine, as Cos cotis, does dotis, and making oris, masculine, as flos floris, but os oris, and os ossis, with epos epeos, and such Greek words be neuters. Heros herois, is by signification Masculine, and so are custos custodis, sacerdos sacerdotis, of the Common of two; us increasing short, is a termination neutral, as corpus corporis, vulnus vulneris, or increasing long in Monosyllables, and Nouns of the Comparative degree, as ius, iuri, melius melioris, but mus muris, lepus leporis, ligus or ligur liguris, be Masculines by signification, pecus pecudis, is feminine, if pecudis be not a parisyllabicall. Any other Nouns increasing long are feminines, as incus, subscus, palus paludis, tellus telluris, virtus virtutis, so opus opuntis is feminine by signification, and likewise grus gruis of the doubtful Gender.  
Ys is a termination feminine of Greek Nouns, as Chelys Chelyos, Chlamys Chlamydis or Chlamydos. But Gortys or Gortyn Gorlynos, is by signification and termination feminine.  
S. with another consonant next it in the end of Nouns is a feminine termination, as trabs or trabes trabis, glans glandis, pars partis, hyems hyemis, stips or stipis, stipis, frons frondis or frontis, pulls pultis, and Tiryns Tirynthis feminine by signification. But fons fontis, mons, pons, dens and Hydrops Hydropis, Chalybs Chalybis, Gryps Gryphis are masculines. And princeps principis, auceps aucupis of the common of two by signification, adeps adipis, forceps forcipis, of the doubtful Gender, concors concordis, caelebs caelibis, anceps ancipitis of the common of three.  
X. Being the termination of Nouns is feminine pix pax, pacis, nex necis, carex caricis, nix nivis, filix filicis, nos noctis, lux lucis, obsolet frux frugis, styx stygis, coccies onyx onych is. But these grex gregis, remex remigis, and thorax thoracis, caudex or codex codicis, podex, culex, pulex, munex, ramex, rumex, apex, latex frutex, pollex, vertex, calix, volvox, tradux, bombyx be masculines, and so is Hylax Hylactis by signification; but senex senis for senecis is of the common of two: And limax limacis, imbrex imbricis, varix varicis of the doubtful gender, so ●udax audacis, triplex triplicis, faelix faelicis, velox velocis, trux trucis of the Common of three.   

Of the Dative singular.  
The Dative singular of some Nouns in this Declension is regular, ending only in i, and those not only Greek, as poesis poesi, but also latin, being either proper names as Charybdis, Opis, Fabaris, Syrtis, or Appellatives, as buris, amussis, strigilis mare, or the two last end apocopated, as mugil, vigil, animal, calcar, par, september, memor, and most Adjectives except these that follow which have a redundant Dative in e. to wit, all Participles not made Nouns participial as nocens, not innocens, or such as are defective in the neuter as Senex, Juvenis, or that increase short, as deses, uber, vetus, or that increase long, being made proper names, as Clemens, Faelix.  
Many Substantives have the redundant Dative in e. to wit Nouns syncopated, as caro venture, and collis turris, with such like doubling l. and r. so apis nubes dogma grando sermo lac sal splen far mas virtus caput lex, but victrix and such nouns verbal taken adjectively, may be used indifferently.   

Of the Accusative singular.  
Substantives in the Accusative singular end only in in, whose Datives end only in i and other parisyllabicals end either in 'em or in; whose Datives may take or leave the redundancy, as navis, puppis: but all the rest being no neuters, both Substantives and Adjectives end only in 'em, except Greek Nouns which have for their terminations in, as genesin, some yn, or a, Erinnyn or Erinnyda, and some 'em or a. as aetherem, or aethera, and latin Nouns Greekwise as cassidem or cassida.   

Of the Nominative and Genitive plural.  
All Adjectives or Substantives neuter increasing short, and monosyllable Substantives that end in us increasing long, make the Nominative plural in a. and the Genitive plural in 'em as caeliba caelibum, so vigila participa votera memora impota dogmata crura. Other monosyllables make the Nominative likewise in a. but the Genitive in ium, as corda cordium, ossa ossium. And all other netuers not increasing, increasing long, whether of Substantives or Adjectives, make jam, and ium, as retia retium, so vectigalia laquedria omnia folicia, excepting nouns of the comparative degree, as meliora meliorum.  
Substantives of other Genders in the Genitive plural end in 'em, either increasing short or syncopated as sanguinum, fratrum, salubrium, volucrum, campestrum, or not increasing, that have a vowel next before 'em pum or tum, as canum opum vatum, or increasing long with a vowel next before cum dum gum num trum tum, as radicum, paludum, legum, leonum, rumorum, civitatum, and the rest end for the most part in ium, as Vrbium fascium vadium salium carnium marium mersium litium. Genitives plural of some nouns that end in ium, are syncopated as sapientum caelestum boum. Some admit Epenthesis as alituum caelituum, some end Greekwise, as haereseun.   

Of Datives plural.  
The Dative plural of some greek nouns end in asi, as dryasi for dryadibus. And likewise bos will make bubus, and bobus for bovibus.   

Of Accusatives plural.  
The Accusatives plural end sometimes in eyes, of Substantives and Adiectives feminine, that end in the genitive plural in ium, as parteis omneis, being an Archaisme, and sometimes the Adiective is contracted, as omnis for omncis. And in greek nouns that Case doth end sometimes in as greekwise as rhetoras for rhetores.   

Nouns redundant being of this and other Declensions.  
Some Nouns redundant are of this and the fifth Declension, as requies requietis and requiei, so fames famis and famei; some are in the singular of this, in the Plural of the second, as vas vasis, and vasa vasorum, from vasum now obsolet.   

Of the fourth Declension.  
Nouns of the fourth Declension end in us, being for most part Masculine verballs, few other Nouns in us are feminines, and all plurals in ua neuters, being derived from Aptotes singular in u; the Nouns variable are declined as in these examples.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Currus us ui vel u 'em Corn-u u u u 
Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. us vum ibu s us va vum ubus va   

Annotations.  
Substantives of this Declension answering nearest to the fourth of the contracts in the Greek, may be of any Gender, having the Common of two and Epicoene. Some Greek proper names of this Declension have a third termination of rects in o. as Clio, Clotho, Gorgo, Jo, Mantho, Sapph, all feminines by signification, and are declined as in this example.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Echo us oi o.  

Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus.    us  
Some few Appelatives are likewise feminines, as porticus acus tribus manus colus domus ficus, and the plural idus, likewise penus specus be of the doubtful gender.   

Of the Genitive singular.  
The Genitive singular of this Declension with old Authors did end sometimes in i. as fructi for fructus copia, so tumulti, ornati. And sometimes in vis as delirium anuis, for anus. And the Genitive plural is often syncopated, as Currum.   

Of the Dative singular and plural.  
Some Poets have used the Dative singular only in u as parce metu. Moreover the Dative plural of arcus artus lacus partus specus tribus veru do end only in ubus, but cornu genu portus do end both in ibus and ubus, and most other Nouns in ibus only.   

Of Nouns redundant, being of this and other Declensions.  
Nouns redundant are of this and the second Declension, as Domus domi, for any dwelling place, and Domus domus for an edifice, ficus fici for the Tree, and ficus ficus for the fruit, colus coli for the Instrument and colus colus for the work: others are of this and the third, as penus penoris and penus.   

Of the fifth Declension.  
Nouns of the fifth Declension end only in es, being feminines, and are thus declined.  

Singulariter.  Nomi. Gen. Dat. Accus. Aci-es ei. ei vel e 'em.  

Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. es erum ebus es.   

Annotations.  
The fifth (having no affinity with Greek Declensions, as the redundant Dative hath none with Greek cases) is a latin Declension of Nouns descending mostly from other Declensions, either the first, as from mollitia mollities, from desidia desidies, from Barbaria Barbery's, or the second, as from alluvium alluvies, or the third, as from plebs plebes, or the fourth, as from acus acies.  
And Nouns of this Declension be feminines, as most usually derived from such, except dies of the doubtful Gender in the singular, and masculine in the plural, and meridies only masculine: furthermore dies with effigies facies res species and acies are entire in the plural. But the rest have only the Nominative and Accusative plural, or entirely want that number, as betokening virtues or vices, whereof in Nouns Anomalous, remaining only to be handled.   

Of the Genitive and Dative Singular.  
Dies with good Authors is found in the Genitive, as paena dies for diei, so is die apocopated, mercatus die septimi. And Dii syncopated, laetiliamque dii, but this last may come from dius obsolet, whence are diu and most Derivatives that are in use, likewise the Dative singular in other Nouns is oft contracted, as res commissa fide, for fidei.   

The termination of Nouns being the Common of two.  
Sus canis exul homo vates bos author & infans  
Duxque pugilque parens princeps cum vindict Martyr.  
Bifronsverna senex, quaevis Gentilia, ut Arcas.   

The termination of Nouns of the Doubtful Gender.  
Grossus adeps limax varix specus anguis et imbrex.  
Barbitos atque dies tradux scrobs cum grue linter.   

Masculines seldom Feminines.  
Bubo cinis cortex ales cum cardine margo  
Atquerudens et onyx python cum calce, pede imo.   

Feminines seldom Masculines.  
Halcyon et forceps natrix lynx talpa cupido.   

Of Nouns Anomalous.  
Nouns Anomalous are ranged to four sorts, that is to say, to redundants, defectives, heterogeneous and heteroclitous, whereto may be added Heteroeidous, such as have divers forms, proper to the Pronouns, and Heteroschematous belonging unto Compounds, all notified already in their distinct places.   

Of Nouns Heteroclit.  
Nouns Heteroclit swarving mostly from the regular, and very needful to be known, as very usual, are these that follow, ego tu sui is iste ille ipse hic qui ambo and duo, the three first being totally irregular, and the eight last only in part, are declined as in the following instances.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Ego. mei. mihi vel me me Tu. tui. tibi vel te te.  

Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. nos nostrum vel nostri nobis nos vos vestrum vel vestri. vobis vos.  

Singulariter & Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus caret sui sibi vel se se.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. is  eo eum ca ejus ei vel ea eam id  eo id.  

Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. two vel ei eorum iis eos eae earum vel eas ea eorum eyes ea  

Singulariter.  Is't Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. e  o 'em a ius i vel a am ud  o ud  

Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. i orum  os ae arum is as a orum  a  
And in like manner be declined ille and ipse, saving that ipse maketh the neuter ipsum.  

Singulariter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. hic  hoc hunc haec huius huic vel hac. hanc hoc  hoc hoc  

Pluraliter.  Nom. Gen. Dat. Accu. high horum  hos hae harum his has haec horum  haec  

Singulariter.  Qui  quo quem Quae cuius cui v qua quam Quod  quo quod  

Pluraliter.  Qui quorum quibus Quos Quae quarum queis quas Quae quorum vel quis quae.  

Pluraliter.  Du— Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. o orum obus os ae arum abus as o orum obus o  
And in like manner Amb— 

o  
ae  
o   etc.  
Num and en compounded, or ne si and alius opposed to, or compounded with quis, will change quae both singular and neuter plural to qua: num; en, si, and ne are scarce compounded with any other Case besides the Nominative and the Accusative; but alius is compounded with quis in all Cases, and quae or quod may be opposed thereunto.  
See may be doubled in the Accusative and quis in that and other cases, as in the Nominative quisquis quicquid, in the Dative Ablativall quoquo quaqua quoquo, and in the Accusative quicquid.  
Isle and hic are compounded together in the Nominative, istic istaec istoc and istuc, in the Dative Ablativall istoc istac istoc, in the Accusative istunc istanc istoc or istuc. And ecce with eum and cam eos and eas, eccum eccam eccos eccas. And en with illum illam as ellum ellam. Lastly, quis in the Nominative, and qui in the Dative ablativall being separate, are of the Common of two.   

Of Nouns heterogeneous.  
Some Nouns with the number change their Gender, as in the following instances.  
Masculines in the Singular, Neuters in the Plural: as avernus averna, Pangaeus Pangaea, where the Neutral Adiectives may be put Substantively, or refer to known Appellatives, the first to flumina, the last to arva, or iuga.  
Masculines in the Singular, Masculines and Neuters in the Plural; as iocus, locus, ioci, or ioca, loci, or loca, both being with old Author's Neuter in the Singular, but now grown obsolet.  
Feminines in the Singular, and Neuters in the Plural; as carbasus carbasa, the Neuter Singular being now obsolet, and the Masculine Plural: Neuters in the Singular, Masculines in the Plural, as caelum eaeli, and caeli caelorum, neither Singular of this, nor Plural of that being in use.  
Neuters in the Singular Masculine, and Neuter in the Plural: as fraenum fraeni, and fraena, rastrum, rastri and rastra, the Masculines Singular being obsolet.  
Neuters in the Singular, Feminines in the Plural: as delicium deliciae.  
Neuter in the singular, common of three in the Plural; as plum, pluris, plures and plura. In all which Examples it would be an easier way to account such Nouns defective in the number, which they want, whereby all the Heterogeneous vanish, as needless encumbrances to young Students. And upon the same account may be justly banished the combination of Nouns defective: as of Jupiter with Jovis, supellex with supellectilis, and such others, which ought not to pass so, else by the same Law all Compounds of such defective Simples should retain like Obliques: but Marspiter will not make Mars Jovis; neither doth Dijovis come from diespiter, but diespitris.   

Of Nouns defective in Declension.  
All Aptotes spoken of in the Genders are defective.   

Of Nouns defective in the singular Number.  
All the Cardinal Nouns of number, (unus excepted) are defective in the Singular: as duo tres quatuor, ducenti, millia; Distributives, as singuli geminy, bini, trini, or terni: but such are used of Poets in the singular, terno consurgunt ordine remi, yet in a different sense.  
Nouns implying a Dignity do commonly want the Singular, whether proper Names of Towns, Gabijs, Thebae, Pergamon: of Feasts, Floralio: of Games Apollinares, Pythia: of Books, Biblia; or Appellatives, superi, lares, Penates, Caelites, proceres, primores, magnates, sori, fasces, natales, maiores aedes nuptiae munia: or betokening terror, as manes parcae lemures, inseriae: or plenty, divitiae opes blanditiae, sales, and facetiae, in the same sense, or at least variety idus, calendae, sorts, dirae, lactes, bellaria.   

Of Nouns defective in the Plural.  
All proper Names (unless they are Plural only, as in the former rule) or taken Appellatively, not for the persons, but for their conditions instanced in the variation of Substantives, are only singular: as Jda Tagus Lelaps. Some of these admit of both numbers, but in a double sense: as Pergamus, a Town in Asia, and Pergamon, the Trojan-turrets, or in a double notion, as Argos an aptote, and Argi variable.  
Appellatives also want the Plural, being abstracts, as gloria lux, and in particular such as betoken Virtues or Vices, whether moral, as fama pudor indoles culpa labes: or natural, as salus contagio podagra fames sitis vita mors lethum: specially such as end like desidia, sapientia ignavia materia pietas fortitudo, Or Names of peculiar Ages, as pubes senium: Or Names of any Office of Persons, or property of place or time, tribunatus tablinum iustitium: or Names of Plants or Fruits, bacchar triticum siligo: or of Liquids' and things measurable, pix lac oleum butyrum saccarum: or of Metals, aurum argentum ferum, aes for aera the aptote Plural and such others, betoken things materiat, not the bare matter. Or Nouns collective or Distributive, having in the singular a force of Plurals, as vulgus, plebs, proles alter nemo.  
Lastly Names of things individual, as mundus phoenix, sol ignis, for soles, and ignes signify days, or heats; so vesper oriens ver, hiems meridies unus: we read unis vivunt legibus for ijsdem, but oftener proceres uni, for soli.   

Of Defectives in Cases.  
Monoptotes being only rects, Jupiter, supellex, for supellectilis is a regular Adiective, exspes, macte singular, and macti plural, being only Genitives, as nauci dicis cuiusmodi, which may be an Aptote Adiective, impraesentiarum which may be an Adverb, being only Datives Acquisitive, ostentui, dispicatui, divisui inductui, or Ablativals ambage impete injussu, natu, & diu noctu astis imprimis ingratiis, which may be Adverbes, being only Accusatives, eccoes ellas inficias, inferias.  
Diptotes being Nominatives and Accusatives, dica dicam, and all Aptotes, excepting such as end in u. likewise suppetiae suppetias with parisyllabicall Plurals of the third Declension; as grates, and many Plurals of the fifth, and hyemes for colds or storms: and rura fora ora manu, taken indefinitely, not particularly. Being Rects and Ablatives, for'rs fort; being Genitives and Ablativalls, spontis sponte, verberis verbere, iugeris iugere, repetundarum repetundis: Being Accusatives and Ablatives, as dictum dictu, and all Supinalls.  
Triptotes wanting Rects, Jovis, sui (the Primitive) and dapis, frugis, ditionis, precis, vicis, opis, sordis, primoris: or wanting the Genitive, as nemo quisquis istic faeces vices; or wanting the Dative, as plus tantundem.   

Of Defectives in Gender and Person.  
Pauper dives iuvenis, and such other want Neuters, caetera caeterum doth want a Masculine, satius is neuter only, Ego nos tu vos have each but one Person.   

Of Nouns redundant in Gender.  
All Nouns Epicoene by synthesis, or, of the doubtful, or, of the common of two, or of the common of three; as elephantus bubo parens faelix, be redundant in Gender, because they do by signification belong to many, though by construction they refer certainly unto one Gender, whereof already.   

Of Redundants both in Genders and Declensions.  
Some Adiectives do abound, as in Declension, so in Gender, being of two or three divers end; as inermis, or inermus: so bijugis, enervis, magnanimis, effraenis; and with some Authors, insomnis proclivis, illimis, enormis, imberbis, insormis, hilaris, end also in us. And with some Authors procerus, and benignus, end also in is.  
And movable Substantives will abound as in Gender so in Declension, sponsa sponsus, admonitum, admonitio admonitus, cassida cassis, baptismus baptisma, alluvium, alluvio alluvies, abacus abax, gryphus gryps, pavus pavo, hebdomada hebdomas, mulctra mulctrale, involocuum involucre, occipitium occiput, praesepium praesepe, tonurum tonurus, delphinus delphis, or delphin, with many more.  
Other Substantives abound in Gender but not in their Declension; as baculus baculum, tapes tapete, and such other. And other Nouns are redundant, either in case alone, or in Declensions only notified in their proper places.  
Lastly, besides these Anomalies of Nouns in the direct motions by cases, and in the indirect motions by Genders, there is another transverse motion of Adiectives made by comparisons which is anomalous and irregular, spoken of already in the various Figures of Nouns.   

Of Verbs and their forms or kinds.  
Verbs like Nouns are of two kinds, being either Substantive betokening to be, or Adjective signifying to do, or suffer.   

The kinds of Verbs Substantive.  
Verbs Substantive may be distinguished as they signify either. 1. Truth of being, as sum fio existo evado maneo nascor orior efficior tueor constituor vivo, or 2 the hope of being as rogor poscor exoror designor: or 3, the opinion of being, as audio, for vocor credor dicor habeor existimor videor: or 4 the experience of being, as arguor cognoscor inscribor.   

The kinds of Verbs Adjective.  
Verbs Adjectivall have four kinds, being either Neuter, Active, Passive, or Deponent; the two first ending in oh, and the two last in or.   

Of Verbs Neuter.  
The Verb Neuter betokneing either to do, or suffer is intransitive or absolute, having a signification in itself complete, either Actively in Verbs of gesture, as discumbo surgo sto venio discedo mingo, nubo with their Meditatives, micturio nupturio; or Passively in Verbs inceptives and their Primitives, as caleseo and caleo, and in many others, as aegroto vapulo veneo liceo fio with its Compounds.   

Of Verbs Active.  
A Verb Active having of itself an imperfect signification, is always transitive to a sufferer, either person or thing; as pater amat filium & ejus indolem, and some are transitive only to the thing of the same signification with themselves, as gaudium gaudet, alienum arat sundum, bibit vinum, canit hymnum.   

Of Verbs Passive.  
The Verb Passive hath also an imperfect sense without recourse unto the Doer: for correlatives reflect upon, and withal interpret each another: as amatur a patre filius, eadem contilena canitur.   

Of Verbs Deponent.  
A Verb Deponent laying aside the transverse motion from or, to o, doth in the passive termination retain the three former significations, in that respect called also a Verb common: as rarius osculor, used absolutely for a Verb of gesture, osculor te, used transitively, referring to a sufferer, osculor a te, used passively reflecting upon the doer.  
Few Verbs will equally share in all three senses, but any Deponent will admit, as in the Participle of the second Future, a passive sense and structure, so in all other Moods and Tenses an active signification and construction: as pauca tibi sunt loquenda, or pauca loquere.   

The variation of the forms or kinds of Verbs.  
A Verb Substantive and an Adjective construed together, will both be changed into an Adjectiveall Verb; and chose, as arte oratio excolitur & splendescit, or exculta est & splendida.  
A Verb Neuter of gesture may be made a Passive in the third person singular only, and chose, as audita virorum clade flebant saeminae, or flebatur a saeminis; but such Ablatives of the Doers are seldom expressed, and the precedent Ablative of the thing or cause, called the absolute, will be resolved to a Nominative: as virorum clades quum a faeminis audiretur, flebatur.  
The Verb Active may be turned to a Passive, by making the Accusative of the sufferer a Nominative, and the Nominative of the Doer an Ablative of the person or of the thing, with ab the prepositionall Adverbe serving thereunto, or to a Dative of the person put acquisitively, specially with Poets, as virtutem nos colimus, tu samam petas, or Ab nobis colitur virtus, tibi fama petatur, so Tu canas hymnum, nos fundum arabimus, or hymnus a te canatur Ab nobis arabitur sundus.  
Verbs Deponent are invariable to any other kind, both as defective in Figure, and as participating in the sense or form of the other three.   

Of the Figure of Verbs.  
By the figure Verbs are either primitive, being originals, as do curro caveo; and such like Active or Neuter verbs in o. or else they are derivative, as descending from a primitive: whether simply from one, as cursito, or compoundedly from two or more, as reddo.   

Of Verbs simple.  
Verbs simple are of three sorts, denominative, verbal or adverbial.   

Of Verbs denominative, and their variations.  
Verbs denominative are either Apparatives; as aquor frumentor lignor, pabulor, resolved by suppedito aquam, etc. Or Imiatives, as adolescenturio cucurio, ligurio, prurio, scaturio, Syllaturio, patrisso, aegresco, calvesco, canesco, puerasco, vilesco, silvescit, vesperascit, graecor, irascor, ruslicor, vulpinor; resolved by adolescentem refero, etc.   

Of the Verbal derivatives.  
Verbal derivatives are of five sorts. 1. Frequentatives, 2. Diminutives, 3. Desideratives, 3. Inchoatives; and 5. all Verbs in or, derived either from known Verbs in o, being Active, as doceor, from doceo, or Neuter, as curritur, from curro; or from supposed Verbs in o. and such are all Deponents, as fateor, from supposed fateo.   

Of Frequentatives and their variations.  
Frequentatives or iteratives be all of the first Conjugation, and for the most part derived of the Supine by changing 'em to o. as tracto tonso nexo, commentor sector syncopated, grassor amplexor. And in the first Conjugation by changing atum unto ito, if the Supine be a Polysyllable, as of clamatum clamito, else if it be a disyllable, it keepeth a. as nato. Some frequentatives join both the precedent forms together, as of dictum dicto, and from dictatum dictito, so from pulso pulsito, and pulto syncopated. And some verbs of the third Congugation in the second person singular cast away s. taking to in the place of it, as agito stuito fugito, quaerito, the last syllable save one being short in all simple frequentatives, being polysillables, and all be derived from Verbs Active or Deponent, being of the first or third Conjugation, and may be resolved by the Adverb saepe or the verb soleo, as saepe quaero, or quaerere soleo, etc.   

Of Diminitives and their variations.  
Diminutives being of the first Conjugation, have the Terminations following albico canillo sorbillo pullulo pitisso dormito, they are derived from Verbs of all four Coniugations, and may be resolved by aliquantulum put unto the Primitive, or by sub and such other compounded with it, as aliquantulum albeo or subalbico.   

Of Desideratives and their variations.  
Desideratives or meditatives take both formation and signification, from the first future ending in rus as cenaturio pransurio esurio iturio; and they are derived usually from Verbs Neuter of any Conjugation, and will continue Neuters, and may be resolved, caenare cupio. And suitable thereto in sense are, viso accerso arcesso incesso lacesso facesso capesso, etc. for videre accire appeto.   

Of Inchoatives and their variations.  
Inchoatives or Augmentatives are of the third Conjugation, and derived from Verbs neuter of all four Coniugations, by adding co to the second person singular, as labasco hisco for hiasco claresco putesco from obsolet puteo miseresco, tremisco reminiscor fruiscor and fruniscor oudormiscor resolved by incipio labare, or pergo clarere.   

Of adverbial Derivatives.  
Verbs derived from Adverbs be all of the first Conjugation, as intro satio supero, and are reducible only to their Primitives, or otherwise variable by some synonymes.   

Of Verbs compounded.  
Verbs of more than one original are compounded of Verbs with Nouns, as belligero multiplico, of Verbs with Verbs, as calefacio calefio, and actito may come of actum ito, of Verbs with Adverbs, either absolute, as benefacio satisfacio, or prepositionalls either inseparable, as confero diduco discedo removeo secerno, or separable either one, as defetiscor, or two as indefessus, or of obsolet Verbs with such whether Latin, as renideo conniveo adipiscor aspicio deleo elicio expedio extinguo offendo, or Greek as excello expleo induo experior.   

Of alterations in words by composition.  
A syllable is sometimes inserted in the compound, as in concipilo reciproco recupero, Sometimes a letter only as in comburo redimo, both for Euphonie. Sometimes the simples are impaired, either both as aucupor cogo malo, or the Verb is only entire, as, possum credo trano amputo aufero assero, or only maimed, as prebeo dego pergo. And in some Compounds both are entire, as manumitto satisdo. Some Verbs in composition change a. to u as consulo insulto exculpo inculco. Some change o. to u as occulo, some cast away a. as excludo percutio diluo, some change a. to e. as gradior making egredior, so patior fatiscor damno lacto sacro follo arceo tracto partio scando patro candeo carpo spargo pario, so compesco dispesco those two from pasco, some Verbs change the first vowel into i through all Moods and Tenses as caedo making praecido praecidi, so laedo egeo quaero teneo, cado cano salio except in consulo, so patior rapio sapio statuo tango taceo and placeo, except in complaceo and perplaceo, so habeo except in posthabeo, so maneo compounded with e. in pre and pro, so pango saving in composition with circum de ob and re. Other Verbs change the first vowel into i in all Tenses, except the preter tense, and such other as be derived thence, as fateor making confiteor, but confessus, so capio frango iaeio premo and emo, except coemo, so rego except pergo surga, so ago, except perago satago dego cogo, so facio compounded with prepositionall Adverbs, so lego compounded with e de con inter di and nec, which three last make intellexi dilexi neglexi, but all other like the simple. Lastly by composition, some change the figure only, as, verto revertor, some only the Conjugation, as do das, making addo addis, some both, as sperno making aspernor, some change the conjugation and form, as candeo making accendo, some the form and figure, as sacro making execror, some all three together, as frango making suffragor.   

Of the proper affections of Verbs.  
The proper affections of Verbs are four, Moods, Tenses, Persons and Coniugations.   

Of Moods.  
Moods are distinct ways of using verbs in the same sense and structure being seven. The Indicative, Imperative, Subiunctive, Participle, Infinitive, Gerund and Supine.   

Of the Indicative.  
Verbs of the Indicative, whence all other Moods are form, either ask a Question or give a reason of doing or suffering, as Quo vadis? Oxoniam peto.   

Of the Imperative.  
Verbs Imperative either 1 Command by authority, or 2 Advise as a duty, or 3 Grant to importunity, or 4 Crave as curtess. 1. Paeni Sicilia excedunto. 2. Fraus omnis abesto. 3 Res tuas tibi habe. 4. Dil caeptis aspirate.   

Of the Subjunctive.  
A verb Subiunctive doth commonly interpret another principal verb, being always the Indicative or Imperative, and therefore hath a precedent Coniunctive adverb causal or conditional put thereto, or employed therewith, being familiarly resolved to the Infinitive, as, Jubeo valeas, or ut valeas, or te valere, so cave facias, or ne facias, or cave facere.  
Otherwise the Subiunctive by Enallage standeth for the Imperative, called either permissive and potential resolvible to the Infinitive with possum volo debeo, or with the impersonals, licet libet oportet, as vitiis aeque omnibus abhorreas, or te vitiis aeque omnibus abhorrere oportet. Or else an Optative being then joined with an Adverb of wishing and resolvible to the Infinitive with quaeso, precor, opto, as utinam dictis Alban maneres, or te dictis manere opto.   

Of the Participle.  
The Participle an amphibious kind partaketh with Nouns in Declension, by Case and Gender, and with Verbs in Conjugation, by tense, signification, and construction; and with both in number and person. Wherefore the two future's, retaining constantly both tense and structure, are constant Moods of verbs, as Mulier Graios visura Penates: or Cui Graiorum Penates visendi The present and preterperfect tense then only are Moods, when they keep express mention of time, and the same structure, as vinum amans, or qui amat, segnitiem exosus, or qui odit polenta pransus, or qui pransit. Else words of either tenses become Nouns, desisting to be Moods of verbs by deposing the tense & structure, as Vini amans, or amator, which always happeneth when such words admit a different Figure from the verbs whence they ate derived, either by composition, as, impatiens operis, indoctus lyrae, or a Comparative intention, as, quanto reverentior ille deorum, tanto sit reliquis ornatior, unus habetur prae reliquis longe cultissimus.   

Of the Infinitive.  
Verbs of the Infinitive Mood are construed regularly with adiectivall nouns or verbs, as miles audax est, or audet occidere et occidi. But irregularly and figuratively by Enallage, they sometimes stand for a Nominative Aptote, as, humanum est irasci, sometimes for a Genitive of the Gerund, as, metere tempus erat, for metendi, sometime for the Indicative, as, Tum pius Aeneas as humeris abscindere vestem for abscindebat, or Elliptically another verb may be understood therewith, as abscendere caepit.   

Of Gerunds.  
Gerunds being the second future put Substantively are used in the singular number only, to express the administration of affairs. And being Genitives are accordingly construed with a former Substantive either expressed, as, vivendi ratio, or understood with adiectivall nouns or verbs, as, Id fecit assentandi, potius quam quod gratum haberet, supply causa, which construction is sometimes found of Gerundivalls, as, Instituitur imperium reipublicae augendae, supply gratia. And the Genitives of Gerund, are sometimes used for the Gerundivalls by Enallage, as licentia diripiendi pomorum, for diripiendorum pomorum, sometimes also by Enallage the Infinitive doth come in place thereof, as, Non datur ad Musas currere lata via for currendi.  
In the Dative acquisitive Gerunds are construed either with verbs, as, operam navat exorando nec flendo modum facit, or flendi, where the latter of two Substantives is changed to a Dative; or with Adiectives, as, tundendo inhabile ferrum, scribendo papyrus inutilis, and the Adiectives are sometimes understood, as, Non sunt aes alienum solvendo, supply pares, idonei, and such like.  
In the Dative Ablativall Gerunds are construed with prepositionall Adverbs, expressed or understood, as, in judicando criminosa celeritas, cantando rumpitur anguis.  
In the Accusative Gerunds are construed with Prepositions constantly expressed, as, locus ad agendum amplissimus.  
The Nominative is commonly a gerundival, keeping the construction of the passive voice, as, vobis bibendum aut abeundum, where the Acquisitive is commonly understood, But by a Grec●siue seldom used in the latin, it will admit Cases of the verb, as, armorum si nobis carendum, pugnent alii, amicos tibi demerendum, resolved by oportet, aut opus est amicos te demereri, or ut demerearis.   

Of Supines.  
The Supine so called, as regardless of affections, belonging thereunto, is construed with verbs of motion, notifying the term or end thereof, as, tui misertum venio, Graiis servitum matribus ibant, scitatum oracula missi, coctum, non vapulatum conducti sunt, ire with the first, and iri with the last being understood, nolo Uxorem filio datum, aut has litteras sibi renunciatum iri, de injuriis questum itur, Legantur socios rogatum, resolved, rogaturi, rogare, or ut rogarent socios.  
The Dative Ablativall of the Supine may be construed with verbs of motion like other Substantives, but is no Mood of a verb, for it admitteth no casual word thereof, as, redit venatione, or venatu ferarum, not feras. And moreover will be construed with Adiectives, which construction the Supine will not admit as facile mirum arduum fas opus, turpe factu, or fieri, not factum or facere or factum ire.  
Lastly but few Deponents will form this Ablatival as, dignum imitatu.   

Differences of the seven Moods.  
The Indicative and Subjunctive are definite in time, person, and number, and likewise the Imperative in all three, but notwithstanding it is defective in time present or past, nor liable to command or counsel, and also in the first person, for all men do allow themselves full liberty. The Participle is indefinite only in person.  
The Infinitive in Person and Number. Gerunds and Supines, are indefinite in all three making no express mention of time, person or number, though Gerunds do participate with second future's, and both Gerunds and Supines are singular. Lastly, either of both admit a signification promiscuously Active or Passive, being resolvible to either voice, but the Supine more commonly to the Active, and Gerunds to the Passive, whence they are derived.   

Of the variation of Moods.  
The future of the Indicative is used for a most binding Imperative, as non occides for ne occidito, but specially the Participle of the second future, as, vincendum tibi aut moriendum, for aut omnino vince aut porsus morere, or in Hebraisme moriendo morieris.  
Participles of the present, or the Gerunds notifying the efficient cause, are resolved to the Indicative with dum cum quia si postquam, as defetiscor ambulans, ambulando, inter ambulandum, or dum ambulo, but the Participles of the present or pretertense put in the Dative ablativall, called the absolute, are resolved to the Subjunctive, as Imperante Augusto, or cum imperaret, boast superato, or sisuperetur And so are Gerunds notefying a final cause, conductus ad accusandum, vel ob absolvendum, or ut accuses aut absolvas. And all Gerunds are familiarly changed to Gerundivalls, differing only each from other, in that Gerunds notify rather the office than the time, & Gerundivalls notify the time rather than the office, as, nos Gramaticam docendi, vos illius ediscendae cura tenet.  
The Infinitive will be changed to the subjunctive with ut after verbs of command advise entreaty or sufferance, profit, etc. as iubeo moneo rogo sino decet licet oportet refert expedit, etc. as volo te abire, or ut abeas: And to the Indicative with quod after verbs of common or particular sense, or of passions arising thence, as, intelligo dubito reor audio video spero metuo gaudeo mereo iuvat dolet arridet allubescit displices, etc. as constat te valere, or quoth vales, which variation is necessary to be known for finding the structure of the Accusative between two verbs, whether it followeth the Verb Personal or cometh before the Infinitive. Other variations are instanced formerly in the several Moods.   

Of Tenses.  
Tenses directing when things do or suffer are five.  
The 1. present notifying the time now with the signs do or am.  
2. The Preterimperfect tense, the time searse passed with signs did or was.  
3. The Preterperfect tense the time lately passed with signs have or have been.  
4. The Preterpluperfect tense the time long since past with signs had or had been.  
5. The future a time to come with signs shall and will, or shall and will be, or with the sign hereafter, and it is called the promising tense.   

Of forming Tenses.  
What Cases are in Nouns, the same are Tenses in Verbs all descending from the second person singular of the present in the Indicative, as the obliques from the Genitive singular, partly by changing in the Preterperfect tenses, and Supines of some Verbs in the three last Coniugations, the Characteristical letter, which is the next before as es and is, and partly by adding to the Characteristical in other Tenses, as in the examples following.  
The Preterimperfect tense of the Indicative and Subiunctive changeth as es and is, in the three first Coniugations of Verbs in o; & aris eris of Verbs in or to ibam ebam arem erem, and abar ebar, arer erer, and is or iris of the fourth Conjugation to iebam iebar, and irem irer, as of amas amabam amabar, amarem amarer, of doces docebam docebar, docerem docerer, of legls legebam legebar, legerem legerer, of audis audiebam audiebar audirem audirer.  
The future of the Indicative changeth as and es to abo and ebo, and aris eris, to abor and ebor, but is of the third to am are, and of the fourth to iam jar, as of amas amabo amabor, of doces docebo docebor, of legis legam legar, of audis audiam audiar. Aed in the Imperative the future changeth as to a, or ato, and aris to are or ator: es to e, or ete, and eris to ere or etor is of the third to e or ito, and eris to ere or itor; and is of the fourth to i or ito, and iris to ire or itor, as of amas ama amato, and amare amator, of doces doce doceto and docere, docetor, of legislege legito, and legere legitor, of audis audi audito, and audire auditor.  
The present of the Subiunctive changeth as of Verbs in o, and aris, of Verbs in or to 'em and er, as of amas amem amer, es, to eam and ear as of doces doceam docear; is of the third to am and are, as of legis legam legar, but is of the fourth to iam and jar as of audis audiam audiar. And in the Infinitive changeth as to are, and aris to ari, as amare amari, and es to ere and eris to eri, as docere doceri, and is of the third to ere and eris to i as legere legi and is of the fourth to ire, and iris to iri, as audire audiri. And in the Participle changeth as to ans, es to ens, and is of the third to ens but is of the fourth to iens, as of ama amans, of doces docens, of legis legens, of audis audience. And from the Participle of the present is form the Participle of the second future by changing s to dus, as of amans amandus, of docens docendus, of legens legendus, of audience audiendus.  
The Preterperfect tense in the Indicative of Verbs in o for the most part changeth as to avi, and that to atum, as of amas amavi amatum, es to ui and that to itum, as of moans monui monitum, is of the fourth to ivi and that to itum, as of audis audivi auditum, but is of the third to i. and that to tum or sum or xum, as of emis emi emptum, of visis visi visum, of figis fixi fixum.  
Where may be noted that the Supine in the first Conjugation doth end only in tum, in the second and fourth may end in tum or sum, and in the third may end in tum or sum or xum. And from the Supine are form the Participles of the Preter tense, and of the first Future, that by changing m. to s. as from emptum is made emptus, this by changing m to rus, as from emptum empturus. And all Participles may be known by their Terminations both in Latin and in English, the present in Latin ending always in ans or ens, as amans monens, and in English ending in ing, as loving, warning, the second future in Latin ending always in dus, and englished like the Infinitive of the Passive voice, amandus like amari to be loved, the preter tense in Latin ending in tus sus or xus, and in English in t. or u. or d. emptus, visus, fixus, bought, seen, fixed; the first future in Latin ending in rus, and Englished like the Infinitive of the Active voice, as empturus like emere to buy: furthermore the present is declined like Adjectives of one Termination, and the other three like Adjectives of three divers end, as amans amantis, but amandus amanda amandum, so amatus and amaturus.  
Lastly from the Preterperfect tense of the Indicative is form the Preterpluperfect of the same Mood, and the Preterperfect and Future, of the Subjunctive by changing i to eram erim ero, and the Preterpluperfect of the Subiunctive and Infinitive by adding thereto ssem and sse, as of legi cometh legeram legerim legero and legissem legisse.   

Of Tenses proper to every Mood.  
Verbs that end in o. have in the Indicative and Subiunctive all five tenses, and verbs in or have in the Indicative the present, the imperfect and the future, but in the Subiunctive the present and imperfect only.  
The Imperative of Verbs in oh and or hath the future only.  
Verbs Active have two Participles, the present and first future, and Passives have the other too, the Preter tense and second future. Deponents, and many Neuters have all four Participles, but the Pretertense of neither will admit of a Passive signification or construction, which are in both accustomed to the second Future, as, stadium equis currendum, haud viris ingrediendum: Participles of the present first future and Preter tense in both voices will retain the construction usual to other Moods, but the Preter tense of Neuters in o. are ordinarily made Nouns participial, and of the Neuters passives do keep always the Passive sense and structure, as, Pugnatum est ab Hostibus: Gerunds and Supines have no express mention of Tenses, and in other moods the Tenses lacking are supplied by circumlocution.  
Verbs in or by the Participle of the Pretertense, with sum or fui, supply the Preter tense; and with eram or fueram, the Preterpluperfect tense; and in the Subiunctive, with sim or fuerim supply the Preter tense, with essem or fuissem, the Preterpluperfect with ero and fuero the Future. And in the Infinitive with esse or fuisse supply the Pretertense with the Supine, and iri, or second future, and esse supply the Future tense▪  
Verbs in o, and Deponents in or, in the Infinitive Mood, by the Supine, with ire and first Future with esse, or rather with fore supply the Future, and when the first Future of the Participle is defective, fore will stead the same, as, Quos terres, hos oportet fore ut timeas, for te timiturum. The instances of these former rules will follow in the Examples of the several Coniugations.   

The proper affections of some Tenses.  
Verbs in o. of the first and fourth Conjugation in the second person singular, and the second and third plural of the Preter tense, in the Indicative, and in all persons of both numbers in all other tenses derived thence may be Syncopated, as, amasti amastis amarunt amaram amarim amaro amassem amass, so audisti audistis audierunt audieram, etc. interii, and perii are Syncopated in all persons saving the first plural and in Imitation thereof, some Verbs of the thired Conjugation, as, petii, etc. And other Verbs are Syncopated mostly of i Poets in the second person singular, as extinxti dixti for dixisti. Edim duim ausim axim faxim for ederim dederim auserim egerim fecerim, likewise surpucram for surripueram, submossem for submovissem, produxe for produxisse, divisse for divisisse. And the future of the Subiunctive is changed with old Authors, amavero to amasso, prohibuero to prohibesso, petivero to petesso, with such like in the three first Coniugations, and in the Infinitive for levaturumesse levassere, etc.  
Verbs in or whether Passive or Deponent in the Infinitive of the present tense will Paragogically take ere thereto, as, monstrarier optat, caepit dilabier orbis.  
Participles of the second future in the third and fourth Conjugation admit Antithesis, as faciundus experiundus for faciendus experiendus. Others of the first future are oft irregular, as, sonaturus for soniturus, nasciturus for naturus, pariturus for parturus. And others of the preter tense like the Supine are Syncopated, as, pinsitus and pistus, potatus and potus.   

The variation of Tenses.  
The Preterpluperfect tense of the Indicative is used often for the future, as, perieras nisi fugisses, for periturus eras. And the preter tense for the future of the Subiunctive, called with some an exact tense, as, molam si le redemerim for redemero. Lastly the Present and Imperfect tense thereof pass for a future called the simple, nil refert si post cladem sapias or saperes, for sapies.   

Of the Number and Persons of VERBS.  
The Numbers equally belonging to Nouns and Verbs being two, the singular and plural, are spoken of already as also the three Persons, which being more genuine to Verbs, as Gender to Nouns, must like the Genders be understood Physically, and strictly where the nature of things afford it, that is when rational creatures are spoken of, and otherwise may be taken at large Grammatically, being three in both Numbers, whereof before.  
In the language taught of God, the third Person being the radical hath precedence, and the first as doth become Civility, speaking of itself, is last in place.  
The future used in that tongue for the Imperative beginneth with the first Person, implying that who make Laws, should first take them; but as Jews and Gentiles are used ordinarily in opposition, so is their form of speaking, all Nations constantly beginning with the first Person in both Numbers of all Moods and Tenses, leaving the next place flatterers like to the second person spoken to, quite neglecting the third Person spoken of, as abject.   

Of the CONJUGATIONS.  
As Tenses answer unto Cases, so do Coniugations of Verbs to Declensions of Nouns, being four distinct ways whereby all regular Verbs end uniformly in the same Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person.  
The Conjugation of every Verb is known by the termination of the second Person singular in the present tense of the Indicative mood, where all Verbs ending in as, or having a. in aris long, are of the first Conjugation. And such as end in es, or have e. in eris long, are of the second. And such as end in is short, or have o. in eris short be of the third: And such as end in is long, or have the first i in iris long be of the fourth.   

Annotations.  
It may be noted that all Verbs of the second Conjugation do end in eo and eor, but beo calceo enucleo meo laqueo creo screo nauseo be of the first Conjugation; and eo queo veneo, be of the fourth.  
Likewise all Verbs of the fourth Conjugation except those three last mentioned do end in io, which ending few of the first Conjugation have, as faucio repudio hio concilio satio, but many of the third end in cio dio gio pio rio tio, as facio fodio fugio capio pario percutio.  
Some Verbs admit of two Coniugations, being either commonly of the first and seldom of the third, as, lavo lavas lavavi lavatum, and lavis lavi lavitum, or by Syncope lautum and by Antithesis lotum, sonosonas and sonis sonui sonitum, so tono tonas and tonis tonui tonitum; Or commonly of the second, seldom of the third, as strideo strides, and strido stridis stridi, fulgeo fulges, and fulgo fulgis fulfis, but tergeo terges, and tergo tergis tersi, are both common, ferveo ferves, and fervo fervis fervi, sorbeo sorbes sorbui sorbitum, and sorbo sorbis sorpsi sorptum, tueor tueris tuitus, and tuor tueris tutus, oleo oles olui oletum to grow, and olo olis olui olitum to smell. Or commonly of the second, seldom of the fourth, as, cieo cies cievi citum, and cio cis civi citum, the last being most usual in composition, as the first being simple. Or commonly of the third and seldom of the fourth, as, fodio fodis fodi fodere, and fodire fossum, orior oreris, and oriris ortus, and such other.  
Many Verbs being the same in Theme do differ as in signification, so either in Conjugation only, as, aggero appello compello colligo consterno deligo effero fundo mando obsero volo. Or likewise in quantity, as dico lego with their compounds, being all both first and last of the first and third Conjugation.  
Sum with his Compounds are wholly irregular among Verbs, as, Ego tu sui among the Pronouns. But fui conjugated with sum hath all tenses regular which are derived thence. And both sum and fui do require in order to be first declined by themselves, as helps expedient to form in the Infinitive the future tense of all other Verbs ending both in o. and or. And in the Indicative the preter tense of Verbs only that end in or, and of all other tenses that are derived thence, which being otherwise Defective are to be supplied by sum and fui, joined with the Participles of such Verbs, whereof before.   

Examples of Verbs to be declined.  
Sum es fui esse ens futurus to be.  
So, Absum abes abfui abesse absens abfuturus.   

The Indicative Mood and present tense Singular.  
Sum I am, es thou art, est he is.   

Pluraliter.  
Sumus we are, estis ye are, sunt they are.   

The Preterimperfect tense Singular.  
Eram I was, eras thou wast, erat he was.   

Pluraliter.  
Eramus we were, eratis, ye were, erant they were.   

The Preterperfect Tense singular.  
Fui I have been, fuisti thou hast been, fuit he hath been,   

Pluraliter.  
Fuimus we have been fuistis ye have been, fuerunt vel fuere they have been.   

The Preterpluperfect Tense singular.  
Fueram I had been, fueras thou hadst been, fuerat he had been;   

Pluraliter  
Fueramus we had been, fueratis ye had been, fuerant they had been.   

The Future Tense singular.  
Ero I shall or will be, eris thou shalt or wilt be, erit he shall or will be,   

Pluraliter  
Erimus we shall or will be, eritis ye shall or will be, erunt they shall or will be.   

The Imperative and Future singular.  
Es, or esto, be thou hereafter, esto be he, or let him be hereafter.   

Pluraliter,  
Este, or estote, be ye hereafter, sunto be they, or let them be hereafter.   

The Subjunctive and Present Tense singular.  
Sim, I may would or should be, sis, thou mayst wouldst or shouldst be sit, he may would or should be,   

Pluraliter.  
Simus, we may would or should be, sitis, ye may would or should be, sint, they may would or should be.   

The Preterimperfect Tense singular.  
Essem, or forem, I might would or should be, esses, or fores, thou mightst wouldst or shouldst be, esset, or foret, he might would or should be,   

Pluraliter  
Essemus, or foremus, we might would or should be, essetis, or foretis, ye might would or should be, essent, or forent, they might would or should be.   

The Preterperfect Tense singular.  
Fuerim, I might would or should have been, fueris, thou mightst wouldst or shouldst have been, fuerit, he might would or should have been.   

Pluraliter  
Fuerimus, we might would or should have been, fueritis, ye might would or should have been, fuerint, they might would or should have been.   

The Preterpluperfect Tense singular,  
Fuissem, I might would or should had been, fuisses, thou mightst wouldst or shouldst had been, fuisset, he might would or should had been,   

Pluraliter  
Fuissemus we might would or should had been, fuissetis ye might would or should had been, fuissent they might would or should had been,   

The Future Tense singular.  
Fuero I may would or should be hereafter, fueris thou mayst wouldst or shouldst be hereafter, fuerit he may would or should be hereafter,   

Pluraliter  
Fuerimus we might would or should be hereafter, fueritis ye might would or should be hereafter, fuerint they might would or should be hereafter.   

The Participle Mood.  
The present tense ens being, or essens obsolet, whence doth come essentia, the being.  
The Future Tense, futurus about to be.   

The Infinitive Mood.  
The present, esse to be.  
The preter tense, fuisse to have been.  
The future fore, or futurum esse to be hereafter.   

Annotations.  
As Sum hath been declined, so may be form Possum, compounded of potis and sum, and poteram, of potis eram, potui of potis fui, potueram of potis fueram, potero of potis ero, possim of potis sim, possem, of potis essem, potuerim of potis fuerim, potuissem of potis fuissem, potuero of potis fuero, posse of potis esse, potuisse of potis fuisse. So Prosum proderam profui profueram prodero, with the rest compounded thence.  

Examples whereby may be declined Verbs active and passive.  Am- o as avi. atum aturus ans or aris   atus andus Mon- eo es vi. itum iturus ens eor eris   itus endus Leg- o is i tum turus ens or eris   tus endus And- io is ivi itum iturus iens ior iris   itus iendus  

Examples of Verbs Neuter and Deponent.  Pugn— o as avi atum atutus ans andus Rix— or aris atum atus aturus ans andus  
Examples of Verbs both in o. and or. declined throughout all Moods and Tenses.  

The Indicative Mood and Present Tense.   Singulariter. Pluraliter Laud— o as at amus atis an● or aris vel are atur amur amini antur Cens- eo es et emus etis ent eor eris vel ere etur emur emini entur Fig- o is it imus itis unt or eris vel ere itur imur imini untur Pol— io is it imus itis junt ior iris vel ire itur imur imini iuntur  

The Preterimperfect Tense singular.  Laud- abam abas abat abar abaris vel abare abatur Plur. abamus abatis abant abamur abamini abantur Cens— ebam ebas ebat ebar ebaris vel ebare ebatur Plur. ebamus ebatis ebant ebamur ebamini ebantur Fig— ebam ebas ebar ebar ebaris vel ebare ebatur Plur. ebamus ebatis ebant ebamur ebamini ebantur Pol- iebam iebas iebat iebar iebaris vel iebare iebatur Plur- iebamus iebatis iebant. iebamur iebamini iebantur.  

The Preterperfect tense singular.  Laud- avi avisti avit atus sum vel fui atus ea v. fuisti atus est v. fuit. Plur- avimus avistis averunt vel avere ati sumus v. fuimus, ati estis v. fuistis ati sunt fuerunt vel fuere. Cens- ui visti vit us sum v. fui us es v. fuisti us est v. fuit. Plur- vimus vistis verunt vel uere i sumus v. fuimus, i. estis v. fuistis i. sunt fuerunt vel fuere. Fi- xi xisti xit xus sum v. fui. xus es v. fuisti. xus est v. fuit. Plur- ximus xistis xerunt vel xere xi sumus vel fuimus. xi. estis v. fuistis xi sunt fuerunt vel fuere. Pol- ivi ivisti ivit itus sum v. fui itus es v. fuisti itus est v. fuit. Plur- ivimus ivistis iverunt vel ivere iti sumus v. fuimus iti estis v. fuistis iti sunt fuerunt vel fuere.  

The Preterpluperfect tense singular.  Laud- averam averas averat atus eram v. fueram, atus eras v. fueras atus erat vel fuerat. Plur- averamus averatis averant ati eramus v. fueramus ati eratis v. fueratis ati erant vel fuerant. Cens- veram veras verat us eram v. fueram us eras v. fueras us erat vel fuerat. Plur- veramus veratis verant i eramus v. fueramus. i. eratis v. fueratis i. erant vel fuerant. Fi- xeram xeras xerat xus eram v. fueram, xus eras vel fueras xus erat vel fuerat. Plur- xeramus xeratis xerant xi eramus v. fueramus. xi eratis v. fueratis xi erant v. fuerant. Pol- iveram iveras iverat itus eram v. fueram, itus eras v. fueras, itus erat vel fuerat. Plur- iveramus iveratis iverant iti eramus v. fueramus, iti eratis v. fueratis iti erant vel fuerant.  

The Future Tense singular.  Laud- abo abis abit abor aberis vel abere abitur Plur. abimus abitis abunt abimur abimini abuntur Cens- ebo ebis ebit ebor eberis vel ebere ebitur Plur. ebimus ebitis ebunt ebimur ebimini ebuntur Fig- am es et are eris vel ere etur Plur. emus etis ent emur emini entur Pol. iam ies jet jar ieris vel iere ietur Plur- iemus ietis ient iemur iemini ientur.  

The Imperative Mood and Future Tense.   Sing: Plur. Laud- a vel ato ato eaten vel atote. anto are v. ator ator amini v. aminor, antor. Cens- e vel eto. eto eat vel etote. ento ere v. etor. etor emini v. eminor. entor Fig- e vel ito. ito ite vel itote. unto ere v. itor. itor imini v. iminor untor. Sep- i. vel ito ito ite vel itote iunto ire vel itor. itor imini v. iminor iuntor  

The Subjunctive Mood and present Tense.   Sing. Plur. Laud- 'em es et emus etis ent. er eris v. ere etor emur emini entur. Cens- eam eas eat eamus eatis eant ear earis v. ear eatur eamur eamini eantur. Fig- am as at amus atis ant are aris v. are atur amur amini antur. Pol. iam ias iat iamus iatis iant jar iaris v. iare iatur iamur iamini iantur.  

The Preterimperfect Tense.   Sing. Plur. Laud- arem ears art aremus aretis arent arer areris v. arere aretur aremur aremini arentur. Cens— erem eres eret eremus eretis erent erer eretis v. erere eretur eremur eremini erentur. Fig- erem eres eret eremus eretis erent erer eretis v. erere eretur eremur eremini erentur. Pol. irem ires iret iremus iretis irent irer ireris v. irere iretur iremur iremini irentur.  

The Preterperfect tense singular.  Laud- averim averis averit atus sim v. fuerim atus sis v. fueris atus sit v. fuerit. Plur- averimus averitis averint ati simus v. fuerimus, ati sitis v. fueritis ati sint vel fuerint. Cens- verim veris verit us sim v. fuerim us sis v. fueris us sit v. fuerit. Plur- verimus veritis verint i simus v. fuerimus i sitis v. fueritis i sint vel fuerint. Fig- xerim xeris xerit xus sim v. fuerim xus sis v. fueris xus sit v. fuerit  xerimus xeritis xerint xi simus v. fuerimus xi sitis v. fueritis xi sint v. fuerint. Pol. iverim iveris iverit itus sim v. fuerim itus sis v. fueris itus sit v. fuerit. Plur. iverimus iveritis iverint iti simus v. fuerimus iti siitis v. fueritis iti sint v. fuerint.  

The Preterpluperfect Tense Singular.  Laud- avissem avisses avisset atus essem v. fuissem atus esses v. fuis atus esset v. fuisset. Plur. avissemus avissetis avissent ati essemus v. fuissemus ati essetis v. fuissetis ati essent v. fuissent. Cens- vissem visses visset us essem v. fuissem us esses v. fuisses us esset vel fuisset. Plur. vissemus vissetis vissent i essemus v. fuissemus i essetis v fuissetis i essent vel fuissent. Fi- xissem xisses xisset xus essem v. fuissem xus esses v. fuisses xus esset v. fuisset. Plur- xissemus xissetis xissent xi essemus v. fuissemus. xi essetis v. fuissetis xi essent v. fuissent. Pol. ivissem ivisses ivisset itus essem v. fuissem itus esses v. fuisses itus esset vel fuisset. Plur- ivissemus ivissetis ivissent iti essemus v. fuissemus iti essetis v. fuissetis iti essent v. fuissent.  

The Future Tense Singular.  Laud- avero averis averit atus ero v. fuero atus eris v. fueris atus erit vel fuerit. Plur- averimus averitis averint ati erimus v. fuerimus ati eritis v. fueritis ati erunt v. fuerint. Cens- vero veris verit us ero v. fuero us eris v. fueris us erit vel fuerit. Plur- verimus veritis verint i erimus v. fuerimus i eritis v. fueritis i erunt v. fuerint Fig- xero xeris xerit xus ero v. fuero xus eris v. fueris xus erit v. fuerit. Plur- xerimus xeritis xerint xi erimus v. fuerimus xi eritis v. fueritis xi erunt v. fuerint. Pol. ivero iveris iverit itus ero v. fuero itus eris v. fueris itus erit v. fuerit Plur- iverimus iveritis iverint iti erimus v. fuerimus iti eritis v. fueritis iti erunt v. fuerint.  

The Participle Mood.  The Present Tense Laudans, Cens-ens, Figens Pol. iens. The first Future Laud-aturus, Censurus, Fi-xurus. Pol. iturus. The Preter Tense Laudatus, Cens-us, Fixus▪ Pol. itus. The second Future Laudandus, Censendus Figendus, sep-iendus.  

The Infinitive Mood.  The Present Tense Laud- are Cens- ere Fig- ere Pol. ire ari eri i iri. The Preter Tense Laud- avisse Cens- visse Fi- xisse Pol. ivisse atum esse vel fuisse. 'em esse v. fuisse xum esse v. fuisse. itum esse v. fuisse. The Future Tense Laud- atum ire v. aturum esse: Cens- 'em ire v. urum esse Fi- xum ire v. xurum esse. Pol. itum ire v. iturum esse atum iri v. andum esse. 'em iris v. endum esse xum iri v. endum esse. itum iri v. iendum esse▪  

The Gerundivall Mood.  Laudandum. Censendum. Fig-endum. Pol. iendum.  

The Supine Mood.  Laudatam. Censum. Fi. xum. Pol. itum   

ANNOTATIONS.  
Students should be made exact in all the proper affections of Verbs, as before hath been required in the like affections of Nouns, for as more variable, so they are more difficult, and call for greater diligence, but Verbs chiefly, which will more exercise Learners to find out the Theme than Nouns, because the Characteristical is oftener changed therein; besides that many instances thereof must have recourse to sundry distinct heads before they are resolved to their Themes, as for example, from Juncturus, cast away the Termination proper to the first future, and instead thereof, put to m, and it will be iunctum, the Supine whence it is form: Then it may be remembered that ctum in the Supine cometh from xi in the Preter Tense, as iunctum from iunxi, again xi will come from gis in the present, so iungis maketh iunxi, that iunctum this iuncturus; from hauserimus cut of erimus and put i in place thereof it will be hausi whence it is derived, as this from hauris. In censeremini▪ change the second Person Plural to the first singular censerer, this to censeris, and by a gradual regress it leadeth unto c●●seor, according to the precedent Rules of forming Tenses in the several Moods. So Legitote cometh from league, this from legis, audietis cometh from audiam, this from audis, so docendus from docens, this from doces, and so in the rest.   

Exceptions to the General Rules for the forming of Preter Tenses and Supines.  
Verbs of the first Conjugation ending in bas, cas, mass, nas, pass tas, change as to ui, das maketh dedi, stas steti, juvas iuvi, And all in the Supine end in tum.  
Verbs of the second Conjugation making bes, psi, ges, xi, ies ievi, les levi, ves vi. In the Supine end all in tum. But making des, di, or si, lces▪ and lges, lsi, and rges rsi, nes nsi, res si. And the Depovent teris making ssi in the Supine end all in sum.  
Verbs of the third Conjugation making bis, by bui, or psi, cis ci, cui, or xi scis, vi, or scui: few Verbs making does, di. Likewise other Verbs making gis, gi', or xi, his, xi, lis lui, mis mui, or psi, nis, ni, vi, or ui, pis, psi, pi, pui, or pivi, quis, qui, or xi. ris, rui, vi and ssi sis, ui, ivi, or ssi, apoopated. And some making 'tis, ti, vis, vi, or xi, ui, xis xui, in the Supine end in tum.  
Other both Deponents making beris, psi, and Verbs in o making rcis rsi dis di, or si rgis rsi, llis, llui, li or si, mis, ssi, rris rri, 'tis ssui, rtis, rsi. in the Supine end in sum.  
Other Verbs making gis, his, ctis, or vis, xi, and xis, xi, or xui end in xum.  
Verbs of the fourth Conjugation making cis cui, or xi, lis lui, nis ni, pis psi, 'tis rui or ri: in the Supine end in tum.  
Other both Deponents making diris di, or Verbs in o making bis, psi, cis, si, ris, si, tis, si end in sum.   

Examples of the former Exceptions, in Verbs of the first Conjugation.  
Cubas doth make cubui cubitum, but thence come cubatio and cubatorium, all Compounds thence with interposing m. will be of the third Conjugation, as, decumbis decubui decubitum, and accubo, incubo, occubo, recubo, may take m or leave it.  
Necas necavi or necui necatum, or nectum, but the last is scarce used, saving in Composition, secas secui sectum, hath secaturus, applicas, explicas, implicas make ui or avi, itum or atum, but plicas maketh only avi & atum, micas micui doth want the Supine, but emicas emicui hath emicaturus, and dimicas hath dimicui, or dimicavi dimicatum, fricas fricui frictum, but defricas defricui, or defricavi defrictum, or defricatum, Das dedi datum, so circundas, pessundas, satisdas, venundas: but all other Compounds thence are of the third Conjugation, as, condo condis condidi conditum, and abscondis abscondidi, or abscondi, absconditum, or absconsum, domas domui domitum, but from edomas cometh edomatio.  
Sonas sonui sonitum, whence cometh sonabilis, and sonaturus.  
Crepas crepui crepitum, & increpas increpui increpitum, whence cometh increpatio, discrepas discrepui; and discrepavi discrepitum, and discrepatum.  
Vetas vetui vetitum, whence cometh vetaturus, stas steti statum, but astas astiti astitum, and so all Compounds thence, saving that Supinall Derivatives love best the regular way, as, praestaturus praestatio praestabilis, Juvas Juvi, whence doth come iuvamen; so adiuvas adiuvi adiutum; Liguas, nexas, with many more want the Preter Tense, and therewith the Supine derived thence.   

Examples of exceptions in the second Conjugation.  
Sorbes sorbui sorbitum, and thence sorbitio, but absorbes absorbui and absorpsi absorptum.  
Misces miscui mistum, syncopated, and by Antithesis, mixtum, mulces, mulsi mulsum, luces luxi without Supine.  
Suades suasi suasum, but sedes sedi sessum, spondes spospondi sponsum, strides stridi without Supine, audes ausi, obsolet ausum, gauds gavisum, by Epenthesis, whence gavisus sum, The Preterperfect Tense supplied by circumlocution, and ausus sum, with audeo.  
Indulges indulsi indulsum, & indultum, from obsolet indulxi, fulges fulsi, turges tursi, both want Supines, terges tersi tersum, mulges mulsi mulctum, from obsolet mulxi, so auges auxi auctum.  
Fles stevi fletum, nes nevi netum, eyes cievi citum, vies vievi vietum, oles olui olitum, but exoles, and some other make olevi oletum, reris ratum, tueris tuitum, soles solitum, from solui, obsolet for which solitus sum is in use.  
Manes mansi mansium, but emines eminui, and the rest so form want Supines.  
Torques torsi torsum, and tortum from torquitum, obsolet syncopated, from both, torsio and tortilis, Haeres haesi haesum and hesitum, by Epenthesis, torres torrui tostum for torritum, by Syncope and Antithesis, so misereris misertum, Syncopated, and censes censui censum, for censitum, fateris hath fassum, as if it were from fates fassi.  
Moves movi motum, but caves cavi cautum, and faves favi fautum, by Epenthesis.  
Cales, cares, coals, doles, lates, lices, noces, pares, places, taces, vales, with their Compounds change es to ui and that to itum, but all other Neuters making ui in the Preter Tense want the Supine.  
Aves mederis maeres vides nives want the Preter Tense and Supine, but the Compounds of nives have nixi and nictum.   

Examples of the Exceptions in the third Conjugation.  
Bibis bibi bibitum, lambis lambi wanting a Supine, decumbis decubui decubitum, scribis scripsi scriptum, laberis lapsum, as if it were from labis lapsi.  
Icis ici ictum, parcis peperci parcitum, and parsi parsum, dicis, dixi dictum, from obsolet lacio elicio doth make elicui elicitum, but all other Compounds thence make lexi and lectum, noscis novi notum, but nosciturus and agnovi agnitum, eognovi cognitum, pascis pavi pastum, but compescui compescitum, and dispescis dispescui doth want the Supine, adipisceris adeptum, as if it were from adipis adepi, and that from the obsolet simple apo, whence cometh aptus, comminisceris commentum, as if it were from cominis comini, expergeris expergitum, and experrectum, as if it were from expergis expergi or experrexi, itasceris iratum, as if it were from iras iravi, nancisceris nactum, as if it were from nancis nanci, oblivisceris oblitus, from oblivis oblivi, pacisceris pactum, as if it were from pacis paci, profleisceris profectum, from proficis profeci, defetisceris defessum, as if it were from defeteo defetis defessi, ulcisceris ultum, for ulcitum, as if it were from ulcis ulcivi, claudis clausi clausum, edis edi esum, but comedis comedi comesum, or comestum, graderis gressum, as if it were from gradis gressi, so cedis cessi cessum, findis fidi fissum, cadis cecidi casum, whose Compounds want Supines, occasum and recasum, with incasurus, being excepted, pedis pepedi peditum, tendis tetendi tensum, & tentum tundis tutudi tusum, and tunsi tunsum, pandis pandi passum, for pansum, by Antithesis.  
Fugis fugi fugitum, regis rexi rectum, frigis frixi frixum, and frictum, frangis fregi fractum, pungiss pupugi and punxi punctum, vehis vexi vectum, but convehis convexi convectum and convexum.  
Alis alui altum, for alitum so colis colui cultum, excellis excellui excelsum, vellis velli and vulsi vulsum.  
Gemis gemui gemitum, premis pressi pressum, comis compsi comptum, the labial m affecting the cognates (p) for its companion, so emis emi, and of old empsi emptum, sinis sivi hath no Supine, situs is used for positus by Aphaeresis, spernis sprevi spretum, by Metathesis, for spervi spertum, so decernis with such other Compounds, crevi cretum, for cerni, the simple doth want the Preter Tense and Supine likewise, temnis wanteth both, but contemnis contempsi contemptum, gignis genui genitum from obsolet genis, ponis posui positum, canis cecini cantum, but succinis with some others make cinui centum, strepis strepui strepitum, rumpis rupi ruptum, carpis carpsi carptum, sapis sapai or sapivi sapitum, coquis coxi coctum, linquis wanting Preter Tense, and Supine hath Compounds that make liqui lictum, loqueris locutum, sequeris secutum, as if it were from loquis loqui, sequis sequi, Teris trivi tritum, by Metathesis, moreris making mortuus, for moritus, whence is moriturus, likewise oreris ortum, whence is oriturus, quaeris quaesivi quaesitum, quereris questum, Syncopated, seris sevi satum, but conseris consevi consitum, with such other changing in the supine a to i, conseris conserui doth make consertum, the first coming from the Greek Verb speiro, the last from eiro, geris gesse gestum, verris verri versum.  
Arcessis arcessivi being of the fourth Conjugation now obsolet, and by Syncope arcessii, by Apocope, arcessi, pinsis pinsui pinsitum pinsum and pistum Syncopated, depsis depsui, whence cometh depsititius, and visis visi, without Supine.  
Flectis flexi flexum, plectis plexi to punish, plexui, to fold, have plectum, and piexum, pectis pexi and pexui pexum, and pectum, or pectitum, by Epenthesis, metis messui messum, mittis misi missum, vertis verti versum, stertis stertui Supinelesse, niteris nisum or nixum, uteris usum, pateris passum, from obsolet patis passi, vivis vixi victum, solvis solvi solutum. Statuis statui statutum, ruis rui ruitum, but diruis dirui dirutum, with such other, casting away i from the Supine resumed in the first Future, as, diruiturus, frueris whence fruitus, and by Epenthesis fruintus, by Crasis fretus; likewise fructus, as if it were from fruis fruxi, struis struxi structum, fluis fluxi fluxum; whence also come, fluctus and fluitus, luis lui, and of old luvi, whence is diluvium, so pluis plui & pluvi whence is pluvia, both wanting Supines, but having Derivatives thence, as, luiturus.  
Texis texui textum, nexis nexui nexum, etc. Calueris whence is calumnia with cluis, furis, reminisceris, vesceris, vergis, metis, tollis, ambigis, liqueris, with many other want Preter Tense and Supine.   

Examples of the Exceptions in the fourth Conjugation.  
Cambis campsi campsum.  
Sancis sanxi sanctum, and sancivi sancitum, farcis farci fartum, and sarcivi farcitum; and farctum, and fartum Syncopated, raucis rauci rausum, amicis amicui and amixi amictum.  
c Ordiris orsum, as if it were from ordis ordi and orditum, as from ordis ordivi.  
Salis salii and salui saltum, but exilis exilii, or exilui exultum, with such other Compounds changing a of the simple Supine unto u, Venice veni ventum.  
Sepis sepsi septum, and sepivi sepitum, whence is sepimentum, sepelis sepelivi sepelitum, and sepultum, by Syncope and Antithesis.  
Hauris hausi haustum or hausum, whence is hausurus, aperis and operis, make pervi and pertum, and all other Compounds peri and pertum, from paris peperi partum, changing a to e, Sentis sensi sensum, metirismensus, but demetiris demensus and demetitus.  
Feris with some other want Preter Tenses and Supines, Compertum est, the Impersonal Passive hath only a Preter tense, and such as are derived thence.   

ANNOTATIONS.  
Some Verbs in o, as do, sto, and others of the second and third Conjugation will Greekwise double the first Consonant in the Preter tense for the most part with e, and in some Verbs with i, o, and u, as dedi, steti, didici, poposci, cucurri, pupugi, which six commonly have the same syllable doubled in their Compounds, as addidi, constiti, changing e, to i, perdidici, de po posci, praecucurri, repupugi, but all other Compounds from simples doubling the first syllable, reject any such increase, as pendes hath pependi pensum, but depends dependi depensum; Likewise the former Verbs both simple and compounds cast of the increase in Supines, so cucurri cursum, and praecurri praecucursum.  
Divers Verbs concur in the same Pretertense, and others in the same Supine, as, fulges, and fulcis make fulsi, luces and luges luxi, paves and pascis pavi Likewise manes and mandis make mansum, tenes and tendis tentum, vincis and vivis victum, verris and vertis versum.  
Many Verbs compounded have a Preter tense, or Supine, or derivatives thence, whose simples are therein defective, And chose: as from liquas defective in the Pretertense and Supine come liquamen liquatio liquabilis and deliquatus: So from nuis nuinutum numen being regular, there be compounds defective, as, abnuis, and moreover irregular supines have many derivatives from the regular wanting, as, adiuvamen adiuvaturns, from adiuvi adiutum, whereof more instances are in the several Coniugations: Some Compounds with changing the first vowel of their simples differ hence in the Preter tense, and others in the Supine. So emines hath eminui from manes mansi: thus cantum, captum, carptum, factum, fartum, iactum, partum, raptum, sparsum, change a, to e, as concentum deceptum, with many other changes notified in the Conjugations.   

Of Verbs Anomalous.  
There be three sorts of the Verbs irregular, the Heteroclitous the Redundants, and the Defectives.   

Of Hetereclites.  
Verbs swarving from the regular Coniugations (besides Sum) are these following, volo and his compounds, making vis vult volumus vultis, for volis volit volimus volitis, and noli for nole nolito, velim for volam, vellem for volerem, vellefer volere, so fers fert fertis, for feris ferit feritis, fer ferto ferte fertote, for fere ferito ferite feritote, ferrem far for fererem ferere, from fero; being both of the third Conjugation. Likewise fierem fieri for firem fire from fio of the fourth conjugation. Where may be noted that facio being defective in the figure to be made a passive hath the neuter fio, instead thereof, not only in the simple, but also in all compounds which keep facio entire, as, calefacio calefio, but other compounds changing a, to i, will be made passives, as, afficio afficior Likewise the neuter, Ere, as it hath all three persons will not be made passive, but Compounds thence being Verbs Active will form a Passive voice, as, adeor, ambior, which last doth form all tenses regularly, but Eo in the Preter imperfect tense maketh Ibam for iebam, and ibo for iam in the future. And so do other compounds thence. Likewise iens out of use doth make euntis, so abiens with other compounds thence in use make abeuntis. Queo and nequeo make also quibam and quibo, whence are (though seldom) found queundus quitus and nequitus. Edo hath es est and estis redundant with edis edit and editis, so ede edito edite editote, or es esto este estote, so ederem or essem, edere or esse. Lastly dic duc fer and fac are apocopated with all compounds thence excepting such from facio which change a, to i, as afficio making affice.   

Of Redundants.  
Redundant future's being Imperatives or Infinitives of Verbs in o, and or, (except fito and scito, with all compounds thence as calefito, rescito, admitting no redundance) And the second person singular of Verbs in or, redundant in the Indicatives present, preterimperfect and future tense, and in the Subjunctives present and preterimperfect tense together with Verbs redundant in Conjugation are notified in their proper places. Other Verbs redound in form or sundry senses according to their sundry structure, being either Active or Neuter, as audio vocem, or bene audio fastidio te, or tui, Rus habitat, or secum, offendit gemmam, or caespite, colunt societatem, or una, glacies aquam durat, or durare nequit, incipit diem, or a die, vos man mus, or vobiscum, huc ruit, or ruit, aeris acervos, sufficit ira animos, or dies non sufficit, virtus aetatem superat, or ne dum superat, terram vertimus, or res bene vertit. Nos, quoties variant animi, variabimus artem, me miserum occidis. Occidit spes nostra, Rem ad Senatum refert, or the his rebus refert, sapit culinam, or ad Genium, omnino depereat, qui opes deperit. Nugas non moror sub dio moraturus.  
Other Verbs are Active or Neuter and Deponent, as comito and comitor, so comperio, fabrico, impertio mereo munero populo punio: Likewise assentio, vergo, lachrymo modero vago.   

Of Verbs defective in Moods.  
The Verbs called impersonals have no Imperative mood, but instead thereof are used to the Subiunctive. And both they and other Verbs spoken of before want Supine, Gerund, and Participle Moods; for such of that kind as they do retain become Nouns, admitting no cases of their Verbs, as, vis paenitendi for paenitentiae, id nego liciturum, for legitimum sore.   

Of Verbs defective in Tenses.  
In the first Conjugation Verbs Denominatives and diminutives, besides others spoken of already do want the Pretertense, and Derivatives thence together with all their compounds, as, cortico, cornicor sorbillo pitisso. And decortico, etc.  
In the second Conjugation most Verbs neuters want the Pretertense, & other Derivatives thence, as aveo, clueo, denseo, flaveo, glabreo, liveo, with others before mentioned.  
In the third Conjugation all Verbs inchoative or augmentative ending in sco, as augesco, with others before notified want also the Preter tense, and its Derivatives.  
In the fourth Conjugation few Verbs do want the Preter tense excepting meditative, whereof two only have it, to wit, parturio parturivi, and esurio esurivi esuritum.  
All Verbs in or of any Conjugation, and Verbs neuter passive want the Preter tense, saving in the Participle Mood whence the rest are supplied by circumlocution as hath been aforesaid.  
Verbs in oh and or want the Future in the Infinitive as it is before instanced, suesco and soleo want all future's, as repugnant to their signification.   

Of Defectives in Person.  
Dor and for be never used saving in composition as, addor affor and the first person both singular and plural, is defective in all Verbs of the Imperative. Likewise Verbs called impersonals, are never used in the first or second Person of either number or in the third plural, except only few Verbs neuter with a Nominative of the thing, as, libet, licet, liquet, decet, pudet, taedet, piget, paenitet miseret oportet, all of the second Conjugation, but in other Coniugations, or in any of the passive voice, such Verbs are never used in the plural, as benefit, malefit, satisfit statur sedetur, curritur, itur, and others in the Preter tense only, and Derivatives thence, as, puditum, pigitum, libitum, licitum, pertaesum benefactum est vel fuit.  
Other Verbs are most improperly called impersonals being found familiarly to be Verbs Personal, though more frequently used to the third person, as delectat, attinet, accidit, etc. dapibus te delectas, or tu delectaris. And such are Verbs of exempt power, as, fauste dies vesperascis murmure saevo verberibusque tonas: which are indeed more commonly read in the third Person singular, the rect being usually understood, as, lucescit supply dies fulminat, supply Jupiter, pluit, supply Caelum.   

Of Defectives in several affections.  
All Verbs are defective being used adverbially, whether as Adverbs of entreating, as▪ te quaeso, or quaesumus, so vos amabo, sodes for si audes, or as Adverbs of exhorting, age agedum, or of shunning, as lights apagite, or of granting, as dextram cedo, for cedito and cette for cedite. Likewise sis sultis, for sivis si vultis, with their compounds, apagesis capsis cavesis, vide sis, or of explaining, ilicet, scilicet, videlicet, for ire, scire, videre, licet.  
Other Verbs are also defective in sundry affections, whether they be of rejoicing, as, ovat ovans ovatus, or of greeting: ave aveto avete avetote, avere. Salvebis salve salveto salvete salvetote salvere. valebis vale valeto valete valetote valere, or of affirming, aio ais ait aiunt, aiebam aiebas aiebat aiebatis aiebant, aias aiat aeiatis aiant aiens, inquam inquis inquit inquitis inquint, inquiebam inquiebas inquiebat inquiebatis inquiebant, inquisti inquistis, inquies inquiet inque inquito, inqutas inquiat inquiatis inquiant inquiens.  
These Verbs of the preter tense have the rest derived thence, fui tuli senui odi caepi memini, etc. moreover odi hath osurus, and exosus perosus, Caepio and caepiam are seldom used but caeptum and cepturus, from caepi are very common. Memini hath memento and mementote with the Supine, mentum, whence is mentio: defit for deest hath defiet defiat defieri, jufit for incipit, is single, going alone, ausim from absolet ausi of andes, duim from dui for dedi, axim and faxim from axi faxi, for egi feci, factus faciendum from absolet facior, latum latus laturus from olao a Greek Verb.  
Lastly it should be remembered what was before advertised in the Nouns, that no simples be joined in Conjugation that are not form a like in composition, as, Sum may be conjugated with fui forem fore, because absum hath abfui abforem abfore fio hath factus and faciendus, because tepefie hath tepefactus and tepe faciendus, fero hath tuli and latus, because defero hath detuli, and delatus, which forms other Verbs will not imitate.   

Of ADVERBES.  
The Adverbs (being invariable, saving by a different figure) is so called because it referreth to some other word, whether Noun, Verb, or other Adverb for a clearer declaration of their meaning in sundry circumstances, as, Vos autem sociosque omnes Dii quam diutissime conservent incolumes.   

The forms of Adverbs.  
There be three kinds of Adverbs.  
1. Some absolutely significant of themselves vulgarly called Adverbs  
2. Some respectively significant, as uniting words or sentences called Conjunctions.  
3. Some merely subservient to oblique cases of the Substantives, notifying either rest, wherein resideth some Act or passion, or motion whereto, or whence the same do tend.   

The kinds of absolute Adverbs.  
1. Adverbs are 1 Some Interrogatives ask a question that concern either 1. the being, as, Num nunquid an utrum, and the encliticall Ne. or 2. The cause, as quare quapropter quamobrem, quid ita, quidni, quin for cur non. or 3. The place, quo, quorsum unde utro qua. or 4. The time, quando quandiu quousque quoad (and ubi an Interogative of place and time) or 5. The number quoties: or 6. The quality, as qui quomodo, or 7. The quantity, as quam quantum quantopere. All which except the first desisting to be Interrogatives become Indefinites: and many of them will be Relatives answering to some precedent Adverb, as Tunc sapis quando siles; ubi sunt amici, ibidem opes.  
2. Some requiring an attentiveness, as en ecce, and sometimes heus.  
3. Some inviting, or therewith exhorting, as ehodum eia euge agedum.  
4. Some affirming, or therewith interpreting, as nae etiam ita quidem certe profecto sane plane maxim quip nempe nimirum scilicet videlicet.  
5. Some used in swearing, as Pol Edepol Ecastor Mehercule Mediusfidius, for me Dios filius, etc.  
6. Some be of doubting, as forte forsit forsitan forsan fortassis fortasse si nisi.  
7. Some are for uniting, as pariter simul aeque una.  
8. Some for severing either with choice, as potius immo satius magis, or without choice, aseorsim secus aliter singulatim viritim bifariam unice duntaxat solum tantum modo solummodo.  
9 Some are of wishing, as Utinam si o si.  
10. Some of forbidding, as ne neutiquam nequaquam.  
11. Some used in denying, haud nihil, or nil for non, nec neque nequidem, or parum minime; or those used in forbidding.  
12. Some are of quality, Splendide fortiter falso, raptim incassum frustra perperam, and Greekwise, lugubre torvum acerba recens.  
13. Some of quantity either with remission, sensim belle vix aegre paululum modicum, or with intention, satis valde adeo sane quod, nimis ferme fere pene prope propemodum prorsus omnino penitus multum magnopere; and such in Comparison may respect either only quantity, as minus minime magis maxim, or quality and quantity together meliuscule doctius doctissime.  
14. Some are of likeness or proportion, quasi seu sic sicut sicuti tanquam iuxta prope ut uti velut veluti quemadmodum tanquam all relatives and aeque perinde, answered by arque or acsi, so quam to which last aunt or prius oft refer, & either of both may be Elliptical in some structure, as altero die quam mortuus est febricitavit, for antequam.  
15. Some of place, signifying either, 1 In or at a place, hic illic istic ubique ubivis ubicunque alibi uspiam humi domi, etc. whereto may be added according to their several senses, Juxta prope answering to procul, so infra supra intra extra pone, o: post, and ante, or coram, foris, and intus, or 2. To a place, huc illuc istue, eo quo aliquo quocunque in't to foras peregre, or 3. Cowards a place, quorsum sursum deorsum introrsum retrorsum or 4. From a place, hine illinc inde unde aliunde caelitus funditus radicitus inferne superno desuper cominus eminus, or 5. By a place, as hac illac istac ea qua qualibet quacunque recta, where with may be supplied via.  
16. Some of time either finite, nunc tunc tum mox jamjam illico hodie cras heri pridie postridie perendie nudiutertius for nunc est dius tertius, donec quousque quoadusque quoad ejus quandiu quamprimum antequam: or indefinite, iampridem dudum olim quando aliqùando mane sero luci vesperi semper indies iugiter nunquam tandem cito nupor.  
17. Some equally belong both to time and place, usque procul post quo hactenus ubi unde.  
18. Some betoken time and quantity: sepiuscule.  
19 Some place and quantity longiuscule.  
20. Some are of number either finite, semel bis ter decies centies millies so millies bis or bis et millies, or indefinitely of number and time, toties quoties crebro saepe raro iterum rursus.  
21. Some of order with time or place, primo secundo, etc.  
22. Some of passion called Interjections, because inserted as thort Parentheses importing commonly by unperfect sentences some sudden motions of the mind tending either to a wonder Infandum immane fie papae hui, or 2. joy evax io. or 3. Laughter ha ha he. or 4. Scorn hem vah proh; or 5. fear, as atat; or 6. Sorrow, hei heu eheu hoi ah. or 7. Threat vae malum. or 3. Silence aust.   

Of adverbial Constructions.  
The imperfect sense accompanying Interjections may be made up to a perfect sentence in the first sort of them, by fide maius est. In the second by plaudite, in the third by quis abstineat cachinno. in the fourth by sordet enim, or facessat, in the fifth by caveatur: in the sixth by res est lugubris. In the seaventh, by, imprecor. In the last by obmutescite, where may be noted that some Interjections, as infandum immane, malum, are Substantives, wherewith est should be supplied hei and vae stand for Substantives Aptore with a Dative Acquisitive, as hei or vae mihi, for meus dolor est. And others leave the sentence annexed to be finished with known supplements, as, him tibi Davum, supply affero; ehodum ad me, supply accedito eheu conditionem magistratus administrandi, supply defleo, proh Deum atque hominum fidem, supply obtestor, where Verbs of the same signification are easy to be found.  
Adverbs of place, time and quantity being made Nouns Aptote, are construed, the two first with Genitives of their own signification, the last with any that may be their Substantives, being pronominall Adjectives, as nusquam loci, tunc temporis, for nullo loco eo tempore, parum lucri, multnm laboris, for parvum lucrum multus labour.  
Other Adverbs admit the cases of their Primitives, as dixit optime omnium, supply numero, because we say optimus omnium, quo familiarior eo reliquis fidentius accedit, propius fertur nunc a terris, nunc ad caelos, castra propius urbem moventur, proxime, or pro ximius Pompeium sedebat, Tibi similiter vivit, utisiter nulli, nedum naturae convenienter.   

The kinds of Conjunctive Adverbs.  
Coniunctive Adverbs are some mere Copulatives either 1. Joining both words and their meaning, as, et que encliticall, quoque ac atque nec neque cum or tum with tum non modo sed eriam. Or 2. coupling words but severing their signification, as ve encliticall, vel aut seu five.  
2. Some mere Adversatives, said at hast autem tamen vero verum atquiquin alioquin caeteroquin nisi praeterquam.  
3. Some Adversatives, but withal concessive, etsi tametsi etiamsi quanquam quanvis licet esto.  
4. Some Discretibes, saltem vel ad minus certe ut minimum.  
5. Some Causalls, nam namque enim etenim, ut quid quum quoniam quandoquidem ne non inquantum quatenus siquidem.  
6. Some conditionals, si sin modo nisi dum dummodo.  
7. Some Illatives, Ergo ideo igitur quare itaque proinde idcirco quapropter quamobrem.  
8. Some Comparatives, as all Adverbs of likeness.  
9 Some Electives, immo potius magis non adeo ut, secus or aliter quam non aeque ac, etc.  
10. Some Continuatives, praeterea nec non itidem porro caeterum insuper ad haec.  
11. Some Ordinative, primo deinde demum denique, etc.  
12. Some Completive, nam quidem equidem profecto certe aurem.   

ANNOTATIONS.  
The Conjunctive Adverbs have no share in regence of Cases, Moods or Tenses, whose construction wholly dependeth every where upon some other regents, as in the following instance. Noster patriae gue tolius, extraneis tamen haud aeque patronus, Romae ac Venetiis nauci, aut pro nihilo habetur, non secus acsi de fraude vel furti reus esset: where may be noted, that Moods and Tenses must be suitable to the matter spoken of without reference to such coniunctive cementaries: And subsequent Moods must be regulated by the precedent in every period, as hath been instanced in the variation of the Subiunctive, Optative, Potential, and Infinitive; else they need no guidance.   

The kinds of Prepositionall Adverbs.  
Prepositionall Adverbs commonly attend acircumstance of time or place or persons set instead of places, or else do accompany Nouns that signify either a part, or an entire cause, whether of the person or of the thing, or otherwse a qualification of the thing. And it is proper for the prepositional Cumlike a Copulative to join causes, but for absque sine praeter, to sever causes. The same Prepositions will differ in signification as the cases differ whereon they attend. And moreover they will differ in their sense by apposition to, or composition with words of different senses, as in the examples following.   

Prepositions serving to the Genitive.  
Ergo tenus  
Virtutis ergo for gratia, Cumarum tenus, for usque ad earum terminos.   

Prepositions serving to the Acquisitive.  
Obviam praesto propius.  
It obviam hostium conatibus, for contra conatus, nec ullum est mantellum obviam fucis, for pro fucis, praesto sum tibi, for juxta te sum, propius accedit urbi, for ad urbem.   

Prepositions serving to the Dative Ablativall.  
A ab abs absque sine cum ex e de prae pro coram palam procul.  
A Scipione superatus est referring to the agent. A rationibus a studiis, a pugione, a secretis, supply, praefectus officio: Ab Romuli gente. supply, ortus a Cumanis rediit, for a Cumis, a millibus passuum te praestolatur, for millium iutervallo a verberibus impunitas for quantum ad verbera, a frigore myrtos defend, for contra frigus, Catonis a morte, for post mortem, Abs te stetit Senatus, for pro te, pastor ab Amphriso, for Amphrysius. Absque metu, for hoc amoto, sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus, or iis deficientihus, cum fratro Quirino Rhemus iura dabant, for Rhemus et frater, Summa cum humanitate nos excepit, for humanissime cum boste pugnatur, for contra hostem, benefaciendo secum certant, for inter se. Ex auro integrum vas, for omnino aureum, usually referring to the matter, ex illo tempore celeberrimus, for post id tempus, vox e caelo, for a cielo audita, ex usu, or commodo, or dignitate nostra, for ad usum, etc. Illud est e republica, for pro Republica, ex Platonis sententia, for seeundum cius sententiam. De Senatu audivi, for a Senatu, de moribus oratio, for circa mores, or quae in iis versatur. Prae amore misera, for per amorem, prae oculis, for ante oculos: Caeleri prae te uno viles, for praeter te unum, or tecum collati, And the case of a Demonstrative may be Ellipticall, as res omnes relictas habeo prae quod tu velis. Pro amicitia feci, for amicitiae causa, pro maenibus stat, for ante maenia, pro concione venit, for concionaturus, pro viribus egit, for impensissime pro Praetore, for Praetoris vice, pro Turribus adstant, for Turrium tutela, habetur, pro vidua, for tanquam vidua, sanequam pro ec ac debui moleste tuli, for non prout debui, pro facultate, for secundum vires.  
Coram nobis, for nostri presentia, coram Senatu, for in eo. And Coram differeth from ante, as properly importing nearness; whereas aunt admitteth distance. It differeth likewise from palam, that being determined by its case to certain persons, this being used indefinitely to any persons; As palam populo, for quolibet adeurtente.  
Procul urbe, for ab urbe.   

Prepositions serving to the Accusative  
Apud penes ad adversus ante pone post circum citra, intra, trans, ultra, extra, intra, infra, supra, praeter ob contra, erga, iuxta, prope secus secundum prater.  
Apud forum agitur, for in foro; apud me aliquandiu sore cupio, for solus, apud Mantuam, for prope illam, apud nos frugum copia, for nobiscum, nos penes sunt divitiae, for sub nostro dominio. Thus apuc, and penes differ, the first noting presence, the last possession.  
Ad tribunal se judex confert, for intra tribunial litigator se recipit ad tribunal, for usque ad, or ante. Ad balneas moritur, for apud eas, ad exercitum manet, for in co. Ad haec tempora riversurus, for circum haec, tendens ad sydera palmas, for sydera versus, haec nihil ad nostras arts, for prae nostris, or cum nostris comparata, non nisi ad tres annos peragatur, for post tres annos Panditur ad nullas ianua, nigra preces, for ob, or propter nullas. Ad Judicis pedes procidit, for ante pedes. Ad mea mala hoc accessiit, for praeter alia. Ad eius arbitrium, for iuxta suum. Ad speciem magnificus, for secundum spectem. Ad multam noctem, for sero noctis. Ad Cyathos, supply delegatus, mulieres ad unum perosae, for simul, or una. Comaedia ad verbum translata, for exact. Ad summam, for deniqne.  
Adversum hostes, for contra illos, adversus amicos tendit, for erga ipsos, domum versus, and such like, have aa constantly employed with them, which sometimes is expressed. Ad Tiberim versus; but in more commonly, versus in utramque partem, quoquo versus, are both absolute Adverbs, like sursum versus, save that the first stand for Aptotes.  
Ante Comitia vel Senaculum aut Senatores, referring to time, place, and persons, and with Adverbs of time, it is often Elliptically understood, pridie Calendas, for ante Calendas.  
Pone castra, referring only to place, for post ea, se post Cratera tegebat, for pone cratera, post tres annos, for totidem peractis, post Regem secundus, for a Rege, post nummos virtus, for nummis virtuti praepositis Circum theatra referring to place only, circiter meridiem, for propeillum, referring to time, quindecim circiter dies, referring to time and number, circa nos aut urbem, aut id tempus, referring to persons, place, and time.  
Cis Alps aut Padum citra montes aut flumina, the first being used to proper names, the last to Appellatives, both answering to their opposites trans and ultra, the three last referring with place to time and agents.  
Citra calendas, for ex hac parte calendarum, or ante calendas, ultra calendas, for post eas, or ex altera parte, citra ius, for laeso jure, ultra famam, for famam superans, citra vel intra, ultra vel extra modum, for vix or nimis moderate, the first used for remission, the last for intention, extra io 'em for sine ioco nullus extra te adfuit, for praeter te.  
Inter nos lis haec est, for haec nostra lis, inter ludos, for dum ludi celebrantur, fabulantur inter caenandum, for innantes, diligunt alii alios inter se, for invicem, or mutuo, infra dignitatem, for nulla dignitatis habita ratione infra sex dies, for ante sex dies, infra tectum, for in aedibus.  
Supra morem, aut iustum, for amplius more, supra caput nobis imminet periculum, for prope, commonly importing Aearness so differing it from super, which may imply a distance. Propter vos aut vestram amicitiam, for vestri gratia, propter humum volitat, for prope humum, propter scelus vapulat, for sceleris merito, obstultitiam paenas luit, for propter, ob Romam legiones duxit, for ad Romam, ob oculos versatur, for ante oculos.  
Urbs contra Thebas sita, for e Thebarum regione contra praedones expeditio, for adversum eos, pietas erga parentes, for iis ita demerentibus.  
Juxta aequor, for prope illud, juxta famulas operam navat, for una cum usdem, adsum iuxta te, for tibi auxiliaturus, iuxta, for apud Capuam, iuxta Varronem doctissimus, for secundum, or post Varronem.  
Prope id opidum, for iuxta illud. Secus aquarum decursus, for prope illos, Secundum naturam, for naturaliter, secundum voluntatem, for iuxta illam, secundum aurem vulneratus, for prope aurem, Mea secundum patrem haereditas, for post patrem. Praetor secundum me decrevit, for pro me, proxime ac secundum Deos homo praestantissimus, for Diis tantummodo minor, imago secundum quietem mihi obversabatur, for in somno, secundum officia deliberatur, for de officiis or fuper ea.  
Per diem operor, for toto die, per Eboracum proficistor, for Urbem transeo, via secta per ambas, for inter ambas, per Deos, for iis testibus et vindicibus, per patriam obsecro, for eius gratia, per me certior fies, for mea opera, per aetatem licet, for ●tate non obstante per gratiam bonam abiit, for cum gratia, per me tadas, for mea venia per ludicrum, for iocose, quae dam sunt pre se amabilia, for ex sua natura, or pro sua virtute, per speciem, for nequaquam re, per otium feci, for otiosus, per ebrietatem lites oriuntur, for ab ebrietate, per id tempus, for circa illud, per fas & fidem deceptus, for violata fide, per te stat ut hae fiant nuptia, for tius potestate: Praeter for ultra haec, vobis alia obijciebantur multa, praeter nostros mores atque leges, for contra, praeter oculos Domini sua diripiebantur bona, for ante oculos, praeter, for supra modum, omnes tuti praeter ducem, for nisi dux, or hoc uno excepto.   

Prepositions serving both the Accusative and the Dative Ablativall.  
In sub subter super clam tenus.  
In vos benevolentia, for erga vos, in rebelles pugna for contra rebelles, appulit in portum, for ad portum, iusticium in duos menses indicitur, for quandiu duo praetereant. In os laudat, for coram, or in conspectu. In vos fiet exemplum, for vestro scelere coercito. In Lucem bibit, for usque ad diem, vertuntur in cine es, for fiunt cineres in dies crescunt, for usque, or iugite fert pisciculos in caenam, for pro cana, recipitur in forum, for intra forum vivit in diem, for non amplius die. In tempore venit, for opportunus, mediis in milibus ardet, for inter mille. In numero aut honore habitus, for honoratus. In manu stat victoria, for ad libitum.  
Sub tecta referto sarmenta, for infra tecta. Sub lucem redeunt, for circiter lucem, sub id tempus, for por illud, sub horam pugnoe, for ante horam, sub umbram properat, for ad umbram, sub iugum missi, for captivi.  
Sub adversa quercu, for pone quercum sub terris posuere domus, for in terris sub montibus Idae, for iuxta montes, sub illo tempore, for eodem, sub corona, for coronati, sub dio, for fine tecto, sub manu, for in promptu, sub die movet, for tarde, sub vinea iacont, for tuto, sub umbra, for simulate.  
Subter, for infra praecordia subter, for sub testutline, super Caram utas, for ultra illos. Super somnam for Cubili praefectus, nocte super media, for circa mediam, multa super Priamo rogitans, for de Priamo, hunc super ipse sua molitur laude laborem, for pro sua laude, fronde super viridi, for in viridi, clam, or clanculum patrem ea fecit, for patrem ea celavit, clam uxore for hac inscia, Tanaimque tenus descendit ab Euro, for usque ad Tanaim, capulo tenus, for prope capulum pube tenus, for donec pubesceret.  
Procul prope clam palam versus and usque, have other Prepositions construed with them before their cases, which are therefore supposed to be understood being not expressed, and they are in that respect accounted absolute Adverbs.  
Quaenam praepositiones quibusque inserviunt casibus.  
Propieros adversus citra cis circiter extra.  
Post apud ante secus iuxta supra versus ad intra.  
Erga per ultra penes contra prope pone secundum.  
Infra inter circum praeter trans aduce quarto.  
Abs tenus absque palam prae ex de pro cum sine coram  
Ablato: des clam super in sub subter utrique.  
Quo petit ad, sic usque, procul longe a, prope utramque.  
Usque penes versus tenus, aut Pronomine iuncto  
Septeno cum, cuique suos praeponito casus.  
Obviam habet socium praesto propiusve dativum.  
Aurium et adde tenus, patriam plerunque dualem.  
Denique pro causa patriam vult quemlibet ergo.   

Annotations.  
The Prepositionall like the Conjunctive Adverbs have nothing of regence, but are only servile, yet con as such are very useful, because without conjunctions, no sentences can have either a Consummation in themselves, or a Continuation from each to other. And Prepositions afford much of compendious and various elegance as by apposition instanced already, so by composition, as in the following instances.  
A ab abs (which with the rest next following, are separable Prepositions) do in composition signify either privation, as amen absimilis abstemius, or separation, avulsus, abactus, abstractus, or intention, abnegatio, absolutio. Where a is used in Latin words only before m. and v. but in exotic words before x and z. Ab is used before any vowel, and before b. d. f. h i. l. v. se; ldome before m and p. always before r. and s. And for Euphony ab is changed into au in auferens and aufugiens.  
Abs is used before c. q. t. And both these and all other separable Prepositions have like places in Apposition as they have in Composition Ad compounded doth signify an increase, accumulatio approach accessus assimilatio. And it is entire in Composition with any vowel, or with b. d. h. i. m. v. except ahbrevians. But d is cut off thence before words that begin with c. f. g. l. n. p. r. s. t. leaving them doubled in recompense of the loss. These are excepted, adsuturus, adlubescit, agnitus, adsunt. Likewise d. before q. is changed into c. acquiesco.  
Ant compounded noteth a precedence in time, place, or some other condition, antolucanus, anteambulatio, antefere, and being always entire, it goeth before a. c. e. f. g. l. p. s.  
Circum referring only unto place being compounded, is entire before a. e. h. m. o. p. And commonly doth change m to n before c. d. f. g. i. l. q. m. s. t. v. But m. is cut of before i. as in Circuitus. Con- a compounded doth signify opposition, as, contradico contraliceor, contradico, or over against contrapositus, contrastans, contraveniens. And it is every where entire, and only before such letters as are in the former instances. De compounded noteth detraction, deoorticor, descent, defluxus, deficience, dedisco local motion deambulo, or is privative, delumbis, or active with intention deamo, with remission; defervesco or negative, demens dedecus, or Demonstrative delatio. And is found entire before all the letters wherewith Latin words begin, but seldomest before q. and u as dequestus deustius.  
E. or ex compounded signify privation, elinguis, or intention elusus exoratus. And it is used for extra, exclusus, moreover E. is used before b. d. g. i. l. m. n. r. v. But Ex before all vowels and c. p. q. t. which before f. casteth away x. recompensed by doubling f. as effraenis. And s. after x. is cut off without recompense, as exanguis, in exspes, it is preserved for a difference from expes.  
In compounded signifieth, non, inutilis, intra, ingressio, contra insultatio, valde, incanus, supra, imminens, fine, iniussu, publice, indictum, local motion, importatio. And it is entire before vowels, and c. d. f g. h. i. n. g. s. t. v. Before b. m. p. the letter n. is changed into m. imberbis immortalis impar. Before l. and r. it is cut off, and the letter following is doubled, as, illaesus, irrisio. Inter compounded signifieth middlenes, interpositio, privation interitus, intention interdictum. And it doth remain entire in composition before all letters wherewith Latin words begin, except intelligo, and such others changing r. unto l.  
Intro in composition doth keep constantly to the same sense, and is entire before c. d. e g. i. m r. s. v.  
Ob compounded doth stand for parum, as oblongus, for contra as obiectum, for circa, as obsessio, for coram, as obveniens. And it is found before all letters for the most part entire, except in opprobrium, and ocquiniscens, where b. is changed to p. in the first, and c. in the last, and such others: but in omissus and opertus it is cast away.  
Post compounded referring only to succession of time place or some other circumstance doth remain entire, going before words that begin with a. e. f. g. h. i. l. m. p q. sc. v.  
Per compounded signifieth valde, permodestus, periniquus, or non perfidus, or trans perspicuus, or nimium pertinax. And it doth remain entire before any letter, wherewith Latin words begin, saving in pellectus and pellucidus.  
Prae in composition doth signify ante, praefatio, super praefectus, maxim praeclarus praepotens, immature praecox. In some Compounds it doth not alter the sense of the simple words, as in praecinctus praeut, and it is entire before all letters that begin Latin words.  
Praeter compounded is constant to the same signification, and doth remain entire before a. d. e. f. g. i. l. m. n. p. q. r. v which only it will precede, and no other; praeterbitans hath b. for Euphony.  
Pro in composition is used for aunt, providus, or procul, prophanus, prohibitio propuduum, or super, prominens, or ultra, progressus, or palam, promulgo, or valde, procurvus, or long, protentus. And it is always entire, and goeth before all letters except b. e. o. q.  
Sub in composition doth signify parum, subiratus, or infra, subiectus, or repent, subitus, or vicissim suffectus, or clam, surreptus, or super sublimis, or post subsequor. And it goeth before all letters, except q. and is commonly entire: only before c. f. g. m. p. r. the same are doubled in steed of b. cut off, as in succedens suffugium, suggestio, summissus, suppositio, surreptus, but suscipiens, suspirans, sustollens, may be compounded with sus for sursum.  
Subter in composition is used for clam, subterducens, for infra subterfluens, subtorlabens, and is never impaired or compounded with any other letters.  
Super compounded hath the signification of amplius, superadditus, of diutius, superstes, of sursum superveniens. And it is never impaired, being compounded with all letters except b. and q.  
Supra in composition referreth only to a place, and goeth only before d. p. s. being ever entire. Trans compounded doth likewise refer to place only, and is always entire going before a. c. e. f. g. i. l. m. p. q. t. v. But it casteth away s. before another s. as in transumptus. Likewise both s. and n. before d. i. u. as in trado, traijcio, trano.  
Prepositions inseparable so called, because they are never used a part in apposition are six: Am or oftener au for amphi, Con, for cum, di for dis, Re for retro, se for seorsim or sine, ve for vi or vae, always & only used to composition, except in few Archaismes, as am terminum, for add: Am compounded, referreth only to place, or somewhat equivalent thereunto, and goeth before p. as amputans. But an goeth before c. h. f. q. ancisus, anbelo, anfractus, anquiro, and amb before a. e. i. u ambages, ambesus, ambigens, ambustus, or ambi afore d. as amb idexter ambidentes.  
Con compounded doth stand for simul, commensalis, for contra, contendo, for valde, concutio concrepitus. And it is entire before c. d. f. g. i. n. q. s. t. v. before b. p. and l. m. r. the letter n. is changed, as in these instances, combibo, compareo, colligo, commuto corrigo. And before h. or any vowel, n. is cut off without recompense, Comedo alone hath m. instead of n. for Euphony.  
Di or does compounded stand for non, difficilis, for seorsim, discissus, for contra, dissensio, for valde dispereo, for ordinate, dispositio. Moreover Diego is used in composition before words that begin with d. g. l. m. n. r. But does before b. c. i. p. q. s. t. and before f. the same is doubled in recompense of s. cut-off as in diffido.  
Re in composition is used for retroe recessus, for rursum, recognosco, for reciproce, redamo, for adversum reluctor, for valde, redundo, for procul, remotus, for non reclusus. And sometimes it addeth nothing to the signification of the simple, recaleo. And it is put before b c. d. f. i. l, m. n p. q. s. t. v. but before h. and a. e. i. o. u it will take d. for Euphony redhibeo redactus, redemptus, rediens, redolens, reduncus, and reunctor, reunio, reedifico without d. In reddo for rem, do, d. is doubled for a recompense of m. cut off, so Re is never impaired.  
See compounded doth note a separation, seiunctus privation, securus, socors, deviation seductus. And it cometh in composition before c. d. g. i. l. m. p. v. being always entire.  
We in composition doth signify intention, vehemens, diminution vegrandis vecors, privation vesanus, veiovis. And it goeth before c. d. g. h. i. p. s. being every where entire, vetus for vae atas is contracted.   

Annotations.  
Some Prepositions will not be compounded at all as, absgue adversum apud circiter citra coram erga, intra, iuxta penes, pone, secundum, sine, ultra, being always separable.  
Others have Compounds but very few, as, quocirca circum circa, cisalpinus, cispadanus, perclam mecum, quibuscum, extraordinarius, extrinsecus, infranares propalam, propemodum, propterea, praeter, propter, supradictus, hactenus, quadantenus quatenus quoquo versum retrorsum, usque, quoque.  
Many are found separable from their cases, becoming absolute Adverbs, some commonly, as ante citra circum circiter clam, coram, contra, infra intra, iuxta, palam, pone post procul, prope, secus, subter super supra ultra, some very seldom, as prae propter and tenus thus: (having much affinity with Pronouns) Adverbialls will admit of divers forms in divers structures.   

Of the figure of Adverbs.  
Adverbs by the figure are some Primitives being many Monosyllables, as nunc, mox, iam, cras, sed, vel praclam, ad per, etc. And others Derivatives, which may be Pronominall Monosyllables, for they descend from any part of speech, and from Nouns or Pronouns in any case, hic quod recens penitus, facile, potius, plurimum, acerba, horrida, in the Nominative or Accusative, humi, domi, nauci, in the Genitive, tempori, luci, vesperi, in the Acquisitive, hac forte repent subito recta, noctu, hodie, in the Ablativall. All which have the same both termination and signification with their Primitives. Others differing in Termination from their Primitives being of the first or of the second Declension will end in atim itus iter itim in, or e. as summatim, medullitus, ostiatim, humamtus, humaniter, viritim, enixim, caesim, raptim, male. Being of the third, they end in atim enter tim ter no, as generatim, vehementer, partim, segniter, omnino.  
Derivatives by comparison follow the rules of other Adjectives, being the same with Adjectives neutral, as minus, minimum, or Superlatives may endin e. or o. novissime, postremo, both Comparatives and Superlatives may be derived from Prepositions prae prius, primo, so extra exterius, extreme, infra, inferius, infime, etc.   

Of Compound Adverbs.  
Adverbs are compounded some like Pronouns with syllabical additions, as tandem, ubinam, uspiam, paulisper, hicce, hiccine. Some with precedent Substantives, dextrorsum, pedetentim. Some with subsequent Substantives, tantopore illico perendie, saepenumero.  
Some with subsequent Adiectives, denuo praeterea. Some with subsequent Verbs, Vbivis quolibet. Some with two Verbs, scilicet videlicet, Some with two Adverbs, tantammodo velut protinus dein. Some with three originals, deinde, aliquantisper, quamobrem, nudiustertius.    

THE TRUE REASON OF A RIGHT SYNTAX.  
THe Syntax is a congruous and orderly disposal of all the parts of Speech, requiring with congruity of words a meet placing of the same in Prose or Poems. And it is two fold, Analogical in the simple and common custom of Construction, or Anomalous, when swarving thence, it hath for Authority the constant practice of approved classic writers. And this last doth figurat either the Construction of simple sentences, or the elocution of the whole speech.  

Of Analogical Construction.  
The Analogical Construction is two fold, by Concordance, or by Consequence.   

Of Concordance.  
By Concordance a Substantive or any part of Speech put Substantively having a regent power will require any Noun or Verb depending thereon to agree therewith in its proper affections. Tum capitale nefas operosa diluit arte vir nequam.   

Of Consequence.  
It was a common error generally received, that every oblique did belong to a certain regence of some particular part of Speech, which mistake hath multiplied Rules, and thereby stunned all young Students without cause; for the structure of oblique Substantives (which are no Appositions.) do not depend upon the regence of any part of Speech, but upon a consequence, or in pursuance of a certrine sense and meaning of the precedent leading word, what part of Speech soever it be, as in that respect indifferent to the structure of any oblique. Wherefore either Verb, or Noun, or Adverb, standing for a guide, as it, shareth in the same signification, so it will be joined to the same oblique, in construction, as Hostibus occurrite, or obvii, or obviam ite.  
Sometimes several oblique Substantives referring to the same leader for limitations of several circumstances make with it one predicat answering to a rect Substantive precedent, as to the Subject. Sponte domi trepidante manu sibi detrahit ostrum.   

Of Anomalous Construction.  
The Anomalous construction is made by six figures altering the ordinary Syntax of words, to wit, by Enallage, Hypallage, Ellipsis, Pleonasmus, Zeugma, and Syllepsis, whereof the two last belong only unto Concordance, the fourth only to a Consequence, and the three first may concern either of both.  
Enallage is a figure that changeth parts of Speech and their affections each with another, whereof before in the Etymology. Hypallage doth transfer Substantives or Adjectives, being the same, or different Cases, and sometimes different Genders having some mutual dependence amongst themselves each to the others place, as Pectus quoque robor a fiunt, where Robora the last of both rects doth stand for regent, and pectus put in Apposition thereto is taken collectively for all parts of the breast. So Amantium irae amoris est redintegratio, where it may be Elliptically understood with irae a Genitive Singular, else, as a rect of a Noun plural only it may be opposed to the regent Singular. Likewise praeclarae virtutis homo, for preclarus virtute. Auri sacra fames, for sacri. Solstitium pecori defend, for Solstitio defende pecus, date-classibus austros, for classes austris. In nova fert animus mutatus dicere formas, for corpora in novas formas mutata.  
Ellipsis doth figurate the construction, when some word that is very obvious, but wanting, must be supplied, having common instances in most Rules.  
Eleonasmus is a redundance of words, where some may be spared, were it not of purpose to make the sentence more remarkable, as abstinet a Vino, pridie eius diei, or calendarum, ubi gentium quo terrarum abiit, nusquam loci invenitur tua solius culpa est hisce oculis egomet vidi meis auribus audivi, sic ore locutus, vitam voxit improbam, morte obiit repentina, rebus gaudens secundis laetatu, berbae sub sibi succo victitant.  
Zeugma doth figurate the concordance, when a Verb or Adiective agreeing with the nearest regent Substantive, is to be supplied in a congruous number, person, case, and gender, with all other regents having respect thereto, whether set before or after without any Copulatives or with them, as Ego de patre, Tu de liberis, omnes de Bello percontati sunt. Socus & Class relicta.  
After Adverbs of exception or comparison, the Verb or Adiective will best agree with the remotest regent. Cui nemo nisi mulieroulae indignatus esset. Ego sicut faenum lotus laresco.  
If a Verb or Adiective be placed with a regent Noun of multitude, having parts that follow wherewith it may be supplied, or if the same be placed with any part being understood with the rest than it is called Prolepsis, as Populus vivit, alii in penuria, in deliciis alii. Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque iacet, where the Distributive uterque must be resolved to the parts, Mars nudus, Venus nuda, being an implicit Prolepsis.  
Syllepsis doth affect the concordance, when many regents copulated whereof some or all be singular do govern a Verb or Adiective plural agreeing with the worthier regent in Person or Gender, the first of both being worthiest, and the second next in dignity, as Tu & Uxor estis valetudinarii. Ego, filia tum servitiis omnibus moribundae sebricitamus. So the Preposition cum with the Ablativall case doth often take the place of a rect and copulative, Juradabant Rhemus cum fratre Quirino, for et Frater: But in prose the Verbs or Adiectives would best agree with rects, being seldom altered by the oblique, except it be with Poets, and that harshly if the oblique be a Pronoune, as Divellimur inde Iphitus & Pelias mecum: In things without life the neuter commonly passeth for the worthiest Gender Divitiae Decus honor omnia in oculis sita sunt. And sometimes in living things, Judaei suem leporem aut cygnum gustare nolunt, quae tamen alunt lueri gratia: sometimes when the Copulated regents concur in the same Gender, the Adjective doth agree with them. Grammatica olim & Musica iunctae sunt. Sometimes the copulated being adjuncts of men, whatsoever their own Gender be, will admit of adjectives Masculine. Inventus praecipueque mancipiae morigeri sunto, which is a Metonymy.  
Many Adiectives Singular copulated may agree with a Substantive plural: Magna minorque ferae, Colores albus, after & viridis in Iride spectantur, which are an implicit Prolepsis.  
Lastly, if divers regents are included in a Collective or Distributive, which may be resolved to hic & ille, alter & alter, being equivalent with a Copulate, and the Verb or Adiective doth agree with them only in signification, not in their proper affections of Number and Gender, than it is called of late Writers Synthesis, Tota Gens in seipsos armati, uterque deluduntur, Terrae Titania proles fulmine deiecti, for Titanes, hoc pecus omne meum multae quoque montibus errand, where Oves or Caprae, a specifical kind must be supplied from the general word pecus. Servitia repudiavit qui catervatim concurrebant, by a Metonymy of the adjunct. Latium & Capua multati sunt agro, for Latini & Capuenses, by a Metonomia of the Continent. Vos o Calliope placidas praebete Canenti, for Musae quarum ipsa dux erat, by a Synecdoche of the species, Capita coniurationis crucibus affixi, by a Metaphor. Other examples pass under the name of Synthesis where some known Appellatives are understood Elliptically, as plus quam duo millia caesi, where hominuns should be supplied, Rex tibi praecipimus, for Ego cum Proceribus, nobis praesente, for Praeside cum Assessoribus. Other instances having no equivalence with a Copulate, cannot be a structure by Synthesis, but by plain Ellipsis, as in Eunucho sua, where must be supplied Comaedia, Praeneste sub ipsa, supply Urbe, Centauro, in magna, supply Navi.   

The Concordance of continued Substantives.  
A regent Substantive will require any other Substantives in a continued signification commonly called Apposition, be they few or many to agree with itself always in person, and regularly in Case and Number, as Authorem perdis scelerum origo & fomes, otium, fatis authoribus istaec tot mala contingunt: where the latter continued Substantives declare the nature of the former; sometimes by adding property, as in the former instances, sometimes by clearing an ambiguity, as Leo sydus caeleste, sometimes by restraining generality, as Ludi Consualia.  
The opposed figuratively may be a Genitive with a regent of any other case by Antiptosis, as Urbs Antiochiae, for Antiochia, transit flumen Rheni, for Rhenum; And it must be a Genitive, with a regent possessive standing for the same Case of the Primitive by Enallage, as Tuum oculat testis indicium elevari nequit, for Tui indicium.  
Likewise the opposed may be of a different number, which being plural only, will agree with a regent singular, as, Egot vae deliciae. And chose Parisii Metropolis, or being a regular Noun plural may agree with a regent collective singular, as, Senatu patriae praedonibus And chose, sunt pecus igaavum fuci. Or with many regent's singular copulated, Philippus & Maria Reges Angliae. And contrariwise, Servitia famulum cum famula vili acquisivit.  
Lastly, the opposed being movable Substantives must accord in Gender with the regent, Ensis victor, hafla vel ferrum victrix, the Neuter agreeing best with feminines of nouns unmovable to the neuter. A Nominative after an Indicative or the Accusative standing instead thereof after an Infinitive of Verbs Substantive, having the nature of definitions, are opposed to their defined regents in a continued signification; for no word can be governed of any more than one regent in the same respect, as, Honour est virtutis calcar, nuptiae dignoscuntur honestior conditio quam iucundtor, Musae habentur, literatissima Cohors. Ego salutor matris deliciae. Ars vocatur inopum divitiae laud bus arguitur vini Bacchator Homerus. Vos mallem amicos esse quam haberi. Circenses curule certamen vocari constat, where the verbs Substantive do constantly accord with regents, but Participles signifying to be esteemed, or called, or a Relative, joined with other Moods reduced thence, may indifferently accord either with the regent or with the opposed Substantive. Passim clarescit Lutetia vocata, or vocati Parisii quae vocatur, or qui vocantur Parisiii, quam, or quos vocant Parisios'. And if both be Appellatives that betoken things inanimate, than such Participles do commonly accord with the opposed, Paupertas visum est onus, omnis error non est habenda stultitia. And they constantly agree with the opposed, when both refer to Men. Opibus congerendis student Gens universadicti Veneli, or, quos vocant venetos, Proles Aeneia condidit Albam, qui fertur Julus, or by variation, Cui nomen Julus, or Juli, or Julium. Likewise such being opposed, require a concordance of any Adiective following, Fulmina belli Scipiadae caesi. Lastly, an Apellative opposed to a proper name will require the regence. Apiolae Latino 'em opidum captum est, Bihlia sacer couex est assiave revolvendus.  
Moreover Datives construed with, dabis, dato, datur, libet licet, expedit aequum necesse opu est, and such other as they take the place of Accusatives before the Infinitives of Verbs Substantive or passive of esteem or calling, so they admit the Appositions following the said Infinitives to be either Datives or Accusatives answerable to the Accusatives to be supplied from thence. Do tibi dum bonus es, justo sanctoque videri, a quum est piis censeri innoxiis, non datur vobis haberi civibus, or cives, mihi neo libet nec licet esse negligenti, or negligentem, where vos from vobis, and me from mihi, should be supplied with Cives and negligentem.   

The Concordance of Adjectives.  
Adiectives whether Nouns, Pronouns or Participles agree with their Substantives, being of the same sentence with them, in Person, Case, Gender, and Number: vos omnes habiti, estis infidi, but a Pronoune Relative being of another sentence, may be of another Case, than the Antecedent Substantive, which is to be supplied therewith. ●aeta●ies quam nulla potest involvere Nubes for quam diem, and any Participle wherein a Relative is included must have the antecedent substantive supplied Coguntur Superi, renuit mora nulla vocatos, Supply, Superos, and sometimes to avoid ambiguity, the Substantive is repeated with a Relative to clear the sense. Laus est virtutis merces quam mercedem ventosi tantumodo appetunt, and the Substantive is oft repeated without necessity, diem scito esse nullam quo die pro ●●●s non agam. Sometimes the regent Substantive is transferred from the principal sentence and made the same Case with the Relative, changed to a Demonstrative by Antiptosis. Quam struo domum vestra erit And a Relative plural construed with a partitive Singular, may be changed from the Genitive, and made the same Case with it. Nubium flatus varii quibus alio sinduntur alio perrum unlur, or qui alius cas findit alius perrumpit, being Prolepsis. Sometimes the Relative is put in the Antecedents Case Greekwise, Aliquid corum scribe quorum for quae consuevisti. Sometimes the precedent Verb is to be supplied therewith. Legem edicito quam tibi videtur, supply edicundam esse.  
Sometimes qui is used for qualis, and being plural, referring to an Antecedent Singular, the antecedent must be understood specifically, not individually. Eunuchum deperit quibus Reginae tantum utuntur. Qualis & quantus: being Relatives agree always with the latter Substantive. Tales viros esse putas, qualis famina. Tanta tibi sides, quanta opes. And such Relatives may be changed unto Adiectives with Comparative Adverbs, tam and quam, as tam optimum oleum quam acerbissima erit olea, for tale obeum qualis olea, Sol tantus, quanta onerus rota, or Sol tam magnus quam rota.  
Adiectives used Adverbially are englished after Verbs Active or Neuter, betokening quality, time, or posture. And answering to a precedent regent Substantive Oxoniam petit libens & frequens, for libenter & frequenter. Oportet nos matu●inos agere, for mane, saltat subrius, obit cubitum inconatus, incedit rectus, dormit supinus.  
Distributives being plural only are properly joined with regents that want the Singular: Singuli proceres, binae literae, torna castrae. Pronouns partitive have much affinity with Substantives, for as regents they require a concordance of finite Verbs in person and number, and of Adiectives in Case, Gender, Person and Number. Nullus superum spernetur inultus, supply with Superum numero, or consortio, where the principal regent being the Genitive plural doth always leave an impress of its own person and Gender in the partitive.  
The partitive being a Superlative placed between two Substantives of a continued signification may agree with either of them, but more properly with the regent. Inedia frangitur Leo animallum fortissimus, or fortissimum, or Animal fortissimum, being then indefinite.  
The Genitive of the principal regent after Superlatives may be changed to the Accusative with aunt. Rosa ante alios stores suavissimus, or to the Accusative with inter, or to the Ablative with e. de. ex. after any partitive, Natu maximus vestrum inter vos e. or de vobis, Manuum, or e manibus, or inter manus dextra est fortior, Zonarum, de Zonis, or inter Zonas media. Hoc operum mihi crede tuorum, or ex operibus, or inter opera. Ego fratrum, or e fratribus superstes, nigra Lanarum coloribus inepta, Croesus divitum, unus, solus, or such like being Ellipticall. Other instances are Graecismes. Degeneres canum, improbi hominum, Sociorum opportuni, acer equorum, used for Superlatives.  
The Partitive Superlatives may refer to divers or contrary kinds. Sic ego sum rerum non ultima Sexte tuarum, rerum omnium mors est extremum, bona existimatio est omnium prima, hominum est malorum optimus bonorum pessimus. And sometimes the regent is repeated with the Partitive, as the Antecedent with the Relative, Oculorum dexter oculus caecunt. Lastly, the principal regent may be a Genitive singular being a Collective. Pompeii sanguinis unus, juventutis pessimus.  
The same Pronouns desisting to be Partitives agree with their Substantives, in all four affections like other Adiectives, Vnus hostis, alter amious est, utrunque spernis.  
Substantives Greekwise are used for Adiectives being no Appositions. Dat marem strepitum, for masculum, habet heroas sensus, amat iuvenes locos, Romula tellus. Quem populum late regem cognevimus.  
Any Adiective Neutral in either of both numbers, may be put Substantively, quiddam, negotium verbum, or Chrema being understood, varium & mutabile semper faemina, and such may be Substantives to any other Adiectives, as mala sunt ferenda, but more commonly the Pronouns. Omne rarum charum pauca his similia, and such may be understood with Participles that form the Preter tense of the Infinitive, nocet esse locutum, supply id. Lastly Pronouns of quantity being Neuters Singular, are usually construed with a Genitive of any Substantive, wherewith otherwise they should accord in all proper affections thereof like other Adiectives. Minus tristitiae, extremum luctus, dimidium, or duplum pecuniae, plus doloris id noctis, etc. for minor tristitia, etc. And such a Genitive is sometimes Plural, not only of Nouns that want the Singular, as istud divitiarum, but also of the regular, after Partitives, as tantum nummorum. Other examples imitating the same structure be Graecismes, Opaca locorum, amara curarum, cuncta terrarum, abdita rerum, ardua montium. Lubrica vallium. And such are these Genitives singular standing for Collectives. Telluris operta, belli acuta, famae inania, fortunae ineerta. But omnia sunt hominum tenua pendentia filo, for humana omnia, is Enallago.  
Any word taken Technically will be an Aptote, and may be either put in Apposition with another Substantive, as Lactea nomen habet, or stand for a Substantive to an Adiective. Istud Anticomarita. So may Verbs stand for Aptote Substantives in the Indicative, non habemus salem quod in te est, In the Subjunctive aequum est ut suum cuique reddas, In the Infinitive: Suadere molestum est. Likewise Adverbs are used for Aptote Substantives. Nuper praeteritum mox futurum, nunc tantummodo nostrum est. But Adverbs of quantity standing for Partitives with a Genitive plural, leave the concordance of Adiectives in Gender and Number to the Genitive being the principal regent, as due thereto from themselves if they were variable, partim signorum erepta sunt, bombardarum displosae, plusquam quinquaginta militum occisi, for quedam signa nonnullae bombardae quinquaginta milites, by Enallage. Lastly, two Aptotes singular, as a Copulative require an Adiective plural, frigere & calere sunt contraria.  
Some Adiectives are set alone, the common Substantive being understood. Vescimur bubula, supply carne, Laborat tertiana, supply febri, perfunditus calida, supply, aqua, aeris centeni, supply, Nummi scribitur in duo decim, supply Tabulis, venit ex Tuscucano, supply, agro, docet togatam, supply comaediam. Pronominall and participial Adiectives do usually accord with a Genitive of the Primitive understood in the possessive, by Eunallage of the form and Figure. And likewise the Relatives have often the same concordance with the former: Accomodatissimum stomacho est lac caprium quae fronde vescuntur, mea nil refert qui sum innoxius, sua ipsius laude quantus erat, or sua ipsorum laude quanti, tua est unius, or solius culpa, nostra duorum, or paucorum sententia quot quot adsumus, damnatur, vestra cuiusque plurium, or omnium spes quota suit, tota cecidit, tunc tua defuncti molliter ossa cubent, nostros vidisti flentis ocellos, by Enallage of Figure and Number. And if a Participle doth precede, the possessive should not follow but the Primitive, as maternae lugentis lachrymae, or lugentis matris lachrymae id suaserunt.   

The Concordance of Verbs Personal with Rects.  
A Verb Personal doth agree with a regent Nominative, in Number and Person, as, Nemo semper sapit. And whereas some Tense in the Passive and Deponent voices, be form by the Participle, The same must likewise accord with the Rect, in Case, Gender, Number and Person, as other Adiectives. Litterae alihi honorandae nobi (cum illiberaliter aspernatae sunt. In such grecismes, as, Haec errata condonabitur. Nouns that seem to be the Rects are plain Accusatives thus to be made entire, Quantum ad haec errat a condonahitur. Any part of speech by Enallage may be made an Aptote, and as the Substantive to an Adjective, so likewise the Nominative to a Verb Personal, being commonly singular, as afore said. But Adverbs collective or partitive construed with Genitives plural will govern Verbs plural, as, Abunde fabularum historiis admixtae sunt, for fabulae quam pluririmae Testium partim sunt oculati, partim auriti, for quidam testes. And the Verbs are always plural when the principal regents betoken living things. Else if they signify things inanimate, joined with Adverbs or Pronouns partitive, they will admit a Verb singular, as plurimum, or satis leporum & facetiarum omni sermone fusum est. Of two Rects singular copulated, or one Collective singular coming before a Verb or Adiective plural in Syllepsis and Synthesis. And of Verbs or Adiectives agreeing with the nearest Rects or Substantives, whether of divers, or of the same kinds, as parts of the whole in Zeugma and Prolepsis. The Rect being the first or second person singula or plural is never expressed, but to notify some distinct property, either in a common Act or passion resolvible to Pronouns of diversity, or to Conjunctions exceptive, both with Negatives. Quod ego in laude pono tu vertis vitio, for alter nullus, nos seria quaerimus vos ludo indulgetis, for praetere a nulli, or nemo nisi vos, or praeter vosipsos. Or in a singular Act or passion resolvible to a pronoun demonstrative or individual, or to a Superlative Adverb absolute or Prepositionall, Nos colimur Domini Servi sordescitis ipsi, for nos soli, or unici, so vos praecipue, or prae aliis. Otherwise the first and second person in both numbers are always understood. Quid facis ignoro, nitimur in vetitum, discite iustitiam moniti.  
Likewise a Rect of the third person being a Relative, except qui, is understood after Adverbs coniunctive or disiunctive, or a Negative in place thereof. Nitedula lucet, ac splendescit, friget vero, non calet. Sometimes the coniunctive Adverb is not expressed, but may be supplied by a resolution of the sentence. Voce faucibus elapsa, reverti nequit, or si vox faucibus elaberetur, nequit Reverti. Quas tibi do literas, raro displicent, is a figurative structure by Antiptosis.  
The Relative Qui must necessarily be supplied with any Vocative after obliques of the second person, or any possessives derived thence to make the Syntax entire and perfect. Vestra Judices sententia stabit, for qui estis Judices; and by variation, vestra Judicum sententia stabit, or vestra Judiciaria sententia. Te pater obsecro, for qui es pater, or by variation, te patrem oro, resolvible in the same manner to qui es pater, but not by necessity, as in the former, that being Ellipticall, this a perfect structure. Rects that betoken men are commonly understood, specially with est, fertur, ferunt, dicunt, aiunt, praedicaut, clamitant, tradunt, prohibent, and such others.  
The Rects are likewise understood with Verbs of exempt power instanced in their Etymology, Saxa pluunt, signifying the Stones drop or sweat, is a Regular sentence, but saxa pluit, the Cloud doth shower Hail, is Ellipticall, where Nubes should be supplied. The Verb Substantive is commonly understood, as, quot homines, tot sententiae, rari quippe boni, mirum, immane, quantus quantus, etc.  
Sometime a Verb Adiective is understood. Ego continuo mecum, supply cogitabam, recte tu quidem & vere supply loqueris, which is familiar in Dialogues.  
Such Verbs are likewise understood in Proverbs Sus Minervam, supply docet, Cantharus pillulam, supply sapit.  
By the Figure Apostopesis, Verbs are omitted, having sometimes a known sense of indignation. Quos ego, supply puniam, or of derision, Tune illam cantando, supply antecellis. Sometimes a concealed sense either of obscenesse. Tu autem sed Hircum oles or of some other odiousness, Novimus & qui te, supply viderunt. And of other imperfect sentences accompanying Interiectionall Adverbs, it hath been spoken already in their Etymology.  
Lastly Genitives of some proper passion or affection joined with Accusatives of the person, being construed with the Verbs Impersonal, paenitet, taedet, miseret, pudet, piget, seem to take the place of Nominatives by Antiplosis, as, avaros impendii taedet, for impendium, else some pronoun Demonstrative is to be supplied, with such as id, or tantum impendit taedet. And the same will fitly answer to the Question what, a Charactaristicall note of Rects to Verbs and Substantive to Adjectives. And moreover such Genitives may be changed to Infinitives, the usual Recis of all impersonals, as tanti laboris nos nil paenituit, or Nos nil paenituit tantum tolerasse laborem. In like manner is used Platonis mihi in mentem venit, supply, dictum, Civitatis refert, supply bonum.   

Of Construction by consequence in General.  
The Genitive is construed always with a former Substantive, and if it be not expressed, it must be supplied by Elipsis: The Acquisitive may be construed with any part of speech, having a sense suitable thereunto. But the guide or leading word is Ellipticall being a Substantive with two Datives after a Verb Substantive, or an Adiective with a Gerundivall Dative, whereof in their proper places. Ablativals with many Accusatives are usually construed with Prepositions, which if they be not expressed, are always to be supplied with any Ablativals and with all Accusatives, being no sufferers.  
All the Obliques being Ellipticall are likewise called synecdochical Cases, because they punctually note that part wherein some proper 〈◊〉 or affection doth reside, whereof particular 〈◊〉 is given in the particular Syntax of every Case.  
Prepositions in the Compounds do often refer to their proper Cases, Oppido abuns transiit Rhenum, which are sometimes repeated with their Cases; Ad consilium accersunlur Jurisperiti cum legibus collaturi. And sometimes they are transferred from Compounds to their Cases, by the figure Tmesis, sub amplexus ibit amica tuos, for subibit. Moreover ex and prae in Compounds, have the force of extra and praeter, egreditur urbem, excedit modum, praevertitur Hebrum.  
Derivatives are construed with the same Obliques, as their Primitives, when they continue the same sense, not swerving thence. Epulum saluti satis commodule apparatur, or sat commoda, or quae sat commodet, optimus, or Optime ommum dixit, reliquis melior aut melius audit, propior, aut propius, aut proxime nobis aut a nobis, aut nos, aut ad nos sedet; whereof before in Adverbes, so Justitia est legibus obtemperatio, nil tibi hanc rem curatio est, domum reditionis spe sublata, Catonis de hoc vitio sententia decretum aut opinio stabit, Tuum hominis probi pectus perspexi.  
Some Nouns in the same signification have sundry constructions, as pater mihi, or mei, or meus, doctissimus ominum, or ante, or inter omnes, or ex omnibus poeta dignus avis, or avorum, vacuus irae, or it a, or ab ira, sumus pares aut aequales nobis, or inter nos, stercus agro vel ad agrum utile, Murus triginta pedibus, pedes, or pedum longus. Some Nouns admit of various structures, but in various senses. Aer est omnium common, where the Guide is put Substantively; or omnibus communis, where it is put Adjectively with relation; or communis inter omnes, or nobis cum omnibus aliis: by virtue of Con most familiary used in composition to this last structure. In like sort Regum secundus, the Guide being Partitive, secundus Regi, or a Rege, being an Adiective of Diversity; So farti admissio idem est ac ipfum furtum, the Guide being construed with a Copulative: or idem furto, as an Adjective of likeness, or idem cum furto, in a Comparative sense: So vir consilii alienus, for expers, ambitioni alienus, for inhabilis, maiestate alienus, for vacuus, vir gravis paci, for molestus, gravis authoritate, for pollens, similis tui; referring to internal qualities, similis tibi, referring to external parts. Some Verbs also in the same sense admit of divers structures, as dono impertio aspergo insterno induo exuo prohibeo interdico, and such others are construed with Acusatives of the Person, and Ablativals of the thing▪ or Accusatives of the thing, and Acquisitives of the Person: dono te munere, or tibi munus, etc. Others are construed with an Acquisitive or an Accusative, praestolo antecedo anteeo antesto attendo illudo insulto tibi, or te, etc. So libido nobis, or nos incessit, morti, or mortem occubuit, tecto, or tectum subiit, eloquentiae, or ad eloquentiam hoc conducit. Others are construed with Acquisitives, or Ablativals, consentio tibi, or tecum, dissentio tibi, or a te, acquiesco sententiae, or sententia. Others with other Cases, loquor tibi, or ad te, admoneris errati, or erratum, or de errato, comparamur aliis, or cum aliis, or ad alios, or inter alios, interest vestrum Judicum, or vestra Judices, supersedeas exemplorum multitudini, or multitudine, or multitudinem. Others are construed with Acquisitives of the Person, or Accusatives of the Thing, medicor tibi morbido, or tuam morbum, condono peccanti, or peccatum, or condono te peccatum. Tempero, moderor, with such other, having Rectes of the Adjunct are construed with the Acquisitive, but having Rectes of the Subject are construed with the Accusative. Officium moderatur nostro consilio, but nos moderamur consilium officio non ex libidine, Pudor temperat nostrae orattoni, or nos temperamus orationem pudore.  
Most Verbs with change of significations will vary in their Constructions: Accedo tibi, for assentior te accedo, for adeo, abhorruit scelus, for odit perpetratum, abhorruit a scelere, for devitavit perpetrandum, ausculto tibi, for obedio ausculto te, for audio aemulor te. for imitor aemulor vobiscum, for certoae,- mulor malorum faelicitati, for invideo, Caveo tibi, for provideo, caveo te, for fugio, coveo arte, for metuo, Caveo pignore, for securum facio, consulo tibi, for prospicio, consulo te, for consilium peto, consulo in Commune, for statuo, de commodis consulo, for moneo; and senatores consulunt put absolutely, contingit mihi, for accidit, contingo te, for tango, doleo tuam vicem, or de tuis rebus adversis, or ob res adversas, but dolet mihi caput▪ the Verb referring transitively, to others miseries, but Intransitively to our own.  
Do litteras tibi ut nuncio, do ad te ut amicum, socius deficit mihi, for deest, deficit me, for destituit, deficit a me, for desciscit, deficit ab adiutore, for dissidet, deficit in hostem, for mutatur, alimento deficit herba, for caret, faeneror pecuniam tibi Sc. usuram daturo, or abs te Sc. usuram recepturo, irae indulget, for non obstar, iram indulget, for fovet, formido metuo timeo vobis, or de vobis ut amicis, formido vos ut hosts, or a vobis ut hostibus, impono tibi praestigiis ut veterator, impono te humeris ut Baiulus, prospicio saluti Sc. tuendae, prospicio periculum Sc. futurum, in me recipio, for promitto, me domum recipio, for confero, me stupentem recipio, for add me redeo, refero tibi ut noscas, refero ad te ut decernas, refero tuos mores, for imitor, nostra refert, for ad nos spectat, officio renunciat, for discedit, Praetorem renuncio, for promulgo, vacat studijs, for operam dat, adineptias vacat, for otiatur, culpa vacat, for caret. And many others whereof beore in the redundant forms of Verbs.   

The Construction of Genitives Regular or Ellipticall.  
The Genitive is always construed with another Substantive, which if it be expressed hath a Genitive in some sort a cause thereof. But if it be understood, being usual after Adiectivall Nouns or Verbs of passion, than the Genitive doth denote the cause of such affection, Ratione, or Causa, being to be supplied therewith, as the former Substantive. And some Genitives of Nouns that betoken a specifical place or time, have a more General known Appellative understood therewith, whereof particular instances were given before in the properties of that Case.  
A Genitive of the person or thing construed with a Rect or oblique, may be changed to a Dative, but more properly a Genitive of the person, as Patri domus, ecquid tibi causa doloris, exitio nautis est mare, mihi fascinat Agnos. Sunt oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen abortae. Suo sibiiure abluntur amnes. In this last example, sihi is Pleonasticall, which is familiar to it, and also to mihi and tibi. Two Datives of the thing with Sum, or one of the Thing, and another of the Person, with do, duco, habeo, relinquo, tribuo, verto, venio, and such like are usually construed, both in Verse and Prose, otherwise the Dative of the person, with Substantives of other Cases, are more familiar in Poetry, and the same is ordinarily a pronoun as in the following instances. Rex pius est Reipublicae ornamento: where may be noted that Sum, the Copula like the Conjunctions doth never stand for guide, that office in such structure belonging to Author Instrumentum via, or causae understood Elliptically, and thus supplied. Rex pius est Author▪ aut causa ornamento, aut ornamenti Reipublicae Artes sunt Senectuti subsidio, aut Senectutis instrumenta subsidii, aut subsidiaria instrumenta. But in structure with other Verbs, the Dative of the thing, doth refer unto the Verb, and the Dative of the person doth refer to the former Dative, as the latter of two Substantives, having the place of known Genitives. Virtutem bonis vitio vertunt improbi, for bonorum vitio ne ipsis probro vitium ducatur, for ipsorum probro, altisque ludibrio habeantur, for aliorum ludibrio.  
Any Genitive being the latter of two Substantives, or a Dative in place thereof, having no Epithet construed with it may be changed to an Adjective Possessive derived thence, signifying▪ Persons, Places, Times, Matter, Art, Sect, or some property, as Tuo hoc futurum est commodo, for tibi commodo, herba est hortensis, or horti, vestis Hyemalis, or Hyemis, vas vitreum, or vitri, lex Grammatica, factio Romanensis opus mire artificiosum, for mirabilis artificii, for Genitives will admit of such Epithets only as may be changed into Adverbs with a Possessive.  
In property of speech, the Pronouns possessive meus tuus suus noster and vester, should be used with Nouns of affection, as, amor, odium, cura, neglectus, etc. when such affections are Transitive passing from the person. Otherwise the Genitives of the Primitives, mei tui sui nostri and vestri are more proper, when such affections are Passive, resting in the person, as, Tuo favet desiderio, for qui desideras, but tui favet desiderio, for qui desideraris: which Laws are seldom observed in the Pronouns, and much less in other Possessives, or Primitives, whereas it would much clear the sense to be strictly observed in both kinds.  
The Gerundivall Genitive hath sometimes construed with it a Genitive plural of such nouns as otherwise would be a Substantive thereunto being made a second future, as, licentia diripiendi Pomorum, for diripiendorum pomorum.  
A Dative of the person, is always construed with a Gerundivall Rect, as properly belonging to the second Future, whence the Gerunds are derived. Vigilandum est custodi, not Custodis. And it is commonly understood, being Pronominall, as, discendum est aut vapulandum, supply, vobis.  
A Genitive of a Substantive joined with an Epithet of eminency, for praise or dispraise, may be changed to an Ellipticall Ablative. Judex maximae integritatis, or maxima integritate, supply, affectus, imbutus, indutus, insignis, praeditus, etc. And both Cases may be changed by Hyppallage, Judex maximus integritatis, supply laude, or Dote, or maximus integritate, for pro integritate, so mulier multae impudentiae, or multa impudenttae, supply, infamia deliquio, etc.  
Sometimes an Epithet is supplied by a Pronominall Rect of the Verb Substantive, referring to a remarkable antecedent, that hath full force thereof. Pater qua est indulgentia facile exoratur perduellis in gratiam restitui nequit, eiuscemodi est malitiae, which may thus be made entire structures, qua est indulgentia, supply, insignis, or pro qua est indulgentia, so eiusmodi est malitiae, supply, reatu, or pro eiuscemodi malitiae reatu, or culpa.  
The Genitives of proper names betokening persons, are sometimes construed with former Substantives understood Elliptically being known Appellatives referring thereunto, as itur ad Vestae, supply, templum, Deiphobe Glauci, supply, Uxor filia sorer, serva, with such others.  
The Genitive is sometimes construed with a Primitive Elliptically understood in the Possessive Tua Magistri dogmata, for tui Magistri, whereof in the concordance of continued Substantives.  
The Genitive of time is found Ellipticall, sometime, but very seldom, abest bidui, supply, spatio, militiae natus, Belli occisus, supply, tempore. Proper names of Towns or Cities, and sometimes of Lands, being of the first or second Declension, and singular number, are Genitives Ellipticall, when aught is signified to be done, or happen either in them or at them. Strabo natus Cretae, supply, insula, Gnosi, supply Urbe non Gortynae, supply, Oppido. And such are, humi, and domi, being Appellatives, if the first be not an Adverb, for it never admitteth any Epithet in such structure, as, Corpora fundit humi, not humi gelidae. But Domi will admit meae, tuae, suae, nostrae, vesteae, all enae, and none other, as, Non altenae vescuntur, quam meae & patris Domi, not Domi paternae, supply, mensa, or sub tecto.  
Genitives of the Person construed after the Verb Substantive, and referring to a property whether external of fortune, or internal of manners, are put ELLIPTICALLY,  
Some Substantive of a continued signification being to be supplied with them, so in the first kind, the Rect precedent should be repeated, as Ovis nigra est Melthoei, supply, Ovis. And in the second kind proprium may be supplied. Or in stead thereof when it is spoken of aught that is good, officium, or if spoken of any thing that is evil, then, mos or consuetudo may be supplied. Pastoris est oves tondere, furis deglubere, supply, proprium, hominis est errare, supply Mos, Christiani est resipiscere, supply, officium, where may be noted, that mei, tui sui nostri vestri, The Genitives of Pronouns primitive, will not admit such structure, but must be changed to the possessives, meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, as, docere meum est, discere vestrum, supply, officium, And any of the former may be made a Possessive, as, Ovis Melibeta, tondere pastoral, errare humanum, supply, quiddam, or such like. Likewise refert interest, or in the same sense est will not admit any Genitive of Pronouns Primitive, but instead thereof, an Ablative of the possessives is familiarly construed with them, causa or vice being to be supplied. Tua judicis refert, supply, vice. And other Genitives either of the Person or thing will join thereto in structure; Ut recte agant omnium est, ut boni regnent interest Reipublicae, where officium, with the former, and bonum with the latter kind of Genitives should be supplied.  
Genitives of the measure construed with Nouns of quantity are Elliptical. Trabs sex pedum longa duorum lata unius crassa, supply, pro mensura, if the structure is not otherwise regular. Verbs of esteem value or concernment, as sum or fio standing for aestimor addico condico, sto, consto do distraho emo, redimo, mercor, veneo, vendo venundo, liceo licito, taxo, habeo, duco, pendo, puto, facio, consulo, and refert interest, or in the same sense with both, est, are construed with these Genitives of Substantives, flocci, nauci, pili, teruncii, and assis nihili, or of Adiectives put Substantively, huius tanti, quanti, with their Compounds, aequi, boni, pluris, minoris, plurimi, maximi, and magni, parvi, with all which precio is understood Elliptically. Pluris est oculatus testis quam auritus, so tanti passim fit pecunia, supply, pretio, which may be an Hypallage, for tant o pretii, or with supply of res, or quidda, for a continued Substantive, it may be made, tanti pretii fit pecunia, supply res. Genitives of the crime or punishment are Ellipticall, being construed, either with Nouns that signify Gild or Innocence, as, reus noxius conscius affinis immunis putus insons, or Verbs of accusing, condemning, or acquitting, as accuso alligo arcesso arguo astringo cito convinco defero deprehendo increpo insimulo interrogo postulo damno condemno iudico teneor absolvo libero purgo with which crimine or paena are Ellipticall, as reus furti, conscius homicidii, purus sceleris, insons caedis, supply, crimine, so reus capitis, immunis verberum, supply, paena, accusaris periurii, supply, crimine, damnaris dupli, absolveris peculatus, supply paena, where may be noted that castigo condono corripio culpo excuso mulcto plecto punio reprehendo vitupero, are construed with Accusatives of the crime or punishment, as culpo discipuli oscitantiam, not Discipulum oscitantiae.  
Nouns or verbs betokening affections of the mind, as Remembrance, Care, Knowledge, Certainty, Boldness desire hope, or what is contrary thereunto, are construed with Genitives Ellipticall having ratione causa or gratia, understood with them, as praesagus mali, immemor sui, improvidus Belli, indoctus pilae, dubius veri, fidens animi appetens vini cupidus aurisecurus armorum intrepidus procellae laetus bonorum certus vincendi, or victoriae, so discrurior mentis erubesco fortunae fastidio vestri vestrarumque ineptiarum fallor mentis gaudeo voti miror iustitiae indoluit successorum paternae veretur irae miserescit infaelicis rerum satagit suarum oblivistitur meritorum meminit iniuriarum, demum recordaturus vindictae.  
Likewise such Adiectivall Nouns or Verbs, as signify Plenty, Power, Worthiness, or the contrary, are construed with Genitives Ellipticall, as inanis vacuus, or expers irae, dives auri plenus amovis lactis abundans tutelae indiget operae paucus caepax artium compos voti inops mentis, impoes rationis potitur voluptatum urbis, or homo indignus avorum, Cura tuae virtulis digna, Immunis Belli fuit & liberrima Legum Roma, these last examples be graecismes & mostly used by Poets. Moreover Nouns either of affections with Genitives being their fears, or of plenty, worth and power with Genitives, signifying the parts affected, may both be reduced to a Genitive or Ablative of the property belonging to praise or dispraise by Hypallage, as vir anxius mentis, or anxiae mentis, or anxia ment, so multus cibi or multi cibi, nullus fidei, or nullius fidei beatus oerebri, or beati cerebri, infelix fortunae, or infaelivis fortunae, amplus nasi or ampli nasi, integer vitae, or integrae with such others.  
Lastly, Nouns of likeness, property or community are construed also with Ellipticall Genitives: instar habet meriti. jambus Choraei par est, Domini similis vitium non Senectutis, proprium, sed etiam Juventus common. All which like consors: socius affinis Compes, with many more, may pass for Substantives, and as such admit of Datives instead of Genitives, so tui studiosus mei necessartus suorum liberalis alienorum profusus vitiorum fugax, laborum patience, alearum doctus, scelerum conscius, are construed with Genitives as the former, but such will not be changed to the Datives. And it may be noted that Nouns or Verbs, of Desire, hope, care, knowledge, may in place of Genitives be construed with the Infinitive or other Moods reducible thence, as cupidus divitiarum ditescere ditescendi, or u ditescat. And those of worthability or boldness may in place thereof be construed with Accusatives, and the Preposition ad: Or with the Infinitive. Virgo tuae formae, or ad tuam formam digna, nubere, or quae nubat tibi digna, so impar tui congressus, or ad tuum congressum, or tecum cougredi, or ad congrediendum, audax facinoris, or ad facinus, or ut faciat.   

Construction of the Acquisitive regular or Ellipticall.  
Nouns or Verbs signifying honour, favour, profit, pleasure, ease, yeeldance, obedience, trust, promise, performance, command, discovery, nearness, likeness, or what is contrary thereunto, are construed regularly with Acquisitives of the thing or persons notifying the scope of such relation, Id prudentiae consentaneum, tibi maxime decet: wherenote that the Accusative after decet or opportet do either precede an Infinitive expressed or understood, or otherwise is Ellipticall, as hath been instanced in that case. Nemini amicus, faves voluptatibus saluti noxiis, res adversae bonis prosunt iis non obsunt. In Which sense, iuvare laedere, and offendere, are construed with Accusatives, so Superioribus supplicamus, authoritati alienae intercedentes, tali nunquam supplices. In which sense, precor obtestor oro imploro obsecro quaeso, are constived with Accusatives. Ars alteri facilis & iucunda est, alteri displicet, quatenus ipsi difficilis, tibi fidus tuae probitati non diffido nobis moriger iusso parebis, decretum nobis nunciavit, nulli mandavit, ut vectigalia Caesari solverentur, pertinacia est constantiae vicina similis propinqua finitima, vel saltem non contraria, hoc alienissimum est, or dissidet tuae arti & personae.  
Regular acquisiives are also construed with all compounds of Sum, except Possum: Or with other Verbs compounded with satis bene or male, or with any Verb compounded with prae, ad con sub super ante post ob in and inter, when such Praepositions do not refer to their proper cases, as if they were not compounded. Est and suppetit, for adest, and videor, for appareo, be construed also with such Acquisitives velle suum cuique est, mihi rerum suppetit usus, tibi videris optimus.  
Acquisitives of the person, are commonly construed with Verbs Active of taking away nummos abstulit eripuit exemit subtraxit furatus est mihi. Or of the thing with Verbs Neuter of forbearance, parcit vacat abstinet supersedet cessat cedit, or discedit certamini.  
Participialls in bilis, and Participles in dus, are construed with Acquisitives only: nullo penetrabilis astro lucus erat. Visa mihi soror est visendaque denuo nulli. Other Moods of Verbs passive are construed with Acquisitives of the person, but very seldom: Ego non intelligor ulli.  
These Adjectives, par aptus utilis idoneus facilis with their Compounds, and natus promptus paratus expeditns alacer ferox ardens vehemens, may by variation change the Acquisitive to an Accusative with ad, or to an Infinitive, or any other Mod reducible thence, vir idoneus Bello, or ad Bellum, Belligerare ut Belligeret, or ad Belligerandum.   

Ellipticall Acquisitives were noted in their proper places. Constructions of Ablativalls regular and Ellipticall.  
Ablativalls are regularly construed with some Prepositions serving thereunto. And such are all Appellatives and proper Names of Countries, and commonly of Lands signifying the place whence motions rise, or wherein or whereat they rest as, veniens ex urbe discessit ab Italia, uxorem in Lemno ducturus.  
But proper Nouns of Towns and Cities being of the third Declension, or being plurals only of the first or second Declension in the same signification as the former are Ellipticall Ablativalls, and so are ruri or domo signifying from a place, not at or in it, domi hodie mansurus domo eras discedam est mihi far modicum, rure or ruri: such Ablativals ending anciently in i. as tempori and vesperi, regnavit Amyclis Lacedaemone natus.  
Ablativalls of time are regular, whether it be articulate time answering to the Question when, de luce vigillat, sub nocte dormit, or be a continuat time, answering to the Question how long, pacem pollicetur pro triginta diebus ab annis triginia natus, but more commonly both are Ellipticall without Prepositions, and the articulate is more familiarly the Ablativall, but the continuate an Accusative.  
Ablativalls of the person construed with Verbs Passive in any Moods besides the Participle, are commonly regular, qui vult ab improbis laudari a probis culpabitnr, and they are constantly such with the Neuter Passives, Vapulo, vento exulo sio, and the Compounds of it, benefit a Deo, or any impersonal passive, Regnatur a multis, and mostly with, Verbs of ask receiving, or takeing away, as vemam oremus ab ipso, ab oraculo audivi ab hostibus misere acceptus, e vita, or de medio tollitur, and with Nouns or Verbs of nearness or distance: Nobiscum aequales, or collati, ab aliis discrepant, or snnt diversi, which three last may be changed to Acquisitives; id vitio assine dissidet pietati exuit mihi vestem.  
ablativals are sometimes, but seldom used regularly, with Verbs or Nouns of plenty, or emptiness, Liber a metu vacat a negotiis: but they are commonly Ellipticall, as opibus abundat. And such Ablatives by variation may be made Rects, and the Rects Acquisitives, as opes illi abundant. Moreover such Ablativalls may be changed into Genitives, whereof before in that construction. But these Verbs emungo, fraudo, levo, orbo privo spolio viduo, are constant to Ellipticall Ablatives, without variation, and such are pluit, sanguine, carne, lacte, and captus, or cassus oculis.  
Ablativalls of Price are very seldom used regularly as litterae pro nihilo habentur, but are usually found Ellipticall with Nouns or Verbs, as auro venalis, carus obolo vilis asse obsonatus drachma. Likewise magno parvo vili paululo minimo nimio dimidio duplo, with such are put Substantively, danda magno accepta parvo ducuntur.  
Ablativalls betokening particular crimes, or utroque alio altero nullo ambobus plurimis, referring to crimes, are used regularly with Nouns or Verbs, as Uxorem accusavit de pudicitia & veneficio de ambobus, or de altero damnata est de rapina & homicidio reus ageris; but other Ablatives of crimes or punishment, are commonly Ellipticall, and may be made Genitives, whereof before in that construction.  
Ablatives with the Preposition de are construed with mereor, and ago ambigo celo certo cogito dico loquor glorior iudico qnaero statuo tracto, and such other. Or with Substantives having the same sense, as liber lis sermo sententia, etc. or with Nouns or Verbs of affection, and such may be changed to a Genitive instanced in that construction.  
Ablatives with e.de. or ex, are construed regularly with Nouns of the Comparative or Superlative degree being put partitively instanced already in their concordance. But when Ablatives betoken the measure of excess, or the part exceeded with such Nouns or Verbs, they are Ellipticall caeteris multo doctior, ab iis virtute superatur.  
And such are Ablatives of the measure after Nouns that betoken quantity, Liber tribus digitis crassus. And such is the Ablative in this example, It clamour caelo where tenus may be supplied. And chose a Pronominall Ablative is sometime to be supplied with tenus. Est aliquod prodire tenus for eatenus, or hactenus. And otherwise Caelo may Greek wise be put for caelitus.  
Ablativalls of the integral part or matter, be always regular, homo constat ex animo & corpore, vas integrum ex auro, and sometimes of the efficient with Verbs Neuter, prae timore siluit, but always with the Passives: a patre diligimur. And sometimes of the manner, cum luctu loquitur. And ordinarily the Gerundivall Ablatives, ex defendendo quam ab accusando uberior gloria comparatur. Other Ablatives of the cause or instrument, or part affected, or of the manner, or such like adjunct, or circumstance are Ellipticall, being construed with Nouns or Verbs. Natura parens imperio tyrannus quisque deterior est licentia miles ense validus Consilium specie laerum officio durum eventu luctuosum aeger corpore sanus ment natione Britannus aetare provectus ingenio tardus moribus severus nomine Gramaticus rebarbarus, vinces veritate digito compesce labellum onusti crapula relevandi sunt abstinentia, ment, ac artibus contremescunt, tuo solius ductu nobis haec mala creantur; where may be noted that Ablatives of the cause or part may be resolved to the Rects, and of the manner to Adiectives or Adverbs, and of either kind, otherwise, as in the following instances; veriloquus qui, or quoniam verum loqueris vinces, or veritas vincet digitus labellum compescat abstinentes crapulam relevabunt, rem peregit mira celeritate, or celerrimus or celerrime, mens & artus sibi contremiscunt te solo duce, or quum tu duceres, or a te duce mala haec creantur; where the Ablative called absolute may admit a Preposition: Auro loquente pollebis, for siloquatur aurum, or pro auro loquente. Concurrunt aegri audito medicum venisse, for ab adventus rumore, or quando adventus fama crebrescret, so ulceribus resecandis or dum secarentur, or de futura ulcerum lectione contristantur. Te convalituro, or post quam convalesces, or de tua valitudine gratulabimur senecta aetate, or quamquam senesceret, or in senectute literas didicit. Thus all such called ablatives absolute are Elliptical, but may admit of Prepositions with them: Ablatives of the same, or of a cognate signification construed with Verbs neuter, or with neutral Deponents are always Ellipticall. Vita vivit longissima recta ibat via sua fidunt sapientia morte moritur carne vescitur officio fungitur viribus nititur, urbe, or urbis potitur seipso fruetur bonis laetatur sese dignatur honore, or se putat dignum cultu, or coli, pec unia tibi utendum est, or tibi usus, or opus est id solum emas non quo est opus sed quod necesse, where opus and necesse differ in sense and structure, but with acquisitives they join in both, id minus mihi necesse, aut opus est.  
Ablatives are Ellipticall construed with Verbs of forbidding, as arceo veto interdico prohibeo, or with Verbs of affecting, as prosequor afficio, praeditus imbutus, aqua interdico, amore prosequor; virtute praeditus literis imbutus. And such are Ablatives, construed with natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, creatus, ortus editus, as nate Dea. And such are the Ablatives, mea, tua, sua, nostsa, vestra, construed with refert interest, and est whereof before in the structure of the Genitives.   

Constructions of Accusatives regular and Ellipticall.  
Nouns that imply some suffering, and bound a transient action are only regular Accusatives construed with Verbs Active or Deponent, or with Verbs neuter, having a cognate signification with such Accusatives, as voluptatem cepi, or voluptas me cepit, pacem ambiens litem sortior. These examples, dulce canit horrendum sonat multa garrit bacchanalia vivit, are neuters put adverbially Greekwise, and seldom used save in Poetry. But the rest that follow are Nouns and Verbs of the same sense. vitam vivit, iter currit sanguinem sitit nefas peccat aves ea vescuntur quae rapiunt pedibus mea bona uteris patria commoda potitur officium functus estfac ut amorem fruar allium olet paternam vocem sonat. All which joined with some Epithets, are more familiarly read in the Ablative, whereof before in that construction. But Hircum olet, hominem sonat, are Metonymies of the subject for the adjunct, and therefore cannot be made Abiatives till they are reduced to a cognat sense, as Hirci faetore olet, humana voce sonat And such are, pertaesus Ignaviam, for Ignavie sordibus, so auri scrupulus argenti denos valet, for Denorum precio.  
Some Verbs Active with an Accusative of the person admit another of the thing in a cognate signification to their own, and such are, Induo doceo moneo hortor suadeo consulo celo taceo percontor postulo rogo flagito posco peto oro obsecro, as induo, or exuo te vestes, doceo te literas, id ipsum nos monuisti quod cogitabamus, fames nos talia suafit multa vos hortabar amicos hanc rem consulam, id parentes celo vos sensum taceo hoc illos percontor pacem te poscimus, te veniam oramus, vitae rationem vos postulo sententiam vos rogo alimenta vos posco, whereof induo will change the Accusative of the person, to an Acquisitive, or of the thing, to an Ablative, docoo, moneo, consulo, percontor, celo change the Accusative of the thing to an Ablative with the, postulo, and the rest change the Accusative of the person, to an Ablative with ab. And all of them retain the Accusative of the thing being made passive, which doth make it probable, such cases are Ellipticall, having ad circum iuxta secundum, or such like understood with them, because they do not determine a transient action, requisite to regular Accusatives, as aforesaid. Moreover the Accusatives of the thing being mostly Pronominalls, when they have not the same signification with the leading Verb must not be used otherwise then as they are warranted by good Authors in their practice or use thereof.  
These examples, Reges vos turba creavit, Te virum praesta Tyrannidem latrocinium vocamus, are Accusatives of continued, not of divers significations.  
Accusatives construed with Verbs or Adjectives of profit, likeness, nearness, inclination, or the contrary are construed regularly with add the Preposition, and may be changed to the Infinitive, or to the Acquisitive instanced in that construction.  
Accusatives of Nouns Appellative, or proper names of Countries, and commonly of Islands, notifying the place, whereto a motion tendeth, are regularly construed with ad the Preposition. Profectus ad Galliam mox ad ur bem exinde ad forum se contulit. Denique ad Samum concessit. But proper names of Towns and Cities in that signification are constantly Ellipticall. Athenas & Megara migravit. And sometimes proper names of Lands. Cyprum profectus est. And seldom of Countries, as, Italiam petijt, so proxime Hispaniam, and such like have ad understood with them Elliptically.  
The Accusatives of Rus and Domus in both numbers are Ellipticall in the same sense, Nuperrime domos & rura sua redierunt. And such are names of Nations used for the Country, and of special actions used for the place, wherein they are done, both being Metonymies, the first of Inhabitants contained for the continent, in the last of adjunct acts for the place where they are acted. Mauros veniunt, for Mauritaniam, it inficias exequias suppetias, or Cubitum venatum, and such like Supines. But Accusatives may be regular, if the motion reach not to the Town, but near it, or the proper names of Towns have Epithets with them. Ad Capuam venit, for ante juxta, or prope, Hoc iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas.  
Nouns that answer the question how far determining the space or interval of place indefinitely like those that refer to particular places by the question whether are Ellipticall Accusatives after Verbs of motion, vix pedem aut unguem latum hinc discessit: And sometimes they are regular, per stadium Olympiae ingreditur Milo, surgit tres arbor in ulnas. And sometimes they are Ablatives after Verbs that have no express mention of moving; abest hinc quingentis millibus passuum. And such are measures of length, breadth, or thickness, umbratres ulnas longa, which may be made Ablativalls, or Genitives Ellipticall instanced in those constructions.  
Nouns that betoken a continual time, are commonly regular Accusatives; per id tempus, intra sex annos. And sometimes are Ellipticall, puer id aetatis, majorem vitae partem infaelix. And sometimes they are made Ablatives, docuit nos quatuor annis. And very seldom Genitives instanced in that structure.  
Nouns that betoken the part affected with a property or passion construed with Adjectives or Verbs, either Neuter or Passive will be Ellipticall Accusatives, being Graecismes. Os vocemque Deo similis sed caetera dispar, dolet caput, redimitus tempora lauro. But latinewise, such Nouns will properly be made Ellipticall Ablatives instanced in that structure.   

Of the due placing of Words in sentences.  
An orderly disposition of words in sentences doth require a four fold circumspection.  
1. That some sentences or parts of speech accustomed to certain places be not removed thence without good warrant.  
2. That warrantable elegancies may be preferred before vulgar postures.  
3. That an Euphony be preserved in both.  
4. That the perspicuity of sense be not impaired by any.   

1. Of sentences and words designed to certain places.  
1, In prose the continued sentences, or Ablatives called the absolute, do commonly begin the periods.  
2. Pronouns Relative, or conjunctive Adverbs, do usually begin such sentences as are continued.  
3. Adverbs of exciting, forbidding, showing, or wishing, and any Interrogatives pronominall or adverbial, being no Encliticalls should ordinarily begin the principal sentences.  
4. Moreover in every sentence customarily Adjectives are placed before their Substantives, the Antecedents before reciprocalls, all kinds of Adverbs before the words whereto they should refer, excepting some notified in their proper places; And finite Verbs are placed last, But in verse, all the former Rules will admit variations, being then authorised, when they are used with approved Poets, whose practice is the best guide therein.   

2. Of Elegance in some postures swarving from the Vulgar.  
Verbs finite whether those called Impersonal, or the Neuters referring to sundry causes, will best beseem the first place, dedecet viros muliebriter rixari, vigilat Dominus & servi: deflorescit formae dignitas, aut morbo, aut vetustate. Some Adverbs are placed elegantly after the words which they do limit, mitigati admodum sunt eorum animi, postquam diu nimium disputassent, impense cnpiunt, sed consulunt parum, non succedit quod faciunt sedulo, futura prospicit longissime, so commonly the final Polisyllables will smooth the sounds of sentences and make the Adjectives at last grateful, nihil isthoc visum est molestius, quod ipse facit, non putat injustum, and specially when such have before them some Parenthesis, parentum dilectio est (me judice) maxima, such are dissyllabicall Adjectives, specially Pronouns after Substantives of many syllables, inter oratores bonos raro convenit, facultas nulla tibi dabitur, and the Genitive is handsomely seated between the Adjective and its Substantive, or a Preposition, and the case whereto it serveth, sagacissimus naturae indagator Aristoteles, omnes omnium charitates patria complectitur, ad illius temporis incommoda hoc accessit. Proper names being Polysyllables placed first grace the sentence, else are disgraced, except an Epithet of praise or dispraise doth lead them. Neoptolemus cognominatur Achillis fillus, or Nobillissima Achillis proles Neoptolemus cognominatur, qui tyrocinium in Bello adolescentulus posuit, where the principal, not the continued sentence doth lead the rest. And if continued sentences be but short, the subject of the principal whereto they refer should lead them, Spiritus, qui densatur hyemali frigore, in nebulam quasi concretus cornitur. Last Prose placed versewise, or verse placed prosewise will lose their elegance.   

3. Of Euphony requisite in placing words.  
The good sound of words joined in composition, are the best patterns of Euphony in words joined by Apposition, with this caution, that letters sounding well being doubled between words compounded, have ill sounds between words apposed, wherefore the former may not usually end in the same letter, or in another of a cognate sound, with that which doth begin the next word after. Nor in any wise may the same syllable end the former, and begin the next word after, for that hath near Alliance unto stammering.  
2. The same word repeated, without a figure cannot sound well, and therefore it should be supplied by a Relative or a Synonymy.  
3. Homoteleutons, being figures should be used accordingly as rarities.  
4. Sandy or loose words that will not concatenat like untunable feet, ending every where with the words in verses, will make sentences have flat and jarring sounds. In fine, the advice of judicious ear in this Office will be of singular steed.   

4. Of clearing the sense of words in every posture.  
As the former Rules conduce thereto, so likewise it will much avail for perspicuity of sense in words. 1 To preserve in sentences a natural order by placing the whole before the parts, and causes before effects, and the worthiest before less worthy; Omnis familia, parents, liberi, servitia, indefessis laboribus victumquae ritant. 2. To shun the multiplying of Relatives, answering either to single or to sundry Antecedents, and in stead thereof, either to repeat such Antecedents, or to use Distributives, specially when the Antecedents are of the same Gender and number, as, Socordes ab ignavis discrepunt, deficiunt enim socordes prospiciendo, ignavi fortiter agendo, hi fortitudine, illi consilio carent.  
3. To use Laconism will conduce thereto, for prolix sentenees will tyre the Auditor's understanding and with all beget obscurity.  
4. Lastly, to distinguish words by accents according to the Rules thereof specified in their proper place, and to give all sentences proper points regulated before in the Rules of Art for writing.    

The FIGURES of ELOCUTION  
Figure's swarving from the common course, but having Authority from the most learned in the Latin tongue, do belong  
1. Some to Elementary parts of words, being Letters and Syllables.  
2. Some to entire words consisting either in their sense being Tropological, or in their Etymology changing the parts of speech, and their affections.  
3. Some to sentences having Anomalous Syntax, all which are handled in their proper places.  
4. Some to the whole speech being dressed up with artifice of Oratory called Elocution. Wherefore as Trops advance and quicken the sense of words, so the figures of Elocution heighten sentences for a subtle and secret operation upon men's Judgements and affections, either 1. To persuade them to assent, or 2. To introduce a prejudice of their dissent, or 3. To amuse them, and so to suspend their resolutions.  
The Schems or figures of Elocution, being very numerous, may be reduced to five kinds, proper to so many offices complying with the principal seats of Oratory to wit.  
1. Some being used exegetically to clear the sense meet for the Narrative part.  
2. Some used Apodictically fitting the seat of Arguments in Confirmations.  
3. Some used Catascenastically mustering a number of Conjectures, where the weight of a solid reason faileth peculiar to Amplifications.  
4. Some used Analeptically, repeating words or sounds with Glosses to make things spoken of more heeded as more concerned suitable with any place where the matter is weighty, and the hearers dull.  
5. Some Pathetically agreeing with any place requiring indignatoin or compassion, wrought by a previous passion in the orator. And in each kind the most useful are selected, and the rest declined.  

Of Figures serving to Narrations.  
In the narrative part the office of a figure is either, 1. To distribute the matter handled to its several branches; so making way to remove what is unconcerned. And there to will conduce Merismus, etc. or 2. To determine the question positively, whereto serve Brachyepia, etc.   

Of distinguishing.  
Merismus doth orderly dispose the whole controversy to sundry parts, of purpose, to insist upon the point concerned. Delatori lubentissime ignoscatur, aut ob mandatum coacto, aut ob egestatem querulo, aut ob pietatem spontaneo, sed malicioso, qui data, opera male agit, nemo bonus indulgeat. Palindromia hath some affinity therewith, making divers words of several Relations answer orderly each unto the other.  
Pastor arator, eques, pavi, colui▪ superavi, Corras, rus, hostes, fronde ligone manu.  
2. Paradiastole doth distinguish things that seemingly are like by clear unlikeliness.  
Virtutem fortuna premit, non obruit illam.  
Iniquum est pro astuto sapientem, pro audaci fortem pro illiberali frugalem haberi, iniquissimum vero subdolos nuncupari prudentes, confidentes magnanimos, sordidissimos quosque bonae frugi viros, virtutes enim vitijs admixtae a potiori jure denominantur, vitia, vero ab virtutibus alienissima earum titulis non sunt dignanda.  
3. Amphidiorthosis, used also to distinguish, doth preface to a future offence and therewith salve it.  
— horrida narro,  
Inculpanda tamen, quia pro re sermo paratur.  
Homunciones autboritate exutos hominem vincere est facinus, Civem incarcerare scelus, necare nefas, in crucem toilere ecquid est insolentius? Prob malum, quid dicam? Principem tolli, jugulari, subsannari, Parricidio plus est, Theomachia est.  
4. Aphorismus or Metanoia doth likewise recall a word and rectify it.  
Heu Cives, si forte licet vos dicere Cives.  
Haec est ultio sceleris, nisi forsan aequo durius loquor, nam sceleris est prohibitio, non ultio.  
5. Anaclasis, Antimetabole Chiasmus Diallelon Enagonion used to the same office determine things with a difference from the vulgar sense.  
Qui sapiunt regnant, pax est opulentia regni.  
Cum senibus puer est, cum puerisque Senex.  
Aliorum sapientiae fortuna, aliorum fortunae sapientia non suppeditat. Edendum ut vivas, non vivendum ut edas.  
6. Antithesis, Enantiosis, Synrcists, notify different events of different causes.  
Ille novo veterum vagus est errore locorum.  
Amicos parit obsequium, hostes veriloquium, donorum antehac profusos, postmodum egenos fore oportet. Alter dandobenignus, alter accipiendo astutus. Quam opportuna erat expugnantibus civitas, tam inexpugnabiles erant civium animi. Ego plector, quod tu peccasti, nos meruimus, quae praemia vos reportatis.   

Of Defining.  
1. Brachyepia, Characterismus, Enargia, Hypotyposis, will exactly describe as it were piecemeal persons, facts, time or place.  
Crine ruber, niger re, brevis pede lumine luscus,  
Venit hyems, teritur Sicyonia bacca trapetis,  
Glande sues redeunt laeti, daunt arbuta silvae.  
Amicitiae, consuetudines, vicinitates, clientelae, ludi, festique dies, quid haberent voluptatis, carendo magis intellexi, quam perfruendo  
2. Hypomone, or Paradoxon will decline the vulgar opinion, and introduce some unexpected decision of the thing in hand.  
— Verus amicus  
Nec prece, nec pretio, sedenim virtute paratur.  
Scientiam habet, non ut sciatur quo quidnam levius! aut inanius; non ut ipsam, vendat, quo nihil est vilius, sed quo in suam inspiciat vitam.  
3. Antistasis, or Analepsis, will serve to the same office.  
Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem.  
Perijssem, nisi perijssem.   

2. Of Figures proper to confirmation.  
In Argumentative Topics, Figures have recourse to essential causes, specifical properties and necessary consequences, ranged for proof of what is propounded, whereto comply Aitiologia, etc. or for disproving of the contrary suitable with Antistrophe, etc.   

Of Proving.  
1. Aitiologia in some respect called also Apophasis, doth confirm what was propounded by some concludent reasons.  
An mihi cantando victus non redderet illum,  
Quem mea carminibus meruisset fistula, caprum?  
Grassatori jure licet eripere vitam, qui eriperet alienam. Apophonisma doth imply a reason for answer to a supposed doubt, fac velis perficies. Litterarum sunt radices amarae sed fructus dulces.  
2. Synathroismus is a Series of causes concurring to the same effect. Multa simul ab ultione laesum revocant, officium, consuetudo, tempus, existimatio periculum, religio, which with several conjunctions set between them is called Polysyntheton, or without any such as in the former instance is called Asyntheton or Dialysis, being much more elegant as noting each cause apart sufficient.  
3. Synonymia differeth from the former, notifying not divers causes, but different circumstances of the same cause. Otium, quies, tranquillitas, pax demum adest inopinata, pugnavit, vicit, triumphavit.  
4. Synoiciosis or Syscevasis will elgantly express how contrary causes may produce the same effects.  
Par meritum gratesve pares poenasve reposcit.  
7. Illiberalis & profusus sunt aeque inopes, aeque infames, alter qui suisrebus uti nollet, alter qui suas res dissiparet, ideoque pari poena sunt afficiendi.   

Of disproving.  
1. Antistrophe doth retort a reason used to disprove what it should have proved.  
An quisquam perimit vivum, conditque peremptum!  
Festinusve fugit lethalem vindicis iram.  
Bella est haec accusatio, qua me litigij postulas, eademque opera mihi litem intendis.  
2. Prolepsis, Antiphora, or Procatasceve, do prevent objections, stealing to a good esteem by a seeming ingenuity, labouring withal to avoid or abate a prejudice.  
— Scio me Danais e Gentibus unum.  
Testem produci vult adversarius, fateor nullum affore, praeter suam ipsius conscientiam, commotus enim lachrymis, quod petebat dedi, solus, soli, sin haec negabit, vobis satisfactum esse de utriusque veritate oportet. And the reasons given are called Prosapodosis.  
3. Epitrope, doth neglect what is objected, as impertinent were it granted.  
I, sequere Italiam, ventis pete regna per undas. Esto Rex, Tyrannus, Sacrilegus, prae multis unum malumus. Profundat, perdat, pereat, nostra non interest.  
4. Exuthenismus doth add unto the former some scorn or sharp reproof then called Epiplexis, or Epitimesis, or Schesis.  
Egregium facinus, miscebat graeca latinis.  
Indignum est Italos Trojam succendere flammis,  
Quid face Trojanos atra vim far Latinis?  
Dux vester bolliger at calamo, militat dolo, expugnat nummo. Egote armatis ejeci, non dejeci, una litera tantum latet facinus▪  
5. Alloiosis distinguishing between persons or their facts by different circumstances doth accordingly excuse or aggravate crimes.  
Quod licuit pueris, licet aetatique senili?  
Aliud est vivere in aequa Civitate ubi lex valet, aliud sub unius imperium devenire, ubi singularis potestas regnat, illic lege fretos libertatis meminisse, hic unius potestati traditos quotidianam commentari subjectionem, opus est.  
Homicidium aliud est a furioso, aliud ab ebrioso perpetratum illud condonatur, ut involuntarium, hoc capitale judicatur, ut voluntarium, eodem censu (cum ebrietate istius causa) numerandum, ebrius adhaec duplici tenetur crimine, scilicet ebrietatis & homicidij.  
6. Anancaion hath the same office with the former, in preventing prejudices caused by necessity, nihil valuit pro fratre deprecatio, cum judicaret Tyrannus cujus crudelitas omnem naturae necessitudinem extinguebat, verum enimvero quamvis auxilium a fratris periculo violentia submovisset, quod potui, feci, nempe calamitatis particeps eram.   

3. Of Figures meet for Amplifications.  
To the seat of amplification do belong figures that comply with conjectural proofs by circumstances of time, place, persons, but specially of facts considered in the circumspection of their possibility, lawfulness, honour, profit, pleasure. 2. In their estimate from authority of the wise, and practise of the best. 3. In their comparison with, or contrariety to other facts, of which sort are Auxesis, etc.  
1 Auxesis doth extenuat, or else aggravate facts be they good or evil by their several adjuncts.  
Templa Deum, feslique dies, sacra Concio furtum  
Nil prohibent, nedum remoratur Anathema dirum.  
Dum restituuntur ad integrum damnati, solvuntur vincti, redùcuntur exules, promoventur perduelles, rescinduntur leges, Ecquis Rempublicam ruere non intelligat? And the several progress of virtue or vice, doth give this figure the name of Exallage.  
2. Dinosis doth specially expose the heinousness and horror of vices. Haec una ejus est stultitiae, ut nullus hominem, ejusmodi furoris, ut nullus faeminam, ejusmodi crudelita●is, ut nullus matrem appellet, quoe fuit uxor Generi, Noverca filij filiae pellex  
3. Icon or Homoiosis doth illustrate things by some similitude which if eal and of fact, is called Paradigma, if imaginary and feigned, is called Parabole.  
Qualis populea moerens Philomela sub umbra.  
Amissos queritur faetus.  
Orpheus in sylvis, inter Delphinas' Arion.  
Quod natura tranquillum est, ventorum procellis, mare conturbatur, Talis est exercitus, ubi seditio concitatur; Qualis in mundo Phoenix redivivus, Talis imperio Aristides restitutus.  
4. Epiphonema is a quick short inference from what was said before, intended for applause to all the rest.  
Tantum relligio potuit suadere malorum.  
Scilicet aliam nollent libertatem, quam per mortem, such will handsomely close an epigram.   

4. Of Figures repeating words or sounds.  
1. Words are repeated sometimes together, if in the same sentence, called Epizeuxis, if in divers called Anadiplosis; and this last continued called Climax.  
2. Sometimes asunder, either in the beginning of divers sentences, called Epanaphora, or in the end thereof called Epistrophe, or in both places called Symploce.  
3. Sometimes in the beginning, and end of divers simple Theses called Epanalepsis, or only in the end of Mixttheses called Epanodus.  
2. Sounds are repeated by Paronomasia, Polyptoton, Homoioteleuton, Oxymeron.   

Of Words repeated.  
1. Epizeuxis, Diplosis, or Protrope doth repeat the same word together in the same sentence, with some additional explanation put unto the latter; wherewith inquam may be supplied.  
Ah Coridon Coridon quae te dementia cepit?  
Vos horror socij, nunc nunc insurgite remis.  
Adeste, adeste sceleris ultrices. Likewise Diacape, or Diastole inserting a word between, is accounted a species of the former.  
Duc (age) duc ad nos.  
Excitate (si potestis) excitate ipsum ab inferis.  
2. Anadiplosis, or Palinlogia doth repeat continuatly, the same word, but as of divers sentences closing the first, and beginning the next, and having otherwise the same modifications as the former, it is mostly used in Verse, or being more continued, is called Gradatio.  
Deiphobum vidi lacerum crudeliter ora,  
Ora manusque ambas.  
Hic tamen vivit, vivitlimmo in senatum venit.  
Imperator vivat, vivat & vincat, vincat salvusque redeat.  
3. Climax doth sometimes differ from the former, that repeating always together the same individual word; but this repeating often, the same only in the Original, or inserting some other words between the same Numericals'.  
Quod libet, idque licet, sibi, quod licet, id satis audent,  
Quodque audent, saciunt, faciunt, quodcunque molestum.  
Nos praestat inopia, diligentes, diligentia opulentoes, opulentia protervos, protervia deinde inopes, in gyrum circumquaque versos. Epanaphora, or Epibole, doth repeat words asunder in the beginning of divers Sentences.  
Hic gelidi fontes, hic mollia prata Licori,  
Hic nemus, hic toto tecum consumerer aevo.  
Ego quaestoribus interminabar, ne stipendio sumptum facerent, Ego armentarijs patefaciendis obstabam, Ego arma offerii prohibebam. And some use Synonymies instead of the same words repeated. Dolui clandestinum hostem intra muros impune vagari, aegre iuli vestri omnium facilitatem unius fallacia tentari, me commovit in accipienda injuria plurimorum laetitiam ostentari. Some range therewith Diaeresis, distributing as to the same, so to sundry Subjects several properties  
Nocte leves stipulae inclius, nocte arida prata  
Tondentur, noctis lentus non deficit humour.  
Spumat aper, fluit unda fremi lo, sibilat anguis. Spirant venti, florent prata, frondescunt nemora, mitescunt fructus.  
5. Epistrophe doth chose repeat the same word at the end of divers sentences.  
— Gravis est Cantantibus umbra.  
Juniperi gravis umbra, nocent & frugibus umbrae.  
Primo ad Belligerandum nos impulit Philippus,  
Denique calamitati nostrae succensuit Philippus.  
6. Symploce doth comprehend both the former, repeating the same words, in the beginning and end of divers sentences.  
Quam bene Caune tuo poteram nurus esse parenti.  
Quam bene Caune meo poteras Gener esse parenti.  
Quis legem tulit? Rullus! Quis populum in tribus distribuit? Rullus. Quis decem viros creavit? Rullus. Some call the same Coinotes.  
7. Epanalepsis doth repeat sometimes one, but oftener many words that begin simple Theses at the end thereof, placing between some forcing reasons that move thereto.  
Victus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus.  
Phosphore redde diem, quid gaudia nostra moraris,  
Caesare venturo, Phosphore red diem.  
Huc pater O Lenaee, tuis hic omnia plena.  
Muneribus tibi pampineo gravidus Autumno floret ager, spumat plenis vindemia labris.  
Huc pater o Lenaee veni.  
Libentissime profiterer, vos esse homicidas, si faret integrum, libentissime profiterer.  
8. Epanodus doth repeat at the close of periods (having mixed Theses) sometimes one, and sometimes two words of the last sentence returning to a particular account of such as are repeated.  
— Divellimur inde  
Iphitus & Pelias mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo  
Jam gravior.  
Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille?  
Improbus ille puer, crude is tu quoque mater.  
Demophoon ventis & verba, & vela dedisti.  
Vela queror reditu, verba carere fide. Gratiam, qui refert, habet, et qui habet, in eo quod habet, refert.   

Of sounds repeated.  
9 Paronomasia in Nouns, and Paromoion in Verbs, will descant upon resemblance of words that sometimes have like sense, sometimes quite unlike, this called Antiphrasis that Ploce.  
Ille Chrysostomus potuit Chrysostomus esse.  
Verba parant oneris tantum nil instar honoris.  
Liber ab erroribus parum liber veritatumque illiberalis, ut oremus, non ut aremus, instruit Philosophia. Tantum amari affert amari, rudibus ferri color videtur rubidus.  
10. Oxymeron doth notify concurrent juncture of two contraries predominant in the subject: And it differeth from the former consisting of words having divers both forms and figures but words here have always the same sense oppositly, and either one is derived from the other or both descend from one same Primitive.  
— Discors concordia faelibus apta est  
His ut quaeque pia est, hortatibus impia prima est.  
Neve foret scelerata, scelus facit—  
Cum ratione insaniunt.  
11. Polyptoton doth figurat the speech when the same words in divers sentenses vary their affections either proper or common.  
Hic pater, hujus opem poscas, huic justa refertor.  
Gratia, fac redames hunc toto pectore dignum.  
Cedere jussit aquam, jussaque cessit aqua.  
Pulchra est virtus, pulchrum est virtutem colere, pulchri sunt virtutis cultores, pulcherrime consu; latur virtuti colendae.  
12. Homoioteleuton accompanied with Ilocolen closing short sentences with like sound are very plausible if they be not too common.  
Non est dives, qui absque modo utendi, aut fine cupiendi, nummos auget, nullos possidet, mulium enim appetere egentis est indicium, sicut nihil parcere egestatis est initium.  
Aliud est benefacere, aliud injuriam non infer▪ inde benevolentiam cuncilies, hinc odium vites.   

5. Of Figures expressing or exciting passion`ss.  
Passions figurate the speech either. 1. With some question of much concernment called Erotema, or 2. With diverting the speech another way called Apostrophe. or 3. With personating somewhat in a mere imagery called Prosopopia. or 4. With consulting the present Auditors called Anacoinosis. or 5. With the speakers ●●eration with himself called Aporia. or 〈◊〉 with some wonder at an unexpected strangeness called Ecphonesis. or 7. with seeming fear of prejudice called Aposiopesis. or 8. With indignation where no fear stoppeth, called Aganactesis. or 9 With execratious when rage hath freedom called Aria. or 10. With imploration of pity when all other means do fail called Decsis.  
1. Erotema doth prejudge the matter or rather out dare a contrary judgement.  
— Anulla putatis  
Dona carere dolis Danaum; sic notus Ulysses?  
Quis erat armorum sensus, quae tua mens oculi manus? quis ardor ille, quid cupiebas. quid optabas.  
2. Apostrophe doth by way of confidence in the cause appeal from the Judges present to the practice of most grave eminent persons, so engaging the present judicature to assent for fear of dishonour in dissenting from such gravity; Te nunc alloquor (Affricane) cujus nomen Civitati est splendori, nostra si audivisses crimina quanti penderes? Some call this Figure Cleticon, or Cataphora. And Metabasis, Metathesis, or Metastasis have some affinity therewith, being all used to digression.  
Prosopopia doth differ from the former, that speaking to persons absent, this speaking unto any thing, personated, as if they were rational, and present, or otherwise making such things to speak.  
— Quae non mortalia pectora cogis  
Auri sacra fames—  
Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem.  
Officijque refers, quod adunci vulnus aratri,  
Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno.  
Pijssima vitae dux Philosophia, nobis Clientibus tuis hac angustia consule tristissima. And it is called of some Mimesis, or Ethopoeia.  
4. Anacoinosis doth seem to take advise, but intendeth to convince the Auditors that the cause is good, if it were their own.  
Sit tua res eadem, quidnam rationis inires?  
Quem virum aut heroa putatis eximia Clius celebrare posse praeconia, quae nec poetarum carminibus, nec annalium monimentis, aut prudentum judicijs, pro meritis expendantur.  
Haeccine mihimetillicita, vobis licere velletis? libere loquimini.  
5. Aporia is used when we reason with ourselves considerately about some doubtful matter.  
Quid faciam! nolo sudare, rogare pudebit.  
En quid agam, rursusne procos irrisa priores  
Experiar—  
Both this last and former be species of Dialogismus.  
6. Ecphonesis doth break out at the strangeness of some unwonted accident either good or evil.  
O pietas! O prisca fides, miranda virorum!  
Heus! etiam mensas consumimus, inquit joles'.  
Ecquis non amentes Camillos, Curios, Fabios, pronunciaret.  
7. Aposiopesis and Paralipsis do sufficiently hint, what they profess to pass in silence, for avoiding danger, envy, or other brand of immodesty.  
Insidias taceo, velut ac tua surta, rapinas.  
Quid memorem portus, Lucrinoque addita claustra?  
Impari periculo ad judicium venimus, sed mihi quidem; nolo tamen quicquam ominosius proloqui.  
Protome hath near affinity therewith. Ne nimis urgeam, ad me revertor.  
8. Aganactesis le's lose the reins to passion where no fear doth bridle it.  
Cantando tu illum, aut unqua ni tibi fistula Cera.  
Juncta suit—  
Vos feram populi faeces: indesinenter feram? aut ferendo insolenliores efficiam. Quae malum dementia!  
9 Ara, Catara, Diabole Add Curses to raging fury.  
— pro talibus ausis  
Dij quibus est pietas grates persolvere dignas  
Curent.—  
Sed non ante datum cingetis maenibus urbem,  
Quam vos dira fames, nostraeque injuria caedis,  
Ambesas subigat malis absumere mensas.  
Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo.  
1. Deesis doth adjure some mercy by that which is accounted with men most sacred.  
Per superos, atque hoc Caelum, te posco favorem.  
Obsecramus pro patria, deorum sacris parentum monimentis, vestrorum libertate, vestro ipsorum honore, nos miseros quam primum metu liberate.    

The method of this Grammar, and how to make thereby good progress in the Latin Tongue.  
1. IT may be understood that common concernments (equally belonging to this Grammar with the former made for English) are not here repeated, but left to be remembered or learned thence.  
2. Wherefore to begin with what is peculiar hereunto, it may be noted that the method of this Grammar is synthetical composing analytical Rules of Etymology with results of Structures framed thence.  
This composure is made for the reasons following. First, because the Syntax with the proper signs of each affection, belonging to the parts of speech, are the specifical differences whereby such affections must be defined.  
2. Next the placing of the Syntax in the same Rules with those several affections are infallible guides, whereby green wits, may with ease find out the structure, which otherwise would perplex them.  
3. Likewise the composure of both together, doth confer unto compendiousness, the only way to advance young Scholars being encouraged to proceed when they have easy tasks.  
4. Moreover it is necessary to abridge Grammars, because they are to be oft repeated as the only means to gain proficiency for children's progress is a product in very few of ingenuity and industry, but in most youths of a customary practice growing into an habit.  
4. This Grammar so much as is printed in English letters with examples thereto belonging should be read twice or thrice within Book, and afterwards so oft without Book by young beginners: who from thence forward should be made acquainted with the method and meaning of all the Rules, wherein the Master's constant diligence will be necessary. And furthermore they should be made to read deliberately the Annotations annexed to the Rules, as good helps to understand them better, for both are needful preparations to the reading of Latin Authors:  
5. Leanness thus enabled to take lessons should be taught to expound and examine the same themselves, by few plain rules as certain guides, for instance.  
1. They should look out first the principal verb.  
2. Next they should search out the Rect or Nominative, whereon that Verb and the rest depen.  
3. Last, they should orderly dispose all circumstances, placing the object after neuters, the sufferer after Transitives, the agent after passives, and ranging with all the premises such other respective limitations as belong thereto; all which are discernible in the Latin, by the concordance or other structure, and in English by good sense in every sentence, the necessary sequel of true expositions, as in example.  
— Heu Divos temnere discant  
Vt moniti per vos mox omnes caede luetur.  
To scorn the Gods ah shall be purged with blood,  
That all men warned by you may learn for good.  
6. Thus youth for ease may begin with Janua Linguarum, learning thence by heart a Latin and English sentence to be rendered without Book, first entire, and asunder as before; next word for word together, a Heu ah, temnere to scorn, Deos the Gods, luetur shall be purged, caede with blood, etc. So keeping close to the signs of all affections, as good helps at the first assay to know them and their structure. Then without loss of time, they themselves, should give account of every word, both in their several affections, and in their Syntax by Grammar Rules in the proper words thereof, as followeth.  
7. Mox (by the part of Speech) an absolute Adverb (by form) of time (by Figure) primitive by construction) as a circumstance referring unto Discant.  
Discant, a Verb adjectivall neuter of complete sense betokening to do primitive by proper affections) of the third conjugation and subjunctive mood interpreting another principal Verb and present tense, speaking of the time now, but with (may) a Potential sign shareth with a continued future, called the simple and the third person spoken of and plural number speaking of many it agreeth in Person and Number with the Rect omnes.  
Vos a Pronounce Demonstrative primitive of a finite quantity (by proper affections; irregular in Declension, the plural number and Accusative Case having per a Prepositionall Adverb primitive expressly serving thereunto, besides that it referreth as the agent or term whence to moniti.  
Moniti, a Verb Passive of imperfect sense, having reference to the Agents, derived from the Active moneo the Participle Mood and Preter tense, speaking of Time past, the second Declension. Rect plural Masculine Gender by termination, agreeing with viri an Ellipticall Substantive answering to the Question who.  
Omnes, A pronoun Demonstrative Collective, of indefinite quantity, Primitive of the third Declension, a Rect plural of the Common of two by termination, but Masculine by construction, agreeing likewise with the same viri understood.  
Vt a Conjunctive Adverb causal, Primitive, referring also unto discant.  
Caede a Noun Substantive Primitive of the third Declension, an Ablative singular feminine gender by the termination es, not increasing, construed with luetur, as the cause, and of the same signification, therefore the Preposition is Ellipticall.  
Luetur a verb adjectivall passive, derived from the Active luo, and that from lavo syncopated, or it hath affinity therewith, the third Conjugation Indicative mood future tense speaking of the time to come with sign shall the third person singular, agreeing with the Rect temnere.  
Divos a Noun Substantive derived of Deus the second Declension Accusative plural and masculine gender by the termination us, it followeth the verb transitive temnere.  
Temnere a verb Active transient to a sufferer for completing the sense thereof, primitive the infinitive mood present tense by Enallage standing for Rect Substantive Aptote singular that goeth before luetur, and answereth to the question what.  
Heu an Interjectionall adverb of sorrow primitive, and a circumstance belonging to luetur.  
8. It may be noted, that words which end in exposition must begin at examination, in a retrograde course, for usually the word following doth refer to former guide, saving that it is a property of Interrogatives Relatives conjunctive and prepositionall adverbs to precede inexposition all subsequent guides. Likewise it must be remembered that beginners should be used constantly to vary every Noun according to a proper example in their own Declension, and every Verb according to their proper terminations, with Analagy to the same Conjugation. And for finding the Rect of Nouns and theme of verbs, youths may take directions, page 39 & 105. or advise with Dictionaries.  
9 In this progress to facillitate all the rest Learners should be made to repeat by parts all the Grammar at least once every week, giving as aforesaid a just account of the method and meaning of all Rules therein, and moreover should be made to get by hart the first Dictionary in the Janua reading over the next often and deliberately, so as they may be ready to give English for any Latin word therein; and contrariwise Latin for every English, which will furnish them with good ability to expound all other Latin Authors, and besides to discourse in Latin, whereof more followeth.  
10. When such performances grow habitual, the proficients need not decline all variable words, or to account for common structures, but in both, to expedite the hardest, and to notify in every Syntax the true reason of it, wherein they should be then well versed, and lastly to distinguish what is regular, and what is figurative, either in Orthography by a Metaplasmus, or in the sense of words by Tropology, or in the parts of speech and their affections by Enallage; or in the structure by other Anomalies specified in the true reason of a right Syntax.  
Nor is it requisite that Learners be tied to the signs of parts of speech, and their affections, when such and their Syntax are known without it; provided that such without impair of the Authourss meanin improve their own Translations, whether made less or larger, as A rationibus delegatus pro sua sibi peritia inter calculandum tibi adesto. Let a well skilled Auditor help the at accounts. Sus ad lyram. The bruit that is undisciplinable, will never attain to make good Music, and for their honour Scholars should be elaborate to advance their mother's tongue; for every language hath its idioms and some elegancies proper to itself.  
12. The next task in a due procedure, should be to strive for a luxuriance in the tongue, which the Scholars learn, and that is only gained by due variations of the sentences, a peculiar product aimed at in this Grammar: First as of concernment to find out the proper structure when it is ambiguous.  
Next as of unavoidable necessity to prepare Phrases for Poetical measures. Likewise as of ornament unto Prose by access of copiousness. Last, as of special use in the practic of all structure, when Masters to confirm their Scholar's judgement, and to perpetuat the same in lasting memory, do appoint them to vary the choicest Phrases in their Lessons, so teaching them to use what is good, not (as it is properly termed) to make Latin, a base Coin of their own stamp, no better than Barbarism Solaecismes, or at best a Neoterisme, or Idiotism of their own tongue.  
13. When youths are habituated in variations, and for that purpose have stored their note books and memories with variety and choice of phrases, they may be encouraged to constant exercise of the same in familiar discourses among themselves, and no sooner should they be allowed customarily to speak in Latin, than they are enabled to speak Latinly. At which advance Youths need no more to manage a common calling, for than they are fit for any office, saving of a perfect Orator, which is not to be aimed at by a vulgar wit, but by an heroic Genius to be discerned by these ensuing arguments.  
14. Can Scholars intend their learning all the School time, that will suffice only for the precedent progress.  
Can they abate their recreations, if need require some meals, that cometh towards it, but not home, being for the most part desultory.  
Do their studies aim at Honourable Eminencies?  
Are they predominant to all other affections, whether of profit or pleasure?  
Will they admit of no vacations, but still insinuate themselves, at all urgent intermissions?  
Are they insuperable in all obstructions?  
Do such Students resolve to attain their designs or perish with them? If thus affected, they are in possibility to prove competent Orators, either for God, as Churchmen, or for Princes as Ambassadors, or for the people as their Advocates, or for Schools or Universities, as the Professors. But who leap furthest, use first to stoop; And so must these begin with the lower step, and proceed by degrees and ordinary means.  
15. Such than may first be exercised in short and easy simple Themes, for displaying the splendour of any Virtue, or discovering the filth of any Vice, for which use Scholars should before hand by the direction of their Master, be well stored with common places gathered, and Alphabetically ranged for more readiness: And as a supplement when their stock proves scanty, they may be tutoured to make use of Lycosthenes and other Authors; borrowing thence some choice Apothegms or similitudes the most proper Topics useful for beginners.  
16. Learners may be taught therewith to make by turns some Epigrams, provided they be first taught the Laws of Poetry, and with reading Poets be well exercised to scan their Verses, and give account of feet and quantity, after which preparation they may be trained, first to make Adonicum and Almanium or Glyconium and Pheretratium, or Partheniacum, and Archilochium, which are the shortest Verses, and each couple a just proportion of Maeonium the chiefest of all the rest▪ And if children cannot thrive or speed at such assays; To tune green wits they may be used to place words in Verses being before displaced, as Quis aurum oblatum nisi inops mentis respuit. And when their fancies are possessed with a true Poetical Idea, they may be exercised in simple Thames' taken from Buclers Thesaurus, where they have for matter a competent variety of Poetical Phrases prepared for Verses, and if they will not suffice they may be further guided to use sentences taken from Palingenius, Flores Poetarum or such other, (not engrossing entire Verses, until they are accstomed to a poetical stile, for than they may be instructed with ease to change Comaedies into Verses, as choice matter for a satire, and well prepared for the form, and with a new form Apophthegms will afford convenient matter for other Epigrams.  
17. After good proficiency in the former exercises, Scholars may proceed to more elaborat tasks upon mixed Thames', whether indefinite, as an potior vita est caelestis; or else finite called Hypothesis, as an Philosopho potior est caelibatus; But in discretion the Master should propound no other Quaestion to his Scholars, then from their former reading, they may find competent previous matter for their invention. Or what is therein wanting he should supply, either by suggesting to them proper arguments, or by directing them to learned Authors that minister such upon the same subject. Else their Declamations must prove jejune to say no more.  
18. Lastly, to declaim with credit, will require good form aswell as matter and in both a figurative Elocution. The last is epitomised in the next foregoing subject. And the first is summarily handled by Apthonius, and in Farnabies, Judex Rhetor tus. But all three are ministered amply and magnificently by Causinus in his Book de Eloquentia where the precepts need to meet with juncture of Diligence, Witt, and Memory, or cannot be converted into practice, and who are not content therewith, having abilities fit to be Suadelas, Minions may learn of the Master Orator, Cicero de oratore perfecto.  
But alas the melody of an Orpheus that was wont to allure both Birds and Beasts to sing in concordance, and dance compliance is now grown useless, because outvoyced by Drums and Guns, that stunned her Clients, & when they pause the whistling flutes do play, and pretend to Oracles, but prove Sirens.  
FINIS.